This appendix contains forms for photo point monitoring. They may be copied 

onto three colors of paper or clear plastic for overhead projection, depending 

on their use. 

Office forms are printed on standard white paper. 

Field forms should be printed on either of two paper colors: blue for forms placed 

in photographs to identify each photo or yellow for field forms to ease eye strain.

Outline forms for grid analysis are printed on clear plastic. Grids and summary

forms are printed on white paper. Paper color suitable for each form is shown 

in bold.

Blue paper is Hammermill Brite Hue Blue or Georgia Pacific Papers Hots Blue to be

used in photographs to identify the slide or negative. This shade of blue has proven

to be least sensitive to changes in sunlight, from full sun to shade, and has the least

tendency to “bleach out” in full sun. 

Yellow paper is Champion Goldenrod or Hammermill Copy Plus GOLDENROD 

to be used for field forms. It has proven to be least annoying to eyes under direct

sunlight when recording data, maps, diagrams, and other descriptions. 

Clear plastic sheets for printing outline overlays are 3M or Labelon Overhead

Transparency Film. These films are specifically designed for different printers 

such as laser, inkjet, or plain paper. 

White paper is used for summary forms and for grids adjusted to the size of the 

outline overlays.

83

Appendix A: Forms

Paper Color
Forms are listed below by page number, and examples of their use are shown by figure number (figures are from both part A and part B). Several forms consist of two

or three pages. The first page lists all pertinent items and the photo number. A second page leaves the photo number blank to be filled in as required. For example,

“Camera Location and Photo Points” lists photo “A” and “B” on the first page and has

a blank for photo points on the second page. Print enough of the second pages to

mount pictures of the photo points established. Similar multipage forms are “Photo

Points and Close Photos,” “Photo Points with Overhead Views,” and “Shrub Photo

Transect.”

Figure

Form Page examples

Paper colors for field use 85, 87 None

Photograph identification forms; print on blue paper 

Camera-Photo 89 2, 10

Shrub Photo Sampling 90 25

Sampling location maps; print on yellow paper:

Photographic Site Description and Location (map) 91 6, 12

Sampling Site Description and Location (map) 92 22, 23

Photo mounting and data forms; print on yellow paper:

Camera Location and Photo Points 93 13 - 15

Photo Points and Close Photos 95 11

Photo Points with Overhead Views 97 28

Shrub Photo Transect 99 25

Grid Intersect Analysis Outline Form; 

print on clear plastic 102 36, 37, 38,

40, 42, 46 

to 48

Analysis Grids: adjust size and print on white paper

1 meter 103 39, 40

2 meter 104 none

Shrub Analysis 105 48

Photo Grid Summary Form; print on white paper 106 39, 49 

84

Forms and References
Paper found best for photo identification is this color blue.

It is Hammermill Bright Hue Blue©

or Georgia Pacific Papers Hots Blue©

85
This page was intentionally left blank.
Paper color that is easy on the eyes and used for mapping the monitoring system

and recording field notes for mounting photographs.

It is Champion Goldenrod©

or Hammermill Copy Plus GOLDENROD©

87
This page was intentionally left blank.
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107

Appendix B: Equipment

Introduction

Meter Boards

This appendix illustrates equipment required for photo point monitoring. Six items

are discussed: meter boards, photograph identification sheet holder, camera leveling

system for overhead photography, bracket for using two cameras (one with color

and the other with black-and-white film), orange tags for identifying monitoring sites,

and flimsy fenceposts. 

Meter boards are used to mark photo points. They help in taking consistent repeat

photographs by orienting the camera on the “1M” of the board. Sharp exposure at

the meter board is assured by focusing the camera on the “1M.” The meter boards

also provide a size control in photographs that can be used to adjust analysis grids

when measuring attributes in a photo. This section describes how to construct meter

boards.

1-meter board—

Materials—Prices given are in dollars as of 2001. Cost

Dollars

1 piece 2-inch, 4-ply plywood, finished on one side,

exterior, 1 foot by 4 feet @ $20 per sheet 3

3/16-inch-diameter steel rod, 36 inches long 1

Numbers:

54 inches tall, on a reflector, adhesive, packet of 10 (need 2, 4, 6, 8) 4

(Alternative is 4-inch nail-on numbers [5 @ $2 each]) (20)

Line or pocket level 4 to 5 inches long 4

16-ounce can of yellow spray paint, exterior 4

Screws: 1

2 line level screws #4 s inch 

9 spike plate screws #6 w inch 

1 role black electricians tape 4

Total 21

Construction—Meter boards are constructed from 2-inch 4-ply plywood, at least

exterior quality and preferably marine quality (waterproof glue). Waterproof glue is

desirable when sampling in riparian areas is expected because the meter board

often will be placed in water. Dimensions and layout are shown in figure 51. Cut 

out according to specifications (fig. 51). 

Prime the front of the board before painting. Then apply two coats of dull textured

yellow to reduce reflection from the sun. Yellow is used for visibility. If dull yellow is

not available, do not sand or smooth the front of the board. Roughness tends to

diffuse sun reflection because it adds roughness to the paint. Most of a 12-ounce

pressure can will be required for two coats. 
108

Figure 51—Construction details of a 1-meter-tall meter board. The same measurements are used for the 1-meter-tall

folding board. A 2-meter folding board, hinged at 1 meter, has a 2-centimeter difference in board heights. See figure 54

and text for details. 
Numerals—The numerals 2, 4, 6, and 8 should be black and at least 4 inches tall.

My preference is 5 inches tall for good readability when slides are projected. All

illustrations in this publication show 5-inch numbers. There are many sources of

these, including paste-on numbers, numbers on a card that must be cut out, and

nail-on numbers. I use 54-inch-tall numbers on a reflective card with adhesive on

the back. Each number must be cut out and applied to the painted surface. The “M”

for “1M” is made from electrician’s tape or it may be painted on. 

Black marks at each decimeter and bands at top and bottom may be applied in

either of two ways: painted at 0.78 inch (2 cm) wide or by use of black electricians

tape, which is 3/4 of an inch wide (1.8 cm). The top, bottom, and decimeter marks

are used to adjust grid size before grid analysis of items in the photographs. The

marks on the meter board, therefore, must be positioned exactly (fig. 51). 

Line level—A line level is attached to the back of the board at the top (fig. 52). This

allows the board to be oriented vertically, which not only is essential for grid analysis

but also makes pictures look good. 

109

Figure 52—A line level is used to orient the board vertically. Obtain a 4- to 5-inch-long (10- to 12-cm) line

level and drill a hole in each end for a screw. Attach one end of the line level to the back of the meter

board 2 inch (1 cm) from the top. Then orient the board vertically by using a carpenters level along one

side. Hold the board in position, adjust the line level to horizontal, and carefully screw in the other end. 
Steel spikes—Steel spikes are attached to the bottom of the board (fig. 53) to

hold it in the ground. Steel rod 3/16-inch in diameter works well because it is strong

enough to hold the board upright and small enough in diameter to be pushed down

into rocky soil. Spikes should extend 6 inches (15 cm) below the bottom of the

board (fig. 53). Rods come in 36-inch lengths. About 30 inches is required. Bend

the rod into a “U” shape to match the dotted outline in figure 53. Doweling drilled

out to fit the rod is placed over the spikes for safety. 

For convenience, a carrying handle may be attached to the edge of the board

around the 5-decimeter position. 

2-meter folding board—Two 1-meter boards may be connected by a hinge.

Double meter boards 2 meters in height are used when shrubs or other vegetation

exceeds the height of a 1-meter board (fig. 21, part A). They are simply two single

meter boards attached by hinges and a barrel bolt so that either the 1- or 2-meter

length may be used. 

110

Figure 53—Spikes in the bottom of the

board are pushed into the ground to hold

the board upright. Use 3/16-inch-diameter steel rod about 30 inches (75 cm)

long. Bend it into a “U” shape as shown

by the dotted line. It is placed under a

plywood plate and held in place by nine

screws. Leave about 6 inches (1.5 dm)

of rod below the board. (A) Insert screws

on each side of the rod at the bottom; (B)

insert three at the top to prevent upward

and downward movement of the rod; and

(C) place one at each side at top to prevent sideways movement. Drill out doweling to fit over the spikes for safety.
Materials—Prices given are in dollars as of 2001. Cost

Dollars

2 pieces 2 inch, 4-ply plywood, finished on one side,

exterior, 1 foot by 4 feet, each @ $20 per sheet 6

3/16-inch-diameter steel rod, 36 inches long 1

Numbers: 54 inches tall, on a reflector, adhesive, 2 packets of 10

(need 2 each of 2, 4, 6, 8) 8

Line or pocket level 4 to 5 inches long 4

Two 16-ounce cans of yellow spray paint, exterior 8

2 strap hinges, heavy duty, 4-inch size 5

1 barrel bolt, heavy duty, 5-inch size 8

Screws: 2

2 line level wood screws #4 s inch 

9 spike plate wood screws #6 w inch 

1 sheet metal screw #10 2 inch, placed under barrel bolt 

(sheet metal for hardness)

10 hinge wood screws #10 1 inch 

8 barrel bolt wood screws #10 2 inch 2

1 role black electricians tape 4

Total $46

Construction—Construct two 1-meter boards as discussed previously with one

important difference. The top board will not be 1 meter 2 centimeters tall. Instead it

will be exactly 1 meter tall. The top board has its bottom decimeter mark supplied

by the lower (1-meter) board (fig. 54).

Construct the bottom (1-meter) board, with spikes at the base and numerals as

shown in figure 51. On the top board, use “2M” at the top instead of “1M”, and add

numeral “1” to each of the decimeter numbers as shown in figure 54. The numeral

“1” may be made from electricians tape. The top board will not have a decimeter

bar at its base; this bar is supplied by the bottom board. 

Hinge system—Figure 55 illustrates the hinge, barrel bolt, and position of the line

level between the two halves of the meter board. The barrel bolt holds the boards

open and prevents them from flopping in wind. 

1. Refer to figure 55. First, measure thickness of the barrel bolt. Cut plywood from

the same thickness as the barrel bolt and glue to both meter board halves. The

5-inch bolt shown in figure 55 required 3/8-inch plywood. These plywood blocks

separate the meter board halves when folded so that the barrel bolt will clear

both its connecting strap and the line level. 

2. Attach the hinge straps to the top board first. Use a straight edge to align both

meter board halves in a straight line, then attach the bottom straps to the bottom

board while holding both halves firmly together. 

111
112

Figure 54—The 2-meter board system. In the top photo, a standard 1-meter board is shown with the 2-

meter half folded under it. In the bottom photo, the folded board has been turned over showing the 2-

meter section. “No dm mark” designates the lack of a decimeter mark at the base of the top board; it is

at the top of the 1-meter board shown directly above. Length of the 2-meter section must be 2 centimeters shorter (exactly 1 meter instead of 1 meter 2 centimeters) than the 1-meter board to account for this

decimeter mark. 

Figure 55—Hinges and a

barrel bolt connect the two

meter boards. (A) When

installing hinges, attach to

the top board first, carefully

align the boards in a straight

line, then attach the lower

straps of the hinges. (B) The

barrel bolt should be oriented to fall down when the

board is unfolded. Position

the bolt and its strap at the

edges of the board halves

so that the bolt protrudes

about a inch below the strap.

(C) Install an adjusting screw

(see fig. 56) to force the barrel bolt against its strap to

stiffen the two boards when

unfolded. (D) A line level is

placed an inch (2.5 cm)

below the barrel bolt on the

lower board half so that it

can be seen from above

when the boards are folded

and from behind when they

are unfolded as shown. 
3. Install the barrel bolt next (fig. 56). Position the barrel bolt at the very bottom of

the top meter board so that the bolt drops down when the boards are erected.

Place the barrel bolt strap as close to the top of the bottom board as possible

without screws splitting the wood (fig. 55). The bolt should protrude about a inch

below the strap. Insert a sheet metal screw under the bolt end with sufficient

washers to hold the bolt firmly against the strap. This will prevent flexing of the

erected boards (fig. 56). 

4. Position the line level on the bottom (1M) board where it can be seen from above

when the boards are folded for 1-meter use, and from the back when unfolded for

2 meters (fig. 55). One can see the line level with boards folded by viewing down

through the strap into which the barrel bolt drops.

Folding 1-meter board—If field transportation of a meter board is a concern, the 

1-meter board can be made to fold at the 4-decimeter mark. The hinge system is

described and shown in figures 55 and 56. Figure 57 illustrates dividing the board

at 4 decimeters to provide protection for the spikes. 

Each photograph taken in photo monitoring should be identified. General and topic

photos taken of the meter board are identified by a form attached to a clipboard and

positioned between the camera and meter board. The clipboard and an adjustable

post to hold it are described. 

Clipboard—The clipboard is shown in figure 58. It is a standard 12-inch (30-cm)

clipboard with the addition of a second clip removed from another clipboard and

attached by rivets or screws as shown. The critical factor is to place the clips no

closer than 102 inches (26 cm) apart to avoid covering any information on the

identification paper. Two clips are required to prevent the identification sheet 

from blowing in the wind. 

113

Figure 56—Adjusting screw 

and washer used to remove play

between the barrel bolt and its

strap to stiffen the two halves of 

a 2-meter board when unfolded.

(A) Measure distance between

the bolt and the board. (B) Insert

a round headed sheet metal

screw with enough washers to

make the bolt fit firmly under the

strap. Sheet metal screws are

preferred because of their hardness. Pound the flange down if

necessary.

Photograph

Identification Sheet

Holder
114

Figure 57—Folding 1-meter board concept. (A) Cut a standard 1-

meter board at 4 decimeters and install hinges and a barrel bolt.

This offset is used to protect the spikes as shown in (B). Assemble

the board before painting and application of decimeter marks to

assure correct measurements.

Figure 58—Clipboard for displaying photo identification forms. It includes a second clip (A) taken

from another clipboard that is either screwed or riveted in place. Distance between the clipboard

clips should be 102 inches (26 cm) to (1) hold the sheet in windy conditions, and (2) not cover

essential information. The clipboard is placed on the ground for plot photos or on top of a clipboard post (fig. 59) to be set in front of the camera. When placed on the post, a screw (B) inserted

into the wooden block holding the 4-inch rod behind the clipboard (figs. 58 and 61) prevents the

clipboard from rotating in the wind. The form shown, “Camera-Photo” (app. A), is used for general

photography.
Materials—Prices given are in dollars as of 2001. Cost

Dollars

2 clipboards 12 inches long @ $4.50 each; second clipboard for its clip 9

6 each 8-inch diameter bolts or rivets to attach the clipboard clip 

and straps for the clipboard post 1

2 each 4-inch line guides or straps 1

Total 11

Construction—Remove the clip from the second clipboard and attach it to the first

with either two bolts or two rivets (fig. 58). 

Clipboard post—The clipboard post is an adjustable pole 1 inch in diameter with a

spike on the end to be placed in the ground, a telescoping inside pole, and a rod at

the other end on which the clipboard is placed (fig. 2 in part A; figs. 59 to 61). It is

composed of telescoping plastic pipes each 18 inches (45 cm) long (fig. 60). It is 22

inches (56 cm) long when compressed and 32 inches (81 cm) long when extended.

An adjustable hose clamp is attached to the upper end of the larger pipe, which

compresses around the inside pipe to hold it in place (fig. 61). 

115

Figure 59—The clipboard post

(A) in its compressed position

ready to be inserted into straps

behind the clipboard. A 4-inch

rod slides into two 4-inch straps

on the clipboard. (B) These

straps are positioned 42 inches

(11.4 cm) apart and riveted (as

shown) or bolted to the clipboard with 1/8-inch rivets or

bolts.
116

Figure 60—Construction details for the photo identification clipboard post. In (A), 1-inch PVC

pipe CL 200 and w-inch PVC pipe CL200, which fits inside the 1 inch pipe, are each 18 inches

(46 cm) long. When the w-inch pipe is inserted into the 1-inch pipe and compressed, they are

22 inches long (56 cm). In (B), the 18-inch inside pipe has been extended 14 of its 18 inches

(36 of its 46 cm), increasing the length to 32 inches (81 cm). The 4-inch diameter spikes at the

bottom and top both extend 5 inches (12.7 cm) beyond the pipe and are imbedded into doweling inserted in the pipe.

Materials—Prices given are in dollars as of 2001. Cost

Dollars

PVC pipe 1 inch CL 200 at $1 per 10 feet 1

PVC pipe w-inch CL 200 at $1 per 10 feet 1

Hose clamp 1-inch diameter 1

Steel rod 4-inch diameter, 36-inch piece, cut two 7 inch pieces 1

Electricians tape 1

Total 5

Construction—Figure 59 illustrates the clipboard post in its compressed position.

Two straps capable of having a 4-inch-diameter rod inserted are attached to the

back of the clipboard at the middle, as shown. They are centered 6 inches (15 cm)

from each end and placed 42 inches (11 cm) apart so that the 5-inch (13-cm) rod

will engage each. 
The clipboard post is composed of two parts (fig. 60). One is 1-inch CL 200 PVC

pipe and the other is w-inch CL 200 PVC pipe, both 18 inches long. The w-inch pipe

fits inside the 1-inch pipe with some slack. If pipe specifications other than these are

used, be sure that one pipe will fit inside the other. When compressed, the clipboard

holder is 22 inches (0.5 m) tall. When extended with 4 inches of interior pipe inside,

it is 32 inches (0.8 m) tall (fig. 60). 

To make the clipboard post adjustable, saw down 2 inches (5 cm) into the upper

end of the 1-inch pipe (fig. 61). Then attach a 1-inch hose clamp an inch below the

top of the pipe and secure it with electricians tape. Tighten the hose clamp so that

the inside w-inch pipe can just be moved up and down to adjust height of the clipboard above vegetation or other obstructions. 

117

Figure 61—Details of how the clipboard 

is placed over the rod as viewed from the

edge of the clipboard. (A) The clip of the

clipboard. (B) The edge of the clipboard,

in this case an aluminum board. (C) The

4-inch straps into which the 4-inch rod

of the post is inserted. (D) The 4-inch

rod of the post inserted into the clipboard

straps. (E) A screw is inserted into the

wood doweling that holds the 4-inch rod.

The screw prevents the clipboard from

rotating in the wind (fig. 58). (F) A piece

of doweling fitted inside the w-inch PVC

pipe is drilled out for a 4-inch steel rod

and is held in place by a screw. (G) With

a saw, cut down 2 inches (5 cm) into the

1-inch PVC pipe so that the pipe can be

compressed by the hose clamp (H) to

hold the inside pipe at the desired height.

At (H), secure the hose clamp with electricians tape.
Photographs taken by looking up at the tree canopy require a camera leveling system for consistent repeat photography. A leveling system described here uses the

top of the meter board as one axis for consistently orienting the camera and a leveling board for the other axis (fig. 62). Figure 62 illustrates the camera leveling board

and figure 63 illustrates use of the board.

Materials—Prices given are in dollars as of 2001. Cost

Dollars

One two-way level or two line levels 4

Scrap piece of 2-inch plywood 4 by 6 inches (10 by 15 cm) —

Total 4

118

Camera Leveling

System

Figure 62—A leveling board for taking photos of tree canopy cover directly overhead measures

42 by 6 inches (11.2 by 15.3 cm) and has a two-way level attached. It is made from scrap 2-inch

plywood.

Figure 63—The camera

leveling board is used to

take repeat photographs

of the tree canopy with

some consistency. Place

the leveling board on top

of the meter board for

consistent height above

the ground. Place the

meter board at right

angles to the photo view.

Move the meter board

sideways to center the

cross-view bubble, then

tilt the level board to center the down-view bubble, move your head

back, and photograph.
Construction and use—Figure 62 illustrate the dimensions of the camera leveling

board and placement of the two-way level. Figure 63 illustrates use of the leveling

board. Place the board on top of the meter board, move the meter board left or right

to center the cross-view level, then tilt the board to center the down-view level. Move

your head out of the way and photograph.

Two cameras reduce complications when photographs are needed in both color

and black and white. A bracket to hold both cameras together allows for simple and

effective manipulation of the cameras (fig. 64), and identical cameras simplify adjustment. When ready to photograph, simply shoot with the top camera, then the bottom,

and advance the films.

119

Double Camera 

Bracket

Figure 64—Double camera bracket for use when photographing in both color and

black and white. The bracket is made from 1-inch by 8-inch aluminum bar-stock

with holes drilled to mount the cameras. Identical cameras are recommended to

simplify camera adjustments. Figures 65 and 66 illustrate construction details.
Materials—Prices given are in dollars as of 2001. Cost

Dollars

Aluminum bar stock 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide by 8 inch (3 mm) thick, 

@ one 6-foot piece (will need 18 inches [45 cm] 8

Two instant thumb screws:

Shank 4-inch diameter, standard 20 thread, a inch long (2) 1

Instant thumbs (2) 1

Total 10

Construction—The aluminum bar stock, cut into an 18-inch (45-cm) piece, is bent

into equal 6-inch (15 cm) segments to form a “U” (fig. 65). Then 4-inch holes are

drilled 22 inches (7.5 cm) in from the ends (fig. 66) to hold the cameras. Make sure

the holes hold the camera in such a position as to make the rewind button available

(fig. 66B). 

120

Figure 65—The double camera bracket (A) with

thumb screws to attach the cameras. Washers

may be required if thumb screw shanks are too

long. (B) Thumb screws come in two parts: the

shank in several lengths and thread sizes, and the

head. The head must be forced onto the shank by

using a vise (C). A shank diameter of 1/4 inch,

length of 3/8 inch, and 20 threads per inch fits

many cameras.
Next make two 4-inch (6 mm) cuts 2 inch (12 mm) apart into the aluminum toward

the front of the camera and bend the 2-inch piece upwards to about a 30-degree

angle (fig. 66A). Do not bend more than 30 degrees or the aluminum will break.

These will prevent the cameras from rotating on the bracket.

Finally, assemble the thumb screws, which come in two parts: the shank and the

thumb head. Make sure the shank will fit the camera mounting socket. Usually a 4-

inch diameter, 20-thread shank a inch long will work. Press the head onto the shank

as shown in figure 65C by using a vise. Generally, heavy pliers do not apply sufficient

force to seat the thumb head. 

121

Figure 66—Two factors are important in attaching a camera to the bracket. (A), Make two cuts 4 of an

inch deep and 2 inch apart into the front of the bracket. Bend up to about a 30-degree angle to prevent

rotation movement of the camera. (B) Make sure the bracket clears the rewind button so that film may 

be changed while the camera is attached to the bracket.
Photo monitoring sites may be identified in the field by an orange tag attached to a

witness post, tree, or other item identified on the sampling location maps. One kind

of tag is shown in figure 67. It was custom printed for use with ecology plots. Other

formats are available. The sign in figure 67 costs $1.45 each in minimum lots of 50.

New, custom printing costs $20 for set up (prices in 2001). They may be obtained

from:

Dixie Seal and Sign Co.

P.O. Box 54616

Atlanta, GA 30306

Phone: 404-875-8883

FAX: 404-872-3504

My preferred system for marking camera locations and photo points is flimsy,

stamped metal fenceposts 5 feet (1.5 m) long (fig. 68). They are preferred over

strong, T-bar posts for several reasons: (1) they are low in cost, about $2.50 each;

(2) they are lightweight such that four or five may be carried for the weight of one

122

Flimsy Fenceposts

Figure 67—Orange identification tag used to mark photographic monitoring sites. Inscribe,

with a carbon point instrument, the monitoring identification name or number, date, person

installing the system, and direction and measured distance to key items, such as camera

locations or photo points. Mount the tag on a witness post or tree specified in the map on

the “Photographic Site Description and Location” or “Sampling Site Description and Location”

form. 

Orange Identification

Tags
123

Figure 68—Flimsy stamped metal fencepost used to mark camera locations and photo points. Flimsy means the post can be twisted by hand. A

5-foot (1.5-m) length allows for pounding it 2 feet (0.6 m) into the ground,

which tends to deter theft because the effort needed to remove it is not

warranted by the post’s value.

T-bar; (3) they are easy to pound, and the pounder weighs half of that used for T-bar;

(4) of this 5-foot length, about 2 feet is in the soil when the top is even with a meter

board, sufficient to require more effort to remove than the flimsy post is worthy of,

thus deterring theft; (5) the flimsy strength means an animal can run into it and only

be scratched, not impaled, or it can be driven over with minimum vehicular damage;

and (6) the post will bend flat with the ground and remain in place when crushed by

ice, logs, animals, or vehicles instead of being pulled out. 

These posts are available at many large building material stores. My supply is

through Home Depot. The manufacturer is Keystone Steel and Wire, 1-800-447-

6444; select “Sales” from their menu, and ask for the representative in your area

(such as Oregon) for a sales outlet. Ask for “5-foot, light duty, stamped metal

fenceposts.” They are also manufactured in medium duty, which are about an inch

broader and stronger, an unnecessary attribute. The “light duty” posts probably will

have to be ordered because they have limited usefulness.
A = Part A pages

B = Part B pages

Regular = page where item is included in discussion

Bold = page where major discussion occurs 

Italic = page with an illustration

Italic = page with an illustration and a major discussion

“1M” A: 2, 28, 29, 31, 33 B: 55, 64

activity A: 4, 15 

aiming the camera See camera orientation; photograph orientation

alignment A: 12, 13

analysis A: 33

animals A: 3, 4, 6, 34, 35

aquatic sedge A: 5

backdrop B: 60 

beavers A: 1, 7, 27 B: 75

Blue Mountains A: 23

Bluebunch wheatgrass A: 25

browsing A: 34

burning A: 13, 22

Camera A: 21, 26, 41, 45 

2×2 format B: 55

4×5 format B: 55

35mm format A: 25, 31, 33, 45 B: 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 55, 60, 64

automatic B: 49

depth of field See depth of field

digital B: 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55

distance to meter board (topic) A: 1, 10, 12, 24, 25, 34, 36, 38, 45 

B: 54, 55, 56, 57, 57, 58, 59, 59, 60, 63, 64, 68, 75

double B: 52, 64, 107

exposure See exposure

film B: 49, 50, 51, 54

flash B: 49

focal length A: 33, 45, 46 B: 51, 54, 55, 57, 57, 58, 59

focusing A: 2, 19, 20, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 43 B: 49, 64

format A: 12 B: 54, 55, 60

f-stops B: 50, 55 

height above ground A: 46 B: 60, 75

lenses See lenses

leveling board A: 45, 46 B: 107

location A: 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 

28, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43 B: 64

orientation A: 2, 12, 19, 20, 23, 24, 28, 29, 33, 36, 38, 39, 43, 45, 47 B: 64

point-and-shoot B: 49

resolution B: 50

single lens reflex (SLR) B: 49, 52

124

Index
camera (continued) 

tilt A: 31, 33

vertical A: 45, 45, 46

canopy A: 18, 33, 41, 45

CD See compact disk 

Center line A: 13, 14

Change A: 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 12, 15, 17, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 36, 39, 39, 41

B: 49, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 64, 70, 74, 79

grid analysis A: 33 B: 59, 68, 69, 70, 79

observer variability B: 70, 72, 72 

precision B: 53, 70, 72 

significance B: 73, 74, 77

CI See confidence interval

clear plastic (sheet) A: 33 B: 60, 60, 61, 63, 64, 68, 69, 72, 76, 77, 83

clipboard A: 21, 26, 41

close-up photography See meter boards, close up photos, 

also photography, close-up

cloud layer B: 59

color A: 18 B: 59, 60, 71

digital A: 18 B: 53, 54 

paper B: 53, 83

prints A: 18 B: 50, 51, 53, 54, 64, 71, 75

quality B: 49, 50, 53, 54, 59

slides A: 18 B: 51

comments See description

compact disk (CD) B: 54, 80

Compact Flash card B: 53, 54

compare A: 45 B: 59, 64

compass A: 21, 26, 41, 46

composition A: 43

computers B: 51, 53, 54, 81

laptop B: 51

monitor B: 51

confidence interval (CI) B: 72, 73, 74

constant distance See distance

copy machine B: 60, 66

cover A: 33, 41, 45

CPU See computer 

critical A: 36

data B: 59, 62, 68, 76, 79, 80

dates A: 5, 15, 18, 35 B: 62, 67, 68, 69, 73, 76, 79, 80, 81

define A: 26

delineation A: 36

density A: 24

depth of field A: 2, 24, 29, 30 B: 50, 64

description A: 18, 23, 33, 43, 47

deterioration A: 6

diagrams A: 42, 43

125
digital

analysis B: 60

cameras See cameras, digital

images A: 18 B: 50, 51, 53

memory cards B: 50, 53, 54, 80

projectors B: 51

processing B: 53, 54

storage cards B: 50, 51, 53

digitizing B: 70

directions A: 8, 8, 9, 12, 13, 36, 38, 40, 42

distance A: 1, 8, 8, 9, 12, 19, 25, 36, 42, 46 B: 71

distance to topic (meter board, photo point) A: 1, 10, 12, 24, 25, 34, 36, 38, 45 

B: 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 59, 63, 71

disturbance A: 6, 18, 23

documentation A: 4, 7, 17, 19, 28, 30, 31, 34, 47 B: 49

dodging B: 51

dots per inch (dpi) B: 50, 51, 54

double meter boards See meter boards

downloading B: 51, 54

dpi See dots per inch 

effectiveness A: 1

electronic storage card B: 50, 51

emphasize the topic A: 24, 25

enlargement of images B: 63, 68

equipment A: 21, 26, 41, 45 B: 64, 107

exact

relocation A: 29, 33 B: 64

match A: 33 B: 65, 68, 70, 77

orientation B: 63, 72

exposure B: 49

fade out A: 8

fenceposts A: 3, 4, 7, 10, 15, 20, 22, 26, 27, 34, 41, 42, 46 B: 64, 107

field book A: 11, 12, 23

field forms A: 3, 9, 11, 21, 26, 41, 46 B: 80, 84

filing systems A: 3, 8, 8, 9, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 30, 33, 37, 38,

40, 42, 44, 46, 47 B: 53, 54, 64, 67, 69, 79, 80, 84

film B: 50, 53

black-and-white A: 13, 14 B: 51, 52, 53, 54

brands B: 53

burning B: 51, 53

chemistry B: 53

choice B: 54

color negative B: 51, 53

color slides B: 51, 52, 53, 54

dodging B: 51, 53

fading B: 53

graininess B: 50, 53

ISO B: 50, 53, 54

126
film (continued)

processing B: 53

resolution B: 50

speed B: 50

fires A: 4, 6

flash B: 49

flood A: 4, 6, 27

flood plain A: 12

floppy disc B: 53

focal length See cameras, focal length

focus See cameras, focusing

forests A: 43

formats See cameras, format

f-stops See cameras, f-stops

fuel loadings A: 21, 24 B: 59

general photographs A: 3, 8, 18, 24

geographic location B: 81

geometric relations B: 60

graininess See film, graininess

grazing:

effects A: 35

seasons A: 5

systems A: 5

grids A: 33, 36, 39, 44 B: 54, 59, 62, 65, 66, 84

adjustment A: 44 B: 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 71, 77, 78

analysis A: 33, 34, 41, 43, 47 B: 49, 59, 60, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 

70, 72, 73

concept B: 60

confidence intervals B: 72

intersects A: 33, 44 B: 59, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78

object location (position) B: 57, 59, 75

observer variability B: 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75

orientation B: 63, 72, 75

outlines A: 33, 44 B: 59, 60, 62, 63, 66, 69, 76, 78, 84

precision B: 69, 70, 71, 72, 75

shrub analysis B: 62, 66, 67, 68, 70, 75

significant differences B: 73, 74

sized B: 60, 65, 68, 69, 70, 75, 76, 76, 78

regressions B: 74, 75

ground vegetation A: 15, 24, 33

growth A: 34, 35, 35

hand lens B: 66

herbage A: 6

historic A: 14

hot shoe B: 49

how to monitor A: 6

127
identifying A: 8, 18, 23, 43 B: 59, 76, 76

images A: 18 B: 50, 51, 53

burning B: 51, 53

dodging B: 51, 53

graininess B: 50, 53

modify B: 53

printing B: 50, 51, 53 

quality B: 50, 51, 53

size adjustment B: 51, 54, 57, 58, 59

implementation A: 1

improvement A: 6

information A: 37 B: 62, 68, 69, 76, 76

instructions A: 23, 38 B: 54

ISO rating B: 50, 53

items See objects

Kentucky bluegrass A: 5

Landscapes A: 7, 18 B: 49

Photographs A: 11, 12

LCD See liquid crystal display 

Lenses: 

9mm digital B: 49

13mm digital B: 55

28mm B: 49

35mm A: 12, 25, 30 B: 49, 55, 56, 57, 57, 58, 59

50mm A: 12, 25, 30, 31, 33, 45 B: 52, 55, 56, 57, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64

70mm B: 55

100mm B: 49

128mm B: 55

depth of field See depth of field

focal length B: 54, 55, 60

f-stops See camera f-stops

quality B: 50, 51

resolution B: 50

speed B: 50

zoom B: 49, 55

liquid crystal display (LCD) B: 49

livestock A: 1

distribution A: 3, 7

forage A: 7

grazing A: 4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 26

impacts A: 1, 5

season of use A: 7

utilization A: 5

locate A: 11, 23, 27, 41

lodgepole pine A: 1, 9, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 33

logging A: 2, 4, 7, 15, 17, 24, 29

128
magnetic heading A: 9, 38, 42

maps A: 3, 4, 8, 11, 19, 23, 27, 28, 36, 37, 40, 41 B: 80, 80, 84

marking locations A: 8 B: 64

meadows A: 3, 4, 5, 11, 26, 27, 38 B: 60

measure distances A: 8, 9, 10, 39 B: 75

megabytes (MB) B: 54

megapixels B: 49, 50, 53, 54

memory cards B: 50, 53, 54, 80

metal detectors A: 10, 26, 41, 42, 46

meter boards A: 2, 15, 17, 18, 25, 26, 27, 28, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 36, 38, 41, 43, 44, 

45, 46 B: 55, 56, 62, 64, 71, 107

alignment B: 65

close-up photos A: 17, 30, 31, 33

double A: 34, 35, 39 B: 64

match outline B: 63, 65, 70

measurements A: 33, 44 B: 60, 62, 63, 65, 68

not used A: 18, 20, 22, 23, 30, 45, 46

outlined B: 62, 66, 68, 76, 77, 78

percentage of photo height B: 63, 64, 70

placement (location) at topic A: 2, 5, 15, 17, 24, 25, 39, 39, 42, 46 B: 64, 75

photo points A: 2, 5, 15, 17, 25, 45 B: 64

monitoring A: 23, 41

area A: 7, 26, 34, 36, 37, 41

effectiveness A: 1

how A: 6

layout A: 3, 4, 9, 23, 24, 36

implementation A: 1

objectives B: 71

project A: 6

scheduling A: 6

site A: 6

systems A: 8, 37

validation A: 1

what A: 4, 15

when A: 6, 15

where A: 4, 7

why A: 1

mountain pine beetle A: 1, 19, 20, 23, 24, 33

nested frequency A: 24

notes See descriptions

objects A: 41

differentiation B: 64

position A: 41, 46 B: 55, 57, 57, 58, 59, 59, 60

size A: 46 B: 55, 57, 57, 58, 59, 59

objectives A: 1, 6, 23, 24, 26, 28, 34, 35, 39, 41

129
observer variability 

confidence intervals B: 72, 72, 73

grid analysis B: 72, 72, 73

orientation of grids B: 72

outlining B: 72, 72

orientation See camera, orientation; also photography, orientation

other people A: 6

outlines A: 33 B: 55, 56, 57, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 68, 72, 76, 77

compared B: 57, 57, 58, 59, 60, 70

confidence intervals B: 72, 72, 73

identify B: 67, 68

interpretation B: 68, 69

measured B: 57, 69

meter board B: 62, 65, 66, 68, 76, 77, 78

observer variability B: 70, 72, 72, 73, 75

overlapping B: 69, 70, 72, 77

precision B: 72, 75, 76

techniques B: 69

overcast B: 59 

overhead photographs A: 30 B: 84

overlap A: 23, 31

overlay B: 57, 59, 62, 63, 66, 68

paper color A: 16, 18, 43 B: 63, 83, 85, 86

parallax B: 49 

percentage of change B: 67, 68

permanently mark A: 1, 2, 8, 10, 12, 34 B: 64

picture B: 51

phenological development A: 15, 35

photography B: 64

black and white A: 13, 14, 23

close-up A: 17, 18, 30, 31, 33, 33 B: 84

dates A: 5, 18, 35 B: 81

general A: 3, 4, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 30, 33, 42

identification A: 3, 16, 18, 42, 43, 46 B: 84, 107

in focus A: 31 B: 50

landscape A: 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 25, 29, 46, 47 B: 55, 55

mount photos A: 23, 43 B: 84

negatives A: 18 B: 80

orientation A: 2, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 33, 36, 39, 41, 46 B: 64

original A: 12, 14, 21

overhead A: 30 B: 84, 107

overlap A: 23

panoramic A: 23

photograph B: 60, 62, 64, 69, 71, 75, 76, 80

previous B: 59, 62

prints B: 50, 51, 53, 54, 64, 75, 80

procedures A: 6

relocation A: 12, 14, 15, 34 B: 64

130
photography (continued)

repeat A: 1, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 28, 29, 33, 33, 34, 42 B: 51, 55, 60, 

62, 64, 69

rephotograph See repeat

schedule A: 6

season A: 5, 34, 35

technique A: 23 B: 49, 64, 75

topics See topics

photo point A: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 26, 27, 28, 34, 

36, 37, 38, 45 B: 64, 84

pinegrass A: 2

pixels B: 49, 50, 51, 60 

plastic sheet See clear plastic sheet

plot frame A: 33

point-and-shoot cameras B: 49

Pole Camp A: 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 18, 20, 26, 28, 37, 38, 40, 44 B: 60, 73, 74,

75, 76, 77, 79

ponderosa pine A: 2, 7, 17, 28, 30, 47

pine/elk sedge A: 17, 18, 28

pine/pinegrass A: 2

precise See grids, precision

fit of grids See grids, precision

measurement B: 53

precision See grids, precision

precommercial thinning A: 2, 7

presentations B: 51

prints B: 50, 51, 53, 54

printers B: 51, 54

projector B: 51

protocols A: 6 

purposes A: 6, 7, 24

qualitative A: 6

quantitative A: 6 B: 59

record A: 33, 44 B: 59, 67, 68, 78

reduction B: 65

reference A: 15, 28

regression See grids, regression

regeneration A: 7, 22, 24

relocation A: 10, 27

exact A: 27

reorientation See orientation

repeat photography See photography, repeat

rest-rotation A: 34

riparian A: 1, 6, 7, 15, 27, 41

riparian shrubs A: 6, 35

131
sagebrush A: 24, 25

same distance to meter board See distance, also distance to topic (meter board, 

photo point), also camera, distance to meter board (topic)

sampling area A: 3, 27

scene A: 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 18, 20, 23 B: 57, 74

scheduling A: 5, 6

season of year A: 15

select A: 4, 7, 28, 41

sensitive areas A: 7

shadows B: 59

sharpness A: 29 B: 64

shrubs A: 34, 35, 36, 41

change A: 34, 36, 39, 41 B: 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 73, 74, 75

determinate A: 35

growth A: 34, 35, 35, 36, 39

identify A: 43 B: 62, 68, 69

indeterminate A: 35

mark A: 42

number A: 42, 43

outline B: 62, 63, 76, 77

profiles A: 9, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 38, 39, 39, 41 B: 62, 63, 68, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76

riparian A: 35

sampling A: 34 B: 76

utilization A: 7, 34

significance B: 73, 74

single lens reflex (SLR) B: 49, 52

sites (area) 

describing A: 18 B: 64

locator field book A: 11, 12, 23

identification A: 33

size control boards See meter boards 

slides B: 80, 80

slide projectors B: 51

smart media cards B: 53, 54

soil A: 4 B: 49, 59

SLR See single lens reflex 

specific dates A: 6

stability A: 6

stakes A: 10, 22, 26, 28, 34, 41, 42, 46

stand condition (structure) A: 7, 15, 20, 21, 22, 24, 29

statistical analysis See grids, significant differences; also regressions

storage cards B: 50, 51, 53

storage systems See filing systems

streams A: 7, 11, 27, 41

streambanks A: 1, 3, 4, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 27, 28 B: 59

streambank stability A: 4, 7, 15, 24, 26

strobe flash B: 49 

study site A: 8

sun B: 59

132
tape (measuring) A: 21, 26, 41, 45

technique A: 31, 41

thinning A: 2, 7, 15, 24 

time A: 6, 15

by date A: 6 

by year A: 6,15

consistent A: 15

interval A: 6

of year A: 5, 15

season A: 5, 34

topics A: 1, 7, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 33, 35, 41 B: 49, 59, 60, 64, 68

description A: 23, 26, 33 B: 68

identify A: 1, 24, 26 B: 67, 68

emphasis A: 25

outline A: 33 B: 55, 56, 57, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63

photography A: 8, 18, 24, 25 B: 64

selection A: 4, 7, 24, 41

transects A: 24, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43

treatments A: 3, 4, 6, 30

tree 

cover (canopy) A: 7, 30, 43, 45, 47

density A: 43

trend interpretation B: 80

triangulation A: 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 27, 28

tripods A: 22, 23

true heading (direction) A: 9, 42

utilization (use) A: 5, 24, 26, 41

validation A: 1

vegetation A: 1, 4, 6, 12, 31, 40 B: 49, 53 

aquatic sedge A: 5, 7

big sagebrush A: 24, 25

composition A: 43 

development A: 15

elk sedge A: 17, 18, 28

grass A: 24 

ground vegetation A: 7, 15, 29, 31, 43

herbaceous A: 6, 43

Kentucky bluegrass A: 5, 7

lodgepole pine A: 1, 9, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 33

meadow A: 5 B: 73, 75

pinegrass A: 2

ponderosa pine A: 2, 7, 17, 28, 29, 30, 47

riparian shrubs A: 6, 35

shrubs A: 7, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43

species A: 17, 18, 24, 33, 35, 40, 43

willow A: 1, 5, 7, 26

133
vertical orientation A: 45, 45, 46

view A: 28, 33

viewfinders B: 49, 64

vigor A: 41

weather B: 59

what to monitor A: 4, 15

when to monitor A: 6, 15

where to monitor A: 4, 7

why monitor A: 1

wide angle lenses See lenses, wide angle

willows A: 1, 5, 7, 40

witness sites A: 3, 8, 9, 9, 12, 36, 42

year A: 6 B: 75

zip disc B: 54

zoom lenses See lenses, zoom

134
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of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of

wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation

with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests

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greater service to a growing Nation.

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Pacific Northwest Research Station

Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw

Telephone (503) 808-2592

Publication requests (503) 808-2138

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Mailing address Publications Distribution

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