# Patent

## Title
Remote measurement of motion employing RFID

## Abstract

A system and method for making measurements using and RFID system includes a transceiver, a transponder and a sensor configured within the transponder. The transceiver is configured to send and receive radio frequency signals. The transponder is configured to receive radio frequency signals from the transceiver and to send radio frequency signals to the transceiver. The transponder includes a sensor. The transceiver is configured to send an activation signal to the transponder thereby enabling the first transponder sensor to make a vibration measurement and to hold the measurement.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This Utility Patent Application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/117,803, entitled “REMOTE MEASUREMENT EMPLOYING RFID,”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/118,021, entitled “REMOTE DETECTION EMPLOYING RFID,”, which are all filed on even date herewith, are all assigned to the same assignee as the present application, and are all herein incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND
The present invention relates to radio frequency (RF) communications, and more particularly, to radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. Wireless communication systems that communicate signals over the RF spectrum are well known in the art. One such system is the RFID system. Typically, an RFID system includes a transceiver having a transceiver antenna, and a tag or transponder having a transponder antenna. Typically, the transponder is electronically programmed with unique information. The transceiver periodically transmits RF interrogation signals to the transponder. Upon receiving an interrogation signal, the transponder responds by transmitting a response signal containing data.
RFID systems have been used in a variety of circumstances, such as for tracking inventory, tracking movements of objects, various security applications, and a variety of other applications. RFID systems have not, however, typically been employed as measuring devices. Consequently, there is a need for the present invention.
SUMMARY
One aspect of the present invention provides a measurement system. The system includes a transceiver and a transponder. The transceiver is configured to send and receive radio frequency signals. The transponder is configured to receive radio frequency signals from the transceiver and to send radio frequency signals to the transceiver. The transponder includes a sensor. The transceiver is configured to send an activation signal to the transponder thereby enabling the first transponder sensor to make a vibration measurement and to hold the measurement.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block/schematic diagram illustrating an RFID system.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a transponder.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a transponder in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a block/schematic diagram illustrating an RFID system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following Detailed Description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. In this regard, directional terminology, such as “top,” “bottom,” “front,” “back,” “leading,” “trailing,” etc., is used with reference to the orientation of the Figure(s) being described. Because components of embodiments of the present invention can be positioned in a number of different orientations, the directional terminology is used for purposes of illustration and is in no way limiting. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
FIG. 1 illustrates radio frequency identification (RFID) system 10. RFID system 10 includes transceiver 12 and transponder 20. Transceiver 12 includes transceiver antenna 14. Transponder 20 includes transponder antenna 22. Signals generated by transceiver antenna 14 and by transponder antenna 22 are transferred through medium interface 16.
Transceiver 12 of RFID system 10 is configured to communicate with transponder 20. In one embodiment, transceiver 12 includes a microprocessor, and in another embodiment, transceiver 12 is coupled to a host system that includes a microprocessor. In one embodiment, transceiver antenna 14 is integrated within a single transceiver device. In one embodiment, transceiver 12 includes a separate transceiver circuit device and a separate transceiver antenna 14. Transceiver antenna 14 emits radio frequency signals that are transmitted through medium 16 to activate transponder 20. After activating transponder 20, transceiver 12 reads and writes data to and from transponder 20. Transceiver antenna 14 and transponder antenna 22 are the conduits between transceiver 12 and transponder 20, and communicate radio frequency signals through medium interface 16.
In some embodiments, medium interface 16 is air, and in other embodiments medium interface 16 includes air and other materials. Transceiver antenna 14 and transponder antenna 22 can be of a variety of shapes and sizes, dependent upon the anticipated distance separating them, the type of medium 16 that is between antennas 14 and 22, and on other factors.
Transceiver 12 typically performs a variety of functions in controlling communication with transponder 20. In one case, transceiver 12 emits output signals from transceiver antenna 14, thereby establishing an electromagnetic zone for some distance adjacent antenna 14. When transponder 20 passes through the electromagnetic zone established by transceiver antenna 14, transponder 20 detects an activation signal from transceiver 12. Transponder 20 typically has integrated circuits that include data that is encoded in memory. Once transponder 20 is activated with the activation signal, transceiver 12 decodes data that is encoded in transponder 20. For instance, in one embodiment transceiver 12 performs signal conditioning, parity error checking and correction.
Typically, transceiver 12 emits radio waves in ranges from a few millimeters up to hundreds of feet or more, depending on its output power and upon the radio frequency used. In one case, transceiver 12 is integrated in a circuit board card that is then coupled to a host computer, which processes the received data and controls some of the communication with transponder 20.
FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of transponder 20. In one embodiment, transponder 20 includes transponder antenna 22, analog circuitry 24, digital circuitry 26, and memory 28. In various embodiments, memory 28 can include read only memory (ROM) 30, flash memory 32, and/or random access memory (RAM) 34.
Transponder 20 comes in a variety of shapes and sizes for use in a variety of applications. For example, in one embodiment transponder 20 is configured as a small cylindrical-shaped tube having a diameter the size of a typical pencil lead. For example, such a transponder can be inserted beneath the skin of an animal to facilitate tracking the animal. In another embodiment, transponder 20 is screw-shaped such that it is screwed into trees or wooden items for identification or related purposes. In still other cases, transponder 20 is credit-card shaped for use in a multitude of access and/or security applications. In another embodiment, transponder 20 is embedded in hard plastic tags attached to merchandise in stores for security purposes, and in other embodiments it is in heavy-duty relatively large cases that are used to track inter-modal containers or heavy machinery, as well as a variety of other applications.
In some embodiments, transponder 20 includes one or more types of memory 28. For example, in some embodiments memory 28 includes ROM 30 to accommodate security data and operating system instructions that are employed in conjunction with analog circuitry 24 and digital circuitry 26 to control the flow of data within transponder 20. In other embodiments, memory 28 includes RAM 34 to facilitate temporary data storage during a time period when transceiver 12 is interrogating transponder 20 for a response. In other embodiments, memory 28 includes flash memory 32 to store data in transponder 20 that is non-volatile in order to ensure that the data is retained when transponder 20 is in a quiescent or power saving state. In some embodiments, memory 28 includes other types of non-volatile programmable memory, such as programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), and electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). Any one of memory types ROM 30, flash memory 32 (or other non-volatile programmable memory), or RAM 34 can be used, or any combination thereof can be used.
In one embodiment, transponder 20 is an active transponder device. An active transponder is powered by an internal energy source, such as a battery configured within analog circuitry 24. Such active transponders are typically “read/write,” which means data stored within memory 28 of transponder 20 can be rewritten and/or modified. An active transponder can also be powered from an existing source in another electronic device. For example, where transponder 20 is an active transponder coupled within a computer system, the power supply within the computer system supplies power to the transponder.
In one embodiment, transponder 20 is a passive transponder device. Passive transponders operate without a separate internal power source and obtain operating power from transceiver 12. Rather than having a battery within analog circuitry 24, for example, passive tags instead can use a strongly capacitive circuit and a charge pump within analog circuitry 24. The capacitive circuit and charge pump are configured to receive radio frequency energy from transceiver 12 and store it for use within transponder 20, for example, to control digital circuit 26 and memory 28.
Since active transponders accommodate an internal battery, they are typically larger in size than passive transponders. Memory size within an active transponder varies, but can be fairly significant with some systems operating, for example, with up to a megabyte or more of memory. Active transponders also typically have a longer ready range such that transceiver 12 and transponder 20 are typically placed apart at greater distances than in the case of passive transponders. In the same way, passive transponders typically have shorter read ranges, but are typically much smaller and lighter than active transponders and are typically less expensive.
In addition to including a battery for active transponders or capacitive circuit and charge pump for passive transponders, analog circuitry 24 typically include interface circuits for data transfer between transponder antenna 22 and digital circuitry 26. Digital circuitry 26 in turn typically includes control logic, security logic, and internal logic or microprocessor capabilities. This control logic controls the flow of data to and from memory 28.
FIG. 3 illustrates transponder 40 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Transponder 40 includes transponder antenna 42, analog circuitry 44, digital circuitry 46, analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 50, flash memory 52, random access memory (RAM) 54, and sensor 60.
Sensor 60 is configured to make measurements in a variety of applications. In one embodiment, sensor 60 is configured to measure temperature. In another embodiment, sensor 60 is configured to measure magnetic fields. In other embodiments, sensor 60 is configured to make various other measurements.
In one embodiment, sensor 60 is configured to measure motion. In one embodiment, sensor 60 is an accelerometer. In operation, transponder 40 is used in conjunction with a transceiver such that a transceiver first sends radio frequency signals to transponder 40. These radio frequency signals are received via transponder antenna 42 and sent to analog circuitry 44. In one embodiment, analog circuitry 44 includes a capacitive circuit and a charge pump. In this way, received radio frequency signals charge the capacitive circuit within analog circuitry 44. The storage energy is then used to energize digital circuitry 46.
In one embodiment, digital circuitry 46 includes control circuitry for activating flash memory 52 and RAM 54, as well as enabling ADC 50 and sensor 60. In this way, upon activation by digital circuitry 46, sensor 60 makes a measurement of the vibration of the device to which transponder 40 is coupled, and send the measured signal to ADC 50. The measured signal, which is in analog form, is then converted to digital form by ADC 50. In one embodiment, the digitized measured signal is then stored in flash memory 52. In this way, the transceiver then subsequently interrogates transponder 40 in order to read the digitized measured signal stored in flash memory 52 of transponder 40. In another embodiment, the transceiver interrogates transponder 40 in order to read the digitized measured signal directly from ADC 50, such that there is no memory for storing the measured value.
FIG. 4 illustrates RFID system 80 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. RFID system 80 includes transceiver 82, transceiver antenna 84, first and second transponders 92 and 94, and first and second devices 96 and 98. Medium interface 86 is between transceiver antenna 84 and first and second transponders 92 and 94.
In one embodiment of the present invention, RFID system 80 is used to remotely measure vibration of first and second devices 96 and 98 without requiring a wired connection to the devices. RFID system 80 is useful in applications where attaching wires or other physical connectors to first and second devices 96 and 98 is impractical, or where doing so could affect and/or distort the measurements that are made. With RFID system 80, multiple measurements from a plurality of transponders are made using the same simple RFID interface.
In operation of one embodiment of RFID system 80, first and second transponders 92 and 94 are fixed to first and second devices 96 and 98. In one embodiment, RFID system 80 makes measurements of first and second devices 96 and 98 via first and second transponders 92 and 94 without a physical connection thereto. Instead, transceiver 82 sends radio frequency signals via transceiver antenna 84 through medium interface 86 to first and second transponders 92 and 94. In this way, measurements are made in locations where in is not convenient, or even where it is not possible, to route wires to the measurement location.
In one embodiment of RFID system 80, each of first and second transponders 92 and 94 are configured similarly to transponder 40 illustrated in FIG. 3. In this way, each of first and second transponders 92 and 94 has a transponder antenna, analog and digital circuitry, a sensor, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and memory. In one embodiment, first and second devices 96 and 98 each undergo some degree of vibration that varies over time. In addition, in this embodiment the sensors within first and second transponders 92 and 94 are accelerometers such that they sense the vibration or motion of first and second devices 96 and 98 upon activation of the sensors by digital control circuitry. This measurement is then digitized by the ADC and sent to transceiver 82 during subsequent interrogation. In one embodiment, the measurement is stored within the memory of transponders 92 and 94 for retrieval during the subsequent interrogation by transceiver 82.
In one application of RFID system 80, first and second devices 96 and 98 are information technology-type equipment, such as hard drives, which can be sensitive to shock and vibration. First and second transponders 92 and 94 are coupled to sensitive information technology equipment. Transceiver 82 is integrated into a computer system. In this way, transceiver 82 retrieves measurements from first and second transponders 92 and 94 and passes the information on to the computer system. The computer system then is alerted to potential damage to the information technology equipment.
Furthermore, in one embodiment limits of tolerance are set in each of first and second transponders 92 and 94. In this way, when and shock or vibration measured from first and second transponders 92 and 94 of the information technology equipment exceeds the set limits of tolerance, the computer system alerts users to the potential problem with the equipment. In some cases, this alert will come before the equipment failure, thereby avoiding it when appropriate action is taken upon warning.
In one embodiment, RFID system 80 is employed in the testing phase of a computer system design. First and second transponders 92 and 94, as well as additional transponders as appropriate, are coupled to components of the computer system under design. Each of the so-coupled components is then monitored for shock and vibration without any direct wiring.
In one embodiment, radio frequency signals received from transceiver 82 are received by the associated transponder antenna within first and second transponders 92 and 94, and sent to analog circuitry, which in one case includes a capacitive circuit and charge pump. Energy stored in the capacitive circuit is then used to control digital circuitry within each of first and second transponders 92 and 94. The digital circuitry then activates the sensor, such as an accelerometer, to make a vibration measurement. Such vibration measurement is then converted to a digital signal by the ADC and stored in the memory.
Once the digital representation of the vibration measurement is stored in the memory of first and second transponders 92 and 94, transceiver 82 then interrogates each of first and second transponders 92 and 94 and receives the digitized measured signal using a simple bit protocol along with identification bits for each of the first and second transponders 92 and 94. Thus, the identification bits will identify the transponder from which the measurement came, and software can translate the received data and associate each of first and second transponders 92 and 94 with each of the devices 96 and 98.
In one embodiment, in addition to the identification bits for the particular transponder and the digital representation of the vibration measurement, a conversion factor is also built into each of the transponders and is read by the transceiver to determine how to convert the digital representation of the vibration measurement into an actual vibration measurement. In some cases, a conversion factor is encoded within first and second transponders 92 and 94 so that the measured signal received by transceiver 82 is an absolute representation of the actual measured value. In other cases, the measured signal received is a more relative signal such that encoding of that signal will take place in software associated with transceiver 82 to determine its actual value.
In one embodiment, RFID system 80 includes first and second transponders 92 and 94, which are active transponders. In this embodiment, first and second transponders 92 and 94 are configured such that each has a battery or similar energy storage device within the analog circuitry of each transponder. This provides an RFID system 80 with excellent range, meaning that first and second transponders 92 and 94 are operable even when placed a considerable distance from transceiver 82. For example, in one embodiment first and second transponders 92 and 94 are active and include accelerometer-type sensors. In this way, first and second transponders 92 and 94 sense and store vibration measurements, even when they are remote from or out of range of transceiver 82. Transceiver 82 then interrogates first and second transponders 92 and 94 to retrieve the vibration measurements when first and second transponders 92 and 94 are back in range. Such embodiments may be used to determine the amount of shock or vibration a part is subjected to during shipping of the part.
In one embodiment, RFID system 80 includes first and second transponders 92 and 94, which are passive transponders. In one such embodiment, first and second transponders 92 and 94 are configured very similarly to transponder 40 illustrated in FIG. 3. In this way, a capacitive circuit and charge pump are provided within the analog circuitry of each of first and second transponders 92 and 94.
In one embodiment of these passive first and second transponders 92 and 94, each can also further include a charge building device. In this way, radio frequency signals received from transceiver 82 by first and second transponders 92 and 94 builds up additional charge over a period of time. This additional built-up charge can then be used to power the control circuitry within first and second transponders 92 and 94. In this way, RF signals are sent by transceiver 82 to first and second transponders 92 and 94 over a first period of time. Subsequently, that charge is released and used to power control circuitry over a second period of time, which is a shorter period of time than the first. In this way, a relatively large signal is generated within each of first and second transponders 92 and 94 due to the quicker dispensing of that stored energy relative to how it was received. In one embodiment, the charge building device within passive first and second transponders 92 and 94 is a capacitive ladder, or similar circuitry for building and storing energy over time.
RFID system 80 provides a connectionless system and method for making measurements. Unlike many current systems, there are no wires coupled to the devices that are being measured for shock and vibration. A single measurement location is provided, or several measurement locations and corresponding measuring transponders are provided, all using the same simple RFID interface.
Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a variety of alternate and/or equivalent implementations may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope of the present invention. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the specific embodiments discussed herein. Therefore, it is intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof.

## Claims

1. A measurement system, comprising:
a transceiver configured to send and receive radio frequency signals;
a first transponder configured to receive radio frequency signals from the transceiver and to send radio frequency signals to the transceiver when in range of the transceiver, the first transponder comprising an accelerometer motion sensor;
wherein the transceiver is configured to send an activation signal to the first transponder thereby enabling the accelerometer motion sensor to make a motion measurement and wherein the first transponder makes and holds the motion measurement while outside the range of the transceiver.

2. The measurement system of claim 1, wherein the first transponder further comprises an analog-to-digital converter coupled to the accelerometer motion sensor such that the motion measurement is converted to a digital value.

3. The measurement system of claim 2, wherein the transceiver is further configured to interrogate the first transponder when the first transponder is back in range of the transceiver in order to receive the motion measurement.

4. The measurement system of claim 2, wherein the first transponder further includes a first transponder memory configured to store the motion measurement.

5. The measurement system of claim 4, wherein the transceiver is further configured to interrogate the first transponder in order to receive the motion measurement stored in the first transponder memory.

6. The measurement system of claim 5, wherein digital value stored in the first transponder memory is stored with a simple bit protocol, with identification bits that identify the first transponder and encoded with a conversion factor for determining an actual measured value.

7. The measurement system of claim 1, wherein the first transponder is an active transponder further comprising analog circuitry configured with a battery.

8. The measurement system of claim 1, wherein the first passive transponder further comprises analog circuitry configured with a charge circuit and a capacitor such that radio frequency signals received from the transceiver supply energy to the charge circuit and a capacitor, and wherein the energy within the charge circuit and capacitor is supplied to the accelerometer motion sensor for making the measurement.

9. The measurement system of claim 8, wherein the analog circuitry of the first transponder further comprises a capacitor ladder circuit such that radio frequency signals received from the transceiver build up energy over time.

10. The measurement system of claim 1, wherein first transponder is coupled to a transported object, such that the motion measurement is indicative of the amount of vibration the transported object is subjected to during transporting.

11. A method of making a measurement comprising:
sending radio frequency signals from a transceiver to a transponder while the transponder is within range of the transceiver;
making a vibration measurement with an accelerometer sensor within the transponder while the transponder is outside the range of the transceiver; and
holding the vibration measurement within the transponder.

12. The method of claim 11, further including interrogating the transponder with the transceiver via radio frequency signals while the transponder is in range of the transceiver such that the transceiver receives the vibration measurement made by the accelerometer sensor.

13. The method of claim 11, further comprising coupling the transponder to an transported object such that d interrogating the transponder with the transceiver via radio frequency signals such that the vibration measurement is indicative of the amount of vibration the transported object is subjected to during transporting.

14. A method of making a measurement comprising:
sending radio frequency signals from a transceiver to a transponder;
charging an analog circuit within the transponder from the radio frequency signals received from the transceiver;
transporting the transponder outside the range of the transceiver;
activating an accelerometer within the transponder using the charged analog circuit;
making a measurement with the accelerometer;
transporting the transponder back into the range of the transceiver;
interrogating the transponder with the transceiver via radio frequency signals such that the transceiver receives the measurement made by the accelerometer.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the sensor within the transponder makes an analog measurement and the method further comprising converting the analog measurement to a digital value.

16. The method of claim 15 further comprising storing the measurement within a memory of the transponder.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein charging the analog circuitry further comprises using the radio frequency signals received from the transceiver to charge a charge circuit and a capacitor.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein charging the analog circuitry further comprises using the radio frequency signals received from the transceiver to charge a charge circuit and a capacitor ladder circuit such that radio frequency signals received from the transceiver build up energy over time.

19. The method of claim 14, further comprising coupling the transponder to a device that is transported outside the range of the transceiver and measuring the vibration of the device during the transporting.