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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               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| **Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, December           1991.**

**Selected           References**

Step 10 in the modeled approach to stabilization plan           development (Thorne 1988:24) calls for identification of the range of           potential solutions to resource loss problems based upon the minimal           criteria of applicable preservation technologies. The bibliographical           entries and annotations that follow are included here to demonstrate           how available published data can be utilized to support the development           of a stabilization plan. These examples can help in that identification           effort. Data from these same references can ultimately be used to select           the stabilization technique that will best solve a particular problem.

Keywords that are useful in Clearinghouse bibliographic           searches follow each entry in all capital letters.

Thorne, Robert M.          1988      *Guidelines for the Organization           of Archeological Site Stabilization Projects: A Modeled Approach.*           Technical Report EL-88-8, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,           Vicksburg, MS.

This set of guidelines is designed to identify means           for evaluating archeological site preservation technical options and           to define a model for evaluating and selecting the proper options to           be employed in specific situations.

In the absence of anything prior, these guidelines were           based on interviews with Federal and State archeologists who had direct           personal experience on specific site preservation situations. The guidelines           were tested at a prehistoric mound site on Huffine Island, IN, and those           efforts are presented as a case study in site preservation.

**STABILIZATION,           MODEL, GUIDELINES, TEST CASE, FILTER FABRIC**

Gilbert, Susan          1989     America Washing Away. *Science Digest,*           94(8):31.

This article, written in layman's terms, discusses beach           erosion relative to the destructive effects of wave action aggravated           by rising sea levels and intensive coastal development. Diagrams show           how waves move sand to form dunes and how destruction of beaches and           barrier islands occurs because of the construction of groins, seawalls,           and jetties. Dams constructed on the upper reaches of rivers prevent           sand from reaching beaches, making them narrower and less able to absorb           the energy of waves. The best solution for beach protection so far is           to pile on new sand; however, imported sand erodes more quickly for           two reasons. The equilibrium of the beach with the seafloor is destroyed           since the beach is steeper and absorbs a heavier blow from each wave.           Normal beach sand is almost always coarser than other sands and does           not wash as fast as finer grained sand. The study of beach and dune           ecosystems shows that salt-tolerant beach grasses indicate the inland           movement of the high-water line. Using this information, construction           is moved away from beaches to allow them to move and change naturally.

**BEACH           EROSION, WAVE ACTION**

Keown, M.P., N.R. Oswalt, B.B. Perry, and B.A. Dardeau,           Jr.          1977     *Literature Survey and Preliminary           Evaluation of Streambank Protection Methods.* Technical Report H-77-9.           U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

This literature survey emphasizes known streambank protection           methods. Mechanisms contributing to streambank erosion are identified,           and the effectiveness of various methods are evaluated. Appendix B lists           commercial concerns that market streambank protection products. A selected           bibliography is included.

**EROSION,           STABILIZATION METHODS, BIBLIOGRAPHY**

Whitlow, Thomas H., and Richard W. Harris          1979      *Flood Tolerance in Plants: A State-of-the-Art           Review.* Technical Report E-79-2, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment           Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Both basic aspects of flood tolerance and applied aspects           of establishing vegetation arc discussed. Tables arranged by the common           and scientific names of plants are included. This information would           be useful in planning shoreline stabilization/revegetation efforts.           Available from NTIS.

**FLOOD           TOLERANCE, PLANTS, RESERVOIRS, VEGETATION**

Henderson, J. E., and F.D. Shields, Jr.          1984     *Environmental Features for Streambank           Protection Projects.* Technical Report E-84-1 1, U.S. Army Engineer           Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

This report provides guidance for incorporating environmental           considerations into streambank protection projects. The stability of           the streambanks of a channel is related to both site-specific and basin-wide           stream reach factors. Streambank erosion or failure is a natural fluvial           process that is often accelerated by changes in geotechnical or hydraulic           factors and especially human activities such as reservoir construction           and landuse changes. Streambank protection projects stabilize a streambank,           preventing or stopping erosion. Such stabilization results in a range           of environmental changes.

A review of available information on environmental features           relevant to streambank protection projects was performed. Environmental           features are those planning, design, construction, and maintenance procedures           or practices that minimize adverse environmental impacts or enhance           terrestrial and aquatic habitats and the aesthetic quality of land and           water associated with streambank protection projects. Such features           include structural and nonstructural designs; construction procedures           that are environmentally compatible; maintenance procedures; and institutional,           planning and management approaches for streambank protection projects.

Each feature is discussed in terms of concept, the purpose           or appropriate use of the feature, environmental considerations, limitations           to use of the feature, performance history, and cost.

**STREAMBANK           PROTECTION, VEGETATION, BANK STABILIZATION STRUCTURES**

Allen, Hollis H., and C.V. Klimas          1986     *Reservoir Shoreline Revegetation           Guidelines.* Technical Report E-8&13, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways           Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

The results of revegetation efforts at three lakeshore           study sites are synthesized in this report. Pertinent revegetation concepts           also are reviewed. A set of revegetation guidelines for shorelines having           fluctuating water levels is presented. Emphasis is placed on reduced           costs, proper planning, procurement of plant materials, appropriate           planting times and methods, and special planting techniques.

**EROSION,           VEGETATION, SHORELINE, STABILIZATION**

Schiechtl, Hugo          1980     *Bioengineering for Land Reclamation           and Conservation.* The University of Alberta Press: Edmonton, Alberta,           Canada.

This book illustrates how the products of scientific           and technical research can be integrated with natural materials to realize           effective and economic means of stabilizing, protecting, and actually           improving the condition of the environment. It is a specific aid in           improving cooperation between the civil engineer and bioengineer.

The author begins with a description of the technical           preparation, usually done by civil engineers, and shows in succeeding           chapters how bioengineering is integrated into these various protection           methods to further enhance and protect earthworks and waterways. The           criteria for the selection of various plant materials used in bioengineering           are fully discussed, as is how, why and where they should be used. A           section on the cost of bioengineering is included. The appendices contain           a listing of suitable plants, commercially available, for a wide range           of environments.

**STABILIZATION,           NATURAL MATERIALS, PLANTS, STABILIZATION STRUCTURES**

Andropogon Associates, Ltd.          1989     *Earthworks Landscape Management           Manual; Section 1.* Prepared for the Mid-Atlantic Regional Office,           National Park Service, Philadelphia, PA.

This manual's primary focus is on development of management           strategies and interpretive guidelines that resolve current conflicts           between the requirements for preservation and the impacts of interpretation           and visitor use at earthwork sites. The manual is intended to serve           as a guide for all earthworks; in the NPS system and for application           to similar environments within the NPS system and requiring only limited           additional study. A major observation noted during the review of the           sites evaluated for the preparation of the manual was that earthwork           sites stabilized by healthy, native plant communities are in the best           condition, while some current management practices have contributed           directly to the degradation of the resource. The manual is divided into           two major sections. The first section is a review and evaluation of           current management practices and an assessment of present vegetative           cover types. Recommendations are made for an overall management program           aimed at integrating preservation and interpretation objectives. The           second section begins with procedures for evaluating and monitoring           a site with respect to the proposed guidelines. Since many of the management           techniques focus on native plant communities, the management of which           is unfamiliar to many park employees, workshops at various levels of           NPS employees were held. Actual hands-on instruction sessions were used           as a means of both teaching park employees how to use the soil bioengineering           techniques and to begin restabilization and revegetation on damaged           ground surfaces which need immediate attention. Critical to the soil           bioengineering techniques is the need to prioritize problem areas to           include both short- and long-term management practices.

**MANAGEMENT           STABILIZATION, EVALUATION, SOIL BIOENGINEERING, NPS**

*Copies of the Stabilization Bibliography, from which           the above selected references are taken, are available on request either           as hard copies or on 5.25-inch diskettes on the WordPerfect 5.1 word           processing program. Requests should be addressed to: Dr. Robert M. Thorne,           National Clearinghouse for Archaeological Site Stabilization, Center           for Archaeological Research, University, MS 38677, telephone: (601)           232-7129.*

Return to: Technical           Briefs            | **sources                 of technical information**

**corps                 of engineers**

**department                 of agriculture**

**national                 clearinghouse for archaeological site stabilization**

**other                 information sources**

**conclusion**

**selected                 references**

**appendix**

**print                 version  **

**technical briefs                 index** |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  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