2014 IL App (1st) 121740 

THIRD DIVISION

October 15, 2014 

No. 1-12-1740 

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of 

 ) Cook County. 

v. ) 

 ) No. 08 CR 3880 

JOSE ALVIDREZ, ) 

Defendant-Appellant. ) The Honorable 

) Mary Margaret Brosnahan, 

 ) Judge Presiding. 

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE LAVIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Justices Hyman and Mason concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION 

¶ 1 Defendant Jose Alvidrez was tried and found guilty by a jury of the first degree murder of 

his 18-month-old son, Joshua Alvidrez, who died as a result of a severe head injury suffered at 

home while under defendant's care. Defendant was sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment and 

now appeals contending the trial court erred when it precluded his expert from testifying about 

the amount of force required to cause Joshua's brain injuries. Defendant also contends that the 

State engaged in prosecutorial misconduct during its closing and rebuttal arguments by 

disparaging his character and that of his expert, thereby prejudicing the jury. Lastly, Defendant 

contends that he is entitled to additional days of presentence credit and that the trial court 

improperly levied various fines, fees and costs against him. We affirm.
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¶ 2 BACKGROUND

¶ 3 Defendant was charged with first degree murder after his son Joshua perished due to a 

severe head injury. Defendant maintained that the child fell off an adult bed from about a kneehigh distance to the bedroom floor, but the State presented evidence demonstrating that the 

extent of bruising, brain damage and retinal trauma Joshua suffered would only be attributable to 

severe physical abuse and would not occur during the type of fall described by defendant. The

State's case rested on circumstantial evidence that defendant shook and/or beat his child to death 

within a one-hour time span when no other individuals were present. That circumstantial 

evidence was coupled with the testimony of several treating physicians who opined that Joshua 

was the victim of severe abuse that could not have possibly occurred in a simple fall from a bed 

onto a carpeted hardwood floor. 

¶ 4 Summarized at some length, testimony at trial revealed the following. Benita Jorge was 

Joshua's mother and defendant's girlfriend. On January 10, 2008, as was her then-current routine, 

she left Joshua in defendant's care and went to work for the Cook County Youth Outreach 

Services, where she oversaw screening cases coming into the system through the child abuse 

hotline. Up until about October 2007, Joshua had a babysitter, but thereafter defendant and 

Corina Gonzalez (girlfriend of defendant's cousin) became his caretakers. Other than a small 

bruise on the innermost corner of Joshua's left eye, Joshua appeared a happy and healthy baby on 

January 10. On that date, Corina left for the library, leaving defendant alone in the apartment 

with Joshua for about an hour. According to defendant, it was at that time that he placed Joshua 

on an adult bed for a nap, propping him on pillows and covering him with a comforter. 

Defendant then went across the hall to shave for some 15 minutes. Although he did not hear 

anything, upon returning, he found Joshua on the floor, facedown with the blanket covering his 
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lower legs, but his feet still on the bed. Believing Joshua was simply "knocked out," defendant 

patted his cheeks and called his name. Joshua was unresponsive, but breathing. 

¶ 5 Defendant testified that he then called Benita. Benita testified that defendant reported he 

had "found Joshua on the floor" and "he's not waking up." Benita told defendant to splash water 

on Joshua because "it works in the movies." Defendant did so, taking him into the shower, 

where Joshua apparently had a bowel movement, something defendant claimed to have not 

noticed until days later when he again reviewed the scene. Joshua opened his eyes, moaned, and 

then started to cry, according to defendant. Benita subsequently heard Joshua say "mom" after 

some whimpers. At that point, she believed Joshua was not harmed. Defendant testified that 

Joshua "looked fine." Reading from the Mayo Clinic website, Benita nonetheless instructed 

defendant to prevent Joshua from falling asleep in the event he had a concussion. Defendant 

again placed Joshua on the bed, propping him up with pillows. Defendant testified Joshua at that 

time could point to his nose, chin, and eyes. Corina, who had been gone for about an hour, 

returned from the library and entered the bedroom to ask defendant to look over a resume. As 

defendant was doing so, Corina gave Joshua a sippy cup, from which he drank. 

¶ 6 Some 30 minutes later, Benita called to check on Joshua. Defendant testified that he 

went to retrieve the phone and on his return to the bedroom found Joshua with eyes rolled back 

in his head, and stiff like a board. Defendant picked Joshua up from under his arms and shook 

him, repeatedly calling his name. Defendant denied severely shaking, throwing or shoving 

Joshua at that or any other time. Joshua then began to claw at his own face with one finger 

reaching under his eyelid and was grinding his teeth. Defendant testified that he held Joshua's 

arms to prevent the clawing. Defendant then took Joshua into the shower again, to no beneficial 
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effect. At this time, Benita talked with her doctor, who instructed her to call 911. Benita called 

defendant back and told him to call 911, which he did. 

¶ 7 Joshua was unresponsive when the ambulance arrived minutes later. He was placed in a 

cervical collar, securing his head and neck and transported to Cook County Stroger Hospital 

(Stroger), where diagnostic testing revealed, among other traumas, an extensive subdural 

hematoma (bleeding from the brain under the dura, inside the skull) requiring a craniotomy to 

relieve intracranial pressure. Despite the best efforts of medical personnel, on January 18, 2008, 

Joshua was pronounced dead. The authorities and defendant then did a "walk-through" at the 

house, with defendant describing the events of the incident. Thereafter, defendant was arrested 

and charged with the present offense. 

¶ 8 On the crucial issue of the cause of the child's injuries and death, defendant's trial was 

mostly a quintessential battle of experts, with several treating physicians testifying that Joshua's 

injuries could not have been anything but intentionally caused, and defendant's retained medical 

pathology expert stating the injuries could have resulted from an accidental fall as described by 

defendant. In particular, the State presented the testimony of Dr. Amanda Fingarson, then a 

fellow doing specialty training in child abuse pediatrics at Stroger, who examined Joshua 

following his craniotomy. The State also presented the testimony of Dr. Abayomi Akintorin, 

Joshua's attending physician who for 22 years had worked as a pediatric intensive care specialist

and anesthesiologist. When Dr. Akintorin saw Joshua, the child was in a medically induced 

coma and near death. Both physicians observed bruises on Joshua's body, arms, and chin. As 

part of the child's care, Dr. Fingarson interviewed defendant, who appeared devoid of much 

emotion, which she found atypical, and Dr. Fingarson remained convinced that "the bruises were 
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certainly not explained and were a concerning finding in and of themselves." That is, they were 

not located in places where toddlers would naturally incur bruises. 

¶ 9 Even though defendant claimed to have found Joshua facedown on the floor, potentially 

indicative of an accidental fall, Dr. Fingarson noted that chest bruising was actually rare in 

accidental trauma. She also testified that the torn vessels and extensive subdural hematoma on 

Joshua's brain were quite consistent with major trauma to the head, while being markedly 

inconsistent with a shortfall (defined as a fall from a caregiver's arms or changing table). She 

explained that a child falling facedown would instinctively extend his arms to prevent a head 

injury. In fact, a study of over 1 million children concluded that the likelihood of death from a 

shortfall in children was less than 1 in 1 million. Dr. Fingarson opined that Joshua's injuries 

resulted from physical abuse, and in particular, abusive head trauma from shaking the child or 

slamming the child against something, since there were elements of blunt impact trauma and

intracranial evidence of acceleration and deceleration injury. Dr. Akintorin likewise testified that 

many of the children he encountered with traumatic brain injury suffered so because of shaken 

baby syndrome. Dr. Akintorin referred the case to an ophthalmologist because he found the 

reports that Joshua had fallen from a knee-high level were inconsistent with the degree of 

"massive" injuries Dr. Akintorin observed. This led him to also suspect a "non-accidental" 

injury or child abuse in the form of shaken baby syndrome. 

¶ 10 Dr. Phillip Dray was the aforementioned ophthalmologist who examined Joshua and 

confirmed that he discovered various "flame shaped" retinal hemorrhages in Joshua's eye. Dr. 

Dray opined that, given the degree of severity in the retinal hemorrhages, the cause was either 

abusive head trauma or leukemia, but the latter was medically ruled out in Joshua's case. In his 

30 years of experience, he had never seen a fall from less than 10 feet cause such an injury, but 
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he had seen a two-story fall cause it. He testified it would be impossible for a fall from five feet 

to cause the injury and that falls off a bed or even down a short flight of stairs would not be a 

competent cause for the type of bleeding inside the eye and disruption of tissue seen in Joshua. 

Dr. Dray acknowledged that a very small minority, said to be roughly six doctors, believed 

shortfalls could cause retinal hemorrhaging. Dr. Akintorin testified that the traumatic head 

injury, together with the retinal hemorrhages, were typically present when a child was violently 

shaken. 

¶ 11 Dr. Mitra Kalelkar was the medical examiner for Joshua. After reviewing all the medical 

records and ancillary studies and performing the autopsy, she opined that Joshua died as a result 

of blunt head trauma and that the manner of death was a homicide.

¶ 12 The State rested, and the defense called Dr. John Plunkett, an expert in general pathology 

and forensic pathology with some 33 years of experience. Dr. Plunkett had testified in court as 

an expert over 200 times and specifically on the mechanics of infant head injury at least 75 times. 

While he had testified for both the prosecution and the defense as a paid expert, Dr. Plunkett 

acknowledged that he primarily served as an expert for the defense. Although he published 

numerous articles relating to children or infants, he had never specialized in pediatrics and had

not treated children since 1978. In particular, he had never diagnosed a child with shaken baby 

syndrome. In terms of his professional publication, there was considerable time spent discussing 

a 2004 article entitled, "Biomechanical Analysis of Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury," which he 

co-authored with a biomechanical engineer. Dr. Plunkett acknowledged that while he 

understood biomechanics as they related to injury evaluation, he was not a biomechanical 

engineer and was not formally educated as a biomechanical engineer. Shortly after publication 

of this article, Dr. Plunkett became a full-time consultant on forensic matters in various states.
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¶ 13 Dr. Plunkett testified there was no definitive way to determine whether Joshua fell from 

the bed or sustained an impact injury from another individual or mechanism. In other words, the 

injuries themselves could not be used to determine the cause. Nonetheless, after reviewing 

Joshua's full medical records, Dr. Plunkett opined that if Joshua had been standing on the bed 

and had fallen, striking the nightstand or the floor, that could have caused the subdural 

hematoma and brain swelling. This, in turn, could have led to the retinal hemorrhaging. In 

support, Dr. Plunkett cited an article he wrote in 2001, wherein he conducted a study of 18 

shortfalls on playground equipment (heights between about 2 feet and 8 feet) leading to fatalities. 

This data was from three files from the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission. 

Four out of the six children who were checked for retinal hemorrhaging had them. Dr. Plunkett 

also cited several other anecdotal studies to support his opinion. He opined that intracranial

pressure from the brain swelling caused the retinal hemorrhaging. In sharp contrast to the State's 

witnesses, he opined there was no difference in how intracranial pressure would affect a child of 

Joshua's age versus an adult. Dr. Plunkett concluded that given Joshua's weight of 26 pounds 

and Dr. Plunkett's knowledge of shaken baby syndrome, it would not have been possible for 

shaking to cause Joshua's injuries. He went so far as to testify that Joshua would have been 

"decapitated" before anyone shaking the child could cause the type of brain injury Joshua 

sustained. 

¶ 14 Dr. Plunkett was of the opinion that the bruises on Joshua's chin and the back of his head 

were not trauma from any domestic incident, but had likely been caused by the cervical collar 

placed on Joshua by the emergency responders. He also testified the bruising on Joshua's chest 

could have resulted from medical devices utilized during surgery. Dr. Plunkett opined that given 

Joshua's medical state some hours after being admitted to the hospital, he would have been more 
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prone to bruising. He related that Joshua's mother had a history of easy bruising; Benita in fact

had told the medical staff that Joshua bruised easily. The bruise on Joshua's arm also was most 

likely caused by the blood pressure cuff, in Dr. Plunkett's judgment. 

¶ 15 In its rebuttal case, the State called Dr. Michelle Lorand, the attending physician at 

Stroger in the department of pediatrics who was chair of the division of child protective services, 

and who had supervised Dr. Fingarson's care of Joshua. She had treated "tens of thousands" of 

children during her career at Stroger, including children who had fallen off beds. Dr. Lorand

specifically disagreed with Dr. Plunkett's opinions on the etiology of Joshua's bruising. 

Contrarily, she opined the brain injuries, including torn cortical matter, were "indicative of 

significant trauma." Torn cortical matter, together with the bruises, subdural hemorrhage, and

torn and bleeding vessels, could not, in her medical opinion, have resulted simply from falling 

off of a bed, even accounting for the defense theory, espoused by Dr. Plunkett, that Joshua had 

been standing and may have hit his head on a piece of furniture while falling to the floor. 

¶ 16 Instead, Dr. Lorand testified, the injuries were a consequence of shaking and impact. She 

testified the defense theory in fact was contrary to the literature and cited studies that analyzed 

thousands of children with reported falls, without a single child suffering injuries similar to

Joshua's. One study analyzed 800 infants with falls in the nursery/delivery room, while another 

involved more than 500 children who fell out of cribs in hospitals, with none receiving "deep 

brain injuries" or a subdural hemorrhage like Joshua's. Dr. Lorand explained that while Dr. 

Plunkett's published anecdotal case report was noteworthy, the sample of children reviewed was 

not statistically significant in a manner that could affect clinical decision-making. Dr. Lorand 

also disagreed that intracranial pressure could cause retinal hemorrhages because that particular 

medical phenomenon (Terson's syndrome) was known to only affect adults. Dr. Lorand further 
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disagreed with Dr. Plunkett's assertion regarding decapitation. She explained that Dr. Plunkett 

was relying on biomechanical calculations, but nobody had been able to credibly simulate such 

an experiment. 

¶ 17 Following evidence and argument, the jury found defendant guilty of murder. Defendant 

filed a posttrial motion challenging the verdict, which the court denied, and he was sentenced to 

25 years' imprisonment. This timely appeal followed. 

¶ 18 ANALYSIS

¶ 19 Defendant first contends the trial court impermissibly infringed on his constitutional right 

to present a defense by limiting the testimony of his defense expert, Dr. Plunkett, thus warranting 

reversal of defendant's conviction and a new trial. Defendant argues this limitation occurred 

when defense counsel was asking whether, in the context of this child being shaken to the extent 

of causing the injuries actually inflicted, "[w]ould you expect to find any other injuries on him?" 

Dr. Plunkett responded, "Well, if someone is able to hold a 26 pound baby in front of him or her 

and shake him hard enough to cause brain injury, it would require you to be able to shake him at 

approximately 10 or 12 cycles per second, 10 or 12 --." At this point, the State successfully 

objected to the clearly nonresponsive answer. The capable defense attorney next asked, "[w]hat 

other injuries would you expect to find in Josh?" As alluded to above, Dr. Plunkett testified he 

would expect Joshua to be "decapitated" before causing such brain damage. 

¶ 20 Despite the fact that this specific medical theory was uttered in testimony, defendant now 

argues that the trial court's ruling on the nonresponsive answer amounted to an impermissible 

and prejudicial "limitation" on his expert's testimony which deprived the jury of the chance to

consider the very theory that the witness testified about in open court. Specifically, it is urged in 

this court that the witness would have offered testimony about the amount of "g forces" that 
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would be required to inflict this level of trauma. Notably, the State had earlier noted an 

objection to Dr. Plunkett testifying about biomechanical engineering matters beyond his medical 

training. More to the point, defense counsel did not attempt to ask a specific question on that 

subject after the court sustained the State's objection, and the record reveals that defendant never 

made an offer of proof that could be referenced to determine in what way this examination was 

hindered. 

¶ 21 In the absence of an offer of proof, defendant instead leans on his posttrial motion and Dr. 

Plunkett's appended report, in which he stated, "[a] person 'shaking' a 26-pound toddler would 

have to exert a force of 260 pounds to the chest or arms in order to accelerate the head at 10g's, 

an acceleration well below any established threshold for SDH or traumatic brain damage." 

(Emphasis in original.) Defendant argues this statement from his expert's pretrial report 

somehow constitutes an offer of proof and testimony rebutting that of Dr. Dray, who opined that 

the alleged perpetrators of shaken baby syndrome are "sufficiently strong" to produce the brain 

and eye injury. 

¶ 22 Put bluntly, this legal construction is both disingenuous and nonsensical. First, as the 

State asserts, defendant failed to timely and properly object to this so-called limitation of his 

expert's testimony because he did not contemporaneously complain of the alleged error, he did 

not request a side bar, or submit a timely offer of proof. Instead, counsel proceeded in his 

examination and nonetheless got the gravamen of his theory (minus the "g-force" statistics) in 

front of the jury for its consideration. Were there any actual error, the trial court was deprived of 

an opportunity to cure it, and this issue has been waived. See People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 

186 (1988) (requiring both an objection at trial and posttrial); see also People v. Andrews, 146 Ill. 
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2d 413, 421 (1992) ("The failure to make an adequate offer of proof results in a waiver of the 

issue on appeal."). 

¶ 23 Even more damning to defendant's argument is the fact that Dr. Plunkett acknowledged 

that he was not a biomechanical engineer and had no formal education in biomechanical 

engineering. His main familiarity with the subject came via his association with his co-author (a 

trained biomechanical engineer) of the above-referenced published article that seems to have 

launched his career as a forensic consultant. Thus, he was in no way qualified to render the 

opinion that defense counsel never asked him for in open court, despite the fact that it may have 

been in his written report. When the court qualified Dr. Plunkett as an expert in general 

pathology and forensic pathology, defense counsel did not contest that characterization or seek to 

further qualify his expert. Counsel thus again waived any complaint regarding limiting Dr. 

Plunkett's testimony on a subject matter in which Dr. Plunkett clearly held no expertise. It is 

axiomatic that a trial court's evidentiary rulings will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of 

discretion. People v. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d 92, 132 (2007). The subject matter here was couched 

in biomechanical terms that he was clearly not qualified to render and would not have assisted 

the jury in understanding the evidence or made the question of defendant's guilt more or less 

probable. See Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d at 132 (noting rule); Thompson v. Gordon, 221 Ill. 2d 414, 

429 (2006) (noting rule); see also People v. Enis, 139 Ill. 2d 264, 285 (1990) (noting the expert 

testimony would not have contributed at trial). 

¶ 24 This is because Dr. Plunkett testified that based on Joshua's weight and his knowledge of 

"shaken baby syndrome," it would not have been possible for defendant to cause Joshua's 

injuries. To support this opinion, he cited reconstruction of real life events (as with the 

automotive industry) and experimental studies, where the stretch of the brain was studied. 
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Significantly, he opined that to cause the injuries Joshua sustained, defendant would have had to 

shake Joshua to such a degree that he would have been decapitated. Not to put too fine a point 

on it, one struggles to imagine that the thought of decapitation was somehow insufficient and that 

the omission of g-force statistics prevented this defendant from presenting his defense. The jury 

considered this dramatic medical theory and apparently rejected it. Based on the foregoing, we 

conclude there was no error and, as more fully explained below, no plain error in this case. 

¶ 25 Defendant next argues that the prosecutor made inaccurate and improper remarks during 

the State's closing argument and the cumulative effect of the remarks denied him a fair trial. At 

the outset, we note that defendant failed to object to the issues he now raises. Objections to 

closing argument must be made at trial to be preserved for review. People v. Coulter, 230 Ill. 

App. 3d 209, 229 (1992). Raising some or all the issues in a posttrial motion is insufficient to 

preserve them for appeal. See People v. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d 584, 592 (2008) (both a trial 

objection and a written posttrial motion raising the issue are required). Nonetheless, defendant 

argues the alleged errors constitute plain error, mandating reversal. This narrow and limited 

exception to the general rule of procedural default allows a reviewing court to consider 

unpreserved error where the evidence is closely balanced, such that the error threatened to tip the 

scales of justice against the defendant, or where the error is so serious that it challenged the 

integrity of the judicial process. Id. at 593. "There can be no plain error if there was no error at 

all ***." People v. Wilson, 404 Ill. App. 3d 244, 247 (2010). 

¶ 26 Turning to the substance of defendant's claim, it is well settled that a prosecutor is 

allowed a great deal of latitude in closing argument and has the right to comment upon the 

evidence presented and upon reasonable inferences arising therefrom, even if such inferences are 

unfavorable to the defendant. People v. Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d 401, 441 (1993). The prosecutor 
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may also respond to comments by defense counsel that clearly invite a response. People v. Willis, 

2013 IL App (1st) 110233, ¶ 102. However, a prosecutor must refrain from making improper, 

prejudicial comments and arguments. Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d at 441. Even if a prosecutor's closing 

remarks are improper, they do not constitute reversible error unless they result in substantial 

prejudice to the defendant such that absent those remarks the verdict would have been different. 

Id. While it is not clear whether the appropriate standard of review for this issue is de novo or 

abuse of discretion, we need not resolve the matter, because our holding in this case would be the 

same under either standard. People v. Luna, 2013 IL App (1st) 072253, ¶ 125. That is, viewing 

the remarks in the context of the entire closing argument, as we must, we conclude there was no 

reversible error committed here. See People v. Nicholas, 218 Ill. 2d 104, 122 (2005). 

¶ 27 Defendant specifically contends the prosecutor erroneously accused defendant of 

testifying falsely regarding which side of the bed his son fell from.1

 There is some merit in this 

suggestion. During trial, defendant testified his son fell off the right side of the bed, even though 

the evidence technician had taken a photograph (which the State submitted into evidence) of the 

left side of the bed. During closing, the prosecutor asked rhetorically whether the evidence 

technician would have photographed the wrong side of the bed during the walkthrough with 

defendant, then asserted "defendant can't even keep what side of the bed [his son fell off of] 

straight." Contrary to the prosecutor's assertion, during posttrial motion proceedings, the parties 

stipulated that the evidence technician had in fact taken the photograph three days before the 

walkthrough. There was no evidence that defendant had lied in that regard. The trial court 

rejected defendant's posttrial argument that the State intentionally misled the jury, finding the 

 1 Defendant contends he lodged a contemporaneous objection to this line of argument, and thus preserved 

the issue, but we disagree. The record reveals that defense counsel objected to the prosecutor's demonstration of 

how defendant would have had to reach over Joshua. This demonstration was not identified in the record. 

Defendant's assertion is belied by the record. 
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prosecutor's comment was a reasonable inference at the time, that it was unintentional error, and 

that, regardless, the argument would not have swayed the jury one way or the other. 

¶ 28 We note our disagreement with the trial court's suggestion in this regard, insofar as the 

argument was actually an unfair inference from the evidence. There was no testimony from the 

police or evidence technicians regarding how defendant described the scene when Joshua 

allegedly fell or regarding why the technician apparently chose only to photograph that particular 

side of the bed. Thus, the argument was based on an assumption and not the trial evidence. The 

posttrial proceedings later confirmed this. 

¶ 29 Nonetheless, the prosecutor's comment, while improper, does not constitute reversible 

error for several reasons. First, rather than objecting, defendant waited and used the opportunity 

to respond to the prosecutor's misstatement in his own closing argument. One can easily 

conclude that this was a strategic choice on the part of defense counsel, because he masterfully 

wove it into his overall argument that the prosecution was inventing facts. See People v. Beard, 

356 Ill. App. 3d 236, 244 (2005) (the decision of whether to object to closing argument is a 

matter of trial strategy). In this way, one could argue the misstatement by the State was a 

rhetorical gift to a defense lawyer who had a difficult case to argue. Counsel asserted to the jury 

that the "[S]tate's [A]ttorney mischaracterized half the testimony" and was "playing" on the jury's 

"sympathies." This was combined with defense counsel's argument that much of the State's case 

was "garbage," which could add only reasonable doubt in the jury's deliberations. This error did 

not result in substantial prejudice to defendant. Rather, defense counsel skillfully turned the 

remark to defendant's advantage, demonstrating the essence of good advocacy. Given defense 

counsel's response, and the court's instructions to the jury immediately before and after closing

that arguments are not evidence, we find that any error was cured. See People v. Willis, 409 Ill. 
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App. 3d 804, 814 (2011). Second, the prosecutor's comment was passing and on an undeniably 

collateral matter. As the trial court noted, defendant testified at length, so the jury was able to 

evaluate his credibility. Whether the child fell off the right or left side of the bed is of no 

moment when defendant clearly and coherently testified that he was not even in the room when 

Joshua fell and that the injuries resulted from the bed fall and not from his intentional beating or 

shaking. Significantly, defendant's theory of the case was that the child could have hit the 

nightstand on his way to the floor. Since there were nightstands on either side of the bed, the 

State's inaccuracy could not have interrupted defendant's theory. In short, the State's improper 

comment did not destroy defendant's credibility before the jury or cause substantial prejudice to 

warrant reversal. 

¶ 30 Furthermore, we find the evidence was anything but closely balanced. Several qualified 

witnesses testified for the State that the injuries Joshua sustained were a result of violent shaking

or shaking combined with blunt trauma. These physicians actually treated the child before he 

died, and their expertise in dealing with this unfortunate sort of domestic trauma was well 

established. Defendant was the only individual at home with Joshua before these substantial 

injuries arose. One need not summon up a clever argument to describe the power of 

circumstantial evidence in such a tragic circumstance. Here, the medical evidence proffered by 

the State was more than compelling evidence of defendant's guilt. While defendant proposed an 

alternative theory via Dr. Plunkett's testimony, by any fair measure it would appear to have been 

insufficient in light of the State's competent evidence to the contrary. The State's evidence was 

substantial. 

¶ 31 Defendant next contends the prosecutor impermissibly disparaged the defense expert Dr. 

Plunkett in rebuttal argument by referring to him as a "snake oil" salesman, a "hired gun" who 
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was being paid a salary to serve as a "professional witness," and repeatedly stating Dr. Plunkett 

was "making things up" with regard to his expert opinion. Defendant argues these comments 

"effectively charged defense counsel with fabricating a defense." The credibility of an expert 

witness is a proper subject for closing argument provided it is based on the evidence or 

inferences drawn from it. Luna, 2013 IL App (1st) 072253, ¶ 132. While it is not improper to 

call the defendant or a witness a "liar" if conflicts in the evidence provide for such an assertion, it 

is impermissible to assert defense counsel is engaging in trickery or misrepresentation. People v. 

Starks, 116 Ill. App. 3d 384, 394 (1983). 

¶ 32 While we do not necessarily condone the tone or sarcasm adopted by the prosecution, it 

merits mention that this argument rebutted the argument by defense counsel that Dr. Plunkett 

was "not a hired gun." Suffice it to say that the prosecutor's withering response was invited by 

the defense. And given the fact that Dr. Plunkett had made his living solely as a testifying 

consultant for many years, one can understand that the defense might want to tackle the issue 

directly. It should have come as no surprise, however, that this might draw some fire in rebuttal. 

As such, even though these comments, out of context, are undeniably caustic, given that they 

were made to contradict the suggestion that the witness was not a hired gun, we find no error. 

See Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d at 445; cf. Klingelhoets v. Charlton-Perrin, 2013 IL App (1st) 112412, ¶ 

30 (when, during argument at trial, plaintiff's lawyer referred to the retained medical expert for 

the defense as a "hired gun," no error occurred where the remark was grounded in evidence and 

the term was introduced by the witness himself). In addition, the State's comments were 

grounded in the evidence, which showed Dr. Plunkett admittedly represented a minority position 

in the medical community that shortfalls in children could cause the type of head and eye injuries 

which Joshua sustained, and Dr. Plunkett's position represented the direct opposite of the State's 
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testifying experts. Unlike the State's witnesses, Dr. Plunkett was not a treating physician to 

children and had not treated Joshua. Moreover, the prosecution's rebuttal witness testified that 

Dr. Plunkett's 2001 study, while noteworthy, was more anecdotal in nature and not statistically 

significant so as to influence a doctor's clinical decision. The prosecution's statements, then, 

were fair inferences from the evidence (see Hudson, 157 Ill. 2d at 441), albeit not presented in 

the most respectful manner. To the extent the comments flirted with or constituted impropriety, 

they were cured by the court's proper jury instructions, which carry more weight than attorney 

argument, and also the court's admonition that arguments are not evidence. See Willis, 409 Ill. 

App. 3d at 814. 

¶ 33 We likewise reject defendant's argument that the prosecution improperly impugned his 

character during closing. The prosecutor noted that defendant disappeared from Joshua's life 

several weeks after the child was born, missed Joshua's first Christmas, and only reappeared

some months later. The prosecutor noted that defendant was married to another woman the 

entire time, so he was not exactly "father of the year." These facts were in evidence, and related 

to defendant's interest in caring for his child and thus his credibility. Again, even if they 

constituted error, the error would not approach a level warranting reversal. Based on the 

foregoing, the alleged errors do not constitute plain and reversible error. Defendant has failed to 

show the cumulative effect of these errors warrants reversal. See Coulter, 230 Ill. App. 3d at 230. 

¶ 34 Defendant lastly contends he is entitled to 48 additional days of presentence custody 

credit because he was arrested on January 13, 2008, and sentenced on March 23, 2012. See 730 

ILCS 5/5-4.5-100(b) (West 2012); People v. Williams, 239 Ill. 2d 503, 509 (2011). The State 

notes the arrest report indicates defendant was arrested January 31, 2008. Defendant counters 

that both the mittimus and indictment return sheet list his arrest date as January 13, 2008, and 
No. 1-12-1740

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Cook County records, of which we may take judicial notice (see People v. Jimerson, 404 Ill. App. 

3d 621, 634 (2010)), indicate his bail was set three days later. In light of the discrepancy, we 

credit defendant with the earlier date of January 13, 2008. He is entitled to 48 days of 

presentence custody credit, excluding the day the mittimus issued, for a total of 1,531 days. We 

direct the clerk of the circuit court to correct the mittimus accordingly. People v. Rivera, 378 Ill. 

App. 3d 896, 900 (2008). 

¶ 35 Defendant also asserts he is entitled to certain fines, fees, and costs, including 

$100 for the methamphetamine law enforcement fund, $25 for the drug traffic prevention fund, 

$5 for the court system (violation of the Illinois Vehicle Code), $5 for electronic citation, $10 for 

the mental health court, $5 youth diversion/peer court, $5 for the drug court, and $30 for the 

children's advocacy center. The State concedes these fines and fees were charged in error. The 

State also concedes that the latter four charges may be offset by the $5-per-diem credit for time 

spent in pretrial custody. See 725 ILCS 5/110-14 (West 2012); People v. Jones, 397 Ill. App. 3d 

651, 663 (2009) (the credit applies only against a "fine," not a fee); see also People v. Paige, 378 

Ill. App. 3d 95, 102 (2007) (mental health court and the youth diversion/peer charges are 

characterized as fines). Defendant's fines, fees, and costs are adjusted to reflect a total 

assessment of $850. We direct the clerk of the circuit court to correct the mittimus and fines and 

fees order accordingly. Rivera, 378 Ill. App. 3d at 900. 

¶ 36 CONCLUSION

¶ 37 Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County. 

¶ 38 Affirmed; mittimus corrected; fines and fees order corrected.