COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Friedman, Lorish and Chaney

Argued at Salem, Virginia

JENNIFER LYNN WILLIAMS

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 1291-23-3 JUDGE FRANK K. FRIEDMAN

MAY 28, 2024

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PITTSYLVANIA COUNTY

Timothy W. Allen, Judge

Mark T. Williams (Williams & Light, on brief), for appellant.

Kelly L. Sturman, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Jennifer Lynn Williams appeals her conviction for driving under the influence with a blood 

alcohol content between 0.15 and 0.20 grams per 210 liters of breath, in violation of Code 

§§ 18.2-266 and -270. She argues that the trial court erred in admitting the certificate of analysis 

from her breath test into evidence because the operator failed to comply with the requirements of 

Code § 18.2-268.9. Finding no error, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

BACKGROUND

On appeal, we review the evidence “in the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth, 

the prevailing party in the trial court.” Hammer v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 225, 231 (2022) 

(quoting Commonwealth v. Cady, 300 Va. 325, 329 (2021)). Doing so requires us to “discard the 

evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the 

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).

UNPUBLISHED
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credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.” 

Cady, 300 Va. at 329 (quoting Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 324 (2018)).

On December 26, 2022, Virginia State Trooper Gregory arrested Williams for driving under 

the influence (DUI) and transported her to the jail for a breath analysis.1 Trooper Gregory 

administered the breath test to Williams using an ECIR intoxilyzer machine. Following the 

required 20-minute observation period, Williams blew into the machine and supplied a sufficient 

sample of breath. Williams stood on Trooper Gregory’s right side within arm’s reach of the 

machine when it displayed a result showing blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.20. Trooper Gregory 

testified that he verbally confirmed the results of the test with Williams.

When the machine tried to print the result, the paper alignment was off, and the information 

did not display in the correct boxes on the certificate of analysis form. Trooper Gregory threw away 

that first, misaligned printed result. He attempted to reprint it, but it misaligned again. Trooper 

Gregory testified that fixing the printer required him to get on his knees under the machine, and he 

did not want to do that for safety reasons. Instead, Trooper Gregory took Williams in front of the 

magistrate to continue the charging process, intending to go back and fix the printer issue and 

provide Williams a printed copy afterward. Williams was charged with driving under the influence 

with a BAC between 0.15 and 0.20.2

Right after the magistrate issued the warrant to hold Williams, Trooper Gregory was 

dispatched to another call involving a fight. He decided to respond to that disturbance and planned 

to provide Williams a proper printout of the certificate of analysis after he returned. When he 

1 Williams did not contest at trial that she was guilty of driving under the influence of 

alcohol under Code § 18.2-266. 

2 The enhanced BAC provision adds five days of mandatory incarceration if convicted. See

Code § 18.2-270.
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arrived back at the jail an hour and a half later, he fixed the machine and printed the results. 

However, Williams had already been released from the jail.3 

The certificate of analysis form asks the operator to check a box indicating either that the 

arrestee received a copy and signed the form or that the arrestee refused to sign for a copy of the 

certificate. Confused as to which box to check, Trooper Gregory opted for the “refused” box. On a 

second copy he intended to provide Williams, he wrote above the checked box that she truly had not 

refused to sign, but that she did not have a chance to receive a copy due to the printer issue. Trooper 

Gregory then attached his printout copy of the certificate to the court paperwork. The results of that 

certificate confirmed a BAC of 0.20. Williams first received a copy of the certificate from her 

counsel in the general district court. 

At trial, on appeal of her DUI conviction in the general district court to the circuit court, 

Williams conceded that she was guilty of driving under the influence but argued that the certificate 

of analysis of the breath test was not admissible.4 She asserted that because Trooper Gregory did 

not comply with a requirement of Code § 18.2-268.9 by failing to give Williams a printed copy of 

the certificate at the time of the test, the trial court should exclude the certificate and therefore strike 

the sentencing enhancement applicable to a BAC of .20. The Commonwealth argued that Trooper 

Gregory’s actions amounted to “substantial compliance” with the procedural requirements and that 

the breath test result was therefore admissible under Code § 18.2-268.11. The trial court agreed 

with the Commonwealth and found Williams guilty of the enhanced BAC while driving under the 

3 When Williams was released from the jail, she signed a recognizance form that listed 

her offense as driving under the influence with a “BAC .15-.20%.” 

4 Trooper Gregory, who administered the breath test, testified at trial, without objection, 

that the result of the test revealed Williams had a BAC level of 0.20.
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influence and sentenced her to 30 days’ incarceration with 25 days suspended, the minimum amount 

of incarceration required by statute.5 Code § 18.2-270. This appeal followed. 

ANALYSIS

Williams argues that the trial court erred in admitting the certificate of analysis reflecting the 

breath test result. “Appellate courts review a circuit court’s ruling on the admissibility of 

evidence under an abuse of discretion standard.” Davenport v. Util. Trailer Mfg. Co., 74 

Va. App. 181, 206 (2022) (citing Thomas v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 131, 168 (2010)). “A court 

always abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law.” Id.

A defendant arrested for driving under the influence must submit to a breath test to 

determine their blood alcohol content. See Code § 18.2-268.2. “If the equipment automatically 

produces a written printout of the breath test result, the printout, or a copy, shall be given to the 

accused.” Id. Relatedly, “[a] copy of the certificate shall be promptly delivered to the accused.” 

Code § 18.2-268.9. These requirements are “procedural and not substantive,” however, and 

“[s]ubstantial compliance shall be sufficient.” Code § 18.2-268.11. 

Failure to comply with any steps or portions thereof shall not of 

itself be grounds for finding the defendant not guilty, but shall go 

to the weight of the evidence and shall be considered with all the 

evidence in the case; however, the defendant shall have the right to 

introduce evidence on his own behalf to show noncompliance with 

the aforesaid procedures or any part thereof, and that as a result his 

rights were prejudiced.

Id. The “substantial compliance” rule applies to the admissibility of a breath test when the 

operator fails to provide a printed copy as set forth in Code § 18.2-268.9. See Shelton v. 

Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 175, 179-80 (2005). “[T]he principle of substantial compliance, 

which is predicated upon a failure of strict compliance with applicable requirements, operates to 

5 The trial court suspended the execution of that sentence during the pendency of this 

appeal.
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replace the protective safeguards of specificity with a less exacting standard of elasticity, in order 

to achieve a beneficial and pragmatic result.” Id. at 180 (quoting Coleman v. Pross, 219 Va. 

143, 158 (1978)). “[T]he legislative remedy for a procedural violation is not suppression of the 

evidence, but a full and fair opportunity for both sides to attempt to prove or disprove any 

prejudicial effect of the violation.” Id. at 179 (quoting Cutright v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 

593, 600-01 (2004)). 

In Shelton, this Court held that a breath machine operator substantially complied with the 

breath test requirements when the officer showed Shelton the results but did not provide him a

printed copy. Id. at 177. We agreed with the trial court in that case that “the fact that [Shelton 

was] shown the result but not actually given a paper copy of the result can hardly have any effect 

on his substantive rights at trial.” Id. at 180. The violation was therefore “minor, trivial, and 

nonmaterial.” Id. at 181. 

Williams argues that she was prejudiced by the failure to give her a copy of the printout 

because of the enhanced punishment charged in the warrant. But there is a difference between 

the prejudicial effect of evidence being admitted at trial and a delay in receiving inculpatory 

evidence. She presents no argument that receiving the paperwork in discovery rather than at the 

time of the test prejudiced her ability to defend herself at trial. The enhanced BAC is the 

prejudice Williams complains of, not the delay in receiving a copy of the breath test printout. 

Under the substantial compliance statute, Williams was permitted to present evidence that 

she was prejudiced by the procedural failure, but she presented none at trial. Williams had notice 

of her elevated BAC when Trooper Gregory verbally confirmed the results, and when she was 

charged with having a BAC level between 0.15 and 0.20. She also conceded at trial that Trooper 

Gregory’s explanation for why she did not receive a copy was “exceedingly reasonable” with no 

evidence of bad faith. Thus, just as in Shelton, the procedural violation in this case is “minor, 
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trivial, and nonmaterial.” 45 Va. App. at 181. We do not disturb the trial court’s finding that 

Trooper Gregory substantially complied with the statutory requirements and that the certificate 

of analysis was admissible.6

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s judgment.

Affirmed.

6 We further note that, even if the trial court erred in admitting the certificate of analysis, 

any error was harmless, where Trooper Gregory testified, without objection, that Williams’ BAC 

level was 0.20. See Code § 8.01-678.