COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Elder, Petty and Beales 

Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia 

JAMES THOMAS BUNCH 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 2406-09-1 JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER 

DECEMBER 14, 2010 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH 

Edward W. Hanson, Jr., Judge 

 Gregory B. Turpin (Clarke, Dolph, Rapaport, Hull, Brunick & 

Garriott, P.L.C., on brief), for appellant. 

 Karen Misbach, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T. 

Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 James Thomas Bunch (appellant) appeals from his bench trial convictions for two counts 

of larceny with intent to sell or distribute stolen property, in violation of Code § 18.2-108.01, for 

incidents occurring on two different dates.1

 On appeal, he contends the evidence was 

insufficient to support his convictions. We agree as to one of his convictions but disagree as to

the other. Thus, we affirm in part and reverse and dismiss in part. 

I. 

On appellate review, we consider the evidence presented at trial in the light most 

favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party below, and “accord [it] the benefit of all 

inferences fairly deducible from the evidence.” Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 303, 601 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

1

 Appellant’s petition for appeal was denied as to related convictions for two counts each 

of grand larceny and conspiracy to commit grand larceny, and we do not consider those 

convictions in this appeal. 
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S.E.2d 555, 558 (2004). When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, 

the Court will affirm the judgment unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. 

E.g., Coles v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 585, 587, 621 S.E.2d 109, 110 (2005). “Determining the 

credibility of witnesses who give conflicting accounts is within the exclusive province of the 

[trier of fact], [who] has the unique opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses as they 

testify.” Lea v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 300, 304, 429 S.E.2d 477, 479 (1993). In its role 

of judging witness credibility, the fact finder is entitled to disbelieve, in whole or in part, the 

self-serving testimony of the accused and to conclude the accused is lying to conceal his guilt. 

E.g., Tarpley v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 251, 256-57, 542 S.E.2d 761, 764 (2001). 

Simple larceny, a common law offense, is “the wrongful or fraudulent taking of another’s 

property without his permission and with the intent to deprive the owner of that property 

permanently.” Id. at 256, 542 S.E.2d at 763. “A conviction of larceny requires proof beyond a 

reasonable doubt of the defendant’s intent to steal . . . .” Id. at 256, 542 S.E.2d at 764. “Because 

larceny is a continuing offense, anyone who knows that personal property is stolen and assists in 

its transportation or disposition is guilty of larceny.” Hampton v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 

644, 650-51, 529 S.E.2d 843, 846 (2000). The General Assembly has created the additional 

offense of larceny with intent to sell or distribute. Code § 18.2-108.01(A) proscribes, as a felony 

that “constitutes a separate and distinct offense,” “commit[ting] larceny of property with a value 

of $200 or more with the intent to sell or distribute such property.” Pursuant to that code section, 

“[t]he larceny of more than one item of the same product is prima facie evidence of intent to sell 

or intent to distribute for sale.”2

 Code § 18.2-108.01(A). 

 2

 This reference to prima facie proof amounts to a permissive inference, under which 

the basic fact may constitute prima facie evidence of the elemental 

fact. When reviewing this type of device, the Court has required 

the party challenging it to demonstrate its invalidity as applied to 
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It is undisputed that appellant did not personally take the merchandise from the Walmart 

store. Thus, his convictions for larceny with intent to sell depend upon one of the following 

closely connected theories: First, because larceny is a continuing offense, see, e.g., Hampton, 32 

Va. App. at 650-51, 529 S.E.2d at 846, the evidence is sufficient to support appellant’s 

convictions as a principal in the first degree under Code § 18.2-108.01(A) if it proves he 

transported the stolen merchandise with both (i) knowledge that it was stolen and (ii) the intent to 

sell it. Second, the evidence is sufficient to support appellant’s convictions if he acted as a 

principal in the second degree to Adams’ commission of the offense of larceny with intent to 

resell. See Code § 18.2-18 (providing that “[i]n the case of every felony,” except certain 

statutorily enumerated killings, “every principal in the second degree . . . may be . . . convicted 

and punished in all respects as if a principal in the first degree”). A principal in the second 

degree is one who “consented to the felonious purpose” of the perpetrator and “contributed to 

[the] execution [of that felonious purpose].” See, e.g., McMorris v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 

500, 505, 666 S.E.2d 348, 350 (2008). “To prove that a defendant is guilty as a principal in the 

second degree, the Commonwealth must establish that the defendant procured, encouraged, 

countenanced or approved the criminal act.” Brickhouse v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 682, 686, 

668 S.E.2d 160, 162 (2008). “[T]he defendant must . . . share in the principal’s criminal intent.” 

McMorris, 276 Va. at 505, 666 S.E.2d at 351. Thus, for appellant to be guilty under Code 

§ 18.2-108.01(A) as a principal in the second degree, just as required for him to be guilty as a 

 

him. Because this permissive presumption leaves the trier of fact 

free to credit or reject the inference and does not shift the burden 

of proof, it affects the application of the “beyond a reasonable 

doubt” standard only if, under the facts of the case, there is no 

rational way the trier could make the connection permitted by the 

inference. 

County Court of Ulster County, New York v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140, 157, 99 S. Ct. 2213, 2224-25, 

60 L. Ed. 2d 777, 792 (1979) (citations omitted). 
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principal in the first degree, appellant must have had knowledge that the crime was occurring and 

have shared Adams’ criminal intent to sell the stolen merchandise. 

A. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE TO PROVE THE OFFENSE OF MAY 27 

 Because of the nature of the evidence in this case, we begin with the offense of May 27, 

2009, the second of the two incidents and the date on which appellant and his companion, a 

woman named Glen Adams, were apprehended by police with stolen merchandise in the car. 

Although appellant stipulated Adams stole more than $200 worth of merchandise on that date, he 

contends the evidence failed to prove (1) he was aware that Adams had the stolen property with 

her in the car as he drove her away that day, (2) that he shared Adams’ presumed intent to sell 

the property, or (3) that he knew the property had a value of $200 or more. We hold the 

evidence was sufficient to prove appellant’s guilt for the May 27 offense. 

 The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, establishes 

Adams stole multiple packages of three different items from the Walmart store on May 27. 

Thus, the permissive statutory inference, unchallenged and unrebutted by appellant, applies to 

prove Adams acted with the requisite intent to sell or distribute those items. Further, appellant 

said he was the sole driver of the silver Honda, and he admitted to police “he let Ms. Adams put 

those stolen items in the vehicle on that day,” saying “You got me [for] today.” This evidence 

supports a finding that appellant transported the items in the trunk with knowledge they were 

stolen. 

Additional evidence supports a finding that appellant knew Adams possessed the items 

with an intent to sell them and that appellant shared in that intent. When Adams left the Walmart 

on May 27, she was carrying both a large blue bag and a “very large tan . . . tote.” When the 

Honda appellant was driving was stopped by police a short time later, Adams’ large blue bag, 

still full, sat on the passenger side floorboard where Adams had been riding, and the tan tote lay 
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empty a few inches away. In the car’s trunk under a painter’s tarp, the police found multiple 

packages of stolen merchandise, which Detective Nunn described as “all of the Prilosec and 

razor blades” recovered. Based on both the contents of the trunk visible in the photographs 

admitted at trial and an inventory of the entire contents of the vehicle, combined with Detective 

Nunn’s statement that the trunk contained “all of the Prilosec and razor blades,” the evidence 

proved the trunk contained a total of twelve boxes of Prilosec, twenty-seven packages of Gillette 

Fusion razor blades, and at least six boxes of a Crest tooth whitening product. The only 

reasonable hypothesis flowing from this evidence is that appellant—who said he was the only 

person who drove the car and that he worked as a painter—possessed the car keys and means of 

access to the trunk and was aware of the multiple boxes of the various items Adams stole that 

were removed from the tan bag and hidden beneath the painter’s tarp in the trunk. Because 

appellant knowingly transported the stolen merchandise with knowledge that it included multiple 

packages of several different products, the evidence, aided by the permissive statutory inference, 

was sufficient to prove he was guilty of transporting the stolen property with the intent to sell or 

distribute in violation of Code § 18.2-108.01(A). 

 Appellant also contends the evidence was insufficient to prove he knew the stolen 

property had a value of $200 or more. Although proof that the aggregate value of the items 

taken was $200 or more is an element of the offense that the Commonwealth was required to 

prove, see Britt v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 569, 574, 667 S.E.2d 763, 765 (2008), that element 

is in the nature of a sentence enhancement. The Commonwealth was not required to prove the 

perpetrator knew the value of the items was greater than $200 or acted with an intent to steal 

items of that value. Instead, Code § 18.2-108.01(A) required the Commonwealth to prove only 

that appellant knowingly transported stolen property with the intent to sell or distribute it, or that 
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he shared in Adams’ intent to do so, and that the value of the items transported was greater than 

$200, a fact to which appellant stipulated. 

 Thus, the evidence was sufficient to support appellant’s conviction for the May 27 

offense. 

B. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE TO PROVE THE OFFENSE OF MAY 18 

 As to the May 18 offense, appellant contends the Commonwealth failed to prove he was 

the driver of the vehicle or, alternatively, “failed to prove any elements, especially those of a 

felonious nature.” This includes whether appellant acted with the requisite intent to sell the 

items stolen on May 18 or shared in any intent Adams may have had to do so. 

 The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, proved appellant 

was the driver of the vehicle on May 18. Walmart employee Ashe Branch testified without 

equivocation, while viewing appellant at trial, that he was the person driving the silver Honda 

with the specified license plate on both May 18 and May 27. Appellant’s argument that 

Branch’s description of the vehicle’s driver at the time of the offenses was too vague to support 

her identification of him at trial did not compel a different result. See, e.g., Peterson v. 

Commonwealth, 225 Va. 289, 295, 302 S.E.2d 520, 524 (1983). 

 We also conclude, however, that the evidence, although suspicious, was insufficient to 

prove appellant acted with the requisite intent to sell the items stolen on May 18 or shared in any 

intent Adams may have had to do so. Unlike on May 27, when Adams stole two bags of 

Walmart merchandise and police recovered, inter alia, twelve boxes of Prilosec, twenty-seven 

packages of Gillette Fusion razor blades, and at least six boxes of a Crest tooth whitening 

product from beneath appellant’s painter’s tarp in the trunk of the car he routinely drove, the 

evidence regarding the events of May 18 failed to show what was in the bag of items Adams 

took from Walmart on that date. Walmart employee Branch testified her review of the store’s 
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surveillance video for May 18 indicated Adams “select[ed] and conceal[ed]” in her bag items 

from the “HBA [health and beauty aids] and pharmacy departments” on that date. However, 

Branch did not give more specific testimony about precisely what Adams took on May 18. Also, 

appellant and Adams were stopped by police only on May 27. Thus, no search of the vehicle 

occurred on May 18, and nothing in the record establishes that any of the items found in the car 

on May 27 were among the things Adams stole on May 18. 

Because the record did not establish whether the items Adams stole on May 18 included 

multiple packages of the same product, the permissive statutory inference that the items were 

taken with an intent to sell did not apply. Absent application of that inference, the evidence in 

the record is insufficient to prove appellant acted with the requisite intent to sell on May 18. The 

mere fact that appellant violated Code § 18.2-108.01(A) on the later date of May 27 and lied 

about whether he was the driver of the vehicle on May 18, although creating a suspicion of his 

guilt of transporting the stolen items with intent to sell on May 18, does not support a finding 

beyond a reasonable doubt that he acted with the requisite intent on that earlier date. 

II. 

For these reasons, we affirm appellant’s conviction for larceny with intent to sell based 

on an offense date of May 27, 2009, and we reverse and dismiss his conviction for larceny with 

intent to sell based on an offense date of May 18, 2009. 

Affirmed in part, and reversed and dismissed in part.