Filed 12/24/15 Certified for Publication 1/11/16 (order attached)

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

AURORA CLARK,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

JOHN MCCANN,

Defendant and Respondent;

MICHAEL VU, as Registrar of Voters, etc.,

Real Party in Interest and Respondent.

 D067918

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2015-00000121-

CU-PT-CTL)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Eddie C. 

Sturgeon, Judge. Affirmed.

Schwartz Semerdjian Cauley & Moot, John S. Moot and Owen M. Praskievicz for 

Plaintiff and Appellant.

Bell, McAndrews & Hiltachk, Brian T. Hildreth, Charles H. Bell, Jr., and Paul T. 

Gough for Defendant and Respondent.
2

Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, and Timothy M. Barry, Chief Deputy 

County Counsel, for Real Party in Interest and Respondent.

Aurora Clark (Contestant) appeals the trial court's denial of her election contest 

challenging 12 uncounted ballots in a close race for city council. This appeal principally 

concerns the handling of provisional ballots where the voter does not provide a current 

residence address on the ballot envelope. Because we agree with the trial court that the 

elections official did not abuse his discretion, we affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The relevant facts are essentially undisputed. In November 2014, a run-off 

election (the Election) was held for a seat on the Chula Vista City Council. In early 

December 2014, Michael Vu, the San Diego County Registrar of Voters (the Registrar),

certified the official canvas results showing that John McCann was the winner with 

18,448 votes—two more than Steve Padilla, who received 18,446 votes.

Contestant, a registered voter in Chula Vista, filed an election contest under 

Elections Code section 16100, subdivisions (e), (f), and (g).1 Contestant initially 

challenged 15 uncounted ballots. She alleged that each of the contested ballots

(provisional or mail) was cast by a properly registered voter in Chula Vista and should 

have been counted. The parties engaged in discovery. By the time of trial, Contestant 

challenged only 12 ballots, which were excluded from the Registrar's count for the 

following reasons:

 

1 All further statutory references are to the Elections Code unless otherwise stated.
3

 Ten individuals listed a post office (P.O.) box, a business address, or a nonexistent 

address as their residence address on a provisional ballot envelope. Sometimes the 

nonexistent addresses bore similarities to actual residential addresses. For example, one 

voter had recently moved and she wrote "1568 Park View Way" instead of her aunt's 

actual address, "1658 View Park Way." None of the addresses written on the provisional 

ballot envelopes were valid residential addresses. Otherwise, nine were registered voters 

and eligible to vote in the Election. One individual (Ryan M.) had used a business 

address on his 2014 voter registration form and as a result, was not registered to vote. 

Ryan M. never provided a valid residential address on a new voter registration form, but

Contestant appears to contend that he should be deemed registered based on her argument 

that a homeless person living in a city park can register to vote. 

 Two individuals returned a vote-by-mail (VBM) ballot, but had never applied to 

be VBM voters. They handed in a VBM ballot to a polling location, signed in their own 

names. Evidence was not presented on exactly how they obtained VBM ballots, but they 

had household members who were registered VBM voters. Otherwise, these individuals 

were registered voters and eligible to vote in the Election.

Of the total ballots cast by Chula Vista voters in the Election, 64.5 percent were 

VBM and 6.55 percent were provisional. Of the provisional ballots, 94.1 percent were 

included in the official count. For the 155 provisional ballots not included in the official 

count, the Registrar provided the following reasons: 

Not registered to vote in San Diego County 121
4

Listed a P.O. box as their residence address on their 

provisional ballot 5

Listed a business address as their residence address 

on their provisional ballot 15

Listed a nonexistent address as their residence 

address on their provisional ballot 7

Voted both a VBM ballot and a provisional ballot 4

Listed an out-of-county address as their residence 1

Failed to sign the provisional ballot envelope 1

Signature challenge was sustained 1

Accordingly, 28 provisional ballots were excluded on the grounds that the envelopes

listed an erroneous address (P.O. box, business, nonexistent, out of county) as the 

residence address. During ballot recount proceedings, information concerning all of the 

excluded provisional ballots from these categories had been reviewed or was available for 

review by the parties' and each campaign's representatives. Because Contestant selected 

only 10 of the ballots from these categories to include in her election contest, detailed

information concerning the noncontested voters' individual circumstances was not

admitted in evidence at trial.2 Contestant's counsel stipulated at trial that "if there are 

similarly situated voters to the ones we have identified," then Contestant would agree

those ballots should be counted. 

 

2 McCann introduced a declaration of Derrick W. Roach, who stated that (1) he 

observed the ballot recount, and (2) certain provisional ballots not counted based on 

"[non]verifiable residence address" were not selected by Contestant for inclusion in the 

election contest. Contestant filed evidentiary objections to Roach's statements on hearsay 

grounds, but the trial court did not rule on the objections. Even if Roach's declaration 

contains hearsay statements, it was properly admitted to support that a recount occurred 

and, as a general proposition, Contestant did not challenge all of the provisional ballots 

within a category.
5

The trial court denied the election contest and entered judgment for McCann. In a 

statement of decision, the court found that if it were to grant relief on the 10 provisional 

ballots, an "unconstitutional disparity" would be created between the 10 voters and other 

similarly situated voters. Furthermore, the court found that the Registrar acted within his 

discretion in excluding provisional ballots that did not list a residence address showing 

the individual's eligibility to vote in a Chula Vista election. The court cited sections 349 

and 2000, which provide that an individual may only vote in the precinct where the voter 

is registered and resides. The court stated that other counties' procedures in counting 

provisional ballots did not establish that the Registrar's procedure was not rationally 

related to the government's interest in preserving the integrity of the election process and 

preventing voter fraud.

Finally, the court also found that the two VBM ballots were properly excluded 

from the Registrar's count because those ballots were cast by individuals who were not 

registered VBM voters, as required by mandatory provisions of the Elections Code. 

Contestant timely appealed.

DISCUSSION

I. Guiding Principles

In reviewing the trial court's findings and conclusions, we are guided by the 

following principles: " 'It is a primary principle of law as applied to election contests that 

it is the duty of the court to validate the election if possible. That is to say, the election 

must be held valid unless plainly illegal.' " (Wilks v. Mouton (1986) 42 Cal.3d 400, 404

(Wilks).) The contestant has the burden of proving a defect in the election by clear and 
6

convincing evidence. (Ibid.) We are bound by the trial court's determination of the facts 

except to the extent that they are not supported by substantial evidence. (Ibid.) The 

evidence must be considered in the light most favorable to the prevailing party giving 

such party the benefit of every reasonable inference, and resolving all conflicts in favor 

of the judgment. (Id. at p. 408, fn. 7.) 

To the extent this appeal involves a constitutional challenge to an election law or 

regulation, we employ "a balancing test." (Field v. Bowen (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 346, 

356.) We weigh the character and magnitude of the burden the regulation imposes on the 

right to vote against the justification for that burden, and consider the extent to which the 

state's concerns make the burden necessary. Regulations imposing severe burdens on 

voters' rights must be narrowly tailored and advance a compelling state interest. Lesser 

burdens, however, trigger less exacting review, and a state's important regulatory 

interests typically justify reasonable, nondiscriminatory restrictions. (Timmons v. Twin 

Cities Area New Party (1997) 520 U.S. 351, 358; Burdick v. Takushi (1992) 504 U.S. 

428, 434.)

II. Contested Provisional Ballots

A

Contestant challenges the Registrar's exclusion of provisional voters' ballots that 

did not list a valid residence address on the provisional ballot envelope. She argues that 

an individual proves his or her residence during the voter registration process and,

thereafter, the Registrar must count the provisional ballot based only on signature 

comparisons under section 14310, subdivision (c)(1). In essence, Contestant argues that 
7

the Registrar may not impose an "additional" requirement of a proper residence address 

on the provisional ballot envelope for the vote to count. 

As a general matter, a person is not entitled to vote in an election where he or she 

does not reside. (§ 2000; Garrison v. Rourke (1948) 32 Cal.2d 430, 441 [votes cast by 

nonresidents of the precinct were illegal].) " 'Residence' " for voting purposes means a 

person's domicile. (§ 349.) A person is not entitled to vote until he or she has properly 

registered to vote by completing an affidavit of registration setting forth his or her

residence. (§§ 2000, 2102.) Thereafter, if voters move and wish to vote again, they are 

directed by the Legislature to reregister and/or notify pertinent elections officials of their

change of address. (§ 2116 et seq.) 

Under section 14311, voters who have moved within a county but not yet 

reregistered may go to the polling place of their new residence on Election Day and vote 

based on their new residence address. Such voters cast provisional ballots and are 

"reregistered" using their new address for future elections. (§ 14311, subds. (a) & (b).) 

In November 2014, the Registrar utilized these "fail-safe" provisions to reregister 387 

Chula Vista voters at the new residence address written on their provisional ballot 

envelopes—counting those ballots even though the voters had not otherwise notified the 

Registrar of a change of address. 

A provisional voter is "a voter claiming to be properly registered, but whose 

qualification or entitlement to vote cannot be immediately established upon examination 

of the index of registration for the precinct . . . ." (§ 14310.) As indicated above, a voter 

may have recently moved. Or, provisional voters might be voting at a precinct other than 
8

their assigned precinct (and therefore their names will not be found on the unassigned 

precinct's roster) or they could be VBM voters who have lost or spoiled their mail ballots. 

They are "entitled to vote a provisional ballot" under section 14310. (Id., subd. (a).)

Once voted, the provisional ballot is sealed in a provisional ballot envelope, which "shall 

be completed in the same manner as vote by mail envelopes." (Id., subd. (b), italics

added.) A VBM envelope must contain the registered voter's residence address.3 

(§ 3011, subd. (a)(1)(3).) Next, the elections official compares the signatures on the 

provisional envelope and the voter's registration, rejecting the ballot if the "signatures do 

not compare" or "is not signed." (§ 14310, subd. (c)(1).) Finally, section 14310,

subdivision (c)(2) states: "Provisional ballots shall not be included in any semiofficial or 

official canvass, except upon: (A) the elections official's establishing prior to the 

completion of the official canvass, from the records in his or her office, the claimant's 

right to vote . . . ." (Italics added.)

As to the 10 contested provisional ballots, in the spot on the provisional envelopes 

designated for a "CURRENT Residence Address," under the warnings, "Your ballot may 

NOT count if you do not completely fill out the information below" and "ALL 

INFORMATION MUST BE ENTERED BELOW," and right above the line for 

 

3 As the Registrar explained, VBM ballots are mailed directly to the voter's 

residence (with instructions not to forward), and the voter is provided with a return 

envelope that has the voter's residence address preprinted on it. (See generally § 3010, 

subds. (a) & (b).) Consequently, the Registrar's office maintains a high degree of 

confidence that VBM voters have received and cast appropriate ballots for elections they 

are eligible to vote in. By its very nature, the same procedures are not available for 

provisional voting. 
9

"PREVIOUS Residence Address," individuals had written a P.O. box, business address, 

or nonexistent address. The Registrar testified that his office was unable to "fail-safe" or 

reregister the voters for lack of a valid current residence address on the provisional ballot 

envelope or anywhere else, such as the precinct's roster. The Registrar did not count 

these ballots because the address provided was not a valid residential address establishing

the person's right to vote in a Chula Vista election and, at the same time, called into 

question whether the person had moved.4 (See Hartman v. Kenyon (1991) 227 

Cal.App.3d 413, 423 [petition signers' decision to list their new addresses as their 

" 'residence address' " was probative of their intent to make that new residence their legal 

residence or domicile].) 

Given the above circumstances, Contestant has not shown the Registrar's conduct 

to be "plainly illegal." (Rideout v. City of Los Angeles (1921) 185 Cal. 426, 430.) Nor 

was the Registrar's conduct irrational. (See Mapstead v. Anchundo (1998) 63 

Cal.App.4th 246, 265-268 [discussing how residence address was critically tied to 

entitlement to sign referendum petition and upholding invalidation of signers who 

provided incomplete addresses].) Providing a current residence address is not 

burdensome and confirms a voter's eligibility to vote in a specific election. A current 

residence address is required of all voters regardless of how their votes are cast. (E.g.,

 

4 On appeal, McCann has requested we take judicial notice of a subsequent and 

rejected legislative bill related to the Registrar's practice, analysis and legislative history 

of the bill, and Chula Vista voter registration statistics. Contestant opposes. The 

documents are irrelevant or judicial notice is unnecessary. McCann's request for judicial 

notice is denied.
10

§§ 3011, subd. (a)(3) [VBM envelope shall contain residence address], 14216 [at polls, 

voter shall audibly announce and write name and residence address].) It is rationally 

related to the Registrar's responsibilities of providing appropriate ballots based on 

residence and reregistering voters who have moved. For the Election, there were 23 

ballot variations available to voters depending on where they resided in Chula Vista. 

Furthermore, the record supports that the Registrar employs various efforts to 

count provisional votes when possible, but was also justified in wishing to maintain an 

orderly election process and prevent the dilution of votes by those who are not eligible or

registered to vote. The Registrar properly did not count numerous illegal provisional 

votes, such as those cast by unregistered voters, and double votes, i.e., individuals who 

attempted to cast both VBM and provisional ballots. Contestant's "signature comparison 

only" rule is overly simplistic and does not address a number of recurring scenarios. 

Thus, the Registrar may implement reasonable, uniform processes to fulfill his statutory 

duties relating to processing and counting ballots. 

The Registrar also correctly excluded Ryan M.'s ballot on the ground that he was 

not registered to vote. Ryan M.'s registration form listed only a business address. As 

discussed, ante, a person must be properly registered with a residence address in order to 

vote. Section 349 provides that a person's residence is his or her domicile, which is 

defined as that place in which the person's habitation is fixed, in which the person intends 

to remain, and to which the person intends to return after temporary absences. (§ 349, 

subds. (a) & (b).) Since Ryan M. never provided the Registrar with his place of 

residence, Collier v. Menzel (1985) 176 Cal.App.3d 24, 31 is entirely distinguishable. In 
11

Collier, appellants established they were residents of, and domiciled in, a public park. 

(Ibid.) The Registrar did not err by excluding Ryan M.'s ballot from the official count.

Contestant points out that the Registrar did not comply with section 14310, 

subdivision (a)(2) and (3), which requires that provisional voters be provided with 

"written instructions regarding the process and procedures for casting the provisional 

ballot, and a written affirmation regarding the voter's registration and eligibility to vote." 

She argues that signed written affirmations would have obviated the need for the 

Registrar to exclude ballots based on lack of residence address. The Registrar 

acknowledges that the exact language required by these provisions was missing from the 

contested provisional ballots. 

Without doubt, section 14310, subdivision (a)(2) and (3) contain explicit 

requirements for provisional ballots. Nevertheless, we are not persuaded that the absent 

language changes the result in this case. For example, the record shows how voters at 

any given time will sign affirmations under penalty of perjury that they "have not voted 

previously in this election," yet the Registrar's office ultimately determines that they have 

in fact voted twice and excludes one or both of their ballots. As the Registrar credibly 

testified, some people do not appear to know whether they are properly registered and/or 

eligible to vote in a certain election, and the Registrar's office uses voters' information to 

help make that determination.

Contestant relies on Wilks, supra, 42 Cal.3d at page 403, for the proposition that 

the Registrar was barred from considering residence addresses as a reason for excluding a 

provisional voter's ballot. In Wilks, 16 absentee ballots were challenged on the grounds 
12

that they were returned in envelopes where the residence address did not match the 

address on the voter's affidavit of registration. (Id. at p. 413.) The Court summarily

stated: "We agree with the trial court that section 1015 requires only that the elections 

official compare the signature on the identification envelope with the signature on the 

affidavit of registration; a comparison of addresses is not required."5 (Ibid.) The Court 

went on to discuss that there had been "no fraud, coercion or tampering in connection 

with any of the challenged ballots." (Ibid.)

While Wilks concluded that an elections official must compare the signature on a 

VBM ballot to the signature on a voter's affidavit of registration for purposes of deciding 

whether the ballot should be counted, the case does not discuss whether an elections 

official may request or use a voter's current residence address for the same or a different

purpose. (Wilks, supra, 42 Cal.3d at p. 413; see also Escalante v. City of Hermosa Beach

(1987) 195 Cal.App.3d 1009, 1024-1025 [ballot properly rejected where signature on 

ballot did not appear to match registration signature and residence address on the ballot 

envelope differed from the residence address in the registrar's records].) Indeed, Wilks

and Escalante both implicitly accepted that the voter's residence address belonged on the 

ballot envelope for some purpose. Neither case involved provisional ballots where the 

written address was a P.O. box, business address, or nonexistent address. As we have 

 

5 Section 1015 covered absentee ballots, which is the former iteration of current 

section 3019 for VBM ballots. (§ 3019, Historical and Statutory Notes, former § 1015, 

Stats. 1976, ch. 1275, § 18, amended Stats. 1982, ch. 428, § 13.6.) 
13

discussed, if a provisional voter wrote a valid residence address on his or her envelope in 

November 2014, the ballot was counted by the Registrar. 

Similarly, Contestant's reliance on Walters v. Weed (1988) 45 Cal.3d 1, is 

misplaced. In Walters, a number of students had lived and registered to vote on a 

university campus. (Id. at p. 4.) When they returned to school in the autumn of 1983, 

many were unable or chose not to live on campus, were living in temporary residences, 

and had not obtained off-campus housing where they intended to remain, i.e., a new 

domicile. (Ibid.) As a result, they voted in their former campus precincts. (Ibid.) Rather 

than entirely disenfranchise these students, the Court held that they maintained their right 

to vote on campus until and unless they acquired a new domicile. (Id. at pp. 13-14.) 

Provisional voting was not available at the time of the election in Walters; if it had been

available, the issue of disenfranchising a group of students would likely not have arisen. 

Here, the issue before the trial court was not to ascertain the provisional voters'

residences for voting purposes but, rather, whether the Registrar acted within his

discretion when he encountered provisional voters who did not provide a valid current 

residence yet may have moved. Unlike in Walters where the students had no domicile, 

all of the provisional voters in this case were domiciled somewhere. Contestant proposes

that the Registrar should have considered where the voters' families lived, where they 

paid income taxes, and "any other evidence" of the voters' intent to remain at their 

domicile, prior to excluding their ballots. Given the time frame for certifying election 

results, volume of ballots, and administrative burden of processing them, Contestant's 

proposal is unwieldy and impractical. For all the reasons we have discussed, the 
14

Registrar was not prohibited from considering a nonverifiable address as a reason for not 

counting a provisional voter's ballot. 

B

We briefly address Contestant's equal protection arguments. Citing Bush v. Gore

(2000) 531 U.S. 98, Contestant contends that the Registrar's conduct violated the Equal 

Protection Clause because different counties of California are counting provisional votes 

differently. The Registrar and McCann respond that equal protection in the voting 

context refers to similarly situated voters within the same jurisdiction or electoral unit, 

which would be Chula Vista. We agree with the Registrar and McCann.

The contested election was for a seat on the Chula Vista City Council. It is 

undisputed that similarly situated voters in Chula Vista were subjected to the same 

procedures and, conversely, not arbitrarily or disparately deprived of the right to vote for 

a city councilmember. Even if the Orange County Registrar of Voters adopted a different 

procedure for counting provisional ballots, Orange County voters did not vote in the

Chula Vista City Council election. The fact that the California Association of Clerks and 

Election Officials apparently formed a subcommittee several years ago and drafted some 

"discussion points" concerning provisional balloting issues, also does not establish a 

violation of equal protection in this election contest. Based on the record before us, 

Contestant's challenge to the election on equal protection grounds was properly denied. 

(See Green v. City of Tucson (9th Cir. 2003) 340 F.3d 891, 900 [equal protection 

principles concern qualified voters within the electoral unit, i.e., "the governmental unit 

holding the election, be it a school district, a city or a state"].)
15

The trial court properly denied Contestant's election contest as to the challenged

provisional ballots. We need not address the trial court's finding that an "unconstitutional 

disparity" would be created among similarly situated Chula Vista voters if relief was 

granted to Contestant. 

III. Contested Vote-by-mail Ballots

Contestant also challenges the Registrar's exclusion of two VBM ballots, 

contending that the Registrar elevates form over substance and/or did not provide its 

rationale for not counting the two ballots. The Registrar responds that the two VBM 

ballots were cast by individuals who were not registered as VBM voters, which is an 

undisputed fact.

The two VBM ballots were illegal votes. Illegal votes include those "not entitled 

to be counted because not cast in the manner provided by law." (Bush v. Head (1908) 

154 Cal. 277, 281-282; Hardeman v. Thomas (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 153, 168.) By law, 

a voter must apply to be a VBM voter in order to vote a VBM ballot. (§§ 3201, 3000 et 

seq.) If a person is returning a household member's VBM ballot, he or she must be 

properly designated to so. (§ 3017, subd. (a) ["a vote by mail voter who is unable to 

return the ballot may designate his or her spouse, child, parent . . . as the vote by mail 

voter to return the ballot to the elections official"].) These provisions are mandatory. 

(Id., subd. (d).) 

Contestant did not show that the two voters were registered VBM voters returning 

their own ballots or designated to return household members' VBM ballots and, thus, the 

ballots were correctly excluded. (See Stebbins v. Gonzales (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 1138, 
16

1143-1144.) The trial court properly denied Contestant's election contest as to the 

challenged VBM ballots.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. McCann and the Registrar are entitled to recover costs 

on appeal.

MCCONNELL, P. J.

WE CONCUR:

O'ROURKE, J.

IRION, J.
Filed 1/11/16

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

AURORA CLARK,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

JOHN MCCANN,

Defendant and Respondent;

MICHAEL VU, as Registrar of Voters, etc.,

Real Party in Interest and Respondent.

 D067918

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2015-00000121-

CU-PT-CTL)

 ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION 

FOR PUBLICATION

THE COURT:

The opinion in this case filed December 24, 2015, was not certified for 

publication. It appearing the opinion meets the standards for publication specified in 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c), the request pursuant to rule 8.1120(a) for 

publication is GRANTED.

IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED that the opinion meets the standards for publication 

specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c); and
2

ORDERED that the words "Not to Be Published in the Official Reports" appearing 

on page 1 of said opinion be deleted and the opinion herein be published in the Official 

Reports.

MCCONNELL, P. J.

Copies to: All parties