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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  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| **Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, 1988.**

 Filter fabrics have been available for several years           and are used most frequently as an underliner for roadbeds and in other           construction related activities. These materials are produced both as           woven and nonwoven fabrics and are available in varying weights and           porosities. Fabric selection is based on the proposed application and           the specifications that the desired material must meet. If filter fabric           is selected as the stabilization technology that is to be used, it has           the advantage of being available from several manufacturers whose products           are competitively priced. These materials, regardless of manufacturer,           are relatively inert geosynthetics that are resistant to ultraviolet           degeneration. 

**Advantages**

 As stabilizing material, filter fabrics offer a number           of advantages for an archeological application. Most have sufficient           elasticity to allow them to be molded to the irregular surface contours           that characterize archeological sites without massive surface preparation           that would require the removal of a portion of the resource. The relatively           light weight of the material makes it easy to handle and install on           horizontal, sloping and vertical surfaces. Since the fabric is a synthetic,           it is resistant to wave, rain and surface water erosion and the permeability           of the material can be controlled to some degree by careful fabric selection.           

 Once in place, the fabric will add surface strength           to an archeological deposit and as a result, slope stability is improved.           At the same time growth of surface vegetation can be encouraged (or           discouraged) by selecting a material of appropriate weave, weight or           porosity. Both woven and nonwoven materials can be used as a relatively           inexpensive underliner in combination with other stabilizing materials           (e.g., riprap). Because of their dark color, these materials generally           blend into a natural background and do not call attention to their presence.           

**Disadvantages**

 Filter fabrics have disadvantages that must be taken           into account when they are being considered for application in an archeological           context. Some of the available fabrics are relatively expensive when           cost is compared to the useful life of the material. All share the disadvantage           (advantage) of being easily cut and can be vandalized or stolen. While           they can be made to conform to a variety of surface configurations,           improperly installed material may deform and the effectiveness as a           protective measure may be reduced. The adequacy of installation and           surface conformation is largely regulated by the placement of the steel           pins that are used to hold the material in place. The placement of these           affect the cultural deposit adversely. 

 The single greatest disadvantage of filter fabrics           is that all have a finite useful life. To insure that the maximum protection           is realized, every installation must be inspected regularly and either           maintained or replaced. Use of these materials also requires that some           additional stabilization measure be identified and put into place before           the useful life of the initial installation is reached or exceeded.           

 Potential applications for archeological stabilization           include use of one of the fabrics in combination with a more permanent           stabilization technique (e.g., riprap) in a design approach that is           intended to maximize the period of site protection. More importantly,           these materials may be used as the primary stabilizing material on eroding           shorelines of lakes and streams. Their use will provide the resource           manager with a relatively easily installed, cost-effective means of           stabilizing an important resource until a more permanent stabilization           technology can be devised and installed. 

**The Huffine Island           Experiment**

 The Center for Archaeological Research at the University           of Mississippi and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) are cooperating           in a program to stabilize archeological sites. The use and the steps           in the installation of a nonwoven filter fabric as a stabilizing material           as recommended in the paragraphs that follow is based on Center and           TVA experience on Huffine Island in Watts Bar Lake in eastern Tennessee.           The site, or rather, a portion of the site, that required protection           is an eroded cutbank that has exposed approximately a 120 ft profile           of a mound. At its apex, the cutbank is about 14 ft high, including           about 18 inches of sub-mound alluvial deposit. Protection of the mound           is a planned treatment that can be followed in other cases. 
**Figure 1.**               Location of the Huffine Island Site in Eastern Tennessee.
 The Huffine Island site is a complex of at least five           mounds that have been placed in a lacustrine setting as a result of           the closure of Watts Bar Dam. Only one mound in the complex is subject           to any adverse impacts from the lake. In reality, the site is afforded           some protection from looting and vandalism since the island is a part           of a migratory bird refuge whose population includes ducks, geese and           eagles. 

 The initial loss from erosion of a portion of the           mound was reported to the TVA by wildlife officers who normally patrol           the refuge. 

 Following the identification of the site's location           and the confirmation that erosion was destroying a part of the site,           the specific adverse impacts were identified. Since the stated intent           of the Center/TVA program is to stabilize sites, the traditional range           of archeological data that is normally collected on surveys was not           included in this effort. Inspection of the total site indicated that           lacustrine erosion and plowing were the primary forces that are working           toward the destruction of the resource. The majority of the site, including           the mounds, was being disked and planted with winter grasses that would           serve as duck, goose and deer forage. Farming of the site has ended           as a result of a request to the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Authority           from the TVA. Amelioration of the lacustrine erosion was the major problem           that remained to be addressed. 

 Since the site is relatively remote with limited access,           a decision regarding the life span of the stabilizing technique to be           employed had to be made. As a part of that consideration, we assessed           the rate of loss. To make that assessment, several operational assumptions           had to be made. This assessment assumed: 
-  the mound was intact at the time Watts Bar Dam was             closed;
-  all mound loss was subsequent to that closure;
-  wave action and lateral current erosion in the lake             were the destructive agents; and 
-  the high point of the present mound remnant approximates             the center of the original mound.

 Measurements made from the high point of the mound           to the toe of the mound to the east, south and west have provided an           average working basal diameter of 85 ft. This would have produced an           intact basal area of around 22,700 square feet. The portion of the basal           area that remains is approximately 13,050 square feet or 57% of the           mound. It is then possible to suggest that 43% of the mound has been           lost since the closure of Watts Bar Dam in 1942. This represents an           average annual rate of loss of about 1%. Observations at the site suggested           that the rate of loss from lacustrine and current erosion would remain           constant in the future and that no other severe stresses were operating           to hasten the rate of loss. 

 Once these determinations had been made, it was necessary           to select the life span of the stabilization technology that would be           put into place. Options available for application as a long-term stabilization           measure included the use of riprap, containerized stone covering (gabion)           or some type of bulkhead. While each of these options would provide           the maximum length of protection, the cost of installation was considered           to be too great. For these options, materials transport and installation           would have to be completed by barge which would add appreciably to the           installation cost. A long-term effort at that time was not considered           to be practical or cost effective. 

 Also, in this particular case, the time frame for           installation in this remote area with limited access was considered           to be critical since the period of winter drawdown would be over in           about three months. Any treatment of the resource would have to be completed           during that period. 

 Installation of a short-term, relatively low cost           stabilization treatment technology was deemed to be the most appropriate           course of action to be followed. Since the material that would be installed           would have to be transported to the site by boat, any material to be           considered had a preselection weight and bulk requirement built in.           Filter fabric appeared to be the material that would not be too heavy           or bulky to move in a 16 ft boat. Manufacturer's specification sheets           were consulted in an effort to select from some of the materials that           were available. Further advice was sought directly from the manufacturer.           The erosion control problem was explained, and a recommendation for           the "best choice" material was requested. Stabilization conditions that           had to be met were detailed, and after several telephone sessions the           manufacturer recommended a nonwoven fabric that appeared to best suit           the requirements of this particular effort. Because of the permeability           of the material selected, it was necessary to determine if an impervious           underliner was necessary or desirable. The purpose of the underliner           would be to protect the portion of the fabric that would be submerged           by the lake water. It was considered possible that the submerged fill           material in the mound would be melted during the period of submersion           and the silt sized particles would then be trapped in the pores of the           fabric.
**Figure 2.**               Installation of underliner
 Filling of the pores would not only retard the passage           of rainwater during low water periods, but the accumulated soil would           add weight to the fabric. This added weight would then in turn put additional           stress on the pins that hold the fabric in place. To prevent this situation           from developing, an underliner of black polyethylene (6 mils) was installed           along the face of the mound to a height of 4 ft, well above the high           water line on the face of the mound. 

 As noted earlier, the filter fabrics are pliable and           have the capacity to be fitted to a variety of irregular contours. The           first step in the actual installation process was to prepare the surface           to be protected. Since data recovery was not an issue in this case,           surface preparation was limited to removing overhanging vines and those           that had rooted to the face of the mound without disturbing the cultural           deposit. Vine runners were cut loose along the top of the profile and           allowed to drop to the base of the mound where they were raked into           a pile. Once the fabric was in place, these vines were piled against           the bottom of the mound to serve as a temporary breakwater. 
**Figure 3.**               Installing the fabric.
Installation of the filter fabric was accomplished by           cutting appropriate lengths of material off the roll and draping each           piece down the cutbank like a curtain. The fabric measures 14.5 ft wide           and can be cut to appropriate lengths with a sharp knife. Scissors are           not recommended because the fabric will compress and pinch between the           scissor jaws. In addition, the cloth will quickly dull the cutting edge           of any implement, making frequent resharpening necessary.

The first piece of the material was installed on the           downstream end of the bank and pinned into place using 18 inch steel           pins that have a 1 1/2 inch washer affixed to the top. This washer keeps           the pins from pulling through the fabric. Additional pieces of the fabric           were added with a 6 to 8 inch overlap at the joints. Once all of the           pieces had been properly located and temporarily pinned, additional           pins were added at strategic points to insure that the fabric conformed           to the undulations of the cutbank. Obviously, the specific installation           progression that was employed at Huffine Island will likely have to           be adjusted to particular resources being treated in other places.

The final step in the stabilization process was the           preparation of a report describing the activity that has been undertaken           (Thome 1987).

**Post - Installation           Monitoring**

Stabilization frequently is an intermediate step towards           resource conservation. To ensure long term preservation, the effectiveness           of the stabilization treatment must be checked regularly. A monitoring           program must be established, and the responsibility for implementing           it in a scheduled manner must be assigned to the appropriate personnel.
**Figure 4.**               Present appearance of site
At Huffine Island, monitoring is completed on a quarterly           basis. Responsibility for completion of the inspection process is shared           by both the Center and TVA. On the basis of these regular inspections           it will be possible to determine if the predicted five year life of           the fabric will be reached. If and/or when failure of the material becomes           evident, a new effort to further protect the site will be initiated.           The material at Huffine Island has been in place for a year at this           writing and is functioning in an excellent fashion.

Detailed references to the work at Huffine Island include           Thorne 1987; 1988. A VHS format video tape that will last between 12           and 15 minutes is currently being prepared and will be available in           June, 1988 from the Center address shown below. The tape will be made           available on a loan basis.

The variety of options available for land surface stabilization           is not widely known within the archeological community. Consequently,           neither the use of filter fabrics nor development of other techniques           is generally widespread. An experimental program for the development           of cost effective archeological site stabilization techniques has been           initiated by the Center for Archaeological Research at the University           of Mississippi in cooperation with the Cultural Resources Program of           the TVA.

**Request for Assistance**

The *in situ* maintenance of archeological properties           is in its developmental stages. Uncertainties regarding the effects           of potential techniques on some resources also exist. Sharing of common           experiences - both successes and failures - is an urgent need. To this           end we have established a clearinghouse for stabilization information           at the Center.

Reports on previously implemented archeological site           stabilization efforts, when available, are frequently not readily accessible.           As a consequence, our efforts in information exchange will be eased           considerably if cases of site stabilization are reported to:

Dr. Robert M. Thorne          National Clearinghouse for Archaeological Site Stabilization          Center for Archaeological Research          University of Mississippi          University, MS 38677          phone: (662) 915-7316          fax: (662) 915-7129          email: [email protected]

**Bibliography**

Brown, Margaret Kimball          1983       Management and Preservation.           *American Archeology* 3(3):210-224. Available from Atechiston,           Inc., 81 West Mountain Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877.

Thorne, Robert M.          1985       Preservation is a Use: Archaeological           Site Stabilization, an Experimental Program in the Tennessee River Valley.           *Archaeological Papers of the Center for Archaeological Research No.           5*, University of Mississippi and Tennessee Valley Authority Publications           in Anthropology No. 40. Available from: Mapping Services Branch, TVA,           200 Haney Building, Chattanooga, TN 37401.

1987       "Archaeological           Site Stabilization on Huffine Island, Watts Bar Lake, Tennessee," Appendix           I in Archaeological Site Stabilization in the Tennessee River Valley           Phase III, by Patricia M. Fay. *Archaeological Papers of the Center           for Archaeological Research No. 7*, University of Mississippi and           Tennessee Valley Authority Publications in Anthropology Number 49. Available           from the TVA address shown above.

1988       Guidelines           for the Organization of Archaeological Site Stabilization Projects -           a Modeled Approach. Technical Bulletin, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways           Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Available from: Librarian WES-TP,           U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, P.O. Box 631, Vicksburg,           MS 39180.

Thorne, Robert M., P. M. Fay, and J. J. Hester          1987       *Archaeological Site Preservation           Techniques: a Preliminary Review*. Technical Report EL-87-3, U.S.           Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. This report           is available from the WES address shown above.

Return to: Technical           Briefs            | **introduction**

**advantages**

**disadvantages**

**the                 huffine island experiment**

**post-installation                 monitoring**

**request                 for assistance**

**bibliography**

**print                 version  **

**technical briefs                 index** |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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