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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      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| **Notes**

*Click on reference number to return to text.*

1.	          P.L. 96-95, as amended by P.L. 100-555 and 100-588, 16 USC 470aa-mm           (1988).

2.	          16 USC 470ee.

3.	          43 CFR Part 7, Department of the Interior; 36 CFR Part 296, Department           of Agriculture; 18 CFR Part 1312, Tennessee Valley Authority; 32 CFR           Part 229, Department of Defense. 

4.	          LOOT Clearinghouse, reports of cases under ARPA and related laws, compiled           by the NPS Departmental Consulting Archeologist, Archeological Assistance           Division, Washington, D.C. 

5.	          16 USC 470gg.

6.	          In 1990, 20 individuals were charged with a total of 52 counts of civil           and criminal violations of ARPA and other Federal and state laws, including           National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration regulations, at the           Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Extensive property was seized           and $132,000 in fines was imposed. The first civil matter to utilize           the ARPA civil process, as outlined in this document, was *Eel River           Sawmills, et al. v. U.S.*, Docket nos. ARPA 90-1 and 90-2, before           the United States Department of the Interior Office of Hearings and           Appeals, Hearings Division, Salt Lake City, Utah. The ALJ decision imposed           a civil penalty of $43,500, against two of the three alleged violators.           After initially filing an appeal of the ALJ's decision, the violators           subsequently reached a settlement of the judgement with the Forest Service.           

7.	          16 USC 470ff. 

8.	          43 CFR Part 7(7) [52 FR 9165; 1987]. 

9.	          P.L. 100-555 and 100-588 (1988). 

10.	          LOOT, *supra,* note 4. See also Technical Brief no. 11, June 1991.           

11.	          TVA: Feb. 22, 1990; Dept. of Agriculture: Feb. 10, 1988. 

12.*Supra,* note 6. 

13.	          Administrative Procedures Act, P.L. 89-554 (1966), 80 Stat. 378, 5 USC           500-559; Administrative Hearings, 18 USC 556. 

14.	          Criminal Fines Improvements Act of 1987, P.L. 100-185, 18 USC 3623,           101 Stat. 1279. 

15.	          16 USC 470ff; fines may be double the damage assessment amount for a           subsequent offense (criminal or civil), see sec. 470ff(1)(B). 

16.	          16 USC 470gg(b)(3). (470gg(b)(1) & (2) require conviction by a court           for an ARPA violation for a forfeiture while 470gg(b)(3) does not).           

17.	          36 CFR Part 296 (Forest Service); 50 CFR Part 27 (Fish and Wildlife           Service); 43 CFR Part 7 (Interior); 32 CFR Part 229 (Defense); 18 CFR           Part 1312 (TVA); 36 CFR Part 2 (NPS). 

18.	          Criminal fines, unlike civil penalties, are deterrence or retribution,           and a criminal defendant assessed a fine also may be subject to a civil           penalty judgment. *U.S. v. Ward,* 448 U.S. 242, 250, 100 S. Ct.           2636, 65 L. Ed. 2d 742 (1980). If a fine is assessed strictly as an           alternative to incarceration, in the true sense of "punishment," and           is not linked by the judge's order or the negotiations of counsel to           the amount of the damage assessment, civil remedies are still available.           If forfeiture is not considered in the criminal indictment or in a plea           agreement, civil forfeiture remains an option. 

19.	          16 USC 470bb(3). 

20.	          16 USC 470bb(3) & (7). 

21.	          16 USC 470ee(c). See also *U.S. v. Gerber,* 999 F2d 1112 (7th Cir.           1993), affirming the conviction. Gerber and others were criminally charged           under ARPA for removing archeological resources from private land and           transporting the items across State lines. The defendants questioned           the validity of 16 USC 470ee(c). 

22.	          16 USC 470bb(6). 

23.	          16 USC 470ff(a)(2)(civil) and 470ee(d)(criminal). 

24.	          16 USC 470bb(1). 

25.           16 USC 470ff(3) and 470ee(g). 

26.	          16 USC 470kk(b) and 470bb(l). 

27.*Id.*

28.	          16 USC 470ee(a). 

29.	          The contract will contain a paragraph within the document or as an addendum           stating that Federal law prohibits the excavation, removal, damage,           alteration or defacement of any archeological resource on Federal or           Indian lands, that the contractor shall control the action of its employees           and subcontractors at the job site to ensure that any protected sites           will not be disturbed or damaged, and that it is the obligation of the           contractor to ensure that employees and subcontractors cease work in           the event of a newly discovered site until further authorization is           obtained. 

30.	          In *Eel River Sawmills (supra,* note 6), a contractor to the Forest           Service was alleged to have damaged an archeological site when a road           was built through a protected area to develop a water source. Eel River           Sawmills claimed that its actions were inadvertent and that its agents           did not see the flags marking the area. It also disputed jurisdiction           and the method of calculating damages. The Forest Service contended           that the contractor acted outside the scope of its contract because           it is customary to develop water sources only with prior consultation           with the contracting agency. Inadvertence is not a defense to a civil           matter. No machinery was seized, and the land manager offered to resolve           the matter at the initial hearing for an amount of damages that was           less than the full damage assessment. A decision was issued on August           10, 1992. The parties agreed to a settlement of the judgement on January           19, 1993. 

31.	          16 USC 470ff(a)(2). 

32.	          Title 18 CFR Part 1312.14(a). 

33.*Id.*, at 14(c). 

34.           16 USC 470ff(a), and 18 CFR Part 1312.16. 

35.	          18 USC sec. 3623. 

36.	          16 USC 470gg(b). 

37.	          36 CFR Part 79, (effective Oct. 12, 1990). 

38.	          H.R. Rep. No. 96-311, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. (1979), reprinted in 1979           *U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News,* 1709, 1714; *United States v. Kohl,*           no. 85-10044 (D. Idaho, Feb. 13, 1986), memorandum opinion. 

39.	          Black, Henry Campbell, 1968, *Black's Law Dictionary,* 4th revised           edition, West Publishing Co., St. Paul, MN, p. 1184. 

40.	          16 USC 470ff(a)(1). 

41.	          H.R. Rep. No. 96-311, 96th Cong., 1st Sess., reprinted in 1979 *U.S.           Code Cong. Admin. News, 1709,* 1714. 

42.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(b). 

43.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(b)(1). 

44.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(b)(2). 

45.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(b)(3). 

46.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(b)(4). 

47.	          Title 28 USC sec. 1658, sets four years as the time to bring an action           arising under an Act of Congress. The statute is effective on incidents           occurring after the date of the Act, Dec. 1, 1990. The application of           the statute of limitations is a matter to be discussed with counsel.           

48.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(c)(1). 

49.	          56 FR 55195 (Oct. 25, 1991). 

50.           43 CFR Part 7.15(c)(2). 

51.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(c)(4). 

52.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(c)(3). 

53.	          The Forest Service and the TVA request that counsel be involved at all           stages. 

54.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(e)(3). 

55.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(e)(2). 

56.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(d). 

57.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(e)(2). 

58.*Supra,* note 32, calculating damages. 

59.	          43 CFR Part 7.16(b)(1)(i-vii). 

60.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(f)(1). 

61.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(f)(2). 

62.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(f)(3). 

63.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(g). 

64.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(g)(2). 

65.	          Department of the Interior Supplemental Regulations, 43 CFR Part 7.37(a)           requires that a written statement of the basis for the relief accompany           the request for hearing. All agencies with Memoranda of Agreement to           use the Interior ALJs must follow the Supplemental Regulation procedures.           

66.	          TVA, Memorandum of Agreement approved Feb. 1990. Service of notice on           the TVA is to be made to: General Counsel, Tennessee Valley Authority,           400 West Summit Hill Drive, Knoxville, Tenn. 37902-1499. Forest Service           notice shall be given to the Office of General Counsel, Department of           Agriculture. 

67.	          43 CFR Part 7.37(a). 

68.*Id.*

69.*Supra,* note 64. 

70.	          43 CFR Part 7.37(c). 

71.	          43 CFR Part 7.37(d)(2). 

72.*Supra,* note 66. 

73	          43 CFR Part 7.37(d). 

74.	          5 USC 554-557, Rules of Procedure for Administrative Hearings. 

75.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(g)(3). 

76.	          43 CFR Part 7.37(e)(3). 

77.	          43 CFR Part 7.37(f).

78.*Id.*

79.	          43 CFR Part 4 A, B & G.

80.	          43 CFR Part 7.37(h). 

81.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(c)(4). 

82.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(c)(3). 

83.	          43 CFR Part.7.37(e)(3). 

84.	          43 CFR Part 7.37(f). 

85.	          Prejudgment actions to preserve assets pending future judgments are           part of an aggressive collection process. Individual State laws will           control the available remedies. 

86.	          The amount of interest on the judgment will be determined by the law           of the State in which the judgment is ordered. 

87.	          43 CFR Part 7.15(1)(2). 

88.*Id.*

89.	          The sum varies, depending on State law. 

90.	          16 USC 470gg(b). 

91.*id.*

92.           16 USC 470gg(b)(2 & 3).

93.           16 USC 470gg(c).

94.	          43 CFR Part 7.37(g).

*Return to*Technical           Briefs | Section 1 | Section           2 | Section 3 | Notes           | Appendices            | **introduction**

**background                 of the civil process**

**issues                 in the proof of a civil case**

**procedural                 component of a civil case**

**notes**

**appendices**

**print                 version  **

**technical briefs                 index**

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