# OAR Box 1313

PreppedbyLaTeiaShed



# Document

Number: 

# 69 ) ll-B-4 3 Docket Number: 

# A-88-0 2

Printed 6/12/20089:03:30AM Sheet 69of 99 P. 1

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# v?Ri® T I 

# - B-U 3 

# A-88-02 MIDWES TRESEARC H INSTITUT E S'jn e 35 ' <10 1 Harriso n Oaks Bouieva n 

### Carv . N. C 275' . 

# ;Ziz ^

-- I


# \\\ .—srw u Date : ' Ma y20 , 198 8

(Finalize d Jun e 30 , 1988 ) Subject : Sit e Visit—Universa l Gy man d Nisse n Company(Universal) , Ceda r Rapids , Iowa ChromiumElectroplatin g NESHA P EP AContrac t 68-02-3817 ; ES D Projec t 85/02 a MR I Projec t 7717- K ^~SX<X\ ^ "-

" \ V-i'"-*' X~"-"~*~"

. ''• 

# From : Robi n Barke r To : Andre wM . Smit h

ESD/ISB/SS S (MD-13 ) U . S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y Researc hTriangl e Park , N.C. 2771 1 I . Purpos e Th e purpos e o f thi s sit e visi t wa s t o gathe r background informatio n o n th e us e o f trivalen t chromiuma s a replacemen t fo r th e hevalen t chromiumproces s fo r decorativ e chromiumelectroplatin g (plating ) operations . II . Plac e an

d Dat e Universa l Gy

man d Nisse n Company 93 0 27t hAvenue , S.W . Ceda r Rapids , Iow

a 5240 5 (319 ) 365-756 1 Novembe r 30 , 198 7 III . Attendee s Universa l Gy

man d Nisse n Company(Universal ) Ji mHowes , Platin g Superviso r Midwes t Researc hInstitut e (MRI ) Robi n Barke r



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## IV . Discussio n A meetin g wa s hel dwit hMr . Howe s o f Universa l t o discus s th e trivalen t chromium

platin g operation . Th e discussio nwa s followe db y a tou r o f th e facility . A . Genera l Universa l Gy

m i s a manufacture r o f gymnasium equipmen t andha s a decorativ e chromium platin g lin e tha t plate s tubula r steel . Th e plan t converte dfrom

conventiona l hexavalen t decorativ e chromium platin g t o th e trivalen t chromium

proces s durin g th e firs t wee ko f Novembe r 1987 . Th e plan t als o operate s a nelectroles s nicke l proces s tha t i s use dt o plat e part s tha t requir e a hig htoleranc e b e me t inunifor m platin g thickness . Th e plan t operate s 2 shifts/day , 5 t o 6 days/week , 5 0 weeks/year . B . Proces s Descriptio n Eac htubula r stee l par t undergoe s grinding , bending , an dweldin g prio r t o chromium

plating . Th e part s ar e the nplace do nrack s an d transferre dthroug hth e platin g lin e b y a hand-operate dhoist . Th e trivalen t chromium

platin g lin e consist s o f th e followin g tank s i n series : (1 ) ho t causti c soak ; (2 ) electroclean ; (3 ) two col dwate r rinses ; (4 ) aci dpickle ; (5 ) col dwate r rinse ; (6 ) electroclean ; (7 ) two col dwate r rinses ; (8 ) semibrigh t nicke l electroplate : (9 ) brigh t nicke l electroplate ; (10 ) two countercurren t col dwate r rinses ; (11 ) two col d wate r rinses ; (12 ) trivalen t chromium electroplate ; (13 ) tw o col dwate r rinses ; (14 ) pos t dip ; and(15 ) on e ho t wate r rinse . Th e trivalen t chromium platin g tan ki s 3. 6 meter s (m ) (1 2 fee t [ft] ) long , 1. 2 m

(4. 0 ft ) wide , an

d1. 8 m (6. 0 ft ) dee pandha s a capacit y o f 7,57 0 liter s (2,00 0 gallons ) o f platin g solution . Th e trivalen t chromium platin g tankholds on e rac ko f part s a t a time , andth e platin g time i s approximatel y

3 t o 4 minutes . Th e curren t an dvoltag e typicall y rang e fro

m 80 0 t o 2,80 0 ampere s and7 t o 8 volts , respectively . Th e platin g solutio ni s Trima c C r II I manufacture db y MacDermid , Inc . Th e platin g solutio ncontain s abou t 5.2 4 gram s pe r lite r (g/a ) 0. 7 ounc e pe r gallo n(oz/gal ) o f trivalen t chromium . Th e proces s i s a double-cel l proces s whic hrequire s a physica l separatio no f th e anode s fro m th e platin g solution . Anod e boxe s linedwit ha permeabl e membran e ar e use dt o hous e th e anodes . Th e anod e boxe s contai na 1 0 percen t sulfuri c aci dsolutio ntha t mus t be replenishe donc e ever y 2 months . Th e hexavalen t chronnum platin g lin e formerl y inoperatio na t Universa l differe dfrom.th e trivalen t chromium platin g line . Th e hexavalen t chromiu

m platin g line hada 2 percen t chromi c aci dpretreatmen t di pprio r t o th e hexavalen t chromiu m platin g tankandfiv e wate r rinse s afte r th e hexavalen t chromiu m tank . Th e pretreatmen t tan kwa s cleane dan

d th e tankline r chemicall y leachedan

dth e tankwa s converte dt o a rins e tankinth e trivalen t chromiu m platin g line . On e o f th e wate r rins e tanks followin g th e hexavalen t chromiu m platin g tankwa s draine dan dfille dwit h

### P. 4



## a postdi p solution , whic hadd s t o th e corrosio n resistanc e o f th e part , durin g th e trivalen t chromiu m proces s conversion . Also , durin g th e proces s conversio n th e hexavalen t chromiu mtank wa s remove d and replace d wit ha ne wtan k fo r th e trivalen t chromiu msolution . Th e ne wtan k wa s equippe d wit ha n ampere-hou r mete r tha t monitor s th e amoun t o f curren t applie d t o th e tank , whic hdetermine s th e frequenc yo f maintenanc e additions . Th e ampere-hou r mete r wa s connecte d t o a serie s o f pump s tha t automaticall yad

d th e require d platin g solutio n additions . Th e proces s conversio n wa s complete d i n 4 day s and too k plac e ove r a weeken d t o minimiz e interruptin g norma l production . A t th e tim e o f th e sit e visit , th e platin g lin e ha d bee n operatin g fo r 4 week s wit hn o problem s du e t o th e proces s conversion . Th e trivalen t chromiu mproces s ha d produce d onl yon e rejec t i n 4 week s o f operation . Plan t personne l displaye d identica l parts , on e hexavalen t chromiu mplate d and th e othe r trivalen t chromiu m plated . Th e trivalen t chromium-plate d par t ha d bette r coverag e aroun d th e wel d joint s and di d no t hav e any whitewashing . Th e hexavalen t chromiu mproces s wa s unabl e t o cove r th e wel d joint s withou t causin g whitewashing . Th e trivalen t chromiu mproces s permitte d th e amoun t o f curren t applie d t o th e bat ht o b e lowere d fro mth e 3,000 - t o 4,500-amper e rang e require d t o hexavalen t chromium-plat e t o a rang e o f 80 0 t o 2,80 0 ampere s require d t o trivalen t chromium-plat e wit ha greate r rac k population . Th e nee d fo r platin g bat hmaintenanc e check s increase d fo r th e trivalen t chromiumproces s ove r th e hexavalen t chromiumproces s du e t o th e sensitivit yo f th e trivalen t chromiu m bat ht o contamination . Th e routin e check s fo r th e trivalen t chromiu m bat hinclud e contro l o f th e pH , brightene r concentration , chromiu m concentration , surfac e tension , and specifi c gravity . Routin e check s fo r th e hexavalen t chromiumbat h include d contro l o f th e surfac e tension , specifi c gravity , and chromi c acid-to-sulfuri c aci d ratio . Th e maintenanc e procedure s i n us e a t Universa l fo r th e trivalen t chromiu m proces s ar e presente d i n Attachmen t 1 . T o preven t th e buildu p o f metal s tha t woul d contaminat e th e trivalen t chromiumbath , Universa l operate s th e platin g tank wit hdummy (nonproduct ) part s fo r 3 0 minute s a t th e star t o f th e da ya t lo wcurren t densities , whic hcause s th e meta l contaminant s t o plat e ou t o n th e dumm y part . C . Cost s Th e annua l cost s fo r th e trivalen t chromiumproces s ar e estimate s base d o n informatio n obtaine d durin g th e firs t 2 t o 3 month s o f operation . Th e annua l cost s fo r th e hexavalen t chromiumproces s ar e base d o n averag e value s obtaine d durin g th e perio d o f tim e th e proces s wa s used . Th e followin g paragraDh s provid e a compariso n o f th e annua l productio n cost s fo r eac hproces s and th e tota l capita l cos t o f th e proces s conversio n fro mhexavalen t chromiumt o trivalen t chromium . Th e chemica l cos t o f hexavalen t chromiumbat hwa s S0,0116/ft Z an d th e chemica l cos t o f trivalen t chromiu m bat hi s $0.02Q2/ft Z Th e fum e suppressan t chemica l cos t wa s reduce d fro m $0.0015/ft " wit hhexavalen t 

# .-J

### P. 5

n 

## chromiu m t o $0.0001/ft ' fo r trivalen t chromium . However , th e cos t fo r replacemen t item s increase dfrom $500/yr wit hhexavalen t chromiu m t o $6,100/y r fo r trivalen t chromium . Replacemen t item s consis t o f anodes , chemica l cost s fo r passivatio nsolutions , o r an y equipmen t o r solutio n chemical s tha t needt o b e replace do r replenishe dfo r th e trivalen t chromiu m proces s t o operate . Wastewate r treatmen t cost s wer e reduce dafte r th e conversio nt o trivalen t chromium . Th e wastewate r treatmen t chemica l cost s wer e reduce d fro m $6,985/y r wit hhexavalen t chromiu m t o $299/y r (estimated ) wit h trivalen t chromiu

m du e t o th e eliminatio no f hexavalen t chromiu m reductio n processes . Th e sludg e disposa l cost s wer e decrease dfro m $6,846/y r fo r hexavalen t chromiu

m t o $569/y r fo r trivalen t chromiu m becaus e o f the lowe r conten t o f chromiu

m inth e wastewater . Th e hexavalen t chromiu m concentratio ninth e firs t stagnan t rins e followin g th e chromiu m platin g tankaverage dabou t 5. 1 g/ n(0.6 7 oz/gal) , an dth e trivalen t chromiu m concentratio ni s averagin g abou t 0.26 2 g/ z (0.03 5 oz/gal) . Th e rins e wate r inthi s tan

ki s treate deac hda y t o maintai nth e concentratio no f chromiu m inth e rins e wate r a t o r below thes e levels . Th e ^rivalen t chromiu m proces s ha s increase dproductivit y b y 160,00 0 f t /y r becaus e o f th e increas e inrac kpopulation s an dth e decreas e inth e numbe r o f rejecte dan dreworke dparts . Th e rejec t rat e du e t o chromiu

m platin g wa s decrease dfro m 0.2 5 percen t wit hhexavalen t chromiu m t o essentiall y

0 percen t wit htrivalen t chromium . Th e cos t o f rejecte dpart s wa s estimate dt o be $7.30/f t . Th e rewor krat e (part s tha t ca nbe replated ) wa s abou t 0.2 5 percen t wit hhexavalen t chromiu m an dha s decrease dsinc e th e trivalen t chromiu m bat hha s bee noperating . Th e exac t decreas e coul dno t b e determine dbecaus e o f th e shor t perio do f time th e trivalen t chromiu

m bat hha s bee ni

noperation . Th e cos t o f reworke dpart s wa s $2.45/f t wit hhexavalen t chromiu m an dha s increase dslightl y wit h trivalen t chromium ; however , the exac t cos t i s unknown . Th e plan t als o save s a significan t amoun t o f mone y b y no t havin g t o operat e the ventilatio nsystem . The ventilatio nsystem onth e hexavalen t chromiu m tankcos t abou t $2,500/y r t o maintai nan dSll,350/y r fo r supplyin g th e makeupair . Th e trivalen t chromiu m bat hi s abl e t o operat e withou t a ventilatio nsystem . A s a resul t o f th e decreas e i nthe cost s describe dabove , the overal l productio ncos t ha s decrease dfro m $0.056/f t fo r hexavalen t chromiu m t o $0.035/ft ' f,o

r trivalen t chromium . Th e productio ncapacit y o f the plant 2 

## i s 650,00 0 ft'/yr, s o tha t o na nannua l basi s th e plan t save s $0.021/f t o r $13,650/y r b y usin g trivalen t chromiu m instea do f hexavalen t chromium . Th e tota l capita l cos t fo r the trivalen t chromiu m conversio nwa s $62,060 . Th e individua l component s o f the capita l cos t ar e presente di n Tabl e 1 . 

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## TABL E 1 . CAPITA L COS T FO R TRIVALEN T CHROMIUMCONVERSIO NA T UNIVERSA L GY MAN D NISSE NCOMPANY , CEDA R RAPIDS , IOW

A Componen t Cos t dat a Equipmen t Cost s 1 . Platin g tank (1 2 ftx 4 ftx 6 ft) , $ a 

## 6,15 0 2 . Passivatio n tank a . Capita l cos t o f tank , $ a 

## 1,40 0 b . Cos t o f initia l solutio n makeup , $ 65 0 3 . Ampere-hou r meter , $ 1,20 0 4 . Anode s an

d hangers , $ 2,89 5 5 . Automati c pH an

d temperatur e controllers , $ 2,02 5 6 . Filte r syste m3,80 0 7 . Anod e boxe s 15,86 0 Subtota l 33,98 0 Modificatio n cost s 1 . Tan k cleaning , $ b

## 2,00 0 2 . Platin g lin e modification , $ c 

## 2,17 0 3 . Modification s t o electrica l supply , $ 10 0 4 . Modification s t o coolin g system , $ 40 0 5 . Disposa l cos t o f Cr + 6 

## solution , $ d

## 9,45 0 6 . Initia l cos t o f Cr + 

## platin g solutio n makeu p cost , $ 13,80 0 Subtota l 27,92 0 Installatio n costs , $ e 

## 5,16 0 Tota l 67,06 0 ^Purchase d ne wplatin g tank fo r trivalen t chromiumsolution . •-Tan k cleanin g cos t i s du e t o th e cleanin g o f othe r proces s tank s (rins e an d predip ) tha t had containe d anyamoun t o f hexavalen t chromium . ^Anycos t associate d wit haddin g th e passivatio n tank t o th e platin g line . d 

## Cos t o f disposa l fo r 2,00 0 gallon s o f Cr + 0 

## solution . e 

## Labo r hour s = 430 , Labo r rat e = $12/h .



# >5~

### P. 7



## V . Electroles s Nicke l Platin g Mr . Howe s provide dth e followin g backgroun dinformatio no n electroles s nicke l plating . Electroles s nicke l platin g wa s originall y develope da s a replacemen t proces s fo r hardchromiu m electroplating . Eve n thoug hth e origina l inten t fo r th e developmen t o f electroles s nicke l platin g wa s t o replac e th e har dchromium platin g process , th e electroles s nicke l proces s i s predominantl y use dfo r hightoleranc e part s wher e uniform platin g thicknesse s ar e needed . Typically , electroles s nickel.i s use dt o plat e electroni c part s an dothe r part s wher e a hightoleranc e i s needed . Th e mai nreason s why electroles s nicke l platin g ha s no t replace d har dchromium

platin g are : (1 ) th e bat hi s mor e expensiv e t o operate ; an d (2 ) part s tha t mus t b e lubricate d(e.g. , hydrauli c cylinders ) whe ninus e d o no t hol dth e lubrican t a s wel l i f the y ar e electroles s nicke l plate d instea do f har dchromiu m plated . Th e electroles s nicke l proces s a t Universa l i s use dt o plat e smal l machine dstee l part s tha t requir e uniform distributio no f platin g thicknes s a s wel l a s goodcorrosio nresistance . Th e uniform plat e thicknes s i s critica l becaus e th e part s ar e use di ngy m equipmen t wher e bearing s mus t be abl e t o slid e upanddow nth e lengt ho f th e part . A conventiona l har dchromiu m plat e wil l provid e goo dcorrosio nresistance ; however , th e plat e thicknes s i s no t uniforml y distribute dan

dth e bearing s place daroun dth e par t ar e unabl e t o mov e freel y becaus e o f th e uneve n plat e thickness . Th e electroles s nicke l platin g lin e a t Universa l consist s o f a serie s o f cleanin g step s (the same cleanin g sequenc e a s previousl y

discusse dfo r th e trivalen t chromiu m process) , anaci dpickl e t o activat e th e surfac e are a o f th e part , rinsin g followe db y electroles s nicke l plating , an

dfina l rinsing . Th e electroles s nicke l platin g tankuse da t Universa l i s 0.9 1 m (3. 0 ft ) long , 0.4 6 m (1. 5 ft ) wide , an

d0.6 1 m

( 2 ft ) deep . Th e platin g tankhold s 18 9 e

, (5 0 gal ) o f platin g solutio nandoperate s a t a tempera tur e o f 88° C (190°F) . Th e platin g solutio ni s EN-MAC ®57 , manufacture db y MacDermid , Inc . Th e depositio no f nicke l occur s fro m chemica l reaction s undergon e inth e bat han ddoe s no t requir e anelectrica l current . Con trollin g th e chemica l constituent s inthe bat hi s critica l t o achiev e th e desire dqualit y

o f th e plate . Attachmen t 2 i s th e technica l dat a shee t fo r th e electroles s nicke l platin g bat huse da t Universal . Attachmen t 3 i s a technica l repor t tha t furthe r describe s th e electroles s nicke l process . VI . Conclusion s Plan t personne l indicate dtha t the trivalen t chromiu m proces s ha s me t al l o f thei r expectation s becaus e o f the proces s improvement s achieve d b y th e proces s sinc e i t wa s installed . Th e plan t personne l wer e ver y cooperativ e insupplyin g th e proces s informatio nan dcos t dat a fo r bot h th e hexavalen t an

dtrivalen t chromiu m processes . They

als o provide dth e informatio nonelectroles s nicke l platin g s o tha t thi s proces s coul dbe considere da s a replacemen t fo r hardchromiu m platin g application s fo r certai ntype s o f parts . 3 Attachment sP. 8



## Attachmen t 1 1 . C- 3 

## Novembe r 1 

## 0 TRICHROM E OPERATIO NAT UNIVERSA L I . DAIL Y A . Solutio n Analysi s 1 . C R Meta l 0. 6 - 0. 8 oz/ga l 2 . Bori c Aci d 7. 0 - 9. 0 oz/ga l I t i s bes t t o maintai n CR meta l concentratio n o n th e lo wend o f th e range . 3 . P H 3.- * - 3. 6 25 X NaO H t o rais e 20 X H2S0 4 t o lowe r D o eac ha s necessar ySLOWL Y 4 . Temperatur e 115 ° - 122 ° degree s 5 . Hydroge n Peroxide : Ad d 1 - 1 1/ 4 gal s pe r da yo f operatio n a t th e end o f th e platin g day . 6 . Solutio n Densit y Chec k wit hhydromete r a t 12 2 degree s Fahrenheit . Maintai n a t 22. 1 B e degrees . Ad d Trima c platin g salt s t o raise . Sp . gr . and bori c aci d concentration . 7 . Run 5 am p - 5 mi n hul l cel l o n trichrom e ove r nicke l fo r evaluatio n and/o r correction . 8 . Surfac e Tensio n A . Solutio n Maintenanc e 1 . Ad d Trima c Par t //

1 a t a rat e o f 1 pin t pe r 100 0 am p hours . 2 . Ad d Trima c Par t »2

a t th e rat e o f 1/ 2 pin t pe r 100 0 am p hours . 3 - Ad d Trima c wette r a t th e rat e o f 5 0 mi s pe r 100 0 am p hours . ** * Thi s ma yb e don e als o b yaddin g th e 8-hou r equivalen t a t th e beginnin g o f eac hshift . 4 . Anolyt e leve l t o b e maintaine d wit hadd s o f 10 % H2S04 . 5 . Spra ysto p R t o anolyt e a s needed . 6 . Constan t carbo n filtration . 7 . Dumm

ya t 20-4 0 AS F a s Universa l deem s necessary . 

# 7

### P. 9



### : . WEEKL Y A . Chang e carbo npac konfilte r - replac e wit hfres h carbo n. B . Add10 % o f th e origina l make-u pt o th e pos t dip , i.e. , 2 gal s pe r week . C . Chec kan dmaintai npredi pp H a t 8-9 . * D . Sen dspli t sampl e o f trima c platin g solutio nt o Waterbur y

La bfo r analysis .

II . EVER YTW O MONTH S A . Dumpexistin g anolyt e solutio nan dmake-u pne w wit h10 % sulfuri c acid . Ad d3 tablet s spra y sto pRt o eac h basket . • NOTE : Mak e fres haci doutsid e o f baskets , allo w t o coo l befor e placin g i t i nbaskets . IV . EVER YTHRE E MONTH S A . Dumppos t di pan dmake-u pne w wit h1 1/2 % Trima c pos t dip . V . OPTION S 1 . Cycl e t o be determine dby Universa l regardin g immersio n tim e i npos t dip .



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### R11/26/3 6 COD E SECTIO N 1 Manufacturer' s Nam e MacDermi dIncorporate d EMERGENC YTELEPHON E 203-575-570 0 ADDRES S (Xumber , Street , City , State , Zi pCode ) 52 6 Huntingdo nAveau e Waterbury . CT . 0670 8 CFR-4 9 - DO T Prope r Shippin g Nam e ".'o ntiazardou s MFS A EMERCENC Y2 4 JO U H0TLi:*E : (MEDICAL ) (313 ) - 64 4 - 562 6 CHEMICA L NAM E AN DSYNONYM S

## N/A TRADENAM E AN DSYNOirY Tr i Ma c ra 

### Replenishe r Pa CHEMICA L FAMIL Y. Wettin g Agen t FORMUL A Mixtur e SECTIO N I I - HAZARDOU S INGREDIENT S PAINTS , PRESERVATIV E & SOLVENT S 

## N/ A TL V (UNITS ) ALLOY S & METALLI C

COATING S 

# Z N/ A TL V

(UNIT S PIGMENT S BAS E META L CATALYS T ALLOY S VEHICL E METALLI C COATING S SOLVENT S FILLE RMETA L PLU S O RCOR E FLU X ADDITIVE S OTHER S OTHER S HAZARDOU S MIXTURE S O ROTHE RLIQUIDS , SOLIDS , O RGASE S TL V (UNIT S Thioure a (62-56-6 ) Suspecte dcarcinoge n- NT P 

## < 1 SECTIO N II I - PHYSICA L DAT A BOILIN GPOIN T ( F ) Unknovm SPECIFI C GRAVIT Y(H_ 0 = 1 ) 1.0 - VAPO RPRESSUR E (MM . HG. ) PERCEN T VOLATIL E B YVOLUM E ( 2 ) Unknow n Unknow ; VAPO RDENSIT Y(AI R= • 1 ) EVAPORATIO N RAT E ( 

## 1 ) Unknow n Unknow . SOLUBILIT YI N

HAIE R Solubl e APPEARANC E AN DODO R Colorles s liqui dwit hn o odo r SECTIO N I V - FIR E AN DEXPLOSIO N HAZAR DDAT A -fcEfc - -BEi FLAS HPOIH T (METHO DUSED ) 

## N/A FLAMMABL E LIMIT S N/ A EXTINGUISHIN GMEDI A Non-flammabl e SPECIA L FIR E FIGHTIN GPROCEDURE S Wea r self-containe dbreathin g apparatus , UNUSUA L FIR E AN DEXPLOSIO N HAZARD S Non e know n



# f

### MATERIA L SAFET Y DAT ASHEE T P.1 1



### R10/12/8 7 COD E 1820 7 SECTIO N 1 

## L Manufacturer' s Nam e MacDermi dIncorporate d ADDRES S (Number , Street , City , State , Zi pCode ) 52 6 Huntingdo nAvenu e Waterbury , CT . 0670 8 CFR-4 9 - DO T Prope r Shipping Nam e Chromi c Sulfat e Solution , ORM- E NA910 0 CHEMICA L NAME ANDSYNONYM S N/ A CHEMICA L FAMILY Aci d EMERGENCYTELEPHONE 203-575-570 0 MFS A EMERGENCY2 4 HOU

R HOTLINE : (MEDICAL ) (313 ) - 64 4 - 562 6 TRADENAM E AN

DSYNOMY

M Tr i Ma c Replenishe r Pa r FORMUL A 1 Mixtur e SECTIO N I I - HAZARDOU S INGREDIENT S ' PAINTS , PRESERVATIV E & SOLVENT S PIGMENT S CATALYS T VEHICL E SOLVENT S ADDITIVE S OTHER S HAZARDOU S MIXTURE S O R Z N/ A

• t 

## n n n
I I i t 

### TL

V (UHITS )

OTHE RLIQUIDS , SOLIDS , O R ALLOY S & METALLI C COATING S BAS E METAL ALLOY S METALLI C COATING S FILLE RMETAL PLU S O RCOR E FLU

X OTHER S

GASE S ChromiumSulfat e (10101-53-8 ) suspec t carcinogen-IARC , NT P PE L - 1. 0 mg/m* - 

### SECTIO N II I - PHYSICAL DAT A BOILIN GPOIN T ( F ) VAPORPRESSUR E (MM . HG. ) VAPORDENSIT Y(AI R-1 ) SOLUBILIT YIN

WATE R 

## 22 0 N/ A N/ A Complet e Z N/ A I I

• I II I I
I I 

## Z <3 0 TL

V (UHITS )

TL V (UNITS ) •5mg/ m

SPECIFI C GRAVITY(Hj O - 1 ) 1.2 8 PERCEN T VOLATIL E B YVOLUME ( Z )

Unknow n EVAPORATIO

N RAT E ( = 1 ) Unknown 

## P H 2.5 4 APPEARANC E ANDODO R Liqui d - Gree n - slightl yaci d odo r SECTIO N T V = FIR E AN

DEXPLOSION

HAZARDDATA FLAS H POINT (METHO DUSED ) 1 FLAMMABL E LIMIT S • N/ A N/ A EXTINGUISHIN

GMEDI A Non-flammabl e SPECIA L FIRE FIGHTIN

GPROCEDURE S Wea r self-containe d breathin g apparatus . UNUSUA L FIR E AN

DEXPLOSIO

N HAZARD S Unknown

J&

### MATERIA L SAFETYDAT

A SHEE T P.1 2



### R10/24/8 6 A-0 1 COD E 1820 9 SECTIOH 

## I Manufacturer' s Naa e MacDermi dIncorporate d ADDRES S (Nuaber , Street , City , State , Zi pCode ) 52 6 HuntingdonAvenu e Waterbury , CT . 0670 8 CFR-4 9 - DO T Prope r Shipping Naa e Combustibl e Liqui d NO S (Contain s Isopropanol ) Combustibl e Liqui d N A199 3 CHEMTCAI . NAME AH DSYHONYM S N/ A CHEMICAL FAMILY Alcoho l BasedAmin e EMERGENCYTELEPHON E 203-575-570 0 MFS A EMERGENCY2 4 HOU

R HOTLINE : (MEDICAL ) (313 ) - 64 4 - 562 6 TRAD E NAME ANDSYNOMYM ? Tr i Ma c Pos t Di p FORMUL A Mixtur e SECTION I I - HAZARDOU S INGREDIENT S PAINTS , PRESERVATIVE & SOLVENT S PIQIKNT S CATALYS T VEHICL E SOLVENT S ADDITIVE S OTHER S HAZARDOU S MIXTURE S O R Z H/ A H n i t i t 

### OTHE RHQ U TL

V (UHITS )

' ALLOY S & METALLI C

COATING S BAS E META L ALLOT S METALLI C COATING S FILLE RMETAL PLU S O RCOR E FLUX OTHER S

IDS , SOLIDS , O RGASE S Isopropano l (67-63-0 ) Alky l Fatty

Amine SECTIO H II I - PHYSICAL DAT A BOHJH GPOIH T ( F ) VAPORPRESSUR E (MM . HG. ) VAPORDENSIT Y(AI R» 1 ) SOLUBILIT YI H WATE R Unknow n Unknow n Unknown Solubl e 

# Z N/ A l l

ii i t 

## Z 

# < 3 " TL V (UNITS )

TL V (UNITS ) 98 0 mg/ M

SPECIFI C GRAVIT Y(Hj O - 1 ) 0.9 1 PERCEH T VOLATIL E BYVOLUME ( Z ) Un k nown EVAPORATIO

N RAT E ( - 1 ) Unk nown APPEARANC E AH DODO R Clear , ligh t brown liqui d wit hlittl e odo r SECTIO H I

V - FIR E ANDEXPLOSION HAZARDDATA FLAS H POINT (METHO DUSED )

12 7 F / 5 3 C FLAM4ABL E LIMIT S Unknow n EXTINGUISHIN

GMEDI A Waterspray , drychemical , C0 „ SPECIA L FIR E FIGHTIN

GPROCEDURE S Wea r self-containe d breathin g apparatus . UNUSUA L FIR E ANDEXPLOSION HAZARD S Flammabl e Liqui d



# /f

### MATERIA L SAFETYDATA

SHEE T P.1 3



### - & 10/23/8 6 A-0 1 COD E 1820 6 SECTIO N 

# L Manufacturer' s Naa e MacDermi dIncorporate d ADDRES S (Nuaber , Street , City , State , Zi pCode ) 52 6 Huntingdo nAvenu e Waterbury , CT . 0670 8 CFR-4 9 - DO T Prope r Shipping Naa e NonHazardou s CHEMICAL NAME AH DSYNONYM S ; 

### N/ A CHEMICAL FAMILY Wetting Agent EMERGENCYTELEPHONE 203-575-570 0 MFS A EMERGENCY2 4 HOU

R HOTLINE : (MEDICAL ) (313 ) - 64 4 - 562 6 T B AP RNA W

ANDSYNOMY

M TriMa c ^^ette r FORMUL A Mixtur e SECTIO H I I - HAZARDOU S IHGREDIENT S PAINTS , PRESERVATIV E & SOLVENT S PIGMEHT S CATALYS T VEHICL E SOLVENT S ADDITIVE S OTHER S HAZARDOU S MIXTURE' S OR ' Z N/ A 

# • H H M

I t

I t 

### OTHE RLIQ

U TL V (UNITS )

IDS , SOLIDS , O R ALLOY S & METALLI C COATING S BAS E METAL ALLOT S METALLI C COATING S FILLE RMETAL PLU S O RCORKFLUX 

# ormUt s

GASE S NonApplicabl e SECTIO H II I - PHYSICAL DAT A BOILIN GPOIN T ( F ) VAPORPRESSUR E (MM . HG. ) VAPORDENSIT Y(AI R- 1 ) SOLUBILIT YI N

WATE R Unknow n Unknow n Unknow n Solubl e Z N/ A

t i

• • 

# Z TL V (UNITS )

TL V (UNITS :

SPECIFI C GRAVIT Y(H. O - 1 ) 1.0 1 PERCEN T VOLATIL E BYVOLUME ( Z ) Unknow n EVAPORATIO

N RAT E ( - 1 ) Un know n APPEARANC E AN

DODO R Colorles s liqui dwit hn o odo r SECTIO H IV

- FIR E ANDEXPLOSION HAZAR DDAT A FLAS H POINT (METHO DUSED ) N/ A FLAMMABL E LIMIT S N/ A EXTINGUISHIN

GMEDI A Non-flammabl e SPECIAL FIR E FIGHTIHGPROCEDURE S Wea r self-containe dbreathing apparatus . UNUSUAL FIR E ANDEXPLOSIO N HAZARD S Unknow n

/o 2

### MATERIA L SAFET YDAT A SHEE T P. M

R11/20/8 6 COD E SECTIO N 1 'Manufacturer' s 'lam e MacDermi dIncorporate d ADDRES S ("lumber , Street , City , State , Zi pCode ) 52 6 Huntingdo nAvenu e Waterbury , CT . 0670 8 CFR-4 9 - DO T Prope r Shippin g Nam e '.'o nHazardou s CHEMICA L NAM E AN DSYNONYM S N/ A CHEMICA L FAMIL Y Organi c Sulfoni c Acid s EMERGENC YTELEPHON E 203-575-570 0 MFS A EMERGENC Y2 4 HO I HOTLINE : (MEDICAL ) (313 ) - 64 4 - 562 6 TRADE^IAM E A"J

DSYNOM " Tr i Ma c -' * Carrie r FORMUL A Mixtur e SECTIO N I I - HAZARDOU S INGREDIENT S PAINTS , PRESERVATIV E & SOLVENT S PIGMENT S CATALYS T VEHICL E SOLVENT S ADDITIVE S OTHER S Z N/ A TM 

## " "

M 

## • • " HAZARDOU S MIXTURE S O ROTHE RLIQ U TL V (UNITS ) ALLOY S & METALLI C

COATING S BAS E META L ALLOY S METALLI C COATING S FILLE RMETA L PLU S O RCOR E FLU X OTHER S

IDS , SOLIDS , O RGASE S Thioure a (52-56-6 ) Suspecte dcarcinoge n- (NTP ) SECTIO N II I - PHYSICA L DAT A BOILIN GPOIN T ( F ) VAPO RPRESSUR E (MH . HG. ) VAPO RDENSIT Y(AI R= 1 ) SOLUBILIT YI N

WATE R Unknow n Unknow n Unknow n Solubl e K/.\ •• •• " 

## • • • • 7. <0. u TL V

(U*%TT :

TL V (UNIT ;



### SPECIFI C GRAVIT Y(H. O= 1 ) 1 _• 

### PERCEIJ T VOLATIL E B YVOLUM E ( Z)L'rJkr.:; - EVAPORATIO N

RAT E ( =1 ) 

## p H kr.:* - <', - APPEARANC E AN DODO R Colorles s liqui dwit hn o odo r SECTIO N I V = • FIR E AN DEXPLOSIO N HAZAR DDAT A FLAS HPOIN T (METHO DUSED ) 1, 7 A FLAMMABL E LIMIT S N/ A EXTINGUISHIN GMEDI A Non- f lamin a ! Jl a SPECIA L FIR E FIGHTIN GPROCEDURE S Wea r self-containe dbreathin g apparatus . UNUSUA L FIR E AN DEXPLOSIO N HAZARD S Non e know n UT. U 

## U f



# X3

### MATERIAL SAFET Y DAT A SHEE T P.1 5

K . lU//.<WO O 

### COD E SECTIO N 1 Manufacturer' s Naae MacDermi dIncorporate d ADDRES S (Nuaber , Street , City , State , Zi pCode ) 52 6 Huntingdo nAvenu e Waterbury , CT . 0670 8 CFR-4 9 - DO T Prope r Shipping Naae NonHazardou s CHEMICAL NAME ANDSYHOHYM S N/ A CHEHTCAI . FAMILY Salt s EMERGENCYTELEPHON E 203-575-570 0 MFS A EMERGENCY2 4 HOUR HOTLINE : (MEDICAL ) (313 ) - 64 4 - 562 6 TRAD E NAME ANDSYHOMYM S TriMa c Plating Salt s FORMUL A Mixtur e SECTIOH I I - HAZARDOU S INGREDIENT S PAINTS , PRESERVATIVE & SOLVENT S PIGMENT S CATALYS T VEHICL E SOLVENT S ADDITIVE S OTHER S Z N/ A M 

### n i t i t it
ii 

### HAZARDOU S MIXTURE S O ROTHE RLIQU TL V (UHITS ) ALLOY S & METALLI C

COATING S BASE.META

L ALLOY S METALLI C COATING S FILLE RMETAL PLU S O RCOR E FLU

X OTHER S

IDS , SOLIDS , O RGASE S No nApplicabl e SECTIO N II I — PHYSICAL DATA BOILIN GPOIN T ( F ) VAPORPRESSUR E (MJ . HG. ) VAPORDENSIT Y(AI R» 1 ) SOLUBILIT YIN

WATE R 

## N/ A

- ...N/ A 

## N/ A Solubl e Z N/ A i t ii i i II

• • 

## Z . TL V (UNITS )

TL V (UNITS )

SPECIFI C GRAVITY(Hj O - 1 ) 

## N/A PERCEN T VOLATIL E B YVOLUM E ( Z )

Unknow n EVAPORATIO

N RAT E ( - 1 ) Unknow n APPEARANC E ANDODO R White , odorles s powde r SECTIOH I

V - FIR E ANDEXPLOSION HAZARDDATA FLAS H POIN T (METHODUSED ) N/ A FLAMMABL E LIMIT S N/ A EXTINGUISHIN

GMEDI A Nonflammabl e SPECIA L FIR E FIGHTINGPROCEDURE S Wea r self-containe dbreathing aparatus . UNUSUA L FIR E ANDEXPLOSION HAZARD S Non e know n



# /?P.1 6 

## Attachment 2 

# lYIaeDer i Incorpora t 1^(5/570 WATERBURY . 

## NO . ofl5 7 EN-MAC * 5 7 

## HIG B SPEED , ULTR

ABRIGH T ELECTROLES S NICKE L

39%355 3 - LO S ANGELES . C A (213 ) 240-957 3



## EN-MAC 5 7 i s a highs Thi s extremel ystabl e deposi t wit hexcepti o abrasio n resistance , variet yo f substrate s aluminum , coppe r ali o wel l a s manyothe r n o mak e EN-MAC 5 7 idea l tion s suc has : jewe l automotiv e an

d aircr a parts . Th e EN-MA C 5 7 hard chrom e becaus e o hea t treatment . peed , ultr a brigh t e syste mproduce s a u na l ductility , an

d o EN-MAC 5 7 ha s exce l , includin g steel , i ys , nicke l alloys , t n conductiv e surfac e fo r man ydecorativ e ry , mirrors , electr o f t component s an

d m a deposi t i s als o an f the highhardnes s lee t ni f o uts t len t ron , ita n s . and ni c n yo exc e tha t roles s nicke l system , r mnicke l phosphoru s andin g wea r an

d adhesio n o n a wid e stainles s steel , ium , beryllium , a s Th e abov e propertie s functiona l applica
parts , molds , the r industria l llen t alternativ e t o can be attaine d afte r

Produc t Featur e Hig hrat e o f depositio n fo r thic k deposit s Extremel ybrigh t deposi t Excellen t stabilit y Minima l o r n o pittin g wit hheav

ydeposit s Hig htolerance s t o impuritie s Goo d Ductilit y Ca n b e operate d ammonia
fre e Al l component s ar e Q.C.' d and supplie d b

yMacDermi d Custome r Benefi t

• Save s platin g time increas
in g productivit y

• Mor e saleabl e produc t

• Les s dow

n time

• Fewe r reject s

• Longe r bat hlif e Plate d part s can be flexe d withou t crackin g Minimize s reject s whe n platin g A l substrate s an d increase s bat hlif e On e sourc e fo r al l compon ent s make s troubl e shootin g and proble msolvin g easie r and quicke r
IMPORTANT : Pleas e not e Disclaime ro n pag e 2 . Als o rea d carefull ywarnin g an d safet yinformatio n o n th e las t page . Thi s dat a shee t contain s tecnnica l informatio n reauire d fo rsaf e an d economica l ooeratio n o fthi s product . REA D I TTHOROUGHL YPRIO R T O PRODUC TUS E EMERGENC YDIRECTOR YASSISTANC E m.t s a (313 ) 644-5626 . 

# A "P.1 7



## OPERATING DAT

A Ihe EX-MAC 5 " '.'lir a Brigh t Electroles s :i:c<e l 5 ys t e *- . :: : thre e liqui d concentrates . EN-MA C 5 7 (13057 ) an

d EN-MAC 5 5 Starte r t . 1 5 0 5 3 > ar e use ; up . EN-MAC 5 7 an

d EN-MA C 5 9 Reduce r (13059 ) ar e use d fo r replenishment . SOLUTIO N MAKE-UP gallon s pe r fl . oz . pe r ml/pe r

10 0 gallon s gallon s lite r EN-MAC 5 7 5. 0 6. 4 5 0 EN-MAC 5 8 Starte r 15. 0 19. 2 15 0 D.I . o r Distille d Wate r 80. 0 102. 4 30 0 T o mak e u

p th e require d amoun t o f operatin g solutio n procee d a s follows : 1 . Rins e tan

k thoroughl ywit hD.I . o r Distille d water . 2 . Partiall yfil l tan k wit hD.I . o r Distille d water . 3 . Ad d require d amount s o f EN-MAC 5 7 an d EN-MAC 5 8 Starte r wit hai r o r mechanica l agitatio n an d fil l t o workin g volum e wit hD.I . o r Distille d water . 4 . Hea t solutio n t o 180-190° F (82-80°C) . Chec k pH an d adjus t i f necessary . EQUIPMENT : Glass , PVC , o r polyethylen e line d stainles s stee l tank s ar e pre ferred . Stainles s stee l shoul d b e passivate d wit h50-5 0 nitri c aci d befor e use . Adua l tan k systemi s preferre d a s wel l a s indirec t heating .

Pag e 3 o f 1 0 MacDermi d Incorporate d EN-MAC 5 7 HighSpeed , Ultr a Brigh t Electroles s Nicke l

/ < *P.1 8



## o - i O.I M c.D.T.A . f 10. 2 10. 0 

## 9. 8 9. 6 9. 4 9. 2 9. 0 8. 8 8. 6 8. 4 8. 2 S. 0 7. 5 7. 0 6. 5 % Nicke l

Presen t 

## 10 0 97. 5 95. 6 93. 6 91. 7 89. 7 87. 8 85. 8 83. 9 81. 9 80. 0 78Z 0 73. 1 63. 3 63. 4 Nicke l Meta l

oz./ca l (g/l ) 0.8 0 0.7 3 0.7 6 0.7 5 0.7 3 0.7 2 0.7 0 0.6 8 0.6 7 0.6 6 0.6 4 

## 0.6 2 

## 0.5 9 0.5 5 0.5 1 (6.0 ) (5.8 ) (5.7 ) (5.6 ) (5.5 ) (5.3 ) (5.2 ) (5.1 ) (5.0 ) (4.9 ) (4.8 ) (4.6 ) (4.4 ) (4.1 ) (3.8 ) EN-MAC :

fl.cz. /
- 1. 6 3. 2 4. 0 5 . 6 

## 6. 4 8. 0 9. 6 10. 4 11. 2 12. 8 

## 14. 4 16. 8 20. 0 23. 2 - 

## 0 cai(ml/l ) (1.2 ) (2.5 ) (3.1 ) (4.4 ) (5.0 ) (6.2 ) (7.5 ) (8.1 ) (8.7 ) (10.0 ) (11.2 ) (13.1 ) (15.6 ) (18.1 ) -••-•. : 1, "



### nl.cz. . 

## 3. 2 6. 4 8. 0 11. 2 12. 8 1 r x. 

### 1 0 . u 

### 19. 2 20. 8 22. 4 25. 6 

## 28. 3 33. 6 40. 0 46 . 1 * " • "*•«• . - J ,



### v2 . 5 ) ' 5 . C- ) •5.2) - 

## (3.7 ) ( 1 G. 0 ) 

## (12.5 ) (15.0 ) (16.2 ) (17.5 ) (20.0 ) (22.5 ) (26.2 ) (31.2 ) (36.3 ) —•» V



### ~ ^

Maintenanc e o f nicke l betwee n 90-100 % wil l provid e consisten t deposi t quality , brightnes s an d platin g rate .

Note : D o no t mak e mor e tha na 20 % additio na t on e time .

Al l replenishmen t addition s shoul d b e don e wit hagitatio n

Pag e 5 o f 1 0 MacDermi d Incorporate d EN-MA C 5 7 Hig hSpeed , Ultr a Brigh t Electroles s Nicke l



# '?P.1 9



## TYPICA L CYCL E (cont'd )

Stee . 3 . Electroclea n wit hMete x Alu m inur n Aci d Electr c c lea n vicr . Mete x M-2S32 , 1- 3 Etc h15 % c yvol . Mete x E-172c , i ; cz . lbs./gal . (120-36 0 153° F (66°C) , 2 min . sal . \~ 5 z; 1) , 1;0- ? g/l ) 190° F (33°C ) (TDS # 2513 ) (32°C) , 3- 5 -ir* . 1- 3 min.(TDS # 2832 ) (TDS ? 0226 ) 4 . Col d Wate r Rins e Col d Wate r Rins e Col d Wata r Rins e 5 . Activat e wit hMete x Desmu t wit hMete x De - Activat e wit hMete x M-62 9 aci d salt , 1 oxide r 2627 , 1 lb./gal . M-62 9 aci d salt , 1 lb./gal . (2 0 g/l) , (12 0 g/l),70° F (24°C ) lb./gal . (2 0 g/l) , 75° F (24°C),1 0 sec . 2- 8 min . (TDS # 2627 ) 75° F (24°C),i O sec .

- 2 min.(TDS # 3001 ) - 2 min . (TDS # 3001 ) 6 . Col d Wate r Rins e Col d Wate r Rins e Col d Wate r Rins e 7 . EN-MA C 5 7 Col d Wate r Rins e EN-MAC 5 7 Electroles s Nicke l Electroles s Nicke l 3 . Col d Wate r Rins e *MacDermi d 631 1 Allo yCol d Wate r Rins e Zincate , 25 % b

yvol. , 75° F (24°C),3 0 sec . (TDS # 6811 ) 9 . Warm Wate r Rins e Col d Wate r Rins e WarmWate r Rins e wit hMete x 989 8 wit hMete x 939 3 wate r shedde r wate r shedde r (TDS # 9898 ) (TDS # 9898 ) 10 . Dr yCol d Wate r Rins e Dr y 11 . EN-MAC 5 7 Electroles s Nicke l 12 . Col d Wate r Rins e 13 . WarmWate r Rins e wit hMete x 989 8 wate r shedde r (TDS # 9898 ) 14 . Dry *Difficul t t o plat e alloy s mayrequir e doubl e zincating . Thi s i s accomplishe d b

yremova l o f the initia l zin c deposi t i n nitri c aci d follwe d b

yre-applicatio n o f th e 681 1 allo yzincate . Pag e 7 o f 1 0 MacDermi d Incorporate d EN-MAC 5 7 Hig hSpeed , Ultr a Brigh t Electroles s Nicke l 

# /fP.2 0 

## TROUBLESHOOTING GUID E PROBLE M CAUS E REMEDY Rapi d p H chang e

Lo wdepositio n rat e

Nicke l seedin g
N o depositio n

Dar k deposit s Ora g i n o f aci d o r alkali . Excessiv e workload . Hightemperature . Lo whypophosphite . Lo wnicke l content . Lo wtemperature . Lo wpH . Poo r surfac e preparation . Ol d use d bath . Metalli c contamination . Lo wloading . Ho t spots . Roug htank spots . Imprope r passivation . Imprope r surface . Lo wtemperatur e o r pH . Lo wEN-MA C 5 9 Reduce r Metalli c impurities . Organi c impurities . Lo wmeta l o r low hypophosphite . Imprope r surfac e preparation . Metalli c impurities . Organi c impurities . Staining . Correc t 'insina . Reduc e workload . Reduc e temperature . Analyz e an

d correct . Analyz e an

d correct . Rais e temperature . Measur e an

d correct . Correc t cycle . Discar d par t o f bath . Dumm ybath . Increas e workload . Correc t heating . Smoot hroughareas . Passivat e equipment . Correc t cycle . Measur e an

d correct . Analyz e an

d correct . Dumm yplate . Carbo n treat . Analyz e an

d correct . Correc t cycle . Dumm yplate . Carbo n treat . Improv e rinsing . WAST E TREATMEN T Solutio n o f EN-MA C 5 7 contai n nicke l meta l and ar e acidic . Thes e solution s mus t b e treate d fo r remova l o f nicke l meta l an d p H adjuste d prio r t o dischargin g the mint o a sewag e system . Consul t MacDermid' s Technica l Servic e fo r mor e detaile d information . Contac t loca l agencie s wit hregar d t o regulation s concernin g th e discharg e o f nicke l and it s disposal . STANDARDPACKAGE : 5 gallo n and 5 5 gallo n container s MACDERMI DINCORPORATE D WATERBURY , CONNECTICU T Pag e 9 o f 1 0 - 4/18/8 6 EN-MAC 5 7 Hig hSpeed , Ultr a 3righ t Electroles s Nicke l Thi s dat a shee t i s a revisio n o f Issu e DM-B , whic hi s no wobsolet e an d shoul d b e destroyed . EN-MAC i s a registere d trademar k o f MacDermi d Incorporated . 

# / fP.2 1



# Th e Engineerin g Propertie s o f 

# ELECTROLES

S NICKE LDEPOSIT

S

inc o

<ZO

### TH E ENGINEERIN G PROPERTIESO F ELECTROLES S NICKE LDEPOSIT S INTRODUCTIO N Ii't " '-.'Mi l 'eleclioles s piOCCs s ' I
- i!-c di ' Jj'C'iO C .nctliod s '.' l platin g I n mean s m chemica i reduction . I!u l i s l o viv . electroles s nicke l i s produce d b vreducin g Mav l ii'i?. - Imu i solution s whic h CUIIIJII I phosphite . iiii i I . vdia/u: e compounds . Hectroles s platin g dn - e i - H I ••.-ii. - significan t respec t iro m jl l th e othe rchemica l platin g pioccdure s i n ilia i : i i s th e onl ychemica l planus ! i>i.>ees s winc h doe s no i depen d o n th e presenc e o l a ."ipl e betwee n galvanicall ydissimila rmelals . Allov s o | nicke l an d phosphoru s ar e obuine d wil h phosphit e MIIS . Th e phosphoru s conten t ca n b e varied , .oiuiali vbetwee n J an d I 2 percent , ( o contro l strength , ductilitv . stress , magneti cpropertie s an d structure , Hig h pliosphn i u - content s obtaine d i n solution s wit h a lo w pi t .m d a lne.l i t.ili o o l phosplul e l o nicke l ion s t.ivo i hig h -itcngt h an d lo wstres s I li e allov s ai e stipcisaiu i.rc J soli d solulionso l nicke l phosphid e i n nickel . Nicke l phosphid e ca n li e piecipn.ile J I n hc-.i l treat r.u:Awliid i haiJeu s tii e Jcposi l abou t Iwolold . I"! •i >

. ;ji'.m' i -iie- s low.ii d th e ICIIMI C diichoi i l.' i dcimsii s • ; - K. •a i. J othe i sub-tiale s wit h lo wexpansio n e"C l 11 - cietits . Ih e sitetmi h an d ductilit yi. | alloy s c.iitaiiii.'n : ies s tha n '•

percen t pliosphoiu s ar e increase d b yhea l treatment , bu l highe rpiiosphorus-nicke l ratio s at e :•-' • Juce d i n iiiengt h an d ductility . Hardnes s i s no t allecle d b yth e phosphoru s conten t i n th e taiig e ol ' " t o I I percent , eithe rheiur e o ralte r hea t ireatmen t a l "5 0 F (40 0 Cl . Onl yth e high phosphoru s alloy s retai n hig h hardnes s alte rhea t heat in g a t UU U o rI 4"" 0 F (60 0 o r.SOOO . Treatmen t a t " 5 0 F (40 0 C l maxnni/.e s hardness . T o niminn/. e stress , a phosphoru s conten t o fI I percen t appear s best . Hea t ireatmei u a t I 2*»(

J l o 147 0 F (70 0 t o KO O (' ) i s usuall y employe d t o avoi d o rminimiz e a los s i n th e latigu e strengt h o l high-strengt h stee l plate d wit h electroles s nickel . Atlc rhea l ireatmen t a l hig h temperalute . ailov s wit h a t leas t l * pcicen l phosphoru s consis t o l nicke l disperse d n i a mal m o l nicke l phosphide . Alloy s wil h ie-- s tha n ~ peicen l phosphoru s ar e a dispersio n o l nicke l phosphid e i n nickel . Iligh-lemperalur e hea l treaimen t improve s th e corrosio n resistanc e o l electroles s nickel plate d steel .



### CONTENT S Pag e APPL'CATION S . r.-vSlC.A LPROPERTIE S p .... . '•'.e r:. ; D -

OiH-' l tlrr S F'e.i i - ^ .i i ?'• upe i tic s . '.'j.j.-ie!:. . °-"pertie s . . •ECHANI . A LPROPERTIE S ... . Strnngt h ant i Ductilit y Hardnes s RfSislom e t o Wea ran d Fiictio n Interna l Stres s 5 5 7 1 1 1 1 ; c rEC TO F ELECTROLES S NICKE LCOATING S Jr. TH E -AflGU E STRENGT H O F STEE L ; 1 ' H E CORROSIO N RESISTANC E O F STEE LCOATE D /.IT H ELEC I ROLES S NICKE LDEPOSIT S STHuCTLiR E f- l E F E r\

~• ' vi . E S . 1 3 1 4 

### 2 0



# -V .P.2 3



### APPLICATION S Numerou s application s hav e been'deveiojv J !• " eiectiu - ';• > Micke l Jeposn s i n ih e past . Th e I'uiur e ,.. . A. s bu-y u :7 rcontinue d erowl h wher e economi cadv.iiiiag e va n h c mad e o l th e resistanc e o fth e coalin g t o .ihrasuni . wear , fric:.o n and/o rcorrosion . l-iectroies s nicke l deposit s hav e bee n use d lo rlan K ea rinterior s l o handl e a variet yo fliquid s whic h woul d b e contaminate d b ycontac t wit h steel , o rwhic h ar e corrosiv e t o steel . Electroles s nicke l deposit s als o lin d wid e applicatio n i n rocketr yan d missiles , je t engines , oi l refineries , handlin g o fpetroleu m products , handlin g o l nuclea rfuel s an d hea l transfe rlluids . Pipin g an d con densins ; tower s fo rsolven t extractio n ca n b e coale d wit h electroles s nicke l l o inhibi t corrosio n an d erosion . A coatin g o felectroles s nicke l ca n b e utili/e d t o inhibi t stres s corrosio n crackin g o fstainles s stee l an d titaniu m alloys . t haracten/.e d b vhig h hardness , electroles s nicke l deposit s fin d us e i n increasin g th e hi e o l pumps , com pressor s ari d simila requipment . Die s use d I' m extrudin g an d rnoidini ! plashe s o rcastin g zin calloy s ca n b e coate d wit h electroles s nicke l i n inhibi t erosion . Fo rdi e casting , th e lo wtherma l conductivit yo l electroles s nicke l (rela tiv e t o tha t fo rdi e steels ) ma vb e a n advantag e lo r inhibi t m g prematur e freezin g o fth e zin callo yont o th e di e cavit vsurfaces . I n cast-iro n mold s lo rmakin g glass , electroles s nicke l deposit s ca n prever u stickin g an d ease releas e u fth e glasswar e fro m th e mold . Automotiv e application s o felectroles s nicke l de posit s o n stee l includ e bal l studs , transmissio n thrus t washer s an d differentia l pinio n cros s shafts . I n thes e applications , electroles s nicke l i s use d prima l ii vl o re duc e 'jallinL'-tvp e wear . Solderabilit yo faluminu m product s i s enhance d whe n (he yar e coate d wit h electron s nickel . Th e lo wcoereivit yo felectroles s nickel-phosphoru s an d nickel-cobail-phosphoru s alloys , an d ih e relationshi p o fihei rremanen t an d saiuraiio n magneti clorces . ca n b e utilize d fo rfast-switchin g memor ydevice s i n computer Tli e metallizatio n o fnon-conductin g surfaces , winc h ha s a vita l rol e i n th e platin g o t plastics , i s anothe rwide sprea d us e I'o relectroles s nicke l deposits . 

### PHYSICA LPROPERTIE S Brenne rinitiate d th e measuremen t o fpropertie s . i electroles s nicke l deposit s i n 1447 . H e reporte d hardnes s value s o f42 5 Knoo p fo ra nickel-phosphoru s allo yde poshe d i n a n alkalin e citrat e bath . 50 0 Knoo p lo ra n allo vproduce d i n a n aci d citrat e solutio n an d .v" 0 Knoo p fo ra n allo vdeposite d i n a n ummoniaca l hath . Th e increas e i n hardnes s resultin g fro m hea l Heatin g wa s ascribe d t o th e precipitatio n o fphosphides . Sodiu m hypophosphit e i s ih e mos t commo n agen t fo rreducin g nicke l ion s t o metal , bu l severa l report s refe ri o th e us e o fhydrazin e o rsodiu m borohydride . Mor e propert ydat a hav e bee n reporte d lo rth e nickel I'l . i-tllio ; Li > i . \ . .,-. ; s .viv a ; ; ; • • N.'.liin u ii vifciph...:'u.i c:!::: : ' • • e...; i • •• • piodiice d wi' h -'Ihe : reducine , .:cci:'. s I h e ;-i i • : • • ' . ..i-nle'.t vo l ib e .!e:>isil s f i 'i n M-liii'-••• ••..•'• ' »nli;iii i h'.'p'>phi.»iiiu( e '.isiiail vrane e • ' ' " . ! ' ' i . ' :'-.' cent , b m v.iiK'iniii' i icjc h T O peicr. ' \

' J' I ."!••!.: : rati o o i h v|*'ph.ophit e an d nicke l ion s I >. ' "-* i • • . i . , lo wpl l t< 4 " i !JV.-. I , i !ng h phosphor- - ...iret r• : '•• I " percen t '" ' 

### Densit y Th e densit yo l electroles s nicke l i s pu<fv• •t • •<it.i l u> th e phosphoru s content , a s show n i n lieur e I Ih e densit yo ft

ics. Im less nicke l i s slightl ylowc i iha n :h e calculate d valu e fo rmixture s ><)' nicke l aiu l N i ,P . wherea s th e densit yo fcU\ tr.<,lcf-ss.i!isl

i.icsei phosphoru s allov s i s slightl yhighe rtha n th e calculaie d value . Densitie s m " 7

. " t o X. I g.c u c m wei e reporte d fo i alloy s coniainin g ?

> l o • > perce m phosphorus , a s show n u Tabl e I . Allov s coniainin g 5 l o n percen t phosphoru s hav e a densil vo ! " s 2 5 .^-^

n t - m f| k . J^IIMI Vo ! „ • •.•.IM - les s nicke l containin g abou t . ' peieen i nhosphoni s i s > ' e . sru cm .

"*

•rso^o-vr t Co"*^ : .seer ' l-iimr v1-Heiisii; . .. : S:.Lei-l , , i.is|.|ii.r. ; , \I' • • v, , . . I • ' :l vriii>s|i|ii>ru s ( ...TIITI I



### &j3~Di e amoun t o i occlude dcompound s ineiectroic-. s Jet:.-.::- . •: .-ie.'.:'.les s nicke i teduce dwit hlivdu/in e wa s nicke l mus t

b e lairl v small , a s indicate dbv anaivtica i lowere dir.j mv 5 i o ~. 1 ' < j c u c muoo nhea t

Ire aI
dai alo r caibon . o\yge nan dhvdioge u winc htotale d"lent . '" ' I t containe da nappreciabl e amoun t o i ovide s <- 0 5 percent. 10 ' On e investigalo i repi>ne dasligh t it ) L

Nt o •)•*•• percen t

oxygenl . inciejs e i

ndensil v a s aresui t

o f hea t tieatmenl.' 1 0 ' Th e



### TABL E 1 . PHYSICA LPROPERTIE S O F ELECTROLES S NICKEL Propert y Valu ea s aFunctio n u f Phosphoru s Conten t Propert y i'.'iP5-6" ; PX-9' ' PSupplementa l Data I'cusiiv.ecm 3 >.5: ,4 » ^:5 , 4 ) "..s5 l 5

- 0 , .-.'i (;, .;s. l ' 4 | (al.(bl . (c) . IJ I ihl.lil . (j i l;es:i:calies,s|,v,tv . .n)- e > -: ( , ) *M o .^'-'.H-'V'. ! |ij<9 ) :;!:c: . oiim- v ni Iheinu l coii.liuliviiy . N o dat aN o dai aO.OI0 5 l o O.L ) I}S' v.l 1 sil l w c( ' ( oei:icten i o l thenna l N o da u N o dat aI.''* " .1 5 5 t o I4.5 ( 9 ) 10.45/am/m. ( wa s espaiis.nii . ^ mill (reporte dh i on e deposit . n o I

* conten t wa s „ven< 1 C ' 1 1 impuritii- s u ; eiectioles s nicke l containin g S' ; I ' wit hadensit y o t 7.« 5 g cm " include dU.U4'". ' C . 0.00 1 b ' II


# V uou : ' ()., . a:, d"0U0 5 ; N' . ; '- ' m i I:.. - .lens'l v o l .

i mckcl-phosphoiusaili.l v wa s increase dfioit t "." 2 : o 7."." . g c mb v hea l '.reatin g ,10 1

. i I!; e Jetisit v .. | e!ecl:oie>. s nicke l leduce dwiti i h v d i aziu e wa s reduce diio m- Y5 t o " •> ge mb y liclin g a ; |4(j(l F
i '•• • it v j:. dti.i.'. ' P . Ileatin e convene dbuttl e l o Juciil e deuosit s ''" ' Th e deposit s containe d•> 0 4 • C . U.OU. " !• • J.007". ' II , .Jt.r- :. . O.-ii-- ' O, . U." 4 t o U.2" ' N', . S) UO. ' U i I-Icitoics s nicke l coniainin g 7.5' . I ' ha dadensit y o l , YI* " g ..il l .''* ' U i IIcc'.iodcposite dallo v containin g 1.2''- I ' '* " I : IKejiiodcposite dallo y coniaining"' ' P tJ I i e i IieJtiodeposiie dallo y coiitaiuin g 15 ' P . iti i Ii.. nnlni s U4-.U * mil s ( I1st 1 _u.::) exhibite dalesisiivii v o f 5 5 t o n * mien. , liim-cni . incompariso nwil h. 4 mil s i "• ' t o " * microohm-cn i fo i 1 0 m l coating s containin g " t o IU ' ' P. 1 i: i Ih e les.stivil v o l nickel-phosphoru s allo y produce d: nalkalin e solution s wa s onl y " S t o 5 4 microohm-v.m . : n ..•n.paiiM'i i wul i 5 1 l o 5 Xmiciooht nc mlo r

alloy s deposite dinaci dbaths . H I1 li e lesisiivii v o i a nelectrviles s nicke l coalin g wit ha nuiispecilic dphosphuiu s conten t wa s reduce dHu ml l ' 0 l o I' 5 nucihoohm-c mb v hea t treating. - '



## «3L ?P.2 5



### TABL E 2 . COERCIVIT YO F ELECTROLES S NICKE LAN D NICKEL-COBAL TALLO Y Phosphoru s Content . percen t INicke l <0. 5 5. 0 t o n. O 5. 0 t o 6. 0 3. 5 7. 0 ' 8. 6 Ca9 9. 6 10. 0 i o 17. 0 15. 0 t o 18. 0 Coercivity . oersted s

N o Hea t Treatmen t 1 4 t o 2 2 1 0 i o 2 0 5 0 l o X 0 5 0

~ t 1. 4 N o dai a <0. 1 0 0 I INickel-Cobal tAllo y 1. 0 t o 2. 0 

# :. o <5. 0 5. 0 

### > ^ 6. 9 2 t o X

<5. 0 1 l„4 U I slm i 4. 5 0.1 4 Hea t

Treate d 66 0 F(35 0 .N o dat a N o dat a N o dai a t> 0 11 0 12 5 32 5 15 0 N o dai a N' o dat a N o dai a N o dat a N o dat a N o dat a N o dat a N' o dat a a t

C l Squarenes s o f Hysteresi s Loo p (B r / B m )

()l) s(b l N o dai a N o dai a <0. l 0. 7 0. 5 N o da u <0. 4 <0. 4 <0. 4 N o dat a N o dat a N o dat a 0.1 0 0.5 0 Solutio n

NiS0 4 . M 

# o.Z " 0.I2 ( * ' O.I2 k l O.I3 , d l O.O" 1 0 ' O.IKZ' 1 

# o.u"' 1 0.04 , e ) 0.12'? ' 0.033'' " OO"' 1 ' 

### oo:' 1 

### ' no"' 1 

### ' 0.02"" " 0.0(. , ( " O.I.*'P » Compositio n

NaH 2 P 0 2 . M None 1 " 0.1 " 0 1 " 0 0" 5 0.1 " 0.1 " 0.0" 5 0.1 " O.l " 

### o.o 1 

### '- *

II I 1 ) 1 4 II I (u l 0.1 " 0 1 " Oper a

p H

" I1 N O ". 1 S " 

### x5 

### s. 5 S.v ) 

### s. 5 S - " S- 0

M l 1 n( 1 S ( 1 s 5 ". 5

. i < in e (n m ill.Ill s

Temperature * F. C

j-I S l u i 111.' ) I" 4 i M l" 4 lul l | ' U 

### !•.( ) 1 7 "

•wi . " i 1 ! i M ! "i . I " l 1 *

" 1

- 1 "( 1 o i l O l !

" 1 

### "( ' " 1

,N ^

"'.O' S "I I M l '( I I'elereiic i

i". l ' 1 

### \ I s 1 " 1 " 1 '

' • 1 1 " I. s 1 *

. 1
2 J

• • • j ; (a l Thi s solutio n containe d 0. 2 M NiCI 2 . 0. 2 M NI' 2 C 4 I I 4 0 6 . an d 1 0 M hydrazin e (b ) Saturatio n magneiizatio n was l W/ ro ftha i o fbulk , wrough i nickel . Th e thicknes s o fthes e iilm * i.inee d 'im n 1.00 0 t o 2.00 0 angstroms . (c ) Thi s solutio n containe d 0.1 2 M NiS') 4 . 0.1 " o r0.7 5 M (N H ) 2 SO, . (11 2 M Na,( ' 11,0. . an d ni " \ | NaH 2 P 2 0 7 . (d ) Thi s solutio n wa s prepare d wit h NiC U an d als o containe d 0.4 XM NH 4 (" I an d 0. 1 7 M N.i-('H-0 - (e l Thi s solutio n was prepare d wit h NiC U an d als o containe d 0.4 XM NH.C I an d 0. 5 M N.t, ( ,11, 0 . (f ) Thi s solutio n containe d 0.1 3 M N'iCI, . 0> 5 M NH 4 C'I . 0.5 4 M Na 3 C' 6 ll 5 f" 7 . an d D.O" ' M NalljPO., . 'g l Thi s solutio n containe d 0.7 2 M NiS0 4 . 0.1 2 M N'a 3 C' 6 l' 5 0 7 . an d U.I " M NaH,PO, . (h ) Thi s solutio n containe d 0.03 3 M NiS0 4 . 0. 5 M N'a 3 C 6 H 5 0 7 . 0.0" 5 M Nall,PO, . an d 0. 4 M N'a-,B 4 0 7 . (, ) Thi s solutio n containe d 0.0 9 M N.S0 4 . 0.06 5 M CoS0 4 . 0.2 S M N:i 3 C-H 5 0 7 . ( I 5 M (NH 4 l 2 S 0 4 . a:- d 0 2"* M H 3 P0 2 . Th e deposit s containe d 4 0 t o SC** cobalt , (j ) Thi s solutio n containe d abou t 0.0 7 M NiCI 2 . 0.0 6 M CoCI, . 0.1 7 M Na 3 C 6 l l 5 0 7 . 0." 5 M NII 4 CI . ..n d 0.1 4 U NaH 2 P0 2 . Th e deposit s containe d 1 5 t o 337 * cobait . Ik ) Coercivit ydecrease d wit h thicknes s fro m 4 oersted s a t 2.1) 0 At o I oerste d a t 7.<s0 0 angstroms . (I ) Thi s solutio n containe d 0.09 5 M NiS0 4 . 0 06 5 M CoS0 4 . 0. 5 M <NH 4 ).,S0 4 . Q.2~> M N:i 3 C 6 H 5 0.. . an d 0 2 * M H,P0 2 . Th e cobal t conten t wa s abou t 507* . (m ) Coercivit yincrease d t o I 2 oersted s a s fil m thicknes s increase d fro m 50 0 l o 5.00 0 angstroms . Th e allo ydeposit s containe d abou t 4(/ * cobalt . (n ) Thi s solutio n containe d 0.02 7 M NiSO. . 0.01 8 M C o S O 0.0 7 S | NJ,C,H,0 7 . Ol o M (Ni l ,U.S(> 4 . .m d 4 ml/ l H 3 P0 2 . 6"5"
- lo ) Thi s solulio n jonlainc d 0.0 6 M NiCI 2 . U.5 4 M NaX^I^ . 0." 5 S I NH 4 ('I . an d 0.1 " S I NaH,PO , The c-bai i conten t o fth e deposi t wa s 57.57 7 (p ) Thi s solulio n containe d 0.0 6 M NiCI, . 0.5 4 S I Na 3 C' 6 H 5 0 7 . 0." 5 M NH 4 ("I . an d 0.1 " M N.dUPO^ . I'h e cobal t conten t o(

th e deposi t wa s 237c . 

# Af

### Therma l Propertie s Th e (hernia l conductivit yo l " pcicen l phosphoru s electroles s nicke l allo yrange s fro m 0.010 5 tv) 0.013 5 s.a i ciii/secC.'" 1 whic h i s abou t one-hal l tha t o i pur e melallurgica l nickel . Coefficient s s\( therma l expansio n v d th e nickel-phosphoru s alloy s ar e lowe rtha n eleciro depusiie d nicke l (1 3 t o 14. 5 /jm/ui/C . i n compariso n * u h 1 4 t o P/Ltm.- m I'l.'- 7
- 9 ' 

### Electrica l Propertie s Th e conductivit ys\i electroles s nicke l range s froi n 1. 0 t o 5. " percen t IACS . dependin g o n th e phosphoru s content . Th e elect!ica l resistivitie s (Tabl e I ) o l alloy s v.•nlaiiuu g Xl o 9 percen t phosphoru s ar e nearl y1 0 time s th e resistivit yo fpur e metallurgica l nicke l whic h i s " 5 micioohm-cm . Areductio n o l resistivit yoccur s alte r hea t treating." 0 ' Ih e resistivit yo fa u electrodeposile d allo ycontainin g 7 percen t phosphoru s i s reduce d fro m * 2 l o abou i 20microohm-cn i b yhea l treatin g a l I I 1 0 F KiUL H I.'" " Aresistivu yo fonl y1 5 t o 1 5 niicroohm-c m •va s ic|»uic d lo i electioles s nivke l containin g 1 .. i o r4. " [vrceii t boio n lha t ha d bee n reduce d wit h dimethyl ainm e bmane. 1 ' ' " Th e icsistivit yo l a nicke l allo ycon tauun g O. o percen t boro n wa s onl y5. 5 microolim-cm . whiJ i i s lowe rtha n handboo k value s fo rhigh-puril y nickel . Ih e boion-dopc d nicke l correspond s t o n-type . wherea s phosphoru s nicke l i s p-'ype. 1 '^ ' Magneti c Propertie s Hectioles s nicke l deposit s produce d i n alkalin e solution s an d containin g " t o I Xpercen t phosphoru s exhibite d a coercivit ynl 2 oersied s o rless , a s show n i n Tabl e 2 . Li-ercivit yvalue s o t 1 0 t o 3 0 oersted s wer e icimrte d fo rsom e deposit s containin g 3 t o b percen t phosphorus . Other s range d i n coercivit yfro m 5 0 t o S O •e i sleds . Hea l treatin g a t Lm O ( o 75 0 F (55 0 o r400(7 ) u..:c.isc d coetcivit yconsiderably , lo rexample , tro m 2 :• •1 1 0 oeistedso i fio m < l t o I 5 0 oersteds. ' ' Bvcouilas t wit h electroles s nicke l films , whic h eshib n a lo wcoercivit yregardles s ol " thei rphosphoru s .,uncut , eleclioles s cobal t film s wn h mor e tha n abou t I • I I 1. 5 percen t pliosphoiu s wer e highe ri n coercivil y |>II 5 oersteds) . Alloy s containin g t> 0 perce m cobalt , balanc e nickel , als o ar e hig h i n coercivil y(>50 0 oer steds , a s a rule) . Apaten t cite d a coercivit yo f2 t o 5 oersted s lo r electioles s nicke l deposite d i n a u aci d bal h wit h a p H ot ' jhviu t 4.0.'- , " > l Aslightl yaci d bat h wit h a p H o fabou t 'i. o wa s use d t o deposi t nicke l alloy s containin g I : •t o 5 5 percen t cobal t an d 2 pcicen l phosphorus . Thes e allo ys exiubile d a voerci\;t ys-t < 5 oeisled s lJ ~ ' lucieasin g ih e p l l i o ( . J incieasc d th e coeiciv e fotce . Ahig h lali o o l remand. I l o salutatio n magnetizatio n als o wa s repo t led . L..w-coe;c;vii vnickel-cobal t alloy s coniainin g 5 l o I I neuen t phosphoru s als o at e include d i n labl e 2 . Relativel yduc k

dim s 0.0 5 mi l I \o0 0 angstroms ) ol ' nickel-cobalt-phosplioni s alloy s vvei e unchange d i n ^o-.-icivii vdunm : exposur e l o humi d ai r(5 0 t o 7 0 per cen t leiativ e humidity ! a t 2l2 F « 10 0 fl . wherea thinne rdim s 0.O00I 5 t o U.UI 5 mil s (40 0 l o 5.^0 0 an- - siroms l wer e not.'-* 1 Coercivit yoi th e thicke rdi m wa s stabl e fo r1.4u o hours . Unlik e electroles s nickel , whic h exhibite d a n in crease d coercivit yafte rhea t treatment . eieetroles S mckel-cobah-phosphoru s alloy s wer e reduce d i n coer civit ywhe n ihe ywer e hea l treated. (27 ) Hea t ireadr wa t 5 " 0 F (50 0 C ) minimize d coercivity . whic h wa s ascribe d t o th e "destructio n o fdefects. " Thes e allo yfilm s wer e deposite d i n l"0 F (5 7 C l solution s containin g 0. 1 i M nicke l sullaie . 0.1 2 M sodiu m acetate . 0.1 3 M ammon iu m sulfat e an d 0.1 6 M sodiu m hypophosphite . Althoug h severa l report s stat e tha t electroles s nicke l become s nonmagneti cwhe n u s phosphoru s conten t reache s " percent , a fiel d o f6.50 0 gaus s showe d shej u magnetizatio n fo ralloy s coniainin g <I 5 percen t phosphorus. IJ8 ' Magnetizatio n approache d zer o a l 1 5 percen t phosphorus , whic h correspond s t o (h e com poun d Ni 3 P . A t 9 percen t phosphorus , magneti csuscep tibilit ywa s 4 percent , i n compariso n wn h 37. 5 percen t lo relectrodeposi'e d nicke l ' ' Saturatio n magneti zatio n o t eiectroles s nicke l reduce d wit h hydrazin e wa s nearl yeqiu i t o th e saturatio n magnetizatio n fo rwrouuh l mcke i (4s 4 aauss/c u cm)." 7 1 

### MECHANICA LPROPERTIE S Strengt h an d Ductilit y Atensil e strengt h o f66.00 0 ps i (4 b kg/s q mm ) wa s reporte d fo relectroles s nicke l coniainin g abou t o per cen t phosphorus. (^9 , Thi s i s slightl ystronge rtha n nicke l electrodeposile d fro m a Watis-typ e solulio n o rannealed , rolle d nickel . Th e tensil e strengt h o fX. 2 o r". 4 percen t phosphoru s alloy s deposite d i n a n alkalin e hail i wa s muc h higher , bu t no t a s hig h a s electrodeposile d nick: I containin g >0.0 5 percen t sulfur . Th e tensil e strengt h o i tues e lueh-phosphoru s alloy s wa s 106.000 . ps i (" 5 kg's q mml.' - The ywer e deposite d i n a sodiu m curate buffere d nicke l chlorid e solution . I n comparison , elec troles s nicke l containin g abou t 8 percen t phosphorus , whic h vvas deposite d i n a n unbuffere d nicke l sullai e bath , exhibite d a tensil e strengt h o fonl y(O.OO O ps i (4 5 kg/s q mml. 130 1 Tabl e 3 include s supplementa l tensil e strengt h data . Hea l dealin g th e phosphoru s alloy s a t 75 0 t o 1 1 IO F (40 0 l o oOOC l reduce s th e tensil e strengt h appreciahl v.'* 9 '-"' 1 Fo rexample , th e tensil e strengt h ol ' alloy s containin g >. o l o ". 4 percen t phosphoru s wa s reduce d l o onl y10.00 0 ps i (7. 0 kg/s q mm l alte rt-0 o r I 2 U minute s heatin g a i ?5 0 F (40 0 Cl. 129 1 Th e sdengt h o fa n allo ycontainin g S. 0 t o 9. 4 percen t phosphoru s wa s reduce d as muc h a s S O percen t t o onl y18.00 0 ps i i i 2. 5 ke.;s q mm l b yhea t treatin g a l I I IO F (oOOC) . Hea l treatin g a t I 5X 0 F t 75 0 C ) reduce d th e strengt h o fJ- I > m " pcicen l phosphoru s allo yabou t " 0 percent , bu t



# JiS

### increase dth e strenuthoi6 percent phosphoru s ailo y .viieie.i s a nail." , .•••iiniim i x . , i .i.,-.. v 

### .. : 

### : ,,j-. , -y. •• , . abou l " 5 percent.'- 9 1 

### Figure 2 show s thes e relation
- i-.-vmi o j .iispcrsi.-- i mmckc i i nr\ke i p;....;ii- i ,.- ' ' ships . The change s i

nstrength(an dductihi y l show nmHea t treatmen t

J I*.'i'. . Il II

I*- ' I41)1 1 I.> • 1 1 Figure 2 are relate dto structura l change s that occu r reduce s 'h e d'.iciil 1 

### :; . ol th e phosphor. ^ ii|o v s !>i„::: . whe nth e alloy s ar e heal treate da t I5>t ) FI""50 C) . A

n.. . determine dby bulg e tests , wa s reduce d.it- , -H I' * ailo y containin g 5 or

6 percent

phosphoru s is trans - percen t b v hea t dealin g a

t 7* 0 F<4IJ0(.')O I' 0 I " V forme dl o adispersio nof nickel phosphid e i

nnickel . percent , dependin g m i th e phosphoru s content , b v hea t 

### TABL E 3 . MECHANICA LPROPERTIE S O F ELECTROLES S NICKE L

Propert y Valu e a s aFunctio nof Phosphoru s Conten t

Supplementa l Propert y 37 > P5^6 2 X^ ~ 0:it: i Tensil e strengt h psi N o dat a5o.OO

O l o i>5.0(>0 (30)



### . IOd.00O (29)



### . tsX.OOO 129 1 

### II1.00 0 t o I22.000 (31 ) 

### kc/s qm mNo dat a5 " l o 4*' 2 9 

### ' 45 (30)



### . " <(29)



### . " S dto lalandlb i s,,|!31 ) (d l (e l 

### Strai na t fracture'" 1 

### N o dat aO.OOX' 29 

### ' i)00 7 to 0.U0X |31 ) 

### 0.01 4 t o UOI."' 2 9 

### ' Flongation . percen t

N

o da u 2. 0 t o 2.1' 3 2 

### ' O..'' 2 9 

### ' . 3 to f7 5 

### ' 7 

### ' Modulu s o f

elasticit y No dat a,,- . .,, . psixlO 6

### ' 17(30) . :s 

### ..-( 3 

### ' ) kg/s qm m!2.000 (3O)



### . 20.0O(.) (31 ) 

### Hardness , kg/s qmm50 0 t o S0 0 50 0 t o 62 5 50 0 t o X0 0 Se

e Table J Interna l Stres s psi No*data9.50 0 t o 17.00 0 -15.00 0 (o 40.0(H) r 

### -? ; 

### ' st 

### ) m m

### N o dat a6. 7 t o 12. 0 • -10. 8 to 2 * Se e Tabl e ; 

### (a ) Hea t treaimen t

a t 75 2 F(40 0 C ) reduce dth e (ensu e strengt h>-io''• ' Pan d>•••>''- Palloy s t o only Unnii i p. . i " kg/s qmm). ' ' Heal treatmen i a t 15X 2 F(75 0 C ) increase dth e tensil e strengthsil th e 5-<<'
- Palloy s i, . 11

) 1 . < H« t t o I12.00 0 ps i (7 1 t o 7 9 kg/s qmml . but reduce dth e tensil e strengtho f a nS V Pallo y to -44.(XK

) ps i (5 1 k

g • | mm) . Most

o f thes e deposit s wer

e mad e i nI9 4 F(" 0 C ) bat hadjuste dt o ap H ol S 2 to X.4 . coniainu.i ; 0 | " M NiCI 2 

### . 0.2 8 M Na 3 

### C 6 

### H 5 

### 0 7 

### . 0.9 5 M NH 4 

### CI . an dabou t 0. 1 9 M N'aH 2 

### P0 2 

### : afe w value s f

melectroles s m.kc l deposite dinaci dbath s (p H o f 4. 2 t o 5.7 ) agree dwithdat afo r th e nicke l deposite di

nth e alkalin e solu : ion s (b ) Th e electroles s nicke l withatensil e strengt ho f 4 5 kg's qmmwa s deposite di nabatha

t 1 " 6 t o 2 1 2 F|S nm I00C ) wit hap H o f

5. 2 t o 5.6 , containin g 0.05 7 M NiS0 4 

### . 0.1 4 M H(' 3 

### 0 2 

### H 6 

### . 0.1 5 g IM.- O v

### u.U' s g | hydroxylamm e sulfate , an d0.1 7 M NaH 2 

### P 0 2 

### . ' 3 0 

### ' Heat treaimen t

a t 75 2 Faridill 2 F(40 0 C a'. dnd O i' i reduce dtensil e strengtht o 31,50 0 psi (2 2 kg/s qmm l an d4X.00 0 psi (5 4 k g s qmm) , respectively . (c ) Determine db y bulg e testing. ' ' Astrai na t fractur e o f

0.01 5 is equivalen t

t o a n.elongatio noi7> l " . (d ) Hea t treatmen t

a t 75 2 or I1 1 2 F(40 0 or

60 0 C) reduce dth e ductilit y ol 5 to "' " Palloys.' 29 

### ' Hea t tieatmen i a t 138 2 F(75 0 C ) improve dth e ductilit y o f th e 5 or

6' 7 Palloys , bu t

reduce dth e ductility s<ith e " o r '' ' Palloys . (e ) Th e ductilit y o f

ih e 67 ' Pallo y was higher tha nth e ductilit y o f

4 or 7'" : Palloys. vJ



### - ' Hea

t treatin g th e n' P allo y reduce delongatio nto onl y 0.1 r 

### >.



# JL6

### dealin g a i lilU F(rstJ

O C).''-'* ' He r

dcalme ma

t i.'-.xOFf.'O O reduce dth e ductility of th e > o

r ' percen t phosphoru s alloy s abou t -4 0 percent . The reduc
tio ni nductilit y an dtensil e strengthprobabl y wa s a t least partl v du e t o microcracking . whic hha' s bee nob
servedmicroscopicall y i nheat-treaie dnickel-phosphoru s aiioy coating s b y several investigators . The ductilit y ol

electroles s nicke l wa s maximize db y aJiustin g th e phosphou s conten t t o 5 percen t

an dsel
ectin g aheat-tieatmen t temperatur e ol 15X 0 F (~5 u OZ' ; M

### Fve nso . suc haheai-treate dallo y exhibite d only slight

ductilit y ( astrai nat fractur e o f

0.01b . appioxLmatel y equa l t o 1 percen t elongation) . A5-hour treatmen t a t 13X 0 F(750C ) or

higher followe dby slow cooiin g i o 5" 0 FI200C ) o r belo w maninert

atmos phet e wa s suggeste dt o maximiz e ih e duciilii y of a n alloy containin g abou t

9 percen t

phosphorus 1 0

### bu l n o quantitativ e informatio nfor suc haheat-treate dallo y .vas reported . Hardnes s Hardnes s value s o f

electroles s nicke l deposit s ar e a nieasui e o l th e resistanc e o f th e deposit s t o indentatio n » y a nindenle r

o i fixe dgeometr y unde r astati c load . Pyrami ddiamon dindenter s o f eithe r Vicker s or

Knoo p shap e ar e usuall y used , wit hth e result s reporte da s VH N IDPH ) or

KH Nrespectively . Foreig ninvestigator s report liaidues. s value s i

n;erm s o f

kg/s qmm . Knoo p Hardnes s Number s (KHN ) canb e considere dequivalen t t o kg/s q m mreading s wit honl y aslight error . Vicker s Hardnes s Number s (VHN ) Jitte r

fro mkg/s qmmreading s b y a n eiio i o f 10. ' o i less . Accordingly , al l hardnes s value s i

n :lu s te.x i ai e show na s kg/s qmm . eithe r a s reporte di

n h e original work

or b y direc t

uni t transpositio nfrom di e KH Nor VH Nvalue s reporte dby th e investigator . Hardnes s value s for

electroles s nicke l are detaile di u labl e 4 l'he dat asho w m i significan t

differenc e i

nhard
nes s lo i allov s containin g 2 to IIpercen t phosphorus . H i wever . th e alloy s coniainin g 1 5 or I " percen t

phos
phmu i were suite r

Ionl y 54 0 t o 57 5 kg/s qmm . m compariso nwithai leas t 50 0 k g sqm mlo r th e 2 l o II jvrven t phosphoru s alloys) . Neithe r ih e p H ol ih e solu
lio nnor th e Nr ' POZ ' rati o influence dhardness . Variation s i

nhardnes s (i nTabl e 4 ) probabl y are du e i n large part l o difference s inth e indentatio nloadapplie d I.ii measurin g hardness . A nalkalin e electroles s nicke l pijiin g bat hwa s preferre di o aci dbath s by on e tea mo l investigator s lo r

producin g I-mi l 25
- *jmthic k coaling s wu! . j homogeneou s phosphoru s content , whic hare Jesiiabl e for

th e measuremen t

o f hardnes s an dolhe r (^9 1 

### pioixMiies. 1 

### ' A nelectroles s nicke l containin g onl y 0.0 3 perce m phosphmus . whic hwa s produce dwn hhydrazin e a s th e ieducin g agent containin g 5 oi pe i cent pluisphoru s allo y softene da s aresul t o f hea l deatmeu t For example , ahardnes s of 27 5 kg/s qm

mor es s was re|>>rte dafte r

heatin g a

t 7" 0 F(42 0 C ) an da luidnes s of

les s tha n10 0 kg/s qmmwa s measure dalte i " n

### wa s simila

r i nhardnes s t o deposit s percen t phosphmus . bu t

th e 0.0 5 heatin g a t 102 0 Fl.'.' O t. i . B

y contrail . ;l, e 4 to 1 1 percen t phosphoru s alloy s increas e i nhard.".e.-. s l o abou t I0U 0 kg/s qmr

nwhe nheale da

t 7 ' 0 FI4!)

UCl . whic hi s aresul t oi ih e precipitatio no f nickel phosphid e fro m supersaturate d-.olidSolution s o f phosphorus . Fo r alioy s containin g 4 t o 1 1 percen t phosphorus , maximu mhardnes s is develope dby heal treatin g i nih e rang e o f "5 0 t o X40 F(40 0 t o 45 0 Cl . After one " or tw o hour s o f heatin g i

nthi s temperatur e range , hardnes s usuaily reache s "0 0 l o IIU O kg.s qrn

mdependin g o nth e indentatio nload . Figure Jshow s hardnes s dat aa s afunc
tio no f heat-treatin g temperatur e for anallo y containin g abou l 9 pcicen l phosphorus . Tw o hour s o f hea t treatin g a t 57 0 F(50 0 C ) hardene delectroles s nicke l t o abou t 95 0 kg/s qmmwherea s atemperatur e o f 39 0 F(200C ) di dnot increas e th e hardnes s o f a nailo v containin g abou l 9 percen t

phosphorus.' 45 

### ' Onth e othe r hand , th e hardnes s o f

electroles s nicke l deposit s containin g 6 or 7 percen t phosphoru s wa s increase dfro mabou t 55 0 t o nearl y X00 an d70 0 kg/s qm mrespectively , by fou r hour s o f heat tieatmen l al 39 0 F(20 0 C).' 29 1 

### Low
temperatur e hardenin g treatments , whic hminimiz e oxidatio nwhe nelectroles s nicke l i s heate di

nan . hav e beenreported , as follows: 1 

### '" 1 1 

### Hardnes s After Temperatur e F_C _ 45 0 23 2 50 0 26 0 Time .

hour s 2 8 2 5 Hea

t Treating , kg/s qm m 82 5 80 0 "5 0
3 J ensu e sT'e-v;; r z* ( cr. rs^Q. • rec- , -e'- T

2 8 0 0- 6 00: 4 •" 0 01 2 7 . 0 01 0 ?0CC 8 0.00 6 •2 C

-H O

•ec ' »-ec—•»- • c r 39 0 r I7;CC !

jffOi n o r fractur e :«f0' e -ectt'ecT-e" ' »^ ^ 

### •» «> ^ ••OJ "

20 oc'v-reofte ' I r C T TrecT.Ten T C

T • ?0fr-CC i

Phospnoru s Content , percen t Iig u r e 2-lnllucne e o f Phosphoru s (Yinicn t o n;h c SirvruM h jm l Diuuhi v o l livciiolvs s Wkvl< : ' ! "



# •VHardnes s afte r hea l treatin g al "5 0 (- ' i-l(! 0 C l J.-e s ::o t appea r t o var y appreciabl y wit hth e phosphor: , content , accordin g t o th e dat ainTabl e •' . A
- sirma r observatio nwa s mad e fo r eiectrodeposue d,-ik.sei
phosphoru s allo y containin g 2 t o 1 4 percen ' phos
phorus , als o hea l treate da t 75 0 F(40 0 Cl.' 3 , How
ever , a nallo y containin g 9 percen t phosphoru s wa s reporte dt o b e slightl y harde r (50 0 kg/s qmm l tha n alloy s containin g 5 o r 0 percen t

phosphoru s (abou t 35 0 kg/s qmm) , afte r hea t ireatmen t

a l 75 0 F(40 0 C).' 2 '" 1 Som e electroles s nicke l deposit s containin g i 5 o r 1 9 percen t

phosphoru s wer e muc hsofte r (55 0 i o 43 0 k g s qmm . incompariso nwit h"0 0 l o I10 0 kg/s q m mfo r mos l o f

Ih e 4 l o I Ipercen t phosphoru s elec
troles s allovs ) afte r

asimila r

hea t treatmeni . Th e Mea t rreat.n qTemoe'ature. f 30 0 60 0 ?0 0 "T O

60 0

50 0 0 :0 0 20 0 30 0 40 C 50 C 60 C 70 0

Mee t Treatin g rempera'u'-e . 0 figur e "-'hjne e inHardnes s o l I-Iccirolcs s N'KKC II' intjinin c Viou i s i Perce mPhosphoru s j s j Functio nol " licit- 1 retim e r Oi l Ic mper nIure v Iive-mil- ! hic k

jYposii s wer e hea l ircatc dI'o r : mhou r

m dslow I

v vo.ilc dl o 39 " I

- < "(IO O befur e rneasurc'iicni s ,, : ;.... micnipcra
tur e 25 0 Temperature . F

50 0 "5 0 •OOC

S0 0 *-"" •- w ~*-~l ^



### ! N - 7 % P''- 1 1 fj , -Q». . -

«o.«e i •,...c%?'- 5 ' '• 

## - *x » 

# \ : i i ^ l -9%P , - l ^ .*• , 

### vI \ I 

# \ -A \ i \ \ V v£ec t

— A\ » l 

## • i 'oaepos'Te a CTiun- 4 8 ' I

50 0 

# WW W \\' \\\ v

### * \^ \\ \•"• ' \X\W' N 

# i^i w - 0 0 noe-a'c'e . C 

### r.: o ^•.curac y !• ' di e baldnes s measiuement s :•• ' tl. . • • • ..•ulaiiun g i. s • : I ' peicen t ph'••p-'.oru
- van.

• .p. - d-'iie dbecaus e :l;e: r

bnitienes s w.-:,, i i.-. J • . ;-.;..noi . _ijc7.i:i- j an-. l .rir.luiii ; durin g ti ' ie:i:ali..n . Alte r healin g a : III O Fteul l t'l . :h e !:...du-. s •• : -.•ieciioles s nivK'el c.mlaiuiin : 5 t o x 5 pc:.'..':i l phos
phoru s wa s reduce dt o ih e rang e o i a•"1 1 • > "mi k e s q .nm . a s anoc . whic hreproduce s th e fvb.iv i i e.ectrodeposite dmcke l coniannn e 2 ' o * percen t phosphorus.'" ' However . I Ipercen : pho-phmu s electroles s nicke l let.nne dInc hhardnes s IM M ,. Ii io n kg's qmm l afte r

hea t tieatmen t

a i MI O I

- ".o n ^•jtJ'.'j i j- . | s |,,j,|,.phoS|ihmii s allo v ab, . le'.oue da highe r hardnes s (oil O k g s qmm l lh.u i low-phosphoiii s nicke l afte r

hcaline . a l I5>«i

* o r I4"i l | : i"'( i oi so u 

### ci.'- " Afte r hea t neaimcn i at

jboii i "".' o Ft-lni.lC l h e hardnes s o t

elecdviles s nicke l wa s ab o i equa l (• ' th e hardnes s o f

chromiu melev'roplale . Suc hahea l I'cal
me mals o inpiove s adhesio nt o siee i \liuee
- ; • > n ;.•;. ! increas e i nbon dsireiv_'thwa s reporte dalte r a .ine-hou r

treatmen t

ai "5 0 Fidii u Cl . .. i eoinparixm i Aii hatwofol dincrease ' afte r hea l ireatmen t

al ."" 0 F i.'O O C)." 1 6 1 Flecddes s nicke l containin e O no r J. " pei.'cii i 'siiron , aproduc t

.i f ih e ovulatio no f

th e duneihvl . .inlin e boran e use dKi r reducin g nicke l ions . exinl ,: ' I befor e heating , ahardnes s ,sl "0 0 ' o "2 5 x e > q mm. ' •* ' winc hi s slightl y highe r tha nth e hardnes s m mos l o l th e nickd-phosphoru s alloy s 1'hi s Inc hl. v ! o f hardnes s wa s relaiue dal'le i hea t liva'men l a", *' " I I4U 0 C) . However , th e nickci-hoio n.dl . v s ii,|^ . ; h• nicke l alloy s coniainin g 5 l o " (XMceit l phosph.o ' ' softene dappreciabl y (t o onl y 52 5 t o 4III Ik : s, | r'rn i a s aresul t

o f hea t treatmen t

a t 147( 1 '- ' |X|' 0 ( i Amaximu mhardnes s s-illOt i k e ~ qm mt. " electroles s nicke l reduce dwit hsodiu m>•>,,,,,, uj;,,;, . wa s reache db y Ilea l treatmen t aIabou t

'" d|
- ili m (') . whic hvva s allrihule dt o ih e precipitatio n,. | N.. H identifie dfro mX-ray diffractio npattens 1 " " Ih e solutio ncontaine d0.1 5 M nicke l .blonde . 1 0 M sodiu mhydroxide . 1 0 M eihylenedi.imine . oo " M sodiu mtluvinde . 0.01 5 M sodiu mhorohvdiid e an d 0.000 2 M lea dchloride . Hardnes s dat afo r

electroles s meke ! ph.'-ph.'in s alloy s a i elevate dtemperature s ar e show ninI
- cur e J Specimen s lha l wer e hea l Heale di u advanc e o i th e hot-hardnes s measuremeni s wer e muc hh.nde r irm nis." * ic . 75 0 F(2 0 i o 40 0 C l tha nthei r counterpart s iha t wer e no t

preheated . Th e heatirealmen t 'emperaiur e wa s "' O F(4d( ) C) . Fleclroles s nickel-pli.'»ni.oni x a l loy s at e simila r

inbaldnes s l o cieciiodcposite d•.In- • 111
- m mi nth e temperatur e rang e o f o S l o ""• ) I ' i2' l !• ' 40 0 Cl . bu t

sol'te i tha nchromiu melectroplat e abov e "5 0 F( "0 0 C) . Kigur e 4 - IIjrdnes s o i IJectrolcs s \ickcl-l"'ovpi : ( .r u % Allo w '• •-• • i:-.-i i 1 -.•npcrjturv' s 

# *f

## TABL E 4 . HARDNES S O F ELECTROLES S NICKE L BEFOR E AN D AFTE R HEA T TREATMEN T HinsplBiru s (oiiteill . |Krrci-ii l l l I I 1 J l o . 1

. ! I, i 7 4 I I 4. 7 5. X d U d. 5 7. 1 7.. S K.l ) Xl l K. J (a K. s 1 a X. i K. 7 ''.l l 'M l ').' ) '). 4 O. u ll.l l 

### u. s U ' l 1.1. : I Kl o Jl ) Hrfoi e

' 1 real n ai m i i 75< l i , Mil l 5III I i i r.:. s 5l.i l 5'l l 

### su o 7H( I 541 1 41 5 1,11 0 l. l H i 'II I Illll l 55( 1 "(M l .Slil l Mil l 5 71 1 51( 1 .'Oi l 1 . (illl l 1 7 5 5 5 u ' M l .141 1 Ilea l HTIl l 50( 1 K. S I I (.01 1

i XIII I llaidneu .

Ilea l Treate d 4 0 0 C lljidllcs s fvducc d N o dat ; 85 0 11)111 1 n 'm u N o dat ; •'"i i >liini i ys n rai n IIIIII I i . «)ti n 'll.l l IIIIII I i . 1 151 1 1 141 1 11** 5 •JM)" " 'I7 X

••: s .175 llllll l "5( 1 4.1( 1 1 Illl l

15.MI" "

> 1 tu n k g sv

j m m Ilea l lie a WH ) C N o IIJI. I N o ,l.,l. i N o il.lt. ! N o ,l.,l , 7IK I N o J.U. , 4 l o N " d.il. i s: n N o il.lk l N o d.il. i 7lli l l.l n I.l l 1,51 1 N. . .I.ii. . N o d.il. i N o d.il. i N o d.il. i N o d.n. i 1 .In n Kili l N o djl . Ni l d.ll . N o d.ii . N o .1,1 . le d

/n u Ilea l Treate d 75 0 o rHO O C N o d.il a N o d.i u N o d.il. i N o .).! • hil l .l.ll l Ihi l N o .lat a .15 5 4J U N o il.il a .15 5 Slil l

- 4 S H :s u i o u m N o d.il. i N o d.,1. 1 N o d.iI. I N o d.n. i 511 1
Mil l N o d.iI. I N o d.il a N o .l.n. i N o d.il. i Solutio n

Ni(1 2 . M Na.C^I I O l l I4 , : " ,i:.." " l l 1 * n : x u i. i 0.1' ) u i n O.I:ISU 4 I o. i i u p i N o d.il. i u 1 MStlj l u . 1. * II . I' - l l ni'/isoj i I I i n.J7' ^ N o d.il. i N o dai a ll.ll 1 ) d.l' ) li.n7.5iSO, ) II . l. - ll . l. l n . l. l t l 1 1 il . I t 1 1 44 1 1 " ll." 4 ( I 1 7 1 . 1 II.J. S II.J X <i.5i i I I : x

u 11 5 I t ) II . J X ( c l

1 0 I I . : x o i I v ) 11.1 4 II . " 4 0.1 4 i i i ; Compositio n

M Nll 4 t l , M
u.5 5 l l 7 5 I . i II.'I S i > . V5
l l '1 5

1 . 1 ll.'I S

li.') 5
i . 1 11.5 5 0. 5 5 n.5 5 I I X' l Nall 2 H)j . M

Ia l o.2 n 0.i|'* 5 ( I I' l 1)11. 1 l l I' - ll . I V III' ) D.OV S I I I' ) II.(I'I 5 ( 1 11 5 l l I' l 11.1 7 ( t l ( I IJ 1 *-' 1

u.2. 1 II . I' l li. J 1 O.II.Vtl. l n.0'1 5 II.IIM S l l II''1 5 li.n** 5 pl l

ID.' ) ' ) 5 III ) •1 I I 5 n K.. 1 X . 1 (i, 5 S t

4 l o 5 4 5 K. l 5 4 ( J 5

Xi 4 u 4. U 7 l l ').( ! Xl l KII I Operatin g

(ominou s Teriipt-.-jlufi 1 I- M 1 SK1 ll, I ll, IK S .'II I I' M I' M I' M I' M I X I I d . Ju l I M I' M >I' M Jil l

I' M 1'I K Jil l

U J I'l S 

### (

'II I V u hi i K U K X '1 4 •i n 'i n 'i n •i n X1 X n • M " i l •K l ^"ll l 'I S

' l o 

## '' !

' M

M i •!. ' Kifvrrnc i

1 1 1 4 I S II . 1 7 J' ) 

### .'• ' U l. l I'l 1 J I' l 1 / .' 0 I I I 1 . I l l s I I I J 

### :• > 1 1 

### w i s I s



### ' * I 1 (a ) Thi s solulio n containe d 0.3 4 M "S I K < * _1 1 -jC } 2 * 2 - " S M H^C^II^O-. . 0.0 0 M Na 4I DIA . an d O.o 7 M lisdia/.me . (b ) Thi s solutio n emu.mu d I).. : M nicke l sullamaic , 0.4 4 M (Nll^l'JI^O., . an d 0 2 M Nall.,1*'"., . (c ) Thi s solulio n containe d 0.0 5 M NiCI., . l).."'» 5 M ll-,*^)^!., . UD S 5 M I I .'. 1 t , 4 ".i - .III. I 0 07 2 M Nal ' Id ) llealm e i n N. > induce d a li.inlne.sso l IOO O ke's. | nu n licaim* 1 i u a vacuiii n u-siilie d i u a liaidnes s o f120 0 kj_/-.. | m m an d liciiui e i n hvdioee n indiive d Ih e maximu m liaidnes s o l I Mil ) kt:'si | mm . (e l Ihi s MIIUIIOI I COIII.IIII.-. I 1105 7 M NiSO^ . II . I- I M I It ' ,11,()., . Uli h ; : I M"l>, . 1)0' . ;.: l livdio\yl.iltiiii e sullaie . .m d 0.1 7 M Nall.,l'() ; , (| ) |i |u|IIIOL m KANICI-N * pioccs- . le ) I Ill s solulio n coiil.iiiu d 1)2 / M u n ke l I.I.I.H. - .in. I 0.1 2 M N.i-.l'l" , (h i Heale d . H 5.!( . I I 2.S 0 i" | lo , | S l o 2( 1 bonis.( D Ih e viliilio n conla.ue d DO' ) M NiCI., . U. I 2 M N:i(\,l 1 .1" 2 . an d U 2 5 M N., l l..l' < > . (| ) Ih e solulio n containe d 0 1)7 5 M Ni.Sl)., . D 1 2 M iNafj l I jO, . DO I 5 M nialei c acid , an d 0.2 3 M Nall,!" ^
* I iadeiu.u k

. ('ciicia l Aincnca n Tiaiisp m i.iiim i I'oi'im.iiim iP.3 1



### TABL E 5 . INTERNA L STRES S DAT A FO R ELECTROLES S NICKE L Phosphoru s Content . percen t 0.0 3 4. 5 6. 0 6. 9 7. 0 7 - i H O C a. 5 C ais CA S •V I 8. 4 C a8. 5 9. 0 10. 0 10. 7 11. 6

• T" > 12. 4 Stress 1

- »

Befor eHea t Trea t ps i 21.00 0 1 6.00 0 9.500 , c ) 3.80 0 2.20 0 1.10 0 4.00 0 2,"00 ( e ) 20.400 * 2 ' 5 .00 0 1.90 0 6.30 0 8.50 0 •2.00 0 -7,50 0 -7.80 0 -12.80 0 •10.50 0

- 1 5.40 0 men t

kg/s qm m 14. 7 11. 2 6. 7 2. 7 1. 6 0. 8 3. 8 1. 9 14. 7 3. 5 1. 5 4. 4 6. 0 -1. 4 -5. 3 •5. 5 -9. 0 •7. 4 -10. 8 Afte r

Treatmen t ps i

11.20 0 1 0.40 0 9.40 0
'1.10 0 o.OOO 9.80 0 20.50 0

- 4.20 0 0 -1.20 0 •5.''0 0 Hea t

"7 4 FI I9 0 C l kds qm m N o dai a N o dat a N o dat a
s o

. ' . J 0. 6 N o dai a 'i.4 * N o dai a < s 5< '• > 0. 9 14. 2 N o dat a N o dat a N o dat a 3. 0 0. 0 -O. S -2. 7 Solutio nCompositio n

NiS0 4 . M 0.-4 , b l 0.02 " 0.02 7 

## o.o.x ,d l 0.08 , d l 

## o.os'- " 0.2 7 i ; i if) o.i.-' " 0.08' d ) OO.S ( d l 0.0 5 7'J 1 

# o.r 0.2 7 0.08 ( d l 0.0S ( d ) 

## o.os ( d l 0.08 ( d ) NaH,PO, . M

Ib l 0 1 9 0 1 " 0 2 5 0.2 3 0.2 3 0.1 9
j.u" 5 0.2 3 0 2 5 0.1 7 0.1 9 0.1 9 0.2 3 0 2 3 0.2 5 0.2 3 Operatin g

C onditiou x p H 10. 9 <>.( ) NN 5. 0 5. 0 4. 0 5 0

4 5 4 5 4. 5 5. 4 4. 5 4. 0 4. 0 4. 0 4 0 4. 0 Temperatur e F I' M 1 xt i | x o 1 M 1 | 9 4 20 1 IM )

20 5 | o o IO O | 9 4 IM ) 18 0 20 7 20 1 |'H | |9( s C Referenc e

" O \ 2 s 2

N* I' i 9 4 8 2

l i s ". " 0 V 9 0 > : s 2 0 7 •) 4 " 5 " 1 • |

• '
-

' 4 5 4 .* 4

• !

-

v-v-

- s # .' " ." 4 < 4 5 0 ;, :

. i _ 5 4 5 4 5 4 > J la ) Anegativ e sig n indicate s compressiv e stress , n o sie n indicate s tensii e stress . lb ) Thi s solutio n containe d 0.3 4 M Ni(C 2 ! " 3 0 2 ) 2 . 0.0 b M Na 4 I'DTA . 0. 8 M 1I,C,H.,0 3 . an d 0.6 7 \ | hv,ha/m e (c l Stres s increase d t o 17,00 0 ps i ( I 2 kg/s q mm l whe n th e Nall-PO , concenlratio n was increase d t o l. l M . (d l This ' solulio n containe d 0.0 8 M NiS0 4 . 0.5 6 M H 2 C 3 H 5 0 3 . an d 0.2 5 M Nal^PO-, . Stres s value s i n tin s tabl e are average s fo rthre e measurements . (e i Minimu m o f1 2 value s rangin g fro m 2,70 0 t o 21.00 0 ps i ( 1. 9 t o 14. 7 k e s q mml . (f ) Sample s o fKANIGEN * Nicke l supplie d b ythre e commercia l sources . (g ) Maximu m of

I 2 value s rangin g fro m 2.70 0 t o 21.00 0 ps i ( I . 9 t o i 4. 7 kg/s q mini , (h ) Stres s afte ragin g at 6 8 F (2 0 C ) fo rfou rweeks . (i ) Thi s solutio n containe d 0.12 6 M NiCI 2 . 0 5 M NH 4 C 2 H 3 0 2 . an d 0.09 5 M NaH,P0 2 . fj. ) Thi s solutio n containe d 0.05 7 M NiS0 4 . 0.1 4 M HC 3 Hg0 2 . 0.01 5 g I M0O3 . 0.0' - H hydio.x vLimin e suluie , an d 0.1 7 M NaH 2 P0 2 . * Trademark . Genera l America n Transponatio n Corporatio n

H I 

# SOP.3 2



### Resistance t o Wea ran d Frictio n Ih e fncdoiia l characteristic s o t nickel-phosplioru s ailo v hea l Heale da l 120 0 l o l<>5( ) Fuo u t o "D u II ai e simila r

i o thos e of

electroplate dchromium. Ib0 ! Vet . th e coelticieu t

o f frictio nchange dvei y littl e whe nth e nickel-phosphoru s allo v wa s hea l

Resistanc e t o wea r

an dabrasio n l 5.37.'i l I , , . . . i i ;o.j6.a; > deated . .iv.piove db

v ilea l dealing. ,5,37 ' b nIh e wea r resis
tanc e ssf

allov s coniainin g mor e tha n" percen t phos
phoru s i s inaximi/c db y hea l treatin g a t ~^0t o II1 0 F (40 0 i o rnK

JCl.' 3 " A nallo y containin g I I5 percen t piiosphoru s exhibite dbette r wea r an dgallin g resistanc e iha nailov s wit halowe r pluisphoru s content . 

### Interna l Stres s llie.l i value s o l interna l tensil e sues s u p t o 50.00 0 ps i (5 5 k g s qmm l wer e reporte dfo r ilu n|0.00 0 mi l i 150 0 augsironisi l film s o f electroles s nickel. 15

- " Aiimhc : lb mcoatin g |als o O.OO o uu i ( 150 0 ang - ....-ii'.si i wa s ie|xule dt o hav e atensil e -.tres s o l

- oo o ps i i2 x k c sv | mml.' 3

- ' Thicke r coaiiue s e.xiub
l- d,:.:.i:ia i 'Hi' " ,: ; th e lang e " I-I74u0i o r 21.0U U ps | i;i.) s ;, , t

1 4 " kg.s qnun) , a s show niu Iabl e 5 . I'cpo-ii s wil hahig hsttes s containe d< 7 percen t ph o ihv'ius . : s a:ui e Alo w tensil e sties s o i avom picssi . • slies s wa s obseive dfo r allov s wit hahighe r ph.ispiio i s vduieu i o i fo i allov s deposiie Jdo msolu
i.on s v-oi:a.:..u e oie.iuo-sullu r coiiipmiiids . Mos l ,. | th e .!!.- > v.due s inlabl e 5 u e duccll v pio|»ulioua i t o di e pi i •.'••tioi-.i s vonlcn l Ih e ina|o i exception'
- ' ma v ',... c ree u ih e icsul t

o l a neno r

inmeasuremen t

o r a n uuspecde ddepaitur e Iro mno i ma i eleclroles s platin g pi
- - v cduie v IT. e additio nssf

sacchari nan dolhe r orgauo-sullu r

.. . • i : - : | > mud s wa s icpoile dt o reduc e slress ' i nelec
t s invvel-pliosphoiu s alloys . Allhoug ha4 g i j . . :i.,ii: i additio ns||g|,(| y increase dth e phosphoru s

. -nivii i iiio m.:bou t 4 i o 4. 5 perce mi . th e curvatur e • i ; ." i meta l snips , cause dbv sties s iu typica l deposit s .,.! . u J,ue dabou t

5 0 pcicen l Z " Th e curvalui e wa s

. ndie ! leduce dbv codeposiliu g Il o 2 perce miro nin di e n u ve l reduce dfro mIo 5 F( 7 4 C) . alkalin e nicke l -.iii..:e-s.-dun npv rophosphite-soduu u h v pophosphil e s,iii'„,i o cv-:.lamin g saccharin . Ihe -des s ssf

electroles s nicke l o nbras s an dalunu
- :..i mwinc hb.av c ahig hcoelticieu t o f expansion , tend s :. . i e compressiv e whe nih e phosphmu s conten t ex wcd' s •' • o i " petceut . O nth e olhe r hand , nickel
- |.iin-->i'ii"!.: s allov s o nmelal x suc ha s titaniu man d beivlli.mi . whic hhav e iov v coel l icieni s o l expansion , ai e sir-.-.v^- di u tensio nwhe nth e phosphoru s conten t i s les s diji i anoii i I Ipcicenl.''"- " Figui e 5 compare s des . vai-.ie s site da s alunclio ns--ith e phosphoui s conten t -o r -.everai subiirai e me'ais . Hea t treatin g ia l _.'•) Fo r

!'" i C l increase dth e tensil e -des s o l deposit s n i berv•ilium"'- " mtitanium."" ' However , di e te::-.. e •iies s ineiec'roles s nicke l coniainm a4 peicen l ni.os
phoru s deposite do naluminu mvvas shifte di o acom pressiv e sties s b y suc hahea l treatment . Figui e 5 show s change s mstres s resultin g fro mhea l treatmen i o f electroles s nicke l o naluminum , brass , jieel . an d mamum . Flectroles s nicke l (abou l 0. 5 mi l o r 12. 5 /am i produce dwn hdimeihylamin e boran e a s th e reducin g agen t exhibite dhig htensil e stress , dependin g o nth e boro ncontent , -i s follows:" 4 1 Boro nContent , percen t 0. 6 

### 1. 3 Stres s

ps i kg/s q m m 

### 69.00 0 44.00 0 17.00 0 4 8



### EFFEC TO F ELECTROLES S NICKE L COATING S O N TH E FATIGU E STRENGT H

O F STEE L Decrease s o f

| 0 t o 4 6 percen t i nth e diiigu e sliene.t hi't

high-strengt hstee l a s aresul t o l platin g wit helectroles s nicke l wei e reporte db y severa i investi
gators , a s show n, nTabl e r .'"5.3o.43.so.t>3 i Nl)U | K . j specimen s wer e reduce di nfatigu e sliengt ha l leas t 1 5

• •. i

r 3 :

- o - Pi-csonoiu s Conre nsercen f lieur e 5-Iii!cr::.i i Slres s i nI Iccl.'olcs s Nicke l .i s j Iunvii-. n. ' I'liosphoru s i ..nicn i "i i Mcijl s wit hj llicl i I
- \['jiisn.: i i c'li
vien l i Aliinur.iiii i .,n dllruss i ., : aLo w l\p.insi., n(.'i.-cl l ivi.-n i '.Mcci . UcT> li.un . ari d( ' i I j : l l n1111 ' - * * * ' * •"C C

"•'*.. 0

"£0 0 000 0 .00 0



# 31iX'.'CCIK . : 1.62.64 ) Re'laliveb . ICduc t I'HI s II_ percent , maximum l wer e observe dfo r -..'in e iinnoiche d stee l specimen s '- 5

- 6 *- 63 1 Thes e les s h.uini'i i iciiit s ma y hav e bee nassociate dwit hcmnprexsivel v stiesse d

.. . a i nie s coniainini ! mor e iha n1 0 percen ! phosphmus . althoiic hth e phosphoru s content s wer e u micpoiie di n thes e cases . The fatigu e limi t

( 5 x 10 ' cvcles i o f

tempere dsiee l coile dwn ha nelectroles s nicke l applie dlim na naci d bat han dcontinuousl y spraye dwn h5 percen t sodiu m chlorid e wa s reduce dfro mabou t 22."5 0 l o 14.22 0 p- i (I dt o 1 0 ku/s qmml . Thi s redudio nwa s abou l 5" ' percem . O nth e olhe r hand , th e fatigu e limi t o f anothe r siee l expose dt o sulfuri c aci dsolutio nwil ha pi l •• ! s, ; ,v.i s ii'-chauce dh v pi.i'i' e •• .

v i " . • , . • :i-c«.ci . ' : \^ o pvc;:i ' :;-iri'"- . :ie:. ' • • • -,i. ! '•'• ' ' i ".iliil l ps . o r

s ., , ; Jt ^ v | mm i w - .-'•••-r.. -.

.. 'iioso-i i lit.:•:. • •-.• • is:. : iiv C :• ' J.Ii:
- . .... . . . / • '.'.he n di e vate d -d'e i wa s iie.i i d.;.iie. | '•<*' u i t -*. < • ( I Anoi-ie r

rep.' i i.dicale di d. i t sir-.-v , „,.|i.-s i , n, i AI M 454( 1 ,1 . -

i wa s .ncrease db

v ..o.:d--_ : di e -i.-e i wit h ei.cd'iics s nicke l '' ' ' lh c -ini v wa s ..unc i .m i , n"'. ' percen t o l th e udiiu.ii c icnsil e slieicd : >• ! di e ste- 1 ! Spec.men s tha i wei e hea t deaie, ! .i

i 7' o I
- i . - • C) . .vhic hpiecipilatc s Ni .1' . showe da!'.• i nl x per cen t los s mlatij.i e stiengi hfo i -ice i exile dwn h electroies s nicke l i na naci dbaiii . i nc-I".: V IIIS." • wit h


### TABL E 6 . EFFEC TO F ELECTROLES S NICKE LCOATING S O N TH E FATIGU E STRENGT H O F STEE L Phosphoru s Content . percen t i i i n i 5 'ii o 1 5 6 i o 1 5 C a - 5 CJ *

xl o ' I •> t o i o 1 0 t o 1 2 N o dat a N o dat a N' o dat a N o dat a N o dat a N o dat a Nv ) dat a N' o dat a N o dat a N o dat a Heat-Treatin g Temperature . F(C ) N' o hea l ireatmen t 37 4 F (19 0 C ) 4 hour s 75 2 F (40 0 C ) N o hea l ireatmen t 102 2 F (55 0 C ) - N' o hea l treatmen i N o hea t treaimen t N o hea t treaimen t 75 2 F (40 0 C ) - i 129 2 F(700C l - N o hea t treatmen t N o hea t treatmen t N o hea t treatmen t 7 5 2 F (40 0 C ) - 1 75 2 F (40 0 C ) - 1 75 2 F (40 0 C ) - 1 " 5 2 F (40 0 C ) - 1 N o hea t treatmen t 2 hour s

hou r induc t im i

hou r hou r hou r hou r Fatigu e Strengt h

'. ' Reduction'" " 50to40 l h l 2.o4'- ' 

### :o" » 4 ,(d ) 5 0 IfM o 4,,"' 1 10.. . 12" " Appreciabl e 4 0 Non e 4 t o 17(3 1 l o iOi'i ' 0 t o 12(1 5 t o 2}) {k)

-.. 1 ) 46 ' ' » 3 8 l o 4 4 4 1 lo42 ( m l 5 i o I7 ( n l 6 (29) ( o 1 Cycle s

5 xMl " 5 xm h 1 0 x1 () " * xio "

Abov e 1 bu t les s tha n 2 x10 ' 1 0 x10" 1 1 0 x1 O' 1 1 0 x11.)' " 1 0 x10 °

1 0 x10 " 1 0 x10 ° 5 x10' ' Typ e o f

Elec t rolex s Nicke l Bat h

Ac,d< " Acid'- ' Acid^ 1 Ac,d« " Aci d Aci d

Aci d Aci d Aci d



### - Aci d Alkalin e Alkalin e Referenc e

"< l < o •d l M '-•. I 

### '. ,

.. " 

### '.' -

.., i o( l rs l 

### o 2 '. ' 5 i i 5 5 0 n * 6 3 o 4 ta l Figure s i

nparenthese s relal e t o notche dspecimens . lb ) Th e decreas e wa s proportiona l t o th e phosphoru s conicn l inth e nicke l coating . !c ) Dat afo r

heat-treate dspecimen s sho t peene dbefor e electroles s nicke l pladng . (d l Th e fatigu e limi t

o f th e bar e stee l ( 5 x 1 0 ' cycles ) wa s 06.00 0 ps i (4 6 kg/s qmini .



## 3Jir...n i . . , I. . . 1 1 JO.i6.60.6i l :,.,:.. „ i . . 

### •niplale dsieel . -. n-hot pec::i:; e ' e.oi e pialui g taile dl o eliminat e th e haimlu l effec t o ! aLeal
Heate delectroles s nicke l coalin g ondi e r.iiieu e strengtho f

sieel.' 59 1 

### Onth e othe i hand . >iee l coale d withnicke l i

na nalkalin e bai hvva

s reduce donl y 5 t o I~ percen t i nfatigu e strengthafter

heat treatin g a

t 7* 0 F 14D0C).'"• " Th e intluenc e o f heat treatin g o nstres s Iwhic his increase do

r shifte dfromacompressiv e l o a tensil e condition ) ma

y b e asignifican t

facto r affectin g ih e fatigu e strengt ho f

electroles s nickel-plate dsteel . Hea t treatin g ai I2" 0 o r

147 0 F(70 0 o r

S00C ) eliminate dor

al leas t greatl y reduce dth e harmfu l effec t o f electroles s nicke l coating s o n(h e fatigu e strengt ho f sieel.'- 600 1 

### Recrystalli/.atio u o l electroles s nicke l oc clusa l thes e temperatures . 

### TH E CORROSIO N RESISTANC E O F STEE LCOATE D WIT H ELECTROLES S NICKE LDEPOSIT S hiecdolcs s nickel-phosphoru s allov s ai e coriode d b y reagent s that

attac k unalloye dnickel."- 1 

### However , ih e ailo y coniainin g 1 0 percen t phosphoru s is corrode d a t aSlowe r ral e b y some reagent s sucha s nun c acid . Tabl e 7 include s detaile ddat ao nth e efiect s o f man y chemical teagenis . Resistanc e t o chemical attac k is improve dappreciabl y b y heal treatin g a t 138 0 F(75 0 C) . Improve dresistanc e t o corrosio nafter hea t treatin g i nai r or nitroge na

t abou t I20 0 F(65 0 C ) als o wa s reporte delsewhere.' 5 

### " By contrast , however , healin g i nhvdro'je ni s deleteriou s becaus e o f (he formatio nof (e i Solutio na

l abou l I" 4 Fl'H)C ) coniainin g 0.0 6 M NiS(" 4 

### .O.I 2 M HCJij-Oj . 0.0 6 g/ l N.H^SOj . 0.01 5 g, l Mo0 3 

### . an d0.1 7 M NaH o 

### P0 2 

### . witi i apH o f 5. 2 to 5 ts . (t i Ih e nicke l coating s were stresse di ntension . Th e reductio ni nfatigu e strengt hwa s proportiona l t o th e latntu e sirengi h•' ! th e steei . as follows : Fatigu e Strengt hReductio ni n o f Stee l Fatigu e Strength , ps i kg/s qm

mpercen t 44.00 0 5 1 K s o 7.00 0 4 7 2 5 "7.00 0 6 8 4 0 le i Solutio nconiainin g 0.1 5 M NiCU . 0. 5 M N'aC" 2 

### H 3 

### 0 2 

### . an d0.0' ' M NaH 2 

### P0 2 

### . wn hap H o f abou t 4 5 an da tempeialui e o t

" 5 C . (h i The laiigu e lun nof :i. e bai e stee l ( 5 x 10 ° cycles ) vva s 56.00 0 ps i (2 5 kg/s qmmi . (: ) Soiuiim i coniainin g 0.01 5 M NiCU . 0.2 4 M NaC 2 

### H 3 

### 0 2 

### . 0. 4 M NHJCHJCOJH . an d0.2 8 M N'aH 2 

### P0 2 

### . wi ha p H o l abou t

5 l| i Ih e fatigu e hm no

t th e bar e stee i I1 0 x 10 ° cycles ) wa s "4.00 0 psi t5 2 kg/s qmm) . The limit tor uncoated . notche dspecimen s wa s 57.00 0 psi ( 2( > kg/s qmml . ik i Th e laiigu e limnot ih e bar e stee l ( 1 0 x i 0 ° cycles ) wa s 71.00 0 psi (5 0 kg/s qmml . Th e limit fo r uncoated . notche dspecimen s wa s 5".UO O psi I2 6 kg/s qmm) . (I ) Th e fatigu e limit

of th e bar e stee l llU x 1 0 ' cycles i wa s 87.00 0 psi (6 1 kg/s qmm) , vvn ho r withou t aheat treatment . (m l The fatigu e limit

o f th e bare , heat-treate dstee l vva s "1.00 0 psi lo 4 kg/s qmm) . lu i Th e fatigu e strengthof ih e bai e stee i wa s .S7.00 0 psi to l kg/s qmml . Fadgu e strengt hwa s reduce di npropor tio ni ncoal ni'. ! thickness , a s follows :

1 0 p m 2 0 u m 5 0 /a m 10-12 "

lo.5' . i.' i Th e ladeu e inn noi th e bar e siee l wa s 4ts.UO Upsi I."2. 4 kg's qmml . The limit to r notche dspecimen s was 5 I.5o o psi ( 22 2 k

g s qmini .



# 32P.3 5

mieroeraek s whic h wer e ascribe d t o th e jiiius... n -, i

. hvdroge n int o th e nickel , c.mbine u wit h mieuta i sires. s : n th e coaline . l-.ieciroies s nicke l witi i a ducknes s o fI mi i (2 5 uml . deposite d i n aci d solutions , wa s bette rtha n a n equa i thicknes s of nicke l electrodeposile d i n a chlorid e hal h fo rprotectin g stee l outdoor s a l "sur e Beach . Nort h Carolin a an d Washington . D.C.' 6 6 1 Thes e elec troles s nicke l coating s wer e about , equa l m corrosio n protectio n l o electrodeposile d nickel-phosphoru s allov s containin g 3 o r9 percen t phosphoru s an d muc h bette r tha n electroles s nicke l coating s deposite d i n alkalin e solution s wil h a p H o f8. 5 t o 9.5 . Anothe rrepor t cite d goo d corrosio n resistanc e i n ai ran d IM O F (60 0 C ) stea m fo rstee l coale d wit h 1.6- 2 mil s (4 0 t o 5 0 jam ) o felectroles s nicke l depos ite d i n aci d solution s wil h a p H o ffi. 1 " 3 ' Th e phos phoru s conten t o fth e coalin g wa s i n the " rang e o f1 0 t o 1 2 percent . However , stee l coale d wit h nicke l con tainin g 4 percen t phosphorus , whic h wa s deposite d i n a n alkalin e bat h wit h a p H oi 9 , exhibite d poo rcorro sio n resistance . Stee l plate d wit h I mi l (2 5 /am i o l electroles s nickel-phosphoru s allo yexhibite d muc h belte rresis tanc e l o 2 0 percen t (neutral ) sai l spra ytha n stee l plate d wit h ver ylow-phosphoru s electroles s nicke l reduce d wit h hydrazin e o rstee l electroplate d wii h nicke l i n a sulfamat e solution.' 1 " Tii e codepositio n of tin' 6 7 1 o ro fcopper' 0 8 ' supposedl yimprove d th e corrosio n resistanc e o felec troles s nickel-phosphoru s coating s o n sieel . Th e ti n additio n wa s mad e t o a n aikaiin e solutio n wit h a p H o f I0.5' 6 7 ' T o codcposi t copper . 0. 1 g/ l cupri cchlorid e wa s adde d t o a n alkalin e hat h wit h a p H o l abou t O.o.' 6 9 ' STRUCTUR E Bande d o rlamella rstructure s lik e tha i i n Figur e 6 ar e customar yfo relectroles s (o relectrodeposiled ! nickel-phosphoru s alloys . However , column s perpen dicula rt o ih e band s hav e bee n observe d microscopi call yi n typica l cros s sections . Th e band s i n electroles s nicke l deposite d i n alkalin e solution s ar e abou t 1 0 lime s a s wid e a s th e band s i n electroles s nicke l de posite d i n aci d baths. (29 ' Afte rheatin g a t 75 0 F (40 0 C) . th e precipitatio n o fnicke l phosphid e i s eviden t i n seciion s lik e tha t show n i n Figur e 7. 1 1 ' 6 9 ' Evidenc e oi furthe rprecipitatio n o fnicke l phosphid e an d recrystal lizatio n i s observe d durin g microscopi cexaminatio n o f section s hea t treate d a t i4" 0 F fSO O C ) iF'isiur e Si . Recr vxt.iid/ad.M I a : u can : crowd * .i.s. - -.,,, ; .-.- - • i.'lH l (.')'•"- " ' „ !;•:. , | - ,,,(1( 1 (•_ _..-._.. , A l , 1. . . Ciai n growt h i.

s mor e iMouounce d m di e '•-.'.•:-..• phoni s allovs . :: ; ...|'-.p.iriso u wit h di e aii.'v s ...;.- . mor e iha n 7 pcicen l piio-nhorux . 1 iv.ilaihnii v>

s no i observe d wn h Via vdildacd, . •<i eiectroies s nicke l '.inti l i t ha s bee n hea t -• .'. • However , a miciocr vsiaihn e siiuciuie . pno r! •h . treatmeni . ha s iv-." ; resolve d b veie . tro " .: . Ir.ic t u 1:3.2970 1 XUIN.' ! saturate d „,.'-.-. I (19.69 1 h e aiio yi s considere d ! o b e a

soli d somlioi i o l nicke l phosphid e m A..rai n si/ e s>f

0.0 2 mi l i.'i'U O ane stroms i wa s reporte d to relectrviles s nicke l deposite d m a n ammomaca l hal h wit h u (il l of • > 2. ' 0 l lu e phosphoru s conien t o i thi s dep»'si i wa s no t c.'-.'" , 1'• " th e olhe rhand , nicke l deposite d 11 1 a n aci d bat h wil h a [il l o fabou t 5." . whic h containe d abmi i S percen t phosphorus , ha d a yj\u si/ e .if

mil* , ('.0002 4 mi l (abou t n O angstrom s I.' J 0 1 A n allo vdeposite d f : n i a -oiuiio n wn h a pl l of * > 2 . whic h coiii.nne d " petv.n t phosphorus , lu d a grai n si/. e o l th e o r.e rs'f fl • < 1 4 mi i (101 ) angstromsi . wherea s a n allo vcniainin e 5 1 • percen t pluisphoru s exhibite d a large rcra m size 1 " ' 1 G i a m letuiemetr . wit h increasin g pliosphoiu s conten t als o wa s reporte d i n anothe rarticle.' ' ' Complet e precipitatio n o l nicke l phosphid e .ioe ' no l occu ra t temperature s significantl ybeio w"MII- ' (400C)' / 2 i whe n healin g time s ai e hnnie d t o ., le w hours . Th e phosphid e ha s bee n identifie d a s Ni 3 P I n severa l invesugaiors . usin g electro n diffraction 1 "' 1
- 5 ''- 7 -' ' o rX-ra ydiffractio n techniques.' 3 0 ' 6 9 ' Whe n allo vs con tainin g a s muc h as 8. 5 o r"f l percen t phosphori car e hea t treate d (preferabl ya t abou l I 47 0 F (SOOO . nicke l i s disperse d i n a N'i 3 P matri xphase. <^9 " b ' , , Fo r,;io v< containin g les s tha n " percen t phosphorus . Ni. P i s ,hs . perse d i n th e nicke l phase. {29 > Thi s chang e i n stractur e a t abou t 7 percen t phosphoru s i s associate d wn h th e change s lha t occu ri n lh cstrengt h an d diiculu yo feie. - troies s nickel , winc h ar e show n i n Figur e 2 . Crysta l orientatio n wit h th e (Mi l plan e s-f ih e nicke l phas e perpendicula rl o th e surfac e ha s bee n noted.' 2 9 ' 3 0 1 Th e degre e o forientatio n i s increase d b y hea t treatment.' ^ Th e Ni 3 P phas e als o i s oriente d wit h it s (110 ) plane s paralle l wit h th e ( I I 1 ) plane s o f ih e nickel . Unlik e th e nickel-phosphoru s deposit s reduce d wit h hypophosphite . electroles s nicke l reduce d wn h hsdra/in e exhibite d a fibrou s structur e lik e tha t i n Figur e 9 Hea t treatmen i a t 135 0 F (75 0 C l produce d th e structur e show n i n Fieur e 10 .

1 4 

# 3YP.3 6



### :-V.?y'-<*!S - "V* 

## S'^--*y.\x"+r\*i.
> ...m 4 •it-., i . f{.- r.yx..-.-i

linur c h Iinur e7 

### < .,:•. y.-i. - - V vI. ' . ' ? 

## uv:--;7 > V , . "

figure8 l-igur ch-Hande d Sl.-aciur vmI-lecirolvs s Nickel-Phosphoru s Allo y DcnoMie d inu n U M Solulion 1 ' ' figur e7- 1 lecrroles s Nkkcl-I'hosphoru s Allo y Alte rIlea l lrc.ituicn ta l 75i i ! • iaoi i ( Iwinc h Prccipiiuic d Ni.ji" 1 ' Kiiiur eS-Recrysialli/jiio nol ' l.lvctro kss Siekcl-Ph.isphuru s Allo v.md Hrecipnaiui n (1 ) 

# mm

j ....

s vr, <- '

Iigur c* #- Iet'rou s Structur eo l '•lectrolcs s Nicke l Keduce d nul l ll v- figure - I0 - Ileelfles s Nicke l Keduce d wn h llvdra/.in eAllv- rKv J:../ine l 1 " er vsijlli/jiio nal Moi l I - ( "i, o Ci " "

I5 

# 3*

### P.3 7

TABL E 7 . CORROSIO N RESISTANC E O F ELECTROLES S NICKE L !6 1

Corrosiv e Liqui d Temperatur e Immersio n Tes l Period . Aeratio nweek s Penetration ,

mil s per yea r 'Kanigen" * .i s Deposite d Acetylen e bromid e Amy l alcoho l Benzol e Benzy l acetat e Carbo ndisulfid e Carbo ndisulfid e an dwate r Cobal t linoieat e Glucos e Isoamylocty l orthophosphale . 7 

### 5 percen t Methy l alcoho l N'aphlha . odorles s Petroleu mwhil e oil Photographic : Develope r

'Hypo ' solulio n Refinery brin e solutio n Sodium . Carbonate . 1 0 percen t Hydroxide . 1 0 percen t Aceti c acid . 5 percen t Aceti c acid . 5 percen t Aceton e Acetylen e bromide . 1 percen t wate r Allyl chlorid e Aluminu msulfate , saturate d Ammoniate dammonium : Nitrat e Nitrat e vapo r Ammonium : Chlorid e saturated , 3 0 percen t NH 3 

### Hydroxide , 3 0 percen t

NH- » Phosphate , 5 percen t Sulfate , saturate d Sulfate . 5 percen t Sulfite, saturate d Thiocyanat e Amyl acetat e Amyl chlorid e Anilin e hydrochloride , saturate d Rta l R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R T

T T T T T T T T T 

## r r T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T (b l

* Trademark . Genera l America nTiansportatio nCorporatio n
1 6 N o N o N o N o N o N' o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o No Ye s N o N o N' o N o N o Nv > N o N o N o N o "le s N o N o N o N o N o 

## _

> 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 1 2 1 1 6 It s 5 2 4 

## ; 3 4 4 2 5 4 4 4 4 1 6 _" i 2 4 4 l o 1 6 It s 4 4 2 0 v S 2 0 2 0 2 4 2 4 1 6 N i attac k

N o attac'- . N o jiiac k N o .mac k N o adac k N o at lac k N o a tiac k N o attac k N " .mac k N o attac k N o a t lac k N o attac k N o attac k N o attac k N o jit.ic k N o attac k N o attac k t), ' o. O 0.00 3 Sligh t weigh t gai n 0.0 4 0. 3 0. 3 0. 3 0. 2

" \ - j 0. 7 0.0 5 1. 2 0.0 2 0. 2 0.00 2 0.0 1 0. 5



# 3&

### TABL E 7 . (Continued )

Corrosiv e Liqui d Temperatur e R R R R R R R R R IdO F R K R R K lo O F R R R R R R R R K R R R R R R R R R X R R R R Immersio n 

# r T T T T T T 1 T 1 T 1' 1 

# r r T 

# r T T T 1 1 

# r T T 1 1 '! ' 

# r i i T i 

# r i T 1 " f 1 

# r Aeratio n

N o N o N o N o N o N o N o Ve s N o N o N o * Ve s N o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o Ve s N o Ye s N o N o N o Ye s N o Ye s N o N o Ye s N o Ye s N' o Ve s N o N o Tes t

Period . week s 4 2* . 1 6 1 2 s 1 8 i2 5 2 5 2



### , s 1 6

, x 1 " 4 X s 2 4 Penetration .

mil s pe r yea r 0. 2 0.00 4 1 . 0.0 1 0. 1 0. 5 O.OOS 0.0 4 O.U0 5 O.OO X 0.0 3 '.i.0 7 0.0 0 2 0.0 4 0.00 6 0.00 9 0.00 ? (1 2 davs ) 2 . 1 6 4 4 1 4 1 s 4 4

- 4 4 1 0 5 l o J 5 2 

### s 4 (2 5 day s ! 0 4 0 2 0.0 2 1 . ^ 0. 9 5 . 0 5 0 1 •) u" 0. 4 0.0 5 0. 1 0 00. H 0. 1 "
- 0.0 5 0. 7 0. 2 10. " U.OU H 0.0 1 Heer Bcn/y l alcoho l Benzy l chlorid e Blac k liquo r skimming s Boraxo . saturate d Bori c aci d Calciu mcliloiide . 4S. 5 percen t

4S. 5 percen t Caih.- nletiachlond e Cet v Ialcohol , molte n ('.! : i c acid . 5 pcicen l 1 i di c a . id . 5 pcicen l Clv's V i k ,K. d Detergen t

solution . 5 peicen t

(fide ) I'lhillv l phlhalat c Dipheu v I . molte n I- 1 Ii v Iaivoho i Fillolophosplio i I

C aCl.i ' Fo i uiaideh v d e ('..isiiiin e ill i s.-'uiioi i pi l I5

pl l 1. 5 pl l ;.. . i l l 2 ' i pl l 2. 5 pi l y.o ni l 5. 5 pl l 5 5 pl l 4. 0 pl l 4 0 lllsc'v ! iso ! Lavti c acid . 4 5 percen t

4 5 percen t N O percen t x npcicen l Ief.t-' n|aic e Canne d •i i Ipeiwii l sodiu mhen/oat e Olei c avi d 1 liauj e nuce . canne d



# 37

### TABL E 7 . (Continued ) P.3 9

Corrosiv e Liqui d Tes l Period . Penetration . Temperatur e Immersio n\eratio nweek s mil s per vea r • Petroleum , sour

crud e Rosi nsi/e : Concentrate d

5 0 percen t Sodium : Cyanide . 5 percen t Hydrosulfide . 4 0 percen t Hydroxide . 7 2 percen t Steari c aci d Sulfuri c acid : Ipercen t

5 percen t Tall oil . crud e Tal l ml . refined Tannin g solutio n(Koreon l Thionv i chloride , anhydrou s Urea . 2 5 percen t L'rea . saturate d Water , chlorine : 5 pp mC U

1 0 pp mC U Water , deionize d Water , deionize d Water , deionize d Water , distille d R i" 4 F I ' 0 C l

re ! I' M F C D C )

re f R R 24 0 F ( 1 1 6 C l

re f 

### 15 s F 

## r o C ) R R R R R R R R R R R 12 0 F (4 9 C I

rel l IS O F I.X

2 C ) rel l R u x U N

u x

UX a x T T I " T T T T T 

# r T 1 " T T T T T T T T T T N o

N o N o N o Ne s N o N o N o N o N o N o N o N o Ne s Ne s N o N o Ye s N\ . N o N o 2

5 5 4 2 0 l( s 4 4 1 1 2 5 2 5 5 1 6 1 6 4 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 0 0 0 I oO I i m n 0. 5 Slid' ! vveiei n ca m 0.0 7 0 0 2 1 1 o.o 5 0.0 2 0.0 5 0.0 5 0.0 5 0.0 5 0.0 2 0.0 1 O.0 2 0.0 1 ."sligh t weigh ! gai n 0.0 5 

### Hea t Treate dal I3K0 F(75 0 C ) Aceh c acid : 5 percen t

1 0 percen t 1 0 percen t 5 0 percen t 5 0 percen t glacia l silacia l Ammoniate dammonium : Nit ral e Nitrat e vapo r R R R R R R R R R T

T T T T T T T T Ne s

N' o Ne s N o Ye s N o 

### Ve < N o N o 

### 2 0

1 6 

# s 2 0 8 2 0 S 1 2 l o 0. 9 0. 2 1 . 0. 2

- * 0.0 2 1 . 0 0 5 0. 5

l. S 

# 3*

### TABL E 7 . (Continued ) P.4 0

Corrosiv eLiqui d Temperatur e Immersio n Tes l Period . Aeratio nweek s Penetration , mil s pe ryea r .Ammonium . Hydtoxidc . 5 0 percen t Nil s Hydroxide . 5 0 perce mNH . Nutate , ii. " pet-cen t Nitrate . u 5 pe i cen t Sulfate , sjiuraie d Sulfate . 5 peiccn t Heer tal c m mchlorid e 4,v 5 percen t

4S. 5 percen t Itli v len e giv co i I• • ! malde h. d e 5 * pcicen l

5 " pcicen l IK Isoiuiivi u pl l I. 5

pl l 2. 0 Pl l 2. 5 pl l 5 0 pl l 5. 5 pl l 4. 0 LaCl ic acid . 4 5 pcicen l

4 5 pe i cen t S O pcicen l si ) pcicen l Pho'ph.ni c acid , s s pcicen l sodiu mH

v diosui t ide . 4i l perce n H v dio.Mvle . " 2 percen t Null u ; i c aci d: Ipcicen l

5 |vrcen t 5 percen l Iica . 2 5 peicen t Iica . sal u i ale d Wine , sheit v /.;u c jii'iiiK'iiiui nchlorid e

•a ' R . roo mtemperature . 6 5 t o S 5 F( IS t o 2 9 C) . is i T . tota l immersion . i v i P . partia l immersion . 24 0 F

25 0 F R

R R R R R R R R Standar dc m R R R R R R. R R R R R R R R (1l o C i lellu x R R R R R Refrig
erate d (HOC ) rellu x 

# r

|><C ) T T T T T T T r.'sim i (es l 1 p(C » T T 

# r T T 

# r T T 

## r i i i i

- T T T T T T T N o

N o N o N o Ve s Ye s Nv . N o Ye s

• N, , N o Ve s Ye s Ve s Ye s Ye s Ye s N o Ye s N o Ye s N o 'le s N, , Ve s N o Ve s Ye s Ye s N o N o yi

s . _ - • 2 N 2 4 2 0 2 0 4

" •" ! 2 0

.i i

* V . 2 4 s X 1 2 1 2

* •* .

• > • *

- 1 l o

2> > 2 4 24

X I d
I' i 1 n

- - i 4 0 0 b 0. 2 0. 1 0.0 1 0.0 2 0.0 9 0.O0 S 0.00 1 0 0 1 0.0 3 0.00 7 o. i H 2 O d O. d 

## o.2 0 0 9 0.0 2 l. l Id " 1 ) s 0.00 0 

### o 2 O.OOS She hI •I 4

s 0. 4 0 00' ' 

## ooo s 0 00 4

- • -

'. v eigh t gai n



# 3?P.4 1



## REFERENCE S 1 i ) Brenner . A. , an d Riddeii . (7 . "i)c|>'si i io n o fNicke l an d (..hal l h vChemica i Ke.l.iv t .• •' K •••• -.-• i'..;»• • No . 1S55 . Journa l . , fResearc h o fth e Naiioita i Huie.:. : o l Stand.ii-.U . 5 ; ' - ' I . '«x-"..; •i < i '--i' i |' ; . . c ., | i Am . Flectropiaters ' Soc . 54 . I 5o- 1 T 0 ( I'M"l . i 2 ) Gutzeit . C . "Chemica l Reaction s Svmposuii u o n Hcctfoies s Nicke l I'i.iiii-.g" . A' s I' M Sp.-,,-.. . ' .--.-•^.y.

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Cobalt" . Plating . 37 . 36-42 . 161-16 4 < |o.*0) . ( 4 1 Jarrett , Ci . D . R. . "Flecirolex s Plaling . III . I.leclrole-. s Ncke l Plating" . Indtisdia i l-'inisinn e ll.'nd'i n l »

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' ~i Fitzgerald-Lee . ('.-.. "Chemica l Nicke l Plalmg" . Produc l Finishin g ( Loudo n I . I 5 ( 5 I . ux - * o ( I "i xil . ( S I Keil . A. , an d Berger . B. . "lilecinca l Coiiduciivn vo l Chemicall yDeposite d Nicke l laveis" . Meiall.'ivi llaeche . 10( 1 2) . 550-55 7 (l')5oi . I 9 ) Privat e Commi.'titcado n fro m J . G . Beach . Balleil e Memoria l Insiituie . Coiumbu s l.abmai.'iie s t l')"ii ) (10 ) Lang . Kx. '"Electroles s Nicke l Platin g b yth e Nihodu rProcess" . Galvauoiecluuk . 5 o IM . 547-5' XII"." I

Schweize rMaschinenmarki , o6.<548) . 7>.S| . S5 . S 5 ( |o<,<.| . til l Dini . J . VV. . an d Coronado . P . R. . "Thic k Nicke l Depoxi'. s o fHig h Pum vb vlilecdoies s Methods" . Pl.d n g . 5 4 (4) , 3X5-39 0 (1967) . I 12 ) Roberts . W' . H. . "Coalin g Berylliu m Wit h lilecdoies s Nickel" . l.'.S . Atomi cI neig yCommissio n R l P4" v2 5

p p (1964) . (i3 l Ro . B. . "O n Propertie s o fElectri cConductivit yan d Corrosio n Resistanc e oi Nickci-I'hosphor.i s \llo v Deposits . Sludie s o n Chemica i Platin g (41" . Journa l o fih e Meta l Finishin g Societvot ' Japan . I I i M . 331-334(1960) . (14 ) Mallory , G . 0 „ "Th e Electroles s Nickel-Boro n Plalin g Bath ; Lffcci s o f\'a i table s o n Deposi t Properties ' .

Plating , 58(4) , 319-32 7 (1971) . i 15 ) Saubestre , E . B. . "Electroles s Plalin g Today" . Meta l Finishing . 6 0 (61 . 67-75 : (") . 40-55 : (Si . 45-49 . >: ,

(9) , 59-6 3 (1962) . lib ) Levy . D . J. . "Chemica l Platin g oi Thi n Pure Nicke l Coaling s o n Catalyti cMetalli cSurfaces" , I'.S . Paten t 5,198.65 9 (Augus t 3 . 19651 . Assigne d i o Lockhee d Auciai ; Corpoiation . (17 ) Levy . D . J. , "Thi n Nicke l Fiim s b yHydrazin e Auioeatai yti cReduction" . Electrochemica l Technology . I

('.) , 38-4 2 (1963) . •ivS ) Alberts , G . S. . Wright . R . H. , an d Parker . C . C . "Effec t oi NH- j o n Depositio n Fio m Alkalin e Meciroi.-s s Nicke l an d Cobal t Platin g Baths" . Journa l oi th e Electrochemica l Society . I 1 5 (7) . o.s7.ic-i(. i ( |OM, |



# YoI 19 ) (iorbunova . K . M. . Nikifmova . A . A. . Polukarov . Nu . M . an d Moiseev . V . P. . "Magneti cProne : de s u l Nicke l Reduce d Wit h H vpopiiosphu e Fro m Alkalin e Solutions" . Russia n Journa l o fPhysica l Chemtsirv . 5 s (o| . 854-85 8 (1964) . 120 ) Beynon . J . C . "Magneti cRecordin g Device" . l.S . Paten i 5.202.55 8 (Augus t 24 , l'"65l . Assume d t o

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19681 . Assigne d t o Sperr yRan d Corporalion . (27 ) Korenev . N . A. , "Chemica l Depositio n o fNickel-Cobal t Films" . I/.v . Akad . Nau k SSSR . Ser. Fiz.. . 2 ° (4) . ts50-o5 4 ( 1965) . (2S | Elechon . J. , "Laborator ySlud yoi Chemica l Nicke l Deposits" . Revu e d u Nickel . 2 7 (5) , 123-12 5 (I9 M | . (2' M Graham . A . H. . Lindsay . R . W. . an d Read . H . J. . "Th e Structur e an d Mechanica l Propertie s o l lileciroles s

Nickel" . Journa l o fth e Electrochemica l Society . 1 1 2 (4) . 401-41 3 ( 1965) . i "i' l Wiegaud . II. , Heinke . (!. . an d Schwitzgcbel . K. . "Propenie s o fChemica l Nicke l Deposit s Fro m ih e Hvpo phosphit e Bath" . Mctallobcrflaeche . 2 2 ( 10) . 504-5 1 I ( hU.S) . l5l ) Jovanovic . S. , an d Smith , C . S. . "Elasti cModulu s o fAmorphou s Nicke l Films" . Journa l oi Applie d Phvsics . 52 . 121-12 2 (1961) . (52 ) Baldwin , C , an d Such . T . 17 . "Th e Plalin g Rale s an d Physica l Propenie s o fEleclroles s Nickel'Phosphoru s

Allo yDeposits" , Transaction s o fth e Institut e o fMeta l Finishing . 4 6 (2) , 75-8 0 ( 1968) . ir.}) Read . H . J. , an d Whalen . T . J. . "Th e Ductilit yo fPlate d Coalings" , Proceedings o fth e America n Electro platers ' Society . 46 . 318-32 5 (1959) . (54 ) Cadorna , L. . an d Cavalotti , P. . "Electioles s Platin g o fMetals . (1 ) Electroles s Nicke l Plalin g Fro m Alkalin e

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# ¥/158 ) Brenner , A. . "Eleclroles s Platin g Become s o i Age" . Meta l Finishing . 5 2 (III . (i.x.'i i i ju " l i 159 ) Mitani . H.. . Shoji . K. . an d Kanbe . T. . "Phas e Change s i n lileciroles s Nil ' Deposit s Durin g Heat l'reati-'e - • '

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Ved . Pr . Vvs . Sk . Tech . Kosiciach . I . 143-15 1 ( I96S| . (41 ) Lee . W . G. . "Ag e Hardenin g o fChemica i Nicke l Coatings" . Plating . 4 7 (5) . 28S-2 l > 0 ( !'>60l . (42 ) Domnikov . L. . "Chromiu m an d Eleclroles s Nicke l Deposits . Hardnes s at Hig h Temperatures" . Meta l Finish ing . 6 0 (I) . 67-68 . 7 0 (1962) . Lozinsky . M . G. . an d Miroivorsky . V . S. . Bulleti n Acad . Sci . LSSR . Di v Tech . Sci. . •'Metallurg yan d Fuel" . No . 5 ( 1959) . (43 ) V'elcmitsina . V . I. , an d Ryabchenkov . A . V. . "Chemica l Nicke l Platin g a s a Metho d fo rProtectin g an d Strengthenin g Pari s o fPowe rEquipment" . Tr . Mezhdunar . Kongr . Korroz . Metal. . 3r d (Proc . 5r d Inter nationa l Congres s o n Metalli cCorrosion) . Moscow . I960 , p p 558-35 ° (Pub . 1968) . (44 ) Kaczynski , J. , an d Hajewska . 17 . "lileciroles s Nicke l Coaling s o n Aluminum" . Ochron a Pr/.e d Koroma . "

(3) . 57-5 9 (1966) . (45 ) Goldensiein . A . W. . Rostoker , W. . Sdiossberger , F. . an d Gutzeil . G. , "Structur e vd ' Chemicaii vDeposite d

Nickel" . Journa l o fth e F.lecirochcmica i Society . 104(2) . 104-110(1957) . (46 1 Zusmanovieh . G . G. . "Effec t oi Hea l Treaimen t o n th e Adhesio n o fNi- P Coaling s i o Hardene d KhV G Steel" . Meta l Scienc e an d Hea t Treatmen t o fMetal s (7-8) . 3M-56 5 ( l')6 l i . (47 ) Kanbe . T. . "Characteristic s o fElectroles s Plate d Nickel-Boro n Films . I . Phase Change s i n Electroles s Nicke i

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Deposit s at Hig h Temperature s an d th e Effect s Give n b yHeat Treatments" . Journa l o fth e Meta l Finishin e Sociel yoi

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Parts" . Abstrac t o fpape rpresente d a l th e All-Unio n Scientifi cTechmca l Conferenc e m i Corrosio n an d Protectio n o fMetals . Meta l Coaling s an d Chemica l Treatmen t Sections , an d Lacque rCoating s Section . Moscow , USS R (Ma y19-24 , 1958) . Part I : Plating . 4 6 (2) . 15 8 (|0xQ) . (51 ) Vojtiskova , A. , "Effec t o fHea t Treatmen t o n ih e Propertie s o fChemicall yDeposite d Nicke l Coatings" .

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Journa l o fth e Electrochemica l Society , 11 6 (2) , 185-18 7 (1969) . (53 ) Judge , J . S. . Morrison . J . R. . an d Speliotis . D . E. . "Flexibl e Recordin g Surface s oi Electrodeposile d Cobalt-Nickel-Phosphorus" , Plating . 5 3 (4) . 441-45 0 (1966) . (54 ) Parker , K. , an d Shah . H. . "Th e Stres s o fElectroles s Nicke l Deposit s o n Beryllium" . Journa l oi th e Electro chemica l Society . I 1 7 (8) . 1091-109 4 (1970) .



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### iri) Sheinenski . R . M. . Beach . J . G. . an dMarmge: . R . £;. . "Platin g Stresse s Fro melectroles s Nicke i Depositio n o nBeryllium" . Journa l o f th e Electrochemica l Society , i I6 (51 . 402-40' ' II^OV) . (>o ) Spahn . H. . "Th e Effeci oiInterna l Stres s ou ih e Fatigu e an dCorrosio nFatigu e Propertie s o f Electroplate d an dChemicall y Plate dNickei Deposits" . Proceeding s of th e MhInternationa l Metal Finishing Conference . Transaction s o f

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Metal Finishing . 42 . 36 4 (1964) . "Corrosio nFatigu e o f Metalli c Material s (VH) . Interna l Stresse s i nElectrolyticall y an dChemicall y Deposite dNickel Coating s an dThei r Effec i o n th e Propertie s of

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Corrosio nFaiigue" . Metalloberllaeche . 1 7 (I) , 1- 9 (1963) . Cf. Spahn , Technisch e Rundscha u (Switzerland) . 5 8 (27) , 3} (1966) . (57 ) Bartlett . B . C , Cann , L. , an dHayward . J . L. . "Conlro l o f Phosphoru s Conten t

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nElectroles s Nicke l Deposits" , Plating . 5b(2) . 168-17 1 (1969) . (58 ) Parker , K. . an dShah . H „ "Residua l Stresse s inElectroles s Nickel" . Plaling , 5 8 (3) . 230-23 6 (1971) . (5** ) Jungslager . E . F. , "Electroles s Depositio no f Nickel" . Tijdsehr . Oppervlakl e Tech . Metalen . 9(1) . 2- 9 (1965) . (60 ) Ovsyankin , V . V. . Novikov . V . N. , an dRyabchenkov . A . V. , "Increasin g th e Fatigu e Strengt ho f Electroless-Nickel-Plate dStee l b y Surlac e Inductio nHeai-Treatment" . Zashchu aMetallo v (Protectio no f Metals) . 3 (4) . 496-49 8 ( 1967) . lol l Gazez'yan . L . N. . an dRomanova . E . N. . "Chemica l Nicke l Platin g onStee l Parts" , Aviaisionnay a PromyshlennosC , No . 7 , 4 4 ( 1956i . ( t O Antskaitis , V . A. . "Chemica l Nicke l Plating" . Moscow , Filial Vsesoyuznog o Institut aNauchno i i Tekh
nichesko i Informaisi i A NSSSR . Topi c 13 . No . M-58-368/3 9 (1958) . (n3 i Borisov . V . S. . an dVishenkov , S . A. . "Chemica i Nicke l Plating" . Collectio n2 , p 3 7 • Mosko'ski i Do m Nauchno-Tekhnichesko i Propagand y im . F . E . D/erzJunskog o ( 1958) . io4 i F.fros . D . I. , Sharygina . Z . V. . an dMuzychuk , N . A. , "•Chemica l Nickel Platin g o nMachin e Part s inAlkalin e Solutions" , Gor

kii . Tsentrai'no e Byur o Tekhmchesko i Informaisi i ( 1958) . (t\x | Hildebrand . J . F. , Turns . E . W. . an dNordquist . F . C . "Stres s Corrosio nCrackin g inHighStrengt hFerrou s .Alloys" . Genera l Dynamics , Fort WorthRepor t

No . FZM-269 0 (November 4 . 1963) . 4 1 pp . Contrac t AF 55(o57).|12l4 . A

D 42 5 5S7 . (o" ) de.Minger . C . H. . an dBientier , A. . "Studie s o neleclroles s Nicke l Plating" , Plaling , 44 , 1297-130 5 11957) . (tv ) Cavalotti . P. . an dSalvago , G. . "Chemica l Reductio nol ' Nickel an dCobal t b y Hypophosphite . I . Platin g u f Alloys" , Elecirochimic aMeiallorum , 3 (1) , 23-4 1 ( 1968) . (08 ) Luneckas , A. , "Chemica l Depositio no f aNiekei-Copper-Phosphoru s Coating" , Zashehit aMetallo v (Protec
tio no f Metals) , 4 (3) . 338-34 0 (1968) . U'9 ) Ziehike , K . T. , Drilt , W. S. , an dMahoney . C . H. , "Heat Treatin g Electroles s Nicke l Coalings" , Metal Progress , 7 7 (2) , 84-8 7 (I960) . i"0 l Machu . W. , an dEl-Gendi . S. . "Effec t ot ' Organi c Compound s unth e Depositio nRat e an dBrightnes s o f Chemica l Nicke l Deposits" , Werkstoff e un dKorrosion , 12(4) . 223-23 0 ( 1961) . T UAoki , K. . an dIshibashi , S. , "Electroles s Nicke l Plating . XII . Nickel Deposit s Fro mEleclroles s Nicke l Platin g Solution s Containin g Ethylenediamine" . Kinzoku Hyome nGiiuis u (Journa l o f th e Metal Finishin g Societ y of Japan) , 2 0 (3) . 115-12 2 ( 1969) . (72 ) Zusmanovieh . G . C... "Effec t o f Hea t Treatmen t

o nth e Hardnes s o f

Nickel-Phosphoru s Coatings" . Metal Scienc e an dHea

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of Metals , (4) . 229-23 1 (I960) ; Metallovedemy e i Termicheskay aObrabotk a Metallov , (4) . 48-5 0 ( I960) . Brutche r Translatio nNo . H

B 5385 . 

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