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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             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| **Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, October           1989 (Revised 1991).**

*Laws directed at protecting archeological sites           frequently target those located on State or federally owned property,           but many sites are located on private property. These sites represent           a significant portion of the identified sites in many States, meaning           that large numbers of our nation's archeological resources are not protected.*

*The Kentucky Archaeological Registry was created           to address this problem. Modeled on The Nature Conservancy's nationally           successful program for protecting privately owned natural areas, the           Registry represents a way to involve private landowners in the protection           of Kentucky's significant archeological sites. Landowners are asked           to make a commitment to preserve and protect their sites and are presented           awards in recognition of these commitments. In addition, they are educated           about their sites' significance, provided management assistance, and           informed about stronger preservation options available to them.*

*Following the introduction, this publication describes           the objectives of the Kentucky Archaeological Registry, how a landowner           can participate in the program, and the steps in the landowner contact/site           registration process. Next, the results of the Kentucky Archaeological           Registry's first two years of operation are discussed, and the Registry's           successes are evaluated. Finally, the role landowner contact/site registration           can play as part of a broader site protection and preservation program           is discussed.*

**Introduction**

Concern for the protection and preservation of archeological           sites has been voiced for about as long as their destruction has occurred.           The passage of the Antiquities           Act of 1906, the National           Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the Archaeological           Resources Protection Act of 1979, and subsequent laws and regulations,           as well as State antiquities laws and regulations, have made the protection           and preservation of archeological sites a matter of public policy. Yet           for the most part, these laws are directed at protecting sites located           on Federal, State, county, and municipal property, or those sites threatened           by destruction from State or federally licensed or permitted projects.           Generally, archeological sites located on private land have not benefitted           from any programmatic site protection policy. The protection and preservation           of these archeological sites rests almost entirely in the hands of private           landowners. 

One way to ensure that these sites are preserved and           protected is for the lands on which they are located to be brought into           public ownership or to be acquired "in fee" by preservation groups.           That is, all rights to such property are acquired (Ford 1983; Hoose           1981:26-27). While site acquisition may afford the best protection in           most cases, it is not always the most feasible approach. The limitations           inherent in acquiring land, i.e., the large investments of time and           money required, restrict the use of acquisition as a primary method           of site protection and preservation to only a few sites. 

The Nature Conservancy (TNC), an organization created           to find, protect, and maintain the best examples of natural communities,           ecosystems, and endangered species (The Nature Conservancy 1988:3),           uses a number of techniques, in addition to land acquisition, in its           successful efforts to preserve natural diversity. These techniques differ           in the speed in which they are used, their cost, the strength of the           protection they offer, the duration of the protection they offer, and           the degree to which they restrict a deed (Hoose 1981:29). They include           such techniques as arranging renewable management agreements or leases           and negotiating conservation easements and deed restrictions. By using           a variety of techniques, TNC has been able to accomplish its goal of           natural areas protection, even when acquisition was not feasible. This           has led to the protection and preservation of larger areas and more           species than would have been possible through acquisition alone. 

Landowner contact/site registration represents one of           these techniques. It involves a fairly simple, straightforward approach           to natural areas protection, predicated on the assumption that the landowner           has an interest in the resource and will not purposely destroy it, and           that the landowner will act as the resource's steward by virtue of the           preservation commitment he or she is asked to make. Hoose (1981:35-68)           describes this approach as "all carrot and no stick." 

On the face of it, landowner contact/site registration           appears to provide virtually no protection for the resource. In actuality,           few cases of breach of commitment have occurred in the more established           natural areas registries (Paul Carmony, personal communication 1987),           and the species for which the properties were registered have remained           undisturbed. In addition, landowner contact/site registration has created           opportunities, in many cases, to negotiate stronger protection for registered           areas at a later date. Given the track record of the natural areas registries,           it can be stated unequivocally that landowner contact/site registration           is a successful preservation strategy that has led to the protection           of many species that might otherwise have been destroyed (Carmony 1982,           1987, personal communication 1987). 

Because of the proven effectiveness of landowner contact/site           registration as a protection tool for natural areas, it seems likely           that this technique also holds enormous potential for the protection           and preservation of significant archeological sites. This seems especially           true when one considers that the bottom line for both natural areas           conservation and archeological site preservation is the same: preservation           of the land.1

**The Kentucky Archaeological Registry**
**Figure 1.**Facsimile of               the Registry Agreement.****
 The Kentucky Archaeological Registry (Registry), a           program that involves landowners in the preservation and protection           of Kentucky's significant archeological sites, was developed and implemented           in 1987. The preservation of sites on private property was especially           targeted during the Registry's first two years of operation due to the           lack of legal protection available for such sites. 

The purpose of the Registry is to secure the protection           of land that contains important archeological sites. Each landowner           is informed and educated about the significance of the archeological           site he or she owns, and the landowner's aid is enlisted in the site's           protection and preservation. The goal is to encourage the landowner           to make a conscious, voluntary commitment to protect his or her site,           which leads to voluntary stewardship of the site. 

The Registry was created as the result of a unique cooperative           effort between two State agencies. The Kentucky Heritage Council (KHC),           which serves as the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), had sought           to develop a program of long-term site protection for Kentucky's significant           archeological sites, but lacked the requisite expertise. The Kentucky           State Nature Preserves Commission (KSNPC), the agency responsible for           administration and management of State nature preserves, had developed           this expertise within the context of its comprehensive program of land           preservation. This program consists of the Kentucky Natural Areas Registry,           an array of land preservation tools and legal options, and the stewardship           and management of acquired properties. 

At KHC's request, KSNPC agreed to develop and implement           a site protection strategy for significant archeological sites modeled           on the Kentucky Natural Areas Registry (Henderson 1988b: 11-14). Funding           for the Registry's first two years was provided by Federal Historic           Preservation Fund survey and planning grants. The Registry was developed           and administered during that time by an archeologist hired by KSNPC.           With the title of Registry Coordinator (Coordinator), this archeologist           worked closely with the staff of KHC. Personnel for the program included           primarily the Coordinator and a part-time secretary. The costs for developing           and implementing the Registry for the two years included $36,127 for           personnel and $7,378 for operations, prorated for the actual time spent           on activities. The average cost per year was calculated at $21,753.           This was less than Hoose's (1984:5-6) estimate of $35,000 per year for           a full-time Coordinator once program initiation had been completed.           

After the first two years of operation and at the conclusion           of the grants, the Registry program was transferred to KHC and became           a permanent element of the archeological site protection program. Administrative           duties, secretarial services, and the job of Coordinator are now conducted           by KHC personnel in addition to their other responsibilities. The costs           of the Registry have been absorbed by KHC into its existing budget,           and no new expenditures have been made. 
**Figure 2.** Kentucky Archaeological               Registry Certificate.*(Courtesy of the Registry).*
 Person-to-person contact and the development of a relationship           between the Coordinator and the landowner, based upon mutual respect           and trust, are major elements of the Registry program. This personalized           contact solidifies the landowner's commitment to protect the land. Careful           planning and the development of information that thoroughly documents           the site are also elements of the program. This ensures that only the           most significant and most worthy sites are considered, thereby conferring           a high degree of integrity on the program. 

Objectives in registering archeological sites are the           same as those of the natural areas registry programs. These can be summarized           by paraphrasing the objectives outlined in the TNC Midwest Regional           Office Guidelines for Registry Workers (The Nature Conservancy, Midwest           Regional Office 1985:2).
- To provide landowners information that prevents the             unintentional or accidental destruction of archeological sites, including             educating landowners about the significance of their sites and the             lifeways of the people who once lived there; 
- To understand landowners' attitudes toward their             properties and the sites found thereon; 
- To instill landowners with a sense that their land             is special, and that they are special people for taking care of these             sites; 
- To acknowledge that in many cases--when most of the             surrounding sites have been destroyed or degraded--their sites remain             only because they have taken deliberate protective measures; 
- To instill landowners with a sense of responsibility,             at least for monitoring their sites; and 
- To establish a cordial, personal relationship between             each landowner and the Coordinator that will insure that archeological             sites are protected in private ownership. 

The foundation for preservation and protection provided           by the Registry is the preservation commitment made by each landowner.           Participants are asked to honor three requests:
- To preserve and protect their sites to the best of             their abilities; 
- To notify KHC of any threats to the site such as             looting, vandalism, proposed construction, excavation, or any other             ground disturbing activities; and 
- To notify KHC of any intent to sell or transfer ownership.             

Because the preservation commitment is made only between           the current owner and KHC, it does not "run with the land." The preservation           agreement must be negotiated anew when the property is sold and a new           landowner controls the site. This is the reason why the landowner is           requested to provide new information when the property is sold or when           ownership is transferred. 

KHC for its part, agrees to the following:
- To provide site management assistance; and
- To provide, upon request, aid to the landowner in             selecting the most appropriate tools for stronger site protection.
**Figure 3.** Mrs. Nita               M. Cropper, Registry landowner, holding a Registry Plaque. *(Photo               courtesy of David Pollack).*
A landowner can participate in the Registry in one of           two ways: by verbally agreeing to protect the site, or by signing a           non-binding Registry Agreement (Figure           1). The landowner's preservation commitment is recognized through           the presentation of awards, commensurate with his or her level of participation.           A certificate (Figure 2), signed by           the Governor of Kentucky and the Chairman of KHC is presented for a           verbal agreement. A certificate and a plaque (Figure 3) are presented           when a Registry Agreement is signed. In both cases, the sites are designated           Kentucky Archaeological Landmarks. A landowner's name also is added           to the KHC's mailing list, and every two months he or she receives KHC's           preservation newsletter, which includes a section about the Registry.           The landowner also receives copies of the Registry newsletter, prepared           annually by the Coordinator, and the Kentucky Archaeological Newsletter,           prepared three times a year by the Program for Cultural Assessment at           the University of Kentucky in Lexington.

**Steps In the Registration Process**

The process of landowner contact/site registration follows           a series of prescribed steps designed to collect all pertinent information           about the site, the property, and its owner before the landowner is           contacted, and to accurately document the results of any contacts and           communication. Henderson (1988a, 1988b) discusses the development and           implementation of the Registry in more detail, with example handouts,           forms, awards, and letters provided in appendices. Figure 4 depicts           graphically the steps in the landowner contact/site registration process.           
**Figure 4.** Flow chart               of landowner contact/site registration activities. *(Courtesy               of the Registry).*
**Site Selection** The integrity of any landowner contact/registry           program, and therefore its effectiveness as a preservation tool, is           directly related to the integrity of the sites selected for preservation           (Carmony 1982:4; Hoose 1981:59). Therefore, before a site is considered           for registration, it must have been identified, located, recorded, and           evaluated for its significance. 

To be considered for registration, a site should be           clearly significant. A site's significance is most commonly evaluated           according to the criteria for listing in the National Register of Historic           Places, which includes examination of site integrity and potential to           address important research questions. Other factors, in addition to           those based upon National Register criteria, can and should be considered           when selecting a site for registration. These include, for example,           the site's cultural affiliation, physiographic setting, or the potential           for threats to its preservation, such as vandalism, erosion, or development.           

The first sites chosen for registration were selected           from a master list of potential sites compiled from suggestions by Kentucky's           archeological community-at-large (Henderson 1988b:21-25). Registry site           candidates, selected from this master list by KHC and the Coordinator,           met two general significance criteria: 
- They had contributed to or had the potential to contribute             to an understanding of Kentucky's prehistoric and/or historic past;             and 
- They were in a good state of preservation.

**Pre-Initial Visit           Activities**These activities consist of creating Registry Site Files           (Site Files), initiating contact with landowners, and developing the           Landowner Site Packet. Development of the Site Files includes collecting           and synthesizing information about each site and its landowner. This           includes gathering information about the environmental and archeological           aspects of the site, the site's significance, known threats, current           information about the landowner and the property on which the site is           located, and landowner attitudes concerning the site and its preservation.           This is accomplished by reviewing all available printed matter regarding           the site, such as reports and papers, as well as previous correspondence,           such as letters from landowners, newspaper clippings, and compliance           review letters. Information about the site and its landowner is solicited           from individuals who may have opinions about the site's preservation,           protection, and management needs, and who may know the landowner or           something about his or her attitudes toward preservation. These people           include avocational and professional archeologists and adjacent landowners.           The archeologist who has been most involved in research at the site,           referred to as the Archaeologist of Record (AOR), may be the single           most helpful source of information about the site. The AOR has the advantage           of knowing the landowner, the site, and their common histories in more           detail than most other informants. 

Rosters of all Registry contacts with the landowner           are kept in the Site Files, one for each landowner/site combination.           The Site File contains copies of all correspondence, telephone notes,           and other information. Specific management and stewardship considerations           for the site outlined prior to the Initial Visit are included in the           file. 

The Landowner Site Packet, which is left with the landowner           at the end of the Initial Visit, is an individualized collection of           information. It contains general information about the program, specific           information about the site and, where warranted, information about other           archeological topics. It also contains the Registry Agreement. This agreement consists of a topographic map with the site boundaries           and the landowner boundaries outlined on it, a cover page that briefly           describes the site, its significance, and the preservation commitment           the landowner is being asked to make. The Landowner Site Packet is used           to illustrate and clarify aspects about the Registry program. It functions           to educate the landowner about the site and its significance. 

The landowner is contacted twice before the Initial           Visit takes place. The first contact is by mail. A brief descriptive           statement about the program is included in the letter, accompanied by           brochures that summarize the Registry program and outline Kentucky prehistory.           Next, the landowner is contacted by telephone to set up an appointment           for the Initial Visit. 

**The Initial Visit** The Initial Visit is the focal point of the landowner           contact/site registration process. During this visit, the Registry program           is explained in detail within the context of discussing the site and           its importance. Stewardship activities the landowner may have undertaken           in the past, as well as the appropriate activities the landowner should           continue to follow, are discussed. 

During the Initial Visit, the foundation is laid for           establishing the landowner's preservation commitment and his or her           long-term relationship with the Registry. One of the purposes of the           Registry is to educate the landowner about his or her site: how old           it is; who were its inhabitants, what they wore, and how they lived;           identification of artifacts and their methods of manufacture; and its           significance. In addition to this site information, the Initial Visit           allows the Coordinator to collect information about the landowner and           his or her family, the site's history of use, and the types of threats           it faced in the past. 

Some landowners decide to participate in the program           and sign the Registry Agreement during the Initial Visit. Others wish           to think it over and discuss it with family members.2           The Coordinator determines whether a verbal registration has been secured.           In most cases, the landowner will not promise to preserve and protect           the site in those exact words. But if the landowner is sincere and interested,           then a verbal registration is considered to have been secured. 

**Post-initial Visit           Activities** Many of the activities that take place after the Initial           Visit depend on its results. A few activities, however, take place immediately           after each visit irrespective of the landowner's decision regarding           site registration. They fall into two categories, recording information           and communicating with the landowner. 

A number of different kinds of information, recorded           and kept on file in the Site File, are collected during the Initial           Visit. This information is critically important to future contacts with           the landowner because it serves as a baseline from which to monitor           the site's condition on subsequent visits and can provide insight into           the stronger protection options that might be most appropriate should           the landowner request them. 

A report of the Initial Visit itself is prepared. This           includes a description of activities during the visit, the Coordinator's           feelings about the landowner's receptiveness to the program and perspective           on site preservation, the results of the visit, and the topics discussed.           Facts gathered about the landowner, such as his or her level of education,           economic situation, details about his or her life and family, perspectives           about the site and site preservation, are summarized in a separate report.           Information detailing the condition of the site, including its location           and degree of any looting and vandalism or ground disturbance, is noted           on the Site Monitoring Record. 

As soon as possible after the Initial Visit, a thank-you           letter is sent to the landowner regardless of his or her response to           the program. If the landowner expressed interest in learning about other           protection options this information is included (cf. Milne 1984). If           the landowner agreed to participate in the program, the letter mentions           the awards the landowner will receive and reiterates the agreement he           or she made. A number of additional activities are undertaken. The most           important of these is the preparation of the awards. Announcement of           the registration in the newspaper or other media depends upon the landowner's           permission, the site's history of notoriety, its state of preservation,           and threats of looting and vandalism. Press releases are written only           with the landowner's permission and only for sites that are not at a           high risk of looting and vandalism. 

Other tasks are carried out soon after the Initial Visit,           especially if the landowner has agreed to participate in the program.           His or her name is added to the various mailing lists, the Registry           newsletter mailing list, KHC's preservation mailing list, and Kentucky           Archaeological Newsletter mailing list. A photocopy of the Registry           Agreement, if it was signed, is sent to the landowner. About a month           later the SHPO/ Director of KHC sends a letter to the landowner in which           he or she personally expresses appreciation for the landowner's decision           to participate. 

If the landowner did not agree to participate during           the course of the Initial Visit but wished to think it over, the thank-you           letter is followed by a telephone call within a month. If the answer           then is "yes," the activities discussed above are carried out. A thank-you           letter is sent after the Initial Visit even if the landowner is clearly           not interested in participating in the program. Depending on the nature           of the landowner's negative response, the immediacy of threats to the           site, and the significance of the site, an attempt to contact the landowner           again in six months or a year to reconsider the decision may be appropriate.           

**Registry Maintenance           Activities**Upon the designation of an archeological site as a Kentucky           Archaeological Landmark, a long-term commitment to the site and its           landowner begins. Participation in the Registry provides an opportunity           to establish a relationship with the landowner. In the years that follow           it is hoped that the landowner's interest in the protection and preservation           of the site will grow by virtue of this participation. As a result of           this greater interest, opportunities for stronger protection may develop           in the future. 

Registry follow-up and maintenance activities are critically           important to the landowner contact/site registration process (Hoose           1981:56). Landowner contact/site registration can be considered a successful           site preservation option only if the relationship with the landowner           begun during the Initial Visit is nurtured. 

Without a good follow-up system to remind owners of           the importance of their areas (sites) and help them develop a firmer           preservation ethic, its (the Registry program's) value could decline           rapidly (Carmony 1987:4). 

In effect, then, the easy part of landowner contact/site           registration is the registration itself. The hardest part is staying           in touch with each landowner. 

Registry follow-up and maintenance consists of communicating           with the landowner, educating him or her about the importance of protecting           the site, and monitoring the condition of the site at regular intervals.           The goals of follow-up and maintenance activities at registered sites           consist of the following: 
- Enhancing and continuing to build a relationship             with the landowner; 
- Educating the landowner about the site and its preservation;             
- Providing site management support and site protection             information; and 
- Monitoring the site for any disturbance or new threats             to its Protection. 

Frequent and personal communication with the landowner           throughout the year is the primary way by which the relationship with           the landowner is enhanced. This includes sending letters, notes or cards,           preparing and sending the Registry newsletter, and visiting the landowner           in person. The Registry newsletter is an excellent means of maintaining           communication with the participating landowners while simultaneously           informing and educating them. Receipt of the newsletter reminds landowners           of their participation in the program, the agreement they have made,           and the significance of their preservation commitment. It is used to           report on recent program accomplishments and announce conferences, meetings,           or publications of interest to the landowner. It provides information           about prehistory or history, site management, site looting and vandalism,           and stronger protection options. 

The single most effective follow-up activity, however,           is the annual Follow-up Visit. The Follow-up Visit is the way in which           landowner communication and education is carried out. The Follow-up           Visit provides the Coordinator with an opportunity to discuss site protection           and to monitor the site's condition. The same landowner contact procedure           for the Initial Visit is followed prior to the Follow-up Visit (Henderson           1988a:3-5). Each landowner is telephoned, and the Follow-up Visit is           scheduled. Care is taken to explain the purpose of the Visit to allay           any concerns landowners might have that an additional request will be           made of them. Prior to the Follow-up Visit, the Coordinator reviews           each Site File to be familiar with the important facts. Information           still promised to a landowner is prepared. Information still lacking           in the Site Files is noted so that it can be collected during the Visit.           

Gifts are always brought to the landowner on the Follow-up           Visit. These consist of such items as posters, articles, pamphlets,           or copies of recent legislation that deals with archeological sites.           They serve several functions: (1) they provide an obvious reason for           visiting the landowner and not just his or her site; (2) they provide           an opportunity to demonstrate once again appreciation for the landowner's           Preservation commitment; and (3) they represent a way to educate landowners           about archeology. 

Another important function of the Follow-up Visit, is           to provide an opportunity to monitor the site's preservation status.           During the Follow-up Visit, questions are always asked about the site,           its condition, and any problems with looting and/or vandalism the landowner           may have had in the course of the year. If at all possible, the site           is visited in the company of the landowner and site stewardship activities           are discussed. Information is collected about features of the site locale,           locations of current and previous human and natural destruction, and           site boundaries. 

Activities conducted after the Follow-up Visit resemble           those undertaken after the Initial Visit and consist of landowner communication           and documentation. A note is sent to the landowner thanking him or her           for spending time with the Coordinator. A note also is sent to the AOR,           if one exists for the site, informing him or her of the Follow-up Visit           and providing updated information about the landowner, his or her family,           and the site's condition. 

A Follow-up Visit report is prepared, information about           each landowner is recorded and, if need be, changed in the Site File,           and a Site Monitoring Record Update is completed that includes any changes           noted in the site's preservation status. Once sufficient information           is collected regarding the site's management needs, and this may have           to be collected over the course of several years, a detailed site management           plan is prepared for each site and discussed with the landowner (Henderson           and Hannan 1988:34-40). 

**Results of the Kentucky Archaeological Registry To Date**The results of landowner contact/site registration           activities undertaken during the Registry's first two years of operation           were very positive. A total of 16 landowners out of 30 contacted agreed           to participate during Year One. Three landowners declined to participate,           eight deferred site registration, and for three landowners site registration           activities were incomplete. Two additional landowners were contacted           during Year Two and agreed to participate. One of the landowners who           deferred in Year One chose to participate during Year Two. This resulted           in a combined total of 19 participating landowners out of the 32 who           were contacted in person by the Coordinator during Year One and Year           Two. Sixteen landowners agreed to participate by signing a Registry           Agreement while the remaining three gave verbal consent to program participation.           
**Figure 5.** Located on               the property of Mrs. Ann H. Gay, this mound is listed in the Registry.               *(Photo courtesy of David Pollack).*
 The 19 Registry entries represent registration for           19 archeological sites totaling 300 acres. Eighteen sites were registered           during Year One, while one new site was registered during Year Two.           Registration for 15 of these sites encompasses the entire site area,           while four of the registries cover only a portion of the site. These           partial registries, in most cases, represent over one-third to three-fourths           of the site. Site types registered include earthen enclosures, a ditched           enclosure, burial mounds (Figure 5), villages, temple mound and village           complexes, a stone alignment, and a rockshelter. Cultural components           at these sites include prehistoric sites with either single or multicomponent           deposits, as well as one site with an early historic component. 

The condition of 16 of the 18 sites registered during           the program's first year of operation remained unchanged during the           second year of operation. Notable alterations occurred only two of these           sites and to the newly registered site. This resulted in a total of           three registered sites at which conditions had changed between the Initial           Visit and the Follow-up Visit. Changes at two had occurred due to a           change in land use. At one site the land use varied because the property           was sold. Timber had           been removed in some areas, while in others, the site was disked and           sown with grass for pasture. At the other site, a road built to haul           timber had been constructed by a third party in the site area, contrary           to the landowner's instructions. Disturbance to these two sites was           minimal. Changes at the third had occurred as a result of vandalism,           which, while substantial, did not significantly alter the site's integrity.           

During the Registry's first year of operation, five           requests were received for information about stronger site protection,           including easements, site donation and purchase, and site management           (Henderson 1989a:7-10 and 1988b:57-58). They were solicited by three           landowners who decided to participate in the program and by two who           deferred. One new request for stronger site protection was received           from a participating landowner during the Registry's second year of           operation. 

In response to these requests, information was prepared           and sent to the landowners, the landowners were visited again, and options           available to them were discussed. More detailed information about property           boundaries also was collected, and the landowners' requests were discussed           with KHC as well as with potentially interested third parties such as           The Archaeological Conservancy, a private archeological site preservation           organization (Ford 1983), and the University of Kentucky. To date, protection           beyond site registration has not been negotiated for these sites. 

The request for aid in site management, unlike the requests           for stronger site protection, was handled in a different manner. Through           discussions with the media relations manager of the corporation that           owns a registered site, it became clear that the company was interested           in receiving information that would help it manage the site more effectively.           Serving as a clearinghouse, the Coordinator sought aid from the archeological           community in honoring this request. A graduate student at the University           of Kentucky volunteered to provide the requested information. The site           was mapped, tested, and a detailed management study was prepared (Sanders           1988). As a result of this project, the company was provided with the           management assistance it needed.3

More in-depth discussion of the program's results, as           well as the characteristics of the Registry sites and their landowners,           is provided in Henderson (1988a:2-11 and 1988b:43-70). 

**Program Evaluation**Landowner contact/site registration has been proven to           be effective in the protection and preservation of natural areas since           1980 (Hoose 1984:7). The results of the Registry's first two years of           operation are comparable to the results of the natural areas registry           programs (Carmony 1982, 1987) and demonstrate that the landowner contact/site           registration technique can be successfully adapted to the protection           of unique and irreplaceable archeological resources. Several factors           can be cited as contributing to the success of the program. 

One obvious reason is the fact that it is modeled upon           TNC's successful registry program. By following this model, which has           been field tested in many situations, the Registry placed itself in           an excellent position to succeed. 

The communication, trust, and rapport that develops           between the landowner and the Coordinator is another factor that contributes           to the Registry's success. Since the Registry program is personified           by the Coordinator, the personality and attitude of the Coordinator           can make or break a landowner contact/site registration program (Hoose           1984:6). The Coordinator must be able to communicate effectively with           landowners in a nonthreatening way about the program and their sites'           importance and, therefore, convince them to make the commitment to preserve           and protect their sites. 

A third factor that contributes to the Registry's success           is the existence of an AOR for a site. The concept of the AOR does not           have a counterpart in TNC's landowner contact/site registration formula.           It became evident in the early stages of the Registry's development,           however, that the chances for registration would be greater for sites           at which professional archeologists had worked for many years and developed           rapport with the landowners. The AOR often had considerable personal           and professional investment in a site, concern for its future, and ideas           on ways to preserve it. He or she previously may have discussed site           preservation and management with the landowner. Given a role in the           registration process, AORs proved to be an important source of support           since their understanding and appreciation of the Registry, together           with their positive attitude toward it, often helped allay landowners'           misgivings. 

**Summary           and Conclusion**The Registry provides a cost-effective, programmatic           response to the problem of long-term protection and preservation of           significant archeological sites on private property. It encourages the           preservation and protection of Kentucky's significant archeological           sites by enlisting the aid of landowners in their preservation. Its           major functions include the following:
- To provide low-level site protection; 
- To provide opportunities for regular and systematic             monitoring of significant sites; and 
- To provide opportunities to educate participating             landowners about the importance and the preservation of their sites.

As a result of the activities undertaken during the           first two years of operation, it was demonstrated that the Registry           also can serve other purposes. For instance, it can help nurture a constituency           concerned about general issues in site protection and preservation.           During Year Two, for instance, landowners were informed of looting that           had occurred to a site in western Kentucky. They were asked to write           to the County Attorney to express their concern about the site's destruction.           Many landowners previously had had similar experiences with looting           on their sites and had felt powerless to do much about it. It was decided           that this incident presented an opportunity for the landowners to do           something about their frustration. As owners of Kentucky Archaeological           Landmarks, they were in a unique position to tell officials that site           looting is not a rare or isolated occurrence in the State. Four of the           landowners sent letters. 

Another function the Registry can serve is that of renewing           or piquing archeologists' interest in studying these important sites.           Archeologists were made aware that some sites considered to have been           destroyed actually exist in a good state of preservation even after           having been forgotten for decades. Some of these archeologists have           expressed serious interest in pursuing research activities at Registry           sites. When archeologists begin to plan such studies, the Registry will           provide them with current site information and suggestions on the kinds           of information needed about the site, as well as information about the           landowner and the landowner's position regarding conducting research           at the site. Archeologists contemplating such work will have to obtain           the landowner's permission to conduct any field work. 

The Registry can facilitate communication between the           landowner and parties interested in negotiating stronger site protection.           The Registry program can introduce groups, such as The Archaeological           Conservancy, to interested landowners and provide information to these           groups that might enhance their opportunity to acquire significant sites           (Henderson 1988a:12). 

Hoose (1984:1), however, considers a landowner contact/site           registration program to be most useful as the primary level within a           system of protection tools. In some situations stronger site protection,           such as management leases, deed restrictions, conservation easements,           or dedications (Henderson 1988b:7181; Henderson and Hannan 1988), are           required to ensure adequate protection of the property. In this case           the Registry also serves as a screening device for sites and situations           that might combine to produce opportunities for stronger and more enduring           site protection. As discussed previously, six such instances of requests           for information on stronger site protection and management were encountered           during the Registry's first two years of operation. 

The site protection provided by landowners who participate           in the Registry illustrates the preservation potential that exists in           a generally untapped resource: the landowner. Landowners serving as           voluntary site stewards will help to ensure that Kentucky's most significant           sites will be preserved and protected for the future. 

The success of the Registry to date has struck a cord           with many of the landowners who have been contacted during its short           existence. As a positive approach to site protection, the Registry also           has struck a cord with archeologists (Henderson 1988a:13-14). There           appears to be an increasing awareness on the part of archeologists of           the need to become involved in and develop methods of site protection           and preservation in addition to those commonly used in the past. Hand           in hand with this growing awareness is the acknowledgment that archeologists           must provide the public with better access to information acquired through           archeological research. Archeologists see in the Registry a way to respond           to both needs in a cost-effective, positive way, and its success should           encourage other States to develop registries of their own. The creation           of the Registry seems to be riding the crest of a wave in American archeology           that recognizes that public involvement in archeology is the best way           to ensure there is archeology in our future. 

For more information about the Kentucky Archaeological           Registry, contact: 

**Kentucky Heritage Council          677 Comanche Trail          Frankfort, KY 40601          (502) 564-7005**

Copies of *The Kentucky Archaeological Registry: Citizen-based           Preservation for Kentucky's Archaeological Sites and Results of the           Kentucky Archaeological Registry Program's Second Year of 0peration*           by A. Gwynn Henderson, which describe respectively the Registry's first           and second years of operation, are available from KHC at the above address.           

**Notes**

**1**           Surprisingly few landowner contact/site registration programs had been           incorporated into the archeological community's approach to site preservation           prior to the creation of the Registry. None had been patterned on TNC's           landowner contact/site registration model. 

During development of the Registry, a site protection           questionnaire was sent to all 56 SHPOs (Henderson 1988b:22-23). From           the 33 responses received, it was learned that 15 States have some form           of archeological registry program "on their books." Some States had           not implemented their registry programs due to a lack of success in           the past or a lack of personnel and funds. Other programs depend on           the initiative of the private landowner for site registration. Several           mirror the National Register of Historic Places by providing protection           under a State "Section 106" compliance process. None of these programs,           however, is composed of the same elements embodied within the landowner           contact/site registration program that is the Registry. 

**2**           Many questions were raised about the National Register of Historic Places           probably due to the similarity in the names of the two programs. Landowners           whose sites were already listed in the National Register were sometimes           puzzled when they were requested to participate in the Registry. Similarly,           landowners who held misconceptions about the National Register often           transferred these misconceptions to the Registry. When this occurred,           the Coordinator tried to address these questions by contrasting the           two programs. Some of the more important differences include the following:           
- National Register status applies to a site even after             ownership changes. In the case of the Kentucky Archaeological Registry,             the new landowner has to be contacted and asked to continue the preservation             commitment made by the former owner; 
- Frequent personal contact with participating landowners             is not an element of the National Register, but it is a major element             of the Kentucky Archaeological Registry; and 
- National Register status is an element of Federal             historic preservation law. Kentucky Archaeological Landmark status             confers no legal protection under State laws. 

Other differences between the two programs are discussed           in Henderson (1988b:64-65). 

Some questions that were occasionally raised dealt with           the limitations to land use that participation in the Registry might           engender. These included such questions as:
- Will I be able to construct buildings and fences             where I choose, or will I have to get permission from KHC? 
- Will participation affect my children's inheritance             of the property? 
- Will I need KHC's permission to sell my land and             will KHC have a voice in deciding to whom I may sell? 
- Will participation in the Registry affect the property             value of my land? 
- Will registration lead to increased or required visitation             of my site? 

Since registration of a site as a Kentucky Archaeological           Landmark is completely voluntary, non-regulatory, and not legally binding,           no limitations are placed on the landowner's use of the land or children's           later use of the property. The request that the landowner notify KHC           of an intent to transfer ownership is made simply to facilitate contact           with the subsequent landowner to request continuation of the former           owner's preservation commitment. It is unclear how registration of a           site will affect property values, although the landowner could certainly           use it to his or her advantage when negotiating a price for the property.           No public visitation of a registered site is required for participation           in the program. 

Most questions raised by the landowners focused not           on the Registry, its limitations, or stipulations, but rather on the           site: How old was it? What kinds of people had lived there? Was this           the only site like it in the State? The Registry Coordinator also was           asked to identify artifacts in landowners' collections, to give names           and dates, and to describe how they had been made. 

One question never specifically raised was "So, what's           in it for me?" In describing the program to the landowner, the Coordinator           described benefits in anticipation of this unspoken question. They included           some of the following (Henderson 1988b:63-64): 
- Registration is a good thing because you get a feeling             of personal satisfaction knowing you have preserved the past for the             future; 
- By registering your site, you receive recognition             that you own something special and have done something special to             preserve it; 
- Registration offers you an opportunity to learn more             about your site and your property; and 
- Through registration, you gain membership in a select             group of Kentucky landowners.

**3**           Generally, requests for information about financial assistance, tax           benefits, and legal advice have not been made. These kinds of requests           might become more common as the Registry becomes established and if           participating landowners choose to pursue stronger protection options           for their sites. 

**References Cited**

Carmony, Paul          1982   The Indiana Natural Areas Registry Program in Retrospect.           Ms. on file, Kentucky Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, Frankfort,           Kentucky. 

1987  Indiana Natural Areas Registry Update. Ms.           on file, Kentucky Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, Frankfort, Kentucky.           

Ford, Richard I.          1983   The Archaeological Conservancy, Inc.: The Goal is Site Preservation.           In Management and Preservation, edited by Margaret Kimball Brown. *American           Archaeology* 3(3):221-224. 

Henderson, A. Gwynn          1988a   *Results of the Kentucky Archaeological Registry Program's           Second Year of Operations.* Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission,           Frankfort, Kentucky. 

1988b   *The Kentucky Archaeological Registry:           Citizen-based Preservation for Kentucky's Archaeological Sites.*           Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort, Kentucky. 

Henderson, A. Gwynn, and Richard R. Hannan          1988   *Stronger Protection Options for Kentucky's Most Significant           Archaeological Sites.* Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort,           Kentucky. 

Hoose, Phillip M.          1981   *Building an Ark: Tools for the Preservation of Natural           Diversity Through Land Protection.* Island press, Covelo, California.           

1984   Landowner Contact/Registry (LOC/R): Status           Report After Four Years. Ms. on file, Kentucky Chapter of The Nature           Conservancy, Frankfort, Kentucky. 

Milne, Janet E.          1984   The Landowner's Options. In *Land-Saving Action,* edited           by Russell L. Brenneman and Sarah M. Bates, pp. 217-226. Island Press,           Covelo, California. 

Sanders, Sara L.          1988   *The Stone Serpent Mound (15BD6) of Boyd County, Kentucky.*           Unpublished Master's practicum, Department of Anthropology, University           of Kentucky, Lexington. 

The Nature Conservancy          1988   The Appalachians. *The Nature Conservancy Magazine*           38(2). 

The Nature Conservancy, Midwest Regional Office          1985   Guidelines for Registry Workers. Ms. on file, Kentucky Chapter           of The Nature Conservancy, Frankfort, Kentucky. 
Return to: Technical           Briefs           

**introduction**

**the                 kentucky archaeological registry**

**steps                 in the registration process**

**results                 of the registry to date**

**program                 evaluation**

**summary                 & conclusion**

**notes**

**references**

**print                 version  **

**technical briefs                 index**
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