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# OAR Box 1126 Prepped by Ollie Stewart



# Document

Number: 

# 28)11-1-15 0 Docket Number: 

# A-83-2 2

Printed 4/18/20089:58:22 AM

Sheet 28of 182P. 2

*- . BSb? " " . 

# THURSDAY , OCTOBE R5 , 197 8 PAR T I V



# ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENCY

n g MAAH3I99 ? EP A AI R DOCKET . 

# NATIONA L AMBIEN T AI R QUALIT Y STANDAR D FO R LEA

D Fina l Rule s an d Propose d Rulemakin g4624 6

« [6560-01 ] Titl e 40—Protectio n o f Environmen t CHAPTE R I—ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y SUBCHAPTE R C—AI R PROGRAM S tPR L 937-5 1 PAR T 50—NATIONA L PRIMAR Y AN O SECONOAR Y AMBIEN T AI R QUAL IT Y STANDARD S Nationa l Primary an d Secondar y Am bien t Ai r Qualit y Standard s fo r Lea d AGENCY : Environmenta l Protectio n Agency

. ACTION : Fina l rulemaking

. SUMMARY : EP A i s settin g anationa l ambien t ai r qualit y standar dfo r lea d a t aleve l o f

1. 5 microgram s lea dpe r cubi c mete r

o f ai r (^ g Pb/m a ) , aver age dove r

acalenda r

quarter

. Thi s fina l rulemakin g follow s a197 6 cour t orde r t o lis t lea da s acriteri apollutan t fo r th e developmen t

o f a n ambien t standard , an dth e Agency' s issuanc e o f apropose dstandar do n Decembe r 14

. 1977

. I n respons e t o comment s re ceive do n th e propose dstandard , EP A ha s change dth e averagin g perio dfo r th e standar dfro macalenda r mont h t o acalenda r

quarter , an dha s clarifie d th e healt h basi s use di n selectin g th e standar dlevel

. I n establishin g th e leve l o f th e fina l standard , EP A ha s determine dtha t youn g childre n (ag e 1- 5 years ) shoul d b e regarde da s agrou p withi n th e gen era l populatio n tha t i s particularl y sensitiv e t o lea dexposure . Th e fina l standar dfo r

lea di n ai r

i s base do n preventin g mos t

childre n i n th e Unite dState s fro mexceedin g abloo d lea dleve l o f

3 0 microgram s lea dpe r decilite r o f bloo d(>i

g Pb/dl)

. Bloo d lea dlevel s abov e 3 0 'ti g Pb/d l ar e asso ciate dwit h th e impairmen t of hem e synthesi s i n cell s indicate db y elevate d erythrocyt e protoporphyri n (EP) , whic h EP A regard s a s advers e t o th e healt h o f

chronicall y expose dchil

dren

. Ther e ar e anumbe r o f othe r ad

vers e healt h effect s associate dwit h bloo dlea dlevel s abov e 3 0 ng Pb/dl , i n childre n a s wel l a s I n th e genera l pop ulation , includin g th e possibilit y tha t nervou s syste mdamag e ma y occu r i n childre n eve n withou t over t symptom s o f lea dpoisoning

. DATES : Effective : Octobe r 5

. 1978

. Afte r promulgation

. State s wil l hav e nin e month s (unti l Jul y 5 , 1979) , t o prepar e an dsubmi t

t o EP A plan s fo r attainmen t

o f th e standar db y n o late r tha n Octobe r

o f 1982

. EPA' s fina l reg ulation s fo r

th e developmen t

o f Stat e RULE

S AN D REGULATION S implementatio n plan s appea r else

wher e i n thi s FEDERA LREGISTER

. FO RFURTHE RINFORMATIO N CONTACT : Mr

. Josep h Padgett

. Director

. Strat

egie s an dAi r

S'.andirc U Division , Offic e o f

Ai r Qualit y Plannin g an d Standards

. U.S

. Environmenta l Pro

tectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , N.C

. 27711 , telephon e 919-541

- 5204

. AVAILABILIT Y O FRELA-TED INFORMATIO N A docke t (No

. OA.QP^-77-l. i rc- | ---.a:a in g th e informat.c n use db y FP A m th e developmen t

c f th e propose d standar di s availabl e fo r publi c inspec

tio n an dcopyin g betwee n 3 :• • - n an d 4:3 0 p.m. . Monda y throug h Triaiy

. a t EPA' s Centra l Docke t Section

. Roo m 2903B , Watersid e Mall

. 40 1 M Stree t SW. , Washington

. D C

. 2045 0 Th e Federa l referenc e metho dfo r collectin g an dmeasurin g lea dan dit s compound s i n th e ambien t ai r i s pub

lishe di n appendi x G t o thi s promulga

tion

. Thi s FEDERA LREGISTE Rals o con tain s propose dregulation s unde r 4 0 CF RPart s 5 1 an d5 3 fo r equivalen t lea dai r monitorin g methods , fina l rule s fo r th e developmen t

of Stat e im

plementatio n plan s promulgate d unde r 4 0 CF RPar t

51 , an da n advanc e notic e of

propose drulemakin g unde r 4 0 CF RPar t

5 1 fo r ambien t

monitor

in g i n th e vicinit y o f

certai n industria l plant s .vit h lea demissions

. Additiona l informatio n fo r

th e developmen t

o f th e Stat e implementatio n plan s i s con taine di n th e documen t Supplemen

tar y Guideline s fo r

Lea dImplementa

tio n Flans

. Th e environmenta l an d economi c impact s of implementin g thi s standar dar e describe di n a n envi

ronmenta l impac t

statemen t

an da n economi c impac t

assessment

. Thes e document s ar e availabl e fo r publi c in

spectio n an dcopyin g a t th e Centra l Docke t Sectio n (addres s above)

. Copie s ma y b e obtaine dupo n reques t fro m Mr

. Josep h Padget t

a t th e abov e ad

dress

. Th e document s Ai r

Qualit y Criteri a fo r Lea dan dContro l Technique s fo r Lea dAi r

Emission s wer e issue da t th e tim e o f proposal

. Th e Contro l Tech

nique s Documen t

i s availabl e upo n re ques t fro mMr

. Josep h Padget t a t th e abov e address

. Th e Ai r Qualit y Crite

ri aDocumen t

ca n b e obtaine dfrom : Mr

. Michae l Berry , Environmenta l Criteri aan dAssessmen t Office , MD

52 , Offic e of

Researc h an dDevelop

ment , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , N.C

. 27711 , telephon e 919-541-2266

. SUPPLEMENTAR Y INFORMATION :

BACKGROUN D Lea di s emitte dt o th e atmospher e b y vehicle s burnin g leade dfue i an db y certai n stationar y sources . Lea denter s th e huma n bod y throug h ingestio n an dinhalatio n wit h consequen t ab

sorptio n int o th e bloodstrea man ddis

tributio n t o al l bod y tissues

. Clinical , epidemiological , an dtoxicologica l studie s hav e demonstrate dtha t expo sur e t o lea dadversel y affect s huma n health

. EPA' s initia l approac h t o controllin g lea di n th e ai r

wa s t o limi t

th e lea d emission s fro mautomobiles , th e prin

cipa l sourc e of

lea dai r emissions

. Reg

ulation s fo r

th e phasedow n o f

lea di n th e tota l gasolin e poo l wer e promul

gate di n 1973

. and , followin g litigation , modifie dan dpu t

int o effec t

i n 1976

. Th e Agenc y ha s als o establishe dregu lation s requirin g th e availabilit y o f no lea dgasolin e fo r

catalyst-equippe d cars . EP A als o intende dt o contro l emission s fro mcertai n categorie s o f industria l poin t

source s unde r

sectio n 11 1 of th e Clea n Ai r

Act

. I n 1975 , th e Natura l Resource s D e fens e Counci l (NRDC ) an dother s brough t sui t agains t EP A t o lis t

lea d unde r sectio n 10 8 o f

th e Clea n Ai r

Ac t a s apollutan t

fo r whic h ai r

qualit y cri

teri awoul db e develope dan danation

a l ambien t

ai r qualit y standar destab

lishe dunde r

sectio n 10 9 o f

th e Act

. Th e Cour t

rule di n favo r

of NRDC

. {NRDC. Inc. et

al. v . Train, 41 1 F

. Supp

. 86 4 (S.D.N.Y.

. 1976 ) aff' d54 5 F

. 2 d32 0 (2 dCir

. 1976). ) EP A liste dlea d o n Marc h 31 , 1976 , an dproceede dt o develo p ai r

qualit y criteri aan dth e propose dstandard

. O n Decembe r

14 , 1977 , EP A pro pose dastandar dof

1. 5 fig Pb/m 3 , cal

enda r mont h average , propose dth e Federa l referenc e metho dfo r monitor

in g ai r lea dlevels , issue dth e docu

ment s Ai r

Qualit y Criteri afo r Lea d an dContro l Technique s fo r Lea dAi r Emission s an dpropose dregulation s fo r Stat e implementatio n plans

. EP A invite dpubli c comment s durin g th e perio dfro mDecembe r 14

. 1977

. t o Marc h 17 , 1978

. o n th e standard , refer

enc e method , an dth e SI P regulations

. Additiona l comment s o n the'i e matter s wer e provide dt o EP A a t apubli c hear

in g hel do n Februar y 15-16

. 1978

. LEGISLATIV E REQUIREMENT S FO RNA

TIONA L AMBIEN T AI RQUALIT Y STAND

ARD S Section s 10 8 an d10 9 o f th e Clea n Ai r Ac t gover n th e developmen t of na tiona l ambien t

ai r qualit y standards

. Sectio n 10 8 instruct s EP A t o docu

men t th e scientifi c basi s fo r th e stand

ard : Sectio n 108'a)(2)

. Th e Administrato r shal l issu e ai r quality criteri afo

r a n ai r pollutan t withi n 1 2 month s afte r

h e ha s include dsuc h pollutan t in alis t unde r paragrap h (1)

. Ai

r qualit y criteri afo

r an ai r pollutan t shal l ac curatel y reflec t

th e lates t

scientifi c knowl

edg e usefu l in indicatin g th e kin dan d exten t o f al l identifiabl e effect s o n publi c healt h o r welfare whic h ma

y b e expecte d fromth e presenc e o

f suc h pollutan t

i n th e

FEDERA L REGISTER , VOL

. 43 , NO . 194—THURSDAY , OCTOBE R 5 , 197 8 

# MBULK S AM ® REGULATIONS . < ambientair. I

n varying quantities . Th e crite ri afo ra n ai rpollutant , t o th e exten tpracti cable , shal l includ e informatio n on — (A ) Thos e variabl e factors (includin g at mospheri c conditions ) which o f themselve s o rin . combinatio n wit

h othe rfactors ma

y alte rth e effect s on public healt h o rwelfare o f such airpollutant ; (B ) Th e type s o

f ai rpollutant s which , when presen tln th e atmosphere , ma y Interactwit h such pollutan tt o produc e a n advers e effec to n public healt h orwelfare ; and (C ) An y know n oranticipate d adverse effects o n welfare . Sectio n 10 9 addresse s th e actua l set tin g o f th e standard : Sectio n 109(b)(1) . National primar y ambi en tairqualit

y standards , prescribed under subsectio n (a ) shal l b

e ambientairqualit

y standard s th e attainmen tan d maintenanc e o f which in th e judgmento f th e Adminis trator , based on suc h criteri aand allowin g a n adequat

e margin o

f safety , are requisite t o protectth e public health . Suc h primar y standard s ma

y b e revised I

n th e sam e mannera s promulgated . (2 ) An y national secondar

y ambientai

r qualit y standar

d prescribed , undersubsec tio n (a ) shal l specif

y alevel o

f airqualit

y th e attainmen tan

d maintenanc e o

f whic h in th e judgmento

f th e Administrator , based o n such criteria , i s requisite t o protectth e public welfare fro

m an y know n o ranticipat ed advers e effect s associate d wit h th e pres enc e o f such ai rpollutan ti n th e ambient air . Suc h secondar

y standard s ma

y b e re vised in th e same manneras promulgated . I n orde rt o confor m t o th e require ment s o f

sectio n 109 , EP A ha s base d th e leve l o f

th e lea d ai rqualit y stand ar d o n informatio n presente d i n th e criteri adocumen tpertainin g t o th e healt h an d welfar e implication s o f lea d ai rpollution . Thi s i s i n contras t t o othe rsection s o f

th e Ac tunde r whic h EP A consider s economi c cost s an d technica l availabilit y o f ai rpollu tio n contro l system s i n determinin g emission s Umitations . I ti s clea rfro m sectio n 10 9 tha tth e Agenc y shoul d no tattemp tt o plac e th e standar d a ta leve l estimate d t o b e a tth e threshol d fo radvers e healt h .effects , bu tshoul d se tth e standar d a talowe rleve l i n orde rt o provid e amargi n o f safety . EP A believe s tha tth e exten to f th e margi n o f

safet y represent s ajudg men ti n whic h th e Agenc y consider s th e severit y o f

reporte d healt h effects , th e probabilit y tha tsuc h effect s ma y occur , an d uncertaintie s a s t o th e ful l biologica l significanc e o f exposur e t o lead . Comment s resultin g fro m externa l revie w o f

th e ai rqualit y criteri aan d th e propose d standar d highligh tdis agreement s o n anumbe ro f area s criti ca l t o EPA' s rational e fo rth e stand ard . However , th e scientifi c dat abas e provide d i n th e documen tAi rQualit y Criteri afo rLea d i s a s extensiv e a s tha tfo ran y othe rregulate d ai rpol lutant . Also , a tever y stag e o f develop men to f th e ai rqualit y criteri aan d th e standard , EP A ha s facilitate d an d receive d broa d externa l participation . EP A regard s a s inevitabl e th e presenc e o f scientifi c disagreemen tan d uncer taint y abou tke y factor s relevan tt o environmenta l standards . Provision s o f th e Ac trequirin g timel y promulga tio n o f th e standard , an d requirement s fo rperiodi c futur e revie w o f ai rqual it y criteri aan d standard s indicat e con gressiona l inten ttha tth e Agenc y pro cee d eve n wher e scientifi c knowledg e i s ho tcomplet e o rful l scientifi c con sensu s i s absent . SUMMAR Y O F GENERA L FINDING S FRO M AI RQUALIT Y CRITERI A FO RLEA D Followin g th e listin g o f lea d a s a-cri

teri apollutant , EP A develope d th e document . Ai rQualit y Criteri afo r Lead . I n th e preparatio n of thi s docu ment , EP A provide d opportunitie s fo r externa l revie w an d commen to n thre e successiv e drafts . Th e documen twa s reviewe d a tthre e meeting s of th e Sub committe e o n Scientifi c Criteri afo r Environmenta l Lea d o f EPA' s Scienc e Advisor y Board . Eac h o f thes e meet ing s wa s ope n t o th e publi c an d a numbe ro f

individual s presente d bot h critica l revie w an d ne w informatio n fo rEPA' s consideration . Th e fina l cri teri adocumen twa s issue d o n Decem be r14 , 1977 . Fro m th e scientifi c informatio n i n th e criteri adocument , EP A draw s con clusion s i n severa l ke y area s wit h par ticula rrelevanc e fo rth e ambien tai r qualit y standar d fo rlead . 1 . Ther e ar e multipl e source s o f lea d exposure . I n additio n t o ai rlead , thes e source s include : Lea d i n pain tan d ink , lea d i n drinkin g water , lea d i n pesti cides , an d lea d i n fres h an d processe d food . 2 . Exposur e t o ai rlea d ca n occu rdi rectl y b y inhalation , o rindirectl y b y ingestio n o f

lea d contaminate d food , water , o rnonfoo d material s includin g dus tan d soil . 3 . Ther e i s significan tindividua l variabilit y i n respons e t o lea d expo sure . Eve n withi n aparticula rpopula tion , individua l respons e t o lea d expo sur e ma y var y widel y fro m th e averag e respons e fo rth e sam e group . Certai n subgroup s withi n th e genera l popula tio n ar e mor e susceptibl e t o th e effect s o f lea d o rhav e greate rexposur e potential . O f

these , youn g childre n represen tapopulatio n o f foremos t concem . 4 . Thre e system s withi n th e huma n bod y appea rt o b e mos tsensitiv e t o th e effect s o f

lead—th e blood-formin g o rhematopoieti c system , th e nervou s system , an d th e rena l system . I n addi tion , lea d ha s bee n show n t o affec tth e norma l function s o f

th e reproductive , endocrine , hepatic , cardiovascular , immunologic , an d gastrointestina l sys tems . 5 . Th e bloo d lea d leve l threshold s fo rvariou s biologi c effect s rang e fro m th e ris k o f

permanent , severe , neuro logica l damag e o rdeat h a s bloo d lead s approac h an d excee d 8 0 t o 10 0 fi g Pb / d l i n childre n dow n t o th e inhibitio n o f a n enzyme s syste m a s lo w a s 1 0 p g Pb/dl . 6 . Lea d i s astabl e compound , ubiqui tousl y distributed , whic h persist s an d accumulate s bot h i n th e environmen t an d i n th e huma n body . I n developin g th e propose d standard , EP A use d thes e finding s t o arriv e a tastandar d leve l o f 1. 5 p g Pb/m s , calenda rmont h average . Thi s leve l wa s derive d fro m th e Agency' s judgmen ttha tth e maxi mu m safe bloo d lea d leve l (geometri c mean ) fo rapopulatio n o f youn g chil dre n wa s 1 5 p g Pb/d l and , o f thi s amount , 1 2 p g Pb/d l shoul d b e attrib ute d t o nonai rsources . Th e differenc e o f 3. 0 p g Pb/d l wa s estimate d t o b e th e allowabl e safe contributio n t o mea n populatio n bloo d lea d fro m lea d i n th e air . Wit h epidemiologica l dat aindicat in g agenera l relationshi p o f 1: 2 be twee n ai rlea d (p g Pb/m 3 ) an d bloo d lea d (p g Pb/dl) , EP A determine d tha t th e leve l fo rth e propose d standar d shoul d b e 1. 5 pg/m' . SUMMAR Y O F ANTICIPATE D IMPACT S Whil e th e leve l o f

th e standar d i s base d o n healt h considerations , EP A ha s conducte d economi c an d environ menta l studie s t o asses s th e potentia l impact s o f

th e standar d selected . EP A estimate s tha tth e existin g regulation s fo rth e phase-dow n o f lea d in . gasoline , combine d wit h th e increasin g us e o f no-lea d gasolin e fo rcatalyst-equippe d cars , wil l resul ti n attainmen to f th e standar d i n urba n area s wher e auto mobil e exhaus ti s th e dominan tsourc e o f ai rlead . N o additiona l pollutio n control s ar e anticipate d fo rthes e areas . EPA' s economi c analysi s doe s indi cat e tha tther e ma y b e significan t problem s i n attainmen to f th e stand ar d i n th e vicinit y o f

nonferrou s smelt er s an d othe rlarg e industria l source s o f lea d emissions . Thi s assessmen ti s based , however , o n studie s usin g gen era l emissio n factor s an d plan tcon figurations , combine d wit h dispersio n modeling . I n th e developmen to f Stat e plan s t o implemen tth e standard . EP A i s encouragin g affecte d industrie s an d Stat e agencie s t o gathe rplant-specifi c technica l data , ambien tai rqualit y data , an d assessment s o f alternativ e engineerin g controls . Wit h thi s infor mation , th e Agenc y wil l b e abl e t o mor e accuratel y evaluat e tb, e impac t o f th e standar d an d bette rconside r approva l o f

alternativ e approache s t o emissio n contro l i n th e Stat e plans . Also . EP A i s encouragin g affecte d firm s an d Stat e agencie s t o evaluat e i n th e earl y desig n phase , strategie s whic h tak e int o consideratio n th e workplac e standar d fo rairborn e lea d whic h wil l b e promulgate d b y th e Oc cupationa l Healt h an d Safet y Admin K332QA I QB8DSTOQ

, VOO . 43 , COO

. 194—THURSDAY , OCVOQQQ S , 197 Q

*•-• •••* * -iiiJUmn" "P. 5

k&rattoq , <OSHA) . EP A believe s tha t aat e approac h wil l facilitat e applica tio n o f contro l technologie s whic h mee tth e requirement s o f bot h agen cies . I n workin g wit h OSH A t o esti - -Tnat e th e combine d Impac to f th e OSH A an d EP A standards , i n coordi natin g complianc e strategies , an d i n reviewing. Stat e plan s implementin g th e ambien tstandard , EP A intend s t o avoi d a n approac h whic h woul d foste r uncertaint y i n th e investmen tdeci sion s o f affecte d firms . Th e Agenc y wil l mak e ever y effor t t o insur e tha tal l opportunitie s t o avoi d plan tclosure s ar e examined , whil e a tth e sam e tim e assurin g pro tectio n fro m clea rrisk s t o th e publi c health . SUMMAR Y O PCOMMENT S RECEIVE D Durin g th e commen tperio d fro m Decembe r14 , 1977 , t o Marc h 17 , 1978 , an d a tth e publi c meetin g o n Februar y 15-16 , 1978 , EP A receive d 9 5 writte n an d ora l comment s addressin g th e pro pose d standar d o r th e requirement s fo rStat e implementatio n plans . Al l comment s opposin g th e standar d a s excessivel y stringen t(25 ) cam e fro m representative s o f

affecte d industries , an d 2 0 o f

thes e counter-propose d 5. 0 p g Pb/m 3 , calenda rquarte raverage , a s th e appropriat e leve l fo rth e standard . Comments Received

Opposing the Proposed standard of l.S \ig/mf

CalendarMonth Average as Excessively Stringent

Compan y Op - En pose d • dorsed ' Ama x Lea d & Zinc , In c X X America n Minin g Congres s X X America n Petroleu m Institut e X ASARC O X X Associate d Octe l Co. , Ltd . X X Batter y Counci l Internationa l X X Bethlehe m Stee l Cor p X X Bunke rHil l C o X X C & D Batterie s Divisio n X X E . I . d u Pon td e Nemour s & Co. , In c X X ES A Laboratories . In c X X Ethy l Cor p X X Genera l Batter y Cor p X X Genera l Motor s Cor p /., Gett y Refinin g 6c Marketin g Co.. . X HECLA Minin g C o X Housto n Chemica l X X Hun tO U C o X Kerr-McKe e Cor p , Lea d Industrie s Associatio n X X Nalc o Chemica l X X N L Industries , In c X X Prestolit e Batter y Divisio n X X Secondar y Lea d Smelter s Associ atio n _ . _X X Shel l O U C o X St . Jo e Mineral s Cor p •••• • X X Texaco , In c X X Unite d Machiner y Group.. . Vulca n Material s Co

—_

' l. S iig/m' . calenda rmonth . '5. 0 fig/ma* , calenda rquarte r(o rothe raveragin g period) . SUMMARY : Forty-ftv e comment s receive d tro m 2 9 corporation s o r thei rrepresentatives : 2 5 o f th e 2 9 firm s oppose d th e propose d standar d o f 1.5 >i8/m' . calenda rmont h averaae ; 2 0 endorse d a n alternativ e 

### autu s AN © ai©uy\7>ow s standar d o

f 5. 0 tig/m 1

. calenda rquarte raverag e (o r othe raveragin g period) . Fou rcomment s oppose d th e pro pose d standar d o n th e ground s tha ti t wa s no tsufficientl y protectiv e o f health . COMMENT

S RECEIVE

D OPPOSING PROPOSE D LEA D AI RQUALIT

Y STANDAR

D O P1. 5 ng/m 1

. CALENDA

RMONT

H AVERAGE

, IN FAVO

RO F A MOR E STRINGEN

T STANDAR

D Natura l Resource s Defens e Council Dr. Sergi o Piomelli , Director . Pediatri c Hematology , Ne

w Yor k Universit

y Medica l Cente rPubli c Interes tCampaig n Universit y o f ConnecticutSchoo l o

f Medi cin e Comment s supportin g th e leve l o f th e propose d standar d (17 ) cam e fro m th e medica l community . Federa l agen cies . Stat e an d loca l publi c healt h agencies , an d publi c interes tgroups . COMMENT

S RECEIVE

D ENDORSIN

G PROPOSE

D LEA D AI RQUALIT

Y STANDAR

D O F l. S pg/m 1 , CALENDA RMONT H AVERAG E

STAT E AN D LOCA L AGENCIE S Californi aDepartmento

f Health Massachusetts Departmento f Publi c Health Ne w Yor k Stat e Departmento

f Environ mental Conservation Ne w Yor k Cit y Departmento

f Environmen ta l Protectio n Tennesse e Departmen to f Publi c Health Wisconsi n Departmento f Natura l Re source s FEDERA L AGENCIE S Cente rfor Diseas e Control , Publi c Health Service Departmen to

f Transportatio n Foo d an d Drug Administratio n Occupationa

l Safety and Health Adminis tratio n — PUBLI C INTERES T GROUP S AN D TH E MEDICA L

COMMUNIT Y Committee o

n Environmenta

l Hazards , America n Academ y o f Pediatric s D.C . Committe e fo

rLea d Eliminatio n i n th e Distric t League o

f Wome n Voters o

f th e Unite d State s National Urba

n League Herber tNeedleman , Bosto n Children' s Hos pital Medica

l Cente r Universit y o f Nort h CarolinaSchoo l o

f Publi c Healt

h I n addition , EP A ha s receive d nu merou s comment s an d correspondenc e o n th e propose d standar d afte rth e officia l en d o f

th e commen tperiod . Thoug h EP A doe s no thav e a lega l ob ligatio n t o revie w thes e documents , i t has , i n th e interes to f fosterin g ful l publi c participatio n i n th e rulemakin g process , reviewe d thes e comment s an d correspondenc e a s tim e permitted . A s wit h al l othe rdocument s considere d o rexamine d b y EP A a s par to f it s de cisio n process , thes e document s hav e bee n place d i n th e publi c docke tan d hav e becom e par to f th e administra tiv e recor d o f

thi s decision . Th e comment s receive d b y EP A di d no tchalleng e thre e aspect s o f th e pro pose d standard : 1 . Th e basi c structur e o f th e ratio nal e use d b y th e Agenc y i n derivin g th e leve l o f

th e propose d standard . 2 . Th e selectio n o f

youn g childre n a s apopulatio n particularl y a tris k t o lea d exposure . 3 . Th e attributio n o f

1 2 p g Pb/d l ou t o f th e targe tmea n populatio n bloo d lea d leve l o f

1 5 p g Pb/d l t o nonai r source s o f

lea d fo rth e purpose s o f set tin g th e ai rstandard . Significan tcomment s wer e received , however , o n th e followin g ke y area s relatin g t o th e standard : 1 . Th e elevatio n o f

erythrocyt e pro toporphyri n (EP ) a s th e firs tadvers e healt h effec twit h increasin g lea d ex posur e rathe rtha n th e declin e o f he moglobi n levels . 2 . Th e bloo d lea d threshol d leve l fo r elevate d EP . 3 . Th e incidenc e o f

healt h effect s i n population s residin g i n th e vicinit y o f industria l source s o f

lea d particulat e emissions . 4 . Th e relationshi p describin g th e re spons e o f

lea d i n th e bloo d t o lea d i n th e air . 5 . Th e statistica l for m an d averagin g perio d fo rth e standard . 6 . Th e appropriat e margi n o f safety . 7 . Th e limitatio n o f

th e standar d t o th e respirabl e fractio n o f tota l ai rlea d particles . 8 . Th e economi c impac to f th e stand ard . 9 . Th e Stat e implementatio n pla n regulations . 10 . Th e Federa l referenc e metho d fo rmonitorin g lea d ai rquality . 11 . Th e administrativ e procedure s employe d b y EP A i n th e developmen t o f th e standar d an d th e provisio n fo r publi c participation . A revie w o f

th e comment s receive d an d thei rdispositio n ha s bee n place d i n th e rulemakin g docke t(OAQPS-77 - 1 ) fo rpubli c inspection . Th e followin g paragraph s summariz e th e significan t comment s an d presen tth e Agency' s findings . TH E HEALT H SIGNIFICANC E O F ERYTHRO CYT E PROTOPORPHYRI N ELEVATIO N Te n commenter s disagree d wit h EPA' s conclusio n tha tth e impairmen t o f hem e synthesi s indicate d b y elevat e d erythrocyt e protoporphyri n (EP ) constitute d a n advers e healt h effect . Reason s fo r thi s disagreemen tinclud ed : 1 . A n elevate d leve l o f E P i s no t itsel f toxi c t o th e cell s i n bloo d o r othe rtissues . 2 . E P elevation , whil e indicatin g a chang e i n hem e synthesis , doe s no tin dicat e a n insufficien tproductio n o f heme , o rhemoglobin . 3 . E Pelevatio n an d th e alteratio n o f hem e synthesi s doe s no timpl y impair - 

# * f 

# i

PEOEQAL REGISTER , VOL . 43 , NO . 194—THURSDAY , OCTOBE R S , 197 0



### -' -v 

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rs^S j o tother ' mitochondria l ftme - ?JB PetevaUo B I * no tassociate d wtt h

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-oUMgrahga e proteins ,

_ _exposur e t o rpatttetriatir l 7__ " ' --M- ; Fiv e commenters-dnped ' wtt h EPA' s '-^aa . .%^^iMndnrton a abou ttt o healt h stgnlfi t " a : : a^'aHanc e o f

elevate d I PdUn g th e follow - • :"""^JA in g arguments : -A---J ; a• :l.Th e interferenc e o f lea d i n a fun -

~ ]iX damenta l cellula rmetaboli c functio n V C at o the . exten tthat , ther e i s accumula - -•>••.-.tOoii-d

i a substrat e I s physiologica l im - '•*'••-, • ! ""- » jpajtment , eve n withou tth e presenc e _;..,. , i. o f

clinica l evidenc e o f

disease . '-. " X I ti s pruden tmedica l practic e t o '•.-. i . Interven e wher e subclinica l indicator s o f physiologica l impairmen tar e pres 9 . Tn e impairmen to f hem e synthe si s resultin g fro m geneti c o rdietar y factor s place s a chil d a tenhance d ris k t o lea d exposure . 4 . Ther e I s evidenc e t o sugges ttha t • » ' impaire d hem e synthesi s ma y affec t th e functio n o f

neura l o rhepati c tissue , eve n a tlevel s wher e hem e pro -

. ductlo n t s sufficien tfo rhem&topoiesis .

• MlUtUiat

HX8POH8

E ESP A agree s wit h th e comment s re ceive d tha tth e initia l elevatio n o f E P a s a resul to f

exposur e t o lead , whil e Indicatin g a n impairmen to f hem e syn thesis , ma y no tb e a diseas e stat e o rb e see n a s a clinicall y detectabl e declin e i n per f armance . However , th e criteri a documen tpoint s ou t(p . 1-13 ) tha tthi s Impairmen tdoe s increas e progressive l y wit h lea d dose . Th * hematologica l effect s described abov e ar e th e earlies tphysiological impairment s encountere d a s a functio n o f increasin g lea d exposure s a s indexe d b y bloo d lea d eleva tions ; a s such, , thos e effect s may b e consid ere d t o represen tcritical effect s o f lea d ex posure . Althoug h t tmay b e argue d tha tcer tai n -at th e initia l hematological effect s (cad i » ALA

D inhibition ) constitut e rela tivel y mild , nondebtlitattn g symptom s at lo w bloo d lea d levels , the y nevertheles s signa l th * onset.o f

steadil y Intensifyin g adeffeet s a s bloo d lea d elevation s in Eventually , th e hematological effect s teac h suc h magnitud e tha tthe y are of dear-co tmedica

l significanc e 0 Indicator s o f undu e lea d eaposureia . , ; Th e fac ttha totl ^ conditions , suc h a s ht m defleiency^iBa y -als o Impai r hem e synthesis , doe s no tobviat e con cer n tha tlea d i s latafffertn g wit h a n essentia l biologica l function . Ther e l s th e possibilit y tha ta nutritiona l defl ctonc y i s a a additiona l stres s t o th e betae ^ syntheti c syste m whic h ma y in eWftae tt o saatftfttt y o f a chil d t o th e adven e ef

f ect s o f lea d exposure . anoles- a tha tther e i s genera l tha them e an d heme-con tainto v protein s plai rimportan trole s i n thtfoxysai*flxatfot a pathway s I n ai l 

# *&m>\*toj,*6ik cells . WhO e th e effect s « f tar-lever lea d exposur e o n th e hem e •ynOwO B pathwa y i n erythrol d tissu e hav e bee a extensivel y studie d i n par tbecaus e o f th e eas e wtt h whk h thi s tissu e ma y b e obtained , othe rcellula rmetabolt o sys tem s uttliiiin them e ar e les s we B un derstood . EP A tees no thav e sufficien t informatio n t o conclud e tha timpair men to f hon e synthesi s i n othe rtis sue s J s no to f

concer n unti l bloo d lea d level s ar e reache d greate rtha n thos e associate d wit h hematologiea l effects . Th e ai rqualit y criteri adocumen tdoe s poin tou ttha tthi s effec tha s bee n es tablishe d i n othe rtissue s an d tha t othe rdose-respons e factor s ma y apply . Th e effec to

f lead o n th e formatio n o f hem e i s no tlimite d t o th e hematopoietic . system . Experimental anima l studie s hav e show n a lea d effec to n th e heme-requbln g protein , cytochrom e P-450 , a n Integra l pu t of th e hepati c mixed-functio n nvirtas n (chapte r11) . th e systemi c functio n o f which i s detoxificatio n o

f exogenou s substances . Heme synthesi s inhibitio n als o take s place I n neura l tissue . (P . 13-8. ) I n summary , th e criteri adocumen t states : Elevatio n i n protoporphyri n l s considere d no tonl y t o b e a biological Indicato ro ffaspaired mitochondrial functio n o f erythroi d tissu e bu tals o a n indicato ro f aonanaistio n o f substrate fo rth e enzym e femcbelataae . I ttherefor e ha s th e sam e pathophyaioto0 > cal meanin g a a increase d urinar y S-AL A (vid e supra) . Fo rthes e reasons , accumula tio n o f protoporphyri n ha s bee n take n t o in dicate physiological impairmentin.humans , and thi s clinical consensu s Is expresse d In th e 197 5 Statemen to f

th e Cente rfo rDis eas e Control (CDC) , USPHS . Th e criterio n used b y CD C t o Indicat

e a n effec to

f lea d e n hem e functio n i s a n FE Pleve l o f 0 0 pg/d l i n th e presence o

f a bloo d lea d leve l above 8 0 Ug/d l whol e blood . Mor e recen tinformatio n relatin g t o threshol d o f

lea d effect s Indicate s tha tFE P level s begi n t o increas e a ta bloo d lea d valu e o f 1 5 t o 20 (i g Pb/d l bloo d t n childre n and wome n and , a ta somewhathighe rvalue , 20 t o 2 5 >i g Pb/d l blood , l n adul tmen . (P . 13-6. ) EP A conclude s tha tth e stat e o f ele vate d E Pmus tb e regarde d a s poten tiall y advers e t o th e healt h o f youn g children . Whil e th e onse to ra mU d ex perienc e o f

thi s conditio n ma y b e tol erate d b y a n individual , a s wit h othe r subclinica l manifestation s o f impaire d function , i ti s a pruden tpubli c healt h practic e t o exercis e correctiv e actio n prio rt o th e appearanc e o f clinica l symptoms . Th e criteri adocumen tre port s tha tsymptom s o f anemi ai n chil dre n ma y occu ra tbloo d lea d level s o f 4 0 ne/dl EP A ha s adopte d 3 0 p g Pb/d l a s a maximu m saf e bloo d lea d leve l fo r individua l children . TH E BLOO D LXA S TJDOBHOL

D N S B D SBTrHBOcnsnororeinnraii i Comment s provide d b y te n organisa tion s challenge d EPA' s oanelnsiq n tha tth e threshol d fo rth e elevatof t E Poccur s i h childre n a ta blod d MIMSIU , VO C -4$, NO . 1* 4 1 a t

w-t. i base d o» i priat e analyst s wa * employe d * . AppBcatto n o f

a l technique, segmente d lin e i suit s i n a highe rthreshold . 3 . Tb a stud y m question ^ dat * a n childre n wtt h bloo d 1 i n exces s o f

3 0 ji«/dl . -4 . Othe rinvesticatoc s hav e repotte d highe rthresholds . Comment s i n suppor tbf th e I S sc/d l threshol d maintained : L lii s prope rt o exclud e valbe a con sidere d abnorma l t

f th e inten to f

th e analysi s i s t o determin e a n unbiase d " effec tthreshold , * .. . ..... . f".- - X Othe rstudie s hav e reporte d threshold s wit h erro rband s whic h tn - -ciud e 1 5 |ii/<0 . .>•!., ' 3 . Probi tanalysi s Is a n appropriate techniqu e an d differ s onl y slightl y fro m th e result s obtaine d frtim seg mente d lin e analysis . >aZ&

. aODHr rUSFOHS B -

. -a-ra.. . . ' a " a •-. t^^a^TEP A a«ree s lha ttt o segment- ^ Ififej e techniqu e provide s a mor e %ee«pb| ^ tfmat e o f

it o acosrelatlo n r~ ~~ E P elevatio n wtt h lee * rtoi* Iftl^BS

T Pb/dl, ; reaso n considere d

• ment s aa to^tt o nu n linu m aiTc i 1 lea d lenm

L to? a povufettk

m o f c m

- Howew^i« p taw - t»r* M -•*»etirte' : mean fb r» papulatio n i s . , . greate rpercentag e o renHoref M pejiH«^^w^«tc5e d theX"" " saf tindividual teviBl q

f EP A estimate s tha t-a

ta . geometri c mean af

« 1 6 .r t percen to f

childre n wi

U h e belo w 1 Pb/d L A t157> f

P b thi s faU s t o 98.T . SP A retard s th e n u of childre n predicte d t o 1 Pb/d l a s th e crittjJa

l heart h ac«msidtta tlom. Fo rthi s reason . EPi tba a math taine d it s estimat e o f a - geometri c mea n of 1 5 «i g Pb/d l a s th e targe tfh # populatio n bloo d lead! ' A S 3

TB KIHUlDBMU

rO F HXAI.T B DIK H Q

V POPULATION S Exsmnr a n» TB > viein T T O rXROOStRlAJ,

. SO U BUS S PABTICTJLAT

E OOSSIOR

S Severa l comment s cite d dXuaskiQ S Ip whlc h proximit y t o dgrtfteaht a """"' source s o f

afrbom e appea rt o hav e littl e ta riipr; ; Impac to n residen t--"—- - wa s tak m t o impl y tha tth e .ar d wa s no tneccisr y t o health .

afffi . -'•'

s :- 1 iP. 7

expo * ;&£• & reaso n tha t the.c-snesp t S» f th e sa£e ;BKjpal5 > lea d ..lasgB ; ah'ojjM

b fea -e^healfc h • to infl u

_:^ : igjgfe«tolUadin8^C33 - f^miia'•characteristi-ca , geo - ^ont&roaologica l history ; parsa^-ond.domestichygiene , th e oc cu®34te®ic3 ; r tii9 " populatio n members , an d '^ssjyroSd - an d nonfoo d material s with.' : ^^^S' ! --ttojf"com e int o contact . Tailin g lat& ! accqc& i suc h variability , i t remote-th e Agency' s belie f tha tair boras . 6^ ' xlireca y an d indirectl y con tribute s to th e rfci

k o f advers e healt h conssQUtanoe s -an d tha tsufficien tclini ca l ani l epidemiologica l evidenc e i s availaWst o for m o judgmen ta s t o th e exten to f

thi s contribution . Thi s evi denc e include s epidemiologica l studie s showin g highe rbloo d lea d level s i n urba n area s wher e ai rlea d level s wer e elevate d i n compariso n t o rura l areas . Ther e hav e als o bee n a numbe ro f studie s linkin g elevate d bloo d lea d level s t o industria l source s o f lea d emissions . Wtt h regar d t o th e 197 2 stud y a tE l Peso , Tex. , b y th e Cente r fo rDiseas e Control , .th e criteri adocu men treports : I t^JE O concluded tha tth e primar y facto r associate d with elevate d bloo d lea d level s l n th e childre n wa

s ingestio n orinhalatio n o f dus tctartalning lead . Dat ao n dietar y intak e b f lentf-'-rasre

. no tobtaine d becaus e th e cli mate en d "proximit

y t o th e smelte rprevent ed any forming l n th e erea . I twa s unlikel y tha tth e dietar

y lea d intake s o

f th e childre n from nea rth e smelte rand farthe rawa y wer e significantl y different . (P . 12-15. ) Wit h regar d t o th e repor to f Yanke l e tal . a tKellogg , Idaho , th e criteri a documen tstates : Fiv e factors influenced . I n a statisticall y significan tmanner , th e probabilit y o f a chil d developin g a n excessiv e bloo d lead level : .'-»•; • 1 . Concentration s o

f lea d i n ambientai r (jig/m* - . 2 . Concentratio n o

f lea d I n soi l (ppm) . 3 . Age .(years) . 4 . .Cleanlines s o

f th e hom e (subjectiv e evaluatio n coded 6 , l.on d 2 , with 2 signify in g dirtiest) . — 5 . OenercJ^cOasaification. of . th e parents ' occup»UW'i#&ensiohless X AlthoHjmm e stxpnoes tcorrelation.'foun d wikj'fetuam'bloo d lea d level s and air'lea d tesel, .&he/pothor

s conclude d tha ti twas un llKel y tS^'tohalatiot tof

contaminate d ai r alon e coukl'eSplal n th e elevate d bloo d lea d leveMgte;i5c^flP:i&-Kl. > • TU B fiK220PBSfl^ piELATIOHSHn P ECTWEE B LI^©'lEril5piinBLEa

D m BLOO

D Sevei ^ commutes * questione d th e Agencie s estimat e that , to? children , om wkssMssem a£l$3 d pa ^ (IsjbS c mete r cfi j <^!K§gjs 0 resuKSs % o n ^arees e o f tw o microgram s lea d pe rdecilite r bloo d (f> s Pb/dl) .

AGENC Y RESPONS E ..-•fSBSfit ' ha s reviewe d th e studie s dis used . I n th e criteri adocumen twhic h reportchange s i n bloo d lea d level s wit h differen tai rlea d levels . Th e Agenc y believe s tha ton e o f th e stronges tepidemiologica l studie s i s tha tb y Azar . e tal . i n whic h persona l dosimeter s wer e use d t o measur e lea d intake . Thi s eliminate d som e o f th e uncertaint y abou tth e exten tt o whic h ai rqualit y observation s accuratel y re flec tactua l exposure . Fro m th e Aza r data , th e relationshi p o f lea d i n th e ai r t o lea d i n th e blood , evaluate d a t1. 5 H g Pb/m xwa s 1:1.8 . Th e Aza rstud y was , however , limite d t o a n adul tpop ulation . A clinica l stud y o f

adults . Griffi n e t al. , give s roughl y th e sam e conclusio n fo ra grou p o f

adult s confine d t o a chambe rwit h controlle d exposur e t o lea d aerosol . Thi s stud y wa s conducte d ove ra thre e mont h perio d wit h con tro l ove rlea d ingestion . A s ai rlea d level s i n th e chambe rwer e increase d fro m 0.1 5 n g Pb/m 3 t o 3. 2 nS Pb/m' , th e ai rlea d t o bloo d lea d relationshi p wa s 1:1.7 . Becaus e childre n ar e know n t o hav e greate rne tabsorptio n an d retentio n o f lea d tha n adults , i ti s reasonabl e t o assum e tha tth e ai rlea d t o bloo d lea d relationshi p fo rthi s sensitiv e popula tion , expose d t o ai rlea d level s i n th e rang e o f

th e propose d standard , i s equa l t o i f

no tgreate rtha n fo radults . EP A als o note s tha tth e ai rlea d t o bloo d lea d relationshi p i s nonlinea r an d ma y resul ti n a highe rrati o a t lowe rai rlevels . I n a n epidemiologica l stud y o f chil dre n nea ra smelter , Yanke l e tal. , th e respons e o f

bloo d lea d t o ai rlead , av erage d ove rth e exposur e range , wa s 1.9 . EP A believe s tha tthes e studie s a s wel l a s other s reporte d i n th e criteri a document , suppor tth e criteri adocu ment' s conclusio n that : Ratio s between bloo d lead level s and air lea d exposure s wer

e show n t o range general l y from 1: 1 to 2:1 . Thes e wer e not . however , constan tove

rth e range orairlead concen tration s encountered . Ther e ar e suggestiv e dat aIndicating tha tth e ratio s forchildre n ar e I n th e uppe

rend o f th e range an

d ma y eve n b e slightl y abov

e it . Ther e i s als o some sligh tsuggestio n tha tth e ratio s fo rmale s ar e highe rtha n thos e forfemales . (P . 12 - 39. ) TH E STATISTICA L FOR M AN D PERIO D O P TH E STANDAR

D On e commente rexpresse d th e vie w that , du e t o th e lognorma l distributio n o f measure d ai rlead , a not-to-be-ex ceede d standar d o f

1. 5 jig/m' , calenda r mont h average , woul d requir e source s o f ai rlea d t o achiev e contro l o f thei r emission s t o a geometri c monthl y mea n o f 0.4 1 jxg/m 1 i n orde rt o preven t th e occurrenc e o f a violation . Anothe r commen texpresse d th e opinio n that , wit h th e norma l operatio n o f a 6-da y samplin g schedule , th e numbe ro f sample s whic h coul d b e collecte d i n th e cours e o f

a calenda rmont h woul d no tprovid e a statisticall y vali d esti mat e o f th e actua l lea d ai rqualit y fo r th e period . Severa l comment s questione d th e healt h basi s fo rth e selectio n o f th e calenda rmont h averagin g period .

EP A RESPONS E EP A accept s th e consensu s o f com ment s receive d o n th e scientifi c an d technica l difficultie s presente d b y th e selectio n o f

a calenda rmont h averag in g period . Th e Agenc y believe s tha t th e ke y criterio n fo rth e averagin g perio d i s th e protectio n o f healt h o f th e sensitiv e population . I n proposin g th e 1. 5 ng/m 3 standard , EP A conclud e d tha tthi s ai rleve l a s a ceilin g woul d b e safe fo rindefinit e exposur e o f youn g children . Th e critica l questio n i n th e determinatio n o f th e averagin g perio d i s th e healt h significanc e o f possibl e elevation s o f ai rlea d abov e 1. 5 ng/m 3 whic h coul d b e sustaine d withou tviolatio n o f

th e averag e o f

1. 5 ^g/m 3

. I n th e propose d standard , EP A chos e a monthl y averagin g perio d o n th e basi s o f

a stud y showin g a n adjust men tperio d o f

bloo d lea d leve l wit h a chang e o f

exposur e (Griffi n e tal.) . Be caus e o f th e scientifi c an d technica l difficultie s o f

th e monthl y standard , EP A ha s reexamine d thi s questio n an d conclude s tha tther e i s littl e reaso n t o expec ttha tth e slightl y greate rpossi bUity o f elevate d ai rlea d level s withi n th e quarterl y perio d i s significan tfo r health . Thi s conclusio n i s base d o n th e followin g points : (1 ) Fro m actua l ambien tmeasure ments , th e distributio n o f ai rlea d level s i s suc h tha twher e th e quarterl y standar d i s achieved , ther e i s littl e possibilit y tha tther e coul d b e sus taine d period s greatl y abov e th e aver ag e value . (2 ) WhU e i ti s difficul tt o relat e th e exten tt o whic h a monitorin g networ k actuall y represent s th e exposur e situa tio n fo ryoun g chUdren , i tseem s likel y tha twher e elevate d ai rlead , level s d o occur , the y wU

I b e clos e t o poin to f mobil e source s o f

lea d ai rpoUution . Typically , youn g chUdre n wil l no ten counte rsuc h level s fo rth e ful l 24 - hou rperio d reporte d b y th e monitor . (3 ) Ther e Is medica l evidenc e indi catin g tha tbloo d lea d level s reequili brat e slowl y t o change s i n ai rexpo sure . Thi s serve s t o dampe n th e Impac to f

a short-ter m perio d o f expo sur e t o elevate d ai rlead . (4 ) Direc texposur e t o ai ri s onl y on e o f severa l route s o f

tota l exposure . Thi s lessen s th e impac to f a chang e i n ' ai rlea d o n bloo d lea d levels . 

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### Sevoira l omsESisnt e receive d b y th e Agenc y criticized-the . propose d stand ar d fo rincorporatin g a n excessiv e Mflffsi n o f

safety . Thi s criticis m wa s based , eithe ro n th e vie w tha tth e criti ca l healt h eff&cfc, impaire d hem e syn thesis , WE B no to f

healt h significanc e o rs n th e vie w tha tEP A ha d employe d conservativ e estimate s o f th e severa l factor s use d i n calculatin g th e stand ar d which , whe n combined , resulte d i n a n excessivel y stringen tstandard . Othes ? comment s wer e receive d t7hich ! 

### expresse d concer n tha tth e standar d ha d littl e o rn o margi n o f safety , particularl y fo rcertai n sub group s withi n th e genera l populatio n o f youn g chUdren .

AGENC Y RESPONS E 

### EP A doe s no tagre e tha tth e impair men to f hem e synthesi s i s aphysio logica l respons e t o lea d exposur e tha t I s withou thealt h significance . WhU e EP A doe s no tfm d tha tthi s impair men ti s necessaril y seriou s t o healt h a t th e poin ta twhic h i tfirs tca n b e de tecte d b y th e elevatio n o f erythrocyt e protoporphyrin , a tathreshol d i n a rang e o f 15-2 0 nS Pb/dl , th e Agenc y doe s believe , tha tabov e bloo d level s o f 3 0 p s Pb/d l thi s effec tha s progresse d t o th e exten ttha ti tshoul d b e regard e d a s a n advers e healt h effect .

- I n determinin g th e fina l ambien tai r standar d fo rlead , EP A ha s use d margi n o f

oafet y consideration s princi pall y i n establishin g amaximu m saf e bloo d lea d leve l fo rindividua l chUdre n a t3 0 (i g Pb/d l an d i n determinin g th e percentag e o f

childre n t o b e place d belo w thi s maximu m level , abou t99. 5 percen tUsin g thes e factors , result s i n atarge tgeometri cmea n populatio n bloo d lea d o f

1 5 n g Pb/d L I n establishin g Othe rfactor s use d i n calculatin g th e standard , EP A ha s use d margi n o f

safet y i n th e sens e o f makin g carefu l Judgment s base d o n availabl e data ; Bui' - thes e Judgment s hav e no tbee n ofth e precautionar y ex trem e o f th e roug e o f

dat aavailabl e t o t h e Agency . I n th e cos ® o f th e geomet ri cstandar d deviatio n (GSD) , studie s rotate d i n thi s criteri adocumen t showe d arang e o f

1. 9 t o 1.3 . A stand ar d tocsd 'o n a-1. 3 OS D woul d b e fa r moraototagant ' tha n using ' LS . EP A toot s t& s -1J!>.-however , becaus e o f it s conces a. -.©soft- ' <Jh

e total - geometri c otojadaffd-:di3^Soti«K

acontain s variatio n QttriteatoM a.fe

amonitorin g an d analyt ica l meStaMtotossvEi aestimatin g th © re lofctoeigl^..l^K3^;i^teaa.a - cst d bloo d lea d t o b e 1:2 , th e Agenc y use d a n epi demiologica l stud y o f

chUdre n nea ra smelter , Yanke l e tal. , wher e respons e o f bloo d lea d t o ai rlea d average d ove r th e exposur e rang e wa s 1 t o 1.9 . I n adoptin g 1 2 n s Pb/d l a s th e par to f bloo d lea d attributabl e t o nonai r sources , EP A i s concerne d tha ttypica l level s fo rthi s componen tma y b e muc h greater , an d tha tregulator y ac tion s b y othe rpubli chealt h program s ma y b e necessar y t o achiev e a1 2 ji g level . Becaus e o f

th e variabilit y betwee n individual s i n apopulatio n experienc in g agive n leve l o f

lea d exposure , EP A find s i ti s impossibl e t o provid e th e sam e amoun to f

margi n o f

safet y fo r al l member s i n th e sensitiv e popula tion , o rt o defin e th e margi n o f safet y i n th e standar d a s asimpl e percent age . EP A doe s believ e tha tth e factor s i tha s use d i n designin g th e standar d provid e a n adequat e margi n o f safet y fo ralarg e proportio n o f th e sensitiv e population . Th e Agenc y doe s no tbe liev e tha tthi s margi n i s excessivel y larg e o ro n th e othe rhan d tha tth e ai r standar d ca n protec teveryon e fro m elevate d bloo d lea d levels . TH E IMPORTANC E O F TH E RESPIRABL E FRACTIO N O PTOTA L AI RLEA D LEVE L 

### Th e Agenc y receive d anumbe ro f comment s expressin g concer n that , be caus e onl y afractio n o f airborn e par ticulat e matte ri s respirable , a n ai r standar d base d o n tota l ai rlea d i s un necessaril y stringent .

AGENC Y RESPONS E 

### EP A agree s tha tsom e lea d particle s ar e to o smal l o rto o larg e t o b e depos ite d i n th e respirator y system . EP A canno tconclude , however , tha tparti cle s outsid e o f

th e respirabl e rang e d o no trepresen ta n exposur e hazard . A significan tcomponen to f exposur e ca n b e ingestio n o f

material s contaminate d b y depositio n o f

lea d fro m th e air . I n additio n t o th e indirec trout e o f inges tio n an d absorptio n fro m th e gastroin testina l tract , nonresplrabl e lea d i n th e environmen tmay , a tsom e point , becom e respirabl e throug h weatherin g o rmechanica l action . EP A concludes , therefore , tha ttota l airborn e lead , bot h respirabl e an d nonresplrabl e fractions , shoul d b e addresse d b y th e ai rstandard . TH E ECONOMI C IMPAC T O P TH E PROPOSE D

STANDAR D 

### A numbe ro f

commenter s wer e criti ca l o f th e Agency' s economi cimpac t assessment , an d argue d tha tth e fore cas tunderestimate d th e severit y o f th e economi cimpac tt o certai n lea d in dustries . •u.m--

. A-8BBC T BtBEOEKTO: ' ~ Th e comment s csfti&r'd f impac tstatemen tdi d no tI whic h woul d aUo w EP A t o eo s possibilit y o f

mor e sever e impact s o n certai n sourc e Includin g primar y an d seco E smelter s whic h coul d hav e dlffleMSj T to limitin g emission s sufficient ^ t o assur e attainin g th e standar d i n thei r immediat e vicinity . Unde rth e dee m Ai rAct , th e primar y responsibility , fo r implementin g th e standar d l s assigne d t o th e State s an d eac h State , i s re quire d t o submi ta pla n t o EP A dem onstratin g ho w attainmen ti s t o b e achieved . Th e actua l economi cimpact s o f implementatio n ar e difficul tto esti mat e a tthi s tim e since , followin g pro mulgation . State s wil l hav e 8 month s t o develo p an d submi tthes e plan s t o EPA . Th e plan s mus tdemonstrat e at tainmen ta s soo n a s practicable , be tn o late rtha n 3 year s foUowin g th e dat e o f pla n approval . However , unde rcer tai n circumstances . State s ma y re-Ques t u p t o a2-yea rextensio n o f thi s dead line . Othe rsection s o f

th e CSesffl ' Ai r Ac tma y b e use d wit h th e Admtoifitra tor' s discretio n t o gran tfurthe ? este-a sion s o f complianc e deadline s teatepacte d industria l facilities., : 

### i'atEP A canno ta tthi s tim aaccuratel y predic tth e impac to f

th © standard , bu twit h th e timetabl e i n tB e Act , cee s n o reaso n t o expec tImminen tclosur e o f an y facility . Th e Agenc y i o c©znnait te d t o developin g accurat e data-'foe. . specifi cplant s l n cooperatio n wit h tt o industr y an d Stat e agencie s i n op&ex t o avoi d th e impositio n o f unnecessar y controls . EPA' s principa l op&srn , however , mus tb e t o follo w th o man dat e o f th e Clea n Ai r"Ac

trelatin g t o th e protectio n o f

th e publi chealth ; EP A believe s tha tth e economi c impac tasessmen ti s areasonabl e fore cas to f th e economi cconsequence s o f implementatio n o f

th e standard . TH E PROPOSE D STAT E IMPLGMEOTATIO B PLA N (SIP ) RSGULAYIOEJ S 

### A summar y o f

comment s an d th e Agenc y respons e i s include d i n th e preambl e t o th e fina l regulation s pub lishe d elsewher e i n thi s FEDERA L RBB ISTER . . ^ . 

### TH E PEDERA L REVERENC

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comment s .aa d t$ e Agency' s dispositio n I s includeCJavth © preambl e t o th e fina l metho d pub lishe d elsewher e i n thi s FBDSBAZ . ESBO 

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### arto d juestion s ACK£?C

Y BSBFOEES-- " -Hkt h th e ramesfc fo r«*m-ese-mina - 

### ^ an d th e estenst a of th e com.- , perio d ..wer

e denie d b y th e Wit h rjgatr

d t o th e reques tfo r th e Agency deter that , i n ligh to f

th e extensiv e a w alread y ©smducted, cross-exami m wa s no tlikel y t o produc e ne w formation oi

rresult s tha twoul d Jus suc h asignifican tdepartur e from norma l rulemakin g process . Als o existenc e o f

th e normal commen t " wa s sufficien tt o allo w interest members of

th e publi c t o rais e concernin g th e Agency' s de tions . Further , du e t o th e ex pensiv e revie w opportunitie s avaUabl e al l stage s of

th e regulatory develop tent , a n extensio n of

th e commen t rio d was no tbelieve d t o b e suffi entl y necessary t o furthe rdelay th e edul e fo rpreparatio n o f th e fina l e. ' CLARIFICATIO N O PTg.KIVIHWV S O PTH B STAHBA& D Fro m reviewin g th e comment s re ceived , EP A wishe s t o clarif y th e fol lowin g point s i n th e presentatio n o f th e rational e fo rth e fina l standard : (1 ) EP A t s makin g adistinctio n be twee n th e bloo d lea d leve l tha ti s th e threshol d fo rdetectio n o f th e biologi ca l effect , impaire d hem e synthesis , an d th e bloo d lea d leve l a twhic h thi s effec tha s progresse d t o a n exten ttha t i ti s regarde d a s advers e t o health . (2 ) EP A i s makin g adistinctio n be twee n estimatin g am«.gimn m safe bloo d lea d leve l fo ra n Individua l child , an d establishin g apopulatio n targe t geometri c maa n bloo d lea d leve l fo r th e sensitiv e population . (3 ) EP A i s makin g adistinctio n be twee n wha tth e contributio n t o bloo d lea d level s fro m nonai rsource s actual l y ma y be , an d attributin g acontribu tio n fro m nonai rsource s fo rth e pur pos e o f standar d setting . DEKTVATIO H O C TH B ITUMBRXCA L LEVIS . 01 7 TH B PXEIA

L STAHHaia S SPA' s objectiv e i n settin g th e leve l o f th e standar d i s t o estimat e th e con centratio n o £ lea d i n th e ai rt o whic h o H group s withi n th e genera l popula tio n ca n b e expose d fo rprotracte d pe riods without.as a uncepeptohli p risk t o health . , •'•,—"•,:?•

. J ^JJu- " .Thi s estimate".la, ; ^^^§/i.<HS : EPA' s Judgmen ti n four&eyjoi«s§V' ' .. ' (1 ) Determinin g 2he"sensitiv e popu toffi-an" c o tha tgrou p nteM a tEi e geaer c 3 populoitaffi : •wWfite-'llica;-tato-lowes t D8WB--AK 0 DB@ytATFl@Kl S threshol d fo radvers e effect s o rgreat es tpotentia l fo rexposure . EP A con clude s tha tyoun g children , age d 1 t o 5 , ar e th e sensitiv e population . (2 ) Determinin g th e safe leve l o f tota l lea d exposur e fo rth e sensitiv e population , indicate d b y th e concen tratio n o f

lea d i n th e blood . EP A con clude s tha tth e maximu m safe leve l o f bloo d lea d fo ra n individua l chil d i s 3 0 n g Pb/d l an d tha tpopulatio n bloo d lead , measure d a s th e geometri c mean , mus tb e 1 5 nS Pb/d l i n orde rt o plac e 99. 5 percen to f

childre n i n th e Unite d State s belo w 3 0 fi g Pb/dl . (3 ) Attributin g th e contributio n t o bloo d lea d fro m nonai rpollutio n sources . EP A conclude s tha t1 2 ^ g Pb / d l o f populatio n bloo d lea d fo rchU dre n shoul d b e atttribute d t o nonai r exposure . (4 ) Determinin g th e ai rlea d leve l whic h i s consisten twit h maintainin g th e mea n populatio n bloo d lea d leve l a t1 5 ji g Pb/dl . Takin g int o accoun t exposur e fro m othe rsource s (1 2 ns Pb/dl ) EP A ha s designe d th e standar d t o limi tai rcontributio n afte rachiev in g th e standar d t o 3 ne Pb/dl . O n th e basi s o f a n estimate d relationshi p o f ai rlea d t o bloo d lea d o f 1 t o 2 . EP A conclude s tha tth e ambien tai rstand ar d shoul d b e 1. 5 ns Pb/m 3

. Eac h o f thes e fou rarea s i s discusse d furthe ri n th e followin g sections .

SENSITIV E POPULATIO N EP A believe s tha tth e healt h o f youn g childre n i s a tparticula rris k fro m lea d exposure . Thi s i s becaus e childre n hav e agreate rphysiologica l sensitivit y t o th e effect s o f lea d tha n d o adult s an d ma y hav e greate rexpo sur e t o environmenta l lea d fro m play in g i n contaminate d areas . Othe rsen sitiv e population s identifie d b y EP A includ e thos e occupationali y exposed , an d pregnan twome n an d thei rfe tuses . Comment s receive d o n th e pro pose d standar d di d no tchalleng e EPA' s positio n tha tyoun g childre n ar e th e mos tsensitiv e populatio n fo r determinin g th e standard . A numbe r o f comment s di d poin tou ttha twithi n th e genera l populatio n o f childre n ther e wer e subgroup s wit h enhance d ris k du e t o geneti c factors , dietar y de ficiencies , o rresidenc e i n urba n areas . EP A acknowledge s th e highe rris k statu s o f

suc h group s bu tdoe s no t hav e informatio n eithe rl n th e ai r qualit y criteri ao ri n th e comment s re ceive d fo restimatin g athreshol d fo r advers e effect s separat e fro m tha to f al l youn g chUdren . Concer n abou t thes e hig h ris k subgroup s has , howev er , influence d EPA' s determinatio n o f th e percentag e o f

th e populatio n o f childre n (99. 5 percent ) t o b e main taine d belo w 3 0 n g Pb/dl . EP A continue s t o b e concerne d abou tth e possibl e healt h ris k o f lea d exposur e fo rpregnan twome n an d thei rfetuses . Th e stres s o f pregnanc y ma y plac e pregnan twome n i n astat e mor e susceptibl e t o th e effect s o f lead , and . transplacenta l transfe ro f lea d ma y affec tth e prenata l developmen t o f th e chUd . Ther e is , however , insuffi cien tscientifi c informatio n fo rEP A t o eithe rconfir m o rdismis s thi s sugges tion , o rt o establis h tha tpregnan t wome n an d fetuse s ar e mor e a tris k tha n youn g children . TH E MAXIMU M SAF E EXPOSUR E FO R

CHILDRE N I n determinin g th e maximu m safe exposur e t o lea d fo rchildren , EP A ha s take n th e measuremen to f bloo d lea d a s th e indicato ro f

tota l lea d dose . Ther e ar e othe rpossibl e indicator s o f exposure , fo rexampl e th e leve l o f zin c protoporphyri n (ZPP) , bu tmos t healt h studie s reporte d i n th e criteri a documen tutiliz e bloo d lea d level s a s Indication s o f

th e mobU e bod y burde n o f lead . Th e criteri adocumen treport s th e followin g tabl e o f effec tthresh old s fo rchildre n wit h increasin g bloo d lea d levels . SUMMAR Y O PLOWES T OBSERVE

D SWIM. ' LEVEL

S I M YOUN G CHILDRE

N •* » Pb/dl 8-ALA D Inhibitio n 1 0 Ei-yyir-ocyte protoporphyri n elevation... . 15-2 0 Increase d urinar y 8-AL

A excretio n _4 0 Anemi a4 0 Coproporphyri n elevatio n 4 0 Cognitiv e (CNS ) deficit s 50-6 0 Periphera l neuropathie s SO-S O Encephalopathi c symptom s 80-10 0 (P . 13-8. ) Th e firs tphysiologica l effec tassoci ate d wit h Increasin g bloo d lea d level s i s th e inhibitio n o f

th e enzym e S-amin olevulini c aci d dehydratas e (8-ALAD) , bot h i n re d bloo d cell s (erythrocytes) , an d i n cell s i n othe rtissues . Thi s enzym e catalyze s th e condensatio n o f tw o molecule s o f

8-aminolevulini c aci d (8-ALA ) t o fort n porphobilinogen , on e o f th e component s involve d i n th e cel lula rsynthesi s o f

heme . Th e criteri a documen treport s tha tth e threshol d fo r8-ALA D inhibitio n i n childre n i s 1 0 ^ g Pb/dl . A tbloo d lea d level s abov e 1 0 ng Pb / dl , th e functio n o f

8-ALA D i s increas ingl y inhibite d b y lead . Th e criteri a documen tstate s tha t4 0 *i g Pb/d l i s th e threshol d fo relevatio n o f 8-AL A recognize d a s 8-AL A i n th e urin e o r6 - ALA-U , a n indicatio n tha t8-AL A ha s begu n t o accumulat e i n cells . EP A doe s no tregar d th e Inhibitio n o f 8-ALA D abov e 1 0 ^ g Pb/d l a s ad vers e t o healt h becaus e o f th e absenc e o f evidenc e tha tther e i s a n impair men to f hem e synthesi s unt U athresh ol d o f 4 0 n g Pb/d l i s reached . Th e ac cumulatio n o f

8-AL A abov e norma l levels , indicate d b y 8-ALA-U , i s re garde d a s advers e t o health , bot h be caus e o f impaire d hem e synthesis , en d

G-C333A0 , OBS®!!® , V®3 » 43 , MO

. 194—THUaSOAY , OCTOQU a 3 , 197 0



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### tJi e EscagSEpifc y tha t8-AL A accumula tio n i s itsel f

toal c t o cells . Th e criteri adocumen treport s tha t abov e a threshol d o f

15-2 0 p s Pb/d l ther e i acSjrf'^IfiVQtio

n o f protopor- ' phyria. . Iffl.yWjp&hrcsya-to . Protopor phyri n i s oa ; 

### ';;omoaSe achemica l com poun d use d by : 

### al l cell s i n th e produc tio n of - heme . I n th e fina l stag e o f hem e synthesis , erythorocyt e proto porphyri n (EP ) and " iro n ar e brough t togethe ri n th e ce U mitochondria . I n th e presenc e o f

lead , thi s ste p i s blocked , possibl y b y inhibitio n o f th e enzym e ferrochelatas e o rb y interfer enc e i n th e transpor to f iro n acros s th e mitochondria l membrane . Withou t incorporatio n int o heme , th e level s o f protoporphyri n i n th e ce U becom e ele vated . Pro m revie w o f

th e informatio n pro vide d b y th e ai rqualit y criteri adocu men ta s wel l a s th e evidenc e an d argu ment s offere d b y medica l professional s commentin g o n th e propose d stand ard , EP A ha s conclude d tha tth e effect s o f lea d o n th e cellula rsynthei s o f heme , a s indicate d b y elevate d erythrocyt e protoporphyrin , ar e po tentiall y advers e t o th e healt h o f youn g chUdren , Thi s appears , howev er , t o b e aquestio n o f

th e degre e t o whic h th e effec tha s progressed . EP A doe s no tbeliev e tha tther e i s signifi can tris kt o healt h a tth e poin twher e th e elevatio n o f

E Pca n firs tb e corre late d wit h a n increas e i n bloo d lea d (1 5 t o 2 0 ji g Pb/dl) . O n th e othe r hand , EP A regard s a s clearl y advers e t o healt h th e impairmen to f hem e synthesis , an d othe reffect s o f lea d whic h resul ti n clinica l symptom s o f anemi aabov e 4 0 p g Pb/dl . Thes e effect s ar e followe d quickl y b y th e ris k o f nervou s syste m deficit s fo rsom e childre n wit h bloo d lea d level s o f 5 0 p g Pb/dl . EP A ha s conclude d tha tth e maxi mu m saf e bloo d lea d leve l fo ra n indi vidua l chil d i s 3 0 p g Pb/dl . Thi s I s base d o n th e followin g factors : (1 ) Th e maximu m saf e bloo d lea d leve l shoul d b e somewha tlowe rtha n th e threshol d fo radeclin e i n hemo globi n level s (4 0 p g Pb/dl) . (2 ) Th e maximu m saf e bloo d lea d leve l shoul d b e a ta n eve n greate rdis tanc e belo w th e threshol d fo rrisk s o f nervou s syste m deficit s (S O p g Pb/dl) . (3 ) Th e nwri""" " saf e bloo d lea d leve l shoul d b e n o highe rtha n th e bloo d lea d rang e characterize d a s undu e exposur e b y th e Cente rfo rDis eas e C-cmteoi o f

th e PubU c Healt h Servicve s endorse d b y th e America n 'A-cadein g o f

Pediatrics , becaus e o f

ele vatio n o f ejythroeyt e protoporphyri n (abov e 3 0 pGFb/dl) . (4 ) Th e mrv^fawu

m saf e bloo d lea d leve l fo ra n .individua l nee d no tb e e s ZMm AM©' ' QCKS^TOM S lo w a s th e detectio n poin tfo rth e ini tia l elevatio n o f

E P(15-2 0 p g Pb/dl) . Th e criteri adocumen tpoint s ou t tha tdat afro m epidemiologica l studie s sho w tha tth e lo g value s o f measure d individua l bloo d lea d value s i n auni forml y exposed , populatio n ar e nor mall y distribute d wit h ageometri c standar d deviatio n (GSD ) o f 1. 3 t o 1.5 . Usin g standar d statistica l techniques , i ti s possibl e t o us e th e geometri c standar d deviatio n t o calculat e th e mea n populatio n bloo d lea d leve l whic h woul d plac e agive n percentag e o f th e populatio n belo w th e leve l o f a n effect s threshold . A GS D o f 1. 5 woul d resul ti n alowe rgeometri c mean , an d amor e stringen tstandard . However , becaus e som e o f

th e variabUit y i n th e GS D i s fro m measuremen tsystems , EP A ha s use d aGS D o f

1.3 . Recently , analysi s o f

th e dat acol lecte d b y Ne w Yor kCity' s Burea u o f Lea d Poisonin g ha s show n tha tpopu lation s o f

childre n i n th e Ne w Yor k are aconsistentl y hav e distribution s o f bloo d lea d value s wit h aGS D o f 1. 4 t o 1.5 . Wit h ageometri c mea n o f 15. 0 p g Pb/dl , aGS D o f

1. 4 result s i n abou t tw o percen to f

th e populatio n ove r level s o f 3 0 p g Pb/dl . A GS D o f 1. 5 woul d plac e mor e tha n fou rpercen t ove r3 0 p g Pb/dl . EP A i s concerne d tha tsuc h result s ma y impl y tha tth e standar d i s no ta s precautionar y a s l t woul d b e i f

th e actua l GS D wa s 1.3 . However , th e Agency' s bes testimat e i s tha tsom e o f

th e GS D i s fro m analyt ica l an d monitorin g variance , an d fo r thi s reason , EP A i s usin g th e 1. 3 valu e i n calculatin g th e fina l standard . I n EPA' s view , us e o f

th e 99. 5 per cen trang e I s no texcessive . Pro m 197 0 statistics , ther e ar e approximatel y 2 0 mUlio n childre n i n th e Unite d State s belo w th e ag e o f

5 years , 1 2 millio n i n urba n areas , an d 5 millio n i n cente r citie s wher e lea d exposur e ma y b e high . Again , knowledg e tha tther e ar e specia l hig h ris kgroup s o f childre n withi n th e genera l populatio n deter s EP A fro m considerin g lowe rpercent ages . CONTRIBUTIO N T O TOTA L LEA D EXPOSUR E FRO M NONAI RSOURCE S 

### I n th e propose d standard , EP A argue d tha tth e ai rstandar d shoul d tak e int o accoun tth e contributio n t o bloo d lea d level s fro m lea d source s un relate d t o ai rpoUution . N o comment s wer e receive d chaUengin g thi s argu ment . EP A continue s t o bas e it s calcu latio n o f th e ambien tai rstandar d o n th e assumption s that , t o a n extent , th e lea d contributio n t o bloo d lea d fro m nonai rsource s shoul d b e sub tracte d fro m th e estimat e o f saf e mea n populatio n bloo d lead . Withou t thi s subtraction , th e combine d expo sur e t o lea d fro m ai ran d nonai r source s woul d resul ti n a bles& J concentratio n exceedin g th e cal p EP A note s tha tth e leve l «& 3 standar d i s strongl y influence d Judgment s abou tnonai rcont r t o tota l exposure , an d tha tthercE * difficultie s i n attemptin g t o exposur e fro m variou s lea d Studie s reviewe d i n th e criteri adose- ' men td o no tprovid e detaUe d o rwid& » > sprea d informatio n abou tth e relativ e contributio n o f

variou s source s t o chil dren' s bloo d lea d levels . Estimate s cam , onl y b e mad e b y inferenc e fro m othe ? empirica l o rtheoretica l studies , usucfe l y involvin g adults . Also , i tca n bees- ' pecte d tha tth e contributio n t o bloo d lea d level s fro m nonai rsource s cas s ver y widely , i s probabl y no tI n cos ? stan tproportio n t o ai rlea d contrite tion , an d i n som e case s ma y alonf i excee d th e targe tmea n populatio n bloo d lea d leve L -••••- I n spit e o f

thes e difficulties , BS-'A ha s attempte d t o asses s availabl e in > formatio n i n orde rt o estimat e the . genera l contributio n t o population , bloo d lea d level s fro m ai ran d nonai r sources . Thi s ha s bee n don e wit h < uatio n o f evidenc e fro m genera l • miologica l studies , studie s sho v clin e o f bloo d lea d level s wit h < i n ai rlead; ' studie s o f

bloo d lea d levep" ' i n area s wit h lo w ai rlea d levels , oawf r isotopi c tracin g studies . A Studie s reviewe d b y th e criteri a•&&&•-* umen tsho w tha tth e geometet e musca T bloo d lea d level s fo rpopulatte b •«£?• ' childre n ar e frequentl y abov e Efi^jssc F Pb/d L I n studie s reported . th #rt2£35SN. o f mea n populatio n bloo d lea^^eO - fo rchU-dre n wa s fro m 18. 5 p g Pfo/SSfefe © " a 48. 4 p g Pb/d l wit h mos tstudie s sheer?; ? in g mea n level s greate rtha n 2 3 p g D^/^ a d l (Fine , 1972 ; landrigan , 187SS»WKS> . 

### Lindern . 1S75) . EP A beUeve s thaC&t e man y o f thes e populations , thi s .coialjgl v butto n t o bloo d lea d level s fro m hdjaat?' " source s ma y excee d th e desire d targe t mea n bloo d lea d level . ;; T I n anumbe ro f

studies , reduction - mT ai rlea d level s resulte d I n a declin e to children' s bloo d lea d levels . A stud y o f bloo d lea d level s i n chUdren . t n HCT ? Yor kCit y showe d that " childinm V mea n bloo d lea d level s decline d fossa 30. 5 p g Pb/d l fro m 197 0 t o 1978 , whE s durin g th e sam e perio d ai rlea d leve& : a tasingl e monitorin g sit e fe U fro m 8.0 - p g Pb/d l t o 0. 9 pg/P b (BiUlcb,-lmfc' r Studie s a tOmaha , Nebr . (Angl& , WfiW an d KeUogg , Idah o (Yankel , vc&-Lto dern , 1977 ) als o sho w adro p in r

### ms&c0': - bloo d lea d level s wit h declines , te'dfi^ lea d levels . A s ai rlea d level s ther e appear s t o b e aroug h th e dro p i n bloo d lea d levels . EP A ha s als o examine d epl < ica i studie s l n th e criteri a wher e ai rlea d exposur e ls v 

### ca n b e assume d t o b e a'salma n uto rt o bloo d lead . Thes e vid e a n indicatio n o f

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s o f lead percubic meter . Th e rang e o f

mea n bloo d lea d level s i n thos e studie s l s fro m 10. 2 p g Pb/d l t o 14. 4 p g Pb/dl . wit h a n averag e a t12. 7 p g Pb/dl . I n additio n t o epidemiologica l inves tigations , EP A ha s reviewe d studie s tha texamin e th e sourc e o f bloo d lea d b y detectin g characteristi c lea d iso topes . A stud y usin g isotopi c tracin g (Manton , 1977 ) suggest s tha tfo rsever a l adult s l n Houston , Tex. , 7 t o 4 1 per cen to f bloo d lea d coul d b e attribute d t o ai rlea d sources . A n earlie risotopi c stud y (Rabinowitz , 1974 ) conclude d tha tfo rtw o adul tmal e subject s stud led , approximatel y one-thir d o f tota l daU y intak e o f

lea d coul d b e attribut e d t o exposur e t o ai rlea d level s o f 1- 2 p g Pb/m s . Whil e thes e result s canno t b e directl y relate d t o chUdren . i ti s reasonabl e t o assum e tha tchildre n ma y exhibi tthe . sam e o rhighe rper centage s o f

ai rlea d contributio n t o bloo d lea d leve l becaus e o f a greate r potentia l fo rexposur e t o indirec tai r sources , so U an d dust . Prd m reviewin g thes e area s o f evi dence , EP A conclude s that : 1 . I n studie s showin g mea n bloo d lea d level s abov e 1 5 p g Pb/dl , i ti s probabl e tha tbot h ai ran d nonai r source s o f

lea d contribut e significantl y t o bloo d lea d wit h th e possibUit y tha t contribution s fro m nonai rsource s excee d 1 5 p g Pb/dl . 2 . Studie s showing'a-sustaine d dro p i n ai rlea d level s sho w a correspondin g dro p i n bloo d lea d levels , dow n t o a n apparen tlimi ti n th e rang e o f 10. 2 t o 14. 4 p g Pb/dl . 3 . Isotopi c tracin g studie s sho w ai r contributio n t o bloo d lea d t o b e 7-4 1 percen ti n on e stud y an d abou t3 3 per cen ti n anothe rstudy . I n considerin g thi s evidence , EP A note s tha tif

, fro m th e isotopi c studies , approximatel y two-third s o f bloo d lea d i s typicall y derive d fro m nonai r sources , a mea n bloo d lea d targe to f 1 5 p g Fb/d L woul d attribut e 1 0 p g Pb/d l t o non-ai rsources . O n th e othe rhand , th e averag e bloo d lea d leve l fro m th e limite d studie s availabl e wher e ai rex posur e wa s lo w i s 12. 7 p g Pb/dl . I n th e absenc e o f

mor e precis e Information , EP A i s calculatin g th e lea d standar d base d o n th e attributio n o f 1 2 p g Pb / d l o f th e bloo d lea d leve l i n childre n t o lea d source s unaffecte d b y th e lea d ai r qualit y standard . EP A i s awar e tha t actua l populatio n bloo d lea d levels , eithe rindividuall y o ra s a populatio n mean , ma y excee d thi s benchmark . However , i f

EP A wer e t o us e a large r estimat e o f

non-ai rcontributio n t o bloo d lead , th e resul twoul d b e a n ex ceptionall y stringen tstandard , whic h woul d no taddres s th e principa l sourc e o f lea d exposure . TH E RELATIONSHI PBETWEE N AI RLEA D EXPOSUR E AN

D RESULTIN G BLOO D LEA D LEVE L EP A ha s reviewe d th e studie s dis cusse d i n th e criteri adocumen twhic h repor tchange s i n bloo d lea d level s wit h differen tai rlea d levels . Th e Agenc y believe s tha ton e o f th e stronges tepidemiologica l studie s i s tha tb y Aza re tal. , whic h use d person a l dosimeter s t o measur e lea d intake . Thi s eliminate d som e o f th e uncertain t y abou tth e exten tt o whic h ai rqual it y observation s accuratel y reflec t actua l exposure . Pro m th e Aza rdata , th e relationshi p o f

lea d i n th e ai rt o lea d i n th e blood , evaluate d a t1. 5 p g Pb/m 1

. wa s 1:1.8 . Th e Aza rstud y was , however , limite d t o a n adul tpopula tion . A clinica l stud y o f

adults . Griffi n e t al. , give s roughl y th e sam e conclusio n fo ra grou p o f

adult s confine d t o a chambe rwit h controUe d exposur e t o lea d aerosol . Thi s stud y wa s conducte d ove ra thre e mont h perio d wit h con tro l ove rlea d ingestion . A s ai rlea d level s i n th e chambe rwer e increase d fro m 0.1 5 p g Pb/m » t o 3. 2 p g Pb/m» . th e ai rlea d t o bloo d lea d relationshi p wa s 1:1.7 . Becaus e chUdre n ar e know n t o hav e greate rne tabsorptio n an d retentio n o f lea d tha n adults , i ti s reasonabl e t o assum e tha tth e ai rlea d t o bloo d lea d relationshi p fo rthi s sensitiv e popula tion , expose d t o ai rlea d level s i n th e rang e o f

th e propose d standard , i s equa l t o i f

no tgreate rtha n fo radults . EP A als o note s tha tth e ai rlea d t o bloo d lea d relationshi p i s nonlinea r whic h wil l resul ti n a highe rrati o a t lowe rai rlevels . I n a n epidemiologica l stud y o f chU dre n nea ra smelter , Yanke l e tal. , th e respons e o f

bloo d lea d t o ai rlead , av erage d ove rth e exposur e range , wa s 1.95 . Thi s stud y provide d informatio n o n th e relationshi p o f bloo d lea d t o ai r lea d ove ra ver y larg e rang e o f ai rlea d values . Th e ai rlea d value s i n th e stud y ar e th e resul to f a mode l cali brate d b y monitorin g data . Th e rela tiv e erro ro f

th e individua l values , es peciall y i n th e lo w rang e i s large rtha n i n th e Aza rstudy . Th e author s o f

th e study , Yanke l an d vo n Lindern , chos e a log-linea r mode l whic h provide d a goo d fi tt o th e dat aan d gav e a n estimate d slop e o f abou t1. 2 a ta n ai rlea d o f 1.5 . Howev er . EP A see s a proble m wit h a log linea rmode l i n tha ti tforce s a lowe r slop e a tlo w ai rlea d value s an d a highe rslop e a thighe rlea d values . Thi s i s i n direc tcontradictio n t o th e Aza ran d th e Griffi n studies , bot h o f whic h indicat e highe rslope s a tlowe r ai rlea d values . Becaus e o f

th e uncertaintie s i n th e lo w ai rlea d value s i n th e Idah o study , EP A fel ttha tth e calculatio n o f a n averag e slop e o rrati o ove rth e entir e rang e o f

dat awoul d b e a moderat e compromise . Th e calculatio n o f a n averag e slop e give s a valu e o f 1.95 . EP A beUeve s tha tthes e studie s a s we U a s other s reporte d i n th e criteri adocu men tsuppor tth e document' s conclu sio n that : ratio s betwee n bloo d lea d level s an d ai rlea d exposure s were shown t o range generall y fro m 1: 1 t o 2:1 . Thes e wer e not , however , constan tove rth e range o f ai rlea d concen tration s encountered . Ther e are suggestiv e dat aindicatin g tha tth e ratio s fo rchildre n ar e i n th e uppe

rend o f th e rang e and ma

y eve n b e slightl y abov

e it . Ther e i s als o som e sligh tsuggestio n tha tth e ratio s fo rmale s are highe rtha n thos e forfemales , (pp . 12 - 38. ) CALCULATIO N OPTH E AI RSTANDAR D EP A ha s calculate d th e standar d base d o n th e conclusion s reache d i n th e previou s sections ; 1 . Sensitiv e population : Children , age s 1-5 . 2 . Healt h basis : Maximu

m saf e bloo d lea d leve l fo rindividua

l chUdre n I s 3 0 pg Pb/d l based on concer

n fo rImpaire d hem e synthe si s abov e 3 0 pg Pb/d l and margin o f safety fo ranemi aabov

e 4 0 pg Pb/d l and nervou s syste m deficits above 5 0 pg Pb/dl . 3 . Maximu

m saf e geometri c mean bloo d lea d forchildren based o n placin g 99. 5 per cen to f th e sensitiv e populatio n belo w th e 3 0 fi g Pb/d l leve l o

f concern : 1 5 ns Pb/d L 4 . Estimate o

f bloo d lea d leve l attribute d t o non-ai rsources : 1 2 u s Pb/d L 5 . Allowable contributio n t o bloo d lea d from ai rsource s afte rachievin g th e stand ard : 1 5 n g Pb/dl-1 2 ns Fb/dl= 8 p s Pb/dl . 6 . Ai rlea d concentratio n consisten ttstth bloo d lea d contributio n fro m ai rsources : 3 pg Pb/dlx l ns Pb/m " air/ 2 p c Ffe/d S blood s 1. 5 pg Pb/m* . vPSKJQAIS

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### Base d o n comment s receive d an d consideratio n b y th e Agency , th e pro pose d averagin g perio d of acalenda r mont h i s extende d t o o calenda rquar ter . EP A beUeves tha tthi s chang e wi U significantl y improve th e vaUdit y o f lea d ai rquaUt

y dat awhic h wU

I b e gathere d t o monito rprogres s toward attainmen twithou tplacin g a n undu e burden o f Stat e an d loca l environmen tal agencies , o rsignificantl y reducin g th e protectivenes s o

f th e standard . Th e Agency believe s tha tth e ke y criteri afo rth e averagin g perio d i s th e protectio n o f

th e healt h of

th e sensi tiv e population . I n proposin g th e 1. 5 p g Pb/m ' standard , EP A conclude d tha tthi s ai rleve l was saf e fo ryoun g chUdren wit h a n indefini e exposur e period . Th e critica l facto ri n th e deter minatio n o f

th e averagin g perio d i s th e healt h significanc e of possibl e ele vation s of

ai rlea d abov e 1.

5 p g Pb/m 3 

### whic h coul d b e encountere d fo rshor t period s withou tcausin g averag e level s t o excee d th e standard . I n th e pro pose d standard , EP

A chos e acalenda r mont h averagin g perio d o n th e basi s of astud y (Griffi n e taL) showin g a n adjustmen tperio d of

bloo d lea d leve l wit h achang e i n exposure . Becaus e o f th e scientifi c an d technica l difficultie s of th e monthl y standard , EP A ha s reexamine d thi s questio n an d conclud e d tha tther e i s Uttl e reaso n t o expec t tha tth e slightl y greater-possibility of elevate d ai rlea d level s sustainabl e b y th e calenda rquarte rstandar d i s sig nifican tfo rhealth . Thi s conclusio n i s base d o n th e foUowing factors : (1 ) Fro m actua l ambien tmeasure ments , ther e i s evidenc e tha tth e dis tributio n o

f ai rlea d level s i s suc h tha t i f th e quarterl y averag e was achieve d ther e i s Uttl e possibUit y tha tther e coul d b e sustaine d period s greatl y abov e th e averag e value . (2 ) WhU e i ti s difficul tt o relat e th e exten tt o whic h amonitorin g network actuall y represent s th e exposur e situa tio n fo ryoun g chUdren , i tseem s Ukel y tha twher e elevate d ai rlea d level s d o occur , the y wU

I b e clos e t o poin to r mobU e sources . TypicaUy , youn g chU dre n wi U no tencounte rsuc h level s fo r th e fu U 24-hou rperio d reporte d b y th e monitor . (3 ) Ther e i s medical evidenc e indi catin g tha tbloo d lea d level s reequHi brat e slowl y t o change s i n ai rexpo sure . Thi s serve s t o dampe n th e impac tof ashort-ter m perio d of

expo sur e t o elevate d ai rlead . (4 ) Direc texposur e t o ai ri s onl y on e o f severa l route s o f

tota l exposure . Thi s lessen s th e impac to f achang e i n ai rlea d o n bloo d lea d levels . O n balance , the ' Agency conclude s tha tarequiremen tfo rth e averagin g of ai rquaUt

y dat aove racalenda r quarte rwU

I improv e th e vaUdit

y o f ai r BWH § AK3 ® B!l@(!iHLAW§«3 § 

### quaUt y dat agathere d withou tasig nifican treductio n i n th e protective nes s of th e standard . MAROI H O PSAFETY 

### Th e Clean AirActinstruct s EP A t o se tth e leve l of

an ambien tai rquaUt

y standar d a taleve l whic h protect s th e pubU c healt h wit h amargi n of safety . On e approach t o usin g margi n of safet y i s t o estimat e th e airconcentra tio n o f apoUutanttha ti s th e thresh ol d fo rth e firs tadvers e effec tdetect e d wit h increasin g ai rlevels , an d the n se tth e ai rstandar d a tasomewha t lowe rlevel . Th e exten tof th e safet y margi n betwee n th e standar d an d th e estimate d threshol d fo radvers e effect s i s influence d by suc h factor s a s th e severity orIrreversibUit y o f effects , th e degre e of

uncertainty abou t known o rsuspecte d healt h effects , th e siz e of th e populatio n a trisk , an d pos sibl e interaction s o

f several poUutants i n potentiatin g healt h effects . WhU e th e margi n o

f safet y i s base d o n avaUabl e scientifi c information , thi s facto r i s judgmenta l i n tha tth e Administra to rmus tweig h th e acceptability of es timate d risk . Estimatin g an appropriate margi n of safet y fo rth e ai rlea d standar d i n complicate d by th e multipl e source s and medi afo rlea d exposure . Becaus e o f this , EP A ha s electe d t o us e margi n o f safet y consideration s i n estimatin g th e maximu m saf

e leve l fo rbloo d lead , and th e percentag e o

f th e sensitiv e populatio n t o b e place d belo w thi s level , rathe rtha n makin g afinal adjustmen tt o concentratio n of lea d i n th e air . EP

A ha s adopte d 3 0 p g Pb/d l a s th e maximu m saf

e bloo d lea d leve l fo rindividual chUdren , and th e air standard i s calculate d t o maintai n mos tchUdren belo w thi s target . O n th e basi s of

informatio n develope d i n th e criteri adocumen tan d from pubU c comment , bloo d lea d level s betwee n 3 0 an d 4 0 p g Pb/d l are associate d wit h impairments of

th e hem e syntheti c pathwa y whic h EP

A regard s a s ad vers e t o health . Bloo d lea d level s abov e 40 p g Pb/d l are associate d with adeclin e i n hemoglobi n levels , an d level s abov e 5 0 p g Pb/d l are associate d wit h th e risk o

f nervou s syste m defi cit s fo rsom e chUdren . With ageomet ri c mea n populatio n bloo d o f 15 pg Pb/d l lead , mos tchildre n wil l b e we U belo w thes e thresholds , bu tasmal l percentag e ca n b e expecte d t o hav e bloo d lea d level s of

concern . Becaus e o

f th e variabUit

y betwee n individual s i n a populatio n experienc in g agive n leve l of

lea d exposure , EP

A find s tha tl ti s no tpossibl e t o provid e th e sam e amoun tof

margi n of

safet y fo ra U members i n th e sensitiv e popu lation , o rt o defin e amargin o f safet y i n thi s standard a s asimpl e percent age . I n developin g th e numerical leve l o f th e standard , EP

A use d evidenc e i n th e criteri adocumen ttha ttls s htef l

lea d level s fo rindividual s i n agiwai populatio n o

f childre n air

e los-nomol l y distributed . Th e statistica l proper tie s of thi s distributio n mak e i tpossi bl e t o calculat e th e percentag e of th e populatio n whic h wU

I fa U belo w an y give n bloo d lea d leve

L Individual s a t eac h o f thes e level s woul d hav e adifferen tmargi n o

f safet y belo w th e maximu m saf

e bloo d lea d leve

L A s a roug h example , wit h apopulatio n of chUdren wit h ageometri c mea n bloo d lea d of 1 5 p g Pb/dl , 8 6 percen tof th e chUdren woul d b e belo w 20 p g Pb/d L 97. 5 percen twoul d b e belo w 25 p g Pb / d l an d 99. 5 percen twoul d b e belo w 3 0 pg Pb/dl . Assumin g apopulatio n o f chUdren i n centra l urban area s wher e ai rlea d wa s a tth e standar d leveL 693,00 0 chUdren woul d b e ove r20 p g Pb/dl . 126,500 ove r25 p g Pb/d L an d 20,605 above 3 0 p g Pb/dl . I n determinin g th e appropriate margi n o f safety , th e Agenc y ha s als o include d consideratio n o f th e follow in g factors : (1 ) I n additio n t o th e healt h effect s discussed , th e "Ai

rQuaUt y Criteri a fo ? Lead " reportmultipl e biologica l in volvements of

lea d i n practicall y cff

l ce U types , tissues , ari

d orga n systems . Th e significanc e fo rhealt h o f thes e ha s no tbee n full y studied . (2 ) Ther e are n o beneficia l effect s o f lea d a tcurren tenvironmenta l levels . (3 ) EP A ha s incomplet e dat a abou t th e exten tt o whic h chUdren ar e Indi rectl y expose d t o lea d fro m ai rlea d whic h move s t o othe renvironmenta l media , suc h a s water , so

U an d dirt , an d food . (4 ) Lea d l s chemicall y persisten tan d Wit h continue d uncontroUe d emission s wU I continu e t o accumulate bot h i n human tissu e an d i n th e environment . (5 ) Ther e i s apossibUit y tha tlea d exposur e resultin g i n bloo d lea d level s previousl y considere d saf e ma y i n fac t influenc e th e neurological develop men tan d learnin g abUitle s o f th e youn g chUd . EP

A doe s no thav e evi dence , however , tha tprovide s mor e tha n asuggestio n tha tthi s coul d occu ra tbloo d lea d level s belo w 3 0 Pb / d l fo rindividual chUdren . IMPAC T O PLEA D D U ST PAL L OE I BLOOD LEA D 

### I n th e preambl e fo rth e propose d ai r standard fo rlead , EP

A pointe d ou t tha tth e significanc e of dus tan d soi l lea d a s Indirectroute s of exposur e haa bee n o f particula rconcer n i n th e cas e o f youn g chUdren . Pla y habit s an d mouthin g behavio rbetwee n th e age s of 1 an d 5 hav e le d t o th e conclusio n tha tgreate rpotentia l ma y exis ti n thes e chUdren fo ringestio n an d inha latio n o f th e lea d availabl e i n contami nate d dus tan d soU . EP A i s als o con cerne d tha tth e depositio n o f lea d par ticle s ca n lea d t o genera l esaitomina tio n o f th e environmen tca d to-creased

P3E30A! , QB0JSTSa, VO L 43 , (OO

. 194—TMUQSOAV, <8€?@CG Q S , 197 0



### U LWMJB AK P 

### Ri©yiLA7ii@Cvi § rfro m surfac e water s an d ^.^t«£Sic3.;P8vie«e d i n th e criteri adoc umen tIndicat e acorrelatio n betwee n coi l ca d dus tlevel s an d chUdrens ' bloo d lea d level s l n highl y contaminat e d environment s (Yanke l an d vo n Lin dern , 1977 ; Barltrop , 1974 ; Galke , l n press) . Th e lea d threshol d fo rconcer n ha s bee n reporte d a s 1.00 0 part s pe r miUio n (ppm ) i n soi l (Yanke l an d vei n Lindern , 1977) . A tlevel s o f betwee n 50 0 an d 1,00 0 pp m i n soU , th e criteri a documen tconclude s tha tbloo d lea d level s begi n t o increase . A twofol d in creas e l n so U concentratio n l n thi s rang e i s predicte d t o resul ti n a3- 6 percen tris e i n bloo d lea d levels . Belo w 50 0 pp m lea d i n soil , n o correlatio n ha s bee n observe d wit h bloo d lea d levels . Th e norma l backgroun d fo rlea d i n so U i s cite d l n th e criteri adocumen ta s 1 5 ppm . Du e t o huma n activities , th e averag e level s i n mos tarea s o f th e Unite d State s ar e considerabl y higher . Soi l studie s conducte d b y EPA' s Offic e o f Pesticide s Program s fro m 197 4 t o 197 6 i n 1 7 urba n area s reporte d onl y 3 citie s wit h arithmeti c mea n concentra tion s i n exces s o f

20 0 ppm , wit h th e highes tvalu e 53 7 ppm . Concentration s i n th e soil s surroundin g larg e poin t source s o f

lea d emissions , o rheavil y travelle d road s ma y reac h man y thou san d .ppm . Becaus e o f

th e man y factor s in volved , EP A i s unabl e t o predic tth e relationshi p betwee n ai rlea d levels , dustfal l rates , an d resultin g soi l accu mulation . Complicatin g factor s in clude : Particl e siz e distribution , rain out , othe rmeteorologica l factors , to pographica l feature s affectin g deposi tion , an d remova l mechanisms . EP A believes , however , tha tsignifi can timpact s o n bloo d lea d o f so U an d dus tlea d ar e mainl y limite d t o area s o f hig h so U concentratio n (i n exces s o f 1,00 0 ppm ) aroun d larg e poin tsource s an d heavil y traveUe d roads . Evidenc e suggest s tha tso U lea d level s i n area s wit h ai rlea d level s i n th e rang e o f th e standar d ar e belo w th e threshol d fo r lea d healt h impac t(Johnson , Tillery , 1975 ; Johanson , 1972 ; EPA , 197 5 Ai r Qualit y Dat aan d So U Levels) . Comment s receive d o n th e propose d standar d argue d tha tth e lea d ai r standar d shoul d b e Umite d t o respirabl e siz e lea d particulat e matter , a s large rparticle s woul d fa U t o th e groun d withou tbein g deposite d o rab sorbe d i n th e lung . EP A ha s decide d no tt o accep tthi s recommendation be cause , a s discusse d above , large rparti cle s ca n contribut e t o lea d dos e b y huma n ingestio n o f

airborn e particles , b y contaminatio n o f othe renviron menta l media , o rb y eventua l reduc tio n t o respirabl e siz e b y mechanica l actio n o rweathering . WELFAR E EFFECT S Comment s receive d o n th e propose d lea d ai rqualit y standar d di d no tad dres s th e issu e o f

welfar e effect s o r th e nee d fo rasecondar y ai rqualit y standar d mor e restrictiv e tha n th e pri mar y standard . EP A maintain s it s po sitio n tha tth e primar y ai rqualit y standar d wil l adequatel y protec t agains tknow n an d anticipate d advers e effect s o n publi c welfare . EP A doe s no thav e evidenc e tha tamor e restric tiv e secondar y standar d woul d b e jus tified . AvaUabl e evidenc e cite d i n th e crite ri adocumen tindicate s tha tanimal s d o no tappea rt o b e mor e susceptibl e t o advers e effect s fro m lea d tha n man , no rd o advers e effect s i n animal s occu r a tlowe rlevel s o f

exposur e tha n com parabl e effect s i n humans . Lea d i s absorbe d bu tno taccumulat e d t o an y grea texten tb y plant s fro m soU . Lea d i s eithe runavailabl e t o plant s o ri s fixe d i n th e root s an d onl y sma U amount s ar e transporte d t o th e abov e groun d portions . Lea d ma y b e deposite d o n th e leave s o f plant s an d presen tahazar d t o grazin g animals . Althoug h som e plant s ma y b e suscep tibl e t o lea d i n th e natura l environ ment , i ti s generall y i n afor m tha ti s largel y nonavailabl e t o them . Ther e i s n o evidenc e t o indicat e tha t ambien tlevel s o f

lea d resul ti n signifi can tdamag e t o manmad e materials . Effect s o f

lea d o n visibilit y an d cli mat e ar e minimal . Base d o n suc h data , EP A promul gate s th e secondar y ai rqualit y stand ar d fo rlea d a t1. 5 p g Pb/m 3 , calenda r quarte raverage . ECONOMI C IMPAC T ASSESSMEN T A s require d b y Executiv e Order s 1182 1 an d 12044 . EP A ha s conducte d a genera l analysi s o f

th e economi c impac twhic h migh tresul tfro m th e implementatio n o f

th e lea d regula tions . Thi s analysi s wa s no tintende d fo rno rwa s i tuse d i n th e developmen t o rpromulgatio n o f

th e standard , an d wa s issue d fo rinformationa l purpose s only . Th e economi c impac tassessmen t point s ou ttha tth e categorie s o f source s likel y t o b e affecte d b y contro l o f lea d emission s ar e primar y lea d an d coppe rsmelters , secondar y lea d smelt ers , gra y iro n foundries , gasolin e lea d additiv e manufacturers , an d lea d stor ag e batter y manufacturers . Thi s anal ysi s furthe rindicate s tha tsom e prima r y an d secondar y lea d smelter s an d coppe rsmelter s ma y b e severl y straine d economicall y i n achievin g emissio n reduction s tha tma y b e re quire d i n implementin g th e propose d ai rqualit y standard . Ther e are , however , uncertaintie s as sociate d wit h evaluatin g th e impac to f attainin g th e standard . Po rsmelter s an d foundries , attainin g th e standar d ma y requir e contro l o f fugitiv e lea d emissions , i.e. , thos e emission s escap in g fro m individua l proces s operations , othe rtha n emission s fro m smok e stacks . Fugitiv e emission s ar e difficul t t o estimate , measure , an d control ; an d i ti s als o difficul tt o predic tthei r Impac to n ai rqualit y nea rth e facUity . Fro m th e informatio n availabl e t o EPA , nonferrou s smelter s ma y hav e grea tdifficult y i n achievin g lea d ai r qualit y level s consisten twit h th e pro pose d standar d i n area s immediatel y adjacen tt o th e smelte rcomplex . Th e chang e i n averagin g tim e fro m a monthl y averag e t o acalenda rquarte r averag e wU

I affec tth e economi c im pact s associate d wit h th e lea d stand ar d becaus e fo ragive n leve l o f th e standard , alonge raveragin g perio d i s theoreticall y les s stringen ttha n a shorte raveragin g period . OTHE RLEA D REGULATORY AN D CONTRO L

PROGRAM S EPA' s ambien tai rqualit y standar d i s onl y on e o f

anumbe ro f

Federal , State , an d loca l program s designe d t o limi texposur e t o lead . I n 1975 , EP A promulgate d th e na tiona l Interi m primar y drinkin g wate r regulation , settin g a maximu m con taminan tleve l fo rlead . Th e standard , aime d a tprotectin g childre n fro m undu e lea d exposure , wa s se ta t5 0 p g Pb/liter . I n 1977 , th e Nationa l Acade m y o f Science s conclude d tha talea d leve l a twhic h advers e healt h effect s ar e observe d canno tb e se twit h assur anc e a tan y valu e greate rtha n 2 5 p g Pb/liter . Th e Offic e o f Drinkin g Wate ri s currentl y considerin g th e nee d t o revis e th e interi m drinkin g wate rstandar d fo rlead . Base d o n it s toxicity , EP A ha s in clude d lea d o n it s lis to f priorit y wate r pollutant s fo rwhic h effluen tguide line s ar e bein g develope d unde rth e Clea n Wate rAct . Effluen tguideline s ar e bein g develope d fo rlea d fo rnon ferrou s smelters , base d o n achieve men tof bes tavailabl e technology . EPA' s Offic e o f

Pesticid e Program s ha s promulgate d regulation s base d o n th e toxicit y o f

lea d whic h requir e th e additio n of

colorin g agent s t o th e pes ticid e lea d arsenat e an d specif y dispos a l procedure s fo rlea d pesticides . Us e o f lea d i n pesticide s i s asmal l an d de creasin g proportio n o f tota l lea d con sumptio n i n th e Unite d States . Th e Resourc e Conservatio n an d Re cover y Ac t(RCRA ) o f 1976 , throug h , whic h EP A i s t o establis h standard s o n ho w t o treat , dispose , o rstor e haz ardou s wastes , provide s amean s fo r specifyin g ho w use d crankcas e o U an d othe rwast e stream s containin g lea d shoul d b e recycle d o rsafel y dispose d of . Regulator y action s relate d t o waste s containin g lea d ar e currentl y bein g develope d unde rsubtitl e C o f RCRA . o 

# t

FU^GQA t QG©tSYEQ , VOI . 43 , NO . 194—THURSDAY , OCTOBE R 3 , 197 8

### —£J4

.

EP A ha s regulation s fo rreducin g th e averag e lea d conten ti n th e tota l gasolin e poo l t o 0. 9 grassa/saHo © b y Octobe r1 , 1879 , on d regulofctaa a m®- vidim g fo ? leed-fre e gasolto® fsg-sifre d fo rcars equippe d wit h eate3y8& 2 -saavoter s an d othe rvehicls s cegteffis® fo ? us e of unleade d fuel . Th e fossae ? ffffigtalation s are base d o n reducin g esp-sours t o airborn e lea d t o protec tpuhf e health . Othe rEP

A action s whic h resul ti n th e reductio n of airborn e lea d level s includ e ambien tstandard s an d Stat e implementatio n plan s fo r othe rpoUutants suc h a s particulat e matte ran d sulfu rdiosld s en d ne w source'performanc e standard s limitin g emission s of

suc h poUutants . Existin g and ne w source s of

particulat e matte r emission s generaUy us e contro l tech nique s whic h reduc e lea d emission s a s on e componen to

f particulat e matter . Th e Occupationa l Safet y an d Healt h Administratio n propose d regulation s i n 197 5 t o Umitoccupationa l exposur e t o lea d t o 100 p g Fb/m° , 8-hou rtime weighte d average . Th e exposur e Umit wa s base d o n protectin g agains teffects , clinica l o rsubclinlcaL an d th e mU d symptom s whic h ma y occu r belo w 8 0 p g Pb/d L providing-a n ade quat e margi n o f

safety . Th e leve l o f 10 0 p g Fb/m 0 

### i s anticipate d t o limi t bloo d lea d level s l n workers t o a mea n 4 0 p g Pb/d l en d a maximum o f 6 0 p g Pb/d L OSHA i s presentl y reviewin g th e lates tinformatio n o n lea d expo sur e an d healt h effect s i n preparatio n fo rpromulgatio n of

th e workplac e standar d fo rlead . Th e Departmen to f

Housin g an d Urba n Developmen t(HUD ) ha s re quirments fo rreducing huma n expo sur e t o lea d throug h th e preventio n of lea d poisonin g fro m ingestio n o f pain t fro m buUdings , especiaUy residentia l dweUing . Thei ractivitie s includ e (1 ) prohibitio n o f

th e us e o f

lead-base d paint s o n structure s constructe d o rre habUitate d throug h Federa l fundin g an d o n al l HUD-associate d housing ; (2 ) th e eliminatio n of

th e immediat e hazard fro m lead-base d paint ; (3 ) noti ficatio n o f

purchase s o f

HUD-associat e d housin g constructe d prio rt o 195 0 whic h may contai n lead-base d paint ; an d (4 ) researc h activitie s t o develo p improve d method s of

detectio n an d eliminatio n o

f lead-base d pain thaz ards , an d th e natur e an d exten to f lea d poisoning . Th e Consume rProduc tSafet y Com missio n (CPSC ) promulgate d regula tion s i n Septembe r197

7 whic h ban : (1 ) Potes tan d othe rsurfac e coatin g mate rial s containin g more tha n O.O S per cen tlead ; (2 ) toys en d other > 

### article s intenafc d fo rus e by chUdren'bearin g pain to rothe rsimila rsurfac e coatin g materia l containin g mor e the aO.O S percen tlead ; an d (3 ) furnitur e coate d wit h material s containin g mor e tha n 0.0 8 percen tlead . Thes e regulation s 

### 00900 9 AC ® coM^ad^ S tyr e base d o n CPSC' o eoastainji i tha ti t i s i n th e publi o interes tt o reduce th e ris k of lea d poisonin g t o youn g chil dre n fro m ingsotk m o f

pain tan d othe r eimflfi-! ? sur

f ace-coatin g materials . Th e Foo d ea d Dru g Administratio n (FDA ) adopte d I

n 1874 a propose d tol eranc e f os lea d o f

0 J pp n i n evaporat e d mil k an d evagjora&e d ski m milk . Thi s toleranc e i s base d o n maintainin g children' s bloo d lea d level s belo w 4 0 p g Pb/d L FD A ha s als o propose d a n actio n leve l o f

7 p g Fb/m l fo rleach abl e lea d i n potter y an d enamelware , althoug h th e exac tcontributio n of suc h exposur e t o tota l huma n dietary intak e ha s no tbee n established . Th e Cente rfo rDiseas e Contro l (CDC ) conclude d i n 1S7 5 tha tundu e o rincrease d lea d absorptio n exist s whe n a chUd ha s confirme d bloo d lea d level s of 30-7 0 p g Pb/d l o ra n EPele vatio n o f

60-18 ® tea Pb/d l excep t wher e th e elevate d EPleve l i s cause d b y iro n deficiency . I n developin g th e lea d ai rstandard , EP A ha s estimate d bot h individual an d populatio n bloo d lea d level s whic h i tregard s a s saf

e tergets . Th e Agenc y beUeves tha tthes e target s d o no tnec essaril y serv e a s precedent s fo rothe r regulator y programs . Ther e are thre e reason s fo rthi s view . (1 ) Thes e target s wer e selecte d o n th e basi s o f

wha tth e Clea n Ai rAc tre quires . Othe rprogram s hav e othe rleg islativ e requirements whic h woul d lea d t o adoptio n o f

differen thu tequaU

y le gitimat e goals . (2 ) Th e scientifi c dat aprovide d b y th e ai rquaUt

y criteri aaUo

w compari so n o f ai rlevel s wit h bloo d lea d levels , bu tanalogou s informatio n i s no tavaUabl e fo rothe ? media . A tthi s time , ther e doe s no tappea rt o b e th e sam e exten to f

Informatio n abou tth e impac to n bloo d lea d of lea d l n food , water , en d nonfoo d ingeste d items . Be caus e o f this , TOA, CPS C an d othe r EP A standard s hav e feeen base d o n es timate s o f

acceptabl e dail y dos e rathe r tha n o n bloo d lea d targets . (3 ) Studie s currentl y underwa y may provid e ne w informatio n relevan tt o estimatin g saf

e level s o f

lea d exposure . COE3MEHT

S B 7 QsJSE B K3DISIA

L AGBHCIE

S 

### Comment s o n th e propose d lea d ai r quaUt y standar d wer e receive d fro m eigh tFedera l Agencies . Fiv e of th e Agencie s endorse d th e ai rstandar d whU e thre e of

th e Agencie s comment e d o n specifi c issue s en d neithe ren dorse d no roppose d th e standard . Th e Cente rfo rDiseas e Contro l en d th e UJ3 . PubUc Healt h 8ei?vt© B voice d sup por tfo rth e proBwae

d standar d o f

1. 5 p g Pb/m ° an d urge d tossing th e deci sio n o n th e standar d solel y o n consid eration s o f

pubU c health . JS2 C la full y satisfie d tha tEPelevatio n doe s indee d represen ta subclinica l manifestatio n o f lea d toxicit y en d tha tyoun g chU dre n ar e th e psBtugB&aif r-oass tat . ris k fro m lea d exposure , oMlf i eoaa a sub group s of

childre n ar

a c& opscia i ris k t o lea d becaus e of

condition s suc h e s malnutrition , geneti c factors , o riro n deficiency . Th e Consume rProduc tSafet y Com missio n endorse d th e approach an d som e o f th e judgment s mad e i n arriv in g a tth e propose d ai rstandard . CPS C concurre d wit h th e positio n tha tchildre n are th e populatio n a ten hance d ris k t o lea d exposure , and tha t th e goa l of

a mea n populatio n bloo d lea d leve l fo rchUdren o

f 15 pg Pb/d l i s sufficientl y lo w t o b e protectiv e of th e populatio n a tenhance d ris k of expo sure . CPS C view s th e selectio n o f E P elevatio n a s th e advers e healt h effec t of concer n a s ope n t o chaUeng e an d suggest s basin g th e standar d o n a more generaUy recognize d sever e healt h effect . CPS C concur s tha tth e contributio n of

nonai rsource s t o lea d body burde n mus tb e evaluate d i n set tin g th e ai rstandar d an d suggest s tha t alarge rnonai rcontribution , suc h a s 13.5 p g Pb/d l use d i n th e Californi a standard , migh tb e considered .

. Th e Foo d an d Dru g Administratio n commende d EPA' s proposal o f a n am bien tai rquaUt

y standar d fo rlead . FD A agree s tha tchUdren age d 1- 5 year s ol d compris e th e mos tcriticall y sensitiv e population . FD A concur s tha t1 5 p g Pb/d l i s a reasonable maxi mum bloo d lea d leve l t o UE S a s a n averag e nationa l goa l fo rchUdren age d 1 t o 5 , althoug h FD A suggest s tha tfo ryoun g chUdren th e margi n o f safet y i s disturbingl y narrow . Th e divi sio n o f th e 15 p g Pb/d l int o 1 2 p g Pb / dl fo rnonai rsource s an d 3 p g Pb/d l fo rai rsource s wa s no tunreasonabl e i n FDA' s view . Th e Occupational Safet y an d Healt h Administratio n endorse d EPA' s pro pose d standar d fo rlea d an d agree s wit h EP A tha t1 5 p g Pb/d l a s a n aver ag e nationa l bloo d lea d leve l goal fo r youn g chUdren i s reasonable . OSHA view s thei rpropose d standar d o f 100 p g Pb/m s 

### , 8-hourtime-weighte d aver age , an d thei restablishmen tof 4 0 p g Pb/d l a s th e threshol d effec tleve l fo r workers a s consisten twit h th e EPA propose d standard . Th e Departmen to f

Transportatio n (DOT ) endorse d th e propose d stand ard o f 1. 5 p g Pb/m* . Base d o n e n anal ysi s of th e impac tof

th e propose d standard o n th e highwa y program , DO T conclude d tha ti ti s highl y prob abl e tha ttransportation-relate d viola tion s of th e propose d standar d woul d b e Umited t o larg e urban areas . I a commentin g o n th o processed standard , th e Departmen tof th e Inte rio r(DOI ) expresse d consep n tha tth e burde n fo rmastin g th s prost-ose d standar d wU

I fal l primaril y Q

Q lea d an d -coppe

rsmelter s an d batter y man ufacturers , an d commente d o n the * 

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. neo—TrKnaaaav , ©mes as , ncr o

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i o f Cbsaaasiifci

4 ' : : ES3ffia;(ffi

a ta e "g«toa(MM ' :.t£s&siPd ; poiBrtiatfa«®8a-.8|^^~?Qaiaan . ;''dfcasitton . o&©«il ^ tea ofcai#litt e po tam&el - impac to f

th e stao-dcs^ l <

m th e " pstroleu m industry . TH E FBDHM L Rsptauro-C B METHO D Th e referenc e metho d fo rth e deter minatio n o f

lea d i n suspende d particu late-matte rcoUecte d fro m ambien tai r dficsslbs s th e appropriat e technique s \tes- determinin g th o concentratio n o f lea d an d it s compoun& s a s measure d a s elementa l lea d i n th e ambien tair . A tota l o f eigh torganization s submitte d writte n comment s o n th e metho d an d tw o person s mad e comment s a tEPA' s Februar y pubU c hearin g o n th e pro pose d ai rqualit y standard . Sinc e pro posa l o f th e Federa l referenc e metho d fo rlead , EP A ha s complete d addition a l testin g o f

th e metho d an d adde d ne w informatio n o n th e precisio n o f th e extractio n analysi s procedure . Tw o o f th e commenter s recommend e d th e additio n o f

a nitri c plu s hydro chlori c aci d extractio n procedure . Th e extractio n procedur e o f th e propose d metho d contain s onl y nitri c acid . Us e o f a mixe d aci d procedur e woul d permi tth e analys tt o quantitativel y es&r&c tmore " metal s tha n jus tlead , thereb y allowin g ht m t o analyz e th e Sam e extrac tfo rmor e tha n on e metal . Th e analysi s fo rlea d woul d no tb e affected . EP A agree s tha ta mixe d aci d extractio n procedur e shoul d b e added , an d th e revise d metho d contain s a mixe d nitric-hydrochlori c aci d extrac tio n procedure . On e commente rquestione d th e reli abUit y o f

th e ai rvolum e measure d i n th e samplin g procedur e becaus e o f difference s betwee n initia l an d fina l flo w rate s cause d b y buUdu p o f particulat e matte ro n th e collectin g filter . Th e metho d o f

samplin g specifie s tha tini tia l an d fina l flow rate s mus tfa U be twee n 4 0 an d 8 0 cubi c fee tpe rminut e an d variation s withi n thi s rang e caus e onl y a sUgh terror . I f th e flo w rat e specificatio n i s no tmet , th e sampl e shoul d b e voided . Fo r thes e reasons , 'SP A believe s th e ai rvolum e measure misn tdbe s no tsuffe rUndul y fro m in E*cJmacles. ' " .•;"•"." ; af i questio n wa s raise d a s t o th e effec to f

variatio n fe lea d conten t acros s th e fUte ro f th e coUecte d Qa&spl ® v o n lea d caaJyc&j , sinc e th e saot&ifff i call afo r analys tof-'onl y ori e 'BM © os one-twelft h o f th © fUter . Ou r o<Kff e ha s show n tha tstrip s take n fro m differen tposition s withi n th e fUte r , ean , os a ©cecsioa , produc e differen t lea d vilifies , hist - th e effee 6 appear s t o QPILUS AN ® REGULATION S b e significan tonl y whe n samplin g nea ? a heavU y travele d roadway . Th e propose d metho d recommend s analyz in g additiona l strips , whe n samplin g nea ra roadway , t o minimiz e thi s error . On e commente rpointe d ou ttha tth e propose d samplin g procedur e doe s no t coUec tgaseou s (organic ) lea d com - ' pound s an d recommende d tha tEP A conside rrequirin g th e us e o f a metho d fo rmonitorin g gaseou s lead . A s th e criteri adocumen tstates , reporte d am bien tlevel s o f

gaseou s lea d ar e ver y lo w an d EP A ha s determine d tha tth e effor trequired t o carr y ou tth e diffi cul ttas k o f

monitorin g fo r ambien t gaseou s lea d i s no tjustifie d i n vie w o f th e extremel y lo w concentration . I twa s pointe d ou ti n th e preambl e t o th e propose d metho d tha tothe r analytica l principle s woul d probabl y b e handle d b y provisio n fo r approva l o f th e equivalen tmethod s (4 0 CF R Par t53 ) propose d elsewher e i n thi s FEDERA L REGISTER . TW O organization s submitte d request s tha talternat e method s (X-ra y fluorescenc e an d anodi c strippin g voltametry ) fo r lea d analysi s b e declare d equivalen tt o th e referenc e method . Thes e request s wU I b e considere d whe n th e procedure s fo r determinin g equivalenc y ar e promul gated . Th e fina l Federa l referenc e metho d i s base d o n measurin g th e lea d conten t o f suspende d particulat e matte ro n glas s fibe rfilter s usin g hig h volum e sampling . Th e lea d t s the n extracte d fro m th e particulat e matte rwit h nitri c aci d f

acUitate d b y hea to r b y a mixtur e o f

nitri c aci d an d hydrochlo ri c aci d facilitate d b y ultrasonication . Finally , th e lea d conten ti s measure d b y atomi c absorptio n spectrometry . Th e referenc e metho d specifie d fo r lea d measure s th e lea d fo r a singl e samplin g perio d b y extractio n o f a portio n o f

a high-volum e glas s fibe r fUte ruse d t o coUec tparticulat e matte rove ra 24-hou rperiod . Som e agencie s ma y prefe rt o composit e fUte rstrip s fro m a numbe ro f sam plin g period s an d extrac tan d analyz e i tfo r lead . Thi s procedur e i s accept abl e provide d th e Agenc y show s tha t th e compositin g procedur e result s i n th e sam e averag e lea d valu e a s woul d b e obtaine d fro m averagin g individua l values . Dated : Septembe r29,1978 .

DOUGLA S M . COSTLE , Administrator. REFERENCE S Angle , C. R

. and M . S . Mclntire . Environ mental control s an

d th e declin e o

f bloo d lead . Arch . Environ , mth . (l n press. ) 1977. Azar, A. , R

. D . Snee , an

d K . Habibi . A n Epidemiologi c Approac

h t o Communit

y Air Lea d Exposure Usin g Personal Ai rSam plers . Environmenta

l Qualit y and Safety , Supplemen tVo

l II-Lea d 254-288 (1975) .

. Barltrop , D. , C. D . Strehlow . J . Thornton , and J . S . Webb . Significanc e o f hig h soi l concentration s forchildhoo d lead burdens .

Environ , mth . Persp . Expt . Iss . 7:75-84 . 1974 . Billick . I . A. Curran, and D . Shier . Presen tatio n t o th e U.S . EP

A Lea d Subcommitte e o f th e Scienc e Advisor

y Board . Washington . D.C , October7,1977 . Pine . P . R. , C. W

. Thomas , R

. H . Suho . R. E . Cohnberg , an

d B . A . Flashner . Pediatri c Bloo d Lea

d Level s A Stud y i n 1 4 Illinoi s Citie s o f Intermediate Population . JAM A 221:1475-1479 . Septembe r25 . 1972. Johanson , W

. C. an d J . P . Luby. A Repor

t on a Stud y t o Determin e th e Bloo d Lea d Level s i n Dalla s Children . Dalla s Healt h De partment, Dallas . Tex . 1972. Johnson , D . E. . J . B . Tlllery . an d R . J . Pre vost . Level s o

f platinum , palladium and lea d . i n population s o

f Souther n California . Envi ron . Health Persp . 12:27-33,1975 . Landrigan, P . J. , S . H. Oehlbach , B . F . Ro senblum , J . M

. Shoults . e tal . Epidemic Lea d Absorption Nea

ra n Or e Smelter . Th e rol e o f particulat

e lead . Ne

w England J . Med . 292:123-129.1975 . Manton . W

. I . Source s o

f Lea d l n Blood . Arch . Environmenta

l Health . 32:149-156 , 1977. Rabinowitz , M

. B . Lea d contaminatio n o

f th e biosphere b

y huma n activity . A stabl e isotop e study , Ph D Thesis , Universit y o f California , Lo

s Angeles , 1974,12 0 pp . U.S . Environmenta

l Protectio n Agency . AirQualit

y CriteriaforLea

d Office o f

Re search and Development . Washington , D.C . 20460 . EPA-450/8-77-017 , Decembe r1977. von Lindern , L and A . J . Yankel . Presenta tio n t o th e Shoshon e Heav y Metal s Projec t Committe e by Idah o Departmen to f Health and Welfare , Boise , Idaho , Septembe r4 , 1975 . Yankel , A. J . and I. ' vo n Lindern . Th e Silve rValley lead study . Th e relationshi p o f childhoo d lead poisonin g and environmental exposure . J . AirPollut . Cont . Ass. , Augus t 1977. 4 0 CF RPar t5 0 i s amende d b y addin g a ne w g 50.1 2 an d a ne w appen di x G a s foUows : §50.1 2 National primar y and secondar

y ambientai rquality standard s fo rlead . Nationa l primar y an d secondar y am bien tai r qualit y standard s fo r lea d an d it s compounds , measure d a s ele menta l lea d b y a referenc e metho d base d o n appendi x G t o thi s part , o r b y a n equivalen tmethod , are : 1. 5 mi crogram s pe r cubi c meter , maximu m arithmeti c mea n average d ove ra cal enda rquarter . (Sees . 109, 301(a) Clea

n Ai rAc tas amended (4 2 U.S.C . 7409 , 7601(a)). )

APPENDI

X O—REFERENC

E METHO

D PO RTH B DETERMINATIO

N O PLEA D I N SUSPENDE

D PAR TICULAT E MATTE

RCOLLECTE

D PRO M AMBI EN T AI R 1 . Principle and

applicability. 1. 1 Ambientai r suspende d particulate matte ri s collecte d o n aglass-fibe rfilte rto r 24 hours usin g ahig h volum e ai rsampler . 1. 2 Lea d l n th e particulate matte rI s solu bilize d b y extractio n wtt h nitri c aci d (HNOO, facilitate d b

y hea to rby a mixture

fcaKKlAI!. QS6J8W1Q , VO L 43 , MO

. 190—THURSBAY , OCTOQG Q 3 , 197 0

f " 

### r 

# I 

# ¥.M~P.1 6



## mvr-y ' '•': -3M. v ii- A HUES AM D KOUiATlON t •«£ :

?&** V-:

- RO

. and hydrochlori c ad d (HCl ) facffl f fey ultraftmleation . • •:•%£. Th e lea d conten to f th e sampl e i s analym d b y stotni e absorptio n spectrometr y asbx ra n afe-ccetyM e Bame , th e 283 . 1 o r MT J m Ma

d attM-p-ttioMne . an d th e opti SBHi tmSraHfeBntsf-eotflulQii s reoonmiendje

d 1. 4 Tb e ottrasonleaCta

n extractio n wit h RNOt/HC I wfl

l extrac tmetal * othe rtha n le* d from ambien tparticulate matter . X , Range, tensUMtv, an d lowe rdetectable {butt. Th e value s give n belo w ar e typical of th e method s capabilities . Absolute value s wta var y fo rIndividua

l situation s dependin g e n tb e typ e of

tnatrumentused , th e lea d BBe, fend operatin g conditions . X I Ranee . Th e typica l rang e of th e metho d I s 0.0 7 t o 7. 6 pg Pb/m * «mm»i m a n uppe rlinea rrang e of

analysi s o

f I S ug/m l an d a n ai rvolum e o

f X400 m* . 3 J Sensitivity. Typica l sensitivitie s fora 1 percen tchang e l n absorptio n (0.004 4 ab aox-banc e units ) are 0. 2 an d 0 J ns Pb/m l for th e 217 JO an d 283 J n m lines , respectively . 1 3 Lowe rdetectabl e limi t(LDL) . A typi cal LD L to 0.0

7 n» Pb/m* . Th e above valu e was calculate d b y doubling th e between-lab oratory standard deviatio n obtaine d fo rth e lowes tmeasurabl e lea d concentratio n i n a collaborativ e teatof

th e method.U5 ) A n ai r volum e of 2,400 m * was assumed . 3 . Interferences. Two type s o f interfer ence s ar e possible : chemical and ligh tscat tering . 3. 1 Chemical. Reports e n th e absence (I , 2, 3, 4, S) o

f chemical interference s far outweig h thos e reportin g thei rpresence , (8 ) therefore , n o correctio n fo rchemical inter ference s i s give n here . If th e analys tsus pect s tba ttb e sampl e matri x i acausin g a chemical interference , th e interferenc e ca n b e verifie d an d correcte d fo rby carryin g ou t th e analysi s wtt h an d withou tth e metho d o f standard additions ^ 7) 3. 2 Ligh tscattering . Nonatomi c absorp tio n o rUghtscattering , produced b y hig h concentration s o

f dissolve d solid s t

n th e sample , ca n produce asignifican tinterfer ence , especiall y a tlo w lea d concentrations . (2 ) Th e interferenc e l

a greate ra tth e 217. 0 n m Un e tha n a tth e 283. 3 n m line . N o inter ferenc e was observed usin g th e 283. 3 nm lin e wit h asimilarmethod s 2 ) Ligh tscatterin g interference s can , howev er , b e correcte d fo rlnstrumentally . Sinc e th e dissolve d solid s ca n var y dependin g o n th e origi n o

f th e sample , th e correctio n ma y b e necessary , especiall y whe n usin g th e 217. 0 n m Une. . Dual bea

m instruments with acontinuu m sourc e giv e th e mos taccurate correction . A les s accurat e correctio n ca n b e obtaine d by usin g anonabsorbin g lea d lin e tha tt anea rth e lea d analytica l line . Infor matio n o n us e of

thes e correctio n tech nique s ca n b e obtaine d from instrumen t manufaa^tuTTrff

' nnwrual i H instrumental cuiieuUu u to no tfeasible , th e interferenc e ca n b e eliminate d b y us e of th e ammonium pyrroudlnecarbodlthloate methylisobuty l ketone , chelation-solven tex tractio n techniqu e o f

Minni e preparation s 8) 4 . Predsion and

bias. 4. 1 Th e high-volum e samplin g procedur e use d t o collect. smbton tai rparticulate matte rhaaa , between-laboratory relativ e standard deviatio n o

f 3.7 percen tove rth e rang e 8 0 t o 12

9 pg/m*.(> ) Th e combine d ex traction-analysi s pipuedui e ha s a n average within-laboratory relative standard devi atio n e f 5 t o 6 percen tove rth e rang e 1. 5 t o 1 8 nt Pb/ml . an d a n average betwee n labo rator y relativ e standard deviatio n of 7 t o 9 percen tova

rth e sam e range . Thes e value s Include us e o

f eithe rextractio n procedure. ' 4. 1 singl e laborator

y experiments and collaborativ e testin g indicate tha tther e to n o significan tdifference l n lead recover y be twee n th e ho tan d ultrasoni c extractio n pro cedureaUS ) 5 . Apparatus. 6. 1 Sampling . 5.1. 1 High-volume sampler . Us e and cali brat e th e sample ras described l n referenc e 10 . 5. 2 Analysis . 5.2. 1 Atomi c absorptio n spectrophoto meter . Equipped with lea d hollo w cathod e o relectrodeles s discharg e lamp . 5.2.1. 1 Acetylene . Th e grade recommend e d by th e Instrumentmanufacture rshoul d b e used . Change cylinde rwhe n pressure drop s below 50-100 psig . 5.2.1. 2 Air. Filtere d t o remove particu late , oil , and water . 5.2.2 Glassware . Clas s A borosilicate glassware shoul d b e use d throughou tth e analysis . 5.2.2. 1 Beakers . 30 and 15 0 m L graduated . Pyrex . 5.2.2.2 Volumetri c flasks . 100-ml. 5.2.2. 3 Pipettes . T o deUve r50 . 30,15 . 8 , 4 . 2. 1 ml . 5.2.2.4 Cleaning . A

U glasswar

e shoul d b e scrupulousl y cleaned . Th e foUowin g proce dur e l s suggested . Was h with laborator y de tergent , rinse , soa

k fo r4 hours i n 2

0 percen t (w/w ) HNO * rins e 3 time s with dtotiilod deionize d water , and'dr y i n adus tfre e manner . 5.2.3 Ho tplate . 6.2.4 . Ultrasonicatto n wate rbath , un healed . Commercially avaUabl e laborator

y ultrasoni c rw^ning bath s of 46 0 watt s o r highe r"cleanin g power, " Le. , actual ultra soni c powe routpu tt o th e bat h hav e bee n foun d satisfactory . 5.1 5 Template . T o ai d l n sectionin g th e glass-fibe rfilter. Se e figur e 1 fo rdimen sions . 5.2. 6 Pizz acutter . Thi n wheel . Thicknes s <lmm . 5.2.7 Watch glass . 5.2. 8 Polyethylen e bottles . Po rstorag e o f samples . Linearpolyethylen e give s bette r storag e stabilit

y tha n othe rpolyethylene s an d I s preferred . 5.2. 9 Parafih n "M". ' America n Ca n Co. , Maratho n Products , Nennah , Wis. , o requiv alent . 6 . Reagents. 6. 1 Sampling . 6.1. 1 Glas s fibe rfilters . Th e specifica tion s given below ar

e intende d t o aid th e use rl n obtainin g hig h qualit y Alter a with reproducible properties . Thes e specifica tions hav e bee n metby EP A contractors . 8.1.1. 1 Lea

d content . Th e absolute lea d conten tof

Alters I s no tcritical , bu tlo w value s are , o

f course , desirable . EP

A typical l y obtain s Alter

a with alea d conten tof

<7 8 jig/filter . I ti s Importanttha tth e variatio n I n lea d conten tfrom filte rt o filter , withi n agive n batch , b e small . 6.1.1. 2 Testing . 6.1.1.2. 1 Fo rlarg e batche s of filter s (>50 0 filters ) selec ta trando m 2 0 t o 30 filter s fro m agiven batch . Fo ranal l batche s (<50 0 filters ) alesse rnumbero f Alter ama y b e taken . Cu

ton e %"x8

" stri p from eac h 'Mentio n o

f commercia

l product

adoe s no timply endorsemen tb y th e UJS. Environ menta l Protectio n Agency . VO L 4 * No . iM-TMiMMY r '"ap

filteraaywnere- i strips , tion s i n sectioBs^.jiw^ff^-ya^ y .& j^a^-^: .- 8.1.1.2. 3 Odcukt e tb»tat* l lMMl' : t a < '" ' filtera a 

# v• • «"•"»# » "at

e

where : F»=Amounto

f lea d pe r7 2 square inche s o t filter , ns6.1.1.2. 3 Calculate th e mesa . P * o f th e value s an d th e relativ e standard deviatio n (standard deviation/mea n x 100) . I f th e rel ativ e standard deviatio n to hig h enoug h a o that , i n th e analyst s opinion, , subtractio n o f Ft , (sectio n 10.3 ) may remi ti n asignifican t errorI n tb e ns Pb/m * th e batc h shoul d b e rejected . 6.1.L2.4 . Fo racceptabl e batdna . xm tb e valu e o f F tt o correcta n lea d aaalyae i (sec tio n 10.3 ) of

particulate matte rcollecte d usin g tha tbatc h o f

Altera . If

th e ar e below th e LD

L (sectio n 13 > i tio n to neceanry< - 6. 2 Analysts.- ' , ^ - , 6.3. 1 Concentrate d (18. 8 J O HJKfc . AC 8 reagentgrad e HKC

C an d mmmerriallriHafl ahl e redistille d HNO , harfoun d t o hamnf ffr-iBnf y lo w lea d eaneentrationi k

6.3. 3 water) . 6J. 4 3 J f

HKQ * -Bbt

o MJiill m i a nee d l b tb e bo textractio n prace^pra L 7-f c ntaiare , add 18 3 ml o T fSBeentoatja

d HM « t » DJ . wate rI n a1 I v-qtometif-i

e gfcafc . -Shak e well , cool , an d dilat e t a vofcnn e wit h JW . waste. , Caution. * Nitri c ad d fume s ar o toxic , pare I n awel l ventilate d fum e hopd k .. . 6A 5 0.4 6 Jf

BTKVTWiraolatim l a atb e matrix fo rcalflwattOt t whe n usin g tb e ho textractio n T o prepare , ad d 3 * m l o f HNO , t o D.I . wate rt s a1 1 volonetri e 1 Shak e weU

, tool , and dilut e to euIui M Wtt h DJ . water . •:•„&-.«.. . 6.2. 6 2. 6 i f

HNO.+ 0 t o 0. 9 M

HCLTbIs solutio n i s used l n th e ultrasoni c extractio n procedure . Th e concentratio n o f HC l ca n b e varied from 0 t o 0. 8 JC

. Direction s ar e give n forpreparatio n o

f a3. 6 J f HNO.+0 J Jf

HC l solution . Plac e 16

7 ml o f concentrate d HMO

. Int o al l volumetri c flaak an d ad d 7 7 m l o l concentrate d HCl . 8U r4 t o 6 houn , dOtat e t o nearl y 1 I with D X water . eoat.baxMm . temperature , and dilut e t o I L i ~'% 9 V ' A -»--

" 6.2.7 0.40JfHN a + XjrHCLThto J tion to use d a s th e soatit e C n standardawhe n usin g tb»altraMntB.cktrae tio n procedure . T o 8ripare . aA S S9.MK:a

f concentrate d HNO

n P*n » theca l O

l HOt.re quired . t o a1 1 volumetrio.ftoA-Dflot e t o nearl y 1 1 with DJ . water , socsf a akmflmmperature , and dilut e t p 1 L To * aowuntt t HC l required o n H

R0et«nntae 4 rrestqP ? foUowin g equation : •- ' ^ , - c „ ^ J

Sif TWi^- ' li " «* ?

( W l

ru :••.:&••:. -vti^a.yf i-t .

f-irQUU3

- aM& < (fceilllQiafl&K S P.1 7

I HCl required . HCi'i n Q.a.8 . i a 7.2.2 . LaSl-alteote , FMNO,)D . AC S reagen t pus48j7.

: .te3. 0 percent.-Hec tfo r4 hour s C'Cst&GSS

l fa a desiccator . CQE&C$fe

n standards . CSi torfe-'/btahdard . 160 0 p g Pb/m l l n 'OD . Dtcbfcr a 1.80 8 a o f PWNO,) , l n 0.45 M 'O o containe d mal l volumetric . flas k dilut e t o volum e with 0.4 5 J f HNO, . 8.3 Booste

rstandard , 100

0 u g Pb/m l i n Ot/HCt l Erepar e a s i n 6.3. 1 excep tus e HNOo/BC l solutio n i n 6.3.7 . >r e standard s I

n a polyethylen e bottle , availabl e certifie d lea d stand solution s ftiey als o b e used . 7 , ProcesJwB , 7. 1 Sampling . Collectsample s fo r2 4 hour s usih g th e procedur e described i n ref

erenc e 10 wit h glass-fibe rfilter s meetin g th e specification s i n 6.1.1 . Transportcollecte d sample s t o th e laborator y takin g care t o mtailmlr a contaminatio n and los s o f sample : (IT) . 7.2 Sampl e preparation . 7.2. 1 Ho textractio n procedure . 7:2.1. 1 Cuta V«

" x 8 " stri p fro

m th e ex pose d filte rusin g a templat e and a pizz a cutte rc s described i n figures 1 and 2 . Othe r cuttin g procedure s ma

y b e used . Lea d I n ambientparticulate matte rcol lecte d o n glas s fibe rfilter s "ha s bee n shown t o b e uniformly distribute d acros s th e filte r (i , 3, 11) suggestin g tha tth e positio n o tth e stri p I s unimportant . However, anothe r stud y (12 ) ha s show n tha twhe n samplin g nea ra road-wa

y lead I s no tuniformly dis tribute d acros s th e filter . Th e nonunifor mlt y ha s bee n attribute d t o larg e variation s i n particl e sixe . il 6) Therefore , whe n sam p3$a s nea ra road-way , additional strip s a t dlfieren tposition s withi n th e filte rshoul d b a analyzed . .7.2.1. 2 Fol d th e stri p l n half twice and pibe s i n B 160-m

l beaker . Ad

d 1 5 m l o f 3 J f HNO ! t o cove rth e sample . Th e aci d shoul d completel y cove rth e sample . Cove rth e beake rwit

h a watch glass . 7.2.1. 3 Plac e beake ro n th e hot-plate , containe d I

n a fume hood , and bol l gentl y fo r3 0 min . D o no tle tth e sampl e evaporat e t o dryness . Caution ; Nitri c aci d fume s are toxic . 7.2.1. 4 Remov e beake rfrom ho tplat e and coo l t o nea rroo

m temperature . 7.2.1. 5 -Quantitatively trapsfe rth e sampl e as follows : 7.2.1.5. 1 Rins e watc h glas s and side s o f beate rwit h DJ . water . 7.2.1.5. 2 Decan textrac tand rinsing s int o a ICO-m l volumetri c flask. 7.2.1.9. 3 Ad

d DJ . wate rt o 40 m

l mar k o n beefier , cove rwit h watc h glass , and se tasid e £ 3 Q minimum o f

3 0 minutes . Thi s Is a critl - <££)- . ote p an d canno tb e omitte d sinc e t t oQsro s th e HNO

o trappe d i n th e filte rt o diffflbs int o th e rins e water . "?4.1.a!< l Decan tth e wate rfro

m th e filte r tiie volumetri c floats . ^,8.1.8. 3 ' Rine s filte rand beake rtwic e cKS i S X wate ran d ad d rinsing s t o volumet E&flCQ b unti l tota l volum e I

s 8 0 t o 8 8 ml . 7.2.1.9. 6 Sts^pe rflfiflf

e en d shak e vlgor KKiy . Ss tcolda fo rapproximatel y 5 minute s c ? unti l focm ha

a dissipated . tf.8.1.8.7 Brin g solutio n t o volum e wtt h B X water , fiais thoroughly . 7.2.1.5. 8 Allow solutio n t o settl e fo ron e hourbefore proceeding wit h analysis . 7.2.1.3. 9 I

f sampl e I s t o b e stare d fo rsub sequen tanalysis , transfe rt o a linea rpoly ethylen e bottle . 7.2. 2 Ultrasoni c extractio n procedure . 7.2.2. 1 Cuta V,"x8 " stri p fro m th e ex pose d filte ras described i n sectio n 7.2.1.1 . 7.2.2. 2 Fol d th e stri p in half twice and place i n a 3

0 m l beaker. Ad

d 1 5 m l o f th e HNO./HC 1 solutio n i n 6.2.6 . Th e acid shoul d completel y coverth e sample . Coverth e beake rwit

h parafilm . Th e parafilm shoul d b e placed ove rth e beakersuch tha tnon e o f th e parafil

m i s i n contac twit

h wateri n th e ultrasoni c bath . Otherwise , rinsin g o

f th e parafilm (sectio n 7.2.2.4.1 ) ma

y contaminate th e sample . 7.2.2. 3 Plac e th e beakeri n th e ultrasoni catio n bat

h an d operat e fo r3 0 minutes . 7.2.2. 4 Quantitativel y transfe rth e sampl e as follows : 7.2.2.4. 1 Rins e parafilm and side s o f beake rwith D.I . water . 7.2.2.4. 2 Decan textrac tand rinsing s int o a 10 0 m l volumetri c flask . 7.2.2.4. 3 Ad

d 2 0 m l D.I . watert o cover th e filte rstrip , coverwit h parafilm , an

d se t asid e fo ra minimu

m o f 30 minutes . Thi s l s a critical ste p an

d canno tb e omitted . Th e sampl e i s the n processe d a s i n section s 7.2.1.5. 4 throug h 7.2.1.5.9 . NOTE.—Sample

s prepared by th e ho tex tractio n procedur

e ar e no w i n 0.4 5 M HNO, . Sample s prepared b

y th e ultrasonicatio n procedur e ar e i n 0.4 0 M HNO . + X M

HCl. 8 . Analysis. 8. 1 Se tth e wavelengt

h o f th e monochro mato rat283.3 o

r217.0 nm . Se toralig n othe rinstrumental operatin g condition s as recommended b

y th e manufacturer . 8.2 Th e sampl e can b e analyze d directl y from th e volumetri c flask , o ra n appropriat e amounto

f sampl e decante d into a sampl e analysi s tube . I

n eithe rcase , car

e shoul d b e take n no tt o distur

b th e settle d solids . 8.3 Aspirat

e samples , calibratio n stand ards and blanks (sectio n 9.2 ) into th e flam e and recor d th e equilibrium absorbance . 8. 4 Determin e th e lea

d concentratio n i n n g Pb/ml . fro

m th e calibratio n curve , sec tio n 9.3 . 8.5 Sample s tha texcee d th e linea rcali bratio n range shoul d b e dilute d wit h acid o f th e same concentratio n a s th e calibratio n standard s an

d reanalyzed . 9 . Calibration. 9. 1 Workin

g standard . 2

0 nB Pb/ml . Pre pared by dilutin g 2. 0 ml o f th e maste r standard (6.3. 1 i

f th e ho tacid extractio n was used o

r6.3.2 i f th e ultrasoni c extractio n procedur e wa s used ) t o 10

0 m l wit h acid o f th e same concentratio n a s use d i n preparing th e maste rstandard . 9.2 Calibratio n standards . Prepare dail y b y dilutin g th e working standard , with th e same acid matrix , a

s indicate d below . Othe r lead concentration s ma

y b e used . Volum e o f

2 0 pg/m l workin g atandar d 0 1. 0 2. 0 2. 0 4. 0 8. 0 15. 0 30. 0 50. 0 100. 0 m l Pina l volume

.

m l 100 20 0 20 0 100 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 100 10 0 Concentratio n

HB Pb/m l 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 0. 8 1. 6 3. 0 6. 0 10. 0 20. 0 9. 3 Preparatio n o f calibratio n cs m Sinc e th e workin

g range o

f analysi s wil l var y dependin g o n which lead lin e i s use d and th e typ e o

f instrument , n o on e se to f instruction s fo rpreparatio n o f a calibratio n curve ca n b e given . Selec tstandard s (plu s th e reagen tblank) , l n th e sam e acid concen tratio n as th e samples , t o coverth e linea r absorptio n range indicate d by th e instru mentmanufacturer . Measur e th e absorbance o f th e blank and standard s a s in sec tio n 8.0 . Repea tunti l goo d agreemen ti s ob taine d betwee n replicates . Plo tabsorbance (y-axis ) versus concentratio n i n u s Pb/m l (x-axis) . Dra

w (o rcompute ) a straigh tlin e throug h th e linea rportio n o f th e curve . D o no tforce th e calibratio n curv e throug h zero . Othe rcalibratio n procedures ma y b e used . T o determin e stability o f th e calibratio n curve , remeasure—alternately—one o f th e followin g calibratio n standard s fo rever y 10t h sampl e analyzed : concentratio n £ lp g Pb/ml : concentratio n § 10 fi g Pb/ml . I

f eithe rstandar

d deviate s by mor

e tha n 5 percen tfro m th e valu e predicte d by th e cali bratio n curve , recalibrat e an d repeatth e previou s 10 analyses . 10 . Calculation. 10. 1 Measured ai rvolume . Calculate th e measured ai rvolume as

V n, = Q l + Q f xT

where : V 0 =Al rvolum e sample d (uncorrected) , m* . 0,=Initia l airflow rate , m'/min . Qi=Final airflow rate , m'/min . T=Samplln g time , min . Th e flow rate s Q , and Q ( shoul d b e cor recte d t o th e temperature an d pressur e con dition s existin g atth e tim e o f orifice cali bratio n a s directe d i n addendu

m B o f refer enc e 10, before calculatio n V m . 10.2 Airvolume a tSTP . Th e measured ai rvolum e i s corrected t o reference condi tion s o f 760 m m H g and 25

* C a s follows . Th e unit s ar

e standard cubi c meters , sm' .

VST P " V m * ^

" T l P l xT 2

V m =Sampl e volume , sm' , a t760 m m Hg and 298 ' K

. V n =Measure d volum e from 10.1 . Pn =Atmospheri c pressure a ttim e o f orific e calibration , m

m Hg . P,=76 0 mmHg . T,=Atmospheri c temperature a ttim e o f ori fic e calibration , *K

. T.=288 * K . 10.3 Lea d concentration . Calculate leo d concentratio n l n th e ai raampie . 

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f one strip , V,

" x 7" . F 0 =Lea d concentratio n o f blank filter , fig, fro m sectio n 6.1.1.2.3 . Virr=Airvolum e fro

m 10.3 . 11 . Qualit y control . - % " x 8" glas s fiberfilte rstrip s containin g 8 0 t o 200 0 |i g Pb/stri p (a s lead salts ) an d blank strip s with zero P

b conten tshoul d b e use d t o determin e I

f th e method—a

s bein g used—ha s an y bias . Qualit

y contro l charts shoul d be establishe d t o monito rdifference s betwee n measured and tru e values . Th e fre quenc y o f suc h check s wil l depend o n th e local qualit

y contro l program . T o minimiz e th e possibilit y o f generatin g unreliabl e data , th e use rshoul d follow practice s establishe d fo rassurin g th e qualit y o f ai rpollutio n data , (IS) and tak e par ti n EPA' s semiannual auditprogra m forlead analyses . 12 . Trouble shooting. 1 . Durin g extractio n o

f lea d b y th e ho tex tractio n procedure , i ti s importantt o keep th e sampl e covered s o tha tcorrosion prod ucts—forme

d o n fume hoo d surface s which ma y contai n lead—ar

e no tdeposite d i n th e extract . 2 . Th e sampl e acid concentratio n shoul d minimiz e corrosio n o

f th e nebulizer . However , differen tnebulizers ma y requir e lowe r acid concentrations . Lowe rconcentration s can b e used provided sample s and standard s have th e same acid concentrations 3 . Ashin g o

f particulate sample s ha s bee n found , b y EP

A and contracto rlaboratories , t o b e unnecessar

y in lead analyse s b

y atomi c absorption . Therefore , this ste p was omitte d

fro m th e method . 4 . Filtratio n o

f extracte d samples , t o remov e particulate matter , wa s specificall y exclude d fro

m sampl e preparation , becaus e som e analyst s hav e observed losse s o tlead du e t o filtration . 5 . I f suspende d solid s shoul d clo g th e ne bulize rduring analysi s o f samples , centri fug e th e sampl e t o remove th e solids . 13 . Autliority. (Sees . 10 9 an d 301(a) , Clea

n Ai rAc tas amended . (4

2 U.S.C . 7409 . 7601(a)). ) 14 . References. 1 . Scott , D . R

. e tal . "Atomi

c Absorption an d Optica l Emission Analysi s o

f NAS N Atmospheri c Particulate Sample s forLead. " Envir. Set

and Tech., 10, 877-880 (1976) . 2 . Skogerboe . R

. K . e tal . "Monitoring for Lea d in th e Environment. " pp . 57-66 , De partmento

f Chemistry . Colorad

o Stat e Uni versity , FortCollins , Colo . 80523 . Submitte d t o National Scienc e Foundatio n forpublica tions , 1976. 3 . Zdrojewski . A. e tal . "The Accurat e Measuremen

to f Lea d i n Airborn

e Particu lates. " Inter. J. Environ. AnaL Chem., 2, 83 - 77(1972) . 4 . Slavln . W. , "Atomi

c Absorption Spec troscopy. " Publishe d b

y Interscienc e Com

pany , Ne w York , N.Y . (1968) . 5 . Kirkbright, G. F. , and Sargent , M. , "Atomi c Absorption an

d Fluorescence Spec troscopy. " Publishe d b

y Academi

c Press , Ne w York, N.Y . 1974. 6 . Burnham . C

. D . e tal. , "Determinatio n o f Lea d in Airborn

e Particulate s i n Chicago an d Coo k County , IU

. b y Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. " Envir. Sci . and Tech. , 3 , 472 - 475(1969) . 7. "Propose

d Recommended Practice s for Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. " ASTM Book of Standards, part30 , pp . 1596-1608 (Jul y 1973) . 8 . Koirttyohann . S . R. and Wen . J . W. , "Critica l Study o f th e APCD-6HB KExtrac tio n Syste m forAtomi c Absorption. " 4na t Chem., 4$, 1986-1989 (1973) . 9. Collaborative Study of Reference Method forthe Determination of Suspended Particulates in the Atmosphere (High Volume Method). Obtainabl e fro m National Technical Informatio n Service , Department o f Commerce, PortRoya

l Road , Springfield , Va. 22151 . a s PB-205-891 . 10 . "Reference Metho d fo rth e Determina tio n o f Suspende d Particulate s i n th e Atmo sphere (High Volume Method). " Cod e o f Federa l Regulations , Titl e 40 , Part50 , Ap pendix B , pp . 12-1 6 (Jul y 1 . 1975) . 11 . Dubois , L. , e tal. , "The Meta l Content o f Urba n Air. " JAPCA , 16, 77-7 8 (1966) . 12. EP A ReportNo . 600/4-77-034 . Jun e 1977, "Lo s Angele s Catalys tStud y Sympo sium. " Page 223 . 13 . Quatit

y Assurance Handbook forAir PoUution Measurement

System. Volume 1— Principles. EPA-600/9-76-005 . Marc h 1978 . 14. Thompson , R

. J . e tal. . "Analysis o

f Se lecte d Elements i n Atmospheri c Particulate Matte rby Atomi c Absorption. " Atomic Absorption Newsletter, 9. No . 3 . May-Jun e 1970. 15. T o b e published . EPA . QAB , EMSL , RTP , N.C . 27

7 U 16. Hlrschler , D . A . e tal. . "Particulat e Lea d Compound

s i n Automobil e Exhaus t Gas. " Industrial

and Engineering Chemistry, 49, 1131-1142(1957) . 17. Quality Assurance Handbook forAir Pollution Measurement Systems. Volume II—Ambient

AirSpecific Method*. EPA-600/ 4-77/027a , Ma

y 1977. CF RDoc . 78-28050 File d 10-4-78 ; 8:4 5 ami

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### AGENCY : Environmental Protectio n Agency . ACTION : Fina l rulemaking . SUMMARY : Th e regulation s promul gate d below , togethe rwit h th e curren t requirements o

f 4 0 CFRPar t51 , se t fort h th e reaulrement s fo rState s t o follo w i n developing , adopting , and submittin g acceptabl e implementatio n plan s fo rth e lea d nationa l ambien tai r quality standard s (NAAOS') , promul gate d elsewher e i n th e FEDERA L REGIS 

### TER . Th e implementatio n plan s are re quire d unde rsectio n 11 0 o f th e Clea n Ai rAct . Amendments t o th e existin g regulation s fo rimplementatio n plan s ar e necessar y becaus e lea d differ s

. from othe rpollutant s fo rwhic h th e existin g regulation s wer e designed . Th e amendment s addres s th e follow in g topics : definition s of poin tsourc e an d contro l strategy ; contro l strateg y requirements ; an d ai rquality surveil lance . EFFECTIVE DATE : Thi s rulemakin g i s effectiv e Octobe r5 , 1978 ; Stat e im plementatio n plan s fo rlea d are du e by Jul y 5,1979. ADDRESSES : U.S . Environmental Protectio n Agency , Offic e of Ai rQual ity Plannin g and Standards , Contro l Program s Developmen tDivisio n (MD 15) . Researc h Triangl e Park , N.C . 27711 . FO RFURTHE RINFORMATIO N CONTACT : Josep h Sableski , Chief

, Plan s Guide line s Section , a tth e above addres s or a t919-541-543 7 (commercial ) o r629 - 543 7 (FTS) . SUPPLEMENTAR

Y INFORMATION : 

# V 1 . BACKGROUN D 

### O n Decembe r14 , 1877 , EP A pro pose d regulation s fo rth e preparation , adoption , an d submissio n of imple mentatio n plan s t o achiev e th e nation a l ambien tai rquality standard s fo r lead , whic h were als o propose d o n tha t sam e date (4 2 F R63087) . EP A invite d comment s from intereste d person s and hel d a hearin g o n th e propose d NAAQ S an d Stat e implementatio n pla n (SIP ) regulation s o n February 15 an d 16 ; 1978 . EP

A receive d comment s o n th e propose d lea d implementatio n pla n requirement s fro m 2 5 com RMtLU

S AM ® RH@y(LAiri)®C3

3 

### menters . O

f these , ther e were 1

0 rep resentative s fro m industry , 9 fro m Stat e and loca l governmental agencies , 4 fro m citizens ' organization s and pri vat e citizens , and 2 fro m othe rfederal agencies . 2 . SUMMAR

Y O PCOMMENT

S AN D RESPONSE S 

### Th e followin g discussio n summarize s mos to f th e comments receive d o n th e proposal . Ther e were a fe w othe rcom ment s tha tEP

A fel twere no tsignifi can tt o warrantdiscussio n i n th e FED ERA L REGISTE

R

### and tha tdid no taffec t th e fina l regulation . A summary o f al l th e comments receive d and EPA' s re spons e i s availabl e fo rpubli c inspec tio n durin g normal busines s hour s i n EPA' s Publi c Informatio n Referenc e Uni t(P M 215) , 40 1 M StreetSW. , Washington , D.C . 20460 , telephon e 202-755-0707 . 2. 1 POIN T SOURC E DEFINITIO N 

### Ther e were severa l comment s con cernin g th e definitio n o f a poin t source . On e commente rIndicate d tha t th e definitio n o

f a poin tsourc e i s con fusin g and differ s from tha tuse d i n th e provision s i n th e Clean Ai rAct concernin g preventio n o f significan t deterioratio n (PSD) . Part s of tha t commen twere directe d toward th e ex istin g definitio n o

f poin tsourc e i n § 51.1(k) , which , a s th e commente rac knowledged , i s no tth e subjec to f th e proposal an d wil l no tb e discusse d here . Currently , § 51.Kk ) define s poin t source s i n term s o

f emission s pe ryea r an d locatio n o

f th e source , a s wel l as a listin g o f individual sourc e categories . Currently , poin tsource s of'.othe rpol lutant s fo rwhic h NAAQS ' exis ttha t ar e locate d i n urban area s ar e define d a s thos e tha temi tpoUutants i n exces s o f 10 0 ton s pe ryear ; poin tsource s i n less urbanize d area s are define d as thos e tha temi t.pollutant s i n exces s o f 2 5 ton s peryear . I n ligh to f th e low leve l of th e lea d standar d i n relatio n t o th e othe rstandard s (e.g. , fo rpartic ulate matter) , goo d reaso n exist s t o defin e poin tsource s fo rlea d a ta lowe r leve l of emission s tha n tha tfo rth e curren tse to

f pollutant s fo rwhic h EP A ha s establishe d NAAQS' . Base d o n a n analysi s containe d i n EPA' s "Supplementary Guideline s fo rLea d Implementatio n Plans, " ( » EP A i s de finin g a poin tsourc e of lea d a s "an

y stationar y sourc e causin g emission s I n exces s o f 4.54 metri c ton s ( 5 tons ) pe r yea ro f lea d orlea d compound s meas ure d a s elementa l lead. " Thi s repre sent s a sligh tchang e from th e propos al , whic h faile d t o accoun tfo rlea d compounds . Th e significanc e o

f th e definitio n o

f §51.1(k ) i s tha tth e emissio n inven tory , whic h i s use d t o determin e th e exten to f possibl e violation s o

f th e ai r quality standar d and determin e th e effectivenes s of

contro l strategies , mus t includ e a determinatio n o f emission s from eac h poin tsource . Al l emission s fro m source s othe rtha n poin tsource s ma y b e groupe d togethe ra s are a (o r line ) sources . Th e definitio n of

poin tsource , whic h wa

s Intende d t o b e base d o n actua l emissions , differ s from th e defi nitio n i n sectio n 16

9 o f th e Clean Air Ac t(whic h pertain s t o preventio n of significan tdeterioration) , whic h i s base d o n potentia l emissions . Th e reaso n fo rth e differenc e i s tha tfo r plannin g purposes , th e inventor y of existin g source s mus tb e base d o n a n actual situatio n t o b e use d a s a base lin e upo n whic h on e develop s a plan . Fo rnew sourc e review (includin g review fo rpreventio n o

f significan tde terioration) , on e mus tb e aware of th e emission s tha tcoul d b e emitte d from th e propose d sourc e a s wel l a s actua l emissions ; hence , th e sourc e siz e crite ri a fo rselectio n of

ne w source s t o b e reviewe d unde rth e recentl y promul gate d PS D regulation s incorporate po tential , a s wel l a s actual , emissions . Th e definition s of

poin tsourc e i n §51.1(k ) fo ral l pollutant s hav e bee n revise d from th e proposal t o clarif y tha tth e siz e criteri a are base d upo n actua l emissions . Thi s implie s th e emission s tha tare emitte d afte ran y contro l i s applied .

2. 2 CONTRO L STRATEGY 

### A numbero

f person s provided com ment s concernin g th e contro l strateg y aspects o f th e propose d regulations . One commente rcorrectl y note d a discrepancy betwee n th e lis to f sourc e categorie s i n §§ 51.8 0 ("Demonstratio n o f attainment" ) and 51.84 ("Area s around significan tpoin tsources") , fo r whic h th e Stat e mus tperfor m a n anal ysis . Th e list s shoul d hav e bee n identi cal— ! 51.84(a ) shoul d hav e als o Includ e d lead-aci d storag e battery manufac turin g plant s tha tproduce 1,20 0 o r more batterie s pe rday . Th e rulemak in g promulgate d belo w incorporate s thi s change . Th e criterio n fo rproduc tio n o f batteries , whic h wa

s base d o n a monthl y standard , ha s bee n raise d t o 2,00 0 batterie s pe rday , however , t o ac coun tfo rth e slightl y les s stringen t quarterl y lea d ambientstandard . Severa l commenter s indicate d tha t th e requirements i n §

§ 51.83 ("Certai n urbanize d areas" ) and 51.85 ("Othe r areas" ) appeared identical and there fore on e o

f th e section s was redun dant . Th e differenc e betwee n th e tw o section s lie s i n th e require d geographi ca l scop e of

th e analysis . Sectio n 51.8 3 require s tha tth e pla n contai n a n anal ysi s o f eac h urbanize d are a tha tha s a measure d lea d ai rconcentratio n tha t i s i n exces s o

f 4. 0 fig/m * quarterl y mean (monthl y mean i n th e proposal) . Th e distinguishin g provisio n i s tha t

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ra tleas tth e -urbanise d area . Sectio n 51.88 , tliAaother^haiuf

e requires tha tfo r an y are a (tatan-taed'drnat ) wit h a re - ^•^^rdW-'te^-'«o^)iirtN*teo - tha tdoe s ''^*o|.raee ttit e iiiillrtji^^Nifilki- d o f J A -.jig/ln * quartert

y niMTTiiiiHillil y mea n i n th e profibsall f

tiw9*tan mus tcon tai n a n analyalstfa&ieis tth e are ai n th e vicinit y o f

th e monito rtha tha s re corde d th e concentration . Therefore , the * analyst s may b e restricte d t o a n evaluatio n o f

only thos e source s withi n arelativel y smal l radiu s from th e monitor . • 8evefml commenter s suggeste d tha t th e contro l strateg y requirements insur e tha tth e burde n fo rsolvin g th e lea d ai rproble m b e equitabl y distrib ute d betwee n mobil e an d stationar y sources . Th e commenter s realize d tha t eithe rkin d of

contro l i s expensiv e an d difficul tt o implement . I n response , EP A maintain s tha tth e allocatio n of th e burde n o

f contro l l n th e SI Pi s th e primar y responsibility of

th e States , and ' therefor e EP

A wil l avoi d settin g criteri ai n 4 0 CF R5 1 tha tfavo rcon tro l o f on e sourc e categor y ove ran other . EP A acknowledge s tha tmeas ure s tha tar e expensiv e an d difficul t t o implemen tma y hav e t o b e adopte d i n orde rt o demonstrat e attainmen tof th e lea d standard . ^- Tw o commenter s Indicate d tha tth e regulation s di d no tprovid e asatisfac tor y treatmen tt o problem s relate d t o backgroun d concentration. ' The y claime d tha tafacility i n a n are ao f hig h backgroun d concentration s ma y b e unduly , penalize d i n effort s t o attai n th e standard . EP A acknowl edge s tha tthi s proble m may exist . I n mos tcases , how-aver

, th e hig h back groun d ai rconcentration s ar e general l y du e t o othe rsource s i n th e vicinity . I ti s th e primary responsibility o f the . Stat e t o allocat e th e burde n of emmis sio n contro l t o th e variou s source s causin g th e problem . Source s wil l hav e a n opportunity t o commen to n th e pla n a tth e publi c hearin g tha ti s re quire d before , th e pla n i s submitte d t o EPA . On e commente rsuggeste d tha tEP A recommend , analysi s o

f fugitiv e dus t an d on-premis e so

U befor e aStat e ini tiate s aprogra

m of aprolonge d moni - "tortn g i n th e vidnit y o f gray iro n foundries . A s mentione d i n th e pream bl e t o th e propoBedtegulattons , EP A identifie d . gray in o afoundries a s hayin g th e potentia l fo rcausin g viola - \ tion s o f th e nationa l standar d fo rlead , bu tthi s identificatio n va s base d o n limite d dat a concernin g th e amoun tof fugitiv e emtsslor a fro m Ui e facilities . Althoug h EP A doe s no * fee l tha tth e degre e of confidenc e i n thi s identifica tio n Justifie s a

- requiremen tfa rState s t o analyz e al l gra y iro n foundrie s (o f whic h approximatel y 1£0 0 exist) . EPA

i State s t o conside ranalysi s •yvB^-jm^



### o f thes e source s t o th e extent - tha t tim e an d resource s permit . Th e com menter' s suggestion - concernin g th e analysi s o f

fugitiv e dus tan d on-prem is e soi l befor e undertakin g extensiv e monitorin g an d analysi s appear * t o offe rth e potentia l fo rconservin g scarc e resource s i n tha tState s ma y wan tt o restric tthei rmonitorin g an d analysi s effort s t o thos e plant s wit h relativel y hig h lea d level s i n dus tan d soil . T h e sam e commente rals o indicate d tha tsecondar y lea d smelter s an d simi la rsource s probabl y canno tb e mod ele d becaus e o f

fugitiv e dus tan d lo w stacks . EP A recognize s th e difficult y i n quantifyin g fugitiv e dus tan d fugi tiv e emission s an d recognize s tha tlo w stack s wil l generall y caus e highe rcon centration s close rt o th e stac ktha n wil l highe rstacks . Th e Clea n Ai rAc t require s tha ta n approve d pla n mus t demonstrat e attainmen to f th e stand ard , however . EP A has , base d upo n preliminar y analyses , determine d tha t secondar y lea d smelter s an d othe r source s liste d i n §51.8 4 hav e th e po tentia l fo rcausin g violation s o f th e lea d standard . EP A als o believe s tha t attainmen to f

th e lea d standar d aroun d suc h source s ca n bes tb e dem onstrate d b y th e us e o f

a n atmospher i c dispersio n model . I n man y cases . State s wil l no thav e th e tim e o rre source s t o perfor m detaile d studie s t o quantif y th e fugitiv e dus tan d fugitiv e emission s fro m individua l -facilitie s an d ma y hav e t o rel y o n factor s tha t wer e base d o n limite d studie s o f othe r facilitie s o rbes testimates . I n comply in g wit h §51.84 , fo rcase s wher e n o ambien tlea d dat awer e collecte d l n th e vicinit y o f

th e sourc e an d wher e a Stat e mus tthu s estimat e th e ai rqual it y impac to f

th e sources , th e Stat e wil l .hav e t o decid e fo ritsel f wha tleve l o f contro l i s warrante d b y th e confi denc e i n th e dat aupo n whic h th e analysi s i s based . I n anothe rcommen tconcernin g modeling , on e commente rfro m aStat e agenc y claime d tha tth e model s use d fo rassessin g th e monthl y impac to f poin tsource s ar e no taccessibl e t o mos tai rpollutio n contro l agencies . I n th e initia l analysi s o f

th e impac to f th e propose d standar d o n poin t sources , l ti s tru e tha tEP A use d th e Oa kRidg e Nationa l Laborator y model , "Atmospheri c Transpor tan d Disper sio n Model " (ATM) . (2 ) whic h i s prob abl y no tavailabl e t o mos tagencies . Tha tanalysi s wa s revise d subsequent ly , an d anothe rmode l wa s used , how ever . Also , EP A i s recommendin g th e us e o f othe rmodels , specificall y thos e model s fo rparticulat e matte rde scribe d i n EPA' s "Guidelin e o n Ai r Qualit y Models. " (J ) fo rmodelin g poin tsource s fo rSI Pdevelopment . Thes e model s ar e generall y available ,

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### RMM l MOOTER , VOL O , NO . 194-THUWOlfr ,

A 

## J" ;- - ~*g ^ Th e onl y a m Wen t downwin d assessmen to f

th e impac tat wit h alarg e fufftt o emissio n nent . EP A acknowJfedge

s Oa t in g studies , generall y giv e a abl e estimat e o f

tb e ai rqualit y o f source s that.eml tfugitiv e e n . , becaus e n o estimat e nee d b e made-o f th e fugitive , emissions , whic h ar e <atfl > cul tt o measur e directly . Suc h studie s canno tb e don e fo rmany area s wJttpfr i th e tim e an d resourc e conatiytot a facin g th e States , however , an d there for e EP A regulation s requir e th e la e of modelin g aroun d suc h poin t sources . State s wil l hav e t o mak e esti mate s o f th e fugitiv e emission s baw d o n whateve rinformation.ma y exist . EP A is . however. , in , anothe rpsrtan f thi s FKDXRA

L 

### RxoJwa a givin g advanc e notic e o f propose d rulemakin g t o re quire th e installatio n o f

ambien tmoni tor s i n th e vicinit y o f

thre e categorie s o f poin tsources , ttiathav e majo rfugi tiv e emissions—FqSnar

y ands e —----• • lea d smelter s ah d primary , smelters . monitor s hav e beg p .to p : years , th e datajjpelde d mor e accurat e infonnatio n th e natur e an * magnitud e proble m from , thes e soi 1 

### thos e databQcqm-

f availab l requir e State s to ' "" ' mentatio n plans . ... . Intend s t o devido] ^ fugitiv e sio n factor s thaC , 

### "are ' - " tha n thos e th^-rtiiTen.^,^^^ . On e WTP^frafttfry^y^"*^"*"-'? " th e regulatloniBiacerth e proo f o f plianc e wit h missio n regutetli. " th e stationar y source' . Th e csmn u claime d tha tloca l enforcemen t de s d o no thav e th e fund s forco i ou s monitoring . ffil*«ponse, EPA foun d tha tther e are n o technique s continuou s monitor&i g o f lea d emis sions . Th e Stat e wU

I b e require d linde r existin g regulation s (40 CF R51.19 ) t o carr y ou tasourc e survetQanoe pro gra m whic h generall y • consist* 1 

### " o f visua l inspectio n o f

th e installatio n o f contro l equipmen tan d emissions . ''"*%£ • Severa l comment s addresse d concernin g contro l o f

lea d t n __ On e commente rindicate d tha taiiy L ductio n o f

th e lea d conten to f o ran y othe r. ""

_ (presumabl y meanin g contro l < o rth e contro l a&lead*mftstobi ^ individua l vehldfes ) tha t neede d I n th e OU'owe s and T 

### ; curren tFederal don e throtqt ^ loca l take n step s t o lea d to dow n o tlea d the - requtretteBt wit h catalys t

' J^ffi* ! tf 

## •OfeMfcr-sr.^CSi !

### Th e leve l of contro l of gasolin e wa abase do n IsSMaittdn o concernin g lea dai r concentrations

. Areo s .tha t probleia g an dtheBf-^rill bl at o demonstrat e at

th e lea dstandar dthroug h Sourc e contro l o r

throwj h tnangsKKrtefcto

n contro l measure s ma y have"to

. adop t

measure s such.a s re- . jaulreBaeht s fo r

furthe r reductio n o

f leo & i n gasolin e o r

contro l o

f lea d emission s fro mth e tailpip e o f vehicles

. Currently,

- EP A doe s no t forese e th e nee dfo r additiona l mobil e sourc e con tro l strategie s an ddoe s no t inten dt o requir e furthe r

nationall y applicabl e lesd-ln-BSsolin e reductions.

. Othe r comment s concernin g furthe r reduction s o f

th e lea dconten t

of gaso lin e suggeste dtha t

suc h reduction s b e undertake n onl y afte r

sufficien t

dat a i s availabl e t o indicat e tha t th e lea d ai r qualit y proble mi s geographicall y broa denoug h an donl y afte r afindin g tha t stic h alimitatio n i s necessar y t o achiev e anationa l ambien t ai r qualit y standard

. Th e commenter s enumer ate dth e problem s wit h institutin g fur

the r contro l o

f th e lea dconten t

o f gas oline

. Th e commenter s contende dtha t applicatio n o

f mor e stringen t

loca l limitation s o f

lea di n gasolin e coul dse riousl y disrup t

th e nation' s gasolin e distributio n system , resultin g i n sever e spo t shortages , especiall y durin g th e summe r month s whe n gasolin e deman di s a t

it s highest

. EP A recognize s thi s proble man dad

vise s th e State s t o conside r th e com ment

. Also , unde r

sectio n 211(c)(4)(C ) o f th e Clea n Ai r

Act , EP A wil l no t

ap prov e Stat e o r

regiona l program s fo r furthe r reduction s of

lea dconten t

of gasolin e unles s th e Stat e demonstrate s tha t n o othe r reasonabl e measure s ar e available

. Also , tw o of

th e commenter s recom mende dtha t

4 0 CF RPar t

S l regula

tion s b e modife dt o reflec t th e restric

tion s i n sectio n 211(c)(4)(C ) o f th e Ac t regardin g Stat e limitatio n o f th e lea d conten t o f gasoline

. I n response , EP A ha s incorporate dth e inten t of th e Ac t int o th e definitio n of

"contro l strate

gy " a s i t pertain s t o restriction s o n fue l additives

. Tw o commenter s representin g pri

mar y lea dsmeltin g companie s recom mende da n alternativ e approac h t o protectin g th e healt h o

f person s fro m th e ambien t

lea dlevel s i n th e vicinit y o f primar y lea dsmelters

. The y recom mende dtha t

source s tha t

canno t con tro l emission s s o tha t

th e lea dstand

Qag-d^Tfl l b s me t b e allowe dt o conduc t

a publi c healt h screenin g an dhygien e prograsau . aime da t

reducin g th e amoun t o f lea dtha t

childre n i n th e vt

dnSSy-of f th e sourc e tak e i n an dfasurtaO: thaf e oaf e bloo dlea dlevel s ar e sat

tsfostsieffl y maintained

. RUU£ S AN © KH@U6.A?IQW

§ 

### EP A believe s tha t

ther e ar e legal , technical , an dequit y problem s wit h th e program s tha t

rende r i t unaccep tabl e a s th e sol e mean s o f implementa

tio n o f th e nationa l standar dfo r lead

. Concernin g th e lega l problem , suc h aprogra massume s tha t th e ai r qual

it y standar dwil l b e violated , an dpre sumably , th e pla n wil l no t contai n a demonstratio n tha t

th e ai r

qualit y standar dwil l b e attained

. Unde r th e Clea n Air Act , EP A mus t

disapprov e a pla n tha t doe s no t

contai n ademon

stratio n tha t

th e ai r qualit y standar d wil l b e attaine db y th e mandator y at

tainmen t date

. Th e Ac t

provide s fo r th e protectio n o

f healt h throug h th e standar dsetting , planning , an dimple

mentatio n processes ; i t

doe s no t allo w fo r asurrogat e procedur e whereb y publi c healt h may b e protecte deve n thoug h th e ambien t

standard s ar e no t met

. Concernin g technica l problems , th e relationshi p betwee n emission s fro ma sourc e an dbloo dlea dlevel s i s no t quantitativel y certain

. Eve n assumin g abiologica l monitorin g syste mwer e t o b e established , i t

i s unclea r

wha t th e sourc e woul dhav e t o d o concernin g it s operatio n o r

emission s i

f th e monitor

in g progra mreveale dunacceptabl e bloo dlea dlevels

. Eve n i f acours e o

f actio n wer e clear , th e damag e woul d hav e alread y bee n done , whil e th e basi c purpos e o

f th e standar dsettin g an dImplementatio n proces s envi

sione db y sectio n 11 0 o

f th e Ac t i s pre ventio n o f publi c healt h problems

. Concernin g equity , th e biologica l monitorin g progra mwoul dinconve

nienc e th e very peopl e tha t ar e sup pose dt o benefi t

fro mth e Act

. Th e Ac t envisione dtha t

al l peopl e hav e a n equa l righ t

t o health y air

. Th e com menter s wh o recommende dtha t bio

logica l monitorin g approac h apparent

l y believ e tha t

peopl e wh o happe n t o liv e i n area s wit h elevate dlea dlevel s shoul dno t

b e accorde dequa l protec

tion , bu t shoul db e mad e t o pa y extr a fo r thei r healt h throug h presumabl y continuou s participatio n i n abloo d samplin g program . If

aperso n di dno t wan t t o participate , i t

i s doubtfu l whethe r h e coul db e force dto , s o therefor e hi s healt h coul db e place di n Jeopardy

. On e commente r

representin g apri

mar y lea dsmelte r

warne dtha t

enclo

sur e o f smelte r operation s t o contro l fugitiv e lea demission s ma y presen t a sever e occupationa l healt h hazar dt o employee s wh o mus t

wor k withi n th e enclose dspace . EP A realize s thes e po tentia l problems

. I f

asourc e install s suc h enclosures , i t

mus t o f cours e als o mee t an y applicabl e regulation s se t fort h b y th e Occupationa l Safet y an d Healt h Administratio n a s wel l a s con tro l emission s t o th e exten t specifie d i n th e applicabl e implementatio n plan

. On e othe r commente r

expresse d concer n tha t

ther e appear s t o b e noth

in g tha t ca n b e don e i n area s wher e a sourc e i s employin g bes t availabl e con tro l technology , ye t

th e standar di s stil l no t bein g met

. Th e Ac t

require s tha t fo r approval , a n Implementatio n pla n mus t

demonstrat e tha t

th e con tro l strateg y containe di n th e pla n i s adequat e t o attai n an dmaintai n th e NAAQS

. EP A realizes , however , tha t a pla n whic h meet s thi s criterio n may , eve n afte r ful l implementation , no t ac tuall y resul t

I n attainmen t

b y th e at

tainmen t date

. Thi s woul dgererall y indicat e tha t

assumption s concernin g th e amoun t

o f emission s an dth e rela

tionshi p betwee n emission s reduction s an dai r concentration s tha t

wer e mad e whe n th e pla n wa s develope deventu

all y wer e prove n erroneous . I f a n ap prove dpla n i s late r

foun dt o b e inad

equat e t o attai n th e standard , EP A wil l requir e th e Stat e t o revis e th e plan

. I f tha t pla n ha s alread y require d al l measure s shor t

o f thos e tha t

woul d forc e significant

sourc e closures , EP A wil l a t tha t tim e decid e whethe r

th e closur e mus t

b e effecte do r

whethe r ther e ar e alternative s t o thi s i n th e discretio n give n t o EP A unde r th e Ac t In section s 11 0 o r

113

. State s shoul d mak e every effor t

t o develo p an d submi t plan s tha t

demonstrat e attain

men t of th e standar dusin g th e bes t dat aavailable

. Severa l commenter s fro mStat e ai r pollutio n contro l agencies indicate d tha t th e developmen t

o f lea dSIP' s wil l b e difficul t

withi n th e timefram e provided

. EP A realize s tha t th e devel

opmen t o f th e lea dplan s wil l b e com petin g i n prioritie s an dresource s wit h th e developmen t

o f pla n revisions b y titl e I , par t

D , o f th e Clea n Ai r

Ac t fo r nonattainmen t

areas . Wher e aStat e need s additiona l assistanc e i n th e de

velopmen t

o f it s lea dplan , o r

wher e i t i s unsur e a s t o th e priorit y o f develop

men t o f it s lea dplan , th e Stat e shoul d consul t wit h th e appropriat e EPA re giona l office

. 2. 3 AI RQUALIT Y MONITORIN G 

### Severa l commenter s recommende d tha t aminimu mnumbe r

o f sample s b e take n t o determin e whethe r th e stand

ar di s bein g attained

. Also , severa l per son s commente dtha t

th e samplin g shoul db e performe dmor e frequently , suc h a s daily

. On e perso n indicate d tha t determinatio n o

f th e attainmen t statu s shoul db e don e by

. annua l rathe r tha n monthl y averaging

. A t leas t a3-month averag e woul db e mor e desirable

. Anothe r

perso n indicate d tha t th e shorte r

th e averagin g period , th e mor e th e numbe r of sample s shoul dbe

. Concernin g th e minimu mnumbe r of vali dsample s neede dt o determin e a n average , i t

i s genera l practic e t o re quir e a t leas t 7 5 percen t

of th e oched

PQK32AS . QBOISTSQ , VOL . 43 , NO . 194—THUQSDAY , OCTOBE Q 9 , 197 0



# :.w-.. ."M?JJib-k-uiiuujUlU^,, , luttlH^ule d sample s t o b e valid . EP A wil l pre par e aguidelin e o n thi s an d othe r isgue o concernin g th e determinatio n o f attainmen to f

th e standard . Concern in g th e frequenc y o f

crumpling , EP A i s promulgatin g a nationa l ambien tai r qualit y standar d fo rlea d l n thi s FED ERA L REGISTE Rtha tl abase d o n acalen da rquarter , rather - tha n calenda r mont h a s ha d bee n proposed . EP A ha s determine d tha tasamplin g schedul e o f onc e ever y 6 day s i s adequat e t o giv e arepresentativ e sampl e fo ra quarter . On e commente rindicate d tha tmoni torin g th e inne rcit y are ashoul d b e give n to p priorit y becaus e th e vehicl e mi x i n thes e area s favor s olde rcar s tha tbur n leade d gasoline . EPA' s re spons e i s tha ti f

maximu m exposure s occu ri n thes e areas , the n monitorin g thes e area s shoul d i n fac treceiv e firs t priority . Th e determinatio n o f accept abilit y o f

th e site s wil l b e th e join tre sponsibilit y o f

th e State s an d th e cog nizan tEP A regiona l office . On e commente rrecommende d tha t EP A chang e th e recommendatio n i n th e draf t"Supplementar y Guideline s fo rLea d Implementatio n Plans " (i ) fo rlocatin g lea d monitor s nea rroad way s tha tar e a to rbelo w grad e leve l rathe rtha n nea relevate d roadways . Th e commente rsuggeste d tha tth e guidelin e requir e measurement s t o b e representativ e o f

emission s an d envi ronmenta l exposure . Th e commente r indicate d tha tth e propose d guidanc e woul d exclud e monitorin g pla y area s tha tar e locate d beneat h elevate d ' roadways . EP A agree s wit h thi s com ment . Th e purpos e behin d excludin g belo w grad e leve l monitorin g an d mon itorin g nea relevate d roadway s wa s t o insur e adequat e exposur e a tth e moni torin g site . I f

significan tpopulatio n exposure s consisten twit h th e averag in g tim e o f

th e NAAQ S wer e encoun tere d i n thes e situations , the n moni torin g i n thes e location s woul d mee t th e inten to f

th e guidance . EP A ha s revise d .th e sitin g guidanc e t o accoun t fo rthes e considerations . Severa l comment s wer e directe d towar d th e recommende d locatio n o f a monito ra tagive n location . Tw o per son s indicate d tha tth e allowanc e o f 5 meter s i n elevatio n o f lea d ai rmoni tor s i s to o hig h an d tha ti tshoul d b e change d o rshoul d allo w fo rnumerica l adjustmen to f

th e data . On e perso n suggeste d tha tth e monitor s b e re quire d t o b e place d close rt o roadway s becaus e h e fel ttha twoul d b e mor e representativ e o f

exposure ; anothe r suggeste d tha tth e monitor s ar e re quire d t o b e place d too clos e t o th e stree talread y i n som e case s an d tha t th e dat afro m th e monitor s woul d b e unrepresentative . EP A propose d a rang e o f

height s San lea d monitor s fro m & t o S meter s abov e groun d leve L Th e propose d require d dtetoac e fro m CMsQS - AC ® RtI@5^W§£3 § majo rroadway s fo rth e pea k concen tratio n sit e wa s 5 t o 1 5 meters . Th e Inten twa s t o sampl e ambien tai rt o whic h significan tportion s o f th e pop ulatio n ar e bein g expose d ove rth e averagin g tim e o f

th e standard . Durin g atypiea l day , eve n th e mos t susceptibl e populatio n grou p doe s no t spen d mor e tha n one-hal f o f thei r tim e i n th e ambien tai rbelo w th e 2 - mete rleve l o rwithi n 1 5 meter s o f a majo rroadway . The y ar e indoor s o ra t considerabl e distance s fro m roadway s fo rth e remaine ro f

thei rtime . Conse quently , requirin g sampler s t o b e place d belo w 2 meter s abov e th e groun d o rclose rtha n 5 meter s t o a roadwa y woul d lea d t o concentratio n measurement s tha twoul d b e unrepre sentativ e o f

lea d exposures . Further , som e rang e o f

height s an d distance s i s necessar y du e t o practicalitie s involve d In findin g suitabl e sites , powe ravail ability , protectio n agains tvandalism , allowin g fre e pedestria n movemen t alon g sidewalks , etc . On e commente rrecommende d tha t th e criteri afo rmonitorin g i n th e vi cinit y o f roadway s no tinclud e specifi c distanc e restrictions , suc h a s th e re quiremen tfo rplacemen to f monitor s betwee n 5 an d 1 5 meter s fro m th e traffi c lane . Th e commente rindicate d tha tman y area s d o no thav e housin g tha tclos e t o majo rroadway s an d therefor e th e numerica l restriction s woul d b e counterproductiv e t o insur in g accurat e monitorin g o f maximu m populatio n .exposure . EPA' s respons e i s tha teve n thoug h housin g ma y no t exis ttha tclos e t o roadway s i n al l cases , th e publi c ha s acces s t o man y suc h areas . On e commente rrecommende d tha t th e monitorin g • guideline s requir e monitorin g lea d belo w groun d leve l i n publi c place s suc h a s subwa y station s an d undergroun d shoppin g areas . I n response , EPA' s monitorin g guidanc e wa s writte n fo rpurpose s o f determin in g attainmen to f

astandard . Locatin g monitor s l n subway s t o determin e ex posure s woul d b e considere d specia l purpos e monitorin g an d thu s coul d b e performe d i f

desire d b y th e Stat e o r loca l agency . EP A however , doe s no t fee l tha tmonitor s place d i n thes e situ ation s woul d yiel d dat asuitabl e fo rde velopin g implementatio n plan s o rde terminin g nationa l trend s an d strate gie s an d thu s wil l no trequir e it . Fur thermore , sinc e n o membe ro f th e publi c spend s mor e tha n perhap s 8 hour s ou to f

2 4 hour s i n suc h loca tions , monitorin g ther e woul d no tb e representativ e o f

populatio n exposur e fo rastandar d base d upo n 24-hou r samplin g fo ra n entir e quarter . On e commente rrecommende d tha t th e regulation s requir e ambien tmoni torin g i n th e vicinit y o f majo rpoin t sources . Ho tdoin g s o ma y allo w poten tiall y significan tpubli c healt h impact s tha tresul tfro m fugitiv e emission s eJL majo rpoin tsource s t o b s ignored , tomentione d above , to ancfchis ? pas^-OiJ, thi s FEOEHJU. JteuisTSa . EP A i a gto&O Q advanc e notic e o f

propose d rulesBE&* . in g t o modif

y th e regulation s t o K3-a . quir e sourc e owner s o roperate D Wmoalto ri n th e vicinit y o f primar y rmfl ' . secondar y lea d smelter s an d prtot£7 y coppe rsmelters . EP A chos e ths^ a sourc e categorie s becaus e the y WQ considere d t o hav e th e potentia l fo r causin g th e greates tconcentration s o f ai rlea d i n thei rvicinit y an d becaus e th e natur e an d magnitud e o f thei rfu gitiv e emission s ar e relativel y un know n compare d t o othe rsourc e cate gories . Th e regulation s wil l continu e t o ves tauthorit y l n th e regiona l ad ministrator s t o requir e monitor s i n th e vicinit y o f

othe rsources . EP A wti l pre par e guidanc e concernin g th e recom mende d numbe ran d sitin g o f monitor s i n th e vicinit y o f

lea d poin tsources . Anothe rcommente rclaime d tha t th e regulation s d o no tadequatel y ad dres s th e location s wher e ai rqualit y sample s wil l b e take n an d a twha tdis tanc e fro m afacilit y the y cl't o taken . A s mentione d above , EPAaufflll l develo p guidanc e c

m th e placoaEsnf

c oS lea d monitor s to th e vicinits? ; ® 2 notof c sources . Th e guidanc e for-Sccattea * monitor s elsewher e i s highl y spedlffls . i n tha tth e distance s fro m otateEC tion s an d interference s ar e quantita tivel y described . X

ti s no tpossibl e fro m anationa l perspective , however , t o de velo p genera l regulation s that'^s-al d cove rever y conceivabl e situatio n tha t coul d occu rwithou tmailin g th e regu lation s undul y complex . On e comments ? suggeste d tha tth e lea d monitor s shoul d no tbs--require d t o b e permanen tunti l the-E&ot e ha s mor e experienc e i n oamplin g an d mon * itorin g lead . Also , severa l commenter s recommende d tha tEP A requir e Initia l . monitorin g b y mobil e van s o rothe r procedure s t o locat e th e mos tcritica l sites . EP A doe s no tinten d tha tth e re quire d monitorin g station s woul d remai n a ton e plac e i n perpetuity . EP A does , however , nee d som e stabil it y i n monitorin g sit e location s toallo w fo rtrend s analysis . I f astatta onc e establishe d i s late rfoun d t o tea unrepresentative , i tshoul d b e move d t o ane w location . EP A agree s wttE a th s inten to f

th e comment s an d ha o alway s encourage d special . puifB3C & monitorin g prio rt o establtehlng' a pacv manen tmonitorin g station . KP A CTUI no trequir e resource-intensiv e KWOC© - dure s t o locat e critica l sites , hooevesr. . Severa l coEamesiSsro . jreocsismiends d tha tth e regula&toiiE i EeQuAr Q • .Htsc a tha n aminimus a o f

to o saosultao. ' BS ? area . EPA' s respons e i s t&a ttoe rea©- - latiom s d a no tpreclud e plcsta o oaaf t mor e tha n to o taaaitors . JSP A to talks?* este d nafctamally to oWtatataa ' ffialy enougf o dat at o esftafolltefa.o.fe& a feresd!? PGE3QA0 . QS@0S?i3a

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a agjpposfesaatQ-'.attainment ' stat e 'o

f areao; ' E=Bff©s3rsaore,

. ti&a regulation s woul d eHos? ®? A t o re gute o additiona l monitor s o n a-eose-ibycas e basi s wher e EP

A believe s tha t tw o monitor s ar e Insufficien tt o deter min e whethe rth e nationa l standar d i s bein g attaine d an d maintained . On e of th e commenter s wh o recom mende d tha tth e regulation s requir e mor e tha n tw o monitor s pe rare a ob jecte d t o placin g responsibility o n th e EP A regiona l office s t o requir e addi tiona l monitor s an d determin e thei r location . Th e commente rclaime d tha t thi s preclude s bot h accountability o f th e State' s action s an d publi c partici pation . EPA' s respons e i s tha trequir in g a limite d numbe ro f sampler s spe cificall y t o mee tdat a need s a tth e na tiona l leve l an d leavin g th e determina tio n of th e numbe ran d location o f th e remainin g station s to th e Stat e net wor k to th e Stat e an d th e regiona l offic e i s consisten twit h th e recom mendation s o

f EPA' s Standin g Ai r Monitorin g Wor

k Grou p (SAMWG) . (4 ) I n a recen tactio n (4 3 F R34892 , publishe d Aug . 7 , 1978) , EP A propose d tha tth e location s of station s (fo ral l pollutants ) nee d no t actuall y b e Include d i n th e implemen tatio n plan , bu tth e pla n mus tcontai n a monitorin g progra

m whic h include s a monitorin g networ k tha ti s base d upo n negotiation s betwee n th e Stat e an d th e EP

A regiona l office . Th e pla n woul d als o hav e to contai n a commit men tto annuall y revie w th e adequacy o f th e networ k an d t o establis h ne w station s an d relocat e orterminat e ex istin g station s a s neede d i n orde rt o kee p th e networ k responsiv e t o dat a needs . EP

A feel s tha tif

th e entir e syste m were par tof

th e SIP , th e onl y way th e Stat e coul d mak e modifica tion s woul d b e t o propos e th e change , hol d a publi c hearing , an d submi tth e chang e t o EP

A a s a' pla n revision . EPA woul d the n hav e t o propos e t o approve th e revision , entertai n publi c com ment , an d the n finall y promulgate it s approval . EP

A feel s tha tthi s proces s i a to o time-consumin g an d woul d defea tth e purpos e o f th e annua l review , whic h i s to mak e timel y adjust ment s to th e network . Also , EP A feel s tha tth e potentia l benefit s fro m thi s proces s woul d b e top - fe w to warran t it s implementation . Th e propose d re quirement s concernin g ai r quality monitoring , however ; woul d requir e tha tth e location s o f

th e monitor s b e availabl e a tal l Ume

a fo rpubli c inspec tion . Therefore , whe n th e Stat e re vise s it s SI Pto orde rt o implemen tth e forthcamto Q at

e qaali6 y monitorin g re quirements , th e publi c ca n a ttha t tim e commen to n th e Stat e system . Th e publi c ca n als o commen to n change s to th e network s a tan y tim e b y submittin g writte n commen to n change s to th e Stat e o rEP A regiona l office . On e commente rindicate d tha tth e low-volum e sample rcompares-favor abl y i n measuremen twit h th e high volum e sampler , whic h -i s th e refer enc e metho d fo rcollectio n o f th e sample , an d exclude s large rparticle s tha tar e no trespirabl e an d whic h th e commente rfeel s ar e no tsignifican t fro m a healt h standpoint . Th e com mente rimplie s tha tEP A shoul d allo w th e us e o

f th e low-volum e sampler . Low-volume samplin g wil l b e allowe d if th e agenc y tha twishe s t o us e i t demonstrate s tha tth e metho d i s equivalen tt o th e referenc e method , usin g th e procedure s tha tEP A i s pro posin g i n anothe rportio n of thi s FED ERA L REGISTER

. 

### (SAROAD ) system . Th e fin d regula tio n belo w retain s thi s requirement , bu tprovide s th e regional administra tor wit h th e authority to waiv e th e re quiremen tconcernin g th e forma to f th e data . 3 . 3 UST S OV

URBANIZE D AREA S 

### Ther e wer e severa l error s i n th e tw o table s of area s l n th e preambl e t o th e proposa l I n table 2 , "Urbanized area s wit h lea d ai rconcentration s exceedin g o requa l to 1.

5 ng/m' , maximu m monthl y mea n (1975)" . th e Norfolk , Va . AQCRnumbe rshoul d hav e rea d 223 instea d o f

233 . Tabl e 3 , "Urbanized area s wit h lea d ai rconcentration s equal to o rexceedin g 4. 0 ng/m* . maxi mum monthl y mea n (1975) " shoul d hav e rea d a s follows : "AQC R Urbanize dare a 3. 0 OTHERCHANGE S FROM PROPOSA

L , „ _, . . . 1 9 _. „ Phoenix

. Ariz

. 3. 1 AI RQUAUT Y SURVEILLANC E £—jffffi^" 8 **"* ' CML REQUIREMENT S S O Sa n Francisco—Oakland

. Calif

. 3 0 ....._... . Sa n J033

. Calif

. E P A ha s revise dth e ai rqualit y SUr - 6 7 Chicago , DX—northwester n Indiana

. 

### veillanc e requirements fo rlea d slight - »is —Doiiaa.Teu . l y from th e proposal t o rende rthe m cleare ran d more consisten twit h th e SOURC E 

### Dat a fro m EPA' s Environmenta

l genera l ai rquality surveillanc e re - Monitorin a Suppor tLaboratory

, Statistica

l quirement s currentl y unde rrevisio n ant 

### * Technica l Analysi s Branch. " tha twil l appl y t o al l poUutants . Thes e Thes e corrections , however , ar e no w revise d genera l requirements wil l academic , sinc e th e averagin g time'o f closel y follo w an d implemen tth e rec - th e lea d standar d i s no w quarterly , ommendation s of

EPA' s Standin g Ai rTherefore , table s 3 an d 3 ar e revise d Monitorin g Wor

k Group . <«)

> Th e sig - t 0 reflec t

### t ^ quarterl y average . Tabl e nifican trevision s of

th e lea d require - 2 

### (renumbere d table 1 ) appear s a tth e ment s from th e proposal includ e th e en d o f th e pre 

### amble . Tabl e 3 , revise d following : A chang e of th e dat e b y t 0 reflec t

### ^ g quart 

### e r 

### i y 

### average , no w whic h th e entir e monitorin g syste m contam s onl y on e

### area , th e

### LO S Ange mus tb e estabUshed ; deletion o f th e i e8 

### _Lon g Beach . CaUf. . urbanize d SMrv n TSS& . „ now^iP d «K £ currentl y availabl e t o EPA . an d gener H ^ 5 ? J iJS^Sr^SS^ * ? £ ^ th e

### quarterl y average s availabl e £2^l«£ ? ^"f^J 1 

### ? 8 

### S^" 011 8 

### > <° r

### ar e no ttrul y representativ e du e t o in NAM S ) an d Stat e an d Local Air*, , , a : j . w ^ *

w J T Jr^^«Jeio*^r,« » ^ , "« t4MO ^ sufficien tdata . Ther e ar e othe rdat e monitorin g station s (o r SLAM S ) . «„n.w » * « 0 

### ... „ _... » 1--- 1 „i

„ -„ii, . Thes e term s hav e no tye tbee n define d "*"•" ? * ° S 

### ' t* w £SL^ . ^ w h v regulatio n s o referenc e t o the mI s tlo n contro 1 agencies , however , tha t 

### meSLT'Mo^Slo n £ ST. S « * **- * « * other f 

### « " hav e 

### quiremen ttha tth e pla n contai n a de - concentrations , totexcess.o f th e concen scriptio n of

th e monitorin g system ; tration s specifie d to th e criteri a fo r an d revisio n of

th e "Supplementary performin g th e analysis . Guideline s o n Lead Implementatio n 3 4 EXAMPL E LEA D CONTRO

L STRATEG

Y 

### Plans " to accoun tfo rlocatio n o f moni torin g station s i n urban stree tcan - Th e preambl e to th e proposal lndi yons. cate d tha tEP A wa s developin g a n ex A s mentione d i n th e preambl e to th e ampl e lea d contro l strateg y to assis t proposal , EP

A wil l eventuall y incorpo - th e State s i n developin g thei rlea d Imrat e th e lea d monitorin g requirements plementatio n plans . Th e preambl e in int o th e ai rquality monitorin g re - dicate d tha tth e exampl e wa s sched quirement s tha tappl y to al l pollut - ule d fo rcompletio n b y March 1878 . ant s fo rwhic h NAAQS ' exist . Becaus e EP A ha s receive d a n exten sio n fo rpromulgatin g th e nationa l ambien tai rquality standar d fo rlead , becaus e th e exampl e contro l strateg y woul d b e base d o n th e fina l implemen tatio n pla n regulation s promulgate d below , an d becaus e o f othe rdelays . th e exampl e controls strateg y wil l 3. 2 REPORTIN G o r

DATA BAS S 

### Unde rth e proposal i n § 51.86(c) , th e Stat e woul d hav e bee n require d to submi tth e ai rquality dat a collecte d since 1974 l n th e forma tof EPA' s stor ag e an d retrieva l o f

aerometri c dat a i

FEBKICIAE , QBetsmn , VO L 43 , NO

. 194—TO5J0S®AV , ©STOOG d 8 , IW OP.2 6



### l a srobabi y no tb e availabl e unti l Novem be ro rDecembe ro f

1978 . 4. 0 REFERBHCE

S 1 . "Supplementar

y Guideline s fo rLeo d Implementatio n Plans. " V& Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Offte Q o f AirQualit

y Plannin g and Standards . Researc h Triangl e Parte . N.C . 27711 . (OAQP S No . 1.2-104) . 2 . Culkowski . W

. M . and M . R. Patterson , " A Comprehensive Atmospheri c Transpor t and Diffusio n Model. " (ORNL/NSR/EATS 17. Oa k Ridg e National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tenn. , 1976 . 3 . "Guideline o n AirQualit y Models. " Monitorin g an d dataAnalysi s Division , Office of AirQualit

y Plannin g and stand ards , O.S . Envlronmenta i Protectio n Agency . Research Triangl e Park, N.C . EPA 450/2-78-02 7 (OAQP S No . 1.2-080) , April . 1978 . 4 . "Ai rMonitorin g Strateg y forStat e Im plementatio n Plans. " Prepared by th e Standin g AirMonitorin g Wor k Group . U.S . Environmenta

l Protectio n Agency , Office o f Airand Waste Management, Office o f Ai r Qualit y Plannin g and Standards , Research Triangl e Park . N.C . 27711 . EPA-450/2-77 - 010 . June . 1977 . TABL E I—Urbanized

Areas With Lead

Air Concentrations Exceeding or Equal to l.S ng/m'. Maximum Quarterly Mean (.1975) AQC RNo . Are a 00 4 Birmingham . Ala . 01 5 Phoenix . Ariz . 03 1 Fresno , Calif . 02 4 Lo s Angeles—Lon g Beach . Calif . 02 8 Sacramento , Calif . 02 4 Sa n Bernardino—Riverside . Calif . 02 9 Sa n Diego . Calif . 03 0 Sa n Francisco—Oakland . Calif . 03 0 Sa n Jose , Calif . 03 8 Denver . Colo . 04 3 Ne w York , N.Y.—northeaster n Ne w

Jersey . 04 2 Waterbury , Conn . 04 2 Springfield , Chicopee-Holyoke ,

Mass.—Connecticut . 04 5 Wilmington , Del.—Ne w Jersey . 04 8 Philadelphia , Pa.—Ne w Jersey . 04 7 Washington . D.C—Maryland—Virgin ia . 06 7 „ Chicago , 111.—northwestern Indiana . 13 1 Minneapolis—St . Paul , Minn . 07 0 St . Louis . Mo.—Illinois . 01 3 La s Vegas . Nev . 14 8 Reno . Nev . 18 4 Oklahom aCity . Okla . 15 1 Scranton.Pa . 24 4 Sa n Jyan . P.R . 20 0 Columbia , S.C : 20 2 Greenville . S.C . 207.... . Knoxville , Tenn . 01 8 Memphis . Tenn.—Mississippi . 21 5 Dallas . Tex . 15 3 E l Paso , Tex . 21 8 Houston . Tez . SOURCE : Data from EPA' s Environmenta l Monitorin g SupportLaboratory , Statistica l and Technica l Analysi s Branch . Dated : Septembe r29,1978 .

DOUGLA S M . COSTLE , Administrator. Th e Cod e o f

Federa l Regulations , Titl e 40 , Chapte rI , Par t51 , i s amend e d a s follows : 1 . I n g 91.1 , paragrap h (k ) i s revise d an d paragrap h (n ) i s amende d b y addin g paragrap h (11 ) a s follows : § Sl. l Definitions . (k ) "Poin tsource " mean s th e follow ing : (1 ) Fo rparticulat e matter , sulfu r oxides , carbo n monoxide , hydrocar bons , an d nitroge n dioxide — (i ) An y stationar y sourc e th e actua l jejtpission s o f

whic h ar e i n exces s o f 90. 7 metri c ton s (10 0 tons ) pe ryea ro f th e pollutan ti n aregio n containin g a n are awhos e 197 0 "urba n place " popula tion , a s define d b y th e U.S . Burea u o f th e Census , wa s equa l t o o rgreate r tha n 1 million ; (il ) An y stationar y sourc e th e actua l emission s o f

whic h ar e i n exces s o f 22. 7 metri c ton s (2 5 tons ) pe ryea ro f th e pollutan ti n aregio n containin g a n are awhos e 197 0 "urba n place " popula tion , a s define d b y th e U.S . Burea u o f th e Censu s wa s les s tha n 1 million ; o r (iii ) Withou tregar d t o amoun to f emissions , stationar y source s suc h a s thos e liste d i n appendi x C t o thi s part . (2 ) Fo rlead , an y stationar y sourc e th e actua l emission s o f whic h ar e i n exces s o f

4.5 4 metri c ton s ( 5 tons ) pe r yea ro f lea d o rlea d compound s meas ure d a s elementa l lead . (n) 0 0 0 (11 ) Contro l o rprohibitio n o f afue l o rfue l additiv e use d In moto rvehicles , i f suc h contro l o rprohibitio n i s neces sar y t o achiev e anationa l primar y o r secondar y ai rqualit y standar d an d I s approve d b y th e Administrato runde r § 211(c)(4)(C ) o f

th e Act .

2 . Sectio n 51.12 , paragrap h (e ) i s amende d b y addin g subdivisio n (3 ) a s follows : § 51.1 2 Control strategy : General . (e ) ° ° ° (3 ) Thi s paragrap h cover s onl y plan s t o attai n an d maintai n th e nationa l standard s fo rparticulat e matter , sulfu roxides , carbo n monoxide , pho tochemica l oxidants , hydrocarbons , an d nitroge n dioxide .

3 . Sectio n 51.1 7 i s amende d b y (1 ) re visin g th e headin g t o rea d "Ai rqualit y surveillance : Particulat e matter , sulfu r oxides , carbo n monoxide , photochemi ca l oxidants , hydrocarbons , an d nitro ge n dioxide, " an d (2 ) addin g para grap h (d ) a s follows : § 51.1 7 Aii ? qadl£Jj>. > oEjvoSfaicee : • Postaii late matter , odfe ? onCta , eos-feu a Ewwaoside , photoctMiKate&

l OEldomto

, fcy&©> carbons , and nitroge n dtozAde . (d ) Thi s sectio n cover s onl y plan s to attai n an d maintai n th e nationa l standard s fo rparticulat e matter , sulfu roxides , carbo n monoxide , pho tochemica l oxidants , hydrocarbons , an d nitroge n dioxide . 4 . A ne w § 51.17 b i s adde d a s follows : § 51.17 b Ai rqualit

y surveillance : Lead . (a ) Thi s sectio n cover s onl y plan s to attai n an d maintai n th e nationa l standard s fo rlead . MONITORIN G I H CERTAI N AREA S (b ) Th e pla n mus tprovid e fo rth e es tablishmen to f

amonitorin g syste m tha tcontain s a tleas ttw o permanen t lea d ambien tai rqualit y monitorin g station s i n eac h urbanize d are a(a s de fine d b y th e U.S . Burea u o f th e Census) — (1 ) Tha tha s a197 0 populatio n greate rtha n 500,000 ; o r (2 ) Wher e lea d ai rqualit y concentra tion s currentl y excee d o rhav e exceed e d 1.5fig/m ' quarterl y arithmeti c mea n measure d sinc e Januar y 1,1974 . (c ) Th e EP A Regiona l Administrato r ma y specif

y mor e tha n tw o monitorin g station s i f

h e find s tha ttw o station s ar e insufficien tto adequatel y deter min e i f th e lea d standar d i s bein g at taine d an d maintained . H e ma y als o specif y station s l n area s outsid e th e area s covere d i n paragrap h (b ) o f thi s section . (d ) Th e monitorin g syste m mus tcon tai n a tleas ton e roadwa y typ e moni torin g sit e an d a tleas ton e neighbor hoo d sit e an d b e site d i n accordanc e wit h th e procedure s specifie d i n EPA' s "Supplementar y Guideline s fo rLea d Implementatio n Plans. " (e ) Th e monitor s mus tb e operate d o n aminimu m samplin g frequenc y o f on e 24-hou rsampl e ever y 6 days . (f ) Existin g samplin g site s bein g use d fo rsamplin g particulat e matte r ma y b e designate d a s site s fo rsam plin g lea d i f

the y mee tth e sitin g crite ri ao f "Supplementar y Guideline s fo r Lea d Implementatio n Plans. " (g ) Th e pla n mus tprovid e tha tal l lea d ai rqualit y monitorin g station s wil l b e establishe d an d operationa l a s expeditiousl y a s practicabl e bu tn o late rtha n 2 year s afte rth e dat e o f th e Administrator' s approva l o f th e pla n fo rth e station s specifie d unde rpara grap h (b ) o f

thi s section . (h ) Th e analysi s o f

th e 24-hou rsam ple s ma y b e performe d fo reithe rindi vidua l sample s o rcomposite s o f Ui e sample s collecte d ove ra - esferato r mont h o rquarter . (i ) [Reserved ] •'•*'.

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C -the ' "ISie €&Oi1B&Ba^mx& L includ e th e fol lb^rtnvfidaeiBadtmr " <1 > Itt e SAROA D stt e identificatio n forma t^fiis'Sil'- . H-s^'a- : (2) , Th-4 : ..samplin g an d analysi s metho^-a^-V'>%*•«• ; ; a ; '• '

, <a)T^SMnpHn«aehedule . <k > •nja^j^nnttodi w metho d use d i n an y stetio n %th e monitorin g system s require d taa^ttr^ection mus tb e areferenc e or"ejjallafciu tmetho d fo rlea d a adefine d m | «V 1 otttol s chapter . t» A.-SW W subpar tE i s adde d a s fol lows ; ~ ..' : •,.;,..... _ V i , Subpi l 1 fcbliotSbnHor - Ua d Se c 81.8 0 Demonstratio n of

attainment . poin t

11* . WMaf

c Clean Air Ae t« B amende d X4AMA.C 7410 , W01) . Subpart E—Contro l Strategy : Loa d 15U W Demonstratio n o f attainment . (a ) Bac h pla n mus tcontai n ademon stration , tha tth e standar d wil l b e at * taine d an d maintaine d i n th e follow in g areas : (1 ) Area s i n th e vicinit y o f th e fol lowm g poin tsource s o f lead ; Primar y lea d smelters . Secondar y lead •neiten . - Primar y coppe rsmelters . Lead tasodn e additiv e plants . Lea d ari d storag e battery , manufacturin g plant s tha tproduce 2,000 or . more batterie s pe rday . An y othe rstationar y sourc e tha tactuall y emit s I S o rmor e ton s pe ryea ro f lea d o r lea d compound s fMMtutd t s elementa l 51.82 Airqualit

y < 51.8 3 Certai n urbanise d areas . 5L8 4 -Area

s aroun d significan t sources. ' SL8S Othe rareas ? 51.8 6 Database* . 51J T Measure s MJ » Da-taawallabfltty .

(2 ) An y othe rarea-tha tha alea d ah concentration s i n exeeno f th e nifi6n a l standar d oanwntraU< m fo rlead , measure d atfcce Januar y 1 , \VtiSi-t (b ) The , pla n mus tdemonstrat e tha t th e measures , rules , an d regulation s containe d i n th e pla n ar e p^^xnt^t- f t o provid e fo rthe.atUlnmen to f tn e na tiona l stoadap d fo rlea d withi n th e tim e prescribe d b y th * Ac tan d fo rth e m a tnteimng p aM-ta tatandar d for. a reaaona& f

perio d thereafter . (c ) The . pla n mus tinclud e th e fol lowing : ,...

• s^ydiJ, -r+A-- >-••••

• •'.;>. : t W » AN T IWUlATrOH S

(1 ) A summar y o f

tb e computations , assumptions , an d Judgment s use d to determin e tb e reductio n o f emission s o rreductio n o f

th e growt h i n emis sion s tha tw m resul tfro m th e applica tio n o f th e contro l strategy . <3 T A presentatio n o f

emissio n level s expecte d t o resul tfro m apphcatio n o f eac h measur e o f

th e contro l strategy . (3 ) A presentatio n o f

th e ai rqualit y level s expecte d to resul tfro m applica tio n o f th e overal l contro l strateg y presente d eithe ri n tabula rfor m o ra s a n Isoplet h ma p showin g expecte d maximu m concentrations . 161.8 1 Rmtosioo i data . (a ) Th e pla n mus tconta m asum mar y o f th e baselin e lea d emissio n in ventor y base d upo n measure d emis sion s or , wher e measure d emission s ar e no tavailable , documente d emis sio n factors . Th e poin tsourc e inven tory o n whic h th e summar y i s base d mus tcontai n al l source s tha temi t5 o r mor e tons o f

lea d pe ryear . Th e inven tory mus tb e summarize d i n afor m simila rto tha tshow n i n appendi x D . (b ) Th e pla n mus tcontai n asum mar y o f projecte d lea d emission s for — (1 ) A tleas t3 year s fro m th e dat e b y whic h EP A mus tapprov e o rdisap prov e th e pla n i f

n o extensio n unde r sectio n 110(e ) o f

th e Clea n Ai rAc ti s granted ; (2 ) A tleas t5 year s fro m th e dat e b y whic h EP A mus tapprov e o rdisap prov e th e pla n i f

a n extensio n i s re queste d unde rsectio n 110(e ) o f th e Clea n Ai rAct ; o r (3 ) An y othe rlonge rperio d l f re quire d b y th e appropriat e EP A Re giona l Administrator . (c ) Th e pla n mus tcontai n adescrip tio n o f th e metho d use d t o projec t emissions . (d ) Th e pla n mus tcontai n a n identi ficatio n o f

th e source s o f

th e dat a use d i n th e projectio n o f emissions . § 51.8 2 Airqualit

y data . (a ) Th e pla n mus tcontai n asum mar y o f al l lea d ai rqualit y dat ameas ure d sinc e Januar y 1974 . Th e pla n mus tinclud e a n evaluatio n o f th e dat a fo rreliability , suitabilit y fo rcalibrat in g dispersio n model s (whe n suc h model s wfl l b e used) , an d representa tiveness . Whe n possible , th e ai rqual it y (fat ause d mus tb e fo rth e sam e ba selin e yea ra s fo rth e emissio n inven tory . (b ) I f additiona l lea d ai rqualit y dat a ar e desire d to determin e lea d ai rcon centration s i n area s suspecte d o f ex ceedin g th e lea d nationa l ambien tai r qualit y standard , th e pla n ma y includ e dat afro m an y previousl y collecte d fil ter s fro m particulat e matte rhig h vohan e samplers . I n determinin g th e lea d conten to f

th e fitter s fo rcontro l strateg y demonstratio n purposes , a Stat e ma y use , i n additio n to th e refer method . X-ra y fluorescenc e o r an y othe rmetho d approve d b y th e Re giona l Administrator . r (c ) Th e pla n mus tals o contai n atab ulatio n of

, o risoplet h ma p showing , maximu m ai rqualit y concentration s base d upo n projecte d emissions . § 51.83 Certai n urbanize d areas . Fo rurbanise d area s wit h measure d lea d concentration s t n exces s o f 4 4 fig/m' , quarterl y mea n measure d sinc e Januar y 1.1974 , th e pla n mus templo y th e modifie d rollbac k mode l fo rth e demonstratio n o f

attainmen tas ' a minimum , bu tma y us e a n atmospheri c dispersio n mode l i f

desired . §51.8 4 Areas aroun d significan tpoia t sources . (a ) Th e pla n mus tcontai n acalcula tio n o f th e maximu m lea d ai rqualtt y concentration s an d th e locatio n o f thos e concentration s resultin g fro m th e followin g poin tsource s fo rth e demonstratio n o f

attainment : Primar y lea d smelters . Secondar y lead smelters . Primar y coppersmelters . Lea d gasolin e additive pi^n

g Lead-ad d storag e battery manufacturin g plants tha tproduc

e 2.00 0 o rmer e batterie s perday . An y othe rstationar y sourc e tha tactuall y emits 2 5 o rmor e tan s pe ryea ro

f lea d o r lea d wn-pound i meawiiwl a s elementa l lead . (b ) I n performin g thi s analysis , th e Stat e sha D us e a n atmospheri c disper sio n mode L §51.8 5 Otherareas . Fo reac h are ai n th e vicinit y o f a n ai rqualit y monito rtha tha s recorde d lea d concentration s i n exces s o f th e lea d nationa l standar d concentration , th e pla n mus templo y th e modifie d rollbac k mode l a s aminimum , bu tma y us e a n atmospheri c dispersio n mode l i f desire d fb rth e demonstratio n o f at tainment . §51.8 6 Databases . (a ) Fo rinterstat e regions , th e analy si s fro m eac h constituen tStat e must , wher e practicable , b e base d upo n th e sam e regiona l emissio n inventor y an d ai rqualit y baseline . (b ) Eac h Stat e shal l submi tt o th e appropriat e EP A Regiona l Offic e wit h th e plan , bu tno ta s par to f th e plan , emission s dat aan d informatio n relat e d to poin tan d are asourc e emission s a s identifie d i n th e "Supplementar y Guideline s fo rLea d Implementatio n Plans. " (e ) Ai rqualit y data . (1 ) Eac h Stat e shal l submi tt o th e appropriat e EP A Regiona l Offic e wit h th e plan , bu tno ta s par to f th e plan , al l lea d ai rqualit y dat o measure d sinc e Januar y 1 . 1974 . Thi arequlie V0 L 4 * MO . m-THU*SDAY . OCfOM * % W »

ry a*-. : "U?^..^ '•'" • ,.?• ? •:- ! :X' i V*(!w : r.a- . .$HSSL'- . " S& '

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### men tdoe s no tappl y i f th e dat aha s al read y bee n submitted . (2 ) Th e dat amus tb e submitte d i n accordanc e wit h th e procedure s an d dat aform s specifie d i n chapte r3.4. 0 of th e "AERO S User' s Manual " concern in g storag e an d retrieval o f aerometri c dat e (SAROAD ) excep twher e th e Re gional Administrato rwaive s thi s re quirement . § 51.8 7 Measures

. (a ) Th e lea d contro l strateg y mus t includ e th e following : (1 ) A descriptio n of

eac h contro l measur e tha ti s incorporate d int o th e lea d plan . (2 ) Copie s of

o rcitation s t o th e en forceabl e law s and regulation s t o im plemen tth e measure s adopte d i n th e lea d plan . (3 ) A descriptio n o

f th e administra tiv e procedure s t o b e use d i n imple mentin g eac h selecte d contro l meas ure . (4 ) A descriptio n of enforcemen t method s including , bu tno tlimite d to , procedure s fo rmonitorin g complianc e wit h eac h of

th e selecte d contro l measures , procedure s fo rhandlin g vio lations , an d adesignatio n o f agenc y re sponsibility fo renforcemen to rimple mentation . § 51.8 8 Dat aavailability. (a ) Th e Stat e shal l retai n al l de taile d dataan d calculation s use d i n th e preparatio n of

th e lea d analyse s an d plan , make the m availabl e fo r publi c inspection , an d submi tthe m to th e Administrato ra thi s request . (b ) Th e detaile d dat aan d calcula tion s use d i n th e preparatio n o f th e lea d analyse s an d contro l strategie s are no tconsidere d apartof th e lea d plan . (Sees . 110 . 301(a) , Clea

n Ai rAc ta s amende d (4 2 O.S.C . 7410 , 7801). ) [F RDoc . 78-2805 1 File

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### OENCY : Environmental Protectio n genc y (EPA) . CTION : Propose d rulemaking . UMMARY : O n Decembe r14 , 1977 , e w nationa l primar

y an d secondary mbientai rquality standard s fo rlea d er e propose d (4 2 F R63076) . Atmos heri c lea d i s propose d t o b e measure d s elementa l lead , eithe rby th e pro cee d referenc e metho d o r"b y a n quivalen tmethod. " Th e amendments ropose d belo w woul d provid e th e nec Bsar y an d appropriate change s i n th e xlstin g equivalen tmetho d regula lon s (primaril y containe d i n 40 CFR 'ar t53 ) to allo w th e designatio n o f quivalen tmethod s fo rmeasurin g at mospheri c lea d concentrations . >ATES : Comments relativ e to thes e iroposed regulation s mus tb e receive d i y Novembe r20 , 1978 . 1DDRESS : Sen d comment s t o Mr. •arr y J . Purdue , Departmen tE (MD S) , Environmental Monitorin g an d Suppor tLaboratory , U.S . Environmen a l Protectio n Agency ; Researc h Tri ingl e Park , N.C . 27711 . •"O RFURTHE RINFORMATIO N CONTACT : Mr . Larr y Purdue , telephon e 919 - 541-307 6 (FT S 629-3076) . Incidenta l information : Th e pro - >ose d referenc e metho d fo rmeasurin g itmospheri c lead , a s wel l a s much as sociated information , was publishe d i n h e Decembe r14 , 1977 , issu e o f th e FEDERA L REGISTE

R

### (vol . 42) , startin g o n jage 63076 . SUPPLEMENTAR

Y INFORMATION : BACKGROUN

D 

### Whe n th e firs tnationa l ambien tai r luallty standard s were promulgate d i n .97 1 (3 6 F R8186 , Apr. 30 , 1971) , EP A :stablishe d th e concep ttha tmeasure nent s of ambien tai rpollutant s use d a determin e complianc e wit h th e standards mus tb e mad e wit h eithe ra specified "referenc e method " orwit h u i alternat e metho d whic h coul d b e ihown to b e "equivalent " t o th e refer enc e method . Th e ai rquality stand ard s are no w containe d i n par t5 0 o f ;itl e 4 0 ofth e Code of

Federal Regula tions (4 0 CF RPar t50) . Appendixe s to par t5 0 specif

y eithe raprescribe d ref - :rence method , o rameasuremen t principl e an d calibratio n procedur e ap ra©p@§o® WM&§ 

### plicabl e t o referenc e methods , fo r eac h pollutan tfo rwhic h astandar d ha s bee n promulgated . O n February 18 , 1975 , EP A promul gate d regulation s t o establis h defini tiv e requirements an d procedure s b y whic h method s fo rmeasurin g speci fie d ai rpoUutants ma

y b e designate d "referenc e methods " o r"equivalen t methods " (4 0 F R7044 , Feb . 18 . 1975) . Thes e regulation s are containe d i n 4 0 CF RPart53 . Originall y thes e "equiva lency " regulation s were applicabl e only t o method s fo rmeasurin g SO, , CO , and photochemcia l oxidant s (O.) , bu twere subsequentl y amende d t o cove rmethod s fo rNO . a s wel l (4 1 F R 52692 . Dec . 1 , 1976) . O n Decembe r14, 1977 , EP A pro pose d amendments to 4 0 CF RPart5 0 t o establis h ne w nationa l primar y an d secondary ambien tairquality stand ard s fo rlead . Als o propose d was anew appendi x t o part5

0 specifyin g arefer enc e metho d fo rmeasurin g atmos pheri c lead . Th e metho d propose d measure s th e lea d conten to f suspend e d particulat e matte rcollecte d o n glas s fibe rfilter s usin g hig h volum e samples . Th e lea d i s extracte d from th e particulate matte ran d measure d b y atomi c absorptio n spectroscopy . Th e procedure propose d i s necessaril y very restrictiv e and specifi c i n orde rt o maintai n th e hig h leve l of accuracy and reproducibilit

y and th e lo w leve l of variability requisite fo rareferenc e method . However , othe rprocedure s are availabl e fo rmeasurin g lea d whic h ar e likel y t o b e a s goo d a s th e refer enc e metho d and ma

y b e advanta geou s t o particula rusers . Fo rexample , usin g th e sam e samplin g procedure a s th e referenc e metho d (hig h volum e sampler) , several alternat e analytica l principle s (flameles s atomi c absorp tion , optica l emissio n spectrometry , and anodi c strippin g voltametry ) ar e know n t o b e suitabl e fo rlea d analysis . I f thes e alternat e procedure s can b e designate d as "equivalent " methods , the n user s woul d hav e muc h more flexibilit y i n selectin g ametho d fo r lea d measurement s whic h fit s thei r own circumstance s o

f availabl e equip ment , personnel , and expertise . Also , EP A see s n o reaso n wh y lea d measurement s mus tb e restricte d t o a particula rsamplin g technique , suc h a s th e hig h volum e sampler . Fo rexam ple , lo w volum e particulat e sample s ca n b e analyze d fo rlea d b y X-ra y flu orescence . Othe rnon-high-volum e techniques ma

y als o b e availabl e o r unde rdevelopment . B y allowin g fo r th e possibility o

f qualifyin g suc h alter nat e method s as equivalen tmethods , EP A hope s t o permi tan d encourag e continue d advancemen tin

_th e tech nolog y o f measurin g atmospheri c lead . Fo rth e reason s give n above , EP A believe s i ti s advantageou s t o propos e appropriate amendment s t o 40 CFR Part5 3 to exten d th e equivalen t metho d regulation s to cove rmethod s fo rmeasurin g lea d l n th e atmosphere . Sinc e most , i

f no tall , candidate equiv alen tmethod s fo rlea d are likel y to b e manual methods , EP

A expect s rela tivel y littl e initia l Incentiv e fo rcom mercial organization s t o apply fo r equivalen tmetho d determinations . Consequently , mos tequivalen t metho d application s fo rlea d method s wil l hav e to b e originate d by EP A unde r§53. 7 "Testin g o f Method s a t th e Initiativ e of

th e Administrator. " Specifically , EP

A intend s t o pursu e designatio n o

f som e o f th e method s note d earlier , whic h are alread y i n us e amon g som e monitorin g agencies . Thes e woul d includ e method s whic h us e th e sam e samplin g procedure a s th e referenc e method , bu tus e alter nat e analytica l principle s suc h a s fla meles s atomi c absorption , optica l emis sio n spectrometry , and anodi c strip pin g voltametry . Direc tanalysi s of hig h volum e filter s b y X-ra y fluores cenc e i s als o alikel y candidate metho d fo rearl y designatio n b y EPA .

GENERA L APPROAC

H 

### A s suggeste d above , an y metho d whic h purports to measur e atmospher i c lea d coul d b e considere d a s acandi date equivalen tmethod , regardles s o f th e samplin g procedure o ranalytica l techniqu e used . T o b e designate d a s a n equivalen tmethod , th e candidate metho d mus tdemonstrate a"consist en trelationship " to th e referenc e method . Thi s i s don e b y takin g simul taneou s measurements wit h bot h method s i n accordance wit h th e proce dure s and requirements to b e specifie d I n 4 0 CF RPart53 . I n addition , th e candidate metho d mus tals o demon strat e adequate precisio n amon g re peate d analyse s of

th e sam e sample . Sinc e th e propose d referenc e metho d provide s 24-hou rintegrate d measurements , candidate method s woul d hav e to b e compare d o n tha t basis . Shorte rterm integrate d meth od s oreve n automate d method s coul d b e considere d a s candidat e methods . Bu tonl y 24-houraverage s coul d b e compare d t o th e referenc e method . Therefore , any subsequen tdesignatio n o f suc h ametho d a s an equivalen t metho d woul d appl y onl y t o 24-hou r averages . AMENDMENT

S T O 40 CF RPAR

T 5 1 

### Paragrap h (a ) o

f § 51.17 aprovide s general requirements fo rai rquality monitorin g method s use d b y State s i n thei rimplementatio n pla n monitorin g networks . Subparagrap h (1 ) require s us e of referenc e o requivalen tmethod s fo rSO, , CO , O, , an d NO. , and woul d b e amende d t o als o includ e lead . Sub paragrap h (3 ) provide s certai n "grand father " period s fo rus e o f existin g method s fo rSO * CO , Ot . an d NOo

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'^'grandfather " provisio n allowin g ex istin g method s fo rlea d to b e use d unti l Februar y 18 , 1980—th e sam e ex piratio n dat e a s tha tfo rexistin g method * fo rSOt , CO , an d O, .

AMENDMEN T T O PAR T 5 3 

### Subpar tC o f

par t8 3 contain s th e tes tprocedure s prescribe d fo rdeter minin g aconsisten trelationshi p be twee n th e referenc e metho d an d acan didat e equivalen tmethod . Sinc e thes e test s procedure s wer e originall y de signe d fo rgaseou s pollutants , severa l significan tchange s an d addition s ar e require d t p adap tth e procedure s fo r lead . DETERMINATIO N O F CONSISTEN T

RELATIONSHI P 

### Sectio n 53.30 . paragrap h (a ) pertain in g t o th e determinatio n o f aconsist en trelationshi p woul d b e change d t o indicat e tha tth e specification s fo r lea d appea ri n aseparat e tabl e (tabl e C-3 ) tha n th e specification s fo rSO, , CO , O, , an d NO, .

TES T SIT E 

### Sectio n 53.30 , paragrap h (b) , per tainin g t o tes tsite s woul d b e change d i n severa l ways . First , th e paragrap h woul d b e subdivide d t o differentiat e th e variou s requirement s applicabl e to : (1 ) Al l methods , (2 ) method s fo r gaseou s pollutants , an d (3 ) method s fo rlead . Multipl e testsite s woul d b e allowe d fo rlea d method s i n orde rt o facilitat e measurement s i n th e re quire d range , sinc e poUutan taugmen tatio n woul d no tb e feasibl e fo rpartic ulat e methods . Also , ane w provisio n woul d allo w a n applican tto reques t approva l o f

th e tes tsit e o rsite s fro m EP A prio rt o conductin g th e tests . A fina l mino rchang e propose d fo r paragrap h (b ) woul d delet e th e stipu latio n tha ttes tsite s b e awa y fro m larg e bodie s o f

wate r° ° °. " Thi s chang e ha s nothin g to d o wit h lead , bu ti s prompte d b y genera l confusio n amon g appUcant s a s t o it s specifi c meaning . Sinc e th e requiremen ti s no t essential , th e curren trevisio n o f th e paragrap h provide s agoo d opportuni t y t o eliminat e bot h th e stipulatio n an d th e confusion . OTHE RGENERA L PROVISION S 

### Paragraph s (c) , (d) , an d (e ) o f § 53.3 0 woul d als o b e revise d an d reorganize d to reflec tth e difference s i n require ment s fo rmethod s fo rgaseou s poUut ant s an d fo rlea d particulates . Revise d paragrap h (c ) specifie s th e genera l re quiremen tfo rsimultaneou s measure ment s a tth e tes tsit e i n eac h o f th e re quire d concentratio n range s indicate d b y table s C- l or . C-3 . Paragraph , (d ) woul d b e revise d an d subdivide d to clarify th e differen trequirement s fo r sampl e coUection . Subparagrap h (1 ) indicate s th e genera l requiremen tfo r homogenou s samples . Subparagrap h (2 ) specifie s th e us e o f

acommo n dis tributio n manifol d an d allow s artificia l poUutan taugmentatio n fo rgaseou s poUutants . Subparagrap h (3 ) specifie s th e relativ e locatio n requirement s fo r lea d samplers . An d paragrap h (4 ) woul d specificaU y allo w th e us e o f a commo n sampl e whe n th e candidat e metho d use s asamplin g procedur e identica l t o tha to f

th e referenc e method . Finally , th e presen tpara grap h (d ) o n "Submissio n o f Tes tDat a ° ° ° " woul d b e change d t o paragrap h (e) .

<• » TES T CONDITION S 

### I n §53.3 1 o n "Tes tConditions, " paragraph s (a) , (c) , and (d ) woul d b e revise d slightl y t o clarif y certai n dif

ference s betwee n gaseou s and particu lat e methods , and t o clarif y th e re quirements pertainin g t o calibratio n and range . TES T PROCEDUR E 

### Becaus e th e tes tprocedure s bein g proposed fo rlea d diffe rconsiderabl y from thos e fo rgaseou s pollutants , ex istin g §53.3 2 woul d b e retitle d "Tes t Procedure s fo rGaseou s PoUutants " an d anew §53.33 , "Tes tProcedure s fo rLead, " woul d b e added . Th e pro pose d new § 53.33 i s simUa ri n for m t o § 53.32 , bu tth e specifi c requirements fo rlea d method s diffe ri n several way s from th e requirements fo rgaseou s pollutan tmethods . First , anew tabl e C- 3 summarize s th e tes tspecification s pertinen tt o method s fo rlead . Onl y on e concentratio n rang e i s specified , int o whic h five ormore o f th e mea surements mus tfail . Th e differenc e specificatio n fo rlea d i s specifie d as a percen tof

th e referenc e metho d mea surement , a s oppose d t o th e fixed , ab solut e value s specifie d fo rgaseou s pol lutan tmethods..A n accurac y specifica tio n fo rth e referenc e metho d base d o n analysi s o

f audi tsample s supplie d by EP A i s specified . I n addition , aperformanc e specificatio n fo ranalytica l precisio n i s als o bein g propose d t o appl y t o lea d methods . Becaus e mos tmethod s fo rlea d pro vid e aresul tonl y afte rcoUecte d sam ple s are analyze d i n a laboratory , th e tes tacceptanc e criteri aar e base d o n a singl e samplin g pla n rathe rtha n th e doubl e samplin g pla n prescribe d fo r gaseou s pollutan tmethods . Te n or more (simultaneous ) sample s are col lecte d and analyze d t o provid e a tleas t fiv e sample s whic h fa

U int o th e re quire d rang e o

f 0. 5 t o 4. 0 ng/m' . Each sampl e i s analyze d thre e time s an d th e result s o f a U sample s i n th e rang e are subjecte d t o bot h th e precisio n test prescribe d i n paragrap h (e ) an d th e consisten trelationshi p tes tprescribe d . i n paragrap h (f) . Fo rth e candidate metho d to qusltf y fo ? design&tSst&iCai

r testfailure s woul d b e permitte^i@feithertest . '~~.cz- y" :

PUBLI C 

### PARTiciPATioEr Intereste d person s ar e invite d to commen to n an y aspec to f thes e gfc» * pose d amendments . Comment s shots M b e submitte d i n dupUcat e an d mds£'b & receive d b y Novembe r20 . 1978 . Ad dres s comment s t o Mr . Larr y Purdue . Departmen tE (MD-76) , Environmen ta l Monitorin g an d Suppor tLabora tory , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangle.Park , N:C . 27711 . Dated : Septembe r29,1978 .

DOUGLA S M . COSTLE , 

### Administrator. I ti s propose d to amen d chapte rI , titl e 40 , Cod e o f

Federa l Regulations , a s foUows : PAQ T St—QEOUIQEA4EK17 8 FO Q PQEPAOATCOKI , ADOPTION , AN O SMQftOTTAa. O P VXW3S2&- TATIO N PLAN S 

### 1 . I n § 51.17a , paragrap h (a ) i s amende d b y revisin g th e firs tsentenc e o f paragrap h (a)(1 ) an d addin g a saa tenc e t o th e en d o f

paragrap h (aX3 ) to rea d a s foUows : J-.. § 51.17 aAi rqualit y monitorin g metteiSc C (a ) General

requirements. (1 ) JEscep t a s otherwis e provide d i n thi s para grap h (a) , eac h metho d fo rmeasurin g SO, , CO , O, , NO, , o rlea d use d fo rpujr- * pose s o f § 51.17 ashal l b e areferend a metho d o requivalen tmetho d a s de fine d i n § 53. 1 o f

thi s chapter . ° ° ° (2) ° ° ° (3 ) ° ° ° An y manua l metho d fo r lea d i n us e befor e (dat e o f promulga tio n o f thes e amendments ) ma y b e use d fo rpurpose s o f

§ 51.17(a ) unt U Februar y 18,1980 .

PAR T S3—AMBIEN T AI Q MONITOQIN @ REFERENC E AN D EOUIVALEN T METHOO S 

### 2 . I n §53.3 0 th e las tsentenc e o f paragrap h (a ) i s delete d an d ne w sub paragraph s (1 ) an d (2 ) ar e added ; an d paragraph s (b) , (c) , (d) , an d (e ) ar e re vise d t o rea d a s foUows : § 53.3 0 Genera l provisions . (a ) ° ° ° (1 ) A consisten trelationship' i s show n fo rSO, , CO , O, , an d NO o meth od s whe n th e difference s between : (! ) Measurement s mad e b y acandidat e manua l metho d o rby' ates tanalyze r representativ e o f

acandidat e automat e d method , an d (ii ) measurement s mad e simultaneousl y b y areference . metho d ar e les s tha n o requa l to th e valu e specifie d i n th e las tcolum n t& tabl e C-l . - "-"•' (2 ) A consisten trelatSdnah ^ & / show n fo rlea d method s whe n th s &$ • PQSXKJA L QG-BJSTBO

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O meter s fro m th e edg e ei*Jieavll y travele d roadway . #;(«l;iTte»<- . at&ioephere. Ambien tai r ,;i)faple d a ta n approriat e testsit e shaU .louse d fo rthes e tests. Simultaneou s .-jitiftlgmtratia

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_rattanaspedfte d In tabl e C- l o rtabl e

eoUection.— <i> AU

methconcentrat-lo n measure Of : 

### . aunple s shal l b e take n i n s rsuchcAwayr.tha tbot h th e candidat e

9-p d th e referenc e metho d resample s tha tare-homogenou s acasjirailKidfemtlcalwpractl ^ --,

forgd&oua poUutant*. b^aample d fro m a

manl homogenou s lz 

### ^ !r

### methods . Preeau aba) l b e take n i n th e deafe n an d « . .jmntfjptli m afat-ht

e manifol d t o mini - * -att^*vi . —Du^f

i o f particulate s an d 'an d t o insur e tha tidentt - -TMkc^jt o tw o methods . If cfucentrattptto f

pollut - ^.^•Rw-'^Bosampks d ambien tai rma y b e Zx-3mm&&'-iW

aitifietaB y generate d %rW88!9M^Mm**-M

«ttttm« th e atr 1 b y th e candidat e an d

refcnme rmethod s unde rtes tahal l consis t<t f no tlea s tha n 8 0 percen tam Mea tai rb y volume . Schemati c draw Dtty-rtsa taiBstraUons . deacrip i^-aa d complet e detail s o f th e an d th e aagmenta ttoo syste m (tTused ) shaf l b e submit ted . - - m MeOUxU

forlead . Th e mtafc

e point s o f th e candidat e an d referenc e •a-mpie n fo rlea d shal l b e locate d be twee n S an d 5 meter s apart , an d be twee n 1.5 an d 5 meter s abov e groun d level . (4 ) Methods employing a common sampling procedure. Candidate meth od s whic h emplo y asample ran d sampl e eoUectio n procedure whic h are identica l to th e sample ran d sampl e colectio n procedure specifie d i n th e referenc e metho d ma

y b e teste d b y analysin g commo n sample s i n accord anc e wit h th e candidate an d referenc e analysi s procedures . Th e commo n sample s are t o b e coUecte d accordin g to th e sampl e eoUectio n procedure specifie d b y th e referenc e method , an d mus tb e divide d suc h tha tidentica l portion s ar

e analyze d b y th e analysi s procedure s o

f th e tw o methods . (e ) Submission of

test data and

other information. A

U recorde rcharts , cali bratio n data , records , tes tresults , pro cedural description s an d details , and othe rdocumentatio n obtaine d fro m (o rpertinen tto ) thes e test s sha U b e identified , dated , signe d b y th e analys t performin g th e test, an d submitted . 3 . I n § 53.31 , paragraph s (a) , (c) , an d (dXl ) ar e revise d t o rea d a s follows : f 53.31 Tes

tconditions . (a ) AU methods. A

U testmeasure ment s made ortestsample s coUecte d b y mean s of

asampl e manifol d a s specifie d i n § 53.30(d)(2 ) shall b e a ta roo m temperature betwee n 20 * an d 30* C , an d a talin e voltag e betwee n 10 5 an d 12 5 volts . Al l method s shal l b e calibrate d a s specifie d i n paragrap h (e ) of thi s sectio n prio rto initiatio n o f th e tests. (b ) • • • (e ) Calibration . Th e referenc e metho d shall b e calibrate d accordin g to th e appropriate appendi x t o par t5 0 of: thi s chapte r(if

i ti s amanual method ) o raccordin g to th e applicabl e operatio n manual(s ) (if

i ti s a n auto mate d method) . A candidat e manua l metho d (o rportio n thereof ) shal l b e calibrate d i

f suc h calibratio n i s apart o f th e method . • * • (d > Range. (1 ) Excep ta s provide d to paragrap h (d)(2 ) o f

thi s section ; eac h metho d shall b e operate d i n th e rang e specifie d fo rth e referenc e metho d i n th e appropriate appendi x to par t5 0 (fo rmanua l referenc e methods) , o r specifie d i n tabl e B- l of thi s par t(fo r automate d referenc e methods) .

-41 , NO . 144—1HUUOAV , 

### 4 . I n §53.3*4 , te revise d t o read; . {514 2 Tea t

5 . Sectio n 53.3 3 is-adde d to read-* * follow* : ::; 

### -'" V • I53J 3 Tes t 

### (a ) Sample caOeetlotu C-oOee tsimul taneou s 24-hou rsample s (fHtera ) o f lea d a tth e tes tsit e or«8erwtthbot h th e referenc e and ' candidat e method s unti l a tleas t1 0 fOte

rpatr s tisvehtien obtained . If

th e eondtttsn e o f § 53.30(d)(4 ) apply , collec ta tleas t1 0 commo n sample s (filters* I n accord anc e wit h § 53.30(d)(4 ) an d divid e eac h t o for m th e fUterpairs. ! - •••'-_ ' - - (b ) Audit samples . Ttereraadi taam - _ . pie s mustrto

e obtaine d fran rtii e Phai X tor . Environmental Manf-torin g n d Suppor tLaboratory . Departmen taE, U A Environmental< - iProtect-k m Agency , Researc h Triangl e E-ark , N.C . 27711 . Th e audi tsample s ar e "4x8 - inc h glass , fibe rstr^pf^containin g known amount s o f

Wfc l a ttte e follow in g nominal levels : 100 -^tystUp ; 30 0 Mg/strip ; 75 0 pg/ctrfe * .;*!»•» * teue--**,:^. amoun tof

lea d to tota l MS/attf

twil l be-'* ' ' " provide d wtt h eac h aad n apsjptfc. (c ) FUteranaliifis. t^ Wtm; hoth tiie yA referenc e metho d and " taaeiaudl taaa - J Ides , analyz e eac h fitter^ «*fdj*»fi^;*>? ~ time s i n accordanc e with_-^-wdj»»TOfle,7. metho d analytical . iuuw4ui^.'tt»:aa" ; analysi s of

replicates ahottlda^not•!»-* / performe d sequfnttaUytl ^ yprtrintlP sampl e shoul d no tb e ada&M d thgt o time s i n sequence) . C&Iculag e thelisdf- - cate d lea d concentraton s fo rth e refer enc e metho d sample s Ittpc/m* - la r eac h analysi s o

f eac h fllterfe XJakHlat

e th e indicate d total lea d aimxmtafo r th e audi tsample s i n ^/-MTtoJ5or.eaj3i analysi s of

eac h strip . Labl e *e»_tes l result s a s R

IA > RIB . 

### R, c RM^RSSI . 

### '..'•> , Q-u . Q.B , Qi o • • • -. wher e Rdenote s result s from th e reference , metho d samples ; Q denote s result s ft o th e audi tsamples ; 1 , 2 , 3 Indicate s filte r numbe ran d A . B , C indicate s thefirst , second , an d thir d analysi s o f eac h filter, respectively . (2 ) Fo rth e candidate metho d sam ples , analyz e eac h sampl e filte ro r filterextrac tthre e Um«s>r:«n d calcu late , i n accordance wit h tJjj g candidat e method , th e indicate d TttMraktQehtratio n i n jig/m * fo reac h analyst s o f ead i filter. Label thes e test . refiN^M-Cu . CIB > CM: , • wher e C denote s remirt s from th e candidat e raetftddL (90rmt*~ dldate method s which - pro-rtfeardfcee t measuremen to f

lead - eMfljHftathi withou ta separabl e Ck-C^CoCu-Cw -

. (d ) Fo rth e referenc e ,___ r



### _ T 

### _ lat e th e averag e lead^tbt«tf«M » eac h filte rb y averagm * pB^O*^fti . 

# v m-!:- • 

### pa®i?©SG ® am®-* : Cans calculate d from th e thre e analyses :

R1 A + R1 B •R I C 1 av e 

### (e ) Disregar d a

U filte rpairs fo r whic h th e lea d concentratio n a s deter mine d i n th e previou s paragrap h (d ) b y th e averag e o

f th e thre e referenc e metho d determinations , fall s outsid e th e rang e of

0. 5 t o 4. 0 jig/m» . A

U re mainin g filterpairs mus tb e subjecte d t o bot h o f

th e foUowing test s fo rpreci sio n an d consisten trelationship . A t leas tfiv e filterpair s mus tb e withi n wher e i 1 s th e filte r number . 

### th e 0.5 t o 4. 0 fig/m ' rang e fo rth e test s t o b e valid . (f ) Test forprecision. (1 ) Calculat e th e precisio n (P ) o f

th e analysi s (i n percent ) fo reac h filte ran d fo reac h method , a s th e maximu m minu s th e minimum divide d b y th e averag e o f th e thre e concentratio n values , a s fol lows : R , ma x - R . mi n P " = R71v i xlOOt . orP c l Ri 

### C . ma x - C . mi n

wher e i Indicate s th e filte rnumber . (2 ) I f an y referenc e mtho d precisio n valu e (PR, ) exceed s 15 percent , th e pre cisio n of th e referenc e metho d analyt ical procedure i s ou to

f control . Correctiv e actio n mus tb e take n to deter min e th e source(s ) o

f Imprecisio n and th e referenc e metho d determination s mus tb e repeate d accordin g t o paragrap h (c ) o

f this-section , orth e entir e tes tprocedure (startin g wit h para grap h (a) ) mus tb e repeated . (3 ) I f an y candidate metho d preci sio n valu e (P w 

### ) exceed s 1 5 percent , th e candidate metho d fail s th e precisio n test . (4 ) Th e candidate metho d passe s thi s tes ti

f a U precisio n value s (i.e. , al l Pw' s an d a

U P a 

### 's ) are less tha n 1

5 per cent . (g ) Test foraccuracy. (1 ) Fo rth e audi tsample s calculat e th e averag e lea d concentratio n fo reac h stri p b y averagin g th e concentration s calculat e d from th e thre e analyses : Calculate th e percen tdifferenc e (D„) betwee n th e indicate d lea d concentra tio n fo reac h audi tsampl e and th e tru e lea d concentratio n (T„ ) a s foUows : Q i av e - T 

### °q i = 

### T. , 9 

### * 10 

### °

Q i 

### av e = Qi A * Q i B * Q iC ,



### wher e i i s audit-sampl e number . q i 

### (2 ) I f any differenc e valu e (D„ ) ex ceed s ± 5 percen tth e accurac y o f th e referenc e metho d analytica l procedure is ou to f control . Corrective actio n mus tb e take n to determin e th e sourc e o f th e errorts ) (e.g. , calibratio n stand ar d discrepancies , extractio n problems , etc. ) and th e referenc e metho d and audi tsampl e determination s mus tb e repeate d accordin g to paragrap h (c ) o f thi s sectio n orth e entir e tes tproce ? dur e (startin g wit h paragrap h (a) ) mus tb e repeated . (h ) Test forconsistent

relationship. (1 ) Fo reac h filte rpair , calculat e al l nin e possibl e percen tdifference s (D ) betwee n th e referenc e and candidate methods , usin g al l nin e possibl e combi nation s o

f th e thre e determination s (A , B , and C) fo reac h method , as :

R i k x 100% , wher

e i i s th e filte r number, an d n



### 'iff" number s fro m 1 to 9 fo rth e nin e possi bl e differenc e combination s fo rth e thre e determination s fo reac h metho d (j = A . B , C , candidate ; k = A . B , C , reference) . (2 ) I f non e o f th e percen tdifference s (D ) exceed s ±2 0 percent , th e candi dat e metho d passe s th e test . (3 ) If on e o rmore difference s (D ) ex ceed s ±2 0 percent , th e candidate metho d fall s th e tes tfo rconsisten tre lationship . (i ) Th e candidat e metho d mus tpas s bot h th e precisio n tes tan d th e consist en trelationshi p tes tt o qualif y fo rdes ignatio n a s a n equivalen tmethod . TABE L C-3—TES T SPECIFICATION S FO B LEA D

METHOD S Concentratio

n range, ps/m'.... . Minimu m numbe

ro f 34-hrmeasure Maximu m analytica

l precision . percent Maximu m analytica

l Accuracy

, percent.. . Maximu m difference , percen

to f reference method

_ . 0.S t o 4. 0 5 13 ± 3 *2 0 CF RDoc . 78-2805 2 File d 10-4-78 ; 8:4 3 cm ] 

### (40-er a Par s si ] CFR L 937-81 IMPUSfciUSOTATlO N PLAN S FO Q UA ® MATtONAI . AMBIEN T AI B QUAUT Y STAMSAQ ® Prepsoo d Qoquiroraon-t o fe ? Arablon f Ai ? G-wsl K y Ktoni-torin g i n th o Vicinit y o f Cortel n loa d Pe>iir t Sourcoo ; Advonc o NoMco oi Prop«oo d RidoQisMn g 

### AGENCY : Environmental Protectio n Agency . ACTION : Advance notic e of propose d rulemaking . SUMMARY : Thi s i s an advance notic e o f EPA' s inten tt o propos e regulation s tha twoul d require th e Stat e imple mentatio n plan s (SIP's ) fo rattain men tand maintenanc e o f th e nationa l ambien tai rquaUt

y standar d (NAAQS ) fo rlea d to provid e fo rth e owne ro r operato ro

f eac h primar

y o rsecondar

y lea d smelte rorprimar

y coppe rsmelt e rt o establis h alea d ai rquality moni torin g syste m i n th e vicinity o f th e sourc e an d reportth e dat a to th e State . EP A intend s to propos e thi s re qiuremen tpartl y i n respons e to acom men treceive d o n th e propose d lea d implementatio n pla n requirement s o f Decembe r14 . 197

7 (4 2 F R62087) , bu t mainl y a s th e initiatio n o f aprocedure fo robtainin g informatio n concernin g th e nature , extent , an d impac to f fugi tiv e lea d emission s from th e smelter s sinc e very littl e accurate informatio n i s currentl y avaUable . Th e intende d effec to f thi s requiremen twoul d b e t o obtai n sufficien tai rquaUt y dat a aroun d th e subjec tsource s to deter min e i f the y are causin g violation s o f th e lea d NAAQS . I

f violation s ar e re corded , th e State s an d EP A wi U deter min e whethe radditional o ralternativ e contro l strategie s woul d b e adequate t o attai n an d maintai n th e NAAQ S fo r lead . DATES : Comments o n thi s advanc e notic e mus tb e receive d o n o rbefor e Decembe r4 , 1978 . Comments submit te d i n duplicate wil l facUitate interna l distributio n and pubU

c availability . ADDRESSES : Person s ma y submi t writte n comments o n thi s advanc e notic e to : U.S . Environmenta l Protec tio n Agency , Offic e o

f AirQuality Plannin g and Standards , Contro l Pro gram s Developmen tDivisio n (M D 15) , Researc h Triangl e Park , N.C . 27711 , attention : Mr. Josep h Sablesk i SP A wil l mak e al l comment s receive d o n or . befor e Decembe r4 , 1978 , availabl e fo r pubU c inspectio n durin g norma l busi nes s hour s at : EP

A Publi c Informatio n Referenc e Unit , 40 1 M Stree tSW , Roo m 2922 . Washington . D.C . 20490 .

FEE5QA! . QE61STGQ , VO L 43 , KO . 1-34—TWJ380AV ; eCT®a2 1 3 , 1CT O

VA-M * 

# J

### FURTHE RINFORMATIO N

CONTACT : Mr . Joh n SJIVESI , 

### U.S . Environmen ta l Protectio n Agency , Offic e of Ai r Quality Plannin g an d Standards , Contro l Program s Developmen tDi visio n (IS D 19) , Researc h Triangl e Park , N.C . 27711 , telephone: Com mercial-010-541-5437 ; " FTS-629 - 5437 . SUPPLEMENTAR

Y INFORMATION : BACKGROUN

D 

### I n anothe rpartof

thi s FEDERA

L REG ISTER , 

### EP A promulgate d th e nationa l ambien tai rquaUt y standard s (NAAQS ) fo rlea d an d requirement s fo rth e preparation , adoption , an d sub missio n of

Stat e implementatio n plan s (SIP's ) fo rth e attainmen tan d mainte nanc e of thos e standards . Furthe rin formatio n abou tth e standard s an d th e SIP' s appear s i n thos e notices . State s mus tnow prepare and submi t t o EP A withi n 9 month s SIP' s tha t demonstrat e tha tth e NAAQ S wi U b e attained . I n doin g so , th e State s wi U hav e to quantif

y th e lea d emission s from source s an d determin e th e effec t of thos e einission s o n th e ambien tai r concentrations . Fo remission s tha t originat e fro m stack s o rtailpipes , th e quantificatio n ca n b e don e wit h afai r degre e o f accuracy . Fo remission s tha t originat e fro m othe rtha n aprimar y exhaus tsystem , suc h a s throug h a plant' s doors , windows , leak s i n equip ment , an d s o forth , th e quantificatio n i s fa rmor e difficulat . Suc h emission s are commonl y calle d fugitiv e emis sions . Fugitiv e emission s are difficul t t o quantif

y accuratel y sinc e the y are dependen to n awid e rang e of site-spe cifi c parameters , suc h a s th e lea d con ten tof th e ra w material s use d i n th e process ; numbe ran d siz e of ope n win dows , door s an d vent ; win d spee d an d direction ; rainfall ; an d s o on—factors othe rtha n proces s throughpu torpro ductio n rates . Furthermore , ther e ha s no tbee n muc h lea d ai rquaUt

y datagathere d aroun d source s of

thes e fugitiv e emis sions . Also , ther e hav e neve rbee n an y specifi c requirement s i n th e regula tion s tha tappl y to SIP' s fo rrequirin g suc h dat ato b e coUecte d aroun d indi vidual sources . Consequently , ther e i s Uttl e accurate Informatio n concernin g th e amount s of

fugitiv e emission s an d th e ambien tai rlea d level s i n th e vicin it y o f source s of

larg e amount s o

f lea d emissions . EPA' s assessment s of th e environmenta l an d economi c impacts of th e lea d NAAQS ' 1,2 indicat e tha t severa l categorie s of

source s tha temi t predominantl y fugitiv e lea d emission s hav e th e potentia l fo rth e greates tai r quaUt y Impacts . Th e categorie s of con cern are primar

y an d secondary lea d smelter s an d primar

y coppe rsmelters . NATUR E O PPROPOSA

L 

### EP A intend s t o propos e regulation s t o enabl e th e State s an d EP A to obtai n an ai rquality databas e needed . to determin e compUance wit h th e NAAQS ' around source s i n th e above mentione d categories . Th e regulatio n woul d require th e subjec tsource s t o establis h an operate an ai rquality monitorin g syste m i n th e vicinity o f th e sources . I

f th e ambien tdatare veal s th tconcentration s are no ta s hig h a s had originall y bee n predicte d whe n th e Stat e develope d it s initia l lea d SIP , and th e sourc e ha s no tye t implemente d th e contro l caUe d fo ri n tha tSIP , th e Stat e ma

y wis h t o revis e it s SI Pt o require less stringen tcon trol , thereb y requirin g alesse rburde n o n th e source . Conversely , i f th e ambi en tdatareveal s tha tconcentration s greate rtha n th e NAAQ S occu rafte r th e contro l strateg y i n th e SI Pha s bee n implemented , EP

A coul d require th e Stat e t o revis e th e SI Pto require additional contro l o

f th e sources . Th e regulation s woul d require tha t th e metho d of

sampl e eoUectio n b e th e referenc e metho d a s define d i n 4 0 CF RPart50 ; thi s metho d l s th e high volum e sampler . N o othe reoUectio n method s woud b e allowe d fo rmonitor in g i n th e vicinity of

poin tsources , sinc e i tappears tha tothe rsampler s woul d no tsampl e th e sam e quantity of large rparticle s tha tth e high volum e sample rwoul d coUect . Th e analysi s metho d coul d b e th e refer enc e metho d oran equivalen tmetho d as define d i n 4 0 CF RPar t50 . Th e source s would als o hav e t o obtai n cer tai n meteorological datato properly locat e th e samplers . EP A Intend s to restric tthi s require men tonl y to primar

y an d secondar

y lea d smelter s and primar y coppe r smelter s becaus e EP

A modelin g stud ie s (' ) o f th e si x majo rlea d poin t sourc e categorie s (th e othe rthre e bein g gasolin e additiv e plants , lead aci d battery manufacturin g plants , an d gra y iro n foundries ) indicate tha t thes e thre e categorie s hav e apotentia l fo ra n ai rquality impac ttha tfares ceed s tha to

f th e source s i n th e othe r categories . EP A woul d require th e State s to plac e th e requiremen tfo rmonitorin g directl y o n th e sourc e owners an d op erators , usin g th e authority of sectio n 114(a)(1)(C ) o

f th e Clean AirAct . Thi s sectio n authorize s th e Administrato r t o require any sourc e subjec tto are quiremen to

f th e Actto " ° ° ° install , use , and maintai n suc h monitorin g equipmen tormethod s ° ° c 

### " Th e im plementatio n pla n woul d hav e to re quire th e sourc e owners o roperator s to periodicaUy reportasummar y of th e dat at o th e State s and EPA . Th e dat awoul d the n b e use d to determin e whethe rafutur e plan revisio n I s indi cated . Th e amoun to

f ambientpoin tsourc e monitorin g neede d woul d var y an d depen d o n th e numbe rof emissio n point s a tth e source , th e emissio n pat terns , th e topography , and th e meteo rology . EP

A wi U develo p a guidanc e manual o n th e number , siting , and op eratio n o

f monitor s around poin t sources . EP

A estimate s tha tth e guid anc e wil l recommen d tha tanetwork o f abou tfiv e sampler s b e place d i n th e vicinity o

f eac h sourc e t o whic h th e regulatio n applies . State s woul d hav e 9 month s afte rth e promulgatio n of thi s requirementt o revis e thei rlea d implementatio n plan s t o require th e monitorin g around th e selecte d poin t sources . Th e samplin g networ k woul d the n hav e t o b e i n plac e withi n 1 yea r afte rth e date require d fo rsubmissio n o f th e plan revisio n t o accoun tfo rthi s requiremen tif

sufficien tmeteorologi cal datawer

e avaUable fo rus e i n sitin g th e monitors . If

th e meteorologica l dat awere no tavaUable , th e sourc e may hav e to coUec

tayear' s worth of dat abefore sitin g th e ai rquality moni- " tors . EP A solicit s comment s o n an y issue s concernin g th e intende d propose d ru lemakin g an d particuarl y solicit s com ment s o n th e foUowing topics : Th e nee d fo rth e requiremen tfo r ambien tmonitorin g i n th e vicinity of th e lea d poin tsource s mentione d above o ralternative s t o thi s require men ttha twi

U accomplis h th e objec tiv e o f obtainin g more accurate dat a concernin g thes e sources . Othe rsource s aroun d whic h EP A shoul d require ambien tmonitoring . Th e criteri afo rth e number , oper ation , and locatio n o

f th e samplers . Th e criteri afo rth e lengt h of perio d o f eac h sampler , samplin g frequency , and duratio n o

f th e existenc e of

th e samplin g system . Procedure s fo raccountin g fo rothe r source s i n th e vicinity o f th e source , includin g roadways . Procedure s fo raccountin g fo rcom ple x topography . Procedure s fo raccountin g fo rmete orological condition s an d obtainin g meteorologica l data . Procedure s fo raccountin g fo rth e natur e an d magnitud e of fugitiv e emis sions . Procedure s fo raccountin g fo rback ground concentrations . Procedure s fo raccountin g fo rsourc e configuration . Procedure s fo rreportin g th e coUecte d dat at o th e Stat e an d EPA . Th e tim e aUowe

d fo rrevisio n o f

th e Stat e implementatio n plan , to accoun t fo rth e requirement . 

# r PGO&lA l QG-60STISQ , VO L 43 , NO . 194—TWUQS9AV , OdTOIBS n 3 , IW O



### a a iP.3 4



## ? • '

Sa . ,Tim e allowe d fo rcomplianc e wit h

tli » requiremen tcontaine d i n th e im plementatio n plan . Whethe rth e burde n o f responslbUi t y shoul d li e wit h th e Stat e agenc y o r wit h th e source . Th e cos tt o th e State s o rth e source s fo rcomplianc e wit h thes e require ments . EP A intend s t o propos e rulemakin g o n thi s matte rb y Decembe r1978 , an d intend s t o mak e avaUabl e fo rpubli c revie w a tth e sam e tim e adraf to f th e detaile d guidanc e o n ambien tlea d monitorin g i n th e vicinit y o f lea d poin tsources . FUGITIV E EMISSIO N FACTOR S Also , EP A Intend s t o develo p mor e accurat e emissio n factor s tha trelat e th e operatio n o f

asourc e t o th e amoun to f

fugiti e emission s th e sourc e generates . Thes e factor s wU I no tb e available , however , unt U som e tim e afte rth e State s mus tsubmi tthei rim plementatio n plans . Therefore , th e State s wi U hav e t o rel y o n availabl e fugitiv e emissio n factor s t o perfor m thei rai rqualit y analyse s In suppor to f thei rimplementatio n plan s o rdevelo p thei row n factor s base d o n an y dat a tha tma y b e available , suc h a s emis sio n factor s fo rtota l particulat e PQOPOSE ® BWMS & matte ran d informatio n concernin g th e lea d conten to f

tha tparticulat e matter . Alternatively , State s coul d develo p thei row n emissio n factor s base d o n fiel d studies . Ther e ar e severa l meth od s fo rdoin g this . (.3,4,5) Afte rEP A develop s emissio n factor s fo rfugitiv e lea d emissions . State s coul d the n determin e whethe rthei r initiaU y develope d plan s requir e to o muc h o rto o littl e control ; the y coul d the n mak e an y necessar y adjustment s t o thei rimplementatio n plan s throug h revision s o f

thos e plans . Th e initia l pla n coul d requir e tha tsource s phas e i n thei rcontro l fairl y slowl y s o tha t significan tresource s ar e no texpende d b y th e source s befor e EP A develop s it s fugitiv e emissio n factors .

REFERENCE

S 1 . National Ambien

tAirQualit

y Standard forLead : Final Draft : Environmenta l Impac tStatement . U.S . Environmenta l Pro tectio n Agency , Office o f Airand Wast

e Management, Office o

f Ai rQualit y Plan nin g an d Standards , Research Triangl e Park, N.C . July 1978 . 2. Economic Impac

tAssessmentforth e Nationa l Ambien tAi rQualit y Standard for Lea d an d th e Economic Implication s o f a Quarterly Mea

n Averaging Tim e forth e Lea d National Ambien

tAi rQualit y Stand ard. U.S . Environmenta

l Protectio n Agency , 

### 4 0 ^

Office o f Airan d Waste Management, Office of AirQualit

y Plannin g and Stand ards , Rsearch Triangl e Park. N.C . Jun e 1978 . 3 . Technical Manua

l fo rth e Measurement o f Fugitiv e Emissions : Upwind-Downwin d Samplin g Metho d fo rIndustria l Fugitiv e Emissions . U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Industrial and Environmenta l Re search Laboratory , Research Triangl e Park . N.C . Apri l 1976. Publicatio n No . EPA-800/1- 76-089a . 4 . Technical Manua

l forth e Measurement o f Fugitiv e Emissions : Roo f Monito rSam plin g Metho d forIndustria l Fugitiv e Emis sions . U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Industria

l an d Environmenta

l Re search Laboratory , Research Trtange Park, N.C . Ma y 1976. Publicatio n No . EPA-600/2 - 76-089b . 5 . Technical Manua

l forMeasuremen

to f Fugitive Emissions : Quasi-Stack Samplin g Metho d forIndustrial Fugitiv e Emissions . U.S . Environmenta

l Protectio n Agency , In dustria l an d Environmenta

l Research Laboratory , Research Triangl e Park, N.C . Ma y 1976. Publicatio n No . EPA-600/a-76-089c . (Sees . UO , 114(a)(1) , and 301(a ) o

f th e Clea n Ai rAc tas amended (4 2 U.S.C . 7410 . 7417 . an d 7601). ) Dated : Septembe r29,1978 .

DOUGLA S M . COSTLE , Administrator. CF RDoc . 78-28053 File d 10-4-78 ; 8:4 5 am i

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