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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

W ASHINGTON, D.C. 20310

January 15, 1989

To the Reader:

The A rm y has m ade great strides in its equipm ent posture in this decade. M any of the systems shown in this handbook such as the A bram s tank and 

Bradley Fighting Vehicle started production in the early 1980s, have been fielded in sizeable num bers, and are now undergoing product im provem ent 

program s to keep them responsive to an evolving threat. O ur nation’s warfighting capability has been significantly enhanced by a host o f such m ajor 

systems th at have been introduced into the force across all mission areas.

O ther systems portrayed are at an earlier stage in the Research, Development and Acquisition cycle. M odernization is a continuous process. Achieving 

qualitatively superior equipm ent is crucial in offsetting the numerical superiority of Soviet forces, and allowing our soldiers to meet any challenge 

worldwide. In the Research and Development section, which leads o ff this handbook, we describe how the Arm y is focusing, in a cost effective m anner, 

on those emerging technologies which show the greatest potential for enhancing our future warfighting capability.

Following the Research and Development section, the weapons systems and other equipm ent shown are categorized by specific A rm y m ission areas 

as follows: Close C om bat; Air Defense; Fire Support; Com bat Support; Com bat Service Support; Com m and, C ontrol and C om m unications; Soldier 

Support; and Strategic Defense.

We hope this handbook depicts our efforts to m aintain a well trained, well equipped force, capable o f fulfilling its role as A m erica’s strategic land 

force, as well as reflect the pride we take in our entire Army.

D O N A LD S. P IH L 

Lieutenant G eneral, GS 

M ilitary Deputy to ASA(RDA)

J. R. SCULLEY 

Assistant Secretary of the Arm y 

(Research, Development, and Acquisition)
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U S Pn

« . « u s Pri..,.g Offi.., D.C. 20402 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 
CONTENTS

SUBJECT PAGE

R E SEA R C H A N D D E V ELO PM EN T TEC H N O LO G Y B A S E ......................................................................................................................................................... 2

L H X .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

SENSE AND DESTROY ARM OR (S A D A R M ).......................................................................................................... 9

GRO U N D BASED A N TI-SA TELLITE S Y S T E M ...................................................................................................... 11

M ISSIO N AREAS

CLOSE CO M BA T ABRAM S T A N K ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15

BRADLEY FIG H TIN G V E H IC L E .................................................................................................................................. 17

M113A3 A RM O RED PERSO N N EL C A R R IE R .......................................................................................................... 19

AH-64 A P A C H E ..................................................................................................................................................................... 21

H E L L FIR E M OD ULA R M ISSILE S Y S T E M .............................................................................................................. 23

ARM Y H E L IC O PT E R IM PRO V EM EN T PRO G RA M (A H IP )........................................................................... 25

TO W M ISSILE S Y S T E M ....................................................................................................................................................27

ADVANCED AN TITANK W EAPON SYSTEM -MEDIUM (A A W S-M )............................................................29

ADVANCED AN TITAN K W EAPON SYSTEM-HEAVY (A A W S-H ).............................................................. 31

LIG H TW EIG H T M U LTIPU RPO SE W EA PO N (A T -4)...........................................................................................33

120MM M ORTAR .................................................................................................................................................................35

SQUAD AUTOM A TIC W EA PO N (S A W )...................................................................................................................37

M16A2 R IF L E ......................................................................................................................................................................... 39

9MM PERSON AL DEFENSE W E A P O N .....................................................................................................................41

MK 19-3 40MM AUTOM ATIC GRENADE LA U NCH ER ....................................................................................43

120MM TANK A M M U N ITIO N ........................................................................................................................................ 45

A IR D EFEN SE P A T R IO T .................................................................................................................................................................................. 49

HAW K ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 51

C H A P A R R A L ......................................................................................................................................................................... 53

FORW ARD A REA AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM (F A A D S )........................................................................................ 55

S T IN G E R .................................................................................................................................................................................. 57

FIR E SU PPO R T PER SH IN G I I ..........................................................................................................................................................................61

M U LTIPLE LA UNCH ROCKET SYSTEM (M L R S )...............................................................................................63

ARM Y TA CTICA L M ISSILE SYSTEM (A T A C M S )...............................................................................................65

M l09 155MM SELF-PRO PELLED H O W IT Z E R ........................................................................................................67

M l 19 105MM H O W IT Z E R ................................................................................................................................................. 69

FIR EFIN D ER R A D A R S ......................................................................................................................................................71

111
COM BAT SUPPORT

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT

COM M AND, CONTROL AND

COM M UNICATIONS

SOLDIER SUPPORT

STRATEGIC CONFLICT

M-9 A RM ORED COM BAT EA RTH M O V ER .............................................................................................................75

M88A1 M EDIUM RECOVERY V E H IC L E ................................................................................................................... 77

M IN E CLEA RIN G LIN E CH A R G E (M IC L IC )...........................................................................................................79

M U LT IPL E DELIVERY M IN E SYSTEM (V O L C A N O ).........................................................................................81

JO IN T SU RVEILLANCE AN D TA RG ET ATTACK

RADAR SYSTEM (JO IN T S T A R S )........................................................................................................................83

O V -ID (M OHAW K) SURVEILLANCE SY ST E M ...................................................................................................... 85

QUICK F I X ...............................................................................................................................................................................87

Q UICK L O O K ..........................................................................................................................................................................89

G U A R D R A IL .......................................................................................................................................................................... 91

BLACK H A W K ........................................................................................................................................................................ 93

CH-47 M O D E R N IZ A T IO N ................................................................................................................................................95

SPECIA L O PERA TIO N S A IRC RA FT (S O A ).............................................................................................................97

SY N TH ETIC FL IG H T TR A IN IN G S Y S T E M S ...........................................................................................................99

N IG H T VISION AND E L E C T R O -O P T IC S ...............................................................................................................101

BINARY CH EM IC A L M U N IT IO N S ............................................................................................................................103

IM PRO V ED N U CLEAR P R O JE C T IL E S ................................................................................................................... 105

N U CLEA R, CH EM IC A L AND BIOLOGICA L D E FE N SE ................................................................................ 107

SMOKE AND O BSCU RA N TS.........................................................................................................................................109

H IG H M OBILITY M U LTIPU RPO SE W H EELED V EH ICLE (H M M W V )................................................... 113

SM ALL U N IT SU PPO RT VEHICLE (S U S V ).......................................................................................................... 115

REVERSE OSMOSIS W ATER PU R IFIC A TIO N U N IT (ROW PU) .................................................................117

DEPLOY ABLE M EDICA L SYSTEMS (D E P M E D S )............................................................................................. 119

ARM Y DATA DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (A D D S )............................................................................................... 123

ADVANCED FIELD ARTILLERY TA CTICA L DATA SYSTEM (A FA TD S).............................................125

JO IN T TA CTICA L COM M UNICATIONS P R O G R A M .......................................................................................127

M OBILE SUBSCRIBER EQ U IPM EN T (MSE) ........................................................................................................ 129

A LL SOURCE ANALYSIS SYSTEM (A S A S ).......................................................................................................... 131

SINGLE CH A N N EL GROUND AND AIRBORNE RADIO SYSTEM (SIN CG A R S)............................... 133

SA TELLITE COM M UNICATIONS P R O G R A M S ................................................................................................. 135

NAVSTAR GLOBAL PO SITIO N IN G SYSTEM (G P S ).........................................................................................137

FO RW ARD AREA AIR DEFENSE COM M AND,

CO NTROL AND IN TELLIG ENCE (FAAD C 2 ).............................................................................................139

M ANEUVER CONTROL SYSTEM (MCS) .............................................................................................................. 141

SO LDIER SU PPO RT ITEMS ........................................................................................................................................ ..

US ARM Y STRATEGIC DEFENSE C O M M A N D ................................................................................................. 149

IV
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY BASE

The w eapon systems capabilities presented in this handbook benefitted from past investments in the Arm y technology base. Just as they were 

shaped by previous investm ent decisions and technological progress over the last two decades, today’s vision o f the future battlefield, our resultant 

investm ent strategy and technology base plan and program will shape our Arm y of the future. O ur vision is one of a well trained, well equipped and 

ready Arm y, today and tom orrow , capable of executing its role as A m erica’s strategic land force, anywhere in the world, anytime.

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...COMOUCT SIMULTANEOUS 

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T oday’s A irLand Battle D octrine contains specific objectives for the conduct of sim ultaneous operations over 

battlefield. A ccom plishm ent o f these objectives requires the warfighting means to defeat the 

enemy in each area. Systems m ust possess superior technology to: Destroy the enemy force 

in close operations; delay/disrupt follow-on forces through deep operations; and conduct 

rear area operations to retain freedom of action for sustainment and movement of our reserves.

Army warfighting concepts continue to evolve and include the AirLand Battle Future concept 

for 15 years into the future and Arm y 21 which spans out to 30 years into the future. Some 

battlefield trend forecasts with definite technological implications include: Expanded close 

operations area; shortened timelines for com bat execution; accelerated tem po of operations; 

sim ultaneous deep and close operations; and defensive force capabilities to choose the time 

and place o f engagem ent.

the full breadth and depth o f the

im-Q-cD

I R E A t t PPM S I 

• FReeOOM OP ACTION

To achieve our vision of the future we m ust continue to modernize. This requires 

integration of new concepts, designs, training and technologies with new equipment. To guide 

this m odernization we have initiated functional area m odernization plans that link 

requirem ents to developm ent, acquisition, fielding and sustainment over time within fiscal 

constraints. The first two such plans are the Arm y Aviation M odernization Plan and the Heavy Force M odernization Plan. These m odernization plans 

define the basic w eapon system tim efram es and characteristics needed to defeat the threat. The Arm y Technology Base M aster Plan contains the 

technological underpinning for these m odernization plans and provides top down guidance to the technology base com m unity to:

• Ensure the A rm y’s technology base program supports the A rm y’s most critical warfighting capability needs.

• Balance the technology base across several dimensions:

(1) near-, mid-, and far-term needs;

(2) technology “ push” vs requirem ents “ pull;” and

(3) proper balance between w eapon systems and other requirem ents to sustain the Army on the m odern battlefield.

• Distribute technology base resources in four areas: systems of the future, supporting capabilities, solutions to systemic issues, and emerging technologies.

• Seize and retain the technological initiative through such endeavors as Competitive Strategies, Balanced Technology Initiatives (BTI), and sound 

technology forecasts.

• Increase return on investm ent by leveraging the research and development efforts being conducted outside the Army.

• Speed the fielding o f advanced technology through a focused set of Advanced Technology Transition Dem onstrations (ATTDs).

• Restore A rm y technology base program and plan stability, thereby improving product quality, efficiency, and responsiveness to the user.
• Provide top-dow n guidance to all A rm y organizations and create an atm osphere which will allow them sufficient responsibility, authority, and 

flexibility to seize the science and technology initiative and pursue the m ost prom ising, innovative opportunities.

The pay-off from a sound technology base is illustrated by its contribution to LH X system characteristics as shown in Figure 1. Forecasted benefits 

o f key technology efforts in support o f the Heavy Force M odernization Plan are shown in Figures 2 and 3 for the Block III T ank and A dvanced Field 

Artillery System (AFA S), respectively.

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Figure 3

Future w eapon systems will be shaped in large part by our ability to identify and exploit key emerging technologies and our ability to speed the 

fielding o f these technologies and advanced systems through focused Advanced Technology Transition D em onstrations. The A rm y’s key emerging 

technologies are:

Advanced Materials and Materials Processing - Advanced m aterials offer a num ber o f different approaches to higher perform ance a n d /o r lower 

cost w eapons and support systems. In the m aterials area, high strength fibers, superconductivity, high-perform ance ceramics, and organic and metalm atrix com posites are on the horizon. A dvanced processing includes the creation of new m aterial properties and means for m ore rapid or econom ical 

fabrication o f com plex shapes. For m any m ilitary applications, m aterials are subjected to conditions far m ore dem anding than those found in the
industrial sector. For the Arm y, high-strength, highly durable m aterials translate into broad new capabilities ranging from lightweight systems providing 

increased m obility to significant reductions in equipm ent failures and downtim e, all o f which im prove field fighting capability and reduce costs. 

Superconducting m aterials offer the prom ise o f entirely new electronic systems offering m ajor new capabilities ranging from greatly increased d ata 

processing speeds to lightweight m otors and generators.

Microelectronics, Photonics and Acoustics - M icroelectronics is the family of technologies th at makes it possible to put ever increasing electronic 

capability in ever smaller packages. Photonic and acoustic devices will support further advances, m aking possible even m ore complex operations in 

smaller, less expensive, m ore dependable electronic systems with greater capability. They will also provide capabilities which are impossible or im practical 

now. Perhaps the greatest advantages will emerge in systems employing enhanced computing power, more stable signals, greater com m unication capability, 

m ore survivability, and increased resistance to outside interference and jam m ing.

Advanced Signal Processing and Computing - Advanced signal processing involves the technologies for m anipulating electronic signals to extract 

items o f interest which would otherwise norm ally be lost in noise, interference, and jam m ing. The Arm y requires receivers th at can intercept, identify, 

and locate future enemy com m unication and radar transm itters in the presence o f m any other friendly and threat em itters. The m ajority o f these 

requirem ents are beyond the areas o f interest to industry. Advanced com puting has m any industrial counterparts and incentives, and the A rm y is 

encouraging and closely m onitoring industrial efforts in this area. One example is how the Arm y is exploiting supercom puter technology with two 

supercom puters located at the Ballistic Research L aboratory and one at the Tank and A utom otive Com m and. A fourth is being procured in FY89 

for the US Arm y Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. The Army High Performance Computing Research Center is to be established at a competitively 

selected university during 1989.

Artificial Intelligence - Artificial Intelligence (AI) employs computers and other systems to emulate hum an processes such as reasoning, analyzing, 

and recognizing. AI uses facts, rules of thum b, and past experiences to make inferences about the world to recommend a course of action. The dem onstrated 

ability o f AI to diagnose and prescribe remedies for diseases, and to diagnose electronic and mechanical failures will perm it use o f fewer m edical and 

m aintenance personnel requiring less training. C om m ander’s decision-making aids will perm it examining m ore options m ore rapidly with sm aller staffs, 

enabling us to respond within the enemy’s decision cycle. AI can help the Arm y accelerate its pace on the complex m odern battlefield. It can enhance 

the A rm y’s planning and decision-m aking at m any levels, leading to significant increases in force survivability, lethality, agility, and reduced m anpow er 

and overhead costs.

Robotics - Robotics is the technology of autonom ously functioning systems, which sense the outside world, respond through a set o f rules or 

A I, and control an actuator to achieve a desired purpose. Robots can replace hum ans in many appUcations, providing a com bat m ultiplier or reducing 

the risk o f casualties. Some examples include robotic materiel handlers for logistics and advanced autoloaders for tanks or artillery. Robotic w eapon 

systems will perm it one soldier to do the job o f m any, and in some instances may eliminate the need for personnel. Robotic m anufacturing will reduce 

the procurem ent cost o f A rm y systems.

Biotechnology - Biotechnology offers m any unique opportunities for the Army, and its full potential has yet to be assessed. A t the outset, this 

technology can provide the protection sought against chemical and biological agents. Soldier performance may be greatly enhanced by vaccines, protective 

or energizing com pounds and enhanced nutrients. Potential exists for development of sensors that can replicate portions o f the hum an system. For 

truly autonom ous systems, the ability to develop small cognitive devices holds much promise. It is also likely that improved understanding o f biotechnology 

will perm it the developm ent o f processes th at can yield new m aterials, or materials at substantially reduced costs.
Directed Energy - Directed Energy W eapons (DEW ) use lasers, high-powered microwaves, or beams o f charged or neutral particles to blind a 

sensor, or to cause instant catastrophic destruction. Directed energy efforts also include protection o f US systems against enemy w eapons. Laser 

com m unications allow very wide bandw idth transm ission using very short bursts and narrow beams, which are extremely difficult to detect, intercept, 

or jam . Laser rad ar employs a narrow focused beam o f energy to sense and track objects. DEW offer im portant potential advantages such as speed-oflight attack (which the target cannot avoid by m aneuver), m uhiple rapid shots, and unique term inal effects. Laser radar and com m unication systems 

offer security, bandw idth, and other capabilities not available in conventional systems.

Power Generation, Storage and Conditioning - Pow er generation/storage/conditioning technologies enable generation and delivery o f electrical 

power of the right quality and quantity at the time it is needed. It includes advanced generators, batteries, controls, and pulse power storage and waveform 

shaping devices. Batteries which are rechargeable in peacetime but cheap enough to be discarded in wartim e are under developm ent, as are batteries 

with m uch greater pow er density, longer shelf life, and better perform ance at low tem perature. M otor generators which are smaller, hghter, and require 

less m aintenance, will provide m ajor battlefield advantages. G enerators are now a m ajor source o f the acoustic and therm al signatures o f weapons 

and com m and posts; enhanced survivabihty will result from reduction o f signatures. Advanced power conditioning and load control systems will allow 

operation o f systems with sm aller, m ore efficient generators. The practicality of directed energy weapons and o f electrom agnetic guns is now limited 

by the inability to provide very high pulsed power levels in practical systems. This is an area o f unique interest to the m ilitary. Very com pact sources 

of high pow er (generators and batteries), storage devices (advanced fly-wheel concepts, fast storage batteries, and advanced capacitors), high-power 

super-fast switches, and other power m anipulation and control devices are needed.

Low Observables - Low observables comprise the technologies th at prevent the detection an d /o r identification by advanced sensors. This capability 

o f rendering targets “ invisible” is achieved by com binations of m aterials, design, and operation. O f the m any emerging technologies foreseen, this 

is one th at has significant im pact on the A rm y and least apt to be the subject o f any significant investment by industry. W ith the advent o f sm art 

weapons and the next generation o f brilliant weapons, the emphasis on low observables will increase. DEW th at minimize the possibility o f escape 

by m aneuver will further increase the need for reduced visibility in the battlefield of the future.

Advanced Propulsion - A dvanced propulsion technologies apply to rotorcraft, wheeled and tracked vehicles, and missiles. A new D O D /N A SA 

propulsion initiative titled “ Integrated High Perform ance Turbine Engine Technology” was started in FY88 with the objective o f doubling aircraft 

propulsion perform ance by the year 2000. Im provem ents in the specific fuel consum ption o f 30% and increased power-to-weight ratio o f 80®7o are 

envisioned. Future com bat vehicle propulsion needs are met through advanced designs and technologies stressing the miUtary attributes o f low volum e, 

high perform ance, im proved fuel econom y, and im proved supportability. Through ongoing program s, ground com bat vehicles in the late 1990’s will 

have propulsion systems th at deliver 10% m ore power in half the volume and with fuel economy im provem ent of 50% over the current M lA l power 

pack. A dvanced missile propulsion perform ance requires increased thrust and range for the Airland Battle-Future while using insensitive fuels.

Space - The ultim ate “ high ground,” space is a logical extension of the battlefield. Space technology and systems merge intelligence, comm unications, 

weather, terrain, positioning and targeting to provide the tactical com m ander with a comprehensive knowledge of the battlefield.

Protection/Lethality - Research and technology activities associated with Protection/L ethality have been augemented and accelerated by the Arm y 

in order to counteract a highly dynam ic threat m odernization rate with technologically superior future US forces. Protection/L ethality encompasses 

a wide range o f critical efforts focused tow ard exploiting technological opportunities which will provide our future forces with im proved survivability 

and with w arfighting capabilities which will exceed the projected threat. These efforts involve exploration and dem onstration o f technologies addressing 

arm or m aterials and design, advanced gun propulsion and missile systems, warhead materials and design, insensitive propellants and explosives, precision 

guidance, and fire control. G un propulsion technologies being pursued include unicharge, electrom agnetic/electrotherm al and liquid propellant. These 

technologies are being developed to provide: significant increase in the launch velocity; reduction in the logistic burden for propellant; and increased 

rate o f fire. Key activities in protection also include chem ical/biological defense, smoke, and laser protection.
DEMONSmmN/UAUDAmN

Bell McDonnell Douglas

Boeing Sikorsky
LHX (Light Helicopter)

MISSION: The Light Helicopter (LHX) is the A rm y’s next generation rotorcraft which will replace the aging unarm ed scouts 

and AH-1 attack helicopters. This aircraft in the A rm y’s air cavalry and attack organizations will significantly 

expand the A rm y’s capability to conduct tactical operations in all types of terrain, adverse weather and battle 

environm ent, during day/night operations with increased survivability. The LH X with its increased speed, 

survivability, air-to-air capability and mission equipm ent will enhance the com bat operations o f supported forces. 

The LH X supports forward deployed forces by conducting both close and deep operations with improved lethality 

and survivability. The force agility will be significantly improved with LH X . Its 1260 NM self-deploym ent range 

and smaller size, compared to the AH-64, will improve Army aviation’s rapid strategic deployment. One helicopter, 

the LH X , will be able to perform the missions currently being perform ed by three types o f hehcopters (AH-1, 

OH-58 and O H -6) better with greater operational and support efficiency.

CHARACTERISTICS: W eight: 7,500 lbs (empty weight)

Speed: 170 + knots (cruise)

Endurance: 2.5 hours (+.5 hour reserve)

Crew: Two pilots (single pilot operable)

M ission A ir-to-ground and air to air missiles, provisions

Equipm ent for additional stores and a turret m ounted cannon,

Package: night vision pilotage system, helmet m ounted display,

electro-optical target acquisition and designation 

system, aided target classification, and integrated 

displays

SOVIET COUNTERPART: C urrent Soviet H IN D series helicopters and developmental HOKUM and HA VOC series helicopters present the 

air-to-air threat.

PROGRAM STATUS: LH X was approved in June 1988 for entry into its D em onstration/V alidation phase o f developm ent. The LH X 

Full Scale Development M ilestone II decision is scheduled for December 1990. LH X will be fielded in Novem ber 

1996. The T800 engine, currently in Full Scale Development, will complete Prelim inary Flight Rating Testing 

in 1989 followed by engine qualification testing.

CONTRACTORS: LH X Dem onstration/V alidation competitive contractor teams are Boeing/Sikorsky and M cDonnell Douglas/Bell. 

T800 contractor team for Full Scale Development continuation is G arrett/A llison (LH TEC).
The The SADARM System SADARM System 
MISSION:

Sense and Destroy Armor (SADARM)

SAD ARM is a comparatively low cost, sensing submunition designed to detect and destroy lightly arm ored vehicles, 

prim arily self-propelled artillery. SADARM is the first of the A rm y’s new family o f fire and forget “ SM A R T” 

m unitions. The subm unition is launched from 155 howitzers or via the M ultiple Launch Rocket System (M LRS). 

A fter launch, the subm unition is dispensed from its carrier over the target area and searches for appropriate 

targets using a dual mode (combination millimeter wave and infrared) sensing mechanism. Once a target is detected, 

SADARM fires an explosively form ed penetrator, which travels at an extremely high velocity to penetrate the 

top o f target vehicles.

CHARACTERISTICS:

Caliber:

W eight:

Range:

N um ber Sub m unitions:

155mm 

5.8 In 

27 lbs 

18 km* 

2

MLRS 

6.9 In 

30 lbs 

32 km* 

6

*Range o f delivery system; other characteristics apply to subm unition.

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

There is no known Soviet C ounterpart.

SADARM was approved in M arch 1988 to enter Full Scale Development (FSD). Production is projected for 

early 1992. Development effort during FY90 will consist of 155mm projectile Technical Test (TT), 155 m m Force 

Development Test and Evaluation (FDTE), and MLRS dispenser development and testing. SADARM is scheduled 

to be fielded in FY93.

CONTRACTORS: Honeywell (M inneapolis, MN) 

A erojet (Aczusa, CA)
ASAT SYSTEM

SURVEILLANCE 

NETWORK 

ASAT SYSTEM 

KINETIC ENERGY WEAPONS 

(KEW) ASAT LAUNCH SITE 

NATIONAL COMMAND 

AUTHORITY 
Ground Based ASAT System

MISSION:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

The objective o f the G round Based Anti-satellite (ASAT) System is to achieve space control. Space control is 

a warfighting mission of the U.S. Space Com m and and its com ponents. ASAT weapons and their com m and 

and control elements constitute the space forces necessary to execute space control operations. Accom plishing 

this mission requires the ability to provide space surveillance, actively defend friendly space systems against a 

variety of threats, disrupt, degrade, and destroy the warfighting potential o f enemy space systems, and engage 

enemy forces attacking in space.

The m ilitary strategy for space supports U.S. policy objectives and Arm y mission requirem ents: deterrence and, 

if necessary, defense against enemy attack; assured access to and freedom o f action in space; negation o f hostile 

space systems; and enhancem ent of the operations of U.S. and Allied forces. The ASA T system will operate 

across the spectrum of conflict.

Indicative o f the Soviets’ military program of space is their development and m aintenance o f the w orld’s only 

currently operational ASAT system, a ground-based orbital interceptor. Using a radar sensor and a pellet-type 

warhead, the interceptor can attack all current low-altitude satellites. Other Soviet systems have ASAT capabilities. 

The nuclear-armed GALOSH ABM interceptor deployed around Moscow has an inherent ASAT capability against 

low-altitude satellites. Some of the lasers located at the Sary Shagan Missile Test Center may be capable of damaging 

sensitive components onboard satellites. The Soviets also have the technological capabilities to conduct electronic 

w arfare against space systems.

During the next year the Army will establish a Joint Program Office (JPO ) for the kinetic energy weapon systems. 

The Navy will provide a Deputy Program M anager. Options for sea a n d /o r land-based versions will be presented 

to the Defense Acquistion Board at Milestone I for a final concept selection. The JP O will also include an element 

responsible for integration with the space surveillance netw ork and the Battle M anagem ent, C om m and, C ontrol, 

and Com m unications (BM /C3) system. A n initial Cost and O perational Effectiveness Analysis, and a Test and 

Evaluation M aster Plan will be developed along with a life cycle cost estimate for both the kinetic energy weapons 

system and the surveillance and BM /C3 portion of the program .

To be determined

11
The w eapon systems described on the following pages are categorized by mission areas beginning with close com bat. A brief exolanation o f the 

vital contribution o f each mission area begins each section. It m ust be emphasized th at these mission areas—the weapon systems and soldiers who 

operate them —w ork inextricably together on the battlefield. T hat is the essence o f the combined arm s concept and the belief th at a small quality Arm y, 

w orking in a fully synchronized m anner, will be able to hold its own against one with superior num bers. For this reason, our Research, Developm ent 

and A cquisition planning is linked early and continuously with doctrine, training and force structure requirem ents to perm it a coordinated advance 

across all these mission areas. In short, we strive for a balanced Arm y. There m ust be no weak links in the equipm ent we provide our soldiers. The 

logo below indicates how m ission area team w ork and a balanced equipm ent posture is crucial to victory on the battlefield.

CLOSE COMBAT 

(MANEUVER)

(INCLUDING INTELLIGENCE)

12
CLOSE COMBAT

The Close Combat mission area relates to the application of direct combat power.

As the term indicates, close combat involves two adversaries standing eyeball to

eyeball, with man pitted against man, weapon against weapon. This mission area

includes such items as tanks, fighting vehicle systems, direct line-of-sight weapons,

and short-range mortars that are used by the infantryman.

13
%
Abrams Tank

MISSION; The A bram s tank is the A rm y’s prim ary ground com bat weapon system for closing with and destroying enemy 

forces using mobility, firepower, and shock action. Its special arm or, com partm entalization o f fuel and am m unition 

stowage, autom atic fire detection and suppression system, and high agility and m obility provide the crew with 

the greatest possible levels of protection on the m odern battlefield—protection levels which exceed those o f any 

other tank. The MlAl Abram s added a 120mm sm oothbore cannon and a Nuclear, Biological, Chem ical (NBC) 

m icroclim atic cooling system to the already proven com bination o f therm al sight, laser rangefinder, and full 

stabilization to provide a com bat vehicle capable o f operating under all climate and light conditions,- as well 

as in an active chemical environm ent. The 1500-horsepower turbine engine and im proved suspension provide 

the consistently superior handling and m aneuverability that allow the tank to traverse the battlefield quickly, 

thus decreasing its exposure to threat direct and indirect fire weapons. Crew survivability, enhanced lethality, 

and superior m obility combine to produce the m ost com bat effective tank the Arm y has ever fielded. The Abram s 

Block II is in Full Scale Development today and will provide enhanced survivability, im proved target acquisition 

and fire control equipm ent, and improved reliability to the Abram s tank fleet when it enters production in 1992 

as the M1A2.

CHARACTERISTICS: Length:

W idth:

Height:

W eight:

Top Speed:

Crew:

M ain Gun:

387 inches 

144 inches 

96 inches 

67 tons 

41.5 mph 

4

120 mm

Secondary Arm am ent:

Power Train:

Fire Control:

One .50 cal m achinegun 

Two 7.62mm m achineguns 

1500 hp gas turbine 

engine w /4 speed 

autom atic transm ission 

Therm al Imaging Sight; 

Laser Rangefinder

SOVIET COUNTERPART: Over the past decade the Soviets have conducted an intensive arm or m odernization effort and have fielded several 

thousand T-64’s and T-72’s with enhanced arm or protection and firepower. In addition, they are fielding the 

T64B, T-80, and FST I tanks which are capable of launching A nti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM ) through their 

m ain gun tubes.

PROGRAM STATUS: The A bram s tank is presently in its ninth year of production. Over 5500 tanks are in the field as o f the beginning 

o f 1989. By the end of FY89 all arm or units in US Arm y Europe and m ost active com ponent arm or units in 

CONUS will be A bram s equipped. A bram s is also being fielded to the Reserve Com ponents. A bram s Block II 

(M1A2) will enter production in 1992.

CONTRACTORS: General Dynamics, Land Systems Div. (Sterling Heights, M I) Cadillac Gage (D etroit, M I)

GM C, Allison Transm ission Div.(Indianapolis, IN) Honeywell Inc. (H opkins, MN)

Hughes A ircraft C orp. (Culver City, CA) Kollmorgen (N orthham pton, MA)

Textron Lycoming (Stratford, CT) Singer-Kearfott (Little Falls, N J)

G arrett AiResearch (Torrance, CA) Com puting Devices o f C anada

(Nepean, O ntario)

15

Bradley Fighting Veliicle Systems (BFVS)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

The Bradley Fighting Vehicles provide the mechanized infantry with a full-track, lightly arm ored fighting vehicle, 

and scout and arm ored cavalry units a vehicle for their screening, reconnaissance, and security m issions. Both 

the Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) and Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (CFV) have a tw o-m an turret which m ounts 

the 25mm autom atic stabilized cannon, its prim ary arm am ent, supported by the TOW antitank guided missile 

system, and the 7.62mm coaxial m achinegun. The M2 and M2A1 IFVs have, in addition, six 5.56m m firing port 

w eapons positioned along the side and rear of the vehicle. The M2A2 IFV has only two firing port weapons 

positioned at the rear. The overall mobiUty o f the vehicle is com parable to th at o f the M l tank. The IFV carries 

a three-m an crew— (com m ander, gunner, and driver) and six infantrym en. The CFV carries a three-m an crew 

(com m ander, gunner, and driver) and two scouts.

W eight:

Length:

Height:

W idth:

M ain A rm am ent: 

Secondary Arm am ent:

60,000 lbs (M 2/M 3A2 w /o 

Reactive Arm or)

21.5 ft 

9.75 ft

10.5 ft 

25mm Cannon

TOW , 7.62mm Coaxial MG, 

Firing port weapons (IFV Only)

Crew:

Power Train: 

Cruising Range: 

Road Speed: 

Swim Speed:

600 hp Diesel 

300 miles 

38 m ph 

4.4 m ph

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The Soviet BM P has been in the field in quantity for well over a decade and was considered the w orld’s best 

fielded infantry fighting vehicle. It m ounts a 73mm sm oothbore cannon, an AT3, AT4, or AT5 antitank guided 

missile, and perm its the infantry squad to fire from the inside. A variant with a 30mm gun, the BM P-2, which 

fires the AT4 or AT5, is also being widely fielded.

PROGRAM STATUS: Bradley production has built up to a rate in excess of 50 vehicles per m onth and vehicle fielding is proceeding 

sm oothly. To date 33 battalion sized units, including four A RN G battaUons, have fielded the Bradley. The FY90 

budget provides for 600 Bradleys. A m ajor m odification, which incorporates the m ore lethal TOW 2 missile 

system into the vehicles, is in production and began fielding in 1987. These modified vehicles have been designated 

M2A1 and M3A1 Bradleys. A decision that incorporates increased survivability enhancem ents was approved 

during 1987. These enhancem ents include: spall liners in the troop com partm ents, enhanced applique arm or, 

revised internal restowage of fuel and am m unition and provisions for reactive arm or. These m odifications are 

being retrofitted into the M2A1 and M3A1 Bradleys currently fielded. Bradleys with the increased survivability 

enhancem ents have been designated as M2A2 and M3A2 vehicles.

CONTRACTOR: FM C C orp. (San Jose, CA)

General Electric C orp. (Pittsfield, MA) 

Cum m ins (Colum bus, IN)

C olt Industries (H artford, CT)

H ughes A ircraft Co. (El Segundo, CA)

Ford Aerospace (Newport Beach, CA) 

Honeywell(M inneapohs, MN)

RCA (Burlington, MA)

Chrysler C orp. (Huntsville, AL) 

M cDonnell Douglas (Mesa, AZ)

17

M113A3 Armored Personnel Carrier

MISSION: The M113A3 is a product im proved, alum inum arm ored, full-tracked personnel carrier designed to transport 

troops, equipm ent, and cargo during com bat operations. The A3 configuration adds spall suppression liners, 

arm ored external fuel tanks, an upgraded engine and transm ission to accom m odate the added weight, and fixing 

points for bolt-on arm or. It operates in num erous roles including: Infantry and Engineer Squad C arrier, M ortar 

Carrier, M ED-EVAC Carrier, M aintenance Support Vehicle, and other roles. The M113 carrier fleet will continue 

to be improved for service in these capacities beyond the year 2000. Because of its m obility, firepower, and arm or 

protection lim itations, it cannot fulfill the role of a fighting vehicle and is being replaced in squad carrier and 

scout vehicle roles of high priority mechanized infantry and cavalry units by the Bradley Fighting Vehicles.

CHARACTERISTICS: W eight:

A rm am ent:

A rm or:

H orsepower:

R oad Speed:

T roop Capacity:

Cross-Country:

27,200 lbs

50 Cal. M achinegun

Alum inum

275

42 m ph 

13

20 mph

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The M TLB am phibious, m ultipurpose, tracked carrier is used to carry infantry and as a prim e m over for towed 

artillery and antitank guns. It is the closest Soviet counterpart to the US M113 family o f tracked carriers.

PROGRAM STATUS: Deliveries o f the new M113A3 production began 4th quarter FY86. A m odification program is ongoing to 

implement the Congressionally directed survivability improvement upgrades to the existing M l 13A2s. These vehicles 

will be redesignated the M113A3. Applique arm or is being developed and will be available for application to 

selected carriers in the fleet by 4th quarter FY89.

CONTRACTORS: FM C C orp. (San Jose, CA)

GM C, D etroit Diesel AUison (Detroit, MI) 

GM C, D etroit Diesel Allison (IndianapoUs, IN)

19
U t m i I . w

r'.*l
AH-64 Apache

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

The Apache is a quick-reacting, airborne antitank weapon. Terrain lim itations and the unfavorable balance in 

N A T O /W arsaw Pact arm or dictate the need for a system that can fly quickly to the heaviest enemy penetration 

and destroy, disrupt, or delay the attack long enough for friendly arm or and ground units to reach the scene. 

The Apache is designed to fight worldwide and survive. It is equipped with a Target A cquisition Designation 

Sight and Pilot Night Vision Sensor (TA D S/PN V S) which perm it its tw o-m an crew to navigate and attack in 

darkness and in adverse weather conditions. A lthough the principal mission of the A pache is the destruction 

o f enemy arm or with the Hellfire missile, it is also equipped with a 30mm chain gun and H ydra 70 rockets that 

are lethal against a wide variety of targets. The Apache has a full range o f aircraft survivability equipm ent and 

the ability to withstand hits from rounds up to 23mm caliber in critical areas. The Apache is the A rm y’s prim ary 

attack helicopter and is complemented by the Cobra.

M ax Gross W eight: 

Speed:

Crew:

A rm am ent:

17, 400 lbs 

146 knots 

2

Hellfire Missiles, H ydra 70 rockets 

and 30mm chain gun

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The Soviets have deployed significant numbers of HIND attack helicopters. This helicopter is capable o f delivering 

antitank guided missiles, anti-aircraft missiles, unguided rockets, Gatling gun fire, (cannon fire on some) and 

bom bs. While the H IN D is faster than the Apache, it is considered less m aneuverable, probably m ore vulnerable, 

and less capable of accurate antiarm or fire in darkness and adverse weather. The Soviets are also well on the 

way in the developm ent o f their own version o f the Apache, the MI-28 Havoc. This helicopter looks very m uch 

like the Apache and is expected to operate in similar fashion. It is expected to be arm ored; arm ed with a cannon 

and to be able to carry various bom bs, rockets, and some version of an air-to-air missile. Its prim ary role will 

be ground attack with a secondary role of air-to-air. It is expected to reach Initial O perational Capability (IOC) 

in the near future. The Soviets are also developing the HOKUM attack helicopter which is assessed to be highly 

m aneuverable with a prim ary role of air-to-air against other helicopters and slow moving fixed-wing aircraft. 

The W est has no counterpart to this helicopter. Its IOC is also expected in the near future.

PROGRAM STATUS: The first 437 Apaches have been delivered to the Arm y. Production contracts for 598 aircraft are being executed. 

The current total program procures 975 AH-64s. The Apache began deploym ent in FY86. There are 11 A ttack 

Battalions deployed and ready for com bat.

CONTRACTORS: M cDonnell Douglas Helicopters (Mesa, AZ) 

General Electric (W. Lynn, MA)

M artin M arietta (O rlando, FL)

21

Hellfire Modular Missile System

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

Hellfire is a third-generation airborne antiarm or weapon. It is presently employed for use as the m ain arm am ent 

o f the Apache helicopter. Hellfire homes on a laser spot that can be projected from ground observers, other 

aircraft and the launching aircraft itself. This enables the Apache-64 to launch its missiles indirectly, in some 

situations, w ithout seeing its target. The Apache AH-64 can carry up to 16 Hellfire missiles.

Diam eter

W eight;

Guidance

7

99.8 lbs

Laser semi-active

SOVIET COUNTERPART

PROGRAM STATUS:

The Soviets have a wide variety of wire, radio, and laser hom ing antiarm or missiles o f varying accuracy and 

lethality. No accurate com parision is yet possible between Hellfire and Soviet laser hom ing antitank weapons.

Hellfire is in full production and was fielded with Apache in 1986. There is an aggressive product im provem ent 

program ongoing to enhance the missiles lethality against applique (Reactive) arm or. A program to harden the 

seeker against counterm easures will begin in FY90. These missile improvem ents will ensure the Hellfire system ’s 

effectiveness into the 1990’s.

CONTRACTORS: Rockwell International C orporation (Duluth, GA) 

M artin M arietta (O rlando, FL)

23
\. 
Army Helicopter Improvement Program (AHIP)

MISSION: The Army Helicopter Improvement Program (AHIP) OH-58D is the A rm y’s first true scout hehcopter. It provides 

a solution to the need for the combined arms team to fight and defeat the threat during day or night operations, 

in adverse weather and in high tem perature/high altitude conditions. The aircraft system incorporates a new 

drive train consisting of a four-bladed rotor, 650 H P engine and com patible transm ission and tail ro to r systems. 

The M ission Equipm ent Package incorporated in A H IP consists o f a M ast M ounted Sight which provides day 

and night target acquisition sensors and laser rangefinder designator located above the rotor to maximize aircraft 

survivability. A highly accurate navigation system permits precise target location inform ation which can be handed 

o ff to other aircraft or artillery elements via the airborne target handover system. The laser designator enables 

A H IP to provide designation for position guided weapons to include Hellfire and precision m unitions. The OH-58D 

will operate in the field artillery aerial observer role and in air cavalry units. Using the A ir-to-A ir Stinger system, 

the OH-58D can provide security against threat aircraft. Recently concluded field tests have confirm ed the A H IP ’s 

utility in the aerial scout reconnaissance role.

CHARACTERISTICS: M ax Gross W eight: 

Speed:

Crew:

4,500 lbs 

118 KTAS 

2

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

None specifically, but the Soviets have various helicopters used in an artillery spotting and reconnaissance role, 

such as H IN D s, H IPs, and Hoplites.

A H IP is in the fourth year of production. There have been 115 aircraft fielded through December 1988. A ircraft 

are currently deployed to the training base at Ft Rucker and Ft Eustis and to operational units in CONUS, 

U SAREUR, and Korea.

CONTRACTORS: Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc. (Ft. W orth, TX)

M cDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. (M onrovia, CA)

N orthrop C orp. (Anaheim , CA)

Honeywell Inc. (Sperry Aerospace and M arine G roup)(A lbuquerque, NM) 

Litton Laser Systems (Orlando, FL)

Allison Gas Turbine Operations (Indianapolis, IN)

25

TOW Missile System

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

The TOW (Tube-Launched, Optically Tracked, Wire Command-Link Guided) missile is the m ost powerful antitank 

w eapon used by the infantry. It is found at battalion level in ground units and is also m ounted on the Bradley 

Fighting Vehicle, Im proved TOW Vehicle, the High M obility M ultipurpose W heeled Vehicle (HM M W V) and 

on the A H -IS C obra Helicopter. W hen the missile is fired, a sensor in the launcher tracks a beacon in the tail 

o f the missile. The gunner need only keep his crosshairs on the target. A com puter in the launcher corrects any 

deviation o f the missile from the crosshair aim point and sends corrections to the missile via two extremely thin 

wires that deploy in flight.

W eight (G round Launcher): 

W eight (Missile-cased): 

Range:

Crew:

246 lbs 

62.4 lbs 

3750 meters 

3

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The Soviets have fielded a family of sem iautom atic, com m and to line of sight, anti-tank guided missiles similar 

to the TOW . The A T -4 /S P IG 0 T is a crew served system with a m aximum range o f 2000 m eters. 

A T -5/SPA N D R EL is the vehicular m ounted version with a larger missile and a m axim um range o f 4000 m eters. 

A T6/S P IR A L is the heliborne ATGM m ounted on the H IN D -E and has a range o f 5000 meters.

PROGRAM STATUS: Basic TOW has been in the inventory since 1970. A TOW Therm al Night Sight, an im proved w arhead-ITO W , 

and the TOW 2 missiles and m odification kits to convert Basic launchers to the TOW 2 configuration have been 

fielded in USAREUR, EUSA, W ESTCOM , FORSCOM , and SO UTH CO M . Fielding to N ational G uard and 

A rm y Reserve Units continues. TOW 2 Initial O perational Capability was met in O ctober 1983 in Europe. The 

TOW 2A missile, developed to counter Soviet reactive arm or, began fielding in Europe in September 1987. There 

is an aggressive product improvement program , including a TOW 2B warhead developm ent effort (scheduled 

for FY90 production cut in) that will ensure TOW weapon system effectiveness into the 1990’s.

CONTRACTOR: Hughes A ircraft Com pany, Tucson, A rizona is currently the sole source prim e contractor for the TO W missile. 

E fforts are underway to establish a second source in FY89 which will allow full com petition in the FY91-92 time 

fram e.

27
LASER BEAM RIDER

FORD AEROSPACE

FIBER OPTIC GUIDANCE

HUGHES AIRCRAFT

IMAGING INFRARED

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
Advanced Antitank Weapon System—Medium (AAWS-M)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

The Advanced A ntitank W eapon System-Medium (AAW S-M) will be a one-m an portable w eapon em ployed at 

the infantry platoon level to defeat the current and projected Soviet arm or threat. The AAW S-M will be developed 

to replace the D ragon while addressing its deficiencies. These deficiencies include lethality, range, gunner 

vulnerabihty, launch signature and time of flight. The system will be capable o f operating in day, night, smoke 

and other battlefield obscurants, as well as in a countermeasures environment. One of three candidate technologies 

(Laser Beamrider, Fiber Optic and Imaging Infrared) currently under development will guide the missile to its target.

W eight: less than 45 lbs

Range: greater than 1500 meters

Crew: 1

Lethality: Capable of defeating advanced Soviet arm or.

The Soviets have fielded a shoulder fired antitank guided missile, AT-7, which is com parable to the D ragon 

and is their current medium, one-m an portable antitank system.

Firm Fixed Price (FFP) contracts for the P ro o f of Principle (PO P) phase awarded in A ugust 1986. The P O P 

phase flight test program was completed 30 November 1988. A n RFP for Full Scale Developm ent FSD and Low 

Rate Initial Production was released to industry in September 1988. The FSD contract will be awarded in April 

1989 in which one of the three technologies (and associated contractor teams) will be selected for the FSD phase.

Proof-of-Principle C ontractors

Ford A erospace and Com m unications Corp. (Newport Beach, CA) - Laser Beam Rider Technology 

Hughes A ircraft Co. (Canoga P ark, CA) - Fiber Optic Guidance Technology 

Texas Instrum ents, Inc. (Dallas, TX) - Imaging Infrared Seeker Technology

Full Scale Development Teams

Ford Aerospace and Com m unications C orp. - General Dynamics Corp.

H ughes A ircraft Co. - Honeywell, Inc.

Texas Instrum ents, Inc. - M artin M arietta Corp.

29
ADVANCED ANTITANK

WEAPON SYSTEMS -

HEAVY

(AAWS-H)

H881102-1
Advanced Antitank Weapon System-Heavy (AAWS-H)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

The Advanced A ntitank W eapon System - Heavy (AAW S-H) will be a crew served TO W replacem ent w eapon 

employed by both heavy and light forces to provide stand-off and overm atch to defeat the current and projected 

Soviet A rm or threat. AAW S-H is a family of weapons consisting o f an Advanced Missile System — Heavy (AMSH ) and a Kinetic Energy Missile (KEM) System. The KEM will be developed as a Line-of-Sight A ntitank 

replacem ent for the M901 ITV vehicle (dedicated heavy antitank system); the AM S-H will be deployed in the 

light, airborne and air assault forces and mechanized rifle companies by m aintaining war fighting capabilities 

o f the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, High M obility M ultipurpose W heeled Vehicle (HM M W V), and potentially the 

C obra attack hehcopter. (There are m ultiple candidate technologies under developm ent or currently planned for 

developm ent which will guide the AM S-H missile to its target). The systems will be capable o f operating in day, 

night, through battlefield obscurants, as well as in a counterm easure environm ent.

W eight:

Length:

Diameter:

Range:

Crew:

AM S-H

TBD

TED

TBD

Greater than TOW 

4 or less

KEM

170 lbs 

110 lbs 

6.4 in

Greater than TOW 

4 or Less

PROGRAM STATUS: The AAW S-H Program is in the pre-Full Scale Engineering Development (FSED) phase.

Kinetic Energy Missile (KEM): The Hypervelocity Missile (HVM) Joint Service Program Demo (A rm y/A ir 

Force/M arine Corps), which is dem onstrating the basic concept for KEM, began early in 1985 and is to be 

completed 2nd quarter, FY89. An accelerated KEM prototype development program th at will build upon the 

HVM Demo was approved in August 1988.

A dvanced Missile System — Heavy (AMS-H): A Request for Proposal (RFP) was released Septem ber 1988 for 

the Imaging Infrared (HR) Seeker Technical Dem onstration.

KEM and AM S-H: A M ilestone II Decision Review for entering FSED is planned for 4th Q tr, FY90.

CONTRACTORS: Joint Services HVM - LTV, Dallas, TX 

O ther TBD

31

Lightweight Multipurpose Weapon (AT4)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

The AT4 is the A rm y’s new Lightweight M ultipurpose W eapon and supplem ents the M72 LA W . The AT4 is 

a shoulder fired recoilless weapon used against light arm or and m ateriel targets. The system incorporates a 

disposable launcher and a cartridge case containing a fin stabilized high explosive shaped charge projectile. The 

A T 4’s accuracy, lethality and range (over 300 meters) are considerably greater than the M72 LA W ’s.

W eight: 14.6 lbs

Length; 39.7 inches

Range: 300 + meters

Caliber: 84mm

Sights: Front p o st/rear peep similar to M16

Storage Life: 20 years

The R PG 22 probably has perform ance characteristics similar to the AT4 and is probably the latest fielded R PG 

series o f weapons.

Fielding o f the system is underway. Initial purchases were procured from Sweden. The Army has signed a contract 

with Honeywell, Inc. to produce A T4’s on shore in FY88. First delivery from onshore production is scheduled 

for July 1989. The M arine Corps and the Navy are also buying this weapon.

FFV o f Sweden is the current producer with Honeywell (M innetonka, MN) as their US licensed representative. 

Honeywell will use JoHet Arm y Am m unition Plant (Johet, IL) for domestic production.

33
t'i o--"^;'- "'Hi- ’- " - " ' _2: -» 

i^ ''- ^ .- ^ ■■=-- -f . - •'■-'■ -'

.. JC • • * - - * . . 

;_ I 0; .\ '.. 1 0 'tf.;... '•) : • ;'\ : .. ' l I •... " \ -.. .. · .. ' I { • • 1 f:•l{' I. J ..... . f· •' l (\t ;{:!- ;;t {.{;• ···r, ·•. · t. f .. "' '·•· \ \• , . \ I " I 
120 MM Mortar

MISSION: The 120mm M ortar is a nondevelopmental system from Israel. The weapon is a conventional, sm oothbore, muzzleloaded m ortar and will be employed in both towed and carrier-m ounted versions. The 120mm M ortar will replace 

the current 4.2-inch m ortar in heavy divisions and will fire a new family o f enhanced am m unition currently in 

developm ent. The 120mm M ortar will provide increased range and improved transportability, effectiveness, and 

standardization.

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

Range: 7,240 meters

W eight: 317 lbs (ground-m ounted)

Rate of Fire: 4 rounds per m inute, sustained

Crew: 4

A m m unition: H E, Smoke, Illum ination

The nearest Soviet counterpart is the M43 120mm M ortar. Its range is 5,700 meters, it weighs 602 pounds, and 

has a 6-m an crew. It is fielded in the Soviet, W arsaw Pact, and other armies.

The w eapon and a family of nondevelopm ental am m unition is currently undergoing O perational Testing for 

type classification during 1989, and initial fielding during 1990. A fam ily of enhanced am m unition, including 

H E, Smoke, and Illumination cartridges, is currently under development. All production will be in the U.S. except 

for initial fielding quantities.

M artin M arietta O rdnance Systems, MD 

W atervliet Arsenal, NY

35
J

N

w

't 0
Squad Automatic Weapon (M249)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

The Squad A utom atic W eapon provides a lightweight, one-m an-portable m achine gun capable o f delivering a 

large volum e o f effective fire for infantry squads. This role was filled during W orld W ar II and K orea by the 

Browning A utom atic Rifle, during the 1960’s by the M14A1 Rifle, and during the 1970’s by the M16A1 Rifle. 

For this role, the M16A1 was equipped with a bipod and fired in the autom atic m ode. There are tw o and three 

M 249’s in Arm y and M arine Corps Infantry squads, respectively. Acquisition is also expected by the A ir Force 

and Navy. M odifications are being m ade to the weapon to enhance soldier-weapon interface.

Caliber:

W eight:

Rate o f Fire:

Range:

M agazine Capacity:

5.56mm 

16.3 lbs 

750 rds/m in 

800 meters 

200 rds

SO VIET C O U N T E R P A R T : The closest Soviet equivalent systems are the 7.62mm PKM and the 5.45mm RPK 74 which are fielded with Soviet 

and W arsaw Pact nations.

Caliber:

W eight:

Rate o f Fire: 

Range:

M agazine Capacity:

PKM 

7.62mm 

18.5 lbs 

650 rds/m in 

1000 meters 

100 rds

RPK74 

5.45mm 

11 lbs

600 rd s/m in 

800 meters 

75 rds

PROGRAM STATUS: Fielding o f the M249 started in FY84. Im provem ents recom mended by users have been successfully tested and 

approved. These changes have been incorporated into the current 5-year, m ultiyear, competitively selected, firm 

fixed price contract awarded in September 1988.

CONTRACTOR: CONUS procurem ent began with a contract awarded to FN M anufacturing Inc. (Colum bia, S.C .) in Septem ber 

1988.

37
1

I I 
M16A2 Rifle

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTOR:

The M 16A2 is an improved version o f the M16A1 and is being issued to front line com bat soldiers as the A rm y’s 

prim ary com bat rifle. The M16A2 is a lightweight, air-cooled, gas operated, low impulse rifle. It incorporates 

im provem ents in sight, pistol grip, stock and overall com bat effectiveness. Accuracy is im proved firing by 

incorporating an im proved muzzle com pensator, three round burst control, a heavier barrel and by using the 

heavier NATO standard am m unition which is also fired by the Squad A utom atic W eapon.

Caliber:

W eight:

Range:

Type o f fire: 

M agazine capacity:

5.56mm 

8.9 lbs 

550 meters

Sem i-autom atic, three round burst 

30 rounds

The 5.45mm AK-74 Assault Rifle is currently in service in Soviet and some W arsaw Pact forces.

Caliber: 5.45mm

W eight: 7.9 lbs

Range: 400 meters

Type o f fire: Semi-automatic, autom atic

M agazine capacity: 30 rounds

The Arm y First Unit Equipped (FUE) occurred in January 1987 and to date, approxim ately 184,000 weapons 

have been fielded. Some M16A1 rifles will be converted to M16A2 rifles during depot overhaul using m odification 

kits. A 5-multiyear, competitively selected, firm fixed price contract was awarded in Septem ber 1988.

Colt Industries (H artford, CT) began original production in June 1983. C urrent contractor is FN M anufacturing 

Incorporated (Colum bia, S.C.)

39

M9 9MM Personal Defense Weapon

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

The 9mm pistol is the standard replacement weapon for the caliber M 1911A1 .45 caliber pistol and various caliber 

.38 revolvers currently used by the D epartm ent of Defense. The 9mm is a sem iautom atic double-action pistol 

th at is m ore lethal, lighter, and safer than the .45 caliber pistol. It can be used effectively by either right or left 

handed shooters. The weapon will be issued to individuals who are not riflem en, or who are not issued rifles 

for personal defense, for law enforcem ent personnel, close quarter requirem ents, and aviators. The 9mm pistol 

is a Joint Service Program /w hich provides a weapon capable o f firing N A TO standard 9mm am m unition.

Caliber:

W eight (Loaded): 

Range:

Trigger action: 

M agazine capacity:

9mm

2.6 lbs (fully loaded) 

50-100 meters 

Double 

15 rounds

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The 9mm M akarov is the standard pistol for the Soviet forces and for m ost o f the countries in the W arsaw Pact. 

It is a copy o f the W alther P P in general size, shape and handling.

Caliber:

W eight:

Range:

Trigger action: 

M agazine capacity:

9mm 

1.8 lbs 

50 meters 

Double 

8 rounds

PROGRAM STATUS: The 9mm Personal Defense W eapon is being produced for the Joint Services. A n initial five year, m ultiyear 

firm fixed price (FFP) contract was awarded in April 1985 for 315,930 weapons. As o f Septem ber 1988, m ore 

than 140,000 pistols have been delivered. A follow-on com petition is ongoing which will lead to an aw ard of 

a 3-year, FFP contract for 142,292 weapons plus spares in 3rd Q tr, FY89.

CONTRACTOR: Beretta, USA. (Accokeek, MD)

41

MK19-3 40MM Automatic Grenade Launcher

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

The MK19-3 will be used in offensive and defensive operations against personnel and light-arm ored vehicles. 

It will be used in the m ain battle area by all types of com bat infantry units and by com bat support and com bat 

service support units to conduct rear area security missions. The MK19-3 will be m ounted on M151 Viton trucks, 

M113 A rm ored Personnel Carriers, High M obility M ulti-Purpose W heeled Vehicles (HM M W V), selected cargo 

trucks, and the M88A1 M edium Recovery Vehicle.

Caliber:

W eight:

Rate o f fire:

M ax effective range: 

Lethality:

40mm 

72.5 lbs

325-375 rds/m in

1500 meters (point targets); 2200 meters (area targets) 

Anti-personnel—5 meters (Expected Casualty Radius) A ntiarm or—2.0 inches penetration to m axim um range o f 2200M

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The Soviet 30-mm A G S-17 autom atic grenade launcher was developed as a result of the fielding o f the US 40mm 

MK19 M od O machine gun, which saw extensive service in Vietnam.

Caliber:

W eight:

Rate o f fire:

M ax effective range:

30mm 

37 lbs

100-400 rds/m in

1200 meters; max range is 1700 meters

PROGRAM STATUS: The MK19-3 was developed and approved for Service use by the Navy in 1981. The Arm y type classified the 

MK19-3 as standard “ A ” January 1986. Initial procurem ent o f MK19-3 for the 9th Infantry Division was 

contracted for by the Navy in October 1983. The Arm y assumed program m anagem ent responsibilities from 

the Navy in FY88. A new competitive multiyear contract was awarded in December 1988.

CONTRACTOR: SACO Defense Inc. (Saco, Maine).

43

120MM Tank Main Gun Ammunition

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

The 120mm family o f tank am m unition supports the m ain gun on the MlAl tank and is fired from the sm oothbore M256 cannon. The 120mm m unitions are comprised of four cartridges - a kinetic energy A rm or Piercing 

Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot-Tracer (APFSDS-T) round, a chemical energy High Explosive A nti-Tank (HEAT) 

round and training counterparts for each. This developm ent program represents a successful effort to transfer 

the Leopard II cannon and m unitions technology. The fielding o f the 120mm tank weapons system com plem ents 

the current fleet of 105mm tanks and provides a significant increase in the A rm y’s arm or com bat capability.

M829 - A rm or Piercing Fin Stabihzed Discarding Sabot with Tracer (APFSDS-T) - Com bustible cartridge case; 

one piece depleted uranium penetrator; discarding alum inum sabot.

M830 - High Explosive Anti-Tank M ulti-Purpose with Tracer (HEAT-M P-T) - Com bustible cartridge case; m ultiaction fuzing; shaped charge warhead.

M865 - Target Practice Cone Stabilized Discarding Sabot with Tracer (TPCSDS-T) - Com bustible cartridge case; 

lim ited range; training counterpart for APFSDS-T.

M831 - Target Practice with Tracer (TP-T) - Com bustible cartridge case; inert warhead; training counterpart 

for H EA T-M P-T.

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

The Soviet arm or forces have available arm or piercing fin stabilized, high explosive antitank, and high explosive 

fragm entation m unitions.

Production has been scheduled to meet fielding requirem ents and support various testing program s. The two 

service rounds are being shipped in m etal cans. Honeywell Inc. (M inneapolis, MN) was the sole source systems 

contractor for the first three years (FY 84-FY 86) production. General Defense C orporation (Red Lion, PA ) 

was the winner o f a second source competition with General Electric (Burlington, VT). For FY87, General Defense 

had approxim ately 20% o f the production quantity; Honeywell had the balance. Since FY88, Honeywell and 

General Defense have competed head-to-head.

CONTRACTORS: Honeywell, Inc. (M innetonka, MN) 

General Defense C orp. (Red Lion, PA) 

A erojet O rdnance (Jonesboro, TN) 

M ason and H anger (M iddletown, I A) 

NI Industries, Inc. (Concord, MA) 

Valentec In t’l. (Costa M esa, CA)

ARM TEC Defense Products (Coachella, CA) 

Bulova Systems (Valley Stream , NY)

Hercules Inc. (R adford, VA)

Nuclear M etals, Inc. (Concord, MA) 

Cham berlain M fg. Corp. (W aterloo, lA) 

H am ilton Technology, Inc. (Lancaster, PA)

45
The Air Defense mission area relates to the detection and engagement of the air threat with ground fire systems.

Air defense systems must protect all ground forces elements including troop formations, depots, lines of

communication, air bases, key command and control facilities, and other vital assets.

46
AIR DEFENSE

47
PATRIOT

1

RADAR MISSILE

LAUNCHER
PATRIOT

MISSION: The PA T R IO T air defense system is the centerpiece o f theater air defense. The system ’s fast reaction capabihty, 

high firepower, and ability to operate in a severe electronic countermeasure environment are features not previously 

available in the systems PA TR IO T will replace. The PA TR IO T design eases the field logistic burden since its 

overall perform ance is achieved with less equipm ent, less operational m anpow er and fewer repair parts than 

previous systems. The com bat element o f the system is the fire unit which consists o f a radar set, an engagem ent 

control station, a power plant. A ntenna M ast G roup (AMG) and eight rem otely located launchers. The system 

is highly autom ated combining high-speed digital processing with various software routines to effectively control 

the battlespace. The single radar, using phased array technology, provides for all tactical functions o f airspace 

surveillance, target detection and track, and support of missile guidance. The only m anned elem ent o f the fire 

unit during air battle, the engagement control station, provides the hum an interface for control o f autom ated 

operations. Each launcher contains four ready-to-fire missiles, sealed in canisters, which serve a dual purpose 

as shipping containers and launch tubes.

CHARACTERISTICS: Guidance:

Engagement:

C om m and/T rack-Via-Missile 

M ultiple Targets Simultaneously

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The Soviets have several missile systems, including the SA-1, SA-2, SA-4, SA-5, SA-10, and SA-12, th at are 

used to attack aircraft in the regime for which PA TRIO T was designed. Only the SA-10 and SA-12 are considered 

as advanced or effective as PA TR IO T.

PROGRAM STATUS: PA T R IO T is in its tenth year o f production and was initially deployed to Europe in 1985. Nine battahons are 

currently operational with one additional battalion scheduled to join our forces during the next two yeeirs. Germany, 

H olland and Italy are currently participating in PA TR IO T acquisition program s to provide for cooperative air 

defense improvem ents. The first NATO unit was delivered in 1986 and discussions continue with other interested 

N A TO allies. Additionally, Japan has been licensed for the production o f 26 fire units.

CONTRACTORS: Raytheon Com pany (Bedford, MA)

M artin M arietta C orporation (Orlando, FL)

49
HAWK

High Power Illuminator Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar

Launcher
HAWK

MISSION: HAWK is a medium-range air defense guided missile system designed to provide air defense protection against 

low to medium altitude air attack. First fielded in 1960, it is a mobile, all weather, missile system providing vital 

air defense for critical installations and maneuver forces. HAWK is highly lethal, reliable and effective in the 

electronic countermeasures environment of the modern battlefield. HAWK units are being reorganized into a 

more streamlined and efficient fighting organization. Each firing platoon is comprised of a platoon command 

post, an acquisiton radar, a tracking radar, an optical tracking system, an IFF (Identification, Friend or Foe) 

system, and three or four launchers each with three missiles. The Hawk missile is guided by reflected radar energy 

and uses a proximity fuze to detonate its highly lethal warhead. Hawk’s latest product improvement (PIP III) 

will provide a low-altitude, simultaneous engagement capability and enhanced electronic counter-countermeasures.

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The Soviet SA-6 is somewhat similar to Hawk. Its range and altitude capabilities (30 km and 10 km, respectively) 

are less than that of the HAWK, but the SA-6 is more mobile. The basic SA-6 unit is a regiment which includes 

five missile batteries. Each missile battery contains a target acquisiton and fire control radar called “ STRAIGHT 

FLUSH” and 4 Transporter Erector Launchers (TEL). Each TEL carries 3 ready-to-fire missiles.

PROGRAM STATUS: HAWK is deployed worldwide with the Army, Marines, NATO, and numerous other nations. HAWK 

modernization is continuing with the procurement of the third in a series of product improvements that will 

further enhance the firepower, reliability, and combat effectiveness of the system. The Army will begin fielding 

of PIP III systems in FY89. A program to enhance the system’s mobility has been initiated as a cooperative 

development between the U.S. Army, the Netherlands, and the U.S. Marine Corps.

CONTRACTORS: Raytheon Company (West Andover, MA) 

Aerojet (Sacramento, CA)

Westinghouse Electric Corp (Baltimore, MD) 

Northrop Corp (Anaheim, CA)

ICSD (Hauppauge, NY)

DBA (Kissimme, FL)

General Electric (Huntsville, AL)

51
Wi*<

av. ^ H: S ^ S w S S iiiiF ' s m s i ^ V .

' v ' '■ .

, <Ji». ,

- - - ;• - -'T-iM

*' '4 4; „
Chaparral

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

Chaparral is the Army’s short-range air defense (SHORAD) surface-to-air missile system. It is effective against 

all types of aircraft at low altitudes and provides protection for corps, theater rear areas and, currently, division 

areas. Chaparral is a self-propelled system. Its tracked carrier provides excellent cross-country mobility. The 

launch station can be removed from the carrier and operated from a ground emplacement. It is equipped with 

a Forward Looking Infrared Subsystem that provides day/night and adverse weather capability and extends system 

acquisition range. The missile is lightweight, supersonic, fire-and-forget, with an all aspect passive infrared homing 

guidance system capable of engaging both approaching and receding targets.To enhance missile acquisition range 

and infrared countermeasure rejection capability the Rosette Scan Seeker guidance section has been developed. 

To reduce rocket motor smoke, a smokeless motor has been developed and is being retrofitted to inventory missiles 

upon shelf-life expiration of the current “ smoky” motors. To assist the gunner in identifying targets as friendly, 

Chaparral has an Identification Friend-or-Foe (IFF) subsystem. Noncooperative target recognition subsystems 

are being examined to enhance this capability. Chaparral carries four ready missiles on launch rails and eight 

additional missiles in storage compartments. Chaparral, which was initially fielded in 1969, is continually being 

improved and will remain in the inventory into the 21st century.

Crew:

Guidance:

W arhead:

Fuze:

Four

Infrared Homing, Fire and Forget 

Blast-fragmentation 

RF directional doppler

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The SA-9 and SA-13, introduced in late 1960’s and 1970’s respectively, are the counterparts to Chaparral. They 

have approximately the same range and also use an infrared homing guidance system. The SA-9 is mounted 

on a two-axle amphibious vehicle; the SA-13 is on an MTLB tracked vehicle.

PROGRAM STATUS: The initial contract for production of the improved Rosette Scan Guidance Section was awarded competitively 

to Hughes Aircraft Company in September 1988. The contract is for guidance sections for 122 new missiles, 

retrofit of 574 missiles and 28 spares. It is planned to award a production contract in FY89 for guidance sections 

for 368 new missiles and retrofit of 48 missiles.

CONTRACTOR: Ford Aerospace Corp. (Newport Beach, CA) - System Development 

Hughes Aircraft Co. (Tucson, AZ) - RSS GS Production

53
. s ■'>
Forward Area Air Defense System (FAADS)

MISSION: The cancellation of the DIVAD program resulted in major reassessment of air defense requirements in the Forward

Area. The lessons learned from the DIVAD experience proved that one weapon alone, or even multiple weapons 

acting independently, cannot defeat the air threat. FAADS is an integrated program of complementary systems 

which will provide Army Divisions with dedicated Air Defense Artillery (ADA) and integrated Joint and Combined 

Arms. Ongoing Army programs are being combined with new technology to integrate weapons, sensors, and a 

command, control and intelligence architecture into a system optimized to counter the entire spectrum of the 

air threat to the forward area through the 1990’s and beyond. The FAADS concept is designed to provide total 

coverage in the division area and permits the enemy no preferred attack option. The strategy relies heavily on 

nondevelopmental items (NDI) and preplanned product improvements (P^I) to rapidly overcome our current air 

defense deficiencies and keep pace with the advancing threat.

CHARACTERISTICS/

PROGRAM STATUS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

CONTRACTORS:

FAADS consists of five components: Line of Sight-Forward; Line of Sight-Rear (the Pedestal Mounted Stinger); 

Non-Line of Sight (the Fiber Optic Guided-Missile); FAAD Command, Control and Intelligence, and Combined 

Arms Initiatives. Line of Sight-Forward-Heavy (LOS-F-H) is a hybrid missile/gun system on an armored, tracked 

vehicle. Its mission is to counter the fixed wing air threat and provide long range anti-helicopter fires as it maneuvers 

with heavy division’s Combined Arms Team in the close combat fight. After extensive testing in an intense 

countermeasures environment, Martin Marietta’s ADATS was selected for the LOS-F-H role. The Army plans 

to buy a total of 562 systems with the First Unit Equipped (FUE) in FY92. Line of Sight-Rear (LOS-R) is a 

missile/gun system mounted on the HMMWV. Also known as Pedestal Mounted Stinger (PMS), this system uses 

the proven Stinger missile and a .50-caUber machine gun. LOS-R provides a weighted, area defense against the 

air threat to the brigade and division rear areas. Boeing’s AVENGER, selected to perform this role, provides a 

shoot-on-the-move, soldier friendly solution to the LOS-R requirements. The First Unit Equipped (FUE) for 

AVENGER is FY89 and a procurement of 1,207 fire units is planned. Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) is the Fiber 

Optic Guided-Missile (FOG-M). This system provides a long range anti-helicopter, anti-tank system that can defeat 

targets beyond the range of line of sight systems and targets masked by terrain. A Full Scale Development contract 

is expected in December 1988. First Unit Equipped is scheduled for 4th Qtr, FY93 and a total procurement of 

403 systems is currently planned. FAAD Command, Control, and Intelligence (FAAD C2I) integrates FAADS 

components into a synergistic system of systems by providing rapid and reliable (1) targeting; (2) air situation; 

and (3) air battle management information. FAAD C2I will assist in planning, directing, coordinating, and 

controlling the FAAD fight. FAAD C2I consists of four separate but interrelated efforts: Command & Control 

(C2) Hardware and Software, Ground Based Sensor, Mass Target Sensors, and Positive Hostile Identification 

equipment. FAAD C2I’s Command and Control, Ground Based Sensor and one of the passive identification 

components are scheduled for initial fielding in FY93. Combined Arms Initiative (CAI) provide ground and aerial 

combat elements an enhanced capability for self defense against enemy helicopters. Air-to-Air Stinger is in 

production for the OH-58C/D. The Bradley Fighting Vehicle sight reticle enhancement was cut into the BFV 

production line in May 1987. Engineering development continues on providing 120mm tank ammunition an antihelicopter capability.

The Soviets have continued to deploy numerous Air Defense Systems in the Forward Area of the battlefield including 

the ZS6, ZSU-23/4, SA-8, SA-9, and continue to deploy and improve a robust integrated Air Defense Command, 

Control and InteUigence System.

LOS-F-H (ADATS)—Martin Marietta (Orlando, FL)

NLOS (FOG-M)—Boeing Aerospace (Huntsville) and 

Hughes Aircraft Co (Canoga Park, CA)

FAAD C2 SOFTWARE—TRW (Redondo Beach, CA)

LOS-R (PMS)—Boeing Aerospace 

(Huntsville, AL)

FAAD GROUND BASED SENSOR—TBD

55

Stinger

MISSION: Stinger is a shoulder-fired, infrared homing missile system whose mission is to provide air defense coverage to 

combat units. The missile homes on the heat emitted by either jet or propeller-driven fixed-wing aircraft or 

helicopters, and employs a proportional navigation system that allows it to fly an intercept course to the target. 

A Stinger crew visually acquires its target and electronically interrogates it to help determine if it is a friend. 

The missile notifies the gunner when it has a “ lock” on the target. After trigger pull the Stinger is then ejected 

from the tube by a small launch motor. Once the missile has traveled a safe distance from the gunner, its niain 

engine ignites and propels it to the target. Stinger is stored in a sealed tube, requires no maintenance in the field, 

and is designed to withstand the rigors of the battlefield. It is replacing the Redeye system. It can attack much 

faster targets than Redeye, and most importantly, can destroy aircraft from any aspect. A follow-on seeker (StingerPOST) improves the capability of the system in certain infrared countermeasures environments. StingerReprogramable Microprocessor (RMP) further enhances the performance in infrared countermeasures 

environments and provides the capability to make future changes to the missile as the threat evolves through 

a replaceable software module.

SOVIET COUNTERPART: Soviet M anportable Air Defense Systems are the SA-7, comparable to the U.S. Redeye, and the SA-14. The 

SA-7 has a range and altitude capability of approximately 3 km and only a tail chase capability. The SA-7 was 

used extensively in Vietnam and the Middle East and is deployed with the maneuver units throughout the Warsaw 

Pact. The SA-14, fielded in the late 1970’s, has similar performance characteristics to the Stinger. The SA-14 

is replacing the SA-7. The SA-16, fielded in the 1980’s, is replacing the SA-14.

PROGRAM STATUS: Basic Stinger was operationally deployed to Germany in 1981 and to the 82nd Airborne Division in 1982. Basic 

Stinger production has been completed. Stinger-POST entered production in FY83, first deliveries were made 

in September 1986, and production was completed in August 1987. Stinger-POST missiles were deployed in FY87. 

Stinger-RMP entered development in September 1984, transition to production began in November 1985, and 

initial deliveries will be made in FY89. Plans call for future Stinger missiles to be RMP configured.

CONTRACTORS: General Dynamics Valley Systems Division (Ontario, CA) (Prime) 

Raytheon (Lowell, MA)(Second Source).

57
The Fire Support mission area includes those systems directly related to the generation of indirect firepower.

This mission area includes not only conventional, nuclear, and chemical fire support provided by cannons,

rockets, and missile systems, but also the target acquisition and communication systems integral to field artillery operations.

58
FIRE SUPPORT

59
!
Pershing II Missile System

MISSION: Pershing II is a modular, evolutionary improvement to the previously fielded Pershing lA ballistic missile. PII 

provides a tenfold accuracy improvement over the PI A and provides more than twice the range (1800 km). The 

accuracy improvement is achieved by a technique called Radar Area Correlation. As the Pershing II reentry vehicle 

descends in the area of the target, it compares live radar reflection from the target area with reference scenes 

stored prior to launch. It then makes course adjustments based on the comparisons, producing almost pinpoint 

accuracy, and hence allowing the use of smaller nuclear warheads that produce less unwanted collateral damage. 

Pershing II also incorporates several other features that enhance its flexibiUty and decrease its operating costs. 

Pershing II is part of an appropriate response to the Soviet deployment of the SS-20, a system that threatens 

virtually all installations and cities in western Europe. The Pershing system is truck mounted, highly mobile, 

and rapid reacting, and as such is a survivable and powerful part of the tactical nuclear force in Europe.

CHARACTERISTICS: Propulsion: Solid two-stage 

W arhead: Nuclear

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The SS-20, a mobile intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM). It is configured to carry three M IRV’s and has 

a range of close to 5000 km. It does not, however, have the accuracy afforded by the Pershing II system Radar 

Area Correlation Guidance.

PROGRAM STATUS: Pershing II completed tactical deployment Final Operational Capability (FOC) in Europe on schedule in December 

1985 and completion of final approved missile production occurred in late 1987. The PII missile system is one 

of the U.S. systems identified for elimination during intermediate range nuclear forces (INF) treaty negotiations 

with the Soviet Union. PII missile and launcher ehminations are currently underway, however, all PII systems 

will not be withdrawn from deployed status until 1991.

CONTRACTOR: M artin M arietta (Orlando, FL)

Loral Corporation (Akron, OH)

Singer Co., Kearfott Division (Little Falls, NJ) 

Bendix Corp. (Teterboro, NJ)

Hercules Inc. (Salt Lake City, UT)

61

Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS)

MISSION: The MLRS is a free-flight, area fire, artillery rocket system being fielded to fill an existing void in conventional 

fire support. The primary missions of MLRS are counterfire and suppression of enemy air defenses. MLRS 

supplements cannon artillery fires by delivering large volumes of firepower in a short time against critical, timesensitive targets. The basic warhead carries improved conventional submunitions. Germany, one of five partners 

in an international development program, is developing a scatterable mine warhead. Growth potential exists to 

add a Terminal Guidance Warhead (TGW) to defeat armor, a Sense and Destroy Armor (SADARM) warhead 

to improve counter battery fires, and a binary chemical warhead. Codevelopment of TGW by the United States, 

United Kingdom, Germany, and France will continue in FY90. The MLRS M270 Launcher is being updated 

to accommodate launching the family of new munitions, including the ATACMS.

CHARACTERISTICS: Warhead: Improved Conventional Munitions (ICM) 

Propulsion: Solid

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

The Soviets have a very effective multiple rocket capabihty with several sizes of rockets. A new system, believed 

to be similar in employment concept and size, but larger than MLRS, is in late stage development.

The US Initial Operational Capability for MLRS was achieved in 1983. Starting in FY89, MLRS will be coproduced 

by the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy. Second multiyear procurement contract for 

FY89-93 is being negotiated. The FY90 TGW program begins Full Scale Development.

LTV Aerospace and Defense (Dallas, TX)

Norden Systems (Norwalk, CT)

Atlantic Research (Camden, AR)

Brunswick Corp (Camden, AR)

Norris Industries (Los Angeles, CA)

Bendix Corp (Redbank, NJ)

63

Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTOR:

The Army has an urgent need for a long-range weapon that operates in near all weather, day or night, is air 

transportable and capable of effectively engaging high priority land targets at ranges beyond the capability of 

cannons, rockets, and the Lance Missile System. The system will be used to attack tactical surface-to-surface 

missile sites, air defense systems, logistic elements, com mand/control/com m unication complexes, and second 

echelon maneuver units arrayed in depth throughout the corps area of influence.

The system will be a ground-launched conventional missile system consisting of a surface-to-surface semi-guided 

ballistic missile with an Anti-Personnel/Anti-Materiel (APAM) warhead. Army TACMS will be fired from the 

modified M270 MLRS launcher. The system will utilize targeting systems, engagement systems, and command 

control systems that are the same as MLRS.

Missile test flights began in 1988. Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP) will begin in FY89. The FY90 program 

will initiate Full Rate Production. First Unit Equipped (FUE) date is 4th Qtr, FY90.

LVT (Prime) (Dallas, TX)

65

M109A2/A3 Self-Propelled Howitzer/

Howitzer Improvement Program (HIP)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTOR:

The M109A2 is an improved version of the M109 self-propelled howitzer that was fielded in the early 1960’s. 

The M109A3 is a depot modified M109A1 with the same performance capabilities as the production M109A2. 

The M l09 is designed to provide the primary indirect fire support to the maneuver brigades of the armored and 

mechanized infantry divisions. The M109A2/A3 is air transportable in a C5 and is capable of firing both 

conventional and nuclear munitions. The Army, in October 1985, initiated the development of a major system 

modification of this fielded system. The HIP modification includes: A new cannon and mount, automotive 

improvements, crew Nuclear/Biological/Chemical (NBC) protection, driver’s night vision, secure communications, 

ballistic computer and navigation system and built in test equipment. H IP will provide significant improvements 

in system survivability, responsiveness, lethality, and rehabihty.

Range:

Weight:

Length:

Height:

Width:

Main Armament: 

Secondary Armament:

Crew:

Cruising Range: 

Ammunition:

M109A2/ A3

23.5 km w/Rocket 

Assisted Projectile (RAP) 

18.1 km unassisted

56,000 lbs 

29.9 ft 

10.8 ft

10.3 ft

155 mm cannon (M185) 

Machine Gun Cal. .50 

and M16A1 rifles

6 ( + Accompanying 

Vehicle M548/3)

220 miles (345 km)

All ammunition

except the M203 charge

Howitzer Improvement Program

30 km with RAP 

22 km unassisted 

Max 62,000 lbs (Combat Loaded)

30.5 ft

11.5 ft 

Same

Improved 155 mm cannon (M284) 

Same

Same

Same

All ammunitions

The Soviets have a modern 152mm self-propelled howitzer designated 2S3. It is considered comparable to the 

M109A2 in most performance characteristics.

Six H IP prototypes were buih in FY88. Limited production begins in FY89 to achieve a First Unit Equipped 

date in FY91.

BMY, a Division of Harsco Corporation (York, PA)

67
l 
M119 105mm Howitzer

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

The M l 19 is a non-developmental 105mm light howitzer from the United Kingdom. It will replace all M102’s 

in the Army inventory. The M102’s will then be used to replace all remaining MIOIAI howitzers. The M119 

will provide fire support for the six light infantry divisions and other Rapid Deployment Forces. This weapon 

affords the commander the improved range and performance needed to maintain his maneuverability and quick 

strike capability. It will fire all conventional 105mm ammunition in the inventory plus two enhanced capability 

rounds now under development. It is airmobile with the UH-60 helicopter and its prime mover will be the High 

Mobility Multipurpose Wheel Vehicle (HMMWV).

Range (kilometers): 

Weight:

Width:

Length:

Height:

Crew:

Ammunition:

14.0 DPICM , 14.3 HE, 19.5 Rocket Assisted Projectile (RAP)

4.000 pounds

5 feet, 10 inches 

20 feet, 1 1/2 inches

4 feet, 6 inches (Traveling Configuration)

7

HE, Smoke, Illumination, HE-RAP.

The nearest Soviet counterpart is the D-30 122mm howitzer. It is fielded in Soviet, Warsaw Pact, and other armies. 

Its range is 15.4 km, it weighs 7,000 pounds, and requires a crew of 7 personnel. The 122mm projectile is 

significantly more lethal more than the 105 mm.

The M l 19 was type-classified standard in December 1985. The weapon began production in the United Kingdom 

during 1987, and initial production in the U.S. arsenal system began in 1988. In FY90 total production will shift 

from the U.K. to the U.S. arsenal system and procure 79 howitzers. Fielding of the first unit is scheduled for 1989.

Royal Ordnance, United Kingdom 

US: Watervliet Arsenal, N.Y.

Rock Island Arsenal, IL

69
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^ V .

J * '

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i - / -
Firefinder Radars (Artillery Locating Radar

(AN/TPQ-37) and Mortar Locating Radar

(AN/TPQ-36)

MISSION: FIREFINDER radars enable friendly forces to locate and bring immediate fire upon enemy m ortar, artillery,

and rocket-launching positions, silencing them before they can adjust their fires on friendly units and positions. 

The world’s first automatic hostile-weapon-locating systems, FIREFINDER radars use advanced phased array 

antenna techniques complete with computer-controlled signal processing. They function by spotting enemy 

projectiles in flight and mathematically backplotting their trajectory. The position of the weapon is reported 

in grid coordinates that can be fed automatically into artillery fire direction centers, enabling them to target 

the enemy weapons with guns, rockets, or other ordnance. Upon fielding of the Army Data Distribution System 

(ADDS), the link from the radars to fire direction centers will pass this position data on a near real-time basis. 

In tests, both radars, in combination with fire control devices, enabled an artillery unit to have accurate counterfire 

on the way before the first enemy projectile struck the ground. In actual combat action in Lebanon (1984), the 

A N/TPQ-36 performed equal to or better than the test results. Each Army division is being equipped with two 

artillery locating radars and three mortar locating radars.

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

The closest Soviet counterpart to FIREFINDER radars is the ARK-1, a system with significantly less capability.

Fielding of the AN/TPQ-36 and AN/TPQ-37 to the Active Army was completed in 1987. Completion of fielding 

to the Reserve Component is scheduled for July 1990. FIREFINDER II, which will upgrade the current systems 

to a more capable radar on a single vehicle, is scheduled to enter Full Scale Engineering Development in FY92.

CONTRACTOR: Hughes Aircraft (Fullerton, CA)

71
Combat Support is an aggregation of the following mission areas dedicated 

to providing operational assistance to combat arms.

(1) Engineer Support relates to combat engineer efforts and m ine/countermine warfare.

(2) NBC relates to supporting combat operations in a nuclear, biological, 

chemical environment

(3) Theater Tactical Intelligence relates to providing theater/tactical commanders with intelligence and information to support planning, the conduct of combat operations, and the readiness of forces combat operations.

72
COMBAT SUPPORT

73
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" ~ . ~ .. 
M9 Armored Combat Earthmover (ACE)

MISSION: The M9 ACE is a highly mobile (tracked), amphibious armored earthmoving vehicle that can move, survive, 

and work with the flow of battle, responding immediately to the maneuver commander’s need for elimination 

of enemy obstacles, creation of obstacles to enemy maneuver, preparation of fighting positions for the fighting 

forces, expedient antitank ditching and maintenance of roads and supply routes. The ability to perform these 

tasks in the highly lethal and mobile AirLand battlefield assures that friendly force momentum is maintained 

in the offense, that enemy forces are slowed, channelized and made more susceptible to friendly fire in the defense 

while providing protected positioning from which our weapon systems can fight. Digging, dozing, hauling, scraping, 

and grading earthmoving tasks can be accomplished further forward on the battlefield than ever before. Its highly 

mobile (tracked), amphibious, light armored capabilies make this earthmover tough enough to hve and fight 

with the infantry and fast enough to move with tanks. The M9 ACE is an essential force multiplier and a key 

member of the combined arms team on the Airland Battlefield.

CHARACTERISTICS: Weight: (Empty): 36,000 lbs

Loaded: 54,000 lbs

Speed: 30 mph

Air Transportable: C-130, C-141B, C-5B aircraft

Amphibious: 3 mph

Survivable: Small arms, artillery fragmentation, and operator NBC 

protection.

SOVIET COUNTERPART: Although the Soviets have no direct counterpart to the M9 ACE, they do employ several pieces of equipment, 

each fielded in large quantities, which presently give Soviet combat units at least twice the engineer support of 

comparable US units. Examples are their MDK series of ditching machines, the BAT/M heavy, tracked dozer 

and the IMR Armored Engineer Tractor. The latter consists of a T-55A tank chassis with hydraulically controlled 

hinged blade, crane with telescoping boom, armored cupola and internal overpressure system. The Soviets are 

in their third or fourth generation fielding of these items.

PROGRAM STATUS: The 7th Infantry Division (light) was the first unit equipped with seven of the low rate initial production (LRIP) 

vehicles. The training base (TRADOC) received three LRIP vehicles in November 1986. Initial production testing 

was completed during the June-August 1988 time frame. Deliveries of the full production vehicles to the field 

is scheduled to begin in the March-June 1989 time frame. The FY89 contract option for 132 vehicles was awarded 

in January 1989.

CONTRACTORS: BMY, a Division of Harsco Corporation (York, PA)

75

M88A1 Medium Recovery Vehicle

MISSION: The M88A1 is a full-tracked, armored vehicle designed for hoisting, winching and towing operations to effect 

battlefield recovery and evacuation of tanks and other tracked combat vehicles. The M88A1 is the primary recovery 

vehicle in the Army inventory for M l Abrams tank, M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles, M60 series tanks, and 

heavy self-propelled artillery. The M88A1 is being improved to include a larger engine, greater winch and boom 

capability, additional weight, and increased armor protection in order that it can safely recover and evacuate 

the M lA l tank.

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

Length: 

Width: 

Height: 

Weight: 

Top Speed:

Armament:

325 inches 

135 inches 

123 inches 

56.0 tons 

27 mph; 18 mph 

with towed load 

One .50 cal 

machinegun

Power Train:

Cruising Range: 

Draw Bar Pull: 

Boom Capacity:

12-cyl, 750 hp air-cooled 

diesel engine with 3 speed 

automatic transmission 

30 miles 

90,000 lbs 

25 tons

The Soviets have historically based recovery vehicles on existing chassis design. The most current is a vehicle 

based on a T-72 chassis. T-62, T-54, T-55-T, and JSU-T recovery vehicles are still in the Soviet inventory.

Conversion of all M88’s in the US Army to M 88A rs was completed in February 1982. The M88A1 is currently 

in procurement. The M88A1 is being fielded in Mechanized Infantry Battalions in support of the Bradley Fighting 

Vehicles. Improvements will increase tractive power, winch pull, winch lift, and crew survivability. The Army 

has awarded an R&D contract to BMY to continue development of the M88A2. BMY won the right to continue 

in a competitive source selection with the General Dynamics Recovery Vehicle candidate. A production decision 

is being considered but is not scheduled until Irst Qtr, FY90.

BMY Company (York, PA)

CM C, Detroit Diesel Allison Div. (Indianapolis, IN) 

Teledyne Continental Motors (Muskegon, MI) 

Firestone Tire (Moblesville, IN)

Goodyear Tire (St. Marys, OK)

Standard Products (Port Clinton, OH)

Pacific Car & Foundry (Renton, WA)

Bata Engineering (Batawa, Ontario, Canada) 

Adviondack (Watervliet, NY)

Rogers Olympic Corp. (Seattle, WA)

Buckeye Steel Casting (Columbus, OH) 

Ferguson Gear (Gastonia, NC)

Berwick Forge (Berwick, PA)

77
'■ j^ x m *' assfec
Mine Clearing Line Charge (MICLIC)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

Army ground combat forces require a system which can be rapidly deployed by engineer units to clear lanes 

in minefields. Operations must be capable of being conducted under enemy fire and in daylight or darkness. 

The Army is acquiring the US Marine Corps Trailer-Mounted M58 Line Charge System, which consists of the 

M58 high explosive (HE) linear demolition charge, the Mark 22 rocket (5 inch) for projecting the explosive charge 

across the minefield, a rocket launcher with firing kit, and the standard Army M353 trailer or M200A1 trailer. 

The M68 inert linear charge is used for training. The charge is contained in a box which is cradled on the rocket 

launcher. The launcher, in turn, mounts on the trailer. The assembled system is towed by a light forces engineer 

vehicle to about 50 meters from the edge of a minefield and the rocket is fired pulling the line charge across 

the minefield with it. In heavy forces, the MICLIC is towed by a tank or engineer M l 13 Armored Personnel 

Carrier. After the line charge is resting across the minefield, the operator detonates it, thus neutralizing mines 

along the 110 meter length of the line charge and 4 meters on both sides. Three MICLIC systems will be issued 

to each engineer company in Divisional and Corps Combat Engineer Battalions.

System Weight:

Explosive Line Charge: 

Dimensions of Minefield Breach:

2.5 tons

Length-110 meters; weight - 1850 lbs 

8 meters x 100 meters

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The Soviets have fielded the M1979, second generation tracked explosive mine breaching system. The M1979, 

assigned to Soviet Divisional Engineer Battalions, performs similarly to the US MICLIC, clearing a lane 

approximately 8 meters by 75 meters with a demolition charge.

PROGRAM STATUS: The USMC MICLIC began production in FY83. The Army procurement began in FY86. Fielding is complete 

in US Army Europe (USAREUR) and 8th Army (Republic of Korea), and ongoing in Forces Command 

(FORSCOM).

CONTRACTOR: Thiokol, Inc. (Shreveport, LA)

M artin M arietta Ordnance System, Inc. (Milan, TN)

79

Multiple Delivery Mine System (VOLCANO)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

VOLCANO is a rapid mine dispensing system. It incorporates the GATOR antitank and antipersonnel mines. 

These mines are pre-loaded into canisters which can be placed in standard dispenser racks for Army helicopter 

or ground vehicle use. VOLCANO is composed of mounted launcher racks with mounting hardware, an electrical 

dispenser control unit and the mine canisters. VOLCANO provides a rapid and flexible means of placing tactical 

minefields to delay, canalize, and interdict attacking enemy forces. The helicopter system, which will replace 

the M56 helicopter delivered mine, will permit low altitude, reduced vulnerability and delivery of 960 mines by 

a single Black Hawk (UH-60A). Five-ton cargo and dump trucks and Tracked Cargo Carrier, M548 mounting 

similar dispensing systems will also deliver 960 mines to create tactical minefields. Air systems will be issued 

to combat aviation companies and ground systems to divisional and corps combat engineer companies. Mine 

canisters will be supplied within the Class V supply system.

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NUMBER

VEHICLES SYSTEMS CANISTERS MINES

UH-60A Black Hawk One-4 Racks 160 960

M817 5-Ton Dump Trk One-4 Racks 160 960

M814 5-Ton Cargo Trk One-4 Racks 160 960

M548 TRK Cargo Carrier One-4 Racks 160 960

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The Soviets can deliver mines from helicopters and ground vehicles, but their systems are not directly comparable 

to the VOLCANO.

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

The VOLCANO has been in procurement since FY87 to meet the urgent requirement for Scattermine Systems 

in the motorized and light infantry divisions.

Honeywell (Hopkins, MN)

Day & Zimmerman, Inc. (Texarkana, TX)

81
1^-
Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar

System (Joint STARS)

MISSION: Joint STARS is a battle management and targeting system which detects, locates, tracks, classifies and assists

in attacking both moving and stationary targets beyond the Forward Line of Troops (FLOT). This allows the 

commander to DECIDE (situation intelligence), DETECT (targeting intelligence), and DELIVER (trigger delivery 

of ordnance, direct attack aircraft or counter enemy movements by maneuver of friendly forces). The Air Force 

is responsible for the Prime Mission Equipment (PME): platform, radar, data link. The Army is responsible 

for the Ground Station Modules (GSM)—tactical data processing and evaluation distribution centers that link 

the Joint STARS radar (through the data link) to Army C3 nodes at corps and division levels. The GSM will 

process Joint STARS and OV-ID Mohawk radar data. Plans are underway to enhance the GSM to process imaging 

data from unmanned aerial vehicles and NATO airborne radars. Situation development information is transmitted 

through the All Source Analysis System—(ASAS) and targeting information is transmitted through the 

TACFIRE/AFATDS system to their respective users. The GSM program will develop and incorporate nuclear/blast 

hardening and NBC filtering into a Block II GSM configuration.

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTOR:

Detection range: 

Aircraft:

Target:

In excess of 100 km into hostile territory 

E-8 (militarized Boeing 707)

Moving, fixed, tank-sized targets

The Soviets have a variety of airborne radar systems; however, there is no known Soviet system comparable 

to Joint STARS.

The PM E and GSM are in Full Scale Engineering Development. There is also a Limited Procurement Urgent 

(LPU) of 11 GSM’s. Two of these LPU systems are for a NATO effort called the Airborne Radar Demonstration 

System. A field test demonstration with the fully operational GSM and a full scale development platform radar 

is planned for early 1992.

M otorola Corporation (Tempe, AZ) (Ground Station)

Honeywell, Incorporated (Minneapohs, MN) (Simulator/Trainer)

Gruman Aerospace (NY/Melbourne, FL) (PME)

Norden Systems Division of United Technologies (Norwalk, CT) (PME)

83
AN/UPD-7 RADAR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

0V-1D MOHAWK AIRCRAFT

W/ AN/APS-94F SIDE LOOKING RADAR (SLAR)

AN/AKT-18B0 AIRBORNE DATALINK (ADL)

AN/TKQ-2B0

GROUND STATION TERMINAL (GST)

AN/TSQ-1320

GROUND STATION MODULE (GSM)
OV-ID (Mohawk) Surveillance System

MISSION: The OV-ID, MOHAWK, is a two place, twin turboprop, combat aircraft equipped with side-looking, airborne 

radar (A N/APS—94F) and photographic (KA-60/76) camera capable of monitoring enemy movement in daylight, 

darkness, and inclement weather. The primary sensor is the AN/UPD-7 airborne radar surveillance system. When 

used in conjunction with a data link, the radar information is transmitted to a ground based receiving system 

which has the capability to convert the received signals back to film for near real time viewing analysis. The 

A N /UPD -7 system is capable of interfacing with the Ground station Module (GSM) of JSTARS. The Block 

Improved OV-ID program will increase the structural life of the airframe, upgrade the on-board avionics and 

incorporate a controls and display system in the cockpit. Plans call for a reengine of the T53-L-70IA to the 

T53-L-704 configuration, thus providing the extra margin of power needed during critical aircraft maneuvers. 

The radar surveillance system will also be modified to improve rehability, availability, and maintainability by 

replacing obsolete components. Two safety improvements will improve the deicing capability of the aircraft and 

add a stall warning system. This program of planned improvements to the OV-ID will result in a significant 

increase in readiness and mission capability and insure continuous inteUigence to the tactical commander.

CHARACTERISTICS: Side looking

Airborne

Mission Weight:

Cruise Speed:

Endurance:

Maximum Range:

Crew:

Armament:

Payload (mission equipment)

18,587 lbs.

210 knots 

4.0 hours 

820 nautical miles 

2

Not Applicable 

2,129 lbs.

PROGRAM STATUS: The OV-ID is currently deployed in Military Intelligence Battalions (Aerial Exploitation): three Outside Continental 

United States (OCONUS), two in Forces Command (FORSCOM), and two in the National Guard. The Army 

is currently under contract for a prototype Block Improved OV-ID aircraft.

CONTRACTORS: Grumman Aerospace (Stuart, FL) 

M otorola Inc. (Tempe, AZ) 

Lycoming (Stratford, CT)

85

Quick Fix

MISSION;

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

Quick Fix is a tactical, electronic warfare, heliborne jamming system configured in the E H -IH , EH -IX , and 

EH-60A (Black Hawk airframe) helicopters. Each aircraft has the capability to intercept and jam radio 

communications, and the EH-IX and EH-60 (Quick Fix II) versions can also locate communication transmitters. 

The Army plans to buy 66 Quick Fix II aircraft. Quick Fix aircraft will be organic to division and armored cavalry 

regiment.

Mission Gross 

Weight (lbs) 

Cruise Speed: 

Endurance: 

Maximum Range: 

Crew:

Armament: 

Payload (mission 

equipment):

EH -IH

8,800

100 knots

1.7 hours

250 nautical miles

3

Not Applicable 

1,050 lbs.

EH-IX

9,200

100 knots

1.5 hours

250 nautical miles

4

Not Applicable 

1,557 lbs.

EH-60A

16,500

137 knots

2.0 hours

266 nautical miles

4

Not Applicable 

2,130 lbs.

The Soviets have fielded a family of dedicated electronic warfare helicopters using at least two variants of the 

MI-8 and MI-17 helicopters.

Several interim EH -IH Quick Fix systems are currently fielded; the interim EH -IX system has ended production, 

and the EH-60A Quick Fix II is in production. The First Unit Equipped date for Quick Fix II was May 1988.

Electromagnetic Systems Laboratories, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA)

Sikorsky Aircraft (Stratford, CN)

TRACOR, Inc. (Austin, TX)

87
V?' Vvi 

f:- v3"' 'ftaS’ -
Quick Look

MISSION: The Quick Look System is an airborne, automatic, computer-controlled electronic intelligence system that provides 

corps and division commanders with the location and type of threat noncommunication emitters. Quick Look’s 

airborne electronic equipment is mounted in the RV-ID Mohawk aircraft. The remainder of the Quick Look 

system is mounted in several surface vehicles. The Quick Look system which is in operational use with the Army’s 

Aerial Exploitation Battalions, is capable of monitoring enemy operations by day or night and in the worst weather 

conditions.

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

Mission Weight:

Cruise Speed:

Endurance:

Maximum Range:

Crew:

Armament:

Payload (Mission equipment):

17,882 lbs.

210 knots 

4.0 hrs

820 nautical miles 

2

Not Applicable 

1,850 lbs.

The Soviets are presumed to have aircraft capable of performing the same role and mission as Quick Look.

The RV-ID fleet will be retired as Guardrail Common Sensor is fielded. The first unit set will be retired in FY91, 

and the retirement will be complete in FY95. Due to the retirement schedule all Programmed Aircraft Restoration 

and Service Life Extension Program (PAR/SLEP) will be terminated after 2nd Qtr, FY89.

CONTRACTORS: Grumman Aerospace (Stuart, FL) 

UTL Corp (Dallas, TX)

89
GUARDRAIL/COMMON SENSOR

RC-12

GUARDRAIL/COMMON SENSOR 

RC-12 
Guardrail

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

Guardrail, a combined airborne and ground communications intelligence system, is designed to intercept and 

locate enemy communications emitters. The system provides timely and accurate data on enemy locations and 

plans, and will enable the commander to concentrate his combat resources at the critical time and place. The 

Guardrail V system uses the RU-21H aircraft; the Improved Guardrail V system uses the RC-12 aircraft; and, 

the future Guardrail Common Sensor system, which combines communications and electronic intelligence sensors, 

will use the RC-12K airframe.

RU—21H RC—12D RC—12K

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

Mission Weight: 

Cruise Speed: 

Endurance: 

Maximum Range: 

Crew:

Armament: 

Payload (mission: 

equipment)

10,200 lbs.

176 knots

4.0 hours

1.000 nautical miles 

2

Not Applicable 

1,126 lbs.

14.200 lbs.

200 knots 

5( + ) hours

1.200 nautical miles 

2

Not Apphcable 

2,027 lbs.

16,000 lbs.

250 knots 

5( + ) hours

1,200 nautical miles 

2

Not Apphcable 

1,413 lbs.

The Soviets have a wide variety of airborne and ground-mounted electronic warfare systems. There is no known 

Soviet system comparable to Guardrail, although the AN—12 CUB C performs similar missions.

Two Improved Guardrail V units were deployed in 1985. Contractor work for the Guardrail Common Sensor 

system mounted in the RC-12K started in 1984 and will enter the inventory in early 1991. Future plans call for 

upgrading all Improved Guardrail V’s to the Guardrail Common Sensor configuration.

Beech Aircraft Corporation (Wichita, KS)

Electromagnetic Systems Laboratories, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA)

UTL Corporation (Dallas, TX)

IBM (Oswego, NY)

91
‘i^- ■v‘;.'Sli-*»-^
Black Hawk

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

The UH-60 Black Hawk is replacing the UH-1 “ HUEY” in air assault, air cavalry, and aeromedical evacuation 

missions. The Black Hawk can carry more than twice the UH-1 payload and is capable of transporting an entire 

11-man, fully equipped squad faster and in most weather conditions. The Black Hawk is the first utility/assault 

helicopter that adds to the Army’s Division level mobility; for example, it can reposition a 105mm howitzer, 

its crew of 6, and up to 30 rounds of ammunition in a single lift. Its critical components and systems are armored 

or redundant to enable it to withstand multiple small arms hits, and its airframe is designed to progressively 

deform on impact to protect the crew and passengers in a crash. Advanced technology in the Black Hawk makes 

it easier to maintain in the field than any other helicopter in the world. Black Hawk’s full squad carrying abiUty 

significantly improves the small-unit commander’s ability to retain control of his forces under combat conditions, 

and permits more rapid replacement of ammunition and other combat consumables in a high intensity war.

Max Gross Weight: 

Cruise Speed: 

Endurance: 

Maximum Range 

Crew:

Armament:

Payload:

20,250 lbs.

145 knots

2.3 hours

330 nautical miles

2 pilots, 1 crew chief

Two 7.62mm machine guns

2640 lbs. (or 11 combat equipped troops)

at 4000 ft./95“F

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

NOTE: Performance characteristics at primary mission weight of 16,953 lbs.

The H IP series, much slower and used by the Soviets as a troop carrier and general cargo transport, can carry 

up to 24 troops.

PROGRAM STATUS: Black Hawk is being procured under a four year, fixed-price multiyear contract covering FY88 to FY91. The 

Army has fielded the UH-60A Black Hawk to high-priority units in the continental United States (CONUS), 

Europe, Korea, Panama, and U.S. Army Western Command (WESTCOM). The 1000th Black Hawk was delivered 

to the Army in October 1988. FY89 deliveries will continue to U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM), U.S. 

Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR), and to Reserve and 

National Guard units.

CONTRACTORS: Sikorsky (Stratford, CT)

General Electric (W. Lynn, MA)

93

CH-47 Modernization

MISSION: The CH-47 Chinook, the Army’s only medium-lift helicopter, is a twin-engine, tandem rotor, cargo helicopter. 

Designed in the 1950’s and fielded in 1962, the CH-47’s primary missions are movement of ammunition, repair 

parts, petroleum and tactical movement of artillery, troops, and special weapons on the battlefield. In 1975 a 

modernization program was approved to upgrade the CH-47A, B, and C models into a new “ D ” model 

configuration. These improvements extend the useful life of the fleet beyond the year 2000. The modernization 

includes new fiberglass rotor blades, transmission and drive systems, modularized hydraulics, electrical systems, 

advanced flight controls, triple hook cargo system, and an auxiliary power unit. These features greatly enhance 

reliability, maintainability, productivity, survivability, and safety of the medium-lift fleet.

CHARACTERISTICS: Max Gross Weight: 

Cruise Speed: 

Endurance: 

Maximum Range: 

Crew:

Armament:

Payload:

50,000 lbs.

162 knots

2.2 hours

300 nautical miles

2 pilots, 1 crew chief

Not Applicable

15,873 lbs. (or 33 troops)

4000 ft., 95»F

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The Soviets have one helicopter in the medium-lift category, the upgraded “ H IP .” It is not considered equal 

in performance or efficiency to the improved Chinook. They do, however, have the HOOK and HALO heavy 

lift helicopters.

PROGRAM STATUS: Planned production has been raised from 328 to 472 which will complete the modernization of the fleet to the 

“ D ” model configuration. Aircraft deliveries are on schedule. The program has been on cost since its inception. 

The Initial Operational Capability (IOC) date was attained in February 1984.

CONTRACTORS: Boeing Vertol (Philadelphia, PA) 

AVCO-Lycoming (Stratford, CT)

95
SPECIAL OPERATIONS AIRCRAFT (SOA)

MH-47E

MH-60K
Special Operations Aircraft (SOA)

MISSION: The Special Operations Aircraft (SOA) are modified Black Hawk (UH-60A) and medium-lift Chinook (CH-47D) 

helicopters that will provide the Army with the capability for low level, night, adverse weather, extended range, 

precision navigation through unfamiliar mountainous terrain. Both the utility and medium-lift version (designated 

MH-60K and MH-47E, respectively) will be provisioned with extended range fuel systems including an aerial 

refueling capability, upgraded engines and worldwide communications equipment. Additional improvements 

include a totally integrated cockpit, which dramatically reduces pilot workload, as well as improved terrain 

following/terrain avoidance radar and forward looking infrared radar capability. Their missions cover rapid 

deployment, strategic intelligence strikes, and other operational missions supported by the Special Operations 

Forces.

CHARACTERISTICS: MH-47E MH-60K

Mission Weight: 

Cruise Speed: 

Endurance*: 

Maximum Self 

Deployment Range*: 

Crew:

Armament;

Payload:

54,000 lbs.

138 knots 

9.8 hours

1260 nautical miles 

4

2 - 50 calibre 

machine guns 

42 troops

24,500 lbs.

122 knots 

7.6 hours

755 nautical miles 

4

2 - 50 calibre 

machine guns 

12 troops

*unrefueled w/30 min reserve: however, also has air-to-air refuel capability.

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The Soviet MI-8 is a medium-lift helicopter and the MI-26 is a heavy lift helicopter. The H IP series and HALO 

performs troop carrier and general cargo transport.

PROGRAM STATUS: The MH-47E and MH-60K are currently under development. MH-47E production is anticipated to begin in FY89 

with First Unit Equipped (FUE) date during the 4th Qtr, FY91; for MH-60K 4th Qtr, FY92. The SOA program 

will provide 23 MH-60K and 51 MH-47E aircraft.

CONTRACTORS: Boeing Helicopter Company (Philadelphia, PA) 

Sikorsky Aircraft Division (Stratford, CT)

IBM FSD (Owego, NY)

97
U S A rm y A H -6 4 A p a c h e C o m b a t M is s io n S im u la to r
Synthetic Flight Training Systems

MISSION:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTOR:

The Army is acquiring flight simulators to improve training effectiveness, maintain combat readiness, and cope 

with current and future operating costs. This is being accomplished by providing high fidelity simulations of 

helicopter flight including nap-of-the-earth, combat environment, day/night instrument flight, and weapons 

engagements with enemy interaction, while at the same time, providing realistic and cost effective trainers. The 

Army’s Synthetic Flight Training Systems (SFTS) are high fidelity, computer driven, flight weapon and mission 

simulators for the UH-1, M H/CH-47, AH-1, M H/UH-60 and AH-64 helicopters. The UH-1 simulator is an 

instrument flight and emergency procedures trainer mounted on a 5-degree-of-motion base. The remaining 

simulators are more complex devices mounted on advanced technology 6-degree-of-motion platforms, with cockpit 

window visual presentations for tactical, nap-of-the-earth mission training. All weapons systems in the attack 

helicopters are rephcated for aircrew gunnery training.

There is no known comparable Soviet flight simulation capability but they do have flight simulators.

The total program is for 22 UH-1, one MH47, six CH-47, one MH-60, 16 UH-60, nine AH-1, and 13 AH-64 

flight simulators. 22 UH-1, six Ch-47, six AH-1, eight UH-60 and six AH-64 simulators have been fielded. The 

remaining AH-1 and CH-47 simulators will complete fielding in FY89. Additional UH-60 and AH-64 simulators 

will be fielded through FY94. A contract for one MH47E Simulator (with option for one MH60K Simulator) 

was awarded in September 1988 to support the Special Operations Forces.

Link Division, Singer Co. (Binghamton, NY)

99
NIGHT VISION DEVICES

THE AN/PVS-4 INDIVIDUAL SERVED WEAPON SIGHT

THE AN/AVS-6 AVIATION NIGHT VISION IMAGING

SYSTEM (ANVIS)

THE AN/PVS-7 NIGHT VISION GOGGLE
Night Vision and Electro-Optics

MISSION:

SOVIET COUNTERPARTS:

The soldier is enabled to operate effectively during nighttime missions by utilizing and integrating night vision, 

electro-optic technologies and laser/thermal technologies. Some of the systems fielded are shown on the opposing 

page. The AN/PVS-3 Individual Served Weapon Sight provides passive sighting and viewing using second 

generation image intensification techniques. The AN/PVS-4 is designed primarily for use with the M14 and M16 

rifles, the M60 machine gun, the M72A1 rocket launcher and the M203 grenade launcher. It can also be used 

by a commander for surveillance. The AN/PVS-7 Night Vision goggle provides passive sighting and viewing 

using third generation (high performance) image intensification techniques. The AN/PVS-7 is a lightweight, 

headmounted monocular unit. It is used to operate ground vehicles, for navigation, map reading, maintenance, 

first aid, etc. The AN/AVS-6 Aviation Night Vision Imaging System (ANVIS) is a light weight, high performance 

binocular unit using third generation image intensification techniques. The AN/AVS-6 was designed specifically 

for use by helicopter pilots during night flights including Nap-of-the-Earth (NOE) mission.

The Soviets have some second generation devices, however, they do not have third generation (high performance) 

image intensification technology.

PROGRAM STATUS: This is the fifth program year of two 5 year multiyear contracts for all of the night vision devices discussed above. 

At the completion of the contracts, the Army will have received approximately II 5,000 devices and 130,000 spare 

image intensifier tubes at a value of approximately $900 million.

CONTRACTORS: ITT Corp., Electro-Optical Production Division (Roanoke, VA) 

Optic-Electronic Corp. (Dallas, TX)

Varo, Inc. (Garland, TX)

Litton Systems, Inc., Electron Devices Division (Tempe, AZ) 

Varian Associates, Varian Image Tube Division (Palo Alto, CA) 

Hughes Optical Products Inc. (Des Plaines, IL)

Baird Corp. (Bedford, MA)

S-Tron (Redwood City, CA)

101
INJECTOR ASSEMBLY MLRS 

ROCKET MOTOR 

UMBILICAL 

STRUCTURE 

BULKHEAD JOINING BULKHEAD 

STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY 

SPRAY TUBE ASSEMBLY 

u-.---- INJECTOR BULKHEAD 

SOLID PROPELLANT GAS GENERATOR (SPGG) 

FUZE/SPGG INITIATOR 

MLRS BCW ROCKET 
Binary Chemical Munitions

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

National defense policy dictates that the United States reestablish a credible retaliatory chemical warfare capability. 

This policy is based on the belief that such a capability is the most effective deterrent to the first use of chemical 

weapons by a potential enemy. The Army’s Chemical munitions stockpile has an average age of 27 years and 

is becoming obsolete through deterioration. The binary chemical munition is a means of modernizing this stockpile 

in a manner which is both technologically feasible and environmentally acceptable. The binary concept is a process 

by which a lethal chemical agent is formed from nonlethal components by means of a chemical reaction during 

flight of the weapon to a target. Significant advantages over current conventional chemical munitions are achieved 

in safety, transportation, production, storage, handling and final disposal.

Type binary munitions: Binary Chemical Warhead for the 

Multiple Launch Rocket System 

155mm Binary Chemical Projectile

Soviet forces are trained, equipped and structured to perform offensive and protective chemical warfare actions 

on the battlefield. They have produced, stockpiled and deployed large quantities of chemical agents and munitions. 

They have the tactical doctrine for the use of chemical weapons against targets for which they are best suited 

to gain tactical advantage. The circumstances under which the Soviets would initiate chemical warfare are not 

known. Their ability to do so, however, is undeniable, and they are likely to use chemical weapons against high 

priority, selected targets. Chemical weapons already have been produced by third world countries and were used 

in the Iran/Iraq war. The current inadequacy of the US retaliatory capability increases the probability of chemical 

weapons use by the Soviets and other nations.

The President has determined that modernization of the chemical deterrent retaliatory stockpile is essential to 

the national interest and, in accordance with pubhc law, has so certified to the Congress. The Army is pursuing 

development of a credible deterrent retaliatory capability by adding two binary chemical munitions to its arsenal. 

The 155mm binary chemical projectile has entered initial production. The MLRS binary chemical warhead is 

in the engineering development phase. This system complements the 155mm binary chemical projectile by providing 

greater range and area coverage than front line artillery to engage rear area military targets. Additionally, the 

Army supports the US Navy in the development of the BIGEYE binary chemical bomb. Both the Air Force 

and the Navy will procure the BIGEYE bomb and field it in the early 1990’s.

M arquardt Company (Van Nuys, CA)

M orton Thiokol Corporation (Shreveport, LA)

Combustion Engineering Operations and Maintenance Corporation (Pine Bluff, AK)

LTV Corporation (Dallas TX)

KDI Corporation (Cincinnati, OH)

Parsons Company (San Diego, CA)

103
PROJECTILE, 155MM; NUCLEAR, XM785

WARHEAD

ROCKET MOTOR
Improved Nuclear Projectiles

MISSION: The mission of the Non-Strategic Nuclear Forces is to deter both nuclear and conventional attack by enemy forces, 

and, should deterrence fail, to support the defense of the theater. The improved 155mm nuclear projectile will 

replace the current 155mm Artillery Fired Atomic Projectile which was developed in the 1950’s. It will be more 

effective than the current 155mm nuclear projectile because of its improved reliability, increased range, and greater 

yield. Additionally, it contains security devices and command-disable features that prevent unauthorized use. 

It is compatible with the FH 70 NATO Howitzer and will be ballistically similar to the M549, high-explosive, 

Rocket Assisted Projectile. Fielding of an improved 155mm nuclear projectile will improve the effectiveness and 

survivability of tactical nuclear forces by providing a modern nuclear capability to US and NATO 155 cannon 

artillery units.

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The Soviets have a wide variety of tactical nuclear weapons. The number of nuclear capable and potentially 

nuclear-capable artillery cannons has increased by well over a factor of ten in the last decade.

PROGRAM STATUS: The improved 155mm nuclear projectile is in Full Scale Engineering Development. It is a joint development between 

the Army and the Department of Energy.

CONTRACTORS: M otorola Corp. (Scottsdale, AZ)

Sandia National Laboratories (Livermore, CA)

Sandia National Laboratories (Albuquerque, NM) 

Chamberlain Manufacturing Corp. (Waterloo, lA) 

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Livermore, CA) 

Ferrulmatic, Inc. (Patterson, NJ)

105
NUCLEAR, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL

DEFENSE

M17 LIGHT WEIGHT NBC

DECONTAMINATION SYSTEM

f

^ Brnmm 1

AUTOMATIC CHEMICAL AGENT

DETECTOR ALARM

M20 SIMPLIFIED NBC COLLECTIVE

PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

HAND HELD CHEMICAL

AGENT MONITOR
Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Defense

MISSION:

SOVIET COUNTERPARTS:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

Nuclear, chemical and biological (NBC) defense allows US forces to survive, fight and win on a contaminated 

battlefield. NBC defense doctrine has evolved into three general principles. First, soldiers avoid contamination 

if the scheme of maneuver permits. Second, soldiers protect themselves from lethal or incapacitating doses if 

chemical agents cannot be avoided. Finally, soldiers decontaminate themselves and their equipment quickly to 

resume unimpaired operations.

The Soviet Union possesses an extensive arsenal of chemical weapons, delivery systems and protective equipment 

as well as an extensive chemical force structure. Their decontamination units outnumber US units 25 to I. The 

Soviets incorporate collective protection within their combat vehicles and have fielded automated NBC 

reconnaissance systems. Chemical warfare is not limited to the Soviet Union as many other nations have such 

capabilities including a number of Third World countries.

Acquisition is underway for an armored vehicle system to perform NBC contamination and ballistic hazards. 

Two automatic chemical agent detectors, one for point detection and the other for remote sensing, are being 

developed to detect all standard chemical agents. A chemical agent monitor developed by the United Kingdom 

is being procured to provide the Army its first hand-held instrument capable of detecting chemical contamination 

on personnel and equipment. An individual soldier radiac dosimeter to measure accumulated exposure to radiation 

is now in production. A vehicle mounted radiac set is in production which will monitor for radiation and warn 

vehicle crewmen of the hazard. To improve soldiers’ eye and respiratory protection against NBC agents, a new 

protective mask has entered production. NBC collective protection systems are now fielded in many combat 

vehicles, vans and shelters to provide a clean air environment on a contaminated battlefield. Collective protection 

equipment now in production will convert an existing room into an NBC shelter. High pressure hot water supplied 

by the lightweight decontaminating system, also in production, provides soldiers the capability to partially 

decontaminate equipment. Improved decontamination systems are in development that will decontaminate sensitive 

electronics, optics and avionics and be less reliant on the use of water.

Brunswick Corp. (Chemical detector development) - (Delmaura, FL)

Engineered Air Systems Inc. (Decontamination system production) - (St. Louis, MO)

Environmental Analysis Systems Inc. (Chemical detector development) - (Towson, MD)

General Atomics (Decontamination system development) - (San Diego, CA)

H arshaw /Filtrol (Radiac production) - (Solon, OH)

ILC Dover (Protective mask production) - (Fredricka, DE)

Mine Safety Appliance (Protective mask production) - (Pitt, PA)

Nuclear Research Corp. (Radiac Production) - (Dover, N. J.)

Scott Aviation (Protection mask production) - (Hebron, OH)

Sechan Electronics Inc. (Radiac production) - (Lititz, PA)

107
SMOKE AND OBSCURANTS

INITIAL BURST OF M76

IR GRENADES

SMOKE FORMED FROM LARGE

AREA SMOKE SCREENING

XM55 PRODUCING IR SMOKE

ON M998 HMMWV

■UM825 WHITE PHOSPHORUS

SMOKE PROJECTILE
Smoke and Obscurants

MISSION:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

Smoke and obscurants greatly improve survivability on today’s high intensity battlefield. Smoke grenades deployed 

from combat vehicles produce an instantaneous screen that defeats enemy electro-optic sensors and weapon 

guidance systems. Artillery, mortar and rocket delivered smoke rounds can be directed on enemy units or between 

friendly and enemy positions to degrade enemy vision or to screen the advance of friendly forces. M ounted on 

tactical and combat vehicles, large area screening-smoke systems help obscure high priority targets (airfields, 

bridges and ammunition depots) as well as convoys and troop movements.

Soviet doctrine emphasizes extensive use of smoke during tactical operations. They achieved remarkable success 

in reducing personnel and materiel losses with smoke tactics in World War II. The Soviet intention to employ 

smoke against NATO forces is clearly demonstrated by the level of smoke usage in Warsaw Pact exercises. They 

have extensive capability to produce visual smokes. Indications suggest that the Soviets are expanding their 

obscurant capability to other electromagnetic spectra.

A family of currently fielded smoke grenade launchers provides self-protection to armored vehicles. The initial 

systems degrade electro-optical devices such as day and night sights, anti-tank guided missiles, and laser range 

finders. Expanded capabilities are required to screen the infrared and millimeter regions of the electromagnetic 

spectrum in order to defeat advanced target and guidance systems. An infrared defeating smoke grenade (M76) 

is in production, and a millimeter screening grenade (XM81) is in development. A multi-salvo smoke grenade 

launcher now in development will provide the capability to employ smoke grenades more than once without 

reloading. Projected smoke systems are being improved by changing from bulk-filled to submunition designs. 

The new design yields a several fold improvement in obscuration effectiveness for the same quantity of munitions. 

The M259 2.75 inch smoke rocket, M825 155mm smoke projectile and M819 81mm smoke m ortar cartridge are 

examples of the submunition concept. Large area screening capability is being improved through recently fielded 

mobile smoke generators mounted on M113’s and HMMWV’s (M1059 and M157, respectively). Development 

is underway on Large Area Screening Systems (LASS) with visual, infrared and millimeter wave screening 

capabilities (XM55/56/57). The XM56 Smoke (LASS)/DECON System will also be capable of decontaminating 

chemical warfare agents.

AAI Corp. (Combat Vehicle Defense Obscurants System development) - (Towson, MD)

MRC Division of Chamberlain Manufacturing Corp (XM55/56/57 Full Scale development) - (Hunt Park, MD) 

Minowitz Manufacturing Corp. (M157 production) - (Detroit, MI)

Tierney (Turbines for XM55/56/57 development) - (Detroit, MI)

Engineered Air Systems Inc. (M l57 production) - (St. Louis, MO)

109
The Combat Service Support mission area relates to providing tactical commanders with supply, maintenance, 

personnel and administration, civil affairs, medical, transportation, and other services. In terms of equipment modernization of the force, this handbook includes those m ajor items that the Army is developing 

to improve its tactical transportation capability.

no
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT

High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled

Vehicle (HMMWV)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

The HMMWV is a light, highly mobile, diesel powered, 4-wheel drive tactical vehicle that uses a common 1 1/4 

ton payload chassis. The HMMWV can be configured through the use of common components and kits to become 

a cargo/troop carrier, armament carrier, S250 shelter carrier, two or four litter ambulance, or TOW missile carrier. 

The HMMWV provides a successor to the 1/4 ton Jeep, M718A1 Ambulance, 1/2 ton M274 Mule, 1 1/4 ton 

Gamma Goat, and M792 Ambulance. The HMMWV is a Tri-Service program that also provides vehicles to satisfy 

Marine Corps and Air Force requirements. The HMMWV program is complementary to the 1 1/4 Ton Commercial 

UtiUty and Cargo Vehicle (CUCV) Non-development Item (NDI) program. Other developmental models include 

prime mover for the light howitzer and towed VULCAN systems.

Cargo/Troop Armament TOW Ambulance S250 MSE*

Carrier Carrier Carrier Carrier Carrier Carrier

Curb Weight 5200 5960 6051 7180 5424 5374

Payload, lbs 2500 1940 2049 1420 3176 3148

GVW, lbs 7700 7900 8200 8600 8600 8660

Crew /Cab 2/4 4 4 2/4(litters) 2 2

Length, inches 180 180 180 201 188 194.4

Height, inches 69 73.5 71w/o

Lncher

100 104 105

W idth, Inches 85 85 85 85 85 85

CONTRACTOR:

Trailer Towing Capacity: 3400 lbs 

Range: 300 miles

No known Soviet counterpart.

In 1983 a 5-year multiyear contract was awarded for a basic quantity of 54,973 vehicles (all Services) with an 

option to increase production by 100%. A new 5 year competitive multiyear contract for approximately 36,000 

vehicles is planned for award in FY89.

*Special variant for Mobile Subscriber Equipment. Built by AM General for Prime Contractor (GTE) of MSE. 

AM General Division, LTV Aeorospace and Defense (Livonia, MI)

113

Small Unit Support Vehicle (SUSV)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

The M973 Small Unit Support Vehicle (SUSV), 1 Vi Ton, is a full tracked logistical support vehicle. There are 

four versions, a cargo variant, an ambulance variant, command and control variant as well as a flat bed variant; 

all are highly mobile and helicopter transportable. It is designed to provide mobility for units on improved roads 

or cross country under all-year-round conditions. The SUSV can advance over bogs and marshland during summer 

season as easy as it can be driven over snow and ice during winter. It is capable of being sling-lifted by CH-47C 

helicopter and internally by C-130 aircraft. The SUSV is used to conduct operations in northern and mountainous 

regions, and can carry selected items of subsistence equipment, ammunition, and supplies required by small units. 

It is capable of floating in fresh water, can transport 17 fully equipped soldiers or a 4,400 pound payload, and 

tow a trailer or light howitzer.

First Car Rear Car Total

Curb Weight: 5500 lbs 3700 lbs 9200 lbs

Payload: 1300 lbs 3100 lbs 4400 lbs

Gross Weight: 6800 lbs 6800 lbs 13,600 lbs

Passengers: 5 (6) 11 16 (17)

Cargo Space: 88 cu ft 194 cu ft 282 cu ft

Length: 270 in Gradeability, hard surface: 60% (31 degrees)

Height: 93 in deep snow: 30% (17 degrees)

W idth: 73 in side slope: 90% (40 degrees)

Max speed on roads: 31 mph Ground pressure: 1.8 psi

in water: 2 mph 

Fording Depth: Floats Armament; None

In Service for Armies In: United States (1983), Canada, Germany, Italy, Great Britain, Norway, Finland,

Spain, and Sweden

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

None.

The SUSV is a Nondevelopmental Item (NDI) program. The first production contract was awarded for 268 vehicles 

in March 1983. An option for an additional 34 vehicles was exercised in June 1983. Vehicles procured under 

the initial contract have been delivered and fielded. A new source 2 year multiyear contract was awarded in June 

1988 for 384 vehicles. Including contract options, the Army plans to purchase up to 850 vehicles under the new 

contract.

CONTRACTOR: Hagglund Vehicle AB, (Ornskoldsvik, Sweden.)

115
"-/•
Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit (ROWPU)

3000 Gallons Per Hour (GPH)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTOR:

The 3000 G PH Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit (ROWPU) provides fresh drinking water worldwide. 

The ROWPU purifies fresh, saHne, brackish, and nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) contaminated water.

The 3000 GPH ROWPU represents state-of-the-art technology in water purification equipment. The unit consists 

of a raw water subsystem, clarification subsystem, reverse osmosis (RO) subsystem, NBC post treatment subsystem, 

chemical feed subsystem, process control station, piping, fittings, and a storage area for pumps and operating 

supplies. The chemical feed, clarification, RO, and NBC post treatment subsystems, along with the process control 

station, is enclosed in a 8 foot wide by 8 foot high by 20 foot long ISO container. Support system components 

of the system include collapsible water storage tanks, hoses, chemicals, tools, distribution and raw water pumps, 

a 60KW generator set and a M871 semitrailer. This equipment is designed to operate 20 hours a day at a production 

rate equivalent to 3000 gallons per hour of fresh water and 2000 gallons per hour of sea water. The unit is 

transportable by two C-230’s, one C-141, rail, ship, or standard military vehicles. The ROW PU replaces the 

the erdlator which can purify only fresh water.

The Soviets currently utilize two pieces of equipment to accomphsh the task for which the United States has 

developed the ROWPU. To purify fresh water and NBC contaminated water, the Soviets currently use the MAFS-3, 

a unit similar to the erdlator. To purify brackish or saline water, the Soviets utilize distillation process equipment, 

called the OPS, incorporated into their current standard desalinization equipment.

The initial production contract for the 3000 GPH ROWPU has been awarded. The follow-on contract will be 

fully competitive.

Aqua Chem, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI)

117
400 BED EVACUATION HOSPITAL DEPLOYED

IN A FIELD ENVIRONMENT

PATIENT AWAITING TREATMENT IN HOSPITAL

OPERATING ROOM MODULE

DEPMEDS

DEPLOYABLE X-RAY MODULE
Deployable Medical Systems (DEPMEDS)

MISSION: DEPMEDS equipped hospitals are standard Department of Defense modular hospitals for use throughout a 

wartime theater of operations. There are seven types of Army hospitals, ranging from forward deployed MASH 

(Mobile Army Surgical Hospital) units in the combat zone to general hospitals in the Communications Zone 

(COMMZ). Each is composed of different configurations of standard modules such as operating rooms, 

laboratories. X-ray units and wards. The DEPMEDS hospitals standardize the use of the latest medical technology 

and equipment, expendable supplies, and major non-medical support equipment (power units, TEM PER (Tent 

Extendable M odular Personnel) tents, tactical shelters, and heating and air conditioning) throughout the 

Department of Defense. Standard modules improve medical unit mobihty and patient distribution densities. The 

hospitals can be deployed under all climatic conditions. The fielding of the 156 Army hospitals will eliminate 

serious shortages of field medical equipment and achieve major advances in equipping the Total Army. Gaining 

units will receive their DEPMEDS equipment in one package under the Total Package Fielding concept. This 

is the largest Total Package fielding effort ever undertaken by the Army Medical Department.

CHARACTERISTICS: System characteristics vary by type of hospital. All meet the systems criteria of providing adequate but austere 

care, being affordable, maintainable, relocatable, having modular configuration and quad-service compatibility, 

and being transportable by strategic air.

SOVIET C O U N TER PA R T:

PROGRAM STATUS:

There is no known Soviet counterpart to DEPMEDS.

The DoD Medical Standarization Board insures compatibility among the Services. The Army program is managed 

by the DEPMEDS Project Manager, operating under the authority of the Secretary of the Army. DEPMEDS 

hospitals are being procured and fielding began in the 4th Qtr FY87. By the end of FY88, 14 hospital sets had 

been fielded to Army combat hospital units.

CONTRACTORS: A large number of contractors are involved in providing the 3,400 plus medical and non-medical components 

of DEPMEDS. These components are assembled into modules and hospital sets at the Defense Depot, Ogden, 

Utah.

119
The Tactical Command, Control and Communications (C^) mission area includes resources for providing 

effective command and control, automation, and communications support to combat units. In order for 

a commander to effectively control his tactical elements, he must know where they are located and must 

have a means by which to talk to them even in an enemy electronic countermeasure environment. The systems 

included in this mission area provide that capability. Without them, the Army would be as helpless as a person without a nervous system.

120
COMMAND, CONTROL, AND

COMMUNICATIONS (C^)

121
ARMY DATA DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (ADDS)

ENHANCED PLRS USER UNIT

(LOW SPEED DATA DISTRIBUTION)

JTIDS CLASS 2M TERMINAL

(HIGH SPEED DATA DISTRIBUTION)
Army Data Distribution System (ADDS)

MISSION:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

The Army Data Distribution System (ADDS), formerly called the PLRS (Position Location Reporting System 

(PLR S)/Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) Hybrid (PJH ), will modify, combine, and 

integrate components of PLRS and JTIDS in an evolutionary five-phase program to take advantage of the advanced 

state of development of these two projects. The ADDS will support Army near real time data distribution 

requirements in the Division and Corps area. The ADDS contains three primary equipment elements: Enhanced 

PLRS User Units (EPUU), JTIDS terminals, and Net Control Stations (NCS). The EPUUs are assigned to almost 

all units in the Division area that participate in near real-time data communications, identification and position 

location/navigation. JTIDS terminals will be assigned to those users whose data throughput requirements exceed 

the capability of the EPUU and who participate heavily in interservice communications. For example, air defense 

users pass high volume tracking data internally and exchange friendly identification inform ation with the Air 

Force. The NCS provides overall system network managment. The ADDS system will support data communications 

requirements in the five functional areas of fire support, air defense, intelligence/electronic warfare, maneuver 

control and combat service support. The FAAD C2I (Forward Area Air Defense Command Control & Intelligence) 

System is totally dependent on ADDS for data distribution.

None known.

ADDS entered its final phase of development in 1985 with a final low rate production award scheduled for March 

1989.

CONTRACTORS: Hughes Aircraft Company, Ground Systems Group (Fullerton, CA) 

The Singer Company, Kearfott Division (Little Falls, NJ)

123
AFATDS 

TYPICAL AFSC LAYOUT 

(MOUNTED)

STDfUW 

LAAGE SCRCeN 

O S ^ V 

nCMOTt COWTOOt 

WONTTDAUIffT

K v u m

StN C G A R SIU aO

JUNCTION

TEAM N ALM X

PLUS

c o m m im c a t k m s

COKTROi MOOULC 

^fTIDS

CtCCTRONIC W IN TER

C R v n o

STOAACE 

. RtllOTECOMTROt 

MONrroRUNrT

n R c s u P K m r 

TEAMMAL 

PROGRAM LOAD 

UMT

POWER CONTROL 

GROUP

CCKTRAL PROCESSOR 

AUXMJARy MEMORY 

UNTT

AFATDS 

ty p ic a l AFSC LAYOUT 

(VEHICULAR)

ADVAMCED FA TACTICAL 

DATA SYSTEM

• STATE OF THE ART TOTAL FIRE SUPPORT SYSTEM

• DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING

• USES ARM Y COMMON lATCCSI HARDWARE

• FIRST UNIT EQUIPPED 20 QTR FY 92

BTRY OPN8 CTR

BN OPNS CTR
Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS)

MISSION:

PROGRAM STATUS:

AFATDS will replace and will broaden and modernize the US Army fire support Command, Control and 

Communications (C3) TACFIRE system. It will meet automated fire support requirements of the Army Tactical 

Command and Control System (ATCCS) during the 1990-2010 timeframe. AFATDS will support close, rear 

and deep operations and nuclear, non-nuclear and chemical fire planning. It will coordinate the employment 

of all Service/Combined fire support assets to complement the commander’s scheme of manpower. Compatibility 

will be provided with all existing and planned US and allied field artillery system and sensors. The AFATDS 

will also correct the fire control and distribution deficiencies of the current TACFIRE system with no increase 

in personnel requirements, with greatly reduced side, and minimized training burden. AFATDS will provide fully 

automated support for planning, coordination and control of all fire support assets (mortars, close air support, 

naval gunfire, attack helicopters, offensive electronic warfare, field artillery cannons, rockets and guided missiles) 

in the execution of close support counterfire, interdiction, suppression of enemy air defense and deep operations.

There will be a milestone III decision on AFATDS in FY89. FY90 activities include continued Full Scale 

Development of Fire Support software, continued system integration and test with the ATCCS CHS and also 

development of installation kits and accessories to support test and initial fielding of AFATDs.

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The Warsaw Pact has fielded an artillery tactical command and control system. This system has computers at 

battery, battalion and regiment or brigade level that are digitally linked. These computers perform fireplanning, 

targeting, logistics and terrain management calculations.

CONTRACTOR: Magnavox (Ft. Wayne, IN)

125

Joint Tactical Communications Program

The Joint Tactical Communications Program is a joint service and DOD Agency program to develop and field advanced tactical multichannel switched 

communications equipment. This equipment will provide the combat forces with the tactical communications needed to meet the mobility, security 

and reliability requirements of the modern battlefield. This program was established to achieve interoperability between service tactical communications 

systems, interoperability with strategic communications systems, take advantage of recent advances in technology, and eliminate duplication in service 

developments. Each component of the program is assigned to one of the services to develop and acquire for all of the defense community. The major 

components assigned to the Army are the AN/TTC-39 family of switches, the AN/TYC-39 Message Switch, multichannel transmission equipment 

and user message processing devices.

AN/TTC-39 Circuit Switch and AN/TYC-39 Message Switch

MISSION:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTOR:

This equipment provides automatic switching service, interconnecting analog and digital users, between tactical 

and Defense Communication System switches, and between US and NATO national switches. Both switches 

employ micro-electronic components and design techniques to minimize size, weight, and power consumption. 

The AN/TTC-39 system is the heart of the multichannel switched network and is a highly efficient means of 

connecting telephones, message traffic, and data users in both a secure and nonsecure mode in the area network 

at echelons above Corps.

There is no known counterpart.

Both switches were authorized for production in FY80. Fielding of these switches was accomplished in FY86. 

The Army is currently fielding the improved AN/TTC-39A Circuit Switch. Fielding is to be completed second 

quarter, FY95.

GTE Sylvania (Needham Heights, MA)

127
ECHELON ABOVE CORPS 

(EAC)

MSE Deployment - 42 nodes

• 4 nodes per division

• 22 nodes per corps

RADIO ACCESS UNIT (INSIDE SHELTER)

HMMWV WITH S250 SHELTER 

MSE Deployment - 42 nodes RADIO ACCESS UNIT (INSIDE SHELTER) 

• 4 nodes per d lvlslon 

• 22 nodes per corps 
Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) Program

MISSION:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTOR:

The Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) is an area communications system which will be fielded in the Corps 

and division areas. MSE provides secure static and mobile (on the move) voice/data/facsimile service to principal 

commanders and key staff officers enabling them to exercise command and control over their forces in the rapidly 

changing battlefield environment. (An approximate commercial equivalent is a telephone system with mobile 

radio telephone service and data capability.) The Corps network consists of 5 divisions which are composed of 

42 nodes and will provide service to 1900 mobile and 8,500 static subscribers. MSE is interoperable with TRITAC, combat net radios, commercial telephone, and NATO systems. It allows users to keep the same telephone 

number as they move on the battlefield and will automatically route calls around inoperable nodes. Since market 

surveys determined that MSE-type systems were already available, the Army decided to follow a non-developmental 

item (NDI) acquisition strategy to save time, money, and personnel; that is, to accept the best available system.

There is no known Soviet counterpart.

The MSE program is progressing according to the planned acquisition strategy. The basic MSE contract and 

the 1st Option were awarded in FY86, the 2d Option in FY87, and the 3rd option in early FY89. The 3rd Option 

represented the advancement to full rate production. Procurements from these four awards will equip and field 

12 corps signal battalions, eleven division signal battalions with associated MSE division equipment, and the 

Fort Gordon and Fort Sill training bases. A successful Follow-On Operational Test and Evaluation of MSE was 

concluded in November 1988. The results of this test showed that MSE is operationally effective and significantly 

better than currently fielded area communications equipment. Funding in FY89 and FY90 will procure another 

15 division sets and eight corps sets. The FY91 procurement will equip two divisions and will complete the buy 

for the current Army Acquisition Objective.

GTE selected by competitive process.

129
ALL SOURCE ANALYSIS SYSTEM

Forward Sensor

Interface & Control

Module Forward Deployed Intell.

Sensor in Main Battle Area

To CEW I

Enclave ~Z_

Communication

Processor and

Interlace Module

Dual

ASAS

Interface

Modules
All Source Analysis System (ASAS)

MISSION:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

The All Source Analysis System (ASAS) can be described as the central nervous system guiding field commanders 

to successfully prosecute the AirLand Battle/Deep Attack. A Tactical key sub-element of the Army Command 

and Control System (ATCCS), the ASAS will automate command and control of Intelligence/Electronic W arfare 

(lEW ) operations. It will also generate a near real-time picture of the enemy situation to guide employment of 

maneuver forces and systems such as the Joint Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar System (JSTARS) 

and the Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS). Many sophisticated sensor systems provide targeting 

information, yet today the capability to process and respond to that information is Hmited by manual and partially 

automated methods. The ASAS will use state-of-the-art minicomputers to speed the process and improve its 

accuracy. The Joint Tactical Fusion Program is developing ASAS along with the Air Force Enemy Situation 

Correlation Element (ENSCE). The ASAS/ENSCE architecture is modular. Division ASAS, Corps ASAS, and 

ENSCE systems will be configured differently, in accordance with force structure and mission requirements.

No known Soviet counterpart.

The program employs an evolutionary acquisition strategy. Initial system components will be fielded in the late 

1980’s, and the objective system will evolve through pre-planned product improvements and software refinement 

based on user feedback. Testing of system modules began in FY86 and continued through FY88. Fielding of 

Limited Capabihty Configuration at III Corps will start in FY89. Following a successful Initial Operational Test 

and Evaluation (lOTE), a milestone III production decision is scheduled for FY92, and full production systems 

will commence in the early 1990s.

CONTRACTORS: Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, CA)

M artin M arietta Corporation (Denver, CO)

Ford Aerospace and Communications Corporation (Palo Alto, CA) 

TRW (Redondo Beach, CA)

McDonnell Douglas (Huntington Beach, CA)

131
%
Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System

(SINCGARS-V)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

SINCGARS provides commanders with a reliable, easily maintained Combat Net Radio (CNR) for o )mmand 

and control. SINCGARS provides effective Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM) against threat 

Electronic W arfare (EW). SINCGARS configurations include manpack, vehicular (both low and high power), 

and airborne models. The first radios fielded do not contain integrated communications security (COMSEC) 

but, instead, will use the external VINSON COMSEC device. COMSEC will be integrated in later verions of 

the ground and airborne models (ICOM SINCGARS). SINCGARS radios have greatly improved reliability over 

the AN/VRC-12 series radios which they replace, and they are exceeding the requirement of 1250 hour Mean 

Time Between Failure (MTBF).

Weight:

Frequency Range:

Channels:

Range:

22.5 lbs w /battery and COMSEC Device 

ICOM weight 19.6 lbs w/battery 

30.00 to 87.975 MHz 

2320 

8-35 km

The Soviets have no known counterpart.

First source SINCGARS ground radios passed First Article Tests in January 1988 and production deliveries began 

immediately. A Follow-on Operational Test and Evaluation was completed in May 1988. Awards for Options 

3 and 4 for 16,000 radios each are scheduled for March 1989 and 1990 respectively, completing the first source 

contract for 44,100 ground radios. Of this quantity, 27,625 will have integrated COMSEC (ICOM). All SINCGARS 

produced after FY89 will be ICOM SINCGARS. A second source of ICOM SINCGARS ground radios was selected 

and a firm fixed price contract was awarded in July 1988 with two options for FY90 and FY91. Full competition 

will begin in FY92. The 2d Infantry Division in Korea received 145 SINCGARS radios in December 1987, providing 

commanders with jam-resistant communications for their DMZ forces. Since then, the program office has fielded 

290 radios to the training base. Limited fielding to Army units in SOUTHCOM is planned. M ajor unit fielding 

will begin in January 1990. The SINCGARS airborne radio passed First Article Tests in September 1988. There 

are options on the airborne radio contract for FY89 and FY90. Airborne radios will be field concurrently with 

the ground radios.

First Source: (ground and airborne radios): ITT Aerospace/Optical Division (Fort Wayne, IN).

Second Source (ground radios): General Dynamics Electronics Systems (San Diego, CA)

133
fc> ■

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ese

ki ir

^•■■ ■ ^''. .;'. -1 -•'
Satellite Communications Programs

MISSION:

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

The Army’s Satellite Communications Program consists of the Ground Environment of the Defense Satellite 

Communications System (DSCS) and the Ground Mobile Force Tactical Satellite Communication Program. DSCS 

provides unique and vital communications for the Department of Defense and other U.S. Government agencies. 

As its share of the DSCS program, the Army develops, procures, and fields ground satellite communications 

earth terminals and control systems for all the armed services. These terminals and control systems support rapid, 

reliable, effective worldwide command, control, communications and intelligence operations of mihtary 

commanders, and the National Command Authority. Developments are underway to maximize traffic rates, 

increase effective use of scarce satellite resources, provide cost effective system control, and minimize vulnerability 

to enemy countermeasures. The Ground Mobile Forces Tactical Satellite Communication Program provides single 

channel, multi-channel and special purpose tactical satellite ground terminals and control systems to meet critical 

long range, jam-resistant and nuclear survivable communications needs. The Army is procuring the single channel 

A N/PSC-3 and AN/VSC-7 Ultra High Frequency (UHF) terminals for Ranger and Special Forces users. 

Additionally, fielding of multichannels. Super High Frequency (SHF) AN/TSC-85A and AN/TSC-93A satellite 

communications terminals are continuing. Full Scale Development is underway to provide the highly survivable, 

anti-jam and mobile ground terminal—the Single Channel Objective Tactical Terminal (SCOTT)—for the 

MILSTAR Satellite Communications System. SCOTT will operate in the Extremely High Frequency (EHF) range.

The Soviet Union possesses a large strategic satellite network, based upon use of the MOLNIYA and 

STATSIONAR satellites. The Soviets rely on high frequency (HF) radio or less survivable UHF and SHF satellite 

systems for long range tactical communications.

Satellite Communication (SATCOM) will continue programs designed to upgrade the DSCS equipment and 

operation systems in support of strategic communication requirements. Programs include integration of the Digital 

Communication Satellite Subsystem into both mobile and fixed terminals, modifications to in-service equipment 

to improve efficiency and lower operation and maintenance costs, and development of enhanced operational 

systems. To support tactical Ground Mobile Forces, PM SATCOM will complete fielding of AN/TSC-85A/93A 

tactical SATCOM (TACSAT) terminals and begin fielding of the baseband improvement modification (BIM). 

Conceptual testing of the Phase IAN/TSQ-XX Satellite Control facility prototypes will be completed - development 

of the Phase II prototypes will begin. Requirement contracts will be established to support multiservice requirements 

for off-the-shelf UHF satellite manpack terminals and ancillary equipment. The NDI Category B acquisition 

program for the Advanced Manpack UHF Terminal (AMUT) with embedded narrow band secure voice and 

Demand Assisted Multiple Access (DAMA) capabilities will continue. Delivery of Single Channel Transponder 

Receivers for AN/MCS-64 terminals will begin. Procurement of 207 SCOTT terminals will be made between 

1990-94 for Army units which support joint operations. SCOTT Initial Operation Test & Evaluation (lOT&E) 

will begin in August 1989.

Harris Corp. (Melbourne, FL)

Ford Aerospace Corp. (Palo Aho, CA) 

GE Corp. (Valley Forge, PA)

M /A —Comm Linkabit Corp 

(San Diego, CA) 

Magnavox (Torrence, CA)

135

NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS)

MISSION: The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) is a joint Army, Navy, Air Force Program with the Air Force 

as the lead service. It is a space-based navigation, three dimensional positioning and time distribution system 

that will provide accurate, continuous, all-weather, common grid, worldwide navigation, positioning and timing 

inform ation to land, sea, air and space-based users. GPS consists of three segments: (1) Space Segment (24) 

satellite constellations; (2) Ground Control Segment; and (3) User Segment. The User Segment consists of one, 

two and five-channel receiver configurations for manpack/vehicular, low-to-medium dynamic aircraft, and high 

dynamic aircraft and seacraft applications respectively. The Army will use the one and two-channel configurations 

and is responsible to the Joint Program Office for the testing of those receivers. The GPS receiver is a passive 

device that will be deployed at all echelons extensively and with Army aircraft.

SOVIET COUNTERPART:

PROGRAM STATUS:

Global Navigational System (GLONAS)

NAVSTAR GPS received consensus from the Joint Resources Management Board in June 1986 to proceed from 

the Full Scale Engineering Development phase to a Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP). Testing of the LRIP 

receivers will be conducted in FY89 with a full production decision made in FY90.

CONTRACTORS: Rockwell International, Collins Government Avionics Division (Cedar Rapids, Iowa)

137
Forward Area Air Defense I

WC0 -011 BG 021 

EFFT1130 

OEA T 1345 

FW-H-' RW-H 

REO 

ACK REO ___ _ 

WEAPONS CONTROL 

ORDER 011 

BATTLEFIELD 

GEOMETRY 021 

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IIATTALION OPERATION CENTER DIS'LAY 

RED WEAPONS CONTROL BATTLEFIELD 

ORDER NO 011 GEOMETRY NO. 021 

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PROMPTS 

ENTER EFFECTIVE TIME AW 

HOUR MIN 

ENTER DEACTIVATE TIME AW 

HOUR MIN T 

SELECT WEAPONS CONTROL AW 

Flh FW FW 1640 H 

STBY F T H 

Forward Area Air Defense c2 I 

/ 
Forward Area Air Defense Command, Control and

Intelligence (FAAD C2I)

MISSION:

SOVIET COUNTERPART;

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

FAAD C2I integrates the Forward Area Air Defense System into a synergistic system of systems capable of 

defeating the air threat to Army divisions. The distributed FAAD C2I network provides rapid collection, storage, 

processing, display, and dissemination of critical, time-sensitive air situation and targeting information. Weapon 

cueing and air situation information is developed from a suite of sensors and aircraft identification devices (ground 

and aerial, passive and active). The Army Data Distribution System ensures reliable, real-time, secure transfer 

of data between the sensors and weapons and other battlefield users. FAAD C2I provides autom ation for the 

Air Defense Control segment of the Army Tactical Command and Control System and assists battle captains 

in planning, coordinating, directing, and controlling the Counter Air fight. FAAD C2I also provides for 

interoperability with HIMAD, Joint, and Allied Air Defense Control systems.

The Soviets have deployed and continue to improve a very robust integrated Air Defense Command, Control 

and Intelligence System.

The Full Scale Development contract for systems integration and software was awarded in FY86. FY89 activities 

include completion of systems design, continuation of software development and ATCCS integration. Integration, 

Assembly and Test (IMT) will begin in FY90.

C2 software and development systems integration: (TRW (Prime) (Redondo Beach, CA)

139
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ir .'jp ^ a !,vSr' •1 ,1 ^ ’W * 'S & ^ * ‘- 4:,; •- f 'V A r. .K: ^ !
Maneuver Control System (MCS)

MISSION:

PROGRAM STATUS:

The Maneuver Control System (MCS) is an automated tactical command and control system that provides 

computer-aided decision support to tactical commanders and their battle staffs at corps through battalion levels. 

Army Airland battle doctrine calls for securing and retaining the initiative and exercising it aggressively in fluid, 

continuous, and wide-ranging operations from friendly rear area to enemy rear area. The Army Tactical Command 

and Control System (ATCCS) architecture has the objective of providing the necessary command and control 

resources for the Force Commanders at all echelons up to Corps to win on AirLand battlefield. The MCS is 

the objective maneuver and force level control system in ATCCS. A prototype capability was fielded in Europe 

(VII Corps) in 1981 as a means of obtaining user feedback and requirements refinement to support the system’s 

evolution. In 1983, the MCS completed development and operational testing and was approved for production. 

The 1985 decision provided direction to initiate an integrated nondevelopment item (NDI) effort to complement 

the fully mihtarized MCS devices. In its final configuration in the mid-90’s, MCS will utilize common hardware 

being procured for all ATCCS C2 systems.

The total quantity of full militarized hardware was procured in FY86 and will continue fielding until completion 

in FY91. NDI deliveries began in FY89 (first to III Corps) with fielding also to be completed in FY91. Common 

Hardware fielding begins in FY93.

SOVIET COUNTERPARTS: There is no known comparable Soviet system.

CONTRACTORS: Singer Librascope (Glendale, CA) (militarized)

Ford Aerospace & Communications Corp. (Colorado Springs, CO) (NDI) 

TRW (Redondo Beach, CA) (System Engineering and Integration) 

M ILTOPE (Melville, NY) (Common Hardware/Software)

141
The Soldier Support mission area includes those items that directly support the individual soldier. This mission area includes organizational clothing and individual equipment, chemical-biological defense equipment, 

night vision devices and individual weapons (further described on the pages following). As we modernize 

the Army with new equipment, we must keep the individual soldier equally up-to-date.

142
SOLDIER SUPPORT

143
SOLDIER SUPPORT

ITEMS

LOAD BEARING EQUIPMENT =

RECENTLY TYPE CLASSIFIED LOAD BEARING

EQUIPMENT PROVIDES SOLDIER GREATER

COMFORT AND LOAD TAILORING)

PARACHUTISTS ROUGH TERRAIN SYSTEM =

(DEVELOPMENT ITEM TO BE USED BY SPECIAL

OPERATING FORCES)

BALLISTIC/LASER EYE PROTECTION=

(DEVELOPMENTAL ITEM TO PROVIDE SOLDIER

WITH PROTECTION FROM SMALL GRAIN

FRAGMENTS AND SELECTED LASERS)

FIELD PACK LARGE WITH INTERNAL FRAME =

(RENCENTLY TYPE CLASSIFIED PACK TO REPLACE

ALICE PACK AND EXTERNAL FRAME)

BODY ARMOR COUNTERMINEr

(DEVELOPMENTAL ITEMS TO BE USED

TO DEFEAT SMALL MINES PRIMARILY

FOUND IN LOW INTENSITY ENVIRONMENTS)
Soldier Support

OBJECTIVES AND

CHARACTERISTICS

PROGRAM STATUS:

SOLDIER SUPPORT includes several related programs which respond to changing threat requirements and advances in state-of-the-art technology to enable the soldier to fight more effectively and survive better under all 

battlefield conditions. These include:

CLOTHING AND INDIVIDUAL EQUIPM ENT (CIE) research and development provides quality dress and 

personal uniforms, as well as quality and effectiveness in combat clothing and individual equipment. Currently, 

emphasis is placed on combat CIE to improve soldier capability to counter newly emerging battlefield threats. 

Research and development is focused on the design of lighter weight equipment, balUstic and laser eye protection, 

and improved chemical protective clothing which take advantage of the latest progress in technology and advanced 

materials. Over thirty projects are in progress to enhance soldier survivability and effectiveness. CIE research 

and development is managed by the Project Manager-Clothing and Individual Equipment, Woodbridge, Virginia. 

Natick Research Development and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts is the Army’s primary developer 

for CIE.

CHEMICAL-BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE (CBD) EQUIPMENT is being developed to permit the soldier to survive 

and continue his mission with minimal performance degradation on the chemical-biological contaminated 

battlefield. CBD development includes items for improved eye and respiratory protection, personal and individual 

equipment decontamination, collective protection and detection and warning of chemical and biological hazards. 

The Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland is the 

Army’s primary developer of CBD equipment.

NIGH T VISION DEVICES allow the individual soldier to function as well during night operations as during 

the day. These devices enable the soldier to locate, identify, and engage targets during periods of darkness and 

reduced visibility (haze, fog, and smoke). Future technology will focus on miniaturizing and reducing weight 

of the device, while lowering life cycle costs. The objective is to make these devices available to more soldiers, 

while insuring that the sights are effective and convenient to use. Night vision development is conducted at the 

Night Vision and Electro-Optics Laboratory at Fort Belvoir, Virginia.

INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS. The M16A2 rifle (5.56mm) is an improved version of the older M16A1 rifle. The 

9mm handgun will replace the older .45 cal and .38 cal pistols.

Currently there are 30 clothing and individual equipment R&D projects ongoing which have been approved by 

the Chief of Staff, Army. Projects include laser/ballistic eye protection, self contained chemical uniform, flechette 

ballistic vest, aircrew battledress uniform, aircrew cold weather uniform, snow and ice traversing equipment, 

and equipment airdrop containers. Also, 34 product improvements to fielded items are being worked. These 

include improved aircrew/CVC cooling vest, light duty leather glove, vapor barrier boot, extra large PASGT 

helmet, chemical/biological glove, combat boot sock, and wet weather parka/trousers. During 1989, 11 items 

are expected to be approved and type classified. These will include the 40 mm grenade vest, aircrew NBC uniform, 

extreme cold weather canteen, aircrew flight uniform, interim self contained chemical uniform, enhanced SPH4 

aviator helmet, gross chemical liquid protection overgarment, laser/ballistic eye protection, aviator survival vest, 

snow/ice traversing equipment and sleeping bag pad.

145
The Strategic Conflict mission area relates to inter-continental or transoceanic inter-theater conflict. The 

US Army Strategic Defense program is the Arm y’s only strategic weapons development program.

146
STRATEGIC CONFLICT

147
SDS MILESTONE 1

BSTS

BOOST SURVEILLANCE

AND TRACKING SYSTEM

EXOATMOSPHERIC

SPACE-BASED

SURVEILLANCE AND

TRACKING SYSTEM

^ O O B S E P H 4 ^ ©

©

GSTS

GROUND-BASED

SURVEILLANCE TRACKING

SYSTEM

ERIS

EXOATMOSPHERIC

REENTRY VEHICLE

INTERCEPTOR, SUBSYSTEM

GBR

GROUND BASE RADAR

BM/C^

BATTLE MANAGEMENT/

COMMAND AND CONTROL

AND COMMUNICATION

SBI

SPACE-BASED

INTERCEPTOR
u s Army Strategic Defense Command

MISSION:

PROGRAM STATUS:

The US Army Strategic Defense Command (USASDC) conducts the Army’s only strategic weapons research 

and development program and is a major contributor to the Department of Defense Strategic Defense Initiative 

(SDI). The mission of the command is to conduct a coordinated research program, in coordination with Defense, 

SDI and Army guidance, to insure a timely, cost effective development of technologies for defense against ballistic 

missiles. Explicitly included in this mission is the development of Tactical Missile Defense technologies and 

management of Kwajalein Atoll as a National Missile Range.

In FY 89 USASDC is managing a research program in excess of $1.3 BiUion in the five functional areas of baUistic 

missile defense: Surveillance, Acquisition, Tracking, and Kill Assessment (SATKA); Kinetic Energy Weapons 

(KEW); Directed Energy Weapons (DEW); Systems Analysis/Battle Management (SABM); and Survivability, 

Lethality and Key Technologies (SLKT). This research focuses on demonstrating the technologies which will 

allow for the deployment of a multitiered Strategic Defense System (SDS). Also included in this funding are 

efforts in coordination with our allies for the development of the architectures, system technologies, and testbeds 

required for an effective theater missile defense.

In September 1987 and October 1988 the Defense Acquisition Board completed a review of the SDS and directed 

that Phase I of the program proceed from concept validation into demonstration and validation. Component 

systems in the follow-on phases will continue to undergo basic technological research. The schematic drawing 

depicts the major elements of Phase I of the SDS system. Army components include: the Exoatmospheric ReentryVehicles Interceptor Subsystem (ERIS), the Ground-based Surveillance and Tracking System (GSTS), and the 

Battle Management, Command, Control and Communications (BM/C3) support for these systems. The Air Force 

has developmental responsibility for the remaining Phase I systems: the Boost Surveillance and Tracking System 

(BSTS), the Space Based Interceptor (SBI), and the Space-Based Surveillance and Tracking System (SSTS). It 

is envisioned that in addition to these systems the Army’s Ground Based Radar (GBR) will be incorporated into 

Phase I once its environmental assessment is complete.

In FY90 the program will build upon past technological developments through focused investigations, experiments, 

and functional technology validations in the five functional areas. The emphasis will be to demonstrate and validate 

technologies for the Phase I systems, while sustaining the technological base for the systems in the follow-on 

phases. M ajor USASDC initiatives are detailed on the pages which follow.

SOVIET COUNTERPART: The Soviets are maintaining and upgrading the world’s only operational Ballistic Missile Defense System around 

Moscow, and in addition are conducting a very active research and development program in more advanced 

BMD technologies.

149

Exoatmospheric Reentry-Vehicle Interceptor Subsystem (ERIS)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

ERIS is designed to conduct non-nuclear intercepts of reentry vehicles dispersed from Intercontinental Ballistic 

Missiles (ICBM) and Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBM). Midcourse sensors will acquire, track and 

pass target information to the battle manager element which will discriminate (determine which objects are reentry 

vehicles), assign ERIS interceptors to targets, provide trajectory and launch data to the interceptor, and 

communicate target state vector upgrades to the interceptors in-flight.

The ERIS is a lightweight system weighing approximately 700 kg. It is designed to provide a low cost per RV 

kill, estimated to be less than $1 million. The ERIS kill mechanism will be non-nuclear, using a lethality enhancing 

impulse kill technology. ERIS will employ the dormant missile concept, which will allow it to remain in an 

operationally ready condition in a sealed container without routine maintenance requirements.

All of the basic interceptor functions will be validated in a series of three Functional Technology Vahdation 

(FTV) tests taking place in FY90-91. Each test will address increasingly stressing threat levels. Once these basic 

functions are demonstrated, validated advanced technologies will be introduced in a proven testbed. The Advanced 

Technology Validation (ATV) tests will be conducted to introduce components based on new technologies such 

as: improved three-color staring seeker, cooled optics, fiber optics gyro, improved avionics, and reduced system size.

Lockheed (Prime) - (Sunnyvale, CA)

Texas Instruments (Seeker) - (Dallas, TX)

Honeywell (Avionics) - (Clearwater, FL)

Kearfott Navigation Controls Co (IMU) - (Little Falls, NJ)

TRW (Divert Propulsion) - (Redondo Beach, CA)

Hercules (Booster Propulsion) - (Magna, UT)

Rocket Research (Lethality Enhancement) - (Redmon, WA)

151
■ :i.

KILL VEHICLE

SPRINT

SPARTAN

STAGE 1

(PHASE II)

(PHASE I)

SPA R TA N /SPR IN T
High Endoatmospheric Defense Interceptor (HEDI)

MISSION: HEDI is a ground-based, hypervelocity, high acceleration, area defense interceptor which will engage ballistic 

missile reentry vehicles high in the endoatmosphere. This battlespace requires HEDI to intercept short-range 

and depressed trajectory SLBMs as well as those ICBM RVs which penetrate the midcourse defense layer. The 

midcourse sensors and associated battle manager elements will provide target detection and discrimination, 

determine the desired target intercept point, select the appropriate trajectory for engaging each threat, and issue 

a launch command to the HEDI.

CHARACTERISTICS:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

The requirement for HEDI to function in the atmosphere at a high velocity requires it to be a lightweight interceptor 

with emphasis on propulsion and rapid divert capabilities. The vehicle and its individual components also must 

be able to withstand the high temperatures generated by atmospheric friction. A laser rangefinder will fuze a 

non-nuclear fragmenting warhead.

Test results have verified the basic technology for the window cooling concept and the warhead shape, 

fragmentation pattern, and velocity. The Kinetic Kill Vehicle Integrated Technology Experiment (KITE) program 

is an ongoing study program structured to resolve critical issues using existing and developing technologies. In 

FY89, the kill vehicle will be integrated into the interceptor and tested in a launch at White Sands Missile Range, 

NM. Another KITE test will occur with the completion of the seeker and laser rangefinder. These flight tests 

will be followed by intercepts of strategic targets at the US Army Kwajalein Atoll.

McDonnell Douglas (Prime) - (Los Angeles, CA)

Hughes (Seeker) - (El Segundo, CA)

Aerojet (Controls) - (Sacramento, CA)

153
••• ,,, , 

• •• 

AltM 

•••• • •••• • ••••• • • • • • • • • 
Airborne Optical Adjunct (AOA)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

PROGRAM STATUS:

The Airborne Optical Adjunct (AOA) project is an ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile) Treaty compliant technology 

experiment to determine how airborne optical sensors can best provide early warning and tracking of enemy 

ballistic missile warheads. The system holds the promise of being able to detect a wide range of objects during 

their flight outside the atmosphere and, as these objects generate heat on reentering the atmosphere, to discriminate 

warheads from decoys, debris, and chaff which may reenter with them. As such, the AOA supports sensor 

technology for the boost, midcourse and terminal phases of ballistic missile defense. It also provides for functional 

validation of the performance of airborne platforms for real-time, onboard processing of integrated sensor 

components.

The system consists of a sophisticated Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) sensor and data processor installed in a 

modified Boeing 767 commercial jet aircraft. The key to AOA performance is ability of the LWIR sensor system 

to detect the heat of objects against the cold space background within its field of view. The aircraft will be used 

to test LWIR and data processing performance and as a testbed vehicle for other sensors and SDI systems.

Modifications to the AOA aircraft have been completed to permit installation of the sensor subsystem and 

airworthiness tests. The sensor subsystem has been completed and is now undergoing systems integration testing. 

In addition, detection and operating algorithms continue to be developed for the sensor and data processing 

system. The AOA system will be used in a series of experimental flights designed to validate the functional 

performance of an LWIR sensor on an airborne platform in detecting and tracking ICBM reentry vehicles, and 

discriminating warheads from other objects. Begirming in 1989 AOA flights will validate and test onboard computer 

and other electronic equipment necessary for analog and digital processing of data. Test flights are to be initiated 

in CONUS while operational flights will be conducted at the US Army Kwajalein Atoll missile range.

CONTRACTORS: Boeing (Prime) - (Kent, WA)

Hughes (Sensors) - (Clearwater, FL)

Honeywell (Data Processing) - (El Segundo, CA)

155

Ground-Based Radar (GBR)

MISSION: The Ground-Based Radar Experiment (GBR-X) is an experimental prototype ground-based radar which will 

perform object discrimination in both the midcourse and high endoatmospheric flight regimes. It will demonstrate 

and validate midcourse defense operations, provide an instrumentation sensor for interceptor testing, and provide 

a high power agile phased-array instrumentation radar at the US Army Kwajalein Atoll.

CHARACTERISTICS: GBR is a high power, single-face, dual-use, phased-array radar. The full field and limited field-of-view antennas 

each contain over 21,000 elements used for steering the antenna beam. The antenna itself is a 100-meter structure. 

Standard traveling wave tubes will form the heart of the transmitter power group. The radar will depend heavily 

on new software development to control all aspects of the system and perform the crucial acquisition, tracking, 

and discrimination functions.

PROGRAM STATUS: The Ground-Based Radar Experiment (GBR-X) will be an SDI Phase I technology validation experiment which 

will form the basis for an operational GBR. A 48-month development contract has been awarded and the GBRX will be operational in 1993 at USAKA. A number of significant studies relating to GBR-X utilization and 

capabilities have been performed. The analyses have validated the design concepts incorporated into GBR-X 

and form a basis for developing detailed algorithms and operational procedures.

CONTRACTORS: Raytheon (Prime) - (Boston, MA)

TRW (Software) - (Redondo Beach, CA)

Control Data (Data Processing) - (Redondo Beach, CA)

157
■vft' 5 .^,
Ground Based Laser (GBL)

MISSION:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

The GBL program will involve a series of laser experiments at White Sands Missile Range, NM. These experiments 

will provide technology which could eventually contribute to the development of a laser system capable of destroying 

incoming enemy missiles and warheads. As shown in the diagram at left, a powerful laser would be fired from 

the ground, reflected first off a high altitude relay mirror in orbit, then reflected off a “ fighting m irror,” from 

which it could hit target hostile missiles in many positions. An important aspect of this system is that it could 

destroy enemy missiles during their boost phase, just after launch, when they are most vulnerable. The test program 

will show that lasers of multi megawatt power can be built, that a laser beam can be directed to and its energy 

deposited on a space based target, and that the components of an operational system can be integrated. This 

will provide the basis for scaling to a larger operational system in the future. The GBL experiment will be conducted 

using either an induction linac laser (Unear accelerator) or a RF (radio frequency) linac laser depending on which 

device provides the best laboratory results.

The free electron laser (FEL) technology which powers the GBL has experienced rapid gains in the last several 

years. In experiments at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the induction linac FEL has been demonstrated 

to operate with high efficiency at long wavelengths. In experiments at Los Alamos National Laboratory, work 

on RF linac devices have demonstrated the ability to lase at extremely short wavelengths at high efficiency. 

Construction has begun on the facilities at White Sands Missile Range. Detailed design and acquisition for lasers 

and the beam control system will begin in FY89. Following a successful experiment, this ground segment technology 

will provide the basis for full-scale development of an operational system.

Boeing (RF FEL) - (Seattle, WA)

TRW (Induction FEL) - (Redondo, CA)

Lockhead (Beam Control) - (Sunnyvale, CA)

TRW (System Engineering) - (Redondo, CA)

Fluor (Facilities) - (Irvine, CA)

159

Ground-Based Surveillance and Tracking System (GSTS)

MISSION:

CHARACTERISTICS:

PROGRAM STATUS:

CONTRACTORS:

The GSTS will support tracking and discrimination in the midcourse phase of the battle space using sensors carried 

into space by a rocket booster. The operational concept calls for pairs of GSTS sensors, launched at appropriate 

times after receipt of attack warning from boost-phase sensors, to provide to the battle manager correlated data 

on reentry vehicles during the midcourse phase. This system will be used to augment performance of space-based 

sensors and to cover gaps created by antisatellite attacks or nuclear detonation.

GSTS will use a passive Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) sensor to perform discrimination and tracking. This system 

incorpates devices to provide high speed signal throughput and rapid onboard data processing.

A prototype GSTS is being developed to provide for technical validation experiments to support midcourse 

discrimination and tracking. The GSTS will be integrated with the Boost Surveillance and Tracking System (BSTS) 

and other midcourse sensors (the Space-Based Surveillance and Tracking System and the Ground-Based Radar) 

for a full end-to-end tracking and discrimination experiment. A validated GSTS system concept will complete 

dem onstration and validation in the mid-1990s.

McDonnell Douglas (Prime) - (Huntington Beach, CA)

Hughes (Sensors) - (El Segundo, Ca)

Rockwell (Sensors) - (Anaheim, CA)

TRW (Software) - (Huntsville, AL)

Honeywell (Data Processor) - (Clearwater, FL)

SPARTA (Systems Engineering) - (Huntsville, AL)

161 ☆ U. s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1989 O - 230-979 ; QL 3
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