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| **Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, September           1991.**

**Survey of SHPO Resources           Protection Activities**

During preliminary research for this Technical Brief           it was determined that, while it was important to understand the regional           context of archeological resources protection at other levels of government,           little information actually was available about such programs at State           Historic Preservation Offices (SHPO). Therefore, a survey was conducted           between January and August 1990, to query 59 State Historic Preservation           Officers and 14 of their deputies about a wide range of protection activities.           There were 41 responses (56%). 

The results of the survey show that SHPOs are active           in the following areas (numbers of affirmative SHPO responses shown           in parentheses). 

**Casework**

Some SHPOs have provided assistance in archeological           protection under the Antiquities Act (6) and ARPA (13). Many SHPOs listed           activities within the Section 106 procedures of NHPA as their primary           source of involvement under Federal law. 

Some SHPOs reported assisting with archeological protection           pursuant to a variety of State statutes, including theft (4), trespass           (5), vandalism (11), site disturbances, including burials and confidentiality           of site locations (17), permit violations (10), sales of forged artifacts           (4) and archeological surveys or salvage excavations on State lands           (1). 

Responses from 14 SHPOs documented direct assistance           in 17 archeological protection cases prosecuted between 1985 and 1990,           with some of those cases still pending resolution. Seven of the cases           were prosecuted under ARPA, either alone or in conjunction with other           statutes. 

SHPO assistance in case preparation has included gathering           information or evidence on-site (13), consultation with attorneys (8)           and law enforcement personnel (10), giving testimony at trials (9) or           hearings (3), and participation in courtmartial proceedings (1). 

**Legislative and Administrative           Assistance**

SHPOs reported infrequent participation in legislative           activities. However, such activity by preservationists is extremely           important because cases are often won or lost on the strength of a statute.           One of the most powerful ways to increase protection of archeological           resources is through implementation of effective State statutes. The           courts are the interpreters of the law, and when there exists a preservation           statute that the court may appropriately apply, case preparation may           be approached from a much stronger position. For example, SHPO expertise           and input were instrumental in the drafting and subsequent enactment           of State legislation in Arizona to protect and preserve ancient burial           sites on private land.51

SHPO legislative efforts necessarily include the building           of a constituency that will be available for future legislative activities           in related areas. The SHPO survey documented the following legislative           and administrative activities: drafting bills (1); legislative task           force membership (3); and Federal grant project reviews (1). 

**Training**

SHPOs also recognized their participation in training           programs for archeological resources protection. SHPOs were both students           (19) and teachers (13) in various programs including the 40-hour skills           development course sponsored by the Federal Law Enforcement Training           Center, the 12-hour overview of archeological protection programs sponsored           by NPS, public awareness programs, and inhouse workshops. Eleven SHPOs           indicated that there had been no participation in preservation law training.           

Results of the survey confirm that SHPOs are a potentially           valuable resource in expanding efforts to enforce preservation laws           and educate the general public about archeological resources protection.           While most enforcement activities continue to be conducted by Federal           agencies, significant public awareness efforts are conducted by States,           especially during "archeology           weeks." When these are coupled with improved cooperation among           law enforcement jurisdictions, there can be an important impact in reducing           site vandalism. 

Return to: Technical           Briefs | Section 1 | Section           2 | Section 3 | Endnotes | **introduction**

**history                 and purpose**

**survey                 of shpo resources protection activities**

**application                 of arpa**

**endnotes**

**appendices**

**print                 version  **

**technical briefs                 index** |
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