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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            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| **Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, September           1991.**

**Endnotes**

Click on number to return to text.

1.           Some of the areas in the Southwest, Pacific Northwest, and Alaska, in           particular, cover many hundreds of square miles, over terrain with high           levels of inaccessibility. 

2.           P.L. 96-95, *as amended by* P.L. 100-555 and 100-588; 16 U.S.C.           470aa-mm. (1988). 

3.           Duerksen, Christopher J., editor, *A Handbook on Historic Preservation           Law*, The Conservation Foundation and The National Center for Preservation           Law, Washington, DC, 1983, p. 193. 

4.           Ibid., p. 3. 

5.           The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution specifies the procedural protection           in its "taking clause": "nor shall private property be           taken for public use, without just compensation." 

6.           160 U.S. 6M (1896). 

7.           108 Md. 220, 70 A. II 3 (1908) 

8.*Welch v. Swasey*, 214 U.S. 91 (1909). 

9.*Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City*, 438 U.S. 104           (1978). An earlier Supreme Court case, *Berman v. Parker*, 348           U.S. 26 (1954), gave strong support in *dicta* to the concept of           governmental condemnation action for aesthetic purposes when Justice           Douglas wrote: "The values [public welfare] represented are spiritual           as well as physical, aesthetic as well as monetary. It is within the           power of the legislature to determine that the community should be beautiful           as well as healthy, spacious as well as clean, well-balanced as well           as carefully patrolled. In the present case, the Congress and its authorized           agencies have made determinations that take into account a wide variety           of values. It is not for us to reappraise them. If those who govern           the District of Columbia decide that the Nation's Capitol should be           beautiful as well as sanitary, there is nothing in the Fifth Amendment           that stands in the way. Once the object is within the authority of Congress,           the right to realize it through the exercise of eminent domain is clear...           the means by which it will be attained is also for Congress to determine"           (348 U.S. 26, p. 33). However, Berman dealt with local historic District           of Columbia ordinances and recognized that the ordinance in question           considered aesthetic values as one of many criteria encompassed by the           term "public welfare." The *Penn Central* decision made           it clear that individual landmarks as well as historic districts could           be protected. Justice Brennan, writing for the Majority, stated: "[H]istoric           conservation is but one aspect of the much larger problem, basically           an environmental one, of enhancing--or perhaps developing for the first           time--the quality of life for people. New York City, responding to similar           concerns and acting pursuant to a New York State Enabling Act, adopted           its Landmarks Preservation Law in 1965... The New York City law is typical           of many urban landmark laws in that its primary method of achieving           its goals is not by acquisitions of historic properties, but rather           by involving public entities in land-use decisions affecting these properties           and providing services, standards, controls, and incentives that will           encourage preservation by private owners and users" [438 U.S. 108-111           (1977)]. The court concluded that "the restrictions imposed are           substantially related to the promotion of the general welfare and not           only permit reasonable beneficial use of the landmark site but also           afford appellants opportunities further to enhance not only the Terminal           site proper, but also other properties" [438 U S. 138 (1977)].           

10.           P.L. 59-209, 16 U.S.C. 431-433 (1906). The historical background of           this law is the topic of *The Antiquities Act of 1906*, by Ronald           F. Lee, National Park Service, Washington, DC, 1970 (NTIS order number           PB284061). See also Hal Rothman, *Preserving Different Pasts: The           American National Monuments*, University of Illinois Press, Chicago,           IL, 1989. 

11.           Section 432 of the Antiquities Act provides that permits will be issued           for examinations, excavations and gatherings of objects when such activities           are undertaken "for the benefit of reputable museums, universities,           colleges, or other recognized scientific or educational institutions,           with a view to increasing the knowledge of such objects, and that the           gatherings shall be made for permanent preservation in public museums."           Currently, most Federal agency permits are issued under the authority           of ARPA. 

12.           Maximum fine of $500 or 90 days in prison, or both. Ibid., Sec. 1. 

13.           16 U.S.C. 431, section 2. 

14.           P.L. 74-292, 16 U.S.C. 461-467 (1935). 

15.           Regulations for the National Historic Landmarks Program are found at           36 CFR Part 65. 

16.           P.L. 89-665, 16 U.S.C. 470-470t (1966). Those responsible for Federal           historic preservation programs and projects are to conduct them according           to the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology           and Historic Preservation, September 29, 1983 (48 F.R. 44716-44742).           

17.           Ibid., page 336 C.F.R. Part 60. 

18.           36 C.F.R. Part 800. 

19.           36 C.F.R. Part 65. 

20.           36 C.F.R. Part 61. 

21.           36 C.F.R. Part 60, in conjunction with Exec. Order No. 11593, Protection           and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment, May 13, 1971 (36 F.R. 8921),           implements the necessary cooperation between State and Federal agencies           to inventory and ensure the preservation of non-federally owned "sites,           structures, and objects of historical, architectural, or archeological           significance." 

22.           36 C.F.R. Part 800 includes the regulations published by the Advisory           Council on Historic Preservation to implement Section 106 of NHPA. Federal           "undertakings" range from construction, rehabilitation, and           repair projects to transfers or demolition of Federal properties. Assessments           result in one of three determinations: (a) no effect; (b) no adverse           effect, i.e., one or more historic properties will be affected, but           the historic qualities that make them significant will not be harmed;           or (c) adverse effect, i.e., the undertaking will cause harm to one           or more historic properties. See the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation           publication: *Fact Sheet: Working with Section 106*, Washington,           DC, revised September, 1988, pp. 3-4. The basic steps to arrive at a           determination are: (1) identification and evaluation of historic properties,           with the possibility of further studies to evaluate places that may           have been considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register           but were not so registered; (2) assessment of the effects that the Federal           undertaking may have on the identified properties; (3) consultation           on adverse effects with the SHPO, Indian Tribes, property owners, and           others resulting in an agreement outlining measures to reduce, avoid,           or mitigate any adverse effect; (4) a period of time for comment by           the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation; and (5) implementation           of the particular Federal project under the terms of the agreement.           If there is a memorandum of agreement (MOA) developed during Step 3           of the Section 106 process, ACHP may review and accept it, request changes,           or decide to issue written comments. If previously unknown archeological           remains are discovered after the project has begun, the Federal agency           may choose to re-start the Section 106 process or notify the Secretary           of the Interior according to Section 4(a) of P.L. 93-291. 

23.           P.L. 95-515 These amendments codify the requirement that Federal agencies           assume the responsibilities for preservation of the historic properties,           including the inventory and evaluation of archeological sites that are           owned or controlled by them. Appearing as Section 110, this requirement           is to ensure that historic preservation is fully integrated into the           ongoing programs and missions of federal agencies and to ensure that           they exercise caution so that their activities do not destroy uninventoried           sites. Section 110 guidelines are located at 53 F.R. 4727-4746 (February           17, 1988). 

24.           36 F.R. 8921 (1971), reprinted in 16 U.S.C. 470h-2 (Supp. IV 1980).           

25.           This settles the question of whether private interests could be required           to pay costs of protecting archeological or historical resources that           would otherwise be destroyed by their activities. 

26.           P.L. 86-523, *as amended by* P.L. 93-291; 16 U.S.C. 469-469c (1974).           

27.           The NHPA (Note 26) also authorizes project and project planning funds           to be used in this manner. A Federal agency may exceed the 1 percent           limitation with the concurrence of the Secretary of the Interior, which           is based upon a review by Interior's Departmental Consulting Archeologist.           

28.           P.L. 96-95, 16 U.S.C. 470aa-ll (1979). 

29.           P.L. 100-555, approved October 28, 1988; P.L. 100-588, approved November           3, 1988; 16 U.S.C. 470aa-mm. 

30.           43 C.F.R. Part 7, Department of the Interior; 36 C.F.R. Part 296, Department           of Agriculture; 18 C.F.R. Part 1312, Tennessee Valley Authority; 32           C.F.R. Part 229, Department of Defense. 

31.           Neither ARPA itself nor its implementing regulations provide precise           definitions of "historic" and "prehistoric." Rather,           the emphasis is on the statutory definition of "archaeological           resource," which means "any material remains of human life           or activities which are of archaeological interest [and] at least 100           years of age." "Archaeological interest" is defined in           the uniform regulations as "capable of providing scientific or           humanistic understandings of past human behavior, cultural adaptation,           and related topics"; and "material remains" is defined           as "physical evidence of human habitation, occupation, use, or           activity, including the site, location, or context in which such evidence           is situated." There follows an extensive list of classes of material           remains, which will be considered archeological resources, but it should           be understood that the list is not all-inclusive. 18 C.F.R. Part 1312.3           (1984). 

32.           16 U.S.C. 470ee(d). 

33.           18 C.F.R. Part 1312.4 and 1312.15 (1984). 

34.           16 U.S.C. 470ff-gg. 

35.           For a state-by-state analysis of alternative statutes see Appendix           1. 

36.           Although there is considerable documentation in some Federal agency           files, e.g., NPS and USDA Forest Service records, as to Antiquities           Act violations, the citations for those violations appear to be the           exception rather than the norm. In fact, it is not clear as to how the           various agencies have coordinated their activities in order to enforce           the Antiquities Act, and there is some confusion as to what has actually           constituted a violation. See the NPS Antiquities Act files, W34, 1949           - 1981, with accompanying correspondence. Thus, a legislative objective           for ARPA was to provide improved enforcement authority. 

For an anecdotal, yet thorough discussion of ARPA in           legislative process, see Janet L. Friedman, "A Drama in Three Acts,"           and Laura L. Beaty, "ARPA Enacted: The Legislative Process,"           both in an edition of *American Archeology*, devoted to "A           History of the Archeological Resources Protection Act: Law and Regulations,"           Vol 5, No.2, 1985, pp. 82 and 90. 

Final Uniform Regulations were issued at 43 C.F.R. Part           7 (Department of the Interior), 36 C.F.R. Part 296 (Department of Agriculture),           18 C.F.R. Part 1312 (Tennessee Valley Authority), and 32 C.F.R. Part           229 (Department of Defense), first published at 49 F.R. 1017-1034 (1984);           Supplemental Regulations at 52 F.R. 9165-9170 (Department of the Interior)           (1987); and amendments to the uniform regulations at 52 F.R. 47720-4722           (1987). 

37.           P.L. l00-555 and P.L. 100-588 (1988). 

38.           See, *generally: CRM Bulletin*, Vol. 11, Special Issue: Archeology           and the Federal Government, compiled by George S. Smith, Francis P.           McManamon, Ronald D. Anzalone, James W. Hand, and James C. Maxon, National           Park Service, Washington, DC, 1988; *Saving the Past for the Future,           Actions for the 90s: Final Report, Taos Working Conference on Preventing           Archaeological Looting and Vandalism*, Society for American Archaeology,           Office of Government Relations, Washington, DC, 1990; and *Federal           Archeology Report*, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 1. National Strategy for Federal           Archeology, Secretary of the Interior, 1990. 

39.           P L. 89-670, 419 U.S.C. 1651-1659 (1976). 

40.           The DOTA Section on Preservation of Public Areas [49 U.S.C. 1653(f)]           does not specifically define "historic site," but in *Stop           H-3 Association v. Coleman* [(1976, CA9 Hawaii) 533 F2d 434, denied           429 US 999, 97 S. Ct. 526, 50 L. Ed 2d 610], the Court held that the           determination made by the Secretary of the Interior that a site "may           be eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places"           was sufficient to establish historic significance so as to have the           site come under the mandates of 49 U.S.C. 1653(f) and 23 U.S.C. 138.           Section 1653(f) requires that the Secretary of Transportation "shall           cooperate and consult with the Secretaries of Interior, Housing and           Urban Development and Agriculture, and with the States in developing           transportation plans and programs that include measures to maintain           or enhance the natural beauty of the lands traversed... with the stipulation           that the Secretary of Transportation not approve programs which will           require the use of any publicly owned land from ... an historic site           of national, State or local significance." 

41.           P.L. 91-190, 42 U.S.C. 43321-4361 (1976). 

42.           42 U.S.C.4332(1) of NEPA specifically identifies such considerations           for the EIS as "aesthetically and culturally pleasing surroundings...preserv(ation)           of important historic, cultural and natural aspects of our national           heritage...and an approach to the maximum attainable recycling of depletable           resources." 

43.*Ely v. Velde*, 451 F. 2d 1130 (4th Cir. 1971). See also *Stop           H-3 v. Brinegar*, 389 F, Supp. 1102, 1110 (D. Hawaii 1974); *Save           the Courthouse v. Lynn*, 408 F. Supp. 1323, 1340 (S.D.N.Y. 1975).           

44.           P.L. 95-341 (1978). Applicable regulations promulgated pursuant to Section           10(a) are located at 43 C.F.R. Part 7.7 and 7.35, regarding ARPA permits.           Specific details regarding consultation, permits, and notifications           to Indian Tribes are located at 25 C.F.R. Part 262, Protection of Archaeological           Resources, Bureau of Indian Affairs. These regulations were proposed           on January 25, 1990 (55 F.R. 2580-2583) and are expected to be published           in final in 1991. 

45.           P.L. 89-508, 80 Stat. 309, 4 C.F.R. Part 2. 

46.           For a detailed treatment of site damage assessment see: D. Lear, "Civil           Responsibilities Under the Federal Collections Act of 1966," background           paper in *Cultural Resources Law Enforcement*, compiled by P. Davis           and D. Green, Second Edition, Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Albuquerque,           NM. 1981; also, H. Christensen, K. Mabery, M. McAllister, and D. McCormick,           "Cultural Resources Protection: A Predictive Framework for Identifying           Site Vulnerability, Protection Priorities, and Effective Protection           Strategies," *Symposium Proceedings, Tools to Manage the Past*,           edited by J. Tainter and R. Hamre, May 2-6, 1988, Grand Canyon, AZ,           pp. 68-80; also Linda F. Carnes, Roy S. Dickens, Jr., Linda France,           and Ann Long, *Cost Analysis of Archeological Activities at Eight           Southeastern Sites*, National Park Service, Washington, DC, 1986.           Regulations for determinations of archeological or commercial value           and cost of restoration and repair in penalties assessments for violations           of ARPA are located at 43 C.F.R. Part 7.14. 

47.           Act, March 3, 1875, c. 144 Section 2, 18 Stat. 99; *amendments:*           P.L. 93-203, Title VII Section 711(b), [formerly Title VI, Section 611(b)],           Dec. 28, 1973; 87 Stat. 882, renumbered P.L. 93-567, Title I Section           101, Dec. 31, 1974, 88 Stat. 1845, added item 665. 

48.           See *United States v. Cowan* (D. Az. November, 1987). 

49.           The LOOT Clearinghouse provides case reports relevant to this statute.           18 U.S.C. 1632 also provides penalties for those who aid and abet activities           covered under 18 U.S.C. 1631. 

50.           Statutes such as these do not contain language specifying that artifacts           must be found on the property; the language simply authorizes the State           "by gift or purchase" to acquire private land that is deemed           to be of historic significance. See, for example: Alaska c. 35, s. 41.35.060;           or N.M. 18-6-6D and 18-6-10C. 

51.           A.R.S. 41-865 and A.R.S. 41-866 (effective July 5, 1990). Amendments           also were made to the existing public health statutes governing disinterments           of dead bodies to harmonize existing law with the new laws (A.R.S. 36-861,           effective July 5, 1990). 

52.           The annual report to Congress on the Federal archeology program is based           upon Federal agency responses to a questionnaire distributed at the           end of each fiscal year. The most recent publication, *Federal Archeology:           The Current Program* (Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.           1989 GPO order number S/ N 024-005-010-572), covers activities in fiscal           years 1985 and 1986. A draft report, Federal Archeology: 1987 Activities           and Results, covering activities through fiscal year 1987 is nearing           completion. See Ch. 5, p.2. Statistics for subsequent years have been           compiled for use in this Technical Brief. 

53.           "Four Corners" refers to the place where the State lines of           New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, and Arizona intersect. It is an area rich           in prehistoric sites from the archeological periods known as Pueblo           I, II, and III. Included in these kinds of sites are National Park Service           units such as Mesa Verde and Chaco Canyon. 

54.           Carol A. Bassett, "The Culture Thieves", *Science '86*,           July, August, 1986, p.22. See *Problems Protecting and Preserving           Federal Archeological Resources*, General Accounting Office Report           GAO/ RCED-88-3, Washington, DC, 1988; and the legislative history for           the 1988 amendments to ARPA, House Reports No. 100-791, Pt. 1 (Committee           on Interior and Insular Affairs) and Senate Reports Nos. 100-566 and           100-569 (Committee on Energy and Natural Resources). 

55.*Federal Archeology: The Current Program*, Ch. 5, p. 30 (1989),           and the draft report for fiscal year 1987, Ch. 5, pp 2-3. 

56.           Examples of such authorities are State statutes for trespass or cultural           properties protection Statutes, Federal criminal statutes such as 18           U.S.C. 1361, Damage to Government Property, or National Park Service           and USDA Forest Service regulations such as 36 C.F.R Part 2.1(a)(1)(ii),           taking of potsherds from public land, or 36 C.F.R. Part 2. 10(B)(10),           camping outside a designated area. 

57.           In total, the Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife           Service, and National Park Service manage nearly 700 million acres of           Federal land. 

58.           Note 54, page 33. 

59.*United States v. Jacques*, CR 83-129-FR (D. Or., 1983), lasting           three years. See also, the Channel Islands case listed in the LOOT clearinghouse           that began in 1987 and involved more than 20 defendants (See Note           78). 

60.           Authority for the annual report is provided by the Reservoir Salvage           Act of 1960 (P.L. 86-523; 74 Stat. 220, 221; 16 U.S.C. 469) as amended           by the Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-291;           88 Stat. 174; 16 U.S.C. 469). Under this Act the Secretary of the Interior           is to prepare and submit an annual report to the Congress each fiscal           year on the projects, results and costs undertaken in the Federal archeology           program. In addition, the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966           (P.L. 89-665; 80 Stat. 915; 16 U.S.C. 470) as amended (P.L. 91-243;           P.L. 93-54. P.L. 94-422, P.L. 94-458, P.L. 96-199, P.L. 96-244, P.L.           96-515) requires Federal agencies, to the extent permitted by law and           within available funds, to provide information, suggestions, estimates,           and statistics to further the purposes of the Act. The report also is           mandated by the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (P.L.           94-579; 90 Stat. 2743; 43 U.S.C. 1701), which is the primary basis for           managing cultural resources on the public lands. Finally, ARPA directs           the Secretary of the Interior to provide a separate component of the           annual report that deals specifically with its provisions, including           the permitted and unauthorized uses of archeological resources on public           lands. 

61.           Briefing Statement, NPS Archeological Assistance Division, January 27,           1989, page 3. 

62.           The regulations were adopted in February 1984, (See Notes 29           and 30). 

63.           16 U.S.C. 470ee *amended at* 102 Stat. 2983 (Nov. 3, 1988). 

64.           Ibid.

65.           16 U.S.C. 470mm, adding Section 14 to AP.PA. 

66.           Prior to the issuance of ARPA uniform regulations, this section to some           extent created a due process problem since there were no mechanisms           for the issuance of permits. Therefore, agencies published notices in           the Federal Register clarifying that permits pending ARPA regulations           would continue to be processed under the applicable sections of the           Antiquities Act. Such publication also served as a reminder that ARPA           neither amended nor replaced the Antiquities Act. See D. Green, "Prosecuting           Under ARPA: What to Do Until the Regulations Arrive," in *Cultural           Resources Law Enforcement*, p. 64, note 49. 

67.           This fourth proof defines the line between a felony and a misdemeanor,           the later involving damages of $500 or less. Felony convictions for           ARPA violations through 1984 carry a fine of up to $20,000 and two years           in prison, or both, for the first offense. After 1984 the Comprehensive           Crime Control Act (18 U.S.C. 3623) standardized maximum penalty amounts,           allowing up to $100,000 for the first misdemeanor offense, and up to           $250,000 for the first felony offense committed by individuals. The           respective amounts are doubled when an organization, rather than an           individual, has committed the violation. Although ARPA exempts arrowheads           from surface collection, such collection is still in violation of the           Antiquities Act, except in the Ninth Circuit under Diaz, as well as           under the Theft of Government Property statute, 18 U.S.C. 641, (See           Note 50). 

68.           In this case, Shumway was found not guilty as to the two felony ARPA           counts, but guilty as to destruction of government property. 

69.           K. Jones and Guevara were sentenced each to 1 year in jail and a $1,000           fine; while T. Jones received an 18-month jail sentence and $1,000 fine.           

70.           Civil fines based upon site damage assessments were levied in *Brady*           (See page 7), but the $38,479.42 was declared uncollectible in 1982.           Collection of another civil fine of $18,216 for damage to 11 separate           areas in a 1981 case (See LOOT Clearinghouse) was attempted under the           Federal Collections Act and declared uncollectible in 1984. 

71.           See LOOT Clearinghouse case, November, 1981. 

72.           P. Nickens, S. Larralde, and G. Tucker, Jr. "A Survey of Vandalism           to Archaeological Resources in Southwestern Colorado," Bureau of           Land Management Cultural Resources Series, No. 11, Denver, Colorado,           1981, pp. 12, 24. 

73.           These figures are misleading to some extent, since in one case prosecuted           under another statute there were a total of 20 defendants. See LOOT           Clearinghouse report on the Channel Islands shipwreck case prosecuted           under NOAA regulations and the California Penal Code (See Note           76). 

74.           In the Lower Suwanee digging case (November 5, 1987, LOOT Clearinghouse           report) the judge reduced the $200 civil fine on each defendant to $60           "because they didn't find anything." 

75.           St. Francis National Forest case (January, 1987, LOOT Clearinghouse           report). 

76.           "Shipwreck Looters Fined $132,000 in History's Biggest Case,"           Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary Press Release, October 25,           1990. Altogether in this case, 20 individuals were charged with 52 civil           and criminal violations of Federal and State laws. The largest single           civil fine was $100,000 assessed against the dive boat operator for           violating National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration regulations           regarding historic shipwrecks within a National Marine Sanctuary. 

77.           Lack of access aside, some known offenders will not be deterred. Convicted           looters and vandals simply move their activities into other States.           

78.           It is important to note that the second jury trial felony conviction           under ARPA occurred in 1990. The "Dry Hill" case involved           10 defendants who looted an unrecorded site in the Cherokee National           Forest that contained burial remains of the Eastern Band of the Cherokee.           The case resulted in 10 felony convictions, 4 misdemeanor criminal convictions,           $3,290.62 assessed in lines, $11,500 ordered in restitution, and prison           sentences varying from 6 months to 22 months for some of the defendants.           Additional penalties included probationary periods of up to 5 years,           with 3 defendants required to provide 300 hours each in community service.           All defendants were banned from the National Forest for their respective           probationary periods. [*United States v. Charlton* No. 290-73,           E.D. Tennessee, October 1990]. 

79.           Among the agencies required to respond are the Bureau of Land Management,           Bureau of Reclamation, Fish and Wildlife Service, Mineral Management           Service, National Park Service, Territorial and Insular Affairs, Department           of Justice, Department of Labor, National Air and Space Administration,           National Capitol Planning Commission, Pennsylvania Avenue Development           Corporation, Tennessee Valley Authority, Federal Aviation Administration,           Federal Railroad Administration, Urban Mass Transit Administration,           Veterans Administration, Department of Education, Department of Energy,           Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Environmental Protection Agency,           Federal Communications Commission, General Services Administration,           Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Housing and Urban           Development, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Forest Service, Rural Electrification           Administration, Soil Conservation Service, Economic Development Administration,           the Army, Navy, and Air Force, and the Army Corps of Engineers. 

80.           Although the Department of justice audits the 192 United States Attorneys           on a monthly basis, there is no section of the audit that references           cultural resources crimes. 

81.           Sometimes a group of LOOT forms accompany the annual report questionnaire,           but often these are sent separately to NPS throughout the year. 

82.           LOOT Clearinghouse, Preliminary Draft prepared for the Society for American           Archaeology Anti-Looting Working Conference, Taos, New Mexico, May 7-12,           1989, by the NPS Departmental Consulting Archeologist, Archeological           Assistance Division, Washington, DC. 

83.           The 1988 report on the annual questionnaire from TVA states the frustration:           "We have hundreds of sites being looted. We are documenting the           destruction, but we are seldom able to document the individuals doing           the digging, or how many acts of digging have produced the appalling           conditions we document." 

Return to: Technical           Briefs | Section 1 | Section           2 | Section 3 | Endnotes            | **introduction**

**history                 and purpose**

**survey                 of SHPO resources protection activities**

**application                 of ARPA**

**endnotes**

**appendices**

**print                 version  **

**technical briefs                 index** |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |

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