DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA

FOURTH DISTRICT

VILLAGE OF TEQUESTA,

Appellant,

v.

TARA LUSCAVICH,

Appellee.

Nos. 4D16-2432 and 4D16-4081

[March 7, 2018]

Consolidated appeal from the Circuit Court for the Fifteenth Judicial 

Circuit, Palm Beach County; Richard Oftedal, Judge; L.T. Case No. 50-

2013-CA-004938-XXXX-MB.

Jeffrey L. Hochman and Damian H. Albert of Johnson, Anselmo, 

Murdoch, Burke, Piper & Hochman, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, for appellant.

Isidro M. Garcia of Garcia Law Firm, P.A., West Palm Beach, for 

appellee.

CONNER, J.

The Village of Tequesta (“the Village”) appeals the final judgment after 

a jury found in favor of Tara Luscavich (“the Employee”), on her workplace 

retaliation claim under the Florida Civil Rights Act (“the FCRA”). The 

Village raises the analytically challenging question: Can an employee’s 

rejection of one-event sexual advances by a supervisor at a non-worksponsored party meet certain necessary elements of a claim for retaliation 

under the FCRA?

The Village contends the trial court erred in (1) denying its motion for 

directed verdict, (2) denying its requested jury instructions and verdict 

form and giving erroneous instructions, (3) denying its motion for new trial 

attacking evidentiary rulings and the Employee’s closing arguments in 

violation of a pretrial order granting the Village’s motion in limine, and (4) 

granting the Employee’s motion for fees and costs. We affirm the denial of 

the motion for directed verdict and explain our reasoning. We reverse and 

remand for a new trial, finding error regarding the causation instruction. 

We affirm without discussion the denial of the motion for new trial. 
2

Because we are reversing for a new trial, we also reverse the award of 

attorney’s fees and costs.

Background

At all times pertinent to this appeal, the Employee was a dispatcher in 

the Village’s police department. During a good portion of the pertinent 

times, Gerald Pitocchelli (“the Chief”) was the police chief of the Village. 

The initial event leading to the lawsuit below occurred at a private, nonwork-sponsored party held at a Village police officer’s private residence

where members of the Village police department, including police 

dispatchers, were celebrating the homeowner’s (not the Chief’s) promotion. 

At the time of the party, the Chief was a lieutenant, but was expected to 

soon replace the outgoing chief, who was retiring. Shortly after the party, 

the Chief received the permanent appointment.

The operative complaint alleged counts under the FCRA for sexual 

harassment and retaliation. The Employee alleged that the Chief made 

unwelcomed sexual advances at the party, which she rebuffed, causing

adverse employment actions against her based on this rejection. After 

summary judgment resolved the sexual harassment count in the Village’s 

favor, the case proceeded to a jury trial on the retaliation count, resulting

in a verdict against the Village. The particulars of the case most favorable 

to the verdict and pertinent to our analysis are as follows.

Events at the Party

At trial, the Employee testified that during the party, there was a point 

when eight people were sitting around a table, including the Employee and 

the Chief. At that time, a male officer exposed himself to the group, which 

“apparently he does this a lot.” People started passing around a dollar bill, 

and the Employee grabbed it, put it down her shirt, and said “it’s safe in 

here.” The Chief, who was sitting next to the Employee, stood up, put his 

hand down her shirt, and started to “feel her” under her bra, back and 

forth, and said, in response to the Employee’s comment about the dollar’s 

safety, “no, it’s not.” The Employee testified that she was “shocked” and 

“embarrassed,” and when someone asked how it felt “down there,” she 

uncomfortably replied that she does not have much to feel, to which the 

Chief responded: “What I felt felt pretty nice.” Continuing to be 

embarrassed, the Employee left the table. 

A short time later, a male Village police officer offered the Employee a 

ride home, since she did not feel safe driving at that point. The Chief came 

out and discouraged the male officer from giving her a ride home, saying 

“[w]e’ll make sure she gets home okay.”
3

Because she had a headache, the Employee asked the host if she could 

lie down for a little while, and he pointed her to the master bedroom. 

Another female officer went into the room with her, and they were only in 

there a short time when they were moved to another bedroom. The 

Employee told the female officer that she wanted to sleep, so the female 

officer left the room. The room was dark and the Employee was laying on 

her stomach, thinking she was alone. But she then felt someone rubbing 

her back, and when the person said she had “a nice back and such smooth 

skin,” she could tell it was the Chief, so she sat up. She testified he then 

offered to give her a back rub, which she declined. The Chief next told her 

that he had always been attracted to her and “I always wanted to make 

love to you. Exact words. I will never forget it.” At that point, the 

Employee responded:

I said, listen, I know you’re going through a hard time right 

now. You’re separated from your wife. You’re single. I 

understand that, but I am not. I am married. I have never 

cheated on my husband.

She testified that the Chief then grabbed her “hand and put my hand on 

his crotch to show me that he was – had an erection and said, this is what 

you do to me.” She immediately left the room and “beelined it” to the 

female officer that had been with her earlier, they said goodbye, and left

the party. She said she later told the female officer what happened. She 

also told the male officer who had offered to give her a ride home earlier.

The Adverse Employment Actions

The Employee then testified regarding some of the negative effects she 

felt in the aftermath of the party. She stated that at her next work day 

after the party, the Chief did not come into the dispatch office, which was 

unusual because coming to the dispatch office was his routine behavior. 

Three days after the party, the current chief of police took leave and made 

the Chief the acting chief of police. Shortly thereafter, the Chief was 

promoted to the position on a permanent basis. 

The Employee testified that after the Chief was appointed, her 

immediate supervisor told her that she wanted to send her to a training 

course so that she could perform other functions in the police department. 

The Employee’s attendance had to be approved by the Chief, but he denied 

the request. Attendance at the training course was significant to the 

Employee because on all of her evaluations prior to the most recent one, 

the Employee was given a “satisfactory” rating in all categories. In the 

most recent evaluation she was again given a “satisfactory” rating in all 
4

categories, except for two. She received a less than satisfactory rating for 

the two categories because she missed a training prior to the evaluation

and did not learn a skill she was asked to learn. Thus, she needed to go 

to the training that the Chief would not approve to restore her status of 

“satisfactory” for all categories of her evaluation.

The Employee also testified that nine months after the party, there was 

a position open to assist the evidence custodian. She stated that she and 

two other employees applied, and although one of the other applicants was 

selected, the Employee’s immediate supervisor told her that she (the 

Employee) was the most qualified for the position. The immediate 

supervisor also commented that after she told the selection panel, 

including the Chief, that the Employee was the most qualified, the 

immediate supervisor was told she was “no longer needed” for the interview 

process. 

Three months after the rejection for the first position, a temporary

position became available to fill the Employee’s immediate supervisor’s 

position while the supervisor was on leave. However, the position was 

never posted, and the other applicant who did not get the first position 

was selected to fill the temporary role. The Employee testified that, 

although the other applicant had been an employee of the Village a few 

months longer than she, the Employee had four more years of dispatcher 

experience, including in other cities. She also testified that her immediate 

supervisor made it known that officers had complaints about the other 

applicant, and she herself heard officers complain that the other applicant 

“had an attitude problem.”

A year and a half after the party, there was an incident where the 

Employee and the male officer who offered her a ride home from the party 

(who was also one of the two people the employee told about the party 

incident) were talking in the dispatch office. Both were written up for 

violating a policy of not discussing non-official business in the dispatch 

office. After the write up, the Employee testified that other officers were 

afraid to come into the dispatch room when she was there, because the 

Chief and deputy chief were looking at the door cards to see who was 

coming into the room when she was there. Also, her immediate supervisor, 

who was directed to give the write-up, told her, “I have no idea why they 

[the Chief and his deputy chief] hate you.” 

The Verdict and Subsequent Proceedings

After deliberating, the jury returned a verdict in favor of the Employee, 

awarding her $1,500 for lost wages and lost benefits damages, and 
5

$400,000 in damages for pain and suffering. The Village filed a combined 

motion to set aside the verdict, a renewed motion for directed verdict, and 

a motion for new trial, which was denied. After the trial court entered final 

judgment awarding the sums in the verdict, the Village gave notice of 

appeal. Thereafter, the Employee filed a motion for attorney’s fees and 

costs, as the prevailing party in the FCRA action. The Village moved for 

an order rejecting the Employee’s entitlement to attorney’s fees, arguing 

that the final judgment entered against the Village already exceeded the 

statutory cap on liability for the Village ($200,000), and therefore, no 

additional fees or costs could be added. The trial court denied the Village’s 

motion and entered a final judgment for attorney’s fees and costs in favor 

of the Employee. The Village again gave notice of appeal. We subsequently 

consolidated the appeals.

Analysis

As discussed in the introductory paragraphs, we first analyze the denial 

of the directed verdict, explaining our affirmance. We then address the 

jury instructions, explaining our reversal and remand for a new trial.

Denial of Directed Verdict

“The standard of review of an order denying a motion for directed verdict 

is de novo.” Hollywood Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Alfred, 82 So. 3d 122, 125 (Fla. 

4th DCA 2012). “A motion for directed verdict should be granted when 

there is no reasonable evidence upon which a jury could legally predicate 

a verdict in favor of the non-moving party.” Etheredge v. Walt Disney World 

Co., 999 So. 2d 669, 671 (Fla. 5th DCA 2008) (quoting St. Johns River 

Water Mgmt. Dist. v. Fernberg Geological Servs., 784 So. 2d 500, 504 (Fla. 

5th DCA 2001)).

The Employee’s retaliation claim was brought pursuant to the FCRA, 

more specifically, section 760.10(7), Florida Statutes (2016), which states:

(7) It is an unlawful employment practice for an employer, an 

employment agency, a joint labor-management committee, or 

a labor organization to discriminate against any person 

because that person has opposed any practice which is an 

unlawful employment practice under this section, or because 

that person has made a charge, testified, assisted, or 

participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or 

hearing under this section.

§ 760.10(7), Fla. Stat. (2016). To establish a prima facie claim for 

retaliation under section 760.10(7), a plaintiff must demonstrate that: (1) 
6

he or she engaged in statutorily protected activity; (2) he or she suffered 

an adverse employment action; and (3) there is a causal relation between 

the two events. See Donovan v. Broward Cty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 974 So. 2d 

458, 460 (Fla. 4th DCA 2008). 

As we recently stated in Palm Beach Cty. Sch. Bd. v. Wright, 217 So. 3d 

163 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017), “[w]e and other Florida districts have recognized 

that ‘[t]he FCRA is patterned after Title VII’ and that ‘federal case law on 

Title VII applies to FCRA claims.’” Id. at 165 (quoting Guess v. City of 

Miramar, 889 So. 2d 840, 846 n.2 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004)). Thus, in analyzing 

the directed verdict issue, we look to federal case law as well as Florida 

case law.

As can be seen from the statute, there are two categories of protected 

activity: activities that fit under the “opposition clause” and activities that 

fit under the “participation clause.” Recognition of the two types of 

protected activity is also discussed in federal case law. See, e.g., Bourne 

v. Sch. Bd. of Broward Cty., 508 F. App’x 907, 910 (11th Cir. 2013) (“Under 

Title VII and the FCRA there are two categories of protected activity: those 

activities that fit under the ‘opposition clause’ of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a) 

and those activities that fit under the ‘participation clause.’”). The instant 

case involves the opposition clause.

In its initial brief, the Village summarized its contention that the trial 

court erred in denying its motion for directed verdict as follows:

The [Employee] refused a one-time sexual advance by (1) 

communicating that she was married, (2) by communicating 

she had never cheated on her husband, and (3) by leaving the 

bedroom. Given the location of the conduct, the isolated 

nature of the incident, and the absence of any connection

back to the Village, the evidence admitted during trial did not 

amount to “opposition” under the FCRA.

In weaving its argument for reversal, the Village asserts the denial of a 

directed verdict was error on two fronts: (1) the Chief’s one-event sexual 

advances at a private party did not constitute an unlawful employment 

practice; and (2) the Employee’s declination of the Chief’s sexual advances 

was not protected activity under the FCRA because it did not qualify as 

opposition and provided no notice to the Village (emphasis indicates terms 

of art).

We discuss each argument in turn.

a. The Chief’s one-event sexual advances at a private party did not
7

constitute an unlawful employment practice.

This argument has two subparts: (1) one-event sexual advances do not

constitute an unlawful employment practice; and (2) sexual advances at a 

private non-work-sponsored party do not constitute an unlawful 

employment practice. There are no Florida state-court opinions 

discussing either sub-argument.

One-Event Sexual Advances

Our research reveals that most federal cases addressing sexual 

harassment and retaliation in the context of Title VII discuss fact patterns 

involving multiple instances of verbal or physical sexual behavior by a 

supervisor. We could find no federal appellate opinions explicitly opining 

that one-event sexual conduct cannot constitute sexual harassment or 

core facts for a retaliation claim under Title VII. However, it appears to us 

that the language of both the FCRA and Title VII is broad enough to 

encompass one-event physical sexual contact as an unlawful employment 

practice. See Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 79-

80, 118 S.Ct. 998, 1002 (1998) (“[S]tatutory prohibitions often go beyond 

the principal evil to cover reasonably comparable evils, and it is ultimately 

the provisions of our laws rather than the principal concerns of our 

legislators by which we are governed. Title VII prohibits ‘discriminat[ion]

. . . because of . . . sex’ in the ‘terms’ or ‘conditions’ of employment. Our 

holding that this includes sexual harassment must extend to sexual 

harassment of any kind that meets the statutory requirements.” (first 

alteration added)).

“Sexual harassment is without question an ‘unlawful employment 

practice.’” E.E.O.C. v. New Breed Logistics, 783 F.3d 1057, 1067 (6th Cir. 

2015); Scelta v. Delicatessen Support Servs., Inc., 57 F. Supp. 2d 1327, 

1339 (M.D. Fla. 1999) (‘“Sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination 

prohibited by Title VII[,]’ and the FCRA.”) (alteration in original) (quoting 

Harper v. Blockbuster Entm’t Corp., 139 F.3d 1385, 1387 (11th Cir. 1998)). 

“Sexual harassment” has been defined by the United States Equal 

Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), the federal regulatory 

agency charged with enforcing Title VII, as follows:

Harassment on the basis of sex is a violation of section 703 of 

title VII. Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual 

favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature 

constitute sexual harassment when (1) submission to such 

conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or 

condition of an individual’s employment, (2) submission to or 
8

rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis 

for employment decisions affecting such individual, or (3) such 

conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering 

with an individual’s work performance or creating an 

intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment . . . .

29 C.F.R. § 1604.11(a) (1999) (emphases added) (footnote omitted). As the 

federal courts do, we give deference to the definition of “sexual 

harassment” by the EEOC. See Espinoza v. Farah Mfg. Co., 414 U.S. 86, 

92, 94 S.Ct. 334, 339 (1973) (explaining that EEOC’s interpretation of Title 

VII should be given “great deference”); Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S.

424, 433-34, 91 S.Ct. 849, 854-55 (1971) (“The Equal Employment 

Opportunity Commission, having enforcement responsibility, has issued 

guidelines interpreting [a provision of Title VII]. The administrative 

interpretation of the Act by the enforcing agency is entitled to great 

deference.” (footnote omitted)).

The Supreme Court has made it clear, in the context of sexual 

harassment claims under Title VII, that “[w]hen a plaintiff proves that a 

tangible employment action resulted from a refusal to submit to a 

supervisor’s sexual demands, he or she establishes that the employment 

decision itself constitutes a change in the terms and conditions of 

employment that is actionable under Title VII.” Burlington Indus. Inc. v. 

Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 753-54, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 2265 (1998). The Court 

qualified that statement explaining that “[f]or any sexual harassment 

preceding the employment decision to be actionable, however, the conduct 

must be severe or pervasive.” Id. at 754 (emphasis added). If a one-event

sexual advance can support a sexual harassment claim under Title VII 

because it is severe, the same would hold true in the context of a retaliation 

claim.

In the instant case, the Employee contends she was treated differently 

by the Chief in the workplace and denied promotions by the Chief because 

she declined his sexual advances. The Chief not only groped the 

Employee’s breast in front of others, he also sexually touched her by taking 

her hand and placing it on his erect penis, commenting on how arousing 

she was. We determine that it was for a jury to decide whether the Chief’s 

sexual conduct constituted “[u]nwelcome sexual advances, requests for 

sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature” 

within the EEOC guidelines and whether the conduct was “severe” enough 

to impose liability on the retaliation claim. Burlington Indus., 524 U.S. at 

753-54, 118 S.Ct. at 2265. We also hold that a one-event sexual conduct 

involving sexual organs can qualify as a prima facie showing to support a 

retaliation claim if it is severe enough. In other words, even setting aside 
9

the sexual touching that occurred around the table in front of others 

(because, arguably, the Employee did not explicitly oppose the Chief’s 

conduct), the sexual events that occurred in the bedroom were sufficient 

to allow the jury to resolve the issue.

Location and Non-Work-Sponsored Event Context of Sexual Behavior

The sexual behavior underlying the retaliation claim occurred at a 

private party that was not sponsored by the Village or its police 

department. However, it is clear from the evidence that many of the 

attendees were co-workers at the police department. Notably, the breast 

groping incident clearly occurred in front of several employees of the police 

department. We also note that, although not a work-sponsored event, the 

private party was to celebrate a fellow officer’s promotion.

Regarding this sub-argument, our research shows that most of the 

federal cases addressing Title VII sexual harassment and retaliation claims

discuss fact patterns involving instances of verbal or physical sexual 

behavior by a supervisor at a jobsite or off-premises work event. None of 

the federal opinions specifically address an argument about how the 

location or event context of the sexual behavior impacts the analysis. 

However, we are satisfied, in the instant case, the issue of location or event 

context of the sexual behavior makes no difference. That is because such 

characteristics are unimportant, for purposes of directed verdict, where 

the issue is whether “a tangible employment action resulted from a refusal 

to submit to a supervisor’s sexual demands.” Id. at 753 (emphasis added). 

Instead, in the instant case, such factors would have a bearing on the 

“severity-of-sexual-harassment” determination for the jury.

For the same reason (irrelevancy of the characteristics when deciding a 

directed verdict on retaliation claim), we reject the argument by the Village 

that the Employee herself did not view the Chief’s conduct as sexual 

harassment at the time and therefore cannot prevail on her retaliation 

claim. The Village essentially argues that because the Employee did not 

even have a subjective belief at the time that the Chief’s sexual conduct 

was an “employment practice,” then her claim must fail. The crux of this 

argument revolves around the deposition testimony of the Employee that 

she did not “think” or “believe” that the Chief’s sexual behavior around the 

party table or in the bedroom was an “employment practice.”1 As the 

1 We note that the Village’s argument misses the mark, in that the questions 

posed during the deposition were framed in terms of the Chief’s conduct being 

“an employment practice,” rather than “an unlawful employment practice.” The 

pertinent question for the jury was whether the Chief’s conduct was an “unlawful 
10

Supreme Court observed in Meritor Savings Bank, “[t]he gravamen of any 

sexual harassment claim is that the alleged sexual advances were 

‘unwelcome.’” Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 68, 106 

S.Ct. 2399, 2406 (1986). We are satisfied that the Employee made it 

evident to the Chief that she considered his sexual advances were wrongful 

conduct and “unwelcome.” Moreover, it is inappropriate to deny a claim 

based on a witness’s opinion regarding a legal term of art. Cf. Cliff Berry, 

Inc. v. State, 116 So. 3d 394, 403 n.6 (Fla. 3d DCA 2012) (“[T]he lay witness 

may not . . . testify as to a legal conclusion.” (quoting United States v. 

Crawford, 239 F.3d 1086, 1090 (9th Cir. 2001))). The bare assertion that 

it was not an “employment practice” (even assuming the witness 

understood the phrase was shorthand for “unlawful employment practice”)

is a legal conclusion as to an element of a cause of action and should be 

left for the finder of fact to conclude based on the evidence.

Thus, we disagree with the Village’s first argument regarding the denial 

of its motion for directed verdict.

b. The Employee’s declination of the Chief’s sexual advances was not 

protected activity under the FCRA because it did not qualify as 

“opposition” and provided no notice to the Village.

The Village first contends that saying “no” to a supervisor’s sexual 

advance is not protected activity contemplated by FCRA or Title VII. It 

argues that the Employee’s communication, “I am married, I have never 

cheated on my husband,” in response to a one-time sexual advance cannot 

be equated with the clear opposition required by the FCRA. The Village 

further argues that the Employee’s willingness to have accepted a “private 

apology” is inconsistent with the opposition conduct discussed in the case 

law. The crux of the Village’s argument is that the Employee’s expressed 

desire to remain faithful to her husband and willingness to accept an 

apology demonstrates “an avoidance technique” to an “uncomfortable 

situation,” rather than opposition to an unlawful employment practice.

There is a split among the federal appellate courts on the issue of 

“whether a person who rejects a supervisor’s sexual advances has engaged 

in protected activity.” Tate v. Exec. Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 546 F.3d 528, 532 

(7th Cir. 2008) (comparing LeMaire v. La. Dep’t of Transp. & Dev., 480 F.3d 

383, 389 (5th Cir. 2007) (holding that a single, express rejection of sexual 

advances does not constitute “protected activity” for purposes of a 

retaliation claim), with Ogden v. Wax Works, Inc., 214 F.3d 999, 1007 (8th 

employment practice,” instead of whether the conduct was something that the 

Village repeatedly engaged in or condoned.
11

Cir. 2000) (concluding that when the plaintiff told her supervisor to stop 

harassing her, she engaged in the most “basic form of protected conduct”)).

The Eleventh Circuit has not weighed in on this issue and, as mentioned 

above, no Florida appellate court opinion addresses the issue. However, 

in addition to the Fifth Circuit LeMaire and Eighth Circuit Ogden opinions, 

the Sixth Circuit and the Middle District of Florida have addressed the 

issue. After reviewing the limited case law on the issue, on the facts of 

this case, we agree with those courts which have concluded that a person 

who rejects a supervisor’s sexual advances has engaged in protected 

activity.

We reject the position of the Fifth Circuit because in LeMaire, and the 

earlier unpublished opinion it cited, Frank v. Harris County, 118 F. App’x 

799 (5th Cir. 2004) (unpublished), there was little legal reasoning offered 

to support the conclusion. In LeMaire, the issue was addressed with the 

simple statement; “LeMaire, however, provides no authority for the 

proposition that rejecting sexual advances constitutes a protected activity 

for purposes of a retaliation claim under Title VII,” followed by a citation 

to Frank. LeMaire, 480 F.3d at 389. Likewise, in Frank, the Fifth Circuit, 

after identifying the employee’s assertion on appeal, dismissed the 

argument with: “But Frank provides no authority for the proposition that 

a single ‘express rejection’ to [her supervisor’s sexual advances]

constitutes as a matter of law a protected activity for purposes of 

retaliation.” Frank, 118 F. App’x at 804. Additionally, at the end of the 

single paragraph discussing the issue, the Frank court shifted to a 

causation analysis, faulting Frank for not reporting the behavior to the 

county or EEOC. Id.

The Eighth Circuit was the first federal appellate court to address the 

issue. In Ogden, the employee asserted sexual harassment and retaliation 

claims for her supervisor’s sexual behavior. Ogden, 214 F.3d at 1002. The 

employer appealed the jury award on both claims, contending in part that 

the retaliation award should be reversed because Ogden did not engage in 

protected activity. Id. at 1007. According to the discussion of facts, Ogden 

experienced three occasions of unwanted sexual advances. On the first

occasion, Ogden’s intoxicated supervisor grabbed her by the waist and 

asked her to go to his motel room as the two were leaving a restaurant. Id.

at 1003. She refused the invitation, pushed him away, and told him not 

to touch her. Id. On two other separate occasions, the supervisor was 

again intoxicated and put his arm around her at a bar, with a group of 

fellow employees present. Id. Each time, she pushed the supervisor away 

and told him to leave her alone. Id. In addition to these physical advances, 

the supervisor propositioned her incessantly. Id. It does not appear from 

the discussion of facts that Ogden complained about the behavior to fellow 
12

employees, other members of management, or the company’s human 

relations department. 

On appeal, Ogden maintained that she engaged in “the most basic form 

of protected activity” when she told her supervisor to stop his offensive 

conduct. Id. at 1007. The Eighth Circuit affirmed the retaliation award 

saying:

We agree with Ogden. Employers may not retaliate against 

employees who “oppose discriminatory conduct,” see 42 

U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a), and the jury reasonably concluded 

Ogden did so when she told [the supervisor] to stop his 

offensive behavior.

Id. (citing E.E.O.C. v. HBE Corp., 135 F.3d 543, 554 (8th Cir. 1998)).

The Sixth Circuit addressed the issue in New Breed Logistics. There, 

the EEOC brought a claim against the employer, asserting a supervisor 

sexually harassed two employees and retaliated against them after they 

objected to his sexual advances. New Breed, 783 F.3d at 1061. The 

supervisor repeatedly made sexually suggestive comments to the 

employees. Id. at 1062. One employee testified she told the supervisor to 

“leave [her] alone” daily. Id. The other employee testified that in addition 

to the verbal conduct, the supervisor “pressed his stomach and private 

parts to her backside.” Id. The other employee told the supervisor to stop 

touching her and on another occasion asked him to “stop talking dirty to 

[her].” Id. It does not appear from the discussion of facts that either 

employee complained about the behavior to fellow employees, other 

members of management, or the human relations department. Evidence 

was also adduced that the supervisor was directly or indirectly involved in 

each employee’s termination. Id. at 1063. The employer moved for a 

directed verdict, contending the evidence was insufficient to prove the 

employees engaged in protected activity. Id. at 1067. The district court 

rejected this argument, concluding that protected activity “can be as 

simple as telling a supervisor to stop.” Id.

On appeal, the employer asserted, among other things, that the 

evidence did not support the jury’s retaliation verdict because neither 

employee engaged in protected activity constituting opposition. Id. at 

1066. More specifically, the employer argued that “telling [the supervisor]

to cease his harassment does not constitute protected activity under Title 

VII.” Id. at 1067. In response, the EEOC argued that the district court’s 

conclusion that protected activity can be as simple as telling a supervisor 

to stop was supported by the language of the opposition clause of Title 
13

VII’s anti-retaliation provision, as well as Supreme Court and Sixth Circuit 

precedent. Id. The Sixth Circuit agreed with the EEOC that a complaint 

to a harassing supervisor qualifies as protected activity. Id.

After examining the language of the Supreme Court in Crawford v. 

Metropolitan Government of Nashville & Davidson County, Tennessee, 555 

U.S. 271, 276, 129 S.Ct. 846 (2009), discussing the term “oppose” and its 

own prior precedence discussing an expansive definition of “opposing” 

conduct under the EEOC regulations, the Sixth Circuit reasoned:

Applying these broad definitions, we conclude that a demand 

that a supervisor cease his/her harassing conduct constitutes 

protected activity covered by Title VII. Sexual harassment is 

without question an “unlawful employment practice.” If an 

employee demands that his/her supervisor stop engaging in 

this unlawful practice—i.e., resists or confronts the 

supervisor’s unlawful harassment—the opposition clause’s 

broad language confers protection to this conduct.

Importantly, the language of the opposition clause does not 

specify to whom protected activity must be directed. Warren 

v. Ohio Dept. of Public Safety, 24 F. App’x 259, 265 (6th Cir.

2001) (“Under the opposition clause, . . . [t]here is no 

qualification on who the individual doing the complaining may 

be or on who the party to whom the complaint is made.”).

Therefore, it would be unfair to read into the provision a 

requirement that a complainant only engages in protected 

activity when s/he opposes the harassment to a “particular 

official designated by the employer.” See Ross v. Baldwin 

Cnty. Bd. of Ed., No. 06–0275, 2008 WL 820573, at *6 

(S.D.Ala. Mar. 24, 2008) (“It would be anomalous, and would 

undermine the fundamental purpose of the statute, if Title’s 

VII’s protections from retaliation were triggered only if the 

employee complained to some particular official designated by 

the employer.”).

New Breed Logistics, 783 F.3d at 1067-68 (alterations in original)(footnote 

omitted).

We also note that the Middle District Court of Florida has also adopted 

the reasoning of the Sixth Circuit in New Breed Logistics. See Charest v. 

Sunny-Aakash, LLC, 2017 WL 4169701, *7 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 20, 2017).

We are satisfied that the evidence in this case supported the denial of 

the Village’s motion for directed verdict. The Employee clearly opposed the 
14

Chief’s physical sexual advances in the bedroom by saying that she 

thought it was wrong to engage in sex with him and by exiting the room 

immediately after the Chief grabbed her hand and put it on his erection.

The Village’s second contention is that the Employee’s opposition was 

insufficient to provide the Village with notice of the sexual harassment. 

The Village essentially argues that the Employee’s failure to tell some other 

authority in the Village structure about the Chief’s conduct is fatal to her 

retaliation claim. The argument would have merit, perhaps, if the Chief’s 

sexual behavior was of the type of conduct that had the purpose or effect 

of unreasonably interfering with work performance or creating an 

intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment. However, in the 

instant case, the Chief’s behavior did not adversely affect the Employee in 

the retaliation context until it resulted in adverse employment 

consequences. In the situation presented in this case, where vicarious 

liability is imposed because the employment decision by the supervisor 

itself constitutes a change in the terms and conditions of employment that 

is actionable under Title VII, the notice issue is irrelevant. Burlington 

Indus., 524 U.S. at 760 (“Every Federal Court of Appeals to have 

considered the question has found vicarious liability when a 

discriminatory act results in a tangible employment action.”).

Having addressed the various arguments asserted by the Village, we 

affirm the trial court’s denial of its motion for directed verdict.

The Jury Instruction Arguments

The Village also challenges the jury instructions given. 

To demonstrate that the trial court erred in failing to give a 

requested jury instruction, a party must show “the requested 

instruction contained an accurate statement of the law, the 

facts in the case supported a giving of the instruction, and the 

instruction was necessary for the jury to properly resolve the 

issues in the case.” 

Aubin v. Union Carbide Corp., 177 So. 3d 489, 517 (Fla. 2015) (quoting 

Barkett v. Gomez, 908 So. 2d 1084, 1086 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005)).

The Village makes general arguments on appeal that the trial court’s 

jury instructions were misleading because they (1) improperly 

characterized the Chief as an “employer”; (2) failed to address a variety of 

sub-issues related to the Village’s defenses; (3) improperly used the terms 

“protected activity” and “unlawful employment practice;” (4) improperly 

used the phrase “a right to demand sex from her,”; and (5) gave no 
15

guidance as to what constitutes “opposition” under the FCRA. However, 

the Village’s arguments fail to provide sufficient detail to demonstrate trial 

court error. Applegate v. Barnett Bank of Tallahassee, 377 So. 2d 1150, 

1152 (Fla. 1979) (“In appellate proceedings the decision of a trial court has 

the presumption of correctness and the burden is on the appellant to 

demonstrate error.”). Thus, we decline to address or find error as to those 

arguments.

The Village additionally argues on appeal that the trial court erred in 

its causation instructions for the retaliation claim. The instruction given 

by the trial court allowed the Employee to prevail by showing that her 

declination of the Chief’s sexual advances at the party were “not completely 

unrelated” to the adverse employment actions she suffered. The causation 

instruction in the instant case is similar, if not exactly the same, as the 

instruction we recently determined to be erroneous in Wright.

In Wright we followed the long-standing rule of statutory construction 

that if a state law is patterned after a federal law on the same subject, the 

Florida law will be accorded the same construction as given to the federal 

act in the federal courts. Wright, 217 So. 3d at 164-65. Thus, because 

the Supreme Court changed the causation standard for Title VII retaliation 

claims in University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar, 570 

U.S. 338, 133 S.Ct. 2517, 186 L.Ed.2d 503 (2013), to but-for causation, 

we receded from the “wholly unrelated” standard used in the Eleventh 

Circuit and this District. Id. at 165.

We see no material difference between the “not completely related” 

standard used by the trial court to instruct the jury in the instant case 

and the “wholly unrelated” standard we receded from in Wright. Although 

it is understandable why the trial court erred in instructing the jury, based 

on our previous case law, reversal and a new trial on the retaliation claim 

is required.

Because we reverse for a new trial, we also reverse the judgment for 

attorney’s fees and costs. See City of Hollywood v. Witt, 939 So. 2d 315, 

319 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006) (“[O]ur reversal of the underlying judgment in this 

appeal required reversal of the fee award.”).

The trial court’s denial of the Village’s motion for directed verdict is 

affirmed. Because the trial court erred in instructing the jury on 

causation, we reverse the final judgment against the Village and remand 

the case for a new trial. Because we are remanding for a new trial, we also 

reverse the judgment for attorney’s fees and costs.

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for a new trial.
16

FORST and KLINGENSMITH, JJ., concur.

* * *

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.