| | United States Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxics                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
| | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | 1997 EPP Symposium Notes

**Plenary
Sessions:**

Introduction to
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing - EPP(Plenary Session 1)

EPP Applied - Success Stories
(Plenary 2)

Future Directions of EPP
(Closing Plenary)


**Session Tracks:**

**Business Opportunities for Environmental
Entrepreneurs**

Entering the Federal
Marketplace (Session 1)

Small Business Support Services
(Session 7)

Vendors' Experiences - Case
Studies & Issues (Session 13)

**Laws & Regulations Impacting the
Acquisition of EPPs**

Federal Acquisition (Session2)

Product Standards & Claims
(Session 8)

Other Legal Issues &
Trends (Session 14)

**Green Purchasing in Practice**

How to Implement an EPP Program
(Session 3)

Public Sector Pilots (Session
9)

Private Sector Examples
(Session 15)

**EPP Tools & Resources**

Life Cycle Tools (Session 4)

Internet Tools (Session 10)

Other Resources (Session 16)

**Partnerships**

Public/Private Partnerships
(Session 5)

Role of Contractors (Session
11)

Embarking on Pilots-Incentives
& Benefits (Session 17)

**Green Buildings**

New Construction (Session 6)

Renovation, Repair &
Deconsrtuction (Session 12)

Evaluation Tools (Session 18)

**Appendices:**

List
of Speakers and Related Web-Sites

Opening
Plenary

Wednesday, July 16, 1997


**Speakers:**Fran McPoland, Federal Environmental
Executive

Steve
Schooner, Executive Office of the President,

Office of Federal Procurement Policy, Office of
Management&Budget

Jim
Aidala, Office of Pollution Prevention, Pesticides & Toxic Substances,
U.S.Environmental Protection Agency

**Moderator: John Stanberry, Environmental
Executive, U.S. General Services Administration**

After introductory remarks by John Stanberry, Mr.
William Brown welcomed attendees to Baltimore. As the person responsible for purchasing
for the City of Baltimore, he was particularly glad to that a conference on
environmentally preferable products was being held in his city.

**Speaker 1: Fran McPoland, Federal Environmental
Executive**

Good Afternoon, I'm so happy to welcome you to our
first symposium "Partnership for the 21st Century: Greening Federal
Procurement"; which is co-sponsored by my office and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. This is a very exciting time for all of us.

President Clinton signed Executive Order 12873 in
October 1993, which created my position and expanded the concept of federal waste
prevention in the Federal government. It also reiterates the implementation of recycling
programs, and the federal procurement policies mandated by the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act.

Under RCRA, the Federal government is required to
procure and use specific products containing recycled content. However it is important to
note that E.O. 12873 goes beyond "buying recycled". In Section 503 of this E.O.,
the Federal government's purchasing power is further harnessed. The realm of purchasing is
expanded from products containing recovered material, to products that are environmentally
preferable. Environmentally Preferable Products may take into account numerous factors;
examples include: less water and energy usage, less toxicity, and less use of other
resources during the manufacturing stage.

In this context, the term "environmentally
preferable" is defined as:

"products or services that have a lesser or
reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products
or services that serve the same purpose."

In particular, Section 503 requires the Environmental
Protection Agency to issue guidance that recommends principles that Executive agencies
should use to identify and purchase environmentally preferable products, which brings us
here today.

This symposium is one of a series of pilot efforts
that the US EPA is sponsoring to educate both the Federal and private sectors as to the
issues of environmentally preferable products and the Federal government's procurement and
use of these products.

Our objective for the next day and a half is to help
establish and maintain a growing market within the Federal government for commercial
products that push the benchmark of environmental preferability as called for in the
Executive Order.

It is of critical importance to this administration
that the Federal government set the example and pursue the means to procure and use
"greener" products at every possible level.

I believe that this symposium will allow for the
dialogue between all of the essential players,Federal Acquisition and Environmental Executives
  Federal personnel responsible for the actual
    requisition of products, and
  Environmental entrepreneursand perhaps, alleviate some perceived barriers in
doing business with the Federal government. It will also serve as an important first step
in promoting the necessary partnership among the key players that I previously mentioned,
in order to achieve the President's environmental goals.

I therefore, strongly urge you to enter this
symposium with an open mind and think creatively as to how you can best further the
"greening" of your agency's procurement.

**Speaker 2: Steve Schooner, Executive Office of the
President, Office of Federal Procurement Policy, Office of Management&Budget**

Steve Schooner discussed recent federal acquisition
policies and practices that the federal government has been changing incrementally over
the past several years. For example, several years ago, compact florescent lights were
installed in the halls of the Senate and Energy Star computers are being used by a growing
number of agencies. He said that change is not easy, it can't happen overnight, and it
requires everyone's help. The federal government is the single largest consumer in the
national economy, buying over $200 billion worth of goods and services a year.

The federal procurement system is being
"reinvented." The federal government is trying to act more like a commercial
consumer. Barriers to entry into the federal marketplace are being eased. Federal agencies
are beginning to consider past performance as a criterion in awarding contracts, rather
than just low price. The National Performance Review (NPR) is making government more
efficient and less wasteful.

As part of these changes, the government is
increasingly using electronic commerce to save paper and the costs associated with
paperwork. Reducing waste is consistent with EPP. The primary source for information on
federal procurement is on the World Wide Web at *www.arnet.gov*.

The government is in a unique position as a buyer to
further social policy goals. Past examples include efforts such as the Drug Free Workplace
and Buy American. There is resistance to using federal purchasing power to further social
goals because this often raises prices and imposes new barriers to entry into the federal
market. Mr. Schooner challenged the group to help prove that EPP is not more expensive. He
also mentioned the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) which requires agencies
to develop a strategy and to evaluate their success in measuring performance. Price,
timeliness, quality, and low administrative processing burden have been the traditional
measures; adding EPP will require creativity. He also indicated that final changes to the
Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) will soon formalize EPP language.

Examples of EPP practices include the electronic
publication of the Commerce Business Daily, which is now available free on the World Wide
Web. Another example is the new "impact card," a government credit card that can
be used for small purchases (up to $2,500) by authorized federal employees. The government
is moving to an electronic payment system that saves transaction costs and paper.

Mr. Schooner concluded by reminding the audience that
cultural change takes time and that it's not easy.

**Speaker 3: Jim Aidala, Office of Pollution
Prevention, Pesticides & Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency**

Mr. Aidala is currently the Associate Administrator
of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances (OPPT) at EPA. OPPTS has responsibility
for implementing the nation's pesticide, toxic substances, and pollution prevention laws.
Previously, he was a professional staff member of the U.S. House of Representatives
Government Operations Committee, Subcommittee on Environment, Energy and Natural
Resources.

Jim Aidala focused his remarks on how to include
environmental performance in purchasing decisions. The government buys a broad range of
products, from cleaners to Martian Rovers. As the largest consumer in the nation, however,
the government has a responsibility to use its buying power to protect the environment.
There is a long history of legislative and executive order mandates to harness government
purchasing power, but putting policy into practice is not easy.

Mr. Aidala reviewed the EPP guidance and emphasized
the importance of considering multiple attributes and life cycle evaluations. He cited the
difficulties in communicating to procurement officials about life cycle considerations.
EPA's guidance is intentionally flexible in order to cover the very broad range of
products that the government procures (from soaps to satellites). That's why EPA
emphasizes the importance of conducting pilot projects.

**Questions & Answers:**

**Q: Should the private sector pay for the
government to develop standards? Should federal agencies test certain products for a fee?**

**A:**(McPoland) It depends. In order
to convince buyers to make a change, we need to go further. Yet, the federal government is
reducing the amount of money spent on this kind of research.

**Q:** **I am trying to get a
product line on the GSA list (of cleaning products) but there is no consideration for my
products' attributes on the GSA matrix. How can I remedy this situation and get the matrix
changed?**(Employee from Equinox)

**A:** (McPoland) She emphasized that
the GSA cleaning products project was a pilot and that new questions are now being asked.
In other words, it was a first step in learning how to make the choices, not the last
word.

**Q:** **When a federal agency
participates in programs like Energy Star, can they retain the money they've saved? Can
they internalize the savings?**(Nancy VandenBerg)

**A:** (McPoland) She acknowledged that
this has been a long-term problem. She said that now recycling revenues are being returned
(when there are revenues) but that this issue continues to be debated.

**Q: A product manufacturer expressed concern
about the lack of enforcement of the Executive Order?**

**A:**(McPoland) She emphasized that
she is responsible for enforcement and that agencies must report to her.

**Session #1**

**Entering the Federal
Marketplace**

**Wednesday, July 16, 1997**

**2:45 - 4:00 pm**

**Speakers:**Della Ford, Small Business Administration

Pat
Geisinger, General Services Administration

**Moderator: Juan Lopez, Office of the Federal
Environmental Executive**


Speaker **1: Della Ford, Small Business
Administration**

In this session, panelists were asked to discuss key
issues related to doing business with DOD and GSA. They were asked to outline agency
policy and procedures for entering the federal market and to address special needs and
programs available to the small environmental entrepreneur.

Ms. Della Ford of the Small Business Administration
(SBA), provided a comprehensive overview of recent federal procurement changes including
the Federal Acquisition Streamling Act (FASA) and the Federal Acquisition Reform Act
(FARA) that reduce paperwork associated with federal procurement and encourage federal
purchase of commercial products. She explained the trend toward use of electronic
commerce, changes in evaluation criteria focusing on performance and best value, and
reviewed some of SBA's programs targeting the small business entrepreneur. She explained
the Pro-Net Internet site under construction and several other new SBA initiatives.

These recent changes make it easier for most vendors
to participate in the federal marketplace. For example, electronic commerce expedites the
processing of orders, redefines minimum notice and response times, expedites and broadens
information dissemination, generates increased competition, and makes it easier for buyers
to comparison shop and to receive just-in-time deliveries of goods. The changes relating
to "Best Value Practices" allow federal purchasers to make decisions based on
performance and quality, rather than exclusively on the basis of low price. At the same
time that government agencies are increasingly cost conscious, they must also improve
service.

SBA has several programs that help vendors become
aware of and take advantage of these changes. For example, SBA's "Prime Contracts
Program" and "Subcontracting Assistance Program" help to ensure that small
businesses get their fair share of business by teaming them with the large prime
contractors through "8(a) Set Asides". This ensures that the large contractors
comply with small business requirements. A Certification of Competency program also allows
unsuccessful bidders to appeal, ensuring fair and open competition.

SBA's Procurement Automated Source System (PASS)
contains a database of over 200,000 small businesses that is used by over 1,000 federal
agencies. This electronic database is currently being updated to the PRO-NET. This
Internet site is designed to be interactive with search capabilities and will be
accessible through SBA's home page. Business can register by calling 1-800-231-PASS. By
the year 2000, SBA anticipates that the most of the federal government will be conducting
their procurement activities electronically. SBA's website, www.sba.gov/gc provides
current information on that effort.

SBA is also conducting a pilot program with the
Department of Transportation (DOT) to significantly streamline the 8(a) procurement
process (e.g., small business set-aside program).

**Speaker 2: Pat Geisinger, General Services
Administration**

Ms. Geisinger joined GSA in August 1989. As the small
business Technical Advisor with the Office of Enterprise Development, she coordinates
comprehensive business and counseling services and provides information and advice on
selling to the Federal Government. Ms. Geisinger organizes and conducts a monthly small
business breakfast designed to bring together minority, veteran and women small business
entrepreneurs, interested in doing business with GSA, with representatives from Atlanta's
large business and government purchasing community.

Pat Geisinger of the U.S. General Services
Administration (GSA) explained the various ways that GSA helps small businesses find
federal customers. She indicated that procurement over $25,000 are advertised in the
Commerce Business Daily (CBD) which is now free on the Internet. For federal agencies that
conduct their procurement electronically, the threshold will move to $50,000 and
ultimately to $100,000, which means that more procurement will not need to go through a
formal bid process. She said that many federal agencies are using the PASS system to find
vendors for small purchases (under $25,000).

GSA is currently deciding whether it will use the
existing FACNET system or use the World Wide Web.

GSA has three buying agencies: The Public Building
Service (PBS) that is responsible for building construction and maintenance; The Federal
Supply Service (FSS) that procures products, and the Federal Telecommunications Network
(FTN) that procures telephone and other communications systems for the federal government.
.

GSA encourages agencies to buy recycled products and
is actively seeking to contract with vendors that supply products that are environmentally
preferable. GSA's Schedules program (FSS) is a way for new vendors to start doing business
with the federal government. A New Item Introductory Schedule is designed to introduce new
products and is particularly relevant for vendors of environmentally preferable products,
as was done with refurbished toner cartridges, to the FSS schedules. Vendors must submit a
2-page form, prove the products commercial marketability, and provide evidence of $2,000
worth of federal sales to participate. However, sometimes GSA can waive some of these
requirements for EPP products on a case-by-case basis.

Ms. Geisinger also mentioned GSA's Advantage program,
which is an online shopping service accessible at http://www.gsa.gov or
http://www.fss.gsa.gov. It is essentially an "electronic shopping mall" with
nine "stores" offering thousands of commercial products and is expanding to
offer more than 4 million items from more than 6,000 vendors. Holders of federal
government credit cards can place orders directly. In fiscal year 1996, federal government
charge card sales exceeded $4 billion. Ms. Geisinger expects that figure to be much higher
in FY 1997. She pointed out that services, such as film developing, are the primary types
of purchases effected through the VISA card. Agencies can provide lists of charge card
holders, something that could be a very valuable marketing tool to vendors on GSA
schedules. She emphasized that vendors are responsible for motivating procurement
officials to actually buy their products; simply getting on GSA's schedule does not
guarantee sales. GSA does do some limited marketing. She also emphasized that GSA is no
longer a mandatory source of supply for federal agencies and that federal agencies can buy
direct on the open market, especially if GSA does not have a schedule for an item that are
interested in buying.

For more information or for a copy of the appropriate
vendor registration form, contact Ms. Geisinger directly at 404-331-5103.



**Session
#2**

**Laws &
Regulations Impacting the Acquisition of EPPs:**

**Federal Acquisition**

**Wednesday, July 16, 1997**

**2:45 - 4:00 pm**

Speakers: Linda
Mesaros, Office of Management & Budget

****Sharon
Holcombe, U.S. Department of Agriculture

**Moderator: Lee Salviski, OFEE**



**Speaker 1: Linda
Messaros, OMB**

Ms. Messaros serves as Deputy Associate
Administrator for Procurement Innovations at the OFPP/Office of Management and Budget. In
this position, she is involved in various OFPP initiatives including being the co-leader
of the government-wide performance-based service contracting effort, co-author of OFPP
Guide to Best Practices for Contract Administration, author of the OFPP Best Practices
Guide for Performance-Based Service Contracting and active in the electronic commerce,
small business, and multiple award task order contracting areas.

What OMB Has Done:

1. *Executive Order*- slow progress in
meeting RCRA was reason for EO. Enhanced visibility and attention. Created awakening in
area of recycled products. Expanded focus to energy efficiency and environmental
preferability.

2. *FAR* - We reviewed FAR and incorporate
environmental purchasing to effect a large behavioral change. In August, 1997 new language
(rule) in FAR coming out.

3. *Circulars* - Government-wide management
directors. Changed them to reflect use of environmentally preferable products.

4. *Education and Training* - Recognize an
ignorance among personnel as to the importance of purchasing environmental products. Must
educate at many different levels. Put together "Best Practices Guide of Greening
Procurement", including information on how to green procurement and lessons learned.
Distributed to a number of relevant audiences. Procurement executives need to pay more
attention to Environmental purchasing. Put together speakers series that includes Fran
McPoland. Also looking into developing ways to identify environmentally preferable
products, e.g. placing logos by products that are environmentally preferable. Doing this
because recognize that contracting people are not environmental experts and, therefore,
need information that is clear and easy to work with and that does not slow down the
process. Also moving from paper based systems to electronic systems, e.g. Internet, Arnet,
CBD net, etc. and providing electronic catalogues.

Switch in purchasing at the Federal level from
procurement to programs people as a result of use of credit cards. Represents big change.
OMB hopes that by making EPP a FAR rule and through education and training, can bring EPP
into the mainstream of the Federal procurement process.

**Speaker 2: Sharon Holcombe, U.S. Department of
Agriculture**

What is USDA?

USDA is a large decentralized organization of 100,000
employees and 22,000 buildings consisting of airports, loading docks, national forests,
etc. It's decentralized in terms of both its administrative structure as well as
geographically.

Outside of EPP, USDA already very involved in
environmental issues. Their mission is related to environment and natural resource
conservation (water, soil, etc.). They engage in environmental education, exhibits,
sustainable agriculture, world community development and business assistance, developing
and marketing of new uses of food and fiber products, e.g. fuel from organic oil. They
have a forest products lab, e.g. use of forest products for interior structural panels.

What has it done relating to EPP?

Focused on "simple basics" (e.g. recycling
collection and education of employees). Participated in buy recycled trade fair in '92.
Developed educational newsletter that served as a recycling guide to camp sites and fire
camps. Early programs very successful.

1995 - first EO began to develop concrete plan of
action and accomplishments to not only support recycling, but energy efficiency and
environmental preferability.

Identified a number of barriers:Identifying who are the correct people to hear the
    message (programs, requisition, procurement and how to reach them.
  Cost and budgetary concerns
  No integrated, connected communications system, i.e.
    no way of reaching everyone easily
  "Another thing to do" people problem
  Largest barrier: rapid transition to program personnel
    as primary buyers through credit card. Loss of control of procurement process.Overcame barriers by:Developing an internal supplement to FAR. Added
    environmentally preferable items to reach procurement people
  Developing communications materials, both hard copy
    and Internet, targeted to procurement personnel
  Working on ways to reach credit card audiences
    (14,000). One idea is to incorporate policy statement and other information into the
    micro-purchase self-study course materials that all purchases must take and past test
    before get issued a credit card
  Including environmental product information in USDA
    marketing bookBelieve biggest barrier is absence of procurement
reporting system which is exacerbated by credit card. Makes monitoring very difficult.

**Session
#3**

**How to Implement an
EPP Program**

**Wednesday, July 16, 1997**

**2:45 - 4:00 pm**
**Speakers:**Charlie Bravo, USPS 

Michael Barr, USPS

Eric
Friedman, State of Massachusetts, Operation Services Division

Kelly
Luck, Minnesota Office of Environmental Affairs

Karl
Weiss, Department of Defense

**Moderator: Nancy Royal Jones, DLA**

Speakers presented examples of innovative EPP
programs from various levels of government, the process used to establish the EPP programs
and their key components.

**Speaker 1: Charlie
Bravo, USPS**

As the Manager of the Environmental Management Policy
for the Postal Service, Mr. Bravo serves as a focal point for all policy on environmental
issues for the organization. He joined the Postal Service in 1974 as an engineer where he
was involved in environmental issues, facilities improvements, new facilities, and the
Energy Investment Program. He represented the Universal Postal Union at the 18th Session
of the Governing Council of the United Nations Environmental Programs.

USPS has implemented the following environmental
initiatives:Changes to vehicle fleet
  Changes in amount of chemicals used
  Deployment of new recycling containers in post office
    lobbies (soon to be implemented)
  Sustainable use of natural resources, such as retread
    tires, rerefined oil, recycled paper (everything sold by USPS uses 20% post-consumer
    waste)
  Mail transport equipment uses recycled and/or
    recyclable materialsUSPS has found that use of recycled materials is
usually more cost-effective on a per unit cost basis. USPS incorporates environmental
considerations in its business planning process. One example is the 1997 building design
standards. The Santa Barbara facility, for example, takes advantage of beneficial
landscaping (i.e., using plants most suited to the local environment), which reduces
landscape maintenance and water usage, saving a significant amount of money.

**Speaker 2: Michael
Barr, USPS**

Considerations for a successful EPP Program include
the following:Approval and buy-in from top management
  Involve organizational elements early in the process
    (purchasing, environmental, operational, etc.)
  Build your program into your documentation (policies,
    management instructions, specifications, statements of work, contracts, etc.)
  Stress performance and EPP attributes!
  Training and knowledge about EPP and your efforts is
    75-80% of your programFour examples of implementing EPP at USPS:

1. *Office supplies and paper products.* For
copier paper, USPS issued a management instruction (via a Postal Bulletin) that allows
post offices to buy recycled paper even if it is 10% more expensive than non-recycled
paper. This 10% preference is built into specifications. USPS does not always purchase
from GSA; in fact the majority of its paper purchases are from private industry directly.
USPS sent GSA a letter to specifically buy recycled content with respect to postal policy.

Postal products with recycled content include:
Express and Priority Mail envelopes, boxes, and tubes; Tyvek Express and Priority Mail
envelopes; and an automation compatible envelope made with recycled mail.

USPS has also developed recycling lobby bins made of
Gridcore, a cardboard and recycled mail material. 5,000 lobby bins have been ordered and
USPS plans to market the bins to the federal government/GSA. USPS has also developed an
interdepartmental envelope using recycled mail and also plans to market this product to
GSA. USPS is also looking at pressure sensitive adhesives for postage stamp and label
applications that do not act as contaminants in the recycling process.

2. *Chemicals, cleaning products, supplies.*
USPS has reduced or eliminated its use of 17 toxic chemicals in its operations, with
virtual elimination by 1998. To accomplish this, USPS instituted quality assurance reviews
and created an environmental products directory to assist in responsible purchasing
decisions at post offices across the country. Training staff was also instrumental in
reducing/eliminating the use of 17 toxic chemicals.

3. *Vehicular/transportation equipment and
supplies.* USPS has converted 7,000 vehicles to compressed natural gas, which involved
infrastructure changes as well as conversions of existing vehicles and purchase of new
vehicles. In addition, USPS fleet includes electric and methanol powered vehicles, with
100,000 vehicles running on re-refined oil. Specifications for re-refined oil stress
performance, not material content.

4. *Building construction and renovation products.*
Green Building Design recommendations were made by an oversight committee. Facilities
incorporated a majority of the recommendations into their documentation: building design
standards; medium, small, StoreCADD designs; and master specification. USPS participated
in a Green Building Initiative in Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX. USPS has set a goal of undertaking
green building projects in each of USPS' 11 areas.

In addition to building projects, USPS has undertaken
the following energy-related projects in its facilities: LED Exit Sign Program (USPS
purchased 20,000 units for its facilities, which will save a significant amount of money
in energy savings as well as reduced maintenance time/labor); energy-efficient lighting;
upgraded boilers and chillers; and use of natural gas.

**Speaker 3: Eric Friedman, State of Massachusetts,
Operation Services Division**

OSD is the state's central purchasing office; the
division writes specifications, establishes contracts, and is similar to GSA. The OSD
seeks to incorporate other criteria besides recycled content into its EPP efforts.

Mr. Friedman laid out the following six-step process
for implementing an EPP Program:

1. *Define your universe.* OSD established a
definition for its EPP effort which is very similar to the definition in the Executive
Order, with an emphasis on minimizing waste, optimizing recycled content, and saving
water.

2. *Start slowly.*Identify a few priorities;
don't "go for broke"; take your time; do your research first--the product needs
to perform as well as be environmentally preferable! Pick efforts with a good chance of
success, i.e., pick the low hanging fruit (e.g., require bids to be 2-sided copies,
require the purchase of Energy Star computers, use soy inks when possible). Use tests or
pilots as a way to start slowly and learn as you go. Mr. Friedman suggested that agencies
conduct annual $40,000 pilots to test new products; the pilots encourage user
participation at no risk and provides an opportunity to evaluate a new product before
putting out a contract.

3. *Learn from experience.* Use recycled
product procurement network. Use feedback and flexibility to develop trust and credibility
and to modify the program when necessary. You do not have to make a big leap to EPP. Give
people choices, when appropriate (e.g., dual contracts for oil, paint, cleaners); at the
same time, do not give people choices, when appropriate (e.g., recycled content paper,
Energy Star computers). Use regulatory vehicles without regulating (e.g., Executive Order
linked to voluntary compliance).

4. *Include users.*Develop a planning process
(procurement reform = diverse management teams). Allow for input by users from the
beginning of the project. Be flexible when writing specs. Don't force participation.
Lastly, give and ye shall receive.

5. *Rely on others' expertise.*Take advantage
of environmental agencies, research labs, vendors, ect.

6. *Market and reward.*Let people know what
you're doing. Educate and inform through fact sheets, guide to EPP, vendor fairs. Use
higher ups (e.g., letters from Secretaries). Track your efforts. Reward participation
through an awards program. Work toward institutionalization.

**Speaker 4: Kelly Luck, Minnesota Office of
Environmental Affairs**

Ms. Luck's office tends to focus on solid waste
issues; committed to pollution prevention, recycled content, and EPP.

Minnesota Office of Environmental Affairs conducted a
cleaners project. The participants included the Department of Administration, which
oversees all state purchasing contracts; a Cleaning Supplies Users Group, which was formed
by the Administration to gain input into the contract process consisting of custodial and
procurement staff from various state agencies; an environmental committee, formed to
develop criteria and evaluate products' environmental impact; and a performance committee,
formed to develop criteria and evaluate product efficacy.

The work group sought input from the users of
cleaners, reviewed criteria set by national pioneers, and consulted with MN experts for
local perspective. The work group conducted a pilot project with a non-profit and found
that the environmentally preferable products were price competitive, caused fewer health
problems (i.e., no dizziness).

Project goals included the following:Reduce use of hazardous chemicals
  Improve worker's environment
  Encourage local governments to purchase
    "green" cleaners available on state contract
  Evaluate other contracts for similar opportunities
  Spread word to school districts and businessesProject challenges include the complexity of the
issues involved as both environmental criteria alternative cleaners continue to evolve. In
addition, lack of consistent product information and continuing skepticism about
"green" products provide additional challenges.

**Speaker 5: Karl Weiss, Department of Defense**

Mr. Weiss joined the Department of Defense in 1990 as
a Contract Specialist with the Defense Fuel Supply Center. In 1995, implementation of
Executive Order 12873 was added to his duties, making him responsible for oversight of
DoD's recycling, affirmative procurement, and environmentally preferable purchasing
programs. He represents Environmental Security on Integrated Process Teams that advise
major weapons systems acquisition programs.

Dealing with acquisition reform as part of goal to
modernize force and reduce life cycle costs.

Strategies being pursued by DOD to support these
goals include:Force modernization-- streamline acquisitions
    management, educate workforce, reform specs, evaluate cost as independent variable, single
    process initiative.
  Reduce life cycle costs-- reduce operations costs.Incorporated environmental safety and health
considerations into DOD directive 5000.1 and 5000.2-R. Streamlining mandatory guidance to
absolute minimum and have established electronic deskbook to capture lessons learned. Have
to perform environment, safety and health evaluation, and maintain updated evaluation.

Working to get environmental modules in courses at
the Defense Acquisition University. Also working on military specs for toxic release
inventory (TRI) management to focus on high payoff actions relative to TRI.

Operations costs dominate life cycle costs in weapons
systems. New system acquisition rates: not buying that many new weapons systems. This
means the rate of change to EPP systems will not be that fast. So, need to target existing
systems to reduce their environmental impact by extending the life of existing systems and
of new systems acquired.

Reduce operations and support costs through business
process improvements (e.g. hazmat pharmacy), environmentally preferable technology
insertion (e.g., high pressure water stripping for aircraft=savings, improved performance,
environmental benefits).

DOD plans to introduce EPP into other procurement
processes.

**Questions & Answers:**

**Q: What are some ways to provide incentives,
rewards?**

**A:**(Friedman) Massachusetts has an
awards program.

**A:** (Bravo) USPS has a bonus program
for those who save money.

**A:** (Jones, moderator) Military
allowed to use 50% of proceeds from recycling towards activities to increase morale,
provide recreation, etc. At discretion of base commander. GSA's recycling program returns
100% of money to participating agency.

**Q: How did you decide what products to focus
on?**

**A:**(Friedman)****Massachusetts
picked things they knew they should be doing, such as Energy Star computers; also, things
they buy a lot of, such as cleaners.

**A:**(Jones) Pareto analysis done at
DLA to select the biggest sale items in order to reach the largest consumer base.

**Q: Do you specify certain products?**

**A:** (Luck) Cost, performance,
environmental attributes are taken into account.

**A:**(Friedman) If costs are close,
mandate the environmentally preferable product; evaluation based on points

**A:** (Jones) Don't proceed based on
initial cost, use the life cycle cost or total cost of the product.

**Q: How do you calculate life cycle cost?**

**A:** (Jones) DLA is beginning to look
at life cycle cost, from procurement to disposal. It is a number crunching exercise. DLA
is developing an algorithm, which will take approx. another year to complete.

**Q: Who should do the life cycle cost
analysis?**

**A:** (Jones) If you purchase through
DLA or GSA, the federal government will usually do it (for other feds). Looking for third
party certifiers or industry to provide information, to marry what DLA and GSA are doing
with industry information.

**A:**(Weiss) DOD found it had dozens
of methodologies under development. A group evaluated all methodologies and rated them.
Three stood out.



**Session
#4**

**Life cycle Tools**

**Wednesday, July 16, 1997**

**2:45 - 4:00 pm**
**Speakers:**Peggy Burns, Georgia Pacific 

Barbara
Lippiatt, National Institute of Standards and Technology

**Moderator:** **John Shoaff, US
Environmental Protection Agency**



This session was designed to demonstrate
comprehensive life cycle tools and how they are used to evaluate environmental factors of
a product or its components throughout its life cycle, as well as how such factors can be
incorporated into purchasing decisions.

Mr. Shoaff communicated that the EPP and life cycle
analysis (LCA) relationship is the main principle involved in environmentally preferable
purchasing. Although, LCA does have some limitations relative to the information it **can**
provide.

**Speaker 1: Peggy Burns, Marketing Development
Manager, Georgia-Pacific, Commercial Products Division**

Ms. Burns is the Market Development Manager at
Georgia-Pacific in the Commercial Products Division. She has a BS in Industrial Management
from Georgia Institute of Technology and will discuss the combined efforts of
Georgia-Pacific's Environmental experts and Commercial Products marketing to develop a
computer based program which demonstrates at the point of sale the Environmental Value and
the Cormatic Towel Dispensing System. The system consists of both the paper towels and the
automatic towel dispenser.

The purpose of LCA is to evaluate at the point of
sale, the economic value added and the environmental value added to a product.
Georgia-Pacific typically demonstrates the software for prospective purchasers. They refer
to the demonstration as an "ecoprofile," which is essentially an economic
program that evaluates the savings, taking into account LCA. The ecoprofile incorporates
environmental, system performance, and operational cost comparison considerations. Ms.
Burns indicated that their findings show that the Cormatic Dispensing System reduces paper
towel consumption by 35 percent.

After the potential customer selects the type of
towel to be replaced, the system calculates the environmental impact and converts it into
layman's terms (i.e., number of miles traveled). It does this by performing a cost
comparison between the two product options, comparing operational costs and considering
estimated and calculated savings.

**Questions & Answers for Peggy Burns:**

**Q: Have you presented this same demonstration
to anyone in the federal sector, or just private?**

**A:** Yes, we have presented it to the
federal sector.

**Q:** **How do you deal with
pricing? Usually federal procurement is based on price and quantity, rather than use.**

**A:** Procurement policies must be
flexible to deal with that issue. In the case of Georgia-Pacific, it has been a challenge.

**Q: How do your savings estimates compare to
your competition?**

**A:** It's difficult to get a
benchmark, because not all paper mills are members of the same Association.

**Q:** **What if a customer was
switching from cloth or air dryers to the Cormatic Towel Dispensing System? Wouldn't it be
like comparing apples to oranges?**

**A:** Yes. This LCA program would not
be applicable in that case.



**Speaker 2: Barbara (Bobbie) Lippiatt, National
Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST), Building and Fire Research Laboratory**

Ms. Lippiatt began at N IST as an Economics intern in
the Office of Applied Economics in 1977. She has been working in the OAE ever since. Ms.
Lippiatt uses her proficiency in computer programming to disseminate her decision tools in
the form of software with documentation. Two of her software publications have been on the
National Technical Information Service's Bestseller list. She has won four NIST
Certificates of Recognition for her work, and has given numerous talks around the country.
She serves on the ASTM Green Buildings Subcommittee, for which she is leading the
development of an economics standard for evaluating and comparing the environmental
impacts of building materials over their entire life cycle.

Ms. Lippiatt discussed NIST's newly-developed
software, Building for Environmental Sustainability (BEES) part of NIST's Green Building
Program.

She began by asking the audience if anyone could
think of a product that is ideal in cost, disposal, and environmental attributes. She
guessed that one probably doesn't exist.

She then discussed Green Building Syndrome, which
possesses the following characteristics:Description--It's very nice and very expensive, but if
    you can afford it, you can save the planet.
  Symptoms-- People drive miles and miles just to see
    it, consuming absolutely no energy in the process, or --The patient refuses to eat
    anything that isn't recycled.
  Prognosis--Endless recycling, re-infection, and
    re-use.
  Prescription--Avoid synthetic medication to treat the
    illness.Ms. Lippiatt indicated that she would cover the
following in her presentation:Measuring environmental performance
  Measuring economic performance
  Balancing environmental and economic performance
  BEES software featuresThe first version of the BEES software was introduced
in December. She imparted that most purchasing agents don't have the tools or the interest
to do LCA -- they need tools such as software to be able to do it.

Ms. Lippiatt explained the various lifecycles to be
considered when evaluating building materials. The environmental life cycle follows the
life of the building material from raw material extraction to the renovation or demolition
of the building it was used in. The economic life cycle is represented by more of a direct
timeline/cost analysis. She said that the economic life cycle is somewhat limited and
technically obsolete.

Next, Ms. Lippiatt explained how economic performance
is measured in terms of life cycle cost.

The considerations include:First cost
  Operation costs
  Replacement costs
  Residual value
  Study period
  Discount rateShe then explained how to balance environmental and
economic performance and the key features of the BEES software. It is publicly available;
has built-in flexibility for future data refinement; accommodates different levels of user
expertise; and displays and documents results at every stage. She expressed hope that BEES
will help decision-makers understand the tradeoffs between environmental and economic
issues.

**Questions & Answers for Barbara Lippiatt:**

**Q:** **One environmental score
has been rejected by ISO because they said you can't join human health impact and
ecological impact together under one score. What are your thoughts on this?**

**A:** NIST may deal with that issue in
the future. These are the types of decisions beginning to be dealt with today.

**Q:** **Who was the BEES software
designed for?**

**A:** Originally, the builder, but it
began moving toward the purchaser.

**Q: How many products are in the database?**

**A:** There are 10 products right now,
which are not brand names but rather types of product (i.e., linoleum vs. vinyl flooring).
In most cases we have tried to include an environmentally preferable product.



**Session
#5**

**Public/Private
Partnerships**

**Wednesday, July 16, 1997**

**4:15-5:30 pm**
**Speakers:** Stephen Ashkin,
Vice President, Rochester Midland Corp.

Ron
Buckhalt, Alternative Agricultural Research and Commercialization Corp. (AARC)

**Moderator: William Zehnders, U.S. Department
of State**



To promote the procurement and use of EPP within the
Federal government, actual examples of partnering between the government and environmental
entrepreneurs were presented and discussed by those directly involved. These partnering
efforts focus on introducing "environmentally preferable products" into daily
use by Federal agencies. The mechanics of entering into such partnerships, advantages to
both sectors, and lessons learned were addressed.

Mr. Zehnders began the session by underscoring the
importance of public/private partnerships in introducing environmentally preferable
purchasing principles. "These partnerships," he explained, "can provide
both government and industry with useful information."

**Speaker 1: Steve Ashkin, Rochester-Midland Company**

Steve Ashkin explained that his company, Midland
Corp., a chemical specialties company that produces major commercial cleaning products,
worked very closely with a cleaning subcontractor to the General Services Administration
(GSA) at a GSA-managed facility in New York City. Their efforts drastically reduced the
number of health complaints from building tenants caused by the cleaning products being
used by the cleaning subcontractor. The improved environmental performance helped GSA win
a White House Closing the Circle Award.

Rochester-Midland has been manufacturing
environmentally preferable cleaning products for the last 20 years because it was a way to
help the environment and also differentiates their products from their competitors!

He repeated some lessons learned when he participated
in an international conference on Green Public Purchasing. The two most important lessons
were that environmentally preferable issues vary from one product category to the next and
from region to region. As a result, it was concluded that it is impossible to identify the
environmentally preferable issues for every product category, but that it was possible to
discuss the overall *process* for identifying environmentally preferable products.

Mr. Ashkin introduced the "Green Spiral" to
explain the process for selecting environmentally preferable products. The spiral
includes:*Project Leader*--finding a committed person to
    lead the project. This position may be different for each organization.
  *Defining "Green Good"*--identify a
    product category and begin defining what it means for that product to be green.
  *Criteria & Methodology*--review existing
    product information and develop a "wish list" that includes the environmentally
    preferable attributes the product should have. Identify test methods for each criteria,
    and a working model for products and categories. Ask yourself, "Does the criteria
    meet the definition of EPP?" then decide how to treat the criteria.
  *Data & Information*--gather additional
    information on each product's environmental attributes.
  *Select the product*--select the product or
    products that appear most promising.
  *Pilot Projects*--test the products in real
    world applications and track their performance. Are they better than what you were using?
    Remember failure is okay, and offer rewards and incentives. Also, track performance.Rochester Midland defines environmentally preferable
products as "...products that reduce impacts on human health and the environment when
*compared* to similar products used for the same purpose...." Mr. Ashkin
placed great emphasis on the word "compared." He explained that this is a
capitalist system and that no matter how "green" a product might be, if it
doesn't work, it isn't going to be used.

Mr. Ashkin demonstrated the environmentally
preferable purchasing process in action by detailing a pilot project that took place in a
GSA managed government building. GSA was receiving complaints from the tenants that the
cleaning products were making them ill. GSA evaluated several options and decided to
initiate a pilot project on 3 floors of the 43 floor building to test some Rochester
Midland products. GSA found that the products performed well. Cleansing staff found that
they could use less product, and the number of complaints were drastically reduced. As a
result, the pilot was ended early and the product was used throughout the building.
According to Mr. Ashkin, everyone benefitted. GSA reduced its complaints and received a
White House Closing the Circle Award for their use of an environmentally preferable
product and Rochester Midland increased sales.

"Pilot projects are the way to go!"
according to Mr. Ashkin. They minimize the risks because if it doesn't work, it is easy to
stop, but if they work, they can be rapidly implemented across the board. He suggests
establishing a controlled experiment; documenting all results, including taking photos and
writing reports to demonstrate any successes; and understanding that it is alright to
fail.

To summarize the importance of pilot projects, Mr.
Ashkin asked the audience to remember his P3 motto: pilots, pilots, pilots. For additional
information, contact Stephen Ashkin at 716 336-2308.

**Questions & Answers for Mr. Ashkin:**

**Q:** **I'm familiar with the
GSA/EPA Cleaning Products Pilot Project, are they looking at putting things on their list
of environmentally preferred products other than cleaning products?**

**A:**(Ashkin) Well, it's not really a
list of environmentally preferred products. It is a list of attributes that allows
purchasers to decide which are environmentally preferred. There really isn't any such
thing as an environmentally preferable product because what is environmentally preferable
in one region might not be environmentally preferable in another.

**A:**(Tom Murray) Tom Murray
introduced himself as an EPA employee who worked on the cleaning products pilot project
and explained that GSA is currently working on a similar list of attributes for paint.

**Q:** **Does Rochester Midland
identify environmental attributes for their products?**

**A:** (Ashkin) Yes, most definitely. It
is a big marketing tool. Rochester Midland provides brochures and software to help compare
the environmental attributes of their products and those of their competitors.

**Q:** **Why doesn't the federal
government have approved products lists like many of the states?**

**A:** (Ashkin) You just can't do it.
You can identify the process for identifying environmentally preferable products, but the
actual products will differ from region to region.

**Q:** **How can we do this kind
of thing? It doesn't ever seem to work for us.**

A: (McPoland) Fran McPoland introduced herself as the
Federal Environmental Executive, a position created by President Clinton to oversee
federal agency implementation of Clinton's buy-recycled and environmentally preferable
purchasing initiatives. She explained that the conference has a "matchmaking"
display next to the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing booth that will help put
manufacturers and government agencies in contact with one another. She also explained that
Rochester Midland has been successful because they are so persistent. They are successful
not just because they make good products, they are successful because they are always
there. That's what it takes to make it. According to McPoland, they are persistent without
being too aggressive.

**Q:** **Are there any databases
of pilots? How do we know if we are duplicating efforts?**

**A:** (Russ Clark) Russell Clark
introduced himself as an EPA employee working with the Environmentally Preferable
Purchasing (EPP) Program. He explained that EPP is working on a web site that will list
all of the products and case studies. He also explained that it will include a generic
case study outline that will give people the opportunity to write and submit case studies
online.

**Q: "Why should the government purchase
green? Many of the so-called "green" products I see aren't guaranteed to work.
Why should I risk failure or punishment, and how can I be sure that these products work?**
(from GSA purchasing agent)

**A:**(Steve Ashkin): Newer
technologies will hopefully allow all "green" products to be tested and
guaranteed. Green products also offer any organization (public or private) many
significant benefits (cost, environmentally-friendly, etc.). Test green products by
starting a small pilot -- if it works, you can be confident in the product, and if it
doesn't, don't purchase the product on a large scale. And don't be afraid to fail -- you
can't wait for people to say these products are guaranteed -- you can do a little research
and make an educated decision on any green product.

**Q:** **"Is there anything
being done today to organize a set of consistent standards for EPP products throughout the
country?**

**A:**(Steve Ashkin) "Not really,
since different regions require different standards. I am opposed to a series of national
standards or regulations for EPP products, because that will restrict the growth of
EPP."

**Speaker 2: Ron Buckholt, Alternative Agricultural
Research and Commercialization Corporation (division of USDA)**

Ron Buckhalt is the Marketing Director for the U.S.
Department of Agriculture's Alternative Agricultural Research and Commercialization (AARC)
Corporation. AARC lends money to small, private companies who are attempting to market
innovative non-food, non-feed products made from agricultural materials or animal
by-products.

Mr. Buckhalt played a 10-minute video that provides a
general overview of AARC and showcase some of the manufacturers and products with which
AARC is working.

The video, entitled "Venture Capital for
Bio-Based Products," explained that AARC was created by the 1990 Farm Act to find
other uses for agricultural goods and to promote new crops and new products. The video
provided a brief history of unique agricultural products, including a soybean plastic
automobile first introduced by Henry Ford. The video also provided quick insights into a
variety of companies that AARC has invested in, including companies making:Load-bearing walls from Texas wheat straw
  Seed-based lubricants
  Absorbents and pesticide delivery systems made from
    peanut hulls
  Biofuels
  Compost and fertilizers
  Paper made from the kenaf plantAdditional information is available on AARC's web
site at: *http://www.usda.gov/aarc*

After the video, Mr. Buckhalt reiterated that AARC is
not providing grants, but start-up capital that must be repaid by the companies receiving
the funds. He also discussed several additional products, including an ethanol-based
product that is being used to clean Air Force plane windows and a compostable oil
absorbent being used throughout the Department of Defense.

The biggest deterrent to success, according to Mr.
Buckhalt, is that many government purchasing agents, like their private-sector
counterparts, are reluctant to take risks and try new products. He would like to see a
government price preferential for AARC products to encourage their use, but there have not
yet been any regulations.

**Questions & Answers for Mr. Buckholt:**

**Q: Does AARC only invest in small businesses?**

**A:**(Buckhalt) We do now. Nothing
requires us to, but early on we worked with a large paper manufacturer, Weyerhauser, to
manufacture corrugated boxes from wheat straw and we caught a lot of flack. Now, we only
invest in smaller companies.

**Q:** **Does AARC give money for
research?**

**A:**(Buckhalt) Not for product
research. AARC does provide funds for market research to help companies learn how to
promote their products, but only after the product has been developed and looks promising.

**Q: How do you know if a company will survive?**

**A:**(Buckhalt) AARC does a lot of
research. Every company applying for funds must have a 5 year business plan. AARC consults
with private reviewers who review the market plan, the technology, and the likelihood for
success. There is a thorough investigation into each company before AARC invests in it.
Each company has to have a large potential market and must persistently promote their
product.In bringing the session to a close, Mr. Zehnders provided a quick summary of the
meeting and reminded everyone that federal purchasing is important because it can drive or
change markets. He also repeated the need for people to persistently market their products
to both the federal and private markets. Persistence is the key.

**Session #6**

**Green Buildings: New
Construction**

**Wednesday, July 16, 1997**

**2:45 - 4:00 pm**

Speakers: Russell Belknap, National Park Services

Chris
Long, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

David
Gutherie, Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Services

**Moderator: Ken Naser, Department of the
Interior**

The purpose of the session was to provide insights
into the federal community's involvement in green buildings. Mr. Naser introduced himself
by explaining that his office at the Department of the Interior is tasked with overseeing
Executive Orders 12856 and 12873, which address, among other things, "green
building" issues.

He quoted from Bion Howard's, *Green Building: A
Primer for Consumers, Builders and Realtors*: "Green Buildings are really
resource efficient buildings and are very energy efficient, utilize construction materials
wisely -- including recycled, renewable, and reused resources to the maximum extent
practical -- are designed, constructed and commissioned to ensure they are healthy for
their occupants, are typically more comfortable and easier to live with due to lower
operating and owning costs, and are good for the planet."

Mr. Naser also cited statistics that describe the
enormous scale of the resources wasted in the United States. He suggested that the people
who design, build, and operate buildings can do a lot to reduce the amount of waste by
considering the environmental impacts of their buildings during all phases of its
life--including building design, construction, and operation.

**Speaker 1: Russell Belknap, National Park Services**

Russ Belknap is with the National Parks Service and
is involved with several projects in and around Grand Canyon National Park. He has a lot
of experience with Internet databases devoted to sustainable design issues.

Mr. Belknap explained that the Park Service embarked
on its sustainable design program to address two apparently conflicting goals--preserving
the nation's parks and providing access to them. Their sustainable design efforts allow
them to do both.

He demonstrated the National Park Service's
Sustainable Design and Construction Database, which is available in *Microsoft Access*
as a downloadable file from *http://www.nps.gov/dsc/dsgncnstr/susdb/index.htm*.

The database contains three major sections:Building product information (with more than 700
    entries describing 1000 separate products. Each product is rated in 14 different
    categories)
  Construction site recycling information (which lists
    more than 1900 companies who recycle construction debris)
  Resources information (with information on books,
    periodicals, and organizations)It can be modified for specific local/regional
applications. It allows the user to list products and their environmental attributes by
CSI category. This information can help designers make environmentally informed decisions.

The Park Service is investigating ways to make the
information available on-line. One problem an on-line approach, however, is that
activities that are considered environmentally sustainable in one region of the country
might not be sustainable in another region.

Mr. Belknap explained that the Park Service is
beginning to look at incorporating the bio-regional differences into the database. He
explained that this is a particularly important issue for the Park Service because they
manage land throughout the United States. Local environmental (bio-regional) concerns must
be taken into account when making design and construction decisions.

They are also looking to add information on
construction site recycling, which would allow the user to locate a local company to
recycle construction and demolition debris.

**Speaker 2: Chris Long, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency** **(Research Triangle, NC)**

Chris Long is overseeing the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's design and construction of a state-of-the-art research and office
complex being constructed in Research Triangle Park, NC. The facility incorporates lots of
sustainable design features.

Mr. Long explained that he is the project manager for
the U.S. EPA's new one-million square foot office and laboratory complex being built in
Research Triangle Park (RTP), NC. Construction has just recently begun, but they learned a
lot about environmentally preferable purchasing and "green building" principles
during the 3-year design phase.

He suggested that it was not enough to simply
incorporate a few environmentally preferable products into a building and call it a
sustainable building. He proposed looking at the entire building as a single product and
attempting to make it as environmentally preferable as possible.

He explained that the facility would house two of the
three EPA national laboratories.

He explained that there were three competing, but
interrelated factors that had to be considered throughout the entire design process--the
environment, cost, and function. He explained that these three factors mirror the slogan
on the Environmentally Preferable Products (EPP) booth--Environment + Price + Performance
= EPP.

Some of the difficulties with "greening"
the EPA facility is that it combines both laboratory and office space. This makes indoor
air quality a particularly important concern. EPA conducted several studies and created
several air-flow models to ensure that the final design maximizes worker safety and energy
concerns. It is difficult, for example, to ensure an adequate supply of fresh air without
drastically increasing the heating and cooling requirements. One of the innovations they
introduced into the design was a fume hood with multiple settings to maximize worker
safety, but, at the same time minimize the strain on the heating and air conditioning
system. The fume hood is also part of the building's automated control system and will
automatically power down when the lab is not occupied.

The lab facility also includes an atrium connecting
the lab facilities with the office tower. While some people perceived the atrium as an
extravagance, Mr. Long explained that it was designed to reduce the surface area of the
external building. Enclosing it actually requires less energy to heat and cool the
building and, requires less materials to build it.

Mr. Long also explained that the concept of
sustainable buildings extends beyond the building itself to include the building's impact
on the local environment. EPA decided to reduce the number of access roads to the facility
from a four-lane divided highway to a two-lane road and to build parking decks rather than
surface parking to minimize the number of trees that would have to be cut down. They also
decided to put all utilities under the roads rather than in an access lane beside the
road. These activities saved over 20 acres of trees.

They also minimized costs and the use of materials by
removing curbing and guttering from the site whenever possible. They opted for natural
bio-filtration instead of concrete gutters and pipes.

They further extended the concept of sustainable
buildings by relying on natural landscaping, including the use of indigenous plants and
wild flowers. This eliminates the need for artificial fertilizers and minimizes the
greenhouse gasses emitted by lawnmowers. In fact, people were so involved with protecting
the natural setting, according to Mr. Long, that an EPA worker organized a "plant
rescue" to relocate plants from the building footprint to other areas on the site. In
doing so, they saved 2,000-5,000 native plants.

Mr. Long concluded with a quick list of some of the
items that are contained in the 6,000 pages of building specifications. They include
requirements to recycle all construction and demolition debris, to prohibit on-site
burning, to mix concrete onsite rather than trucking it from another location (which saves
thousands of truck trips and the accompanying pollution), to use recycled content products
whenever economically feasible, to require that recycled-content carpet be used in the
building and be a part of a recyclable carpet program, and to finish the interior of the
building according to a schedule designed to minimize indoor air quality concerns.

Mr. Long also offered to make available an extensive
bibliography on sustainable building practices that was compiled by James White at EPA. It
is available by e-mailing Mr. White at: *[email protected]*.

**Speaker 3: David Gutherie, Department of Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Services**

David Gutherie is the Energy Coordinator for the U.S.
Department of Interior (DOI) Fish and Wildlife Services and was recognized for exemplary
service by Department of Energy Secretary Hazel O'Leary. He has been actively involved
with the design and construction of DOI's National Conservation Training Center.

Mr. Guthrie highlighted some of his agency's recent
sustainable building activities. Currently the Fish and Wildlife service is completing
construction of their National Conservation Training Center campus. The campus includes 19
buildings comprising 350,000 square feet and will house approximately 250 students at a
time.

Construction began in July, 1994, and is expected to
open in September, 1997. The Fish and Wildlife Service's goal was to use low-risk energy
conservation management technologies and applications that were readily available, easily
maintained, and cost effective. In addition, the project met a number of other goals,
including maximizing biodiversity, preventing a net loss of trees, and maintaining local
cropland for a demonstration farming site.

They incorporated environmentally preferable products
when possible. For example, theyRequired the use of fly ash as an additive in cement
  Used recovered content steel siding rather than
    natural wood siding to minimize the destruction of the spotted owl habitats where the wood
    siding would have originated
  Used recovered content insulation
  The floor in the physical training area is made from
    recycled tires
  Required the use of recycled gypsum made from recycled
    drywall and did not specify gypsum that is manufactured as a byproduct from sulfur dioxide
    air pollution control processesThe building was also designed to maximize energy
efficiency. These included:A passive solar energy design with the building
    oriented on an east/west axis, large southern window areas, sun screens, extended roof
    overhangs for summer shading without precluding the winter sun, and landscaping for
    optimal summer shading and wind breaks.
  Incorporating the lowest life-cycle
    heating/ventilating and air-conditioning system, which includes using water chillers
    during off-peak hours; using heat pumps supplemented with electric heat; centralized
    controls; variable speed motors; no CFCs.
  Energy efficient lighting, especially task lighting
    and natural lighting.
  Superinsulation throughout the building, including
    argon-filled, double-pane windows and extensive insulation in ceilings, floors, walls,
    foundations, and masonry.Finally they were concerned with indoor air quality
issues. All interior finishes and related systems such as adhesives, laminates, paints,
and carpeting were specified to reduce indoor air quality concerns.

**Questions & Answers:**

**Q:****What, if any,
additional cost is required to incorporate green building principles into the design
process?**

**A:** (Long) Not much. It probably
requires 10-15 percent extra effort because of the additional decisions that need to be
made and the multiple factors to consider. Most of this work, however, is on part of the
building owner, not the architect. It probably only cost 5 percent extra during the design
phase, but most of the cost was probably related to the additional modeling that EPA
required.

**A:** (Guthrie) A lot of the
environmentally preferable components are easy to incorporate if the architect knows to do
so. Once architects have their specs properly developed, incorporating them into green
buildings is easy.

**Q:** **How do you know you are
getting what you paid for? Is it possible that the contractors just aren't providing what
the architects spec?**

**A:**(Long) EPA hired a construction
contractor through GSA to oversee the work of the primary contractor. EPA is extensively
involved with overseeing their new facility. Green components were intentionally
introduced and we want to make sure that they are included.

**A:**(Guthrie) Fish and Wildlife
Service is working with the Army Corps of Engineers to make sure that all of the specs are
followed.

**Q:** **Mr. Belknap, how did the
National Park Service develop the product specifications provided in the database?**

**A:** (Belknap) We used AIA guidelines
and ASTM specs, including proposed specs. The database lists all of the references.

**A:**(Comment)A spokesperson
for the Steel Recycling Institute stated that all steel, including all steel siding,
contains at least 25 percent postconsumer steel. Steel is also cut to length, so there is
not any waste associated with its use. Architects and engineers should make frequent use
of it.



**Plenary #2**

**Environmentally
Preferable Purchasing Applied -**

**Success Stories**

**Thursday, July 17, 1997**
**9:00-10:30 a.m.**

**Speakers:**Brian Johnson, City of Santa Monica,
California

Joe
Carra, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, EPA

John
Lark, Department of Fisheries & Oceans, Canada

**Moderator:** **John Stanberry,
GSA Environmental Executive**



The second plenary session featured three speakers
presenting the local, federal, and international perspective on how to make
environmentally preferable purchasing work in practice.

Mr. Stanberry introduced Brian Johnson, the
Environmental Programs Coordinator for the City of Santa Monica. Mr. Johnson has worked
locally on underground storage tanks, community right-to-know, and hazardous materials
emergency response. Mr. Johnson is a certified hazardous materials manager, and holds a
Bachelors degree in Geography and a Masters degree in Environmental Studies from the
University of California, Los Angeles.

**Speaker 1: Brian Johnson, City of Santa Monica, CA**

Brian Johnson opened his speech by saying "we
may be small, but we are uppity." Mr. Johnson said he would focus his remarks on the
city's efforts to identify and replace custodial maintenance products. He would give an
overview of how they institutionalized environmentally preferable purchasing into
procurement He also planned to critique the replicability of Santa Monica's efforts. Mr.
Johnson noted that, in order for a program to be successful, it must work well in practice
and there must be environmentally preferable products that perform as well as the products
they replace.

Santa Monica has 90,000 inhabitants and is located on
the southern Pacific coast. The community has a strong commitment to environmental
conservation. It relies on a healthy environment, in part because the city's tourism
industry brings in approximately $1.5 million per day. Santa Monica has a Sustainable City
program that provides the conceptual framework for evaluation of the short and long term
environmental impacts on the city. It is committed to practical day-to-day solutions and
results.

There were three key elements to their program's
success:

1. A set of EPP standards that were either pass/fail
criteria or goal oriented.

2. Evaluation of products that resulted in a list
instructing people on what to buy and why. (He noted that without such a list, EPP efforts
have a diminished practical value.)

3. Training--both for purchasers and end-users.

Attributes evaluated on a pass/fail basis for
cleaning products included presence of carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and
ozone-depleting chemicals. Other human health and environmental attributes evaluated
included the following:Toxics
  Skin irritants
  Flammability
  Corrosivity
  Volatile organic compounds
  Biodegradability
  Renewable resources
  Presence of petroleum or hydrocarbonsSanta Monica requested data on all of the ingredients
in the products. If data for a particular category was not submitted, products received a
poor score in that category. The city also evaluated corporate environmental
responsiveness and examined such issues as whether the packaging is made with recyclable
materials and if it came in concentrated form. Santa Monica was warned that their criteria
were too bold and too onerous and that no vendors would submit bids. The city did,
however, receive 17 submittal covering 200 products. Evaluating these bids turned out to
be very complex. For the next bid process, the city will use a more streamlined version of
their criteria.

Cleaning products were performance tested by trained
custodians. Custodial staff were brought in early in the process so Santa Monica could tap
into their expertise. Santa Monica made sure cleaning products tested by custodial staff
were all environmentally responsible so that they would be comparing apples to apples.

Santa Monica's program is successful and flourishing.
The city received a letter from a business district group praising the custodial care of
their area. Custodians and products are working well together. In Santa Monica, most of
the custodial staff is of a low socio-economic status and are minorities. Sometimes this
can cause bias. Santa Monica, however, recognized that their custodial staff are a stable,
professional group who care about their health and their jobs. Custodial staff were given
approval and veto power in the selection of which products to use.

Santa Monica has established a formal and legally
defensible EPP program. In addition to cleaning products, the city purchases re-refined
motor oil, environmentally preferable engine coolant and street resurfacing, and energy
efficient equipment. The city has also switched from regular spraying of indoor pesticides
to integrated pest management.

One of the city's goals was to craft an initiative
that others could use. Unfortunately, they have discovered that institutional
replicability of their program is very limited. This is because we are not providing the
necessary tools. We need to facilitate and establish a turn key program. One question is
who would play the leadership role in this program. Whoever does needs to provide
criteria, lists of products, and training. Candidates for this leadership role include
government, third-party nonprofits, and universities. EPA and GSA have made valiant
efforts. These efforts were criticized and compromised by traditional chemical
manufacturers. Many have questioned whether it is EPA's role to intervene. We have seen a
key example of how EPA's intervention can work. The Energy Star program is a very
successful initiative encouraging the purchase of energy-efficient equipment. Precise
pass/fail systems were established and a certification program exists. The effort is
focused, in this case on power consumption. Energy Star did not get caught up in a lot of
political issues. The program is voluntary. Energy Star certified equipment is now a
common bid specification in industry and government. This program shows there can be a
role in environmentally preferable procurement for the federal government.

Third party nonprofits can also have a role. ASTM and
the Underwriters Laboratory put out commonly accepted standards. Green Seal has had
limited success with product manufacturers; they are not as widely recognized.

Universities have not been particularly active in
environmental purchasing. Some academics are uncomfortable with the idea of doing
industrial process research. Universities could play a role by doing some of the primary
product research, but the money for this type of research is not there. EPA should fund
primary research through nonprofits and universities. They should make hard decisions and
set national standards for products the way they did with the Energy Star program.

Mr. Johnson stressed that training is an integral
part of EPP programs. It is important to train users in how to use alternative products.
Manufacturers should provide this training.

Santa Monica has had success working at the municipal
level. It has replaced all custodial maintenance products with EPP products. Integrated
pest management works better than traditional pest control methods. Mr. Johnson ended his
presentation by stressing that, in order for others to have similar success, we need to
develop the necessary tools.

John Stanberry introduced Joe Carra, the Deputy
Office Director of OPPT. Before Mr. Carra was at OPPT, he was the director of permits for
state programs at Office of Solid Waste. He also worked for the U.S. Department of Labor
in their occupational health division. He has published numerous articles. He holds a
Bachelor's degree from the Stevens Institute of Technology, a Masters degree from New York
City University and has done considerable doctoral work at the University of Pittsburgh.

**Speaker 2: Joe Carra, Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, EPA**

**Mr. Carra is the Deputy Office Director of
the Pollution Prevention and Toxics for the EPA. He has held several positions at the EPA
including Director of Permits & State Programs Division and Director of the Waste
Management Division in the Office of Solid Waste. He is also the author of many published
articles on environmental issues.**

Joe Carra opened his presentation by quoting that
well-known and oft-quoted philosopher, Kermit the Frog, who said "It's not easy being
green." It is, however, worthwhile. And it easier to be green now than before the
President challenged the government to do things differently. Mr. Carra noted that we [in
the federal government] are challenging ourselves, and learning, like Kermit, how to be
green and be successful.

Mr. Carra noted many examples of green purchasing at
work in both the public and private sectors. Is it easy? No. Are there problems and
obstacles? Yes. But there are creative solutions and we are learning. The federal
government applies green purchasing to its systems.

He said he would not repeat the definition of EPP
products since it had been mentioned several times before. EPP can also involve asking the
right questions at the right time. Making sure appropriate language is in the contract.

The federal government has outlined principles it
thinks are important for EPP.

1. Considering the environment early in the process.
This creates a dynamic that allows for pollution prevention and source reduction at the
design stage and all the way through the process. For example, the Navy's new attack
submarine included the environment in purchasing decisions right at the start and at every
stage of the process.

2. Considering multiple attributes such as toxics and
use of natural resources.

3. Taking a life cycle view of the product that
includes maintenance impacts, disposal problems. This principle is difficult to implement
as all the tools are not there yet to do life cycle analyses. Many people are working on
these tools. There has been a lot of interest in how to use and improve life cycle tools.

4. Considering the extent and permanence of possible
impacts.

5. Including local conditions as a factor. For
example, in areas where water is scarce, there are different purchasing considerations.

6. Encouraging competition among vendors. This
competition is necessary in order to encourage suppliers to do the necessary research and
development.

7. Recognizing the need to examine product claims.
The FTC has put out guidelines for environmental marketing.

Mr. Carra remarked that we are seeing people in the
government take the challenge to buy green. We've all heard of the yellow submarine. Now
we have the green submarine. It is possible. We are learning by doing. We can learn to do
this so that there is no significant burden on purchasing officials. We can find ways to
increase the comfort level of systems in transition.

Mr. Carra then mentioned EPA's pilot programs on
environmental purchasing including the Cleaning Products Pilot Project, and a project on
latex paints in conjunction with GSA, as well as two construction pilots on parking lots
and interior work in conjunction with DOD. He noted that other pilots projects were in the
discussion stage with other federal agencies and EPA was interested in doing still more.

Mr. Carra discussed lessons learned in the pilots.
Some of the lessons learned about acquisition methods and actions have helped develop
tools that will be applicable for similar product categories and acquisition methods.
Lessons learned include the following:

1. It is complex determining what is environmentally
preferable. The guidance was written to be deliberately vague because of this complexity.
There is no magic bullet. There is a diversity of views.

2. Start small. Starting with a product or category
that is narrow and well defined is helpful, as Brian Johnson noted when he spoke about the
Energy Star program. We are changing systems and the way people think. We need to take it
slow.

3. EPA and federal offices have formed solid teams.
Partnerships have worked. This may seem trivial, but it is often hard to get agencies to
work together. Sometimes, fighting between agencies can be like thermonuclear events. In
this case, we have established good, constructive relationships with people. It has been
wonderful.

4. Be patient. Change like this comes slowly.
Manufacturers often don't have information on hand so you can evaluate their products.
They need to know we mean business. Manufacturers do come up with data when they know we
mean business.

Mr. Carra noted that we are learning day by day. He
is optimistic about the future of environmentally preferable purchasing. He knows the
private sector is ready and able to respond to this challenge. We in the environmental
field have seen the private sector respond. There was resistance to change, protests, and
frustration from industry. Industry, however, did come through. There was a recent article
in the Wall Street Journal entitled "Business Achieves Greatest Efficiencies While at
Its Greenest" [from The Front Lines by Thomas Petzinger Jr., Wall Street Journal,
July 11, 1997] You would not have seen an article like that a few years ago.

In the last 5 to 10 years, EPA has initiated a number
of voluntary programs that have demonstrated that industry can make changes. They will
resist in the beginning. They need to understand what this is really all about. We need to
articulate it to them. In a way nothing has changed, but everything has changed.

Government still wants to make the best purchase for
the least amount of money. Government realizes and its policies now reflect that best
includes what is best for the environment. Costs can go well beyond the purchase price
where pollution is concerned. There are many day to day complexities. We need to keep in
mind simple models to keep ourselves on course. If we do that, we will learn, feds and
suppliers, what Kermit the Frog has learned: we should be green; we have to be green.

**Speaker
3: John Lark, Department of
Fisheries & Oceans, Canada**

John Stanberry introduced John Lark from the
Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) in Canada. He emphasized Mr. Lark's work on
obtaining waste heat from power plants, on reducing the impact of oil extraction in the
arctic, and on protecting fish habitats. He noted that Mr. Lark holds a Bachelors and
Masters degrees from the University of Toronto.

John Lark started his presentation by asking the
audience to stand up and stretch their arms up as far as they could. He then remarked that
this exercise illustrated that, in order for green procurement to work, we will all have
to reach higher than ever before.

Mr. Lark spoke about "Greening Procurement in
the Canadian Federal Government," with a focus on the experience of the DFO. He noted
that, in Canada, green procurement is one part of a national, integrated greening program.

Mr. Lark gave an overview of DFO, which has a $525
million budget and 10,000 employees. DFO is in charge of high seas aircraft, surveillance,
search and rescue, ice breaking, and navigation as well as fisheries interests. Its
facilities include 210 offices, 31 search and rescue operations, 13 spill response
stations, 194 unmanned light station, and 4 helicopter hangars. It also has the largest
civilian fleet in the world.

Mr. Lark then reviewed DFO's procurement practices.
45 percent of staff have credit cards and procurement authority of up to $5,000 per
transaction. This authority is moving up to $25,000 per transaction, and for some areas
will move to $100,000 per transaction. Switching to using credit cards decreased the cost
per transaction from $60 to $2. DFO receives one bill per month and pays it immediately,
so there are no interest payments. Primary areas of purchasing include the following:Air transport
  Fuels, lubricants, and propellants
  Computers and related supplies
  Testing and measurement equipment
  Communications and radar equipment
  Repair and overhaulMr. Lark then presented the findings of a survey on
green purchasing in Canada. This survey was divided into the different regions of Canada
such as the Pacific and Central/Arctic regions. The majority of purchasers surveyed in all
of the different regions said they always consider the environment when making purchasing
decisions. Purchasers were also asked about other key factors in their decision to buy a
product. Significantly more purchasers always consider quality, value for dollar,
reputation of the company than those who always consider the environment. Mr. Lark said
the Department would like to see the environment be as important to decision making as
quality issues (97 percent of respondents said they always consider quality).

The survey also revealed that the majority of
purchasers across Canada consider themselves environmentally responsible and are willing
to spend extra time and money to buy green. The majority of purchasers also agreed that if
green procurement is a priority, there should be a green procurement policy established.
The results of the survey emphasized the need for management support of green procurement.

The survey results illustrated an essential values
shift toward environmental purchasing that has been happening across Canada. It also
underscored that, in Canada, green procurement is one part of an overall commitment to
perform better on a wide range of environmental issues. In addition, procurement is a
support activity. The program needs must always be met, and cost effectiveness is still
essential.

DFO's green procurement strategy is targeted for the
following key purchasing areas:Ships--Ship operations.

--Arctic experiment.Science--Laboratory practices.

--Storage/handling/use/disposal issues.Offices--Paper, computers, space optimization.

--Office redesign with EPP products.

Mr. Lark noted one interesting initiative from the
above list. For the purposes of Arctic research, they designed a ship that would emit no
discharge of any kind into the environment. Mr. Lark stressed that they use pilot
implementation for green procurement in their laboratories, ships, offices, and field
bases. These pilot tests assure the attainability, safety, and reliability of alternative
products. They also help convince end-users that the new products do, in fact, perform
well. Once these end-users are convinced, they promote the alternative products. Their
promotion of a product is more credible to other end-users than if a purchaser did the
promotion.

Mr. Lark noted that the job of green procurement can
change significantly with time and new technological developments. For example, DFO
recently began testing for contaminants using microwave analysis. This change virtually
eliminated the storage, handling, and disposal of solvents used in this function. Also,
DFO recently began purchasing plastic navigational aids for some locations. Because of
this change, it no longer needs to use paints, solvents, cleaners, or sandblasting.

Mr. Lark mentioned that suppliers are also changing.
Products are now being certified and profiled for their environmental performance by one
or more of the following: Material Safety Data Sheets, Green Seal and Ecologo (Canadian);
ISO 9000 and ISO 14000, and special environmental profile data sheets. Referring to the
Wall Street Journal article "Business Achieves Greatest Efficiencies When at Its
Greenest" (also mentioned by Joe Carra), Mr. Lark noted that the company profiled in
this article saved $25 million since 1995. This example shows that efficiency is good for
the environment.

Mr. Lark's recommended that purchasers find out about
their clients. They should know about their clients' current support for green procurement
and what they most value as good performance. Purchasers should also check their clients'
specifications for clauses that would limit green procurement. Purchasers should also find
out who the relevant suppliers are, what they have, and who says their product is green.
It is also important for purchasers to consider the degree to which their organization has
a commitment to be environmentally friendly.

Mr. Lark encouraged suppliers to get
"certified" by Ecologo (Canadian), ISO 9000, and ISO 14000. Suppliers should
also ensure quality and communicate this. Recent technology can help suppliers reposition
themselves through E-mail and video conferencing.

Mr. Lark suggested the following reading:The attitude and procurement survey he mentioned,
    National Survey of DFO Employees on Sustainable Development, Awareness, Practices, and
    Perceptions, available by contacting Mr. Lark at Phone: 613 990-0011, Fax: 613 990-0164,
    or E-mail: [email protected].
  The Ecology of Commerce by Paul Hawken.
  Values Nature and Culture in the American Corporation
    by William Frederick.**Q: Mr. Lark, is there an equivalent to the
GSA in Canada?**

**A:** (Mr. Lark) responded that there
is the Public Works and Government Services Canada. Procurement for smaller purchasers is
moving to credit cards.

**Q: Brian, if you've got 17 vendors who meet
your stringent requirements, why are you simplifying your criteria?**

**A:** (Mr. Johnson) responded that they
found the evaluation process to be very staff intensive also, it was difficult to make
objective decisions about certain criteria.

**Q: Mr. Carra, do you think contractors need
to be encouraged or required to comply with environmental purchasing standards the
government uses?**

A: (Mr. Carra) Mr. Carra said he thought in the
future you would see more efforts in that area. He envisions this will take the form of
clauses in request for proposals that add additional requirements. He also noted that,
under RCRA there are currently 24 items that federal agencies have to buy with recycled
content. If contractors are using more than $10,000 dollars of federal money, they also
are required to buy these products with recycled content.

**Q: For either Mr. Johnson or Mr. Lark. When
individual buyers have increased spending power, how well can you control their
purchasing. How can you ensure they are buying environmentally preferable products?**

A: (Mr. Johnson) responded that there is a trade-off
between efficiency in the purchasing process and control. He acknowledged that it is
difficult to ensure buyers are purchasing environmentally preferable products and they had
to work on this.

A: (Mr. Lark) He noted that it has to be a values
shift. People have to want to purchase environmental products. He also remarked that if
you don't trust your staff to make the right decisions, that is a different problem.



**Session
#7**

**Small Business
Support Services**

**Thursday, July 17, 1997**

**1:15 - 2:30 pm**


Speakers: Fran Hanson, Small Business
Association

Woodrow
McCutchen, Howard University Small Business Development Center

Thomas
Wren, Pennsylvania Small Business Development Center (SBDC)

Don
Clarke, Asset Based Lending Consultants Inc.

Sean Hough,
Key Bank and Trust

**Moderator: Ed Weiler, U.S. EPA**



**Speaker 1: Fran Hensen, Small Business Association**

Ms. Hensen has worked with the small businesses
extensively since 1974, first as a Servicing Loan Officer in the Portfolio Management
Division, and since 1985, as a Commercial Lending Officer in the Financing Division. She
is presently the Chief of the Financing Division, responsible for processing applications
as well as the day-to-day administration of the division.

SBA offers two loan programs for small business which
can be used for most purchases (items, land, building, inventory, even debt
restructuring):7-A Guarantee Program (for new businesses)
  504 Program (for mature businesses; a fixed asset
    acquisition program)
  Both programs involve commercial banks issuing the
    loansSBA also has a short-term lending or line of credit
program. Contract lines of credit apply to businesses that want to sell to the federal
government, and are keyed to the term of the contract with the government (usually one
year). Seasonal lines of credit apply to businesses that have cyclical needs. In addition,
SBA offers a line of credit for small general contractors.

SBA also offers free counseling for small businesses
who are considering the loan process. SBA's web site: www.sbaonline.sba.gov.

**Speaker 2: Woodrow McCutchen, Howard University
Small Business Development Center**

National Small Business Development Centers (970
locations nationwide) provide one-on-one business counseling, training, educational
workshops, and conferences (all free or low cost). The centers work with the federal
government (SBA), institutions of higher education, state and local governments, private
businesses, and chambers of commerce.

**Speaker 3: Thomas Wren, Pennsylvania Small Business
Development Center (SBDC)**

Mr. Wren serves as the Program Manager for the
Southeastern Pennsylvania Procurement Technical Assistance Program. The SE-PA PTAP has
locations at Temple, Lehigh, and Kutztown Universities and serves a nine county area in
Southeastern Pennsylvania providing assistance to business enterprises desiring to market
their product and services to the federal, state and local governments.

SBDCs run Procurement Technical Assistance Programs
(PTACs). The mission of the PTAC is to provide procurement technical assistance to
business firms interested in doing business with the government. The program is funded by
Congress.

Services offered by Pennsylvania SBDC:Bid matching service
  Assist in locating government procurement activities
  Provides one-on-one counseling on procurement matters**Speaker 4: Don Clarke, Asset Based Lending
Consultants Inc.**

Mr. Clarke is the President and Chairman of Asset
Based Lending Consultants, Inc. headquartered in Halldale, FL. Formed in 1988, ABLC, with
regional offices in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, London and Miami, is a corporate
financial consulting firm with most of the major United States banks as clientele. ABLC
provides technical assistance on corporate loans (mostly asset based transactions) and in
fiscal year ended 12/31/95, assisted banks on loan aggregating $5 billion worldwide. Mr.
Clarke received a BSBA in accounting from City University of New York in 1974.

Asset Based Lending Consultants is a corporate
financial consulting firm. The company deals primarily in asset-based transactions for its
bank clients. Mr. Clarke presented the idea of asset-based lending as a means to grow a
business through borrowing by leveraging the company's assets. Through this mechanism, a
business can get necessary financing through loans rather than venture capital. The
differences between these two means of financing a business' growth are as follows:

Loans Capital

Fluid situation, moves with size of assets Static

Some service fees Surrender portion of ownership

Can repay anytime Shared earnings, shared control

Higher loan-to-equity ratio Majority control?

Banks that offer asset based lending include Chase,
GE Credit, and most major banks and community banks, as well as finance companies.

**Speaker 5: Sean Hough, Key Bank and Trust**

Key Bank and Trust is a community bank that
specializes in small business lending and offers asset-based lending.

**Questions & Answers:**

**Q: What is bringing about growth in
asset-based lending companies?**

**A:**(Hough) Companies that offer
asset-based lending are willing to take more risk than banks; higher risk, higher return.

(Hanson) SBA fills a niche between asset-based
lenders and banks in terms of the level of risk SBA will accept.

**Q:** **Can the Procurement
Technical Assistance Program help with PRONET and ARNET?**

**A:** (Wren) Yes, PTACs offer that
service.

**Q:** **What if a recycling-based
company (i.e., a company that uses recycled product or waste as an input) folds and the
lender is left with an "asset" that has not value or with very specialized
equipment?**

**A:** The company could have a supplier
hold some paper, which makes the deal more attractive for a bank. A loan can be structured
to address the lender's concerns about risk and provide the necessary cash to the
recycling-based company.

**Session #8**

**Product Standards
& Claims**

**Thursday, July 17, 1997**

**10:45 am - Noon**


Speakers: Krista Johnson Leuteritz,
National Institute for Standards & Technology****

Dr.
Stanley Rose, Scientific Certification Systems****

Arthur
Weissman, Green Seal

Mary
Engle, Assistant Director of Environmental Enforcement, Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

**Moderator: Mary McKiel, EPA**



This session covered the development, participation,
and use of voluntary standards by federal agencies. Panelists were also asked to discuss
the marketing of products based on environmental claims by federal suppliers, as well as
the roles, rules, and involvement of the federal government and third party organizations
in evaluating and certifying products.

**Speaker 1: Krista Johnson Leuteritz, National
Institute for Standards & Technology****(NIST)**

Ms. Leuteritz is the Special Assistant to the
Director of the Office of Standards and Technology at NIST. She is secretariat for the
Interagency Committee on Standards Policy's ISO 14000/Pollution Prevention Working Group.
Among her other duties, she is working to implement NIST's role in the NTTA.

Ms. Leuteritz explained various NIST activities
related to EPP. The National Technology Transfer Act (PL104-113) codifies OMB Circular
A119 on the use of voluntary standards to the extent possible. It requires agencies to
identify their needs and to use applicable voluntary standards whenever possible. It also
requires federal agencies to participate in the development of voluntary standards. NIST
is working with ANSI through the Interagency Committing on Standards Policy. The committee
is developing a strategic standards management plan for use of voluntary national
standards. It is addressing issues such as redundancies, speed of standards development,
effective use of standards by federal agencies, policies for using standards in
regulations, timely notification procedures for new standards, and international
developments.

Ms. Leuteritz pointed out that the United States is
unique among developed nations in that we have several voluntary standards organizations;
in other countries only one federal agency has this responsibility.

Although NIST is given responsibility for product
testing in Executive Order 12873, the agency does not do actual product testing. It is
working with EPA to fulfill Executive Order requirements. Examples of recent NIST
activities pertaining to EPP are its cooperation with ASTM regarding the development of
new garment care labeling requirements, and worth with ASTM on Green buildings. NIST is
also working with the private sector on the National Voluntary Accreditation Program
(NAVLAP) regarding accreditation of testing laboratories. A copy for Ms.
Leuteritz'overheads is attached. For more information she can be reached at 301-975-5104
or by email at [email protected].

**Speaker 2: Dr. Stanley Rhodes, Scientific
Certification Systems**

Dr. Rhodes is the founder, president, and chief
executive officer of **Scientific Certification Systems**. SCS is an
independent environmental claims certification organization, is an active practitioner of
life-cycle assessment. In addition, he has been involved in a pioneering effort since 1991
to establish a new environmental performance based labeling system based on life-cycle
assessment technology.

Dr. Rhodes discussed designing purchasing programs
around environmental performance. He reminded the audience of the definition of
Environmentally Preferable Products in Executive Order 12873 and emphasized the importance
of identifying environmental attributes and consideration of life cycle (cradle to grave)
attributes. He discussed the current shortcomings of environmental assessment and said
that a science-based approach to evaluating environmentally preferable products is
probably not feasible for now. A large volume of data is not available and is extremely
costly. No procedures exist for assessing environmental significance. Current
methodologies do not address critical impacts; nor do they include thresholds. ISO 14000
is trying to develop guidelines for EPP but cannot use life cycle inventory. Thus, it is
not currently possible to boil down environmental attributes to one single score. Dr.
Rhodes maintains that if comparative assertions are to be made, other environmental
assessment tools are needed.

An emerging methodology, Life Cycle Stressor Effects
Assessments (LCSEA) holds promise for resolving some of these issues. Under developing
through ISO, this approach measures net resource use and emissions loadings. It is usually
less costly approach than Life Cycle Assessment.

**Speaker 3: Mr. Arthur Weissman, Green Seal**

Mr. Weissman is president and chief executive officer
of Green Seal, the independent, national organization dedicated to promoting
environmentally responsible products and services. He is serving in his third consecutive
term as Chair of the Global Ecolabeling Network, and is an international convener of an
environmental labeling working group of the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO).

Mr. Weissman's remarks were entitled "The
Problem in Buying Green." He discussed the difficulties in getting appropriate
information, verification of claims, making comparisons, and evaluating produce
performance and price. He said that the process must be easy for the procurement official
and reviewed Green Seal's approach to providing this information. Green Seal sets
standards and also certifies products. It also has an Environmental Partners Program
currently including 647 participants. Green Seal also publishes green buying guides and
reports and provides direct assistance to government agencies. Mr. Weissman mentioned work
under a grant for Energy Star Homes, U.S. Postal Service, and work relating to paints and
solvents at the Aberdeen Proving Ground for DOD. Green Seal has also done work for the
entertainment and hotel industries.

In the development of standards, Green Seal defines a
product category, applies a life cycle approach, broadly solicits inputs, publishes a
proposed standard for comment and focuses on functional performance criteria. It also has
a Certification/Conformity Assessments program whereby it evaluates and tests products
against a standard. If the product meets the standard, it is awarded a Green Seal
certification, but the organization conducts ongoing monitoring.

Mr. Weissman pointed out that Green Seal maintains an
open, transparent process involving widespread public review, an appeals process, and
considering EPA, GEN, and ISO14000 principles and criteria. Green Seal, however, does not
meet NTTA's definition because it develops leadership standards, which are not necessarily
consensus standards. The problem is that, in most cases, the major players in a product
category are not necessarily the leaders in environmental performance.

**Speaker 4: Mary Engle, Assistant Director of
Environmental Enforcement, Federal Trade Commission (FTC)**

Ms. Engle is Assistant Director of the Enforcement
Division of the Bureau of Consumer Protection of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Ms.
Engle joined the FTC in 1990 as a staff attorney in the Division of Advertising Practices.
She was lead attorney in the Commission's environmental marketing investigations, as well
as in the Commission's guidelines for environmental marketing claims. While at the FTC,
Ms. Engle has also served as Attorney-Advisor of the Commissioner Rask B. Stare, III, and
as Assistant to the Director of the Bureau of Consumer Protection. Prior to joining the
FTC, she was in private practice in Washington, DC.

Ms. Engle reviewed FTC's Environmental Marketing
Guides. She observed that implied claims can get marketers in trouble. For example, a
claim of "no CFCs" implies no harm to the ozone layer, but if the product
contains other ozone-depleting chemicals, a "no CFC" claim is deceptive.

FTC reviewed its guides this year and is still
studying the portions of the guidance addressing claims of "recyclable" and
"compostable." This review will be completed this Fall.

She emphasized that environmental seals of approval
and claims of environmental preferability must be qualified. On third party seals, the
basis of award must be disclosed. These claims are monitored by FTC, just like any other
marketing claims. The advertiser is responsible for ensuring compliance with the Truth in
Advertising law. She cautioned manufacturers not to just rely on third party certifiers;
EPP claims must be substantiated. This requirement even extends to government supply
catalogs such as those published by the General Services Administration. She specifically
asked federal agencies to take responsibility for ensuring that their supply catalogs
provide accurate and substantiated product information. She also mentioned a new booklet
summarizing FTC's environmental guidance entitled *Environmental Marketing Claims: A
Message to Vendors from the EPA and the Federal Trade Commission.* Copies of the FTC
guides are available from FTC at www.ftc.gov under "Consumer Protection Rules and
Guides." Copies can also be obtained by calling 202-326-2108. Information is also
available from EPA's Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse (202-260-1023) or on
EPA's web sites at http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/p2home and http://es.inel.gov/dfe.

FTC staff encourages the public to bring suspected
violations of the environmental marketing guides to their attention for investigation.

**Session #9**

**Public Sector Pilots**

**Thursday, July 17, 1997**

**10:45 - 12:00 pm**


Speaker: Jim Tira, Allied Signal

George
Clark, GSA, Paints and Chemicals Center

Pat
Kennedy, EPA Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics

Sandra
Cannon, Battelle, Leader Affirmative Procurement

**Moderator: Rick Peri, U.S. Coast Guard**

**Speaker 1: Jim
Tira, Allied Signal**

Mr. Tira presented some environmentally preferable
technologies that Allied Signal has developed for its clients, including the U.S.
Department of Energy. Allied Signal is a management and operations contractor to DOE, and
undertakes manufacturing at its Kansas City facility. Since the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution, humankind has worked to make products cheaper, faster, better. Only
in the last 10-15 years have we considered recycling and design for the environment.

Industrial waste is a commodity that has no value; if
one can identify a use for a waste commodity and call it a resource, then it has value. At
the Kansas City plant, Allied Signal has had five opportunities to look at waste
commodities: fly ash, tire crumb rubber, wood flour, plastic oil bottles, and computer
circuit boards.*Fly Ash:* a small company in Virginia came to
    Allied Signal for help in finding a way to use fly ash to make a slate-like product.
    Allied Signal developed a procedure to combine fly ash with resin blends, and created
    slate roof tiles, clay tiles, and architectural moldings.
  *Crumb Rubber:*This process involves taking
    tires, breaking them down to separate out the steel, fiber cord, and crumb rubber for
    sale. The rubber can be remolded.
  *Wood Flour:* waste particle board from
    furniture manufacture can be turned into wood flour, which can be used to make new
    particle board or "cow chow" (i.e., fodder for cattle) by adding alfalfa and
    other nutrients.
  *Plastic Oil Bottles:*Allied Signal developed
    a supercritical carbon-dioxide process which separates out the oil from the oil bottles;
    the oil can be reused, as can the plastic.
  *Computer Circuit Boards:*Allied Signal
    developed a process to remold computer circuit board material, which can then be used to
    produce plaques or make plastic lumber.Allied Signal is involved in DOE's Industrial
Partnership Program. For further information, contact:

Office of Industrial Partnerships

Allied Signal, Inc. 1-800-225-8829

Federal Manufacturing and Technology
[email protected]

2000 East 95th Street

P.O. Box 419159

Kansas City, MO 64141-6159

**Speaker 2: George Clark, GSA, Paints and Chemicals
Center**

Mr. Clark has held various positions in purchasing
and contracting in the Federal Government since 1970. He currently serves as the Deputy
Director of the GSA Paints & Chemical Center in Auburn, WA. The center provides
complete logistics support for paint, chmicals, sealants and adhesives, and cleaning
compounds for all federal agencies.

The Paints and Chemicals Center is the integrated
material manager for paints and coatings, brushes, sealants, adhesives, cleaning products,
and other chemicals.

GSA introduced a new line of commercial biodegradable
cleaners and degreasers to support government reinvention of 1993. All products meet EPA
and international standards for biodegradability and toxicity. Nearly 100 new NSNs were
established to support the program. Annual federal sales total over $4.5 million.

The project required vendors to provide independent
test data for biodegradability and toxicity. The requirement was included in the
solicitation. As a follow-up to this effort, GSA entered into a pilot with EPA to develop
a matrix of environmental attributes. They worked with key stakeholders to develop the
matrix, which was included in the GSA cleaning products catalogue.

GSA is working on a latex paint matrix, which will
provide customers with environmental and performance attributes of interior latex paints.
The effort involves a partnership with industry and government. GSA spent many months
working with the paint industry on recycled latex paint. The Center developed
specifications for recycled latex paint, to include a minimum of 50% post-consumer paint.
Twenty-four colors were developed. Annual sales are currently at about $100,000.

Making environmentally preferable purchasing work
calls for cooperation and support among federal purchasers. "Green" products are
available.

**Speaker 3: Pat Kennedy, EPA Office of Pollution
Prevention & Toxics**

Cleaning Products Pilot: EPA began the project in
1993. The project initially involved the Office Building Products Center at GSA, who came
to EPA for help. The end result was the product attribute matrix which is included in the
GSA cleaning products guide. Attributes where the information was the same for all
products was not included in the matrix. In addition, some attributes were not included
because they were too complicated to evaluate at this time; these were primarily related
to the more problematic human health areas.

The fact sheet on the pilot is being printed and can
be obtained by contacting the pollution prevention information center at EPA. EPA held
focus group meetings this Spring with federal procurement officials to find out how the
matrix is working. Attendees generally broke out into two camps: those for whom the matrix
was too complex to use, and those who found the information useful. As a result of the
focus groups, EPA is developing a video as a training tool as well as an Internet tool to
help users conduct multi-attribute assessments.

The video tool is intended to demonstrate how to use
the cleaners matrix. The first audience for the video will be USPS, which has a national
training program and has incorporated the matrix into its training manual. EPA expects to
eventually have a version available to other federal agencies.

The Internet tool is expected to be available by late
summer. The tool will allow users to assign priorities or weights to the various
attributes depending on how much the individual is concerned about each one. The tool will
generate a list of products by score based on the weights specified.

EPA is also involved in the latex paint pilot. The
pilot has developed draft guidance for vendors that includes performance attributes in
addition to environmental attributes. GSA plans to send the draft guidance out in the
August supply schedule requesting that vendors voluntarily submit information which will
eventually be included in the catalog.

**Speaker 4: Sandra Cannon, Battelle, Leader
Affirmative Procurement**

Some perceived problems with environmentally
preferable purchasing include: cost is too high, products are not available, poor
performance, hard to gather statistics. For each perceived problem or barrier, Ms. Cannon
presented a pilot situation that addresses the barrier.

1) Cost too highPilot situation 1: A group of small government offices
    in Walla Walla formed a co-op to purchase a combined quantity of recycled paper equivalent
    to a truckload (880 cases/8800 reams). The co-op went out for a bid on 20% post-consumer
    paper and saved almost $2 a ream (i.e., $3.35 versus more than $5).
  Pilot situation 2: Battelle went from a centralized
    purchasing system to credit card system and as a result, lost the leverage of large
    quantity purchases. To overcome this, Battelle established preferred customer agreements
    through an RFP and selected a supplier offering the largest selection of recycled products
    at the best prices. Battelle set up an electronic ordering system with the supplier, but
    allowed staff to use any supplier, thereby maintaining competition. The preferred customer
    agreements pushed prices down: for example, recycled disks dropped from $7/box to $4.60.2) Products are not availableWhen presented with a non-preferred supplier offering
    a recycled plastic envelope, the preferred supplier was suddenly able to obtain the
    product when previously it had stated the product was unavailable.3) Poor performanceEarly recycled toner cartridges had quality problems.
    The resulting bad reputation was difficult to change. To overcome this, Battelle defined
    performance specifications for quality cartridges, established closed-loop agreements with
    suppliers, included a best price and quality guarantee, and solicited free recycled
    cartridges for doubting staff to try out. Recycled cartridges are 1/3 the price of new
    cartridges.4) Statistics are hard to gatherBattelle asks staff using purchasing cards to supply
    statistics--30% response rate. Suppliers also are asked to provide statistics, and 6 of
    the 20 are able to do so. The company also collects statistics via purchasing card
    software and purchase request software. It is not a perfect system, because it relies on
    individuals to remember and provide information.Conclusions:Co-ops and preferred customer agreements push down
    prices
  Maintaining competition among suppliers encourages
    availability
  Specifications improve performance
  Free recycled products improve staff willingness to
    purchase
  Purchasing software can be adapted to measure success
    of program**Questions & Answers:**

**Q: Can contractors like Battelle purchase
through GSA?**

**A:** (Clark) If a contractor is
working under a cost-plus contract, the Contracting Officer can authorize the contractor
to use government resources to proactively reduce costs.

**Q:** **Is GSA planning to take
paints back from DOE, other federal sources besides neighborhood collections?**

**A:** (Clark) Perhaps in the future;
need to build demand first. GSA only has $100,000 in sales at this time.

**Q: If a company can demonstrate that it uses
recycled materials in a product, does that count as environmentally preferable?**

**A:** Not necessarily.

**Q:** **Are there plans to adjust
or modify the cleaning products matrix?**

**A:** (Kennedy) At this point there are
no plans to do so. The matrix was a pilot project, which has a finite end.

**Session #10Internet Tools**

**Thursday, July 17, 1997**

**10:45 - 12:00 pm**
**Speakers:** Larry Hourcle,
George Washington University 

Tony Trenkle, General Services Administration (GSA)

Al
DiGennaro, Defense Logistics Services Center (DLSC)

**Moderator:** **Rick Wickman,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)**

This session highlighted new tools on the World Wide
Web that can facilitate electronic commerce by expediting purchasing requests and enabling
officials to requisition products with environmental attributes. Rick Wickman moderated
the session. He is an environmental engineer and serves as NASA's representative to the
Interagency Energy Management Task Force.

**Speaker 1: Larry Hourcle, Professor of
Environmental Law, The George Washington University**

Mr. Hourcle previously worked at DOD and with the Air
Force JAG. He is the manager of an Internet project with Mitre Tech, which is an offshoot
of the Mitre Corporation dealing with information technology and the environment. It is a
501(c)3 organization (charitable research). They have been working jointly with George
Washington University on developing an Internet search tool for use by potential
purchasers of environmentally preferable products. Mr. Hourcle has been involved with EPP
for 4 or 5 years.

He began by presenting the scenario of Southern
California having an air pollution problem, while other areas of the country having other
environmental concerns. The purpose of electronic commerce should be to make it easier for
people to purchase the most appropriate items for their particular situation by delivering
reliable information about them to a potential purchaser. He referred to GSA's cleaning
products catalog and said the outcome can be a confusing matrix. He asked rhetorically,
"...can we make it easier?"

Mr. Hourcle accessed the Internet site of the search
program, located at http://genome.eras.org. The program allows the user to pick and choose
categories of products and the product attributes that relate to their circumstance. The
user then submits the query, and is provided with a list of products that meet the
criteria. From here, the user can click on a specific product to obtain additional
information about it (i.e., Green Seal rating). The user can link directly to electronic
commerce if he/she wishes to purchase a particular item. In addition, the program allows
the user to print reports on purchasing patterns for certain products.

One member of the audience commented that the program
should allow the user to ascertain which products meet the requirements of Executive Order
12873.

**Speaker 2: Tony Trenkle, Director of GSA's
Electronic Commerce Division and**

**Co-chair of the Federal Government's
Electronic Commerce Program Office**

Mr. Trenkle is the co-chair of the Federal
Government's Electronic Commerce Program Office. This office supports, coordinates, and
monitors the U.S. government implementation of electronic commerce. In addition to this
provision, he also is the Director of the GSA's Electronic Commerce Division. This
Division has responsibility for coordinating GSA EC activities and managing the
government-wide Acquisition Reform Network. He has been with GSA since 1988 and has worked
in a variety of leadership positions in the information technology area for the agency.

Mr. Trenkle discussed electronic commerce in general,
Federal electronic commerce strategy, buying opportunities, and electronic commerce and
the environment. He provided the following definitions to help the audience to better
understand his presentation:*Electronic commerce:* broadly speaking, doing
    business electronically. Also, the exploitation of information technology to improve
    commerce*Electronic data interchange:* computer to
    computer electronic transmission of routine business transactions in a standard formatMr. Trenkle discussed various items that may comprise
electronic commerce, including:Electronic delivery orders and invoices
  Public transactions (FACNET)
  Credit cards and smart cards
  Electronic funds transfer
  Electronic benefits transfer
  Electronic catalogs
  Message-based electronic commerceHe explained that electronic commerce is very broad
and is utilized within many different sectors, from procurement and insurance to
transportation and medical. He provided some background on the sources of the federal
electronic commerce strategy. These sources include:The National Performance Review (NPR).
  President's memorandum of October 1993.
  The Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994.
  The Federal Acquisition Reform Act of 1995.
  The Information Technology Management Reform Act of
    1995.
  The Debt Collection Improvement Act of 1996.The federal strategy includes several imperatives.
Electronic commerce must represent a single face to industry, allow for public
transactions, improve access for small businesses, include commercial products and
practices, and must protect privacy and property rights.

The electronic commerce management structure involves
the Electronic Processes Initiatives Committee (EPIC) and the President's Management
Council Members from OMB, GSA, DOD, and Treasury. It currently emphasizes procurement,
payments, and card technology. The typical government buying model is shifting from
professional buyer to end-user buyer; from paper to electronic or plastic; and from
solicitations via RFQ or RFP to direct orders such as through purchase cards or on-line
catalogs.

Mr. Trenkle provided examples of federal electronic
commerce program tools. He discussed the Commerce Business Daily Online website
(http://cbdnet.access.gpo.gov), which is the official free online listing of government
contracting opportunities published in the Commerce Business Daily. Approximately 400
notices are posted daily. In addition, the Acquisition Reform Net (ARNET) is a virtual
library containing executive orders, policies, regulations, and other acquisition
procurement documents; acquisition opportunities; acquisition best practices; training;
and electronic forum. The web address is http://www.arnet.gov/. He said that in the
future, ARNET will move towards containing complete acquisition reference material, and
having integrated acquisition databases, searchable electronic catalogs, an acquisition
tool kit, interactive training, and interactive forums.

A variety of online catalogs are also available.
These include GSA Advantage (http://www.gsa.gov) and the Defense Logistics Agency
electronic mall (http://www.supply.dla.mil/emall/homepg_h.htm). GSA Advantage will have
over a million products available online in the next six to twelve months. It allows
searches across products and catalogs, but you can't really search specifically for
environmental products. Environmental attributes are indicated for products where
applicable. DLA's electronic mall is comprised of a DLA wing, a Navy wing, and a GSA wing
(Advantage).

Mr. Trenkle enumerated the positive effects of
electronic commerce on the environment, such as saving paper, saving energy, making it
easier to find environmentally preferable products, and making more product/environmental
information available. He cautioned that it is more difficult to identify environmentally
preferable products online. In addition, there is concern over new purchasing rules and
strategies as well as rules governing search capabilities.

Mr. Trenkle ended his presentation by explaining how
interested parties can get involved with electronic commerce buying strategies. On the
federal side, the EPIC Buying and Paying Task Force deals with electronic malls and vender
registration. In addition, the Internet Acquisition Internet Council focuses on utilizing
the Internet to improve government buying. On the non-federal side, CommerceNet, is an
industry consortium pushing*de facto* standards and new technologies.

He concluded by observing that:Electronic commerce offers great opportunities to
    promote environmentally preferable products
  Environmentalists need to be active in shaping the new
    rules for the Web
  Potentially electronic commerce can be a great boost
    for environmentally preferable products or a missed opportunity**Speaker 3: Al DiGennaro**,**Manager
of the Buy Green program with DLSC within DLA**

Mr. Di Gennaro is manager of the Buy Green program
with the DLA Service Center. He has been with DLSC as a program analyst for 14 years. His
prior experience includes 13 years of planning and environmental work with city, county,
state, and federal agencies.

Mr. DiGennaro briefly described the Federal Logistics
Information System (FLIS) and discussed current and proposed additions of environmental
data to the system. FLIS is the single corporate repository for item oriented logistics
data. Under FLIS, national stock numbers (NSNs) and commercial and government entity
(CAGE) codes are assigned. It serves as a relational database and foundation for all
logistics systems.

Mr DiGennaro provided the history behind the
development of FLIS. First, there were discrete service systems. In the 1950s the
consolidated catalog system was introduced. This was followed in the 1970s by DIDS, which
was a segment-oriented system. Finally, the 1990s led to FLIS. FLIS still uses cataloging
methods and has a clear text translation.

FLIS is organized as a relational data system, which
implies a table format. The system includes item identifications, such as NSN, part number
(product), and CAGE (manufacturer). FLIS also contains characteristics data such as color
and material. In addition, it includes management data, such as how to order and procure
products. Mr. DiGennaro indicated that an NSN for a product such as "metal
primer" may include 8 different products, some hazardous and some not.

The system includes over 6 million NSNs and registers
over 50 million transactions per month. These transactions include batch requests, on-line
requests, CD-ROM, tailored publications, and downloads. Purposes for transactions include
inquiries, updates, and notifications (to customers, systems). The customers within FLIS
include the Navy, Air Force, Marines, Army, other federal agencies, the public, private
industry, NATO/FMS, and DLA. Information products form FLIS include CD-ROM, hardcopy, and
tailored data products. For environmental products, FLIS contains item-related data which
it collects, stores, processes, and displays. It also has environmental codes, including
identifiers and attributes. Current data contained in the FLIS system at the NSN level
includes the hazardous materials indicator code (HMIC) and the hazardous material code
(HMC).

Additional characteristics that FLIS will include
are:Designating agency code
  Recycled content code
  Recycled percent
  Recyclable material
  Biodegradable indicator
  Energy efficiency rate
  VOCs
  Environmental attribute codeIn conclusion, Mr. DiGenarro stated that FLIS serves
as the foundation for all DOD logistics information systems, and that DLSC will explore
issues of adding environmental information to FLIS.

**Session #11**

**Partnerships: Role
of Contractors**

**Thursday, July 17, 1997**

**10:45 - 12:00 pm**, **1:15
- 2:30 pm**

Speakers: Michael Carter, Defense
Logistics Agency

Bob
Cox, Department of Defense

Jim Foley, EPA
Region 2

**Moderator: Debra Yap, GSA**



The purpose of the session was to explain how
contractors can help the federal government implement environmentally preferable
purchasing. Government officials who have worked cooperatively with contractors to
identify and purchase products which reduce environmental impact described their
experiences.

**Speaker 1: Michael Carter, Defense Logistics Agency**

In his current role as Environmental Protection
Specialist for the Defense Contract Management Command (DCMC), DLA, DoD, Mr. Carter serves
as the focal point and authority for environmental issues. His duties at the DCMC
Headquarters Complex include: external interface with the Services and (federal, state and
local) regulators; internal interface with DCMC functional specialists; environmental
support program oversight; and support for the Joint Group on Acquisition Pollution
Prevention environmental initiative.

Mr. Carter discussed his work with the Joint Group on
Acquisition Pollution Prevention (JG-APP). JG-APP began in September, 1994, when officers
from the Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Defense Contract Management Command
recognized a need to eliminate duplicate efforts to change military specifications so that
they incorporate pollution prevention strategies.

A significant portion of that effort relies on
contractors proposing environmentally preferable alternatives to existing procedures or
products. Although DOD has always encouraged contractors to suggest such changes, their
efforts were often hampered because the changes would have to be introduced, documented,
and considered on a case-by-case, contract-by-contract, and service-by-service (Army,
Navy, Air Force, Marine, etc.) basis. One of the big problems was that there was very
little coordination within organizations and even less between organizations. JG-APP was
designed to ease the burden by examining and implementing changes across all contracts and
across all organizations simultaneously.

The JG-APP charter was signed on September 14, 1994
and identified four primary objectives:

1) Reduce or eliminate hazardous materials

2) Foster joint service cooperation

3) Provide a single interface to weapon system
program managers

4) Provide a bridge to the sustainment community (the
people who maintain the equipment)

Mr. Carter explained the six phases in a typical
JG-APP project, emphasizing that contractors participate and influence each phase:

1) Identifying the participants and hazardous
materials or processes to be examined. These can be suggested by a contractor.

2) Identifying the critical performance requirements
for each system. These are used for comparing the environmentally preferable alternatives.
If the new product or method meets or exceeds the critical performance requirements and
provides and environmental or cost benefit, it can be considered further.

3) Examining the costs. This step begins by
determining who will test the new procedures, who will pay for the tests, and which
contract vehicle will be used. It might be any of numerous projects by any of the branches
of the military.

4) Demonstration/Validation. This phase includes a
complete performance and cost assessment of the alternative(s).

5) Single Process Initiative (SPI). This phase is
actually comprised of several stages to document the success of the changes and share
changes across all contracts and all branches of the military. Any resulting cost savings
are shared between the government and the contractor who proposed the change.

SPI ProcessConcept paper - contractor (proposal of hypothesis
    that's been tested)
  Evaluates concept paper (management council)
  Block changes made (management council must approve)
  Equitable adjustments made to contracts6) Implementation: Once everyone has had the
opportunity to review the proposed changes, they are approved as a block change across all
contracts and all branches of the military.

One example of a successful JG-APP project saved
$6.25 million after subtracting the costs incurred to test and document the
alternative procedures.

Mr. Carter also explained that one of the biggest
components of the JG-APP program is disseminating the information throughout the Defense
Department. They are making good use of the Internet to do so. He encouraged everyone to
visit two web sites for additional information. The first is the JG-APP general
information web site at: http://www.jgapp.com. The second is the Defense Contract
Management Command's web site at: http://www.dcmc.dcrb.dla.mil.

**Speaker 2: Bob Cox, Department of Defense**

Mr. Cox is the Repair and Improvements Program
Manager for the Pentagon at the Department of Defense. One of his projects is overseeing
the repair and maintenance of the Pentagon's parking lot.

In September, 1995, DOD recognized a need to
establish a contract to cover the repair and maintenance of the Pentagon parking lot and
several other DOD facilities in the Washington, D.C. area. Around that same time there was
a Federal Register notice requiring federal agencies to use environmentally preferable
products. He called EPA looking for guidance and was told that there wasn't any guidance
but that EPA would help him on the project and document his efforts as an EPP case study.

The project had two primary objectives: 1) Fixing the
parking lot, and 2) Using a "consumer approach" to incorporate environmentally
preferable products. The "consumer approach" meant that DOD, acting in its role
as a consumer, would compare existing parking lot renovation products and processes and
select those that met performance specifications and included the largest number of
environmentally preferable attributes. Furthermore, DOD would rely on the contractor to
help identify those attributes. As a result, what was environmentally preferable was
determined in a cooperative relationship between industry and an environmentally informed
federal consumer (DOD).

Because DOD wanted to encourage the contractor to
adopt environmentally preferable purchasing habits, the DOD/EPA workgroup determined that
they needed to specify these requirements in the contract.

They followed a six-step process:

1) Identify all of the products that are used in the
project

2) Identify environmental attributes for each of the
products

3) Conduct a market survey to identify the attributes
that are available

4) Evaluate the products

5) Incorporate the best attributes into the product
specifications contained in the contract

6) Provide incentives for the contractor to continue
looking for products after contract award

Mr. Cox explained that the best way to usually
compare the environmental attributes of competing products would be to conduct a complete
life cycle analysis (LCA). Unfortunately, this is too time consuming and expensive. Until
LCA becomes feasible, the team has relied on those environmentally preferable attributes
that are easily identifiable. In order to get the repair work started in a timely manner,
it was impossible to cover them all, so the contract provides the contractor with
incentives to continue identifying environmental attributes.

The contract includes a price differential that
allows the contractor to earn additional money if they identify, and DOD approves, the use
of a product that contains additional environmentally preferable attributes. The
contractor is encouraged with what amounts to a bonus to identify and integrate new
environmentally preferable products.

According to Mr. Cox, there are several advantages to
this approach:The contractor works with DOD and industry to help
    define environmentally preferable purchasing.
  The development and use of environmentally preferable
    products is consumer driven, not regulatory.
  This approach should increase the availability of
    environmentally preferable products.Mr. Cox believes that EPP has a very bright future.
Environmentally preferable products are currently required by the FAR and Executive Order
12873. Future contracts will incorporate EPP language and contractors who adopt EPP
methodologies will begin applying them in non-governmental work.

DOD's innovative approach affects contractors in
several ways:It improves their environmentally preferable
    purchasing practices
  It encourages them to use environmentally preferable
    products
  It encourages industry to develop additional or
    improved environmentally preferable productsThe role of manufacturers is also affected:It encourages them to inform consumers about the
    environmental aspects of using their products
  It encourages industry to develop methods for
    evaluating a product's environmental performance**Speaker 3: Jim
Foley, EPA Region 2**

Since 1983, Mr. Foley has served as the Chief of the
FAMB in the New York Regional Office. In this position, he has been involved in several
pilot projects to introduce environmentally preferable products. His efforts to address
indoor air quality issues was reported on last fall at a conference sponsored by the
President's Council on Sustainable Development. Jim is the recipient of the EPA
Distinguished Service Award and the Lee M. Thomas Excellence in Management Award.

Currently, Mr. Foley oversees EPA's new regional
office. The Region worked with GSA to acquire space in a 34 story building in lower New
York.

The Region was very aware of the need to implement
Executive Order 12856, which outlines federal agency responsibilities to minimize their
environmental impacts, including those pertaining to energy and water conservation and
other "green building" issues. As a result, EPA's environmental response team
conducted various tests to minimize the environmental impact of the new office space. They
were particularly concerned with indoor-air quality (IAQ) issues. In fact, they took
samples of many of the materials used in the building (carpeting, furniture, wall
coverings, etc.) and placed them in a chamber to measure any substances that might pose a
risk to the IAQ.

Despite these efforts, after building occupancy, many
employees began complaining about the quality of the air. They reported a variety of
symptoms that generally disappeared when they left the building. EPA officials at first
dismissed the problems because of the extensive IAQ testing that had been done prior to
move-in, but when the symptoms persisted, EPA began investigating the cleaning products
that were being used. EPA contacted GSA, who managed the cleaning contract, and asked to
investigate the problem. GSA's cleaning contractor contacted several cleaning product
manufacturers and selected one product from Rochster Midland that they felt might
eliminate the IAQ concerns. They obtained permission from GSA and EPA to pilot test the
new product on three floors of the building. Immediately after beginning use of the new
product, the symptoms subsided on those floors on which it was being used. EPA and GSA
quickly asked the contractor to use the product on all of the floors.

According to Mr. Foley, this demonstrates that
contractors can be relied upon to help the government select environmentally preferable
products. In this case, it was the contractor who did all of the investigative work and
they did it voluntarily because they didn't want to jeopardize their government contract.
Mr. Foley suggested that government employees should establish environmental performance
standards because contractors will respond and provide environmentally superior products.

Mr. Foley was recognized for this innovative EPP
project with a Closing the Circle award.

**Questions & Answers:**

**Q:There seems to be a lot of
information available on environmentally preferable products, but where can we get that
information? Is anyone compiling it in a central spot?**

**A:** (Cox) EPA's EPP program is
beginning to compile a lot of it and they are creating case studies to document successes
and share information. The construction industry has several resources available. NIST and
the Forest Service both have publicly available databases. I'm sure that there are others
for other product categories.

**Q: How do we get put on the government's list
of environmentally preferable products?**

**A:** (Cox) There isn't a list. The
government won't say who's better because the definition changes depending on the need.

**Q:Mr. Cox, how do I obtain copies of
your test results?**

**A:** (Cox) Well, there aren't really
any test results, but the EPP program is documenting DOD's efforts in a case study. I'm
not sure when it will be ready, but it will be available from EPA.

**Q: Why can't we get test results from the
EPA/GSA cleaning product study in New York?**

**A:**(Foley) It wasn't a scientific
study. It was simply initiated by the cleaning contractor to address the IAQ concerns
expressed by the tenant. In this case the tenant was the EPA. Before EPA could release
results of that sort, there would have to be a formal study that included more than just a
subset of the market.

**Q: Eric Friedman, Commonwealth of
Massachusetts - How did you verify that the product from Rochester Midland was, indeed,
environmentally preferable, and how did you promote competition among different
contractors?**

**A:** (Eric Friedman) Contractor
selected product. More difficult in government contracts because can't identify brands.
Government must promote competition.

GSA made assumption based on information provided by
product/contractor that had some environmentally preferable supporting data. GSA did not
conduct comprehensive market research.

**Q: Stephen Ashkin, Rochester Midland - Is
there a way to avoid suppliers providing contractor support to help market their product
and having government go out with RFP for lowest cost anyway after they've benefited from
the contractor support? This causes suppliers to be reluctant to provide government any
support with respect to the process.**

**A:**(Stephen Ashkin) No. There is no
way to avoid this.

**A:**(Comment from Eric Friedman) The
way we avoid that in Massachusetts is to select contractor on best value for the best cost
vs. just best cost. Best value involves other criteria besides price, e.g. training.

**Q: Is there anyway to circumvent the
challenges that vendors face in introducing new products to the government? (i.e., must
find three competitive bids. If no other vendor supplies your product, cannot offer it to
the government, because won't write specs unless at least two other competitors).**

**A:** (Comment from Bob Cox, DOD) Tried
to conduct a market survey themselves and found it to be too time and resource intensive.
They found that they did not have the expertise to do it efficiently or effectively. They
then decided to have a contractor do it.

**Session #12**

**Green Buildings:
Renovation, Repair & Deconstruction**

**Thursday, July 17, 1997**

**10:45 - 12:00 pm and 1:15 -
2:30 pm**


Speakers: John Krakowiak, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region 3

Scott
Lantz, Twin Cities Army Industrial Operations

Peter
Yost, National Association of Homebuilders

**Moderator: Ruth Heikkinen, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmentally Preferable Products Program**

Ms. Heikkinen stated that the purpose of this session
was to discuss some of the environmentally preferable decisions associated with removing
old buildings. Ms. Heikkinen oversees work on sustainable design and construction issues
for EPA's EPP program.

**Speaker 1: Mr. John Krakowiak, US EPA, Region 3**

John Krakowiak is a branch chief in EPA's Region 3,
which includes Washington DC, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West
Virginia. His duties include overseeing EPA facilities issues, including leasing office
buildings.

Mr. Krakowiak explained that one of his duties as
branch chief was to locate new office space for the Region 3 headquarters. This effort
evolved into what became known as the GreenLease project, a project to ensure that
environmental factors were considered when new office space was leased. The GreenLease
project team focused on energy efficiency (Green Lights� and Energy Star�
Buildings) and indoor air quality (ventilation and temperature/humidity control)

The project began with the creation of a Quality
Action Team, which proposed 21 recommendations in six categories--energy efficiency,
ergonomics, indoor air quality, wellness, telecommunications, and miscellaneous.

Since it is a leased facility, EPA couldn't do much
to change the exterior of the building or improve it's energy efficiency. They could,
however, begin by selecting an energy efficient building and ensuring that the remodeling
that was required prior to occupancy incorporated energy efficient features, including
EPA's Green Lights and Energy Star programs.

Indoor air quality was big concern. Many of the
Quality Action Team recommendations focused on ventilation rates, temperature and humidity
controls, and the elimination of indoor pollutants. EPA was particularly concerned with
the HVAC system and ensuring that the remodeling effort made use of low-VOC carpets,
paint, adhesives, caulks, etc.

EPA was concerned with these issues because the
Agency regulates many of these concerns, and is their responsible for proving that it
could be done. EPA also wanted to prevent pollution. They were looking to rent 265,000
square feet of space and wanted to minimize the environmental impact of doing so. It was
also an opportunity to set an example for others within EPA and to share with GSA and
other federal facilities.

This was a joint effort between EPA and GSA, who
actually negotiates the leases on behalf of the federal government. GSA has a standard
Solicitation for Offers (SFO), a 25-30 page document that announces the government's need
to lease office space.

EPA created a 75 page rider to the standard
"Solicitation for Space" form - SFO that addressed numerous categories:General architectual
  Architectual finishes
  Mechanical, electrical and plumbing
  Services, utilities and maintenance
  Safety and environmental healthThe rider added the following requirements:Space must comply with environmental law
  Space must use EPP products and materials
  Space must use environmental architectureCompanies interested in the EPP concept should
consider:Wide variety of EPP products available
  Verify recycled material content and type
  Test durability of recycled product
  Record/analyze indoor air quality data
  Run/analyze complete cost analysisThe general architectural issues included concrete
and related materials; structural steel and steel reinforcing; the use of endangered or
restricted woods; the formaldehyde content in wood products; insulation; adhesives and
sealants, and caulking. EPA also listed products as examples of environmentally preferable
products and instructed the contractor to find better ones based on information provided
by manufacturers, such as material safety data sheets.

The architectural finishes recommendations addressed
gypsum wallboard and finish systems; resilient flooring; rubber base and stair tread/riser
surfaces; natural sisal flooring; prohibiting the use of vinyl; clear finishes; special
wall coating systems; and toilet and bath partitions and countertops containing recovered
materials.

The mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
recommendations focused on plumbing fixtures; HVAC design and performance standards;
restricting CFC equipment; and using "green lights" fixtures and controls,
including sensors to determine room occupancy.

The services, utility and maintenance concerns
revolved around the use of environmentally preferable cleaning products and the use of
indoor pesticides to control roaches.

The safety and environmental management concerns
focused primarily on asbestos remediation plans, which would be necessary if EPA moved
into an older building that contained asbestos.

As a result of investigations, EPA learned that there
are a wide variety of environmentally preferable products available and that it is
possible to verify recycled material content. Mr. Krakowiak suggested:Testing the durability of all products, including
    recycled content products
  Obtaining information on indoor air quality concerns
    or requesting that manufacturers provide chamber test data
  Looking at the complete cost analysis, including
    shipping and disposalEPA also concluded that most of the items were not
more expensive. A few of the environmentally preferable cleaning products were 8-10
percent more expensive, but they were of much higher quality.

Mr. Krakowiak concluded his presentation by offering
to provide copies of EPA's SFO rider. Contact him at 215 566-5611 or 215 566-5221 (fax).

**Speaker 2: Mr. Scott Lantz, Twin Cities Army
Industrial Operations**

Scott Lantz is a licensed engineer and attorney with
the Twin Cities Army Industrial Operations. He managed a very large DOD Deconstruction
effort in Minnesota.

The Twin Cities army base is/was a 4-square mile,
small-caliber ammunition plant dating from World War II located in Minnesota. Shortly
after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the plant was shut down and later scheduled to be
completely decommissioned. The site is on EPA's National Priorities List (NPL) which makes
it a Superfund site.

As part of the base closure, Mr. Lantz was to oversee
the demolition of several large timber frame buildings that were built during World War
II. Typically, these types of buildings are demolished by simply tearing them down and
hauling their remains to the local landfill. However, the quality of the timber used to
construct the buildings convinced him that it would be worth saving, if it were
economically viable to do so. Mr. Lantz contacted the Forest Products Laboratory in
Madison, Wisconsin and learned that there were markets for the old growth wood that had
been used to construct the buildings.

Mr. Lantz estimated that the first two buildings to
be demolished contained 1.2 and 1.8 million board feet of quality lumber, respectively.
After comparing financial and environmental factors, he decided to deconstruct the
buildings and salvage the wood rather than to demolish them.

He displayed an impressive slide show detailing the
deconstruction process. Some of the problems that they encountered included an asbestos
based roof and some water damaged wood. Mr. Lantz compared the process to arguing over an
oreo cookie--everyone wants the good stuff in the middle, but isn't always willing to do
what it takes to get there. The "good stuff" in the middle is the old growth
timber, the "bad stuff" is the concrete, steel, and asbestos.

Mr. Lantz compared the pros and cons of
deconstruction as follows:

Pros:Avoid landfill tipping fees
  Avoid liability if landfill fails
  Recover large volume of old growth timbers
  Growing demand for recycled timber
  Subsidizes building disposal costs
  In demolition, materials get mixed up and can't be
    re-used
  Environmentally correct thing to doCons:Management intensive for the owner
  Time consuming
  Limited pool of experienced building dismantlement
    companies
  Market not fully developedLabor intensive
  Increased occupational hazards because of the larger
    number of people involved and the nature of the work.Currently a limited
pool of experienced dismantlers. Also, the recovered materials commodity market is not
stable.

One of the other problems that Mr. Lantz discussed is
that the recovered timber does not have a grade stamp. Before it could be sold, they had
to hire a professional wood grader to come out and put his stamp on all of the wood.

Mr. Lantz showed pictures of some of the wood that
was recovered. It included old growth Douglas fir beams that ranged from 2'x8' to 10'x18'.
He referred to it as "logging the urban forest."

**Speaker 3: Mr. Peter Yost, National Association of
Homebuilders**

Peter Yost is an Assistant Director for the
Structures and Environmental Systems Division of the National Association of Home
Builders. As a former remodeling contractor of seven years, he brings practical field
experience in residential construction to complement his academic training in resource
efficiency issues. Mr. Yost's work at the Research Center currently includes project
management and demolition waste management studies. Recently, he has supervised a large
scale deconstruction project in Baltimore, MD, in which several HUD buildings were
decommissioned.

One such project is the Riverdale Deconstruction
Project located in Baltimore County, MD, which just recently released a report, *Deconstruction
-- Building Disassembly and Material Salvage: The Riverdale Case Study*. The 40-page
case study is available by contacting the HomeBase Hotline at the NAHB Research Center at
(800) 898-2842. It will also be available soon at http://www.smartgrowth.org.

The Riverdale Case Study is particularly important
because it involved the deconstruction of a section of a public housing project. The
Federal government has over 100,000 such buildings to dispose of in the next 10 to 15
years. This case study was an effort to determine if deconstruction is an economically
viable alternative to traditional demolition.

Deconstruction allows building materials to be resold
and/or reused. Before deconstruction, a building inventory must be conducted to find out
what is in the building and begin identifying markets for the materials that will be
removed. Then the building is disassembled in the exact opposite order to the way it was
assembled.

Mr. Yost showed slides documenting the deconstruction
process while discussing some of the project specifics and the results of the case study.
He explained: the building being disassembled was a 2,000 square foot, four housing unit,
residential building in an urban area of Baltimore County, MD.

***Labor requirements:*** The
research team documented how long it took to manually disassemble and
salvage/recycle/dispose of 25 different building materials. Examples include: .038 hours
per square foot of oak strip flooring; .54 hours per window; and .009 hours per square
foot of plaster.

***Labor activities:*** About
half of the labor hours were spent disassembling the building. The other half of the labor
hours were used to "process" the materials, including removing nails, sorting
and stacking materials, and preparing them for resale.

***Job Training Potential**:*
Many of the people disassembling the building had never held a skilled labor position. Mr.
Yost suggested that manual disassembly represents an excellent opportunity to identify and
develop low-skilled workers who have an interest in the building trade. He stated that
"the best way to learn how to build a building is to learn how to take one
down."

***Diversion rate:***
Approximately 70 percent by volume of all building materials were salvaged or recycled.

***Salvage value:*** The items
removed from the building have different market values. Commodities such as frame lumber
have lots of uses and were easily sold for about 50 percent of new retail price. Other
more finished products such as windows and cabinets have a much lower retail value and
required more intensive and targeted marketing.

***Total cost comparison:***
Standard demolition (without salvage and only limited recycling of metals, wood, and clean
rubble) was estimated at $3.50 to $5.00 a square foot. The total cost for deconstruction
(including maximum salvage and recycling) was estimated at $4.50 to $5.40 per square foot.

***Environmental Benefits:*** The
environmental benefits are difficult to quantify, according to Mr. Yost, but they should
be a very important part of the equation. The benefits include decreased disturbance to
the site, conserved landfill space, the energy saved by substituting reused building
materials for new ones in future construction, and decreased air borne lead, asbestos, and
dust around the job site.

Several interesting issues that had to be resolved
during the deconstruction effort included:

***Lead and asbestos:*** There
were some regulatory inconsistencies regarding lead and asbestos that were difficult to
resolve. The U.S. EPA regulations for the disposal of lead and asbestos containing
materials make no distinction between demolition and deconstruction. Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations were also confusing surrounding the
deconstruction of a building containing these materials. These issues will need to be
resolved if deconstruction efforts are to continue.

***Davis-Bacon wage requirements:***
There was originally some concern that the Davis-Bacon Act, which requires that
construction workers be paid wages predetermined by the U.S. Department of Labor, would
make deconstruction prohibitively expensive. Luckily for the project, Mr. Yost explained,
Davis-Bacon does not apply to deconstruction sites where no subsequent construction is
planned. This drastically reduced the labor costs required to deconstruction the building
and allowed the site to be a training opportunity for formerly unskilled laborers.

***Workers compensation insurance:***
It was difficult to find affordable workers compensation insurance because insurance
companies were not sure how to classify the workers. They had to prepare detailed
descriptions of each workers' task to ensure fair and affordable rates.

Mr. Yost concluded his presentation with a brief list
of recommendations for the deconstruction industry. They included:Engaging EPA and OSHA on regulatory issues to ensure
    that they address the unique nature of deconstruction projects
  Approaching the Departments of Housing and Urban
    Development (HUD) and Health and Human Services (HHS) to promote deconstruction. They have
    over 100,000 units of public housing slated for removal throughout the country.
    Deconstruction can provide welfare-to-work and small business opportunities.
  Developing methodologies for grading recovered lumber.
    The project had to have professional graders grade the lumber before it could be sold.
    Standard methodologies for doing so would have made this task easier
  Sharing information. The newly formed Used Building
    Material Association, which was recently formed in Canada, will help facilitate
    communication throughout the emerging deconstruction industry, but more people in the
    demolition and salvaging communities need to hear about the opportunities**Questions & Answers:**

**Q: Are there many demolition companies who
offer building dismantlement?**

**A:** (Scott Lantz) Though there aren't
many companies offering building dismantlement, the number grows each year. Companies and
consumers need to be educated on the benefits of building deconstruction for the field to
grow.

**Q: Why are the markets for used building
materials so speculative?**

**A:** (Yost and Lantz) Because they are
new. It's just like other recycled commodities markets. Prices fluctuate and often depend
on where you are located and what materials you have available.

**A:** (Lantz) I still have people
calling me attempting to buy salvaged timber from the old wood frame buildings. There
seems to be an even bigger market for the stuff now.

**A:** (Yost) These markets are still
new. You have to know someone who might be interested in the materials. For now, you have
to aggressively pursue people to get rid of some of the recovered materials. Others like
timber, as I mentioned earlier, are easier to sell.

**Q: What about problems with asphalt shingles
and asbestos?**

**A:**(Yost) They should be less of a
problem because they stopped producing the shingles in the 1970s. Most roofs only last
10-15 years, so a large majority of the problem should be behind us.

Ms. Heikkinen formally closed the session by
reminding architects and contractors to specify and use salvaged materials in their next
projects. Help close the loop. Use the old to make the new.

**Session #13**

**Vendor's Experience
- Case Studies & Issues**

**Thursday, July 17, 1997**

**2:45 - 4:00 pm**


Moderator:

The "Vendor's Experience - Case Studies &
Issues" session was very well-attended (standing room only) and quite heated. In the
session, vendors vented their frustrations at trying to secure government contracts. The
frustration that was voiced by almost every vendor who spoke was the lack of awareness and
communication within the government regarding procurement issues and regulations. Nearly
every vendor spoke of quoting government regulations to a government official who was not
familiar with some aspect of the process of procurement. Another frustration voiced
repeatedly was that securing a government contract required filling out a prohibitive
amount of paperwork and signing documents that appeared to be internally inconsistent. A
third barrier offered by vendors in attendance was the necessity of competition between
vendor's products for a contract to be awarded. Some vendors offer products which are
environmentally superior to similar products but are unique in their composition. These
products cannot be purchased by the government because competitive bids cannot be found.

Thomas Wren, from the University of Pennsylvania's
Small Business Development Center, had several pieces of advice for vendors who were
frustrated by their attempts to secure government contracts. He said that the government
must be catered to by suppliers just as any large organization must be catered to by
suppliers. He said that in order to do business with the government one must, "be in
the business of doing business with the government." He noted the Small Business
Administration could offer help to suppliers trying negotiate their way onto government
procurement lists and encouraged frustrated vendors to utilize this resource.

**Session #14**

**Other Legal Issues
& Trends**

**Thursday, July 17, 1997**

**2:45 - 4:00 pm**

**Speakers:**Charles Smith, Cytor
Corporation 

Richard
Holcomb, U.S. Department of Agriculture

E.
Donald Elliott, Paul, Hastings, et. al.,

**(representing Grocery Manufacturers of
America)**

Scott
Riback, General Accounting Office

David van
Hoogstraten, EPA, Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation

**Moderator:** **Jim Weiner,
Solicitor's Office, Department of Interior**



The objective of this session was to provide the most
up-to-date status of the latest trends and legal proposals impacting the procurement of
environmentally preferable products within the federal government.

The moderator, Jim Weiner, Department of Interior
(DOI), introduced the session by reviewing Executive Order 12873 sections pertaining to
EPP. He observed that most people agree with the concept of EPP but specific federal
implementation actions can be contentious. For example, EPA's ongoing attempt to provide
written guidance on the role and use of third party certifications has been contentious.
DOI believes that the authority is there and supports EPA's EPP guidance.

**Speaker 1: Charles Smith, Cytor Corporation**

Mr. Smith explained his role as a consultant to
federal agencies on procurement issues. He helps federal clients identify environmental
products, achieve compliance with EPP requirements. During his presentation, several
questions were asked regarding the extent to which his role treaded on the ground of
"inherently governmental function" and the extent to which government agencies
might be abrogating their responsibilities by allowing him to develop strategies for
selecting sources of supply.

**Speaker 2: Richard Holcomb, U.S. Department of
Agriculture**

Mr. Holcomb explained a new venture capital program
within USDA to commercialize agricultural-based products. He observed that EPP adds
another dimension to the standard procurement considerations of price, quality, and
timeliness. He provided information on the history of the program. The 1990 farm bill
created an alternative agricultural research and commercialization center. It created a
venture capital group that does marketing and business consulting, creates demand, price
preferences, and other incentives to encourage the commercialization of
"sustainable" agricultural products. The project has invested $28 million and is
authorized to spend $75 million. A list of projects that have received support is posted
on the Internet. The program intends to expand to a FAR case, extending it to the entire
federal community. Thus far there has been no resistance to this approach from the private
sector. Other agencies might look to this program as a model for similar marketing efforts
for products demonstrating EPP principles.

**Speaker 3: E. Donald Elliott, Paul Hastings, et.
al.**

Mr. Elliot discussed the Coalition for Truth in
Environmental Marketing, an ad-hoc organization concerned with eco-seal and consumer
information about the environmental attributes of products. He pointed out that it is
important that government not be arbitrary in procuring "environmentally
preferable" products. The subject is fraught with judgement calls, uncertainties,
complexities. He used the example of the decision between a plastic, paper, or ceramic
cup. A study by the Natural Resources Defense Council shows that a ceramic cup must be
used more than 600 times to be better than a paper cup, from an energy conservation
standpoint. Life Cycle Analysis tools are not yet available to add other environmental
attributes into the mix to make the trade-offs. He said that no one can develop a simple
list; there is no way to simplify the purchasing decision; and there are problems using
third parties to certify and verify environmental claims.

**Speaker 4: Scott Riback, General Accounting Office**

The General Accounting Office (GAO) is responsible
for overseeing federal agency compliance with the 1984 Competition in Contracting Act (as
amended). The key concept in the law is fair and open competition. He pointed out that EPP
is only one of several competing interests in the government contracting arena. He
provided examples drawn from GAO cases. The most typical complaint investigated by GAO
deals with specifications that restrict competition by being drawn too narrowly.

**Speaker 5: David van Hoogstraten, EPA,**Office of
Policy Planning and Evaluation

Mr. Van **Hoogstraten** of EPA's Office
of Policy Planning and Evaluation discussed international trade issues and how EPP
considerations must be consistent with a variety of international laws and regulations
such as Most Favored Nation status, World Trade Organization mandates, etc. In a global
marketplace, federal agencies procure goods made overseas. The United States has disputed
the EU Ecoseal because it does not take local conditions into consideration; nor does it
require a consensus process. He pointed out that issues in the environmental arena involve
judgement calls; objective, measurable standards are not available. A lively question and
answer session hit on several key issues being debated, such as third party certification.
The main concern is the delegation of government authority. A representative of a third
party certification organization argued that opponents try to make the issue seem more
complex than necessary and that decisions about the majority of products can be based on
clear, objective data. He also feels that it's perfectly legitimate to focus on one key
attribute at a time.

One person asked a question about the type of
environmental information available to employees making purchases with government credit
cards. The panelists agreed that the government must substantiate "green"
products identified in catalogs.

**Session #15**

**Greening Purchasing
in Practice: Private Sector Examples**

**Thursday, July 17, 1997**

**2:45 - 4:00 pm**


Speakers: Larry Starecky, Ontario Hydro

Mark
Eisen, formerly of Home Depot

John
Rustin, Environmental Defense Fund

**Moderator: Martin Spitzer, President's
Council on Sustainable Development**



**Speaker 1: Larry Starecky, Ontario Hydro**

Mr. Starecky has been involved in the Purchasing and
Materials Management function at Ontario Hydro for over 16 years. His role has included a
strategic planning and policy function, and development of a corporate-wide Buy Green
Policy and strategy. In the past five years, his work has included environmental health
& saftey programs. Most recently, Mr. Starecky has been involved in inclusion of
sustainable development criteria within the Corporate Commodity Management process,
project management of a Hazardous Materials screening process, and development of Supplier
Base Management approach. He is currently the co-chair of the Green Procurement Institute
in Canada.

Developed Ontario Hydro's "Buy Green"
Program, which involves a "front-end" focus (researching before purchasing
products).

Steps of "Buy Green" Program:

1. All commodity contracts will incorporate
Sustainable Energy Development (SED) principles and specific objectives to support SED.

2. Material and service purchases will include SED
and environmental requirements.

3. Suppliers will be asked to reduce and minimize
waste from packaging.

4. Materials and services certified by Canadian
Environmental Certification/Labeling programs will be given preference unless they do not
meet Ontario Hydro requirements for performance or health and safety.

5. The use of surplus and excess materials will be
considered prior to ordering new materials.

6. "Buy Green" will eliminate or minimize
the use of persistent, bioaccumulative, and/or toxic substances identified on Federal and
Provincial lists of regulated and voluntary programs.

7. Life cycle assessment will be considered in the
decision-making process.

8. Assessment of material and service suppliers will
be in accordance with Ontario Hydro SED policy and principles.

Companies can initiate the EPP process by:Change the way they purchase
  Not purchasing at all
  Trading in products
  Practicing packaging reduction**Speaker 2: Mark Eisen, formerly of Home Depot**

As Home Depot's environmental marketing manager, Mr.
Eisen learned that consumers embraced the idea of environmentally preferable products, and
that given a choice, most consumers would purchase an EPP product over a non-EPP product.

Companies and retailers are only now beginning to
understand the benefit of producing and selling EPP goods and services. Mr. Eisen's new
environmental consulting firm assists companies in marketing EPP products to both
consumers and retailers. He emphasized that the success of EPP is largely dependent on
retailers embracing the EPP concept.

**Speaker 3: John Rustin, Environmental Defense Fund**

EDF partners with one high-profile U.S. company each
year to tackle an environmental issue/problem.

Past EDF corporate partners have included McDonald's
(eliminated use of Styrofoam clamshell burger holders), S.C. Johnson (more environmentally
preferable cleaners -- Glade, Turtle Wax), and most recently, Starbucks (recycled
heat-resistant paper cups and napkins)

Six Steps for operating EPP projects:

1. Set ground rules at beginning

2. Set expectation of being accountable to the public

3. It's critical to learn what's realistic for
businesses to do

4. Don't use technical expertise (or lack thereof) as
an excuse not to move forward

5. Build EPP purchasing into a business' business
strategy/purchasing plans

6. EPP adds value to a brand or company, and can
companies can gain a competitive advantage

EDF web site: www.edf.org

**Question & Answers:**

**Q: How does EDF select the organizations for
partnerships?**

A: (John Justin, EDF) Split half-and-half between
companies initiating contact with EDF and vice versa.

**Session #16**

**EPP Tools &
Resources: Other Resources**

**Thursday, July 17, 1997**

**2:45 - 4:00 pm**


Speakers: Steve Wrenn, Defense
Logistics Agency

Fidel
Reijerse, Innovative Management Solutions

Tom
Daily, General Services Administration/FSS

**Moderator: Marilyn Harris Harpe, OFEE**



In addition to life cycle tools and electronic tools,
supply catalogues and other resources in the private sector are available to share
information relevant to purchasing products with environmental attributes. These resources
will be discussed along with additional opportunities to communicate and improve
information to further the increased acquisition of EPP's.

The moderator introduced Steve Wrenn from the Defense
Logistics Agency (DLA). She mentioned that the DLA in Richmond won the 1996 White House
Closing the Circle Award for P2 Innovations for their Environmental Products Catalogue.

**Speaker 1: Steve Wrenn, Defense Logistics Agency
(DLA)**

**Mr. Wrenn is the chief of product marketing
at the Defense Supply Center Richmond, and inventory control point for DLA. Mr. Wrenn has
been with DSCR for over 15 years, mainly in procurement. In the early 1990's he was an
integral player in establishing the foundation of the marketing at DSCR. He holds degrees
from VA Tech and Central Michigan University.**

Steve Wrenn began his presentation by introducing the
DLA, a part of the Department of Defense. Of the 5 million National Stock Numbers (NSN)
issued by different agencies within DoD, DLA is in charge of 3.6 million. DLA has 5
inventory control points: the Defense Supply Center Columbus in Columbus, Ohio; the
Defense Personnel Support Center and the Defense Industrial Center in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania; the Defense Fuel Supply Center at Fort Belvoir, Virginia; and the Defense
Supply Center Richmond (DSCR) in Richmond, Virginia. The DSCR has 40 FSGs, 226 FSCs, and
710,898 NSNs. They service the Air Force, Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and other
customers. The DSCR's fiscal year 97 sales volume was 7,000 orders a day, with 1.4 million
in annual sales.

Mr. Wrenn noted that DLA's Environmental Products
(EP) Catalog is available via the DSCR Web site (www.dscr.dla.mil). The rationale for
putting together this catalogue comes from the Federal Facilities Compliance Act, the
Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and Emergency
Planning and Right-to-Know Act, as well as seven Executive Orders mandating reductions in
hazardous materials usage, increases in recycling, and phasing out use of ODCs. This
catalogue covers more than 800 NSNs, 17 product categories, hundreds of potential
alternatives to ozone-depleting and hazardous chemicals, and extensive point of contacts
information.

DLA's Environmental Products Catalog includes
information on:Hazardous Materials Information Systems CD-ROM and
    innovative electronic commerce contracts
  Antifreeze recyclers (DoD approved)
  Cleaners/degreasers
  Spill control products (absorbents and clean-up kits)
  Skin protective compounds (USAF tested and approved)Mr. Wrenn then reviewed the New Item process for
Environmental Products. In order to be listed, new environmental products must employ one
of the following:New technology
  Recycled material
  Less hazardous material
  Improved safetyNew items must also already have a federal buyer.
This demonstrates to DLA that there is a demand for the product and it is worth the cost
of assigning a NSN. In order to do be listed in the Environmental Products catalog, either
the vendor or the government buyer would have to contact the appropriate supply center and
provide the following information (at a minimum):Manufacturer's name and address
  Point of contact's name and phone number
  CAGE code of manufacture
  Drawings, parts, and materials lists
  Test methods and results (including the labs used for
    these tests)
  Material Safety Data Sheets (where appropriate)
  BEST pricing/Unit of issue/Unit pack
  Sales history to DoD and federal agencies
  Specific environmental benefitsIn addition, the following types of items need
approval from the entities listed below:Petroleum items need military approval
  Respiratory items need NIOSH approval
  Pest control items need armed forces pest management
    board approval
  Military unique items need military approvalOther DLA supply centers can have different criteria
based on specific product lines they manage. Mr. Wrenn stressed that just because an item
has a NSN does not mean it will sell. Items available to federal buyers that are not
standard items stocked by DSCR are coded as non-stocked items. Customers order from DSCR
by NSN using MILSTRIP/FEDSTRIP. DSCR will then determine stockage and contracting method
based on customer demand. DSCR does not market items. It is up to the vendor to market
individual products. DSCR markets its services and catalog. The printed version of the
catalog is updated yearly. The Internet version is updated once a month.

Mr. Wrenn provided a list of the following key DLA
contacts:

Randy Smith, Defense Supply Center Richmond 804
279-3550

Colleen Pintar, Defense Supply Center Columbus 614
692-1858

Lois Altman, Defense Personnel Support Center 215
737-5794

Lindsey Hicks, Defense Fuel Supply Center 703
767-8359

Kurt Maute, Defense Industrial Supply Center 215
697-2377

He also mentioned that the DSCR runs two hazardous
materials programs, Hazardous Technical Information Services (HTIS) and Hazardous
Materials Information Systems (HMIS).

The moderator then introduced Fidel Reijerse. She
emphasized his background in hazardous waste and superfund remediation as well as his work
with ISO 14000.

**Speaker 2: Fidel Reijerse, Innovative Management
Solutions, Inc.**

Mr. Reijerse specializes in green building design,
environmental management systems and ISO 14000 facilitation, construction and demolition
waste management, building material evaluation and procurement, development of
specifications and on-site training. He is now an Associate with IMS Inc. and develops and
manages projects dealing with integration of environmental issues and regulations within
the construction and building industry.

Fidel Reijerse****introduced the
audience to Innovative Management Solutions, Inc.'s (IMS's) Sample Rooms displaying
environmental building products. In order to be included in the sample rooms, products
must have been recognized by a third party for their environmental merit in areas such as
resource conservation, pollution prevention, waste management, and indoor air quality
issues. Sample rooms are located in Ottawa and Toronto in Ontario, Canada.

Background work done by IMS included creating the
following:An environmentally responsible construction and
    renovation handbook
  An evaluation framework
  A Greening of the National Master Specification
  Criteria generator softwareThe purpose of the Sample Rooms is to:Provide a central location and focus on Green Building
    Materials
  Encourage suppliers to develop and showcase green
    products
  Demonstrate the extent of available materials
  Create a demand for such materialsIn order to be included in the Sample Rooms, products
must be recognized by an independent third party certification program, source book, or
Internet site. IMS does not separately evaluate the "greenness" of products.
Instead, they accept the following national or international certification programs:Environmental Choice (Canadian)
  Green Seal of Approval
  Blue Angel (German)
  Scientific Certification Systems
  Danish Indoor Air Labeling
  Envirodesic
  Build GreenThey also include products listed in the following
source books:Environmental By Design
  The Sourcebook of Sustainable Design
  The Green Procurement Institute
  GIPPER
  The Directory of Recycled Content Construction
    Products
  The Green Renovation Guide
  Reference Guide to Resource Efficient Building
    Materials
  Healthier Indoor Environments
  ACCESSA number of Internet sites also rate products'
environmental merit. IMS uses the following:OIKOS: Green Building Centre, *www.oikos.com/*
  Sustainable Building Sourcebook, *www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/*
  Green Seal of Approval, *www.solstice.crest.org/environment/GreenSeal*
  Environmental Building News, *www.ebuild.com/*
  Greenhomes Marketspace Inc., *www.ghm.com/*To set up the rooms, 250 "prequalified"
manufactures were contacted. Profile sheets and labels were created for each product. Then
the actual rooms were set up and information binders for each product were created.

The rooms focus on interior architectural materials
including paints, carpets, drywall, furniture systems, acoustical products, adhesives,
flooring, tiles, insulation, fabric wall coverings and fixtures. The rooms currently
include over 250 products representing approximately 50 manufacturers and distributors.

Product profiles illustrate which criteria have been
recognized as being environmentally improved. The criteria are quantitative and are
grouped in terms of the following four life cycle assessment phases modified from CSA
Z760-94.*Phase One--* Raw Materials Acquisition.
    Criteria listed: Renewable resources, recycled content, and remanufacturing.
  *Phase Two--* Manufacturing. Criteria listed:
    Toxicity.
  *Phase Three--* Use/Reuse/Maintenance. Criteria
    listed: Ozone depletion, energy use, water use, volatile organic compound emissions,
    formaldehyde emissions, anti-microbial treatments, reusable, refurbishable, and
    remanufacturable.
  *Phase Four--* Recycling/Waste Reduction.
    Criteria listed: Recyclable and degradable.All of these criteria are tracked with an
easy-to-read matrix that helps purchasers evaluate the benefits of a particular product.
This matrix is divided into the above life-cycle phases.

The Sample Rooms are expected to grow and new
products are encouraged. For these new products, the manufacturer or distributor completes
a detailed questionnaire. IMS verifies the information provided, then develops profile
sheets. Then, the product is labeled and included in the rooms.

In addition to expanding existing Sample Rooms, IMS
plans to develop additional Sample Rooms. They also are working on a virtual Sample Room
that would be accessible via the Internet.

Fidel Reijerse can be reached at 613 789-5832 or
[email protected].

**Speaker 3: Tom Daily, General Services
Administration, GSA**

**Mr. Daily is with the Environmental and
Engineering Policy Division within the Acquistion Management Center of the Federal Supply
Service of GSA. Tom heads the group that is the Policy Contact for the Environmental
Issues for the Federal Supply Service. In 1991 he was selected to be part of a newly
formed environmental planning task force, which has evolved into the position he holds
today as Chief of Environmental Programs.**

Tom Daily began by noting that GSA is small when
compared to DLA. Under the GSA umbrella are public buildings and all sorts of consumable
items including paints, chemicals, office supplies, vehicles, and furniture. With the
title of the session in mind, Mr. Daily said he would focus his remarks on the nitty
gritty of purchasing.

One big message Mr. Daily wanted audience members to
take away from the conference was the importance of the Internet. He also wanted to help
vendors figure out how to access the GSA system.

Mr. Daily's presentation focused on a review of GSA
publications that purchasers would find helpful and that vendors of environmental products
would want to be listed in. Waste minimization, recycled content, and energy conservation
are all environmental attributes tracked by GSA. GSA lists approximately 3,000 items that
have some sort of environmental characteristic. One of their main ways GSA gets
information out to purchasers is through publishing catalogs. GSA supply catalogs and
other publications are available to federal agencies at no cost. GSA stocks items in high
demand at a warehouse. Other items are listed in supply catalogs and federal purchasers
can order them on an as needed basis.

GSA flags products with environmental attributes by
printing them in green ink in their catalog and listing the particular attribute. Mr.
Daily emphasized GSA's new item introduction schedule. He noted that it is helpful for
vendors to have a contract through GSA. A GSA contract meets the government's competition
requirements. Purchasers do not have to get additional bids for a desired item, but can
simply order the item on contract through GSA.

Mr. Daily spoke about the GSA/EPA cleaning products
pilot study. He noted how this publication used a matrix approach to address the issues of
multiple product characteristics such as fragrances, dyes, and skin irritants.

Mr. Daily announced that GSA will soon have an
environmental home page on the Internet, which anyone will be able to access. He drew the
audience's attention to the GSA customer assistance guide and business services guide.

He emphasized that vendors need to establish the need
for their item by showing proof of government purchasers before GSA will list the item. He
also suggested that vendors become familiar with the appropriate commodity center for
their product.

**Questions & Answers:**

**Q: Would my energy be better spent educating
individual agencies about my product or educating GSA?**

**A:**(Tom Daily) Mr. Daily responded
that both are important. When a vendor applies to get a contract, the more information
they supply the better. It is particularly important to highlight the environmental
information about the product both when meeting with an agency and when dealing with GSA.

**Q: Do GSA representatives serve as counsel
for purchasers?**

**A:**(Tom Daily) Mr/ Daily responded
that, generally speaking, GSA staff only take orders and let purchasers make their own
decisions.

**Q: Does GSA stick with 20 percent
postconsumer content for paper?**

**A:** (Tom Daily) He answered that GSA
is complying with the Executive Order specifying minimum amounts of recycled content.

**A:** (Comment) An audience member
pointed out that sometimes GSA has to stock items that are not environmentally preferable
because people are dealing with outdated office equipment that will not accept the new
products.

**Session #17**

**A Dialogue for
Agencies: Embarking on Pilots -**

**Incentives and
Benefits**

**Thursday, July 17, 1997**

**2:45 - 4:00 pm**
**Introduction**

BenefitsAdd personal satisfaction. Having made a change is
    very satisfying.**Plotting Your Course**

Buy-inMay want to start with customers and their feedback
    (through survey) and present it to top management versus going straight to top management
  Thought to get employee buy-in first and later get top
    management attention through success
  Formal interest from partnering agency will help get
    buy-in, e.g. EPA**Setting Out**Stressed GSA catalogue
  Concern regarding usability of DLA catalogue
  Gap from top management to end user
  Identify incentives
  Getting right people involved (may need EPA support for this)
  Institutional and behavioral barriers
  Tracking system for better control over purchases
  Solution? Consolidation of hazmats
    Identifying Criteria
    List of approved products
    Label similar to FDA nutritional labels (criteria? local nature of attributes?)
    Formally Integrate EPPQualified list of contractorsInteragency agreement: EPA help select/hire contractors for EPP support**Staking Claim**Develop environmental products directory of sorts from pilot learning (EPA support)**Session #18**
    **Green Building Evaluation Tools**
    **Thursday, July 17, 1997**
    **2:45 - 4:00 pm**
    Speakers: Juri Skopek, ECD Energy and
    Environment Ltd., Canada
    Bill Reed, Hillier Group
    David Aiken, General Services
    Administration**Moderator:** **Susan Weber, Department of Energy**
    This session presented tools to evaluate the environmental performance of a building
    and its components holistically, as a system.
    Ms. Weber explained that "green buildings" are becoming a popular way of
    reducing humanity's global, regional, and local environmental impacts, but that tools need
    to be developed and implemented to determine how "green" a building is. She said
    that the Department of Energy is working towards the development of such tools, not just
    for buildings, but for other products as well. As an example, Ms. Weber suggested that
    everyone investigate the P2-EDGE software, a pollution prevention environmental design
    guide for engineers to compare environmentally preferable products. The software is
    described in greater detail and can be downloaded from: *http://epic.er.doe.gov/epic/html/P2Edge.sph*
    or *http://p2.pnl.gov:2080/DFE*.
    **Speaker 1: Juri Skopek,
    ECD Energy and Environment Ltd., Canada**
    Mr. Skopek is the managing director of ECD Energy and Environment Ltd., an
    environmental consulting firm whose prime business is BREEAM. Following postgraduate
    studies at University College, London, he became a planning consultant for the governments
    of Sultanate of Oman and Qatar on community development and government land use policies.
    In Saudi Arabia he designed the new town of Jizan and was the chief urban designer for the
    new campus of King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah. He moved to Edmonton where he was a
    city planner, responsible for Land Use Control and Urban Design.
    Juri Skopek is the managing director of ECD Energy and Environment Ltd., a Canadian
    environmental consulting firm that has developed a green building evaluation tool called
    BREEAM.
    Mr. Skopek explained that BREEAM is the most widely used international method of
    assessing the environmental quality and performance of buildings. It was originally
    developed in the United Kingdom by the British Research Establishment who worked with the
    members of the building industry, including Realtors, to develop the program. BREEAM has
    been used or adapted to suite local conditions in the UK, Hong Kong, Singapore, New
    Zealand, Norway, Greece, Spain, France, Holland, Canada, and now the United States.
    BREEAM was originally developed to help architects during the design phase. It was
    recently expanded to evaluate existing buildings and provide recommendations for improving
    their environmental performance.
    The BREEAM evaluation process issues credits for every aspect of a building that
    improves its environmental performance. The process examines two major parts of the
    building--the building itself and the operation and management of the building.
    The building is examined to measure global, local, and indoor environmental impacts,
    including:*Global issues:* carbon dioxide emissions, factors that contribute to acid rain
        (NOx emissions), use of ozone depleting substances, and use of recycled
        materials.
      *Local issues:* water conservation efforts, microbial contamination, access to
        public transportation, and access to showers and bike parking.
      *Indoor issues:* lighting issues, air quality, hazardous material usage, radon,
        indoor noise, and avoiding microbial contamination due to hot water systems.The building's operation and management system is similarly examined to measure global,
    local, and indoor environmental impacts. It includes an evaluation of the building's
    environmental policies, energy management plan, preventative maintenance issues, etc.
    All of the factors related to the building's environmental impact are assigned points.
    The points are added and subtracted to assign the building a final score. The assessment
    process consists of an extensive questionnaire that is followed by a 1-day assessment.
    BREEAM prepares a provisional report that is reviewed by the building owners for their
    comments before a final report and certificate are issued. Certificates are available for
    the building itself and for the operation and maintenance of the building.
    According to Mr. Skopek, the advantages to undergoing a BREEAM review are:Increased operational savings.
      Reduced legal and insurance costs.
      Improving corporate image.
      Gains in worker health and productivity.Mr. Skopek concluded with a brief slide show documenting some of the buildings that
    have undergone BREEAM reviews. He also mentioned that the base price for a BREEAM review
    is $3,500 Canadian and that the price increases in proportion to the size of the building
    up to a maximum of $6,000 Canadian.
    **Question & Answers for Juri Skopek:**
    **Q:Is BREEAM a participant in the Green Building Challenge?**
    A: (Skopek) Yes, and is a very active participant. The Green Building Challenge folks
    are doing good things and promoting good ideas.
    **Q: Why undergo a BREEAM review? It sounds expensive.**
    A: (Skopek) We are still learning to quantify the bottom line benefits. Originally, the
    program was designed to help architects and engineers during the design phase. We are just
    now expanding it to evaluate existing buildings. There are still substantial benefits in
    corporate image and employee morale.
    **Speaker 2: Bill Reed, Hillier Group**
    Mr. Reed's practice originally focused on incorporating passive solar design principles
    into residential and commercial architecture. It has since expanded to include the
    integration of green architecture and sustainable design into not only building projects
    but as a way of thinking in the communities within which our buildings function. He is the
    principal of the Hillier Group's Washington, D.C. office. He serves as an officer with the
    US Green Building Council; as an instructor for the Passive Solar Industries Council;
    co-chair for the ASTM Task Group on Residential Green Building Standards; and is Deputy
    Mayor of the town of Chevy Chase, MD.
    Bill Reed serves as an officer with the U.S. Green Building Council, which has also
    developed an environmental building rating system called LEED, a scoring based system
    similar to BREEAM, but with a slightly different focus.
    The U.S. Green Building Council is a consortium of contractors, planners, architects,
    engineers, and the rest of the U.S. building industry. They decided that they needed to
    establish a threshold for identifying green buildings. This threshold will rise as new
    products, methods, and procedures are introduced.
    The Green Building Council developed its own green building measure because it was
    concerned that other international measures, including ISO and BREEAM, would not be
    adequately applicable given the unique nature of U.S. culture.
    The LEED system is less comprehensive and complex than other systems, including BREEAM,
    and focuses solely on the building envelope. LEED is less complicated, to help facilitate
    its use.
    Another major difference between LEED and BREEAM is that the Green Building Council
    allows individual architects to evaluate their buildings, rather than relying on outside
    experts to certify the building. Architects must stamp their self-evaluation with their
    license, as they do to certify their building designs. This introduces a comfortable level
    of integrity into the system.
    LEED also has some of the highest thresholds for determining "greenness."
    There are actually several awards under the LEED standard: bronze, silver, gold, and
    platinum. Before being eligible for an award, buildings must meet 13 prerequisites in the
    following categories: asbestos, building commissioning, energy efficiency, indoor air
    quality, ozone depletion/CFCs, smoking ban, storage and collection of recyclables, thermal
    comfort, water conservation, and water quality.
    Buildings meeting the prerequisites are rated based on "credits" that can be
    accrued from the following categories: building materials, construction waste management,
    energy use, renewable energy, existing building rehabilitation, indoor air quality,
    landscaping/exterior design, occupant recycling, operations and maintenance facilities,
    ozone depletion/CFCs, siting, transportation, water conservation, and water quality.
    A total of 44 credits, plus 3 bonus credits are available. Buildings receiving the
    platinum award must receive at least 91 percent (41) or more of the available credits;
    gold buildings 81-90 percent (36-40) of the available credits; silver buildings 71-80
    percent (32-35); and bronze 50-70 percent (22-31).
    Mr. Reed concluded his presentation by repeating that all other measurement tools are
    also effective. The U.S. Building Council developed their own to help promote use of them
    throughout the United States. They were concerned that the other tools being developed
    were too complicated to be easily integrated into the U.S. corporate culture. He hopes
    that at some point in the near future there will be a general understanding of what
    defines a green building and a strong effort to "green" all buildings.
    **Questions & Answers:**
    **Q: What percentage of buildings currently meet LEED certification?**
    A: (Reed) Obviously, not all buildings have been evaluated. Current estimates suggest
    that only 10 percent of the buildings in the United States are capable of meeting the
    bronze level, the lowest of the four categories.
    **Q: What is the cost of getting LEED certified?**
    A: (Reed) Architects are supposed to use the criteria when they are designing buildings
    so there aren't costs involved from that perspective. However, like the BREEAM system, you
    can use the LEED criteria to evaluate existing buildings. The price is comparable to the
    prices Juri Skopek cited.
    **Speaker 3: David Aiken,
    General Services Administration**
    David Aiken works with the General Services Administration, which oversees a wide
    variety of federal procurement needs, including building acquisitions and design. He is
    currently examining the acquisition of 115 new federal courthouses over the next 15 years
    at a cost approaching $5.1 billion. GSA will be maximizing sustainable design principles
    within current budgetary constraints.
    GSA has been green for a while. Mr. Aiken showed slides of a 1971 environmental
    demonstration project that incorporated several banks of solar panels. GSA has been
    involved with solar programs, advanced technology buildings, intelligent workspaces, and
    "sustainable" green buildings throughout the years.
    GSA is currently examining how green they can afford to be. They are examining numerous
    issues, including:*Site and transportation issues:* promoting public and alternative transportation
        (biking, walking, etc.)
      *Energy efficiency:*high efficiency HVAC, lighting, automated building systems,
        and a well insulated building envelope
      *Water use:*concerned with both quantity and quality
      *Materials:*use of recycled content, reused, and contaminant free materials
      *Indoor air quality:*specifying ventilation rates, filters, and low VOC products
      *Occupant productivity:*protecting the health and comfort of building occupants
      *Construction:*mandatory recycling at construction sites
      *Facility operations:*providing extensive operation and maintenance training and
        appropriate diagnostic tools.To develop a strategic plan for integrating sustainable design principles into the new
    federal courthouses, GSA gathered a group of experts who created a list of 150
    recommendations and divided the list based on a benefit/cost analysis into three cost
    categories--low, moderate, and high. Proceedings from this November 14, 1996, meeting
    should be available in a few more weeks.
    The expert panel examined sustainable design issues as they would be applied in Denver,
    CO, and in Washington, D.C.. Their reasoning was that these represented two extremes in
    local environmental conditions, not the least of which was weather patterns. GSA is hoping
    to use this information to create a green building criteria for GSA to incorporate into a
    GSA facilities standards document that would be used to design and acquire all new
    buildings.
    Some of the low cost options that GSA examined include covered walkways, increased
    windows, xeroscaping, mass transit, pressurized entryways, energy efficient lighting, low
    flow toilet fixtures, recycled materials, and the use of low VOC products.
    Some of the more moderate costs GSA examined included geothermal groundwater heating,
    active solar displays, videotaped operation and maintenance training, waterless toilets,
    secure cyclist parking, occupancy sensors to control lighting, HVAC controls, infra-red
    low flow faucets.
    The more high cost alternatives included fuel cells, gray water systems, extensive
    environmental control sensors, light tubes to convey exterior light indoors, photovoltaic
    fan power, and a dynamic building envelope.
    All of these options present both economic and environmental tradeoffs. Just as an
    example, while increased window space reduces the need for artificial lights, it increases
    the strain on the HVAC system.
    Mr. Aiken also explained that courthouses have their own unique design specifications.
    For example, each must be designed as three interconnected buildings so that the judges,
    criminals, and public only interact in the courtroom. All entrances, offices, and
    corridors must keep the three types of occupants separate.
    **Questions & Answers:**
    **Q:** Has anyone contacted the financial community to explain the
    advantages of paying more for a green building?
    **A:** (Reed) Yes, the Green Building Council is actively working with
    members of the financial community to explain that it is less expensive to maintain green
    buildings and that they will have a higher resale value. The finance community is waking
    up, particularly the insurance industry. The insurance industry stands to lose $1.7
    trillion if the ocean rises 6 inches. As a result, the insurance industry is promoting
    efforts to curb green house gases and other things that might affect the global climate.
    **A:** (Skopek) Yes, the same thing is true in Canada. The financial and
    insurance companies are more likely to concern themselves with environmental issues now
    than in the recent past.
    **Closing Plenary**
    **Thursday, July 17, 1997**
    **4:15 - 5:15 pm**
    **Speaker: Fran McPoland, Federal Environmental Executive**
    **Moderator: Steve Lee**
    Steve Lee led the audience through a series of questions to obtain their impressions of
    the symposium:
    1) Was anyone surprised by what they heard during the symposium?there are tools available that are applicable within the government sector
      government agencies have a great deal of information but few in other agencies know
        about it
      some attendees expressed frustration at the difficulties in communicating with the
        federal government; one gentleman expressed the hope that the Web will help2) What aspects of the symposium worked best?Networking, being able to see people with the information you want
      The different track sessions were helpful
      Repeating the sessions was helpful
      One startup company representative found the accessibility and willingness to
        disseminate information on the part of other vendors and government officials most helpful
      Revival nature of the first plenary
      In plenary sessions, the general issues were covered well and new information was
        presented in the specific sessions
      One government official found the opportunity to interact with vendors to be most
        helpful
      Learning that SBA can help suppliers one-on-one3) What didn't work as well?Key invited speakers did not attend the symposium
      Having one or more workshops between federal procurement agents and the private sector
        would have been helpful, either in place of or in addition to the symposium sessions
      Frustrated by seeing all the hurdles in the federal government to get an environmentally
        preferable product in the federal marketplace; it would have helped to have had a forum
        for talking about/addressing the bottlenecks in the process
      When the criteria for environmentally preferable products are being developed in pilots,
        new, cutting edge products have nowhere to go after a pilot is completed. How can criteria
        be added and who do you contact?
      One attendee wonders how much of what has been learned is replicable.
      By attending the symposium, many people now really know they don't know the rules
      Have EPP efforts really reached out to product users?
      It is hard for procurement officials to do everything everyone wants them to do. How can
        the investment of time to identify environmentally preferable products be paid back when
        the procurement official is governed by the FAR? What can support procurement officials in
        their efforts
      When are the tools forthcoming
      
      When all is said and done after the symposium, the barriers still remain4) Next stepsUltimate decision makers in the federal government have to be at the workshops, etc.
      Set up barometer and criteria for determining what is good recycled material
      Suggest a quarterly meeting, perhaps on the Internet, that focuses on one issue at a
        time. Take advantage of videoconferencing.
      There are pockets of excellence in the federal government, but the effort is missing
        leadership and coordination, visibility
      Canvass vendors on their opinions regarding who is the real user of their product
      Infuse quality into the acquisition process
      Set up a workshop for people involved in acquisition reform to sit down with vendors.
      Choose product, invite users, spend a day only on the issues surrounding that product,
        have vendors present
      One participant suggested imposing a tax on products that are deemed not environmentally
        preferableClosing comments by Fran McPoland:Impressed with enthusiasm expressed by the public and private sector
      Already have a number of success stories at all level of government
      On the right track of "greening" purchasing
      In early state of development; symposium is a building block
    List of Speakers & Related
    Websites
    Acquisition Reform Net
    Websites:
    www.arnet.gov**: a primary source for information on federal procurement
    activities**
    **Allied Signal**
    **Speakers:**
    Jim Tira**,**
    Websites:
    www.alliedsignal.com
    Asset Based Lending Consultants, Inc.
    Speakers:
    Donald F. Clarke, President &
    Chairman (Hallandale, FL)
    **Battelle**
    **Speakers:**
    Sandra Cannon**, Leader
    Affirmative Procurement**
    **Websites: www.battelle.org**
    **City of Santa Monica**
    **Speakers:**
    Brian Johnson
    **Websites: http://pen.ci.santa-monica.ca.us/**
    **Cytor Corporation**
    **Speakers:**
    Charles Smith**,**
    Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)
    Speakers:
    Michael D. Carter, Environmental
    Protection Specialist for the Defense Contract Management Command, DLA, Department of
    Defense
    Al DiGennaro, Manager of the Buy
    Green program, DLA Service Center
    Steve Wrenn, Chief of Product
    Marketing
    
    Websites:
    **www.jgapp.com : Joint Group on
    Acquisition Pollution Prevention**
    **www.supply.dla.mil/emall/homepg_h.htm : electronic
    shopping mall**
    **www.dscr.dla.mil : Defense Supply Center Richmond, DLA's Environmental Products
    Catalog available here**
    **www.dcmc.dcrb.dla.mil: Defense Contract Management Command**
    **Department of Agriculture
    (USDA)/Alternative Agricultural Research and Development Commercialization Corporation
    (AARC)**
    **Speakers:**
    **Ronald B. Buckhalt, Director of
    Marketing & Communications, AARC Corporation**
    **Richard Holcomb,**
    **Sharon Holcombe,**
    **Websites:**
    **www.usda.gov/aarc :AARC Corporation**
    **U.S. Department of Defense**
    **Speakers:**
    **Bob Cox, Repair and Improvements
    Program Manager**
    **Department of Fisheries &
    Oceans, Canada**
    **Speakers:**
    **John Lark,**
    **Websites:**
    **www.ncr.dfo.ca/**
    **ECD Energy and Environment
    Ltd.**
    **Speakers:**
    **Jiri Skopek, managing director**
    **Environmental Building News**
    **Websites:**
    **www.ebuild.com : Newletter on Environmentally Responsible Design and
    Construction**
    **Environmental Defense Fund**
    **Speakers:**
    **John Rustin,**
    **Websites:**
    **www.edf.org**
    **Environmental Protection
    Agency (EPA)**
    **Speakers:**
    **Jim Aidella, Associate
    Administrator for the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances**
    **Joe Carra, Deputy Office
    Director for the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances**
    **Pat Kennedy, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxic Substances**
    **Chris Long, Research Triangle
    Park, NC**
    **Jim Foley, Chief of Facilities &
    Administrative Management Branch, EPA Region 2**
    **John Krakowiak, Branch Chief, EPA
    Region 3**
    **David Van Hoogstraten, Office of Policy
    Planning and Evaluation**
    **Websites:**
    **Pollution Prevention Division**
    **www.epa.gov/opptintr/p2home :
    Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse**
    **Design for the Environment**
    **http://es.epa.gov/dfore : Pollution
    Prevention Information Clearinghouse**
    **Federal Trade Commission (
    FTC)**
    **Speakers:**
    **Mary Koelbel Engle, Assistant
    Director of Enforcement Division, Bureau of Consumer Protection**
    **Websites:**
    **www.ftc.gov : copies of the FTC Guidance can be ordered here**
    **Fish & Wildlife Services,
    Department of Interior**
    **Speakers:**
    **David Guthrie, Energy
    Coordinator**
    **Websites:**
    **www.fws.gov**
    **General Accounting Office**
    **Speakers:**
    **Scott Riback,**
    **Websites:**
    **www.gao.gov**
    **Georgia-Pacific Corporation**
    **Speakers:**
    **Peggy Burns, Market Development
    Manager, Commercial Products Division**
    **Websites:**
    **www.gp.com**
    **The George Washington
    University**
    **Speakers:**
    **Larry Hourcle, Professor of
    Environmental Law**
    **Websites:**
    **www.gwu.edu**
    **General Services
    Administration (GSA)**
    **Speakers:**
    **George Clark, Deputy Director of
    GSA Paints & Chem icals Center (Auburn, WA)**
    **Tom Daily, Chief of
    Environmental Programs, Environmental & Engineering Policy Division, Acquisitions
    Management Center, Federal Supply Service**
    **Patricia Geisinger, Small
    Business Technical Advisor, Office of Enterprise Development**
    **Tony Trenkle, Co-chair of
    the Electronic Commerce Program Office**
    **David Aiken,**
    **Websites:**
    **www.gsa.gov and www.fss.gsa.gov : site including GSA's Advantage Program, an
    online shopping service**
    **Government Technology
    Solutions**
    **Speakers:**
    **Robert J. Dietz, II, President & Founder**
    **The Green Builders**
    **Websites:**
    **www.greenbuilders.com/sourcebook : Sustainable Building Sourcebook**
    **Green Seal**
    **Speakers:**
    **Arthur Weissman, president and chief
    executive officer**
    **Websites:**
    **www.solstice.crest.org/environment/GreenSeal : Green Seal Approval for
    environmental products**
    **Greenhomes Marketspace Inc.**
    **Websites:**
    **www.ghm.com**
    **The Hiller Group**
    **Speakers:**
    **Bill Read, Principal for the Washington, D.C.
    office**
    **Websites:**
    **www.hillergroup.com**
    **Home Depot**
    **Speakers:**
    **Mark Eisen, former Environmental
    Marketing Manager**
    **Websites:**
    **www.HomeDepot.com**
    **Howard University**
    **Speakers:**
    **Woodrow McCutchen,Small Business Development Center**
    **Websites:**
    **www.howard.edu**
    **Innovative Management
    Solutions, Inc.**
    **Speakers:**
    **Fidel Reijerse, Associate**
    **Websites:**
    **http://www.ims-web.com/**
    **Key Bank and Trust**
    **Speakers:**
    **Sean Hough,**
    **Massachusetts State**
    **Speakers:**
    **Eric Friedman, Operation
    Services Division**
    **Minnesota Office of
    Environmental Affairs**
    **Speakers:**
    **Kelly Luck,**
    **National Association of Home
    Builders**
    **Speakers:**
    **Peter Yost, Assistant Director
    for Structures and Environmental Systems Division**
    **National Institute of
    Standards and Technology (NIST)**
    **Speakers:**
    **Barbara Lippiatt,
    Building and Fire Research Lab**
    **Krista Johnsen Leuteritz,
    Assistant to Director, Office of Standards Services**
    **Websites:**
    **www.nist.gov**
    **National Park Service (NPS)**
    **Speakers:**
    **Russell Belknap**
    **Websites:**
    **www.nps.gov/dsc/dsgncnstr/susdb/index.htm : National Park Service Sustainable
    Design and Construction database**
    **Office of the Federal
    Environmental Executive**
    **Speakers:**
    **Fran McPoland,
    Federal Environmental Executive**
    **Websites:**
    **http://www.ofee.gov**
    **Office of Management & Budget (OMB)**
    **Speakers:**
    **Steve Schooner,Executive Office
    of the President, Office of Federal Procuremnet Policy**
    **Linda Mesaros, Deputy Associate Administrator for
    Procurement Innovation, Office of Federal Procurement Policy**
    **Websites:**
    **www.whitehouse.gov/WH/EOP/OMB/html/ombhome.html**
    **Oikos**
    **Websites:**
    **www.oikos.com : Green Building Source**
    **Ontario Hydro**
    **Speakers:**
    **Larry Starecky, Purchasing and Materials
    Mangement**
    **Websites:**
    **www.hydro.on.ca**
    **Pennsylvania Small Business
    Development Center**
    **Speakers:**
    **Thomas E. Wren, Program Manager,
    Southeastern Pennsylvania Procurement Technical Assistance Program**
    **Websites:**
    **www.libertynet.org/pasbdc/scranton/**
    **Rochester-Midland Company**
    **Speakers:**
    **Steve Ashkin,**
    **Scientific Certification
    Systems**
    **Speakers:**
    **Stanley Rhodes, Founder,
    President and Chief Executive Officer**
    **Small Business Administration
    (SBA)**
    **Speakers:**
    **Frances A. Hensen, Chief of the
    Financing Division**
    **Della Ford, Small Business
    Administration**
    **Websites:**
    **www.sba.gov/gc : site on electronic procurement conversion activities**
    **www.sbaonline.sba.gov : Site for those interested in the small business loan
    program**
    **Smart Growth**
    **Websites:**
    **www.smartgrowth.org : Riverdale Deconstruction Project Case Study**
    **Twin Cities Army Industrial
    Operations**
    **Speakers:**
    **Scott Lantz, Engineer and
    Attorney**
    **U.S Postal Office (USPS)**
    **Speakers:**
    **Charles E. Bravo, Manager of Environmental
    Management Policy**Contacting EPP | EPP Home
OPPT Home | EPA Home | Search | CommentsLast Revised:  November 5, 1998
URL:  http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/epp/confnote.htm