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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      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| **Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, December           1991.**

*This Technical Brief is the fourth in a series that           addresses the issues of archeological site stabilization and protection.           Each of the previous Technical Briefs in the series has described a           potentially useful technique for maintaining the integrity of an archeological           deposit. This one is about information exchange, which is part of the           goal to foster interaction among governmental agencies, professionals,           and the private sector. It is not a comprehensive guide to stabilization           information, the several bibliographies that are available for different           disciplines are better suited for that purpose. It also is not a substitute           for contacting the agencies and professionals who have completed successful           stabilization projects for detailed information. Rather, it is meant           to provide a ready reference to sources that regularly collect and distribute           information relevant to archeological site stabilization. These sources           can be useful starting points in stabilization project development as           well as important references for comparing the merits of appropriate           alternatives. It also should encourage those who are planning projects           to seek a wide range of multidisciplinary data, since other professions           often are not aware of how important their knowledge and skills can           be to preservation of non-renewable archeological resources.*

**Introduction**

The recognition that archeological sites form a class           of non-renewable resources has become a key element of the legislative           and regulatory process during the last several decades.**1**           In the past, the principal alternative used to mitigate adverse effects           on significant archeological resources subject to construction or other           kinds of land development has simply been systematic archeological excavation.           Recently, however, a direction of resource treatment has been to seek           a broader range of mitigation alternatives that are in keeping with           statutory mandates, and cultural resources management programs have           begun to implement activities that provide long-term solutions and preservation           in situ. Management of resources for future generations as well as the           present is an objective of those mandates, and preservation through           site stabilization is a significant aspect of that process. 

This Technical Brief is designed to provide an introduction           to the variety of sources of baseline stabilization data that can be           used when site stabilization efforts are to be planned and initiated.           These data will serve equally well for designing solutions to site loss           problems and designing management plans to prevent the beginning of           site loss. Since budgeted money for managing archeological resources           seldom is adequate to meet all of the needs of any given agency, some           degree of innovation must be applied when designing stabilization projects.           As a direct consequence, archeologists and land managers who are responsible           for archeological resources should have a multidisciplinary information           base available for their use. Familiarity with this information will           enable the cultural resources manager to communicate with engineers           and other stabilization specialists during the design phase of a project.           

There should be well developed mutual understanding           between the cultural resources manager and stabilization specialists,           particularly since the latter will follow traditionally accepted or           defined standards. Engineers generally will approach a stabilization           project design from the perspective of structural technique applications,           and they have a tendency to design strengths into a project that are           beyond the archeological needs for adequate site protection. Soil scientists           and environmental engineers are likely to emphasize a naturalistic approach,           such as revegetation. Also, it is not unusual for decisions to employ           site stabilization methods to be made by cultural resources managers           who may not have an extensive archeology background. Academic programs           leading to an advanced degree in anthropology, within which archeology           is a sub-field in the United States, may offer coursework in resource           management, but few professional archeologists have had any exposure           to the wealth of multidisciplinary expertise available to aid in the           design and implementation of site stabilization projects. All of these           factors highlight site stabilization as a significant alternative to           be considered in archeological preservation activities that is both           information-rich and management-oriented. 
**Figure 1. Shoreline               stabilization test area, Cumberland Island National Seashore--placing               shell rake, Cumberland Island, GA.***(Photos courtesy Robert               M. Thorne.)*
Projects that are designed specifically to protect an           archeological property are nearly identical to those developed for construction           and other land development purposes by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,           the Soil Conservation Service, various transportation agencies, and           other land managing agencies on a daily basis. The most important and           elementary difference is that the cultural resources manager will be           trying to protect a specific element within a matrix, i.e., evidence           of various human activities in the past, and not just the matrix in           which these data are found. The variety of demonstrably successful techniques           for protecting archeological and nonarcheological deposits are the same,           however. The cultural resources manager can become familiar with these           techniques and should participate fully in the design process. The cultural           resources managers may experience some degree of difficulty with the           project design process because of the difference in the magnitude of           archeological stabilization projects in comparison to most other agency-sponsored           stabilization efforts. It is important to understand that most site           stabilization projects are down-scaled versions of traditional efforts           with one primary difference: the goal is to protect an archeological           resource that cannot be replicated.

Finally, cost effectiveness of any site stabilization           program must always be a consideration in project design. Even though           maximum resource protection must be the primary consideration in a design           plan, the most expensive technique is not necessarily the best.
**Figure 2. Boat used to transport               shell for experimental shell rake, Cumberland Island National Seashore,               Cumberland Island, GA.**
 If the cultural resources manager can provide alternative           approaches to the design specialist, frequently innovative techniques           and approaches can be devised. Familiarity with the variety of stabilization           techniques available for a given situation will allow the manager to           suggest ways to cut both initial and long-term costs. These can include           such things as: using recyclable materials that can be acquired at little           or no cost; the solicitation of contributed materials and supplies,           the value of which may be used as a tax deduction by the contributor;           or contributed labor from various agencies and organizations. 

A stabilization project is likely to be most successful           when a systematic approach is taken. Stabilization project designs should,           in addition to providing protection to a resource, attempt to improve           wildlife habitat, protect endangered species whenever possible, contribute           to the aesthetic quality of the area around the resource, and/or provide           some level of public education. A systematic approach may initially           appear to make planning more difficult, but the advantages that will           accrue from a design based upon sound applications of multidisciplinary           methods will more than outweigh initial planning problems. 

**Sources           of Technical Information**

**Corps           of Engineers**The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers operates three major           research units, called laboratories or centers, that produce information           that can be useful in designing site stabilization projects. While each           of these units is oriented toward either a geographic region or specific           type of research, the kinds of data that they produce can cross regional           boundaries or can be applied to other disciplines. The Waterways Experiment           Station (WES) and the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) are           located in Vicksburg, MS. The Cold Regions Research and Engineering           Laboratory (CRREL) is in Hanover, NH, and the Construction Engineering           Research Laboratory (CERL) is in Champaign, IL. 

Of the three laboratories, WES is the least specialized           in regional coverage and research orientation, and to some extent, its           breadth of research coverage is better suited to purposes of this discussion.           Pertinent Technical Reports, Contractors Reports, and the Archeological           Sites Protection and Preservation Notebook provide information that           goes beyond waterways research and ranges from data on topics as diverse           as vegetation and geosynthetics to cultural resources management and           archeological site stabilization. An unannotated index of publications           that is updated periodically is available. It is categorized by research           unit and further subdivided according to the type of report, i.e., Technical           Reports and Contractors Reports. Reports that are no longer available           from WES may be obtained from the National Technical Information Service           (NTIS). Any WES publication can be obtained through interlibrary loan           from the WES technical library. Recently, WES has incorporated much           of its experience in research and applications into a training course           that serves to introduce the topic of site stabilization and focuses           on protection problems in fluvial and lakeshore settings. In cooperation           with the Denver Museum of Natural History, WES produced an introductory           videotape that demonstrates a wide range of stabilization projects conducted           in several different environments. A booklet is available that describes           the range of WES technical assistance services that complement its research           and publications programs. 

The Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) is concerned           principally with coastal engineering and stabilization problems, but           some of the techniques developed there can be modified for application           to inland environments. For example, CERC research on coastal dune stabilization           can be applied whenever dune instability is a problem. 
**Figure 3. Crosstie erosion barriers,               Toltec Mounds Park, AR.**
Recently, CERC publications have been listed in the           same index with WES publications, while publications that predate CERC's           relocation to Vicksburg may be obtained from NTIS. A limited number           of CERC publications, such as the Shoreline Protection Manual may be           purchased from the Government Printing Office. Library access to WES           and CERC publications, as well as some of those from CERL and CRREL,           will be most readily available at the various Corps District and Division           libraries. WES and CERC maintain a library that has an active interlibrary           loan program.

Of the three Corps laboratories, WES and CERC research           data are likely to be most applicable to the solution of archeological           site stabilization problems. This is the case primarily because of the           diversity of research interests housed at these two facilities. The           research emphases of CRREL and CERL are more restricted in scope, with           the former dealing exclusively with the colder regions of the world           and the latter conducting primary research on construction related issues.           Like the other labs, CRREL and CERL maintain indexes of publications           that are available. 

**Department           of Agriculture**

In general terms, some of the most difficult pertinent           information to identify has been produced by the various bureaus of           the Department of Agriculture (USDA). In part, the difficulty arises           from the very diversity of programs and research units within USDA,           which maintains a national agricultural database at the USDA National           Agricultural Library in Beltsville, MD. This database, AGRICOLA, can           be accessioned from most university libraries and searched by author,           title, and subject. 

The bureau within USDA that is likely to prove most           useful in providing information to be used in solving archeological           site stabilization problems is the Soil Conservation Service (SCS).           Local SCS offices have pamphlets and brochures that deal with solving           erosion problems and each office has a copy of a Technical Guide that           specifies erosion control practices that are applicable to specific           States. The brochures and pamphlets can be excellent guides in selecting           species of plants that can be used in protecting and maintaining archeological           sites. When used in combination with the Technical Guide, an appropriate           stabilization plan can be developed. 

When more detailed information or specific site problem           assistance is necessary and a revegetation approach is anticipated,           the SCS Plant Materials Centers can be especially helpful. The SCS maintains           26 of these Centers that are established on a regional basis to develop           erosion control vegetation suited for each Center's research universe.           

These Centers develop and test appropriate species,           and once developed, turn the propagation and sale of materials over           to the private sector. A national database that lists plant materials           nurseries is headquartered in Fort Collins, CO. Access to this database           is through one of the Plant Materials Centers. Listings are organized           by region, soil type, genus and species. Contacts with the Plant Materials           Centers can be made through the SCS Regional Plant Materials Specialists,           whose telephone numbers are given in the Appendix.           

Information on the properties of soil as a material           is available from the USDA Sod Sedimentation Laboratory in Oxford, MS.           This unit's research emphasis, and consequently the potential for site           stabilization applications, is integrative and multidisciplinary. An           index of publications is available from the Librarian and can be obtained           by calling (601) 232-2900. Some of these publications are technical           beyond the needs of cultural resources managers, but others are useful           particularly in developing case histories of erosion and filling processes.           

**National           Clearinghouse for Archaeological Site Stabilization**
**Figure 4. Placing filter cloth on Hurricane               Mound in preparation for placing riprap, Sardis Lake, MS.**
The National Clearinghouse for Archaeological Site Stabilization           at the University of Mississippi maintains a partially annotated bibliography           whose entries are directly applicable to the solution of site stabilization           and protection problems. The bibliography is divided into four sections:           (1) Philosophy; (2) Technical Support; (3) Management Recommendations;           and (4) Practical Applications. While the entries in the Clearinghouse           bibliography have been drawn from a variety of sources, it is clearly           evident that Corps of Engineers publications are central to the listing.           This is in part a reflection of the way that the bibliography has been           developed, but more significantly, it is an indication of the level           of useful information available from the various Corps of Engineers           research units. As a note of caution: no single entry in the bibliography           is likely to provide sufficient background data to serve as the sole           support for the design of a particular stabilization/protection scheme.           Rather, data from several sources will need to be combined, and in many           instances re-interpreted, to properly support project design.

The Clearinghouse conducts a variety of technical assistance           activities related to development of archeological site stabilization           programs. These have included systematic analyses of the current status           of stabilization methodology, analyses of statutory and regulatory bases           for stabilization as a preservation alternative, evaluations of preservation           technology transfer, initiatives for training development, and design           and testing in experimental stabilization projects. Many of these activities,           especially training, have been completed in cooperation with governmental           agencies, private utilities, and other organizations. The operational           problems in conducting stabilization projects, especially as they relate           to mid-level administrative structures of organizations, have been analyzed           also. The principal result of this work has been improved understanding           of cost-benefit data. These data are critical not only to establish           an informed basis for selecting appropriate stabilization technologies           for projects, but just as important, to specify cost efficient monitoring           and maintenance procedures compatible with the ways agencies conduct           their daily business. 

**Other           Information Sources**

Once the mechanisms that are operating to destroy an           archeological resource have been identified, other sources of technical           support become reliable beyond those listed above. Some are regional           in scope, but the obtainable information can be creatively applied to           fit a variety of environments and situations. Again, the objective of           this Technical Brief is not to be a comprehensive guide to stabilization           information, so the following short discussion of information sources           is meant to illustrate potential sources that may be useful in the next           stages of site stabilization project development. 

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) has, for a number           of years, addressed the problems of site stabilization project design,           implementation, and monitoring in different environments and under a           variety of conditions. This has been accomplished as part of a research           and demonstration program. One of the areas in which TVA has worked           is strip mine reclamation. Techniques have been developed for stabilizing           soils that were rendered unsuited for natural revegetation. To reach           those goals, standard stabilization techniques have been altered to           meet special needs. Similar information is available from the U.S. Bureau           of Mines. TVA has sought to share the results of its site stabilization           program through both publication of technical information and offering           hands-on, problem-solving training courses. 
**Figure 5. Rolled hay bales used for lakeshore protection/stabilization at Lake Sharp, South Dakota.**
The Federal Highway Administration has developed and           maintains a set of standards that are applicable to highway right-of-way           stability. These same techniques can be applied to solving archeological           problems. Similarly, state-level Departments of Transportation or Highway           Departments also maintain standards that may be useful.

Trade journals such as *Grounds Maintenance* and           *Nursery Manager* are excellent sources of general information           on site vegetation improvement and care. New products, including geosynthetics,           and vegetation techniques are frequently detailed in publications of           this type. Generally, each publication will include a list of companies           that are suppliers for various geotextiles and other synthetic stabilizers.           Most also include a classified advertisement section where suppliers           of various products and revegetation materials are listed. 

Finally, the various college and university departments           in the academic studies of soils, geology, and engineering can provide           important information once the parameters of a site stabilization project           have been established and more specific questions need to be answered.           They may be particularly important sources for regionally oriented information           because their faculties often conduct research locally. 

**Conclusion**

Clearly, archeological site stabilization is an important           part of several organizations' programs and a significant preservation           alternative. It should be clear also that in this Technical Brief the           programs discussed mainly provide a starting point for sources of information           or technical assistance, particularly because they represent systematic           efforts to develop stabilization in a variety of contexts. There are           numerous other sources of information from organizations that have conducted           site stabilization projects. Frequently there is no substitute for identifying,           through the information sources described above, for instance, and consulting           with those contacts who have already implemented stabilization projects           that appear to be similar to new ones being planned. Those individuals           are able to clarify the importance of the environmental parameters that           were evaluated, the implications of selecting certain preservation technologies,           and, most significant, the results of monitoring and maintenance over           time. 

Information exchange will continue to be a fundamental           goal of archeological site stabilization programs. The results of stabilization           projects should be accessible, if only as manuscript correspondence           generated for intra-agency purposes, and published whenever possible.           The records of stabilization projects should be preserved for the long-term           similarly to archeological excavation records. Such efforts will insure           that professionals in archeological resources management can develop           the most effective stabilization projects, and that in the future, when           the time is right for archeological study, these significant sites are           still accessible to contribute to our understanding of the cultural           past. 

**Endnote**

1. Among these are the           Antiquities           Act (P.L. 59-209), the National           Historic Preservation Act (P.L. 89-665, as amended), the National           Environmental Policy Act (P.L. 90-190), the Archeological           and Historic Preservation Act (P.L. 93-291), and the Archaeological           Resources Protection Act (P.L. 96-95, as amended). Regulations include           "Protection           of Historic Properties" (36 CFR Part 800, especially Section 14),           "Secretary           of the Interior's Standards for Historic Preservation Projects"           (36 CFR Part 68), "Secretary           of the Interior's Standards for Archeology and Historic Preservation"           (48 FR 44716-44742, especially 44737-44738), "Protection of Archaeological           Resources: Uniform Regulations" (18 CFR Part 1312, 32 CFR Part 229,           36 CFR Part 296, and 43           CFR Part 7), and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Regulation ER1130-2-438,           "Project Construction and Operation, Historic Preservation Program."

Return to: Technical           Briefs | Selected           References | Appendix            | **introduction**

**sources of technical information**

**corps                 of engineers**

**department                 of agriculture**

**national                 clearinghouse for archaeological site stabilization**

**other                 information sources**

**conclusion**

**selected                 references**

**appendix**

**print                 version  **

**technical briefs                 index** |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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