CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

5.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 5­1

5.2 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK............................................................... 5­1

5.3 GENERAL SERVICE FLUORESCENT LAMPS.......................................................... 5­3

5.3.1 Four­Foot MBP GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K...................................................... 5­6

5.3.1.1 Baseline Models....................................................................................... 5­6

5.3.1.2 Efficacy Levels ........................................................................................ 5­8

5.3.1.3 System Power Rating............................................................................. 5­12

5.3.1.4 Results.................................................................................................... 5­22

5.3.2 Eight­foot SP Slimline GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K......................................... 5­31

5.3.2.1 Baseline Models..................................................................................... 5­31

5.3.2.2 Efficacy Levels ...................................................................................... 5­32

5.3.2.3 System Power Rating............................................................................. 5­36

5.3.2.4 Results.................................................................................................... 5­41

5.3.3 Eight­Foot RDC HO GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K............................................ 5­45

5.3.3.1 Baseline Models..................................................................................... 5­45

5.3.3.2 Efficacy Levels ...................................................................................... 5­45

5.3.3.3 System Power Rating............................................................................. 5­48

5.3.3.4 Results.................................................................................................... 5­50

5.3.4 Four­foot T5 MiniBP SO GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K..................................... 5­54

5.3.4.1 Baseline Models..................................................................................... 5­54

5.3.4.2 Efficacy Levels ...................................................................................... 5­54

5.3.4.3 System Power Rating............................................................................. 5­57

5.3.4.4 Results.................................................................................................... 5­58

5.3.5 Four­foot T5 MiniBP HO GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K .................................... 5­61

5.3.5.1 Baseline Models..................................................................................... 5­61

5.3.5.2 Efficacy Levels ...................................................................................... 5­61

5.3.5.3 System Power Rating............................................................................. 5­64

5.3.5.4 Results.................................................................................................... 5­64

5.4 INCANDESCENT REFLECTOR LAMPS................................................................... 5­66

5.4.1 Baseline Models for IRL With Diameters Greater Than 2.5 Inches and Operating

Voltages Less Than or Equal to 125V........................................................................... 5­67

5.4.2 Efficacy Levels .................................................................................................. 5­67

5.4.3 Results................................................................................................................ 5­70

5.5 SCALING TO PRODUCT CLASSES NOT ANALYZED .......................................... 5­73

5.5.1 General Service Fluorescent Lamps .................................................................. 5­73

5.5.1.1 2­foot U­Shaped GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K....................................... 5­73

5.5.1.2 Lamps With CCTs Above 4,500K......................................................... 5­74

5.5.2 Incandescent Reflector Lamps........................................................................... 5­76

5.5.2.1 Modified­Spectrum IRL......................................................................... 5­76

5.5.2.2 IRL With Diameters Less Than or Equal To 2.5 Inches........................ 5­76

5.5.2.3 IRL With Operating Voltages Greater Than or Equal to 125 Volts...... 5­77

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
5.6 SUMMARY OF ALL EFFICACY LEVELS FOR COVERED PRODUCTS ............. 5­78

5.6.1 Summary of All Efficacy Levels for Covered GSFL ........................................ 5­78

5.6.2 Summary of All Efficacy Levels for Covered IRL............................................ 5­79

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 5­80

LIST OF TABLES

Table 5.3.1 DOE Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Product Classes for General Service

Fluorescent Lamps....................................................................................................................... 5­4

Table 5.3.2 Baseline Lamps for Commercial and Industrial 4­Foot MBP Engineering Analysis. 5­

8

Table 5.3.3 Baseline Lamps for Residential 4­Foot MBP Engineering Analysis ....................... 5­8

Table 5.3.4 4­Foot MBP Lamp Designs................................................................................... 5­11

Table 5.3.5 Summary of the ELs for 4­Foot MBP Fluorescent Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K . 5­12

Table 5.3.6 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Three­Lamp 40W T12, 4,100K

System in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors..................................................................... 5­23

Table 5.3.7 Lamp and Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Three­Lamp 40W T12,

4,100K System in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors........................................................ 5­24

Table 5.3.8 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp 40W T12, 4,100K

System in the Residential Sector................................................................................................ 5­25

Table 5.3.9 Lamp and Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp 40W T12,

4,100K System in the Residential Sector................................................................................... 5­26

Table 5.3.10 Lamp and Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Three­Lamp 34W T12,

4,100K System in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors........................................................ 5­28

Table 5.3.11 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Three­Lamp 32W T8, 4,100K

System in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors..................................................................... 5­30

Table 5.3.12 Lamp and Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Three­Lamp 32W T8,

4,100K System in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors........................................................ 5­30

Table 5.3.13 Baseline Units of Analysis for 8­Foot SP Slimline Lamps ................................. 5­32

Table 5.3.14 8­Foot SP Slimline Lamp Designs........................................................................ 5­35

Table 5.3.15. Summary of the ELs for 8­Foot SP Slimline Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K....... 5­36

Table 5.3.16 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a 75W T12, 4,100K System ....... 5­42

Table 5.3.17 Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a 75W T12, 4,100K

System........................................................................................................................................ 5­42

Table 5.3.18 Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a 60W T12, 4,100K

System........................................................................................................................................ 5­43

Table 5.3.19 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp, 59W, T8, 4,100K

System........................................................................................................................................ 5­44

Table 5.3.20 Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp, 59W, T8,

4,100K System........................................................................................................................... 5­44

Table 5.3.21 Baseline Units of Analysis for 8­Foot RDC High­Output Lamps....................... 5­45

Table 5.3.22 8­Foot RDC HO Lamp Designs............................................................................ 5­47

Table 5.3.23 Summary of the ELs for 8­Foot RDC HO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K............ 5­48

Table 5.3.24 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a 110W T12, 4,100K System ..... 5­51

Table 5.3.25 Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a 110W T12, 4,100K

System........................................................................................................................................ 5­52

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.26 Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a 95W T12, 4,100K

System........................................................................................................................................ 5­53

Table 5.3.27 Baseline Unit of Analysis for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP Standard­Output Lamps........ 5­54

Table 5.3.28 4­Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamp Designs .................................................................. 5­56

Table 5.3.29 Summary of the ELs for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K .. 5­57

Table 5.3.30 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp 28W T5, 4,100K

System........................................................................................................................................ 5­60

Table 5.3.31 Lamp and Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp 28W T5,

4,100K System........................................................................................................................... 5­60

Table 5.3.32 Baseline Unit of Analysis for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP High­Output Lamps .............. 5­61

Table 5.3.33 4­Foot T5 MiniBP HO Lamp Designs.................................................................. 5­63

Table 5.3.34 Summary of the ELs for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP HO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K.. 5­64

Table 5.3.35 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp 54W T5, 4,100K

System........................................................................................................................................ 5­65

Table 5.3.36 Lamp and Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp 54W T5,

4,100K System........................................................................................................................... 5­65

Table 5.4.1 Product Classes for Incandescent Reflector Lamps............................................... 5­66

Table 5.4.2 IRL Representative Product Class and Baseline Lamps........................................ 5­67

Table 5.4.3 Summary of the ELs for IRL With Diameters Greater Than 2.5 Inches and

Operating Voltages Less Than 125V......................................................................................... 5­69

Table 5.4.4 IRL Engineering Analysis 50W PAR30................................................................ 5­71

Table 5.4.5. IRL Engineering Analysis for 75W PAR38 ......................................................... 5­72

Table 5.4.6 IRL Engineering Analysis for 90W PAR38 .......................................................... 5­73

Table 5.5.1 Efficacy Requirements for 2­Foot U­Shaped Lamps With CCTs Less Than or Equal

To 4,500K .................................................................................................................................. 5­74

Table 5.5.2 Efficacy Requirements For 4­Foot MBP Lamps With CCTs Above 4,500K ....... 5­74

Table 5.5.3 Efficacy Requirements For 8­Foot SP Slimline Lamps With CCTs Above 4,500K. 5­

74

Table 5.5.4 Efficacy Requirements For 8­Foot RDC HO Lamps With CCTs Above 4,500K. 5­75

Table 5.5.5 Efficacy Requirements For 4­Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamps With CCTs Above

4,500K........................................................................................................................................ 5­75

Table 5.5.6 Efficacy Requirements For 4­Foot T5 MiniBP HO Lamps With CCTs Above

4,500K........................................................................................................................................ 5­75

Table 5.5.7 Efficacy Levels For 2­Foot U­Shaped Lamps With CCTs Greater Than 4,500K. 5­75

Table 5.5.8 Summary of the ELs for Modified­Spectrum IRL With Diameters Greater Than 2.5

Inches and Operating Voltages Less Than 125V....................................................................... 5­76

Table 5.5.9 Summary of the ELs for Standard­Spectrum IRL With Diameters Less Than or

Equal To 2.5 Inches and Operating Voltages Less Than 125V................................................. 5­77

Table 5.5.10 Summary of the ELs for Standard Spectrum IRL With Diameters Greater Than 2.5

Inches and Operating Voltages Greater Than or Equal to 125V ............................................... 5­78

Table 5.6.1 Summary of All Efficacy Levels for Covered GSFL ............................................ 5­78

Table 5.6.2 Summary of All Efficacy Levels for Covered IRL................................................ 5­79

LIST OF FIGURES

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
14

Figure 5.3.1 Efficacy Levels for 4­Foot MBP Fluorescent Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K ....... 5­10

Figure 5.3.2 Three­Lamp 32W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

0.98­1.05 .................................................................................................................................... 5­13

Figure 5.3.3 Three­Lamp 30W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.07­1.12 .................................................................................................................................... 5­13

Figure 5.3.4 Three­Lamp 28W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.98, and BEF

1.16­1.20 .................................................................................................................................... 5­14

Figure 5.3.5 Three­Lamp 25W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, and BEF 1.31­1.34 .. 5­

Figure 5.3.6 Two­Lamp 32W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.40­1.53 .................................................................................................................................... 5­15

Figure 5.3.7 Two­Lamp 30W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.56­1.67 .................................................................................................................................... 5­16

Figure 5.3.8 Two­Lamp 28W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.98, and BEF

1.69­1.73 .................................................................................................................................... 5­16

Figure 5.3.9 Two­Lamp 25W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.98, and BEF

1.91­1.97 .................................................................................................................................... 5­17

Figure 5.3.10 Two­Lamp 40W 120V Ballasts with <20 Percent THD, PF >0.95, and BEF 1.20­

1.22 in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors.......................................................................... 5­18

Figure 5.3.11 Three­Lamp 40W 120V Ballasts Linear Fit (Based on Slope Change from TwoLamp to Three­Lamp Ballasts for 32W T8 Applied to T12 and Common T12 Electronic Ballast)

.................................................................................................................................................... 5­19

Figure 5.3.12 Two­Lamp 34W 120V Ballasts with <20 Percent THD, PF >0.95, and BEF 1.42­

1.44 in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors.......................................................................... 5­19

Figure 5.3.13 Three­Lamp 34W 120V Ballasts (Based on Slope Change from Two­Lamp to

Three­Lamp Ballasts for T8 Applied to T12 and Common T12 Electronic Ballast) ................ 5­20

Figure 5.3.14 Two­Lamp 40W Ballasts with <40 Percent THD, PF >0.55, and BEF 1.12­1.18 in

the Residential Sector ................................................................................................................ 5­21

Figure 5.3.15 Two­Lamp 34W Ballasts with <50 Percent THD, PF >0.53, and BEF 1.37­1.56 in

the Residential Sector ................................................................................................................ 5­21

Figure 5.3.16 Efficacy Levels for 8­Foot SP Slimline Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K .............. 5­34

Figure 5.3.17 Two­Lamp 75W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

0.64­0.66; Linear Fit: m=100.0, b=47.0 .................................................................................... 5­37

Figure 5.3.18 Two­Lamp 60W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

0.79­0.80; Linear Fit: m=100.0, b=22.0 .................................................................................... 5­38

Figure 5.3.19 Two­Lamp 59W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

0.77­0.79; Linear Fit: m=123.7, b=4.0 ...................................................................................... 5­39

Figure 5.3.20 Two­Lamp 57W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

0.80­0.81; Linear Fit: m=50.0, b=63.5 ...................................................................................... 5­40

Figure 5.3.21 Two­Lamp 55W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <10 percent, and BEF 0.86; Linear

Fit: m=118.4, b=­2.2 .................................................................................................................. 5­41

Figure 5.3.22 Efficacy Levels for 8­Foot RDC HO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K .................. 5­47

Figure 5.3.23 Two­Lamp 110W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

0.42­0.43; Linear Fit: m=307.7, b=­65.4 ................................................................................... 5­49

Figure 5.3.24 Two­Lamp 95W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

0.48­0.52; Linear Fit: m=433.3, b=­204.3 ................................................................................. 5­49

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Figure 5.3.25 Two­Lamp 86W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

0.54­0.55; Linear Fit: m=128.6, b=46.9 .................................................................................... 5­50

Figure 5.3.26 Efficacy Levels for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K......... 5­56

Figure 5.3.27 Two­Lamp 28W T5 Ballasts with THD <10 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF 1.52­1.67

.................................................................................................................................................... 5­58

Figure 5.3.28 Two­Lamp 26W T5 Ballasts with THD <10 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF 1.67­1.71

.................................................................................................................................................... 5­58

Figure 5.3.29 Efficacy Level for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP HO Fluorescent Lamps With CCTs ≤

4,500K........................................................................................................................................ 5­63

Figure 5.4.1 Baselines and Reduced Wattage Options for IRL With Diameters Greater Than 2.5

Inches and Voltages Less Than 125V........................................................................................ 5­70

5­v

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides the technical support documentation for the engineering analyses

of general service fluorescent lamps (GSFL) and incandescent reflector lamps (IRL). Generally,

the purpose of the engineering analysis is to develop efficacy levels (ELs) that encompass the

range of products affected by a standard, from the baseline products to the maximum

technologically feasible products, and develop power rating estimates for the products analyzed.

The outputs from the engineering analysis are critical inputs to subsequent cost­benefit

calculations for individual consumers.

The engineering analysis follows the screening analysis (Chapter 4), in which the U.S.

Department of Energy (DOE) identifies design options that are later used for the rulemaking

analyses. Design options include discrete technologies, such as krypton fill gas, that incorporate

one or more technologies that improve efficacy. DOE develops product efficacy levels

associated with lamps designs that incorporate a range of design options.

While some engineering analyses for other rulemakings discuss manufacturer production

costs or selling prices and relate cost or price to efficacy, this engineering analysis does not

address manufacturer costs or mark­ups. In this rulemaking, DOE develops end­user prices for

lamp and lamp­and­ballast designs analyzed by discounting published list prices (i.e., “blue book

pricing”). The product price determination (Chapter 7) discusses the pricing methodology and

results. By combining the results of the engineering analysis and the product price

determination, DOE derives the necessary inputs for use in the life cycle cost (LCC) analysis and

national impacts analysis (NIA). In particular, DOE develops lamp and lamp­and­ballast designs

associated with particular ELs and end­user prices.

This chapter starts with an outline of the engineering analysis (section 5.2), followed by

specifics on the engineering analysis for GSFL (section 5.3) and IRL (section 5.4). Each section

provides detailed information on the baseline lamps and representative product classes DOE

chooses to analyze, the development of ELs, and the results of the engineering analysis. Section

5.5 discusses how DOE extends its results from the representative product classes to those

products it does not analyze.

5.2 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK

To the extent possible, DOE bases the engineering analysis on commercially available

lamps that incorporate the design options identified in the technology assessment and screening

analysis (Chapter 4). For GSFL and IRL, DOE also bases the majority of the engineering

analysis on commercially available lamps. However, where needed, DOE supplements these

lamps with additional model lamps that use commercially available­technologies.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
The engineering analysis for each of the two categories of lamps DOE analyzes in this

rulemaking (i.e., GSFL and IRL) follows a similar approach:

Step 1. Representative Product Classes. DOE reviews covered lamps and the associated

product classes. When a product has multiple product classes, DOE selects certain

classes as “representative” and concentrates its analytical effort on these. DOE

selects representative product classes primarily because of their high market

volumes. Section 5.5 discusses how DOE extrapolated from representative product

classes to other product classes.

Step 2. Baseline Lamps. DOE selects baseline lamps from the representative product

classes. Generally, a baseline lamp is one that just meets existing mandatory energy

conservation standards or represents the typical lamp sold. DOE selects specific

characteristics such as certain correlated color temperatures (CCTs), operating

lifetimes, and light outputs to characterize the most common lamps consumers

purchase. DOE selects multiple baseline lamps in each product class to ensure

consideration of different high­volume lamps and their associated consumer

economics.

Step 3. Lamp and Ballast Designs. DOE selects more efficacious lamps for each baseline

lamp in the representative product classes by considering technologies not

eliminated in the screening analysis. DOE considers these technologies either

explicitly as design options or implicitly as design options incorporated into

commercially available lamps at the efficacy levels evaluated. In identifying more

efficacious lamp and ballast designs, DOE recognizes that a lamp’s lumen package

and performance characteristics are important design criteria for consumers. For

example, if consumers do not have the option to purchase substitution lamps or

lamp­and­ballast systems with similar lumen packages under an energy

conservation standard, consumers would need to change the lighting design to

maintain a similar light output. Therefore, DOE establishes lamp­and­ballast

designs for the LCC analysis so that potential light output is equal to, greater than,

or no more than 10 percent less than the light output of the baseline system. DOE

also chooses substitute lamps with performance characteristics similar to those of

the baseline lamps.

In identifying more efficacious substitutes, DOE uses a database of commercially

available lamps. For the GSFL LCC, DOE develops the engineering analysis based

on two substitution cases in which consumers can maintain light output while

decreasing energy consumption. In the first case, the consumer replaces the

baseline lamp with a more efficacious, lower­wattage lamp that operates on the

existing ballast. In the second case, the consumer replaces the lamp­and­ballast

system with a more efficacious same or lower­wattage lamp and a different ballast.

For example, a lamp­and­ballast system with a more efficacious, same­wattage

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
1 lamp and lower ballast factor (BF) ballast will consume less energy and maintain

light output.

For IRL, DOE uses some commercially available lamps, but also developed

“model” lamps. These models incorporate designs that may not be commercially

available for certain lamp types and wattages, but use commercially available

technologies.

Step 4. Efficacy Levels. After identifying the more efficacious substitutes for each baseline

lamp or lamp­and­ballast system, DOE develops ELs based on three factors: (1) the

design options associated with the specific lamps being studied (e.g., grades of

phosphor for fluorescent lamps, the use of halogen capsules for IRL, etc.); (2) the

2 ability of lamps across wattages to comply with the EL of a given product class;

and (3) the maximum technologically feasible efficacy level.

The sections that follow discuss how DOE applies this methodology to each product class

to create the engineering analysis.

5.3 GENERAL SERVICE FLUORESCENT LAMPS

As discussed in the market and technology assessment (Chapter 3), DOE revised the

Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) table of standards for fluorescent lamps to twelve

product classes, as shown in Table 5.3.1. Of these twelve product classes, DOE chose to analyze

the five classes that represent high shipment volumes–4­foot medium bipin (MBP), 8­foot single

pin (SP) slimline, 8­foot recessed double contact (RDC) high output (HO), 4­foot miniature bipin

(MiniBP) standard output (SO), and 4­foot MiniBP HO –all with a CCT less than or equal to

4,500 Kelvin (K). The 4­foot MBP lamps constitute the vast majority of GSFL sales. These are

followed, in order of unit sales, by 8­foot SP slimline lamps, 8­foot RDC HO lamps. Shipments

of 2­foot U­shaped lamps have accounted for less than five percent of GSFL unit sales

i historically and have remained stable at that level. Given the relatively small market share of Ushaped lamps, DOE did not explicitly analyze these lamps. While total shipments of 4­foot

MiniBP SO and HO lamps (often referred to as T5 lamps) currently have a relatively small

market share, shipment trends indicate that the market for these lamps is rapidly increasing.

Therefore, DOE directly analyzed 4­foot MiniBP SO and 4­foot MiniBP HO lamps.. In addition,

as lamps with CCTs greater than 4,500K represent small market shares of total GSFL sales, DOE

only analyzed lamps with CCTs less than or equal to 4,500K. DOE discusses each of the five

representative product classes separately in the sections that follow.

1 The “ballast factor” of a ballast is the ratio of the light output of a fluorescent lamp or lamps operated on a ballast

to the light output of the lamp(s) operated on a standard (reference) ballast. Ballast factor depends on both the

ballast and the lamp type; a single ballast can have several ballast factors depending on lamp type. The light output

of a single fluorescent lamp is measured on a ballast with a ballast factor of 1.0. One can reduce the light output of a

lamp­and­ballast system by operating a lamp on a ballast with a lower ballast factor. 2 Efficacy levels span multiple lamps of different wattages. In selecting ELs, DOE considered whether lamps of

different wattages can meet the efficacy levels prescribed by those ELs.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Although DOE did not create a separate engineering analysis for 2­foot U­shaped lamps

or lamps that have a CCT greater than 4,500K, DOE established standards for these product

classes, based on the representative product classes directly analyzed. For instance, DOE

extended its proposal for the 4­foot MBP product class to the 2­foot U­shaped product class.

This was possible because 2­foot U­shaped lamps generally operate in the same way and

typically span the same wattages as 4­foot MBP lamps. For lamps with CCTs greater than

4,500K, DOE extended proposed standards from similar lamp types with a CCT of less than or

equal to 4,500K. as they operate in a similar fashion and generally span the same wattages.

Section 5.5 provides more information on extending standards to the product classes DOE did

not analyze.

Table 5.3.1 DOE Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Product Classes for General Service

Fluorescent Lamps

Lamp Type

For CCT ≤ 4,500K

Minimum Lamp Efficacy

lm/W*

For CCT > 4,500K

Minimum Lamp

Efficacy

lm/W

4­foot MBP Representative product class Scaled from ≤4,500K

2­foot U­shaped Scaled from 4­foot MBP Scaled from ≤4,500K

8­foot SP slimline Representative product class Scaled from ≤4,500K

8­foot RDC HO Representative product class Scaled from ≤4,500K

4­foot T5 MiniBP SO Representative product class Scaled from ≤ 4,500K

4­foot T5 MiniBP HO Representative product class Scaled from ≤ 4,500K

* lm/W = lumens per watt

In the engineering analysis for GSFL, DOE based its ELs on lamps because the energy

conservation standards only apply to lamps. However, DOE used a systems approach in

analyzing these representative product classes because both lamps and ballasts determine a

system’s energy use and light output. DOE paired a lamp with a ballast to develop lamp­andballast systems. By using a systems approach, DOE was able to demonstrate the actual energy

consumption and light output of an operating lamp.

Using this systems approach, DOE selected a variety of energy­saving lamp­and­ballast

systems per EL. In general, DOE chose its lamp designs (which refer to lamp substitution

options) and lamp­and­ballast designs (which refer to lamp­and­ballast substitution options) by

selecting commercially available fluorescent lamps at higher efficacies than the baseline lamps.

Higher efficacies are achieved through a variety of technologies. As discussed in the screening

analysis (Chapter 4), DOE considered commercially available GSFL that use highly emissive

electrode coatings, higher efficacy lamp fill gas composition, higher efficacy phosphors, glass

coatings, or higher efficacy lamp diameter to achieve higher efficacy lamp designs.

For the LCC, DOE analyzed lamp­and­ballast systems that both save energy and

maintain comparable light output. In particular, DOE considered lamp­and­ballast designs that

emit mean lumens equal to, greater than, or no more than 10 percent less than the light output of

the baseline system. DOE maintained light output across efficacy levels to ensure that products

supply equivalent service in the base case and standards case.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
In assessing light output, DOE made a distinction between mean and initial lumens.

DOE used initial lumens in its test procedures to measure compliance with a standard. This is

consistent with consensus industry standards on efficacy measurements. Therefore, DOE used

initial lumens to calculate ELs. However, the light output of a lamp decreases over time. To

account for this real­world depreciation in lumens, DOE used mean lumens to determine

equivalent substitutes in the LCC and to determine the light output of GSFL in the NIA.

For GSFL, energy savings can be achieved either through lamp replacements or lampand­ballast replacements. For lamp replacements, DOE analyzed reduced­wattage, higherefficacy lamps for use on the existing ballast. For lamp­and­ballast replacements, DOE used a

variety of lamp­and­ballast combinations to obtain energy savings and maintain comparable

mean lumens. These combinations included both reduced­wattage lamps and constant­wattage

lamps. For example, energy savings could be achieved using a similar­wattage, higher­efficacy

lamp with a lower BF ballast while maintaining mean lumen output.

Some consumers may operate non­energy saving systems. For example, a consumer who

pairs a constant­wattage, higher­efficacy lamp with an existing ballast will get more light output

but will not save energy. DOE did not consider such non­energy­saving systems in the LCC

because energy savings determine whether a consumer can recoup any higher first costs of

replacement products. However, DOE did take into account the use of both energy­saving and

non­energy­saving systems as well as systems that may over­ or under­light when aggregating

market behavior in the NIA. This reflects the fact that DOE cannot require consumers to change

their ballast along with their lamp. Appendix 5A shows lamp­and­ballast designs considered in

the NIA.

Because DOE is using a systems approach, the system power rating is an important result

of the engineering analysis. The system power rating represents the energy consumption rate of

both the lamps and ballast, and therefore is actually greater than simply the rated lamp power.

While the rated lamp power affects the system power, the system power is also affected by the

type of ballast used, the BF of that ballast, and the number of lamps operated per ballast.

DOE calculated the system power data using published catalog information. For each

lamp wattage and ballast type, DOE linearly fitted the system power rating of a lamp on several

different ballasts with varying ballast factors. DOE used this linear fit to derive the system

power rating of the lamp on the ballasts used in the analysis. The linear fit follows the equation

below:

SPR = m * BF + b Eq. 5.1

where:

SPR = System Power Rating

BF = Ballast Factor

m = Slope of Linear Fit

b = Y­Intercept of Linear Fit

DOE considered both magnetic and electronic ballasts. For 4­foot T8 and 4­foot T12

systems, DOE used system power data from manufacturer literature to develop a linear fit for

lamps on three­lamp and two­lamp, 120V, electronic instant­start ballasts with similar ballast

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
3 efficacy factors (BEF). For some 4­foot T12s, DOE also used one­lamp and two­lamp 120V,

magnetic, rapid­start ballasts with common ballast efficacy factors. A linear fit was not

necessary for these magnetic systems because DOE used only one type of magnetic ballast in the

analysis. For 8­foot T8 and 8­foot T12 SP slimline and RDC HO lamps, DOE used system

power data from manufacturer literature to develop a linear fit for lamps on two­lamp, 120V,

electronic instant­start ballasts. DOE also used data for some 8­foot T12 SP slimline and RDC

HO lamps on two­lamp, 120V, magnetic, instant­start ballasts. Again, a linear fit is not

necessary for the magnetic systems because DOE used only one ballast per lamp type in the

analysis. For T5 lamps, DOE used system power data from manufacturer literature to develop a

linear fit for lamps on a two­lamp, 120V, electronic programmed­start ballast.

5.3.1 Four­Foot MBP GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

DOE selected the 4­foot MBP with CCTs ≤ 4,500K product class as a representative

product class for GSFL because it has the highest volume shipments of all the product classes for

fluorescent lamps. DOE reviewed the range of commercially available lamp­and­ballast

combinations to pair each lamp it analyzed with a ballast. DOE found that ballasts for 4­foot

MBP ballasts are available in a variety of lamp­per­ballast designs. For example, electronic

ballasts are typically manufactured in one­, two­, three­, and four­lamp versions. According to

ii the 2000 rule on GSFL ballasts (“2000 Ballast Rule”), there are on average 2.8 lamps per 4­foot

MBP system. 62 FR 56740 (September 19, 2000). To most accurately represent the market and

simplify the analysis, DOE used a three­lamp system for 4­foot MBP lamps operating on

electronic ballasts in the commercial sector. (This decision effectively spreads the cost of a new

ballast over the average number of lamps per system). To make a comparison between

electronic and magnetic 4­foot MBP systems, and because three­lamp magnetic ballasts typically

are not sold, DOE developed a system that combines a two­lamp magnetic and one­lamp

magnetic ballast. This allowed DOE to compare similar light output packages and make a level

4 comparison on energy use. As a review of manufacturer catalogs indicated that two­lamp

ballasts were most prevalent in the residential sector, DOE developed a separate engineering

analysis for 4­foot MBP lamps in the residential based on these two­lamp systems.

5.3.1.1 Baseline Models

The 4­foot MBP product class represents high­volume T12 and T8 4­foot MBP lamps

operating on various ballasts. To reflect the most common lamp and wattage combinations for

3 Energy efficient ballasts are characterized as having higher ballast efficacy factors (BEF). The BEF is directly

related to the quotient of the BF and the power consumed by the ballast, such that a ballast maintaining BF while

reducing power consumption will have a higher BEF, and be a more energy­efficient ballast. In its analysis, DOE

varied the ballast BF, not the BEF (given the same lamp wattage and ballast type (“electronic” or “magnetic”)), in its

assessment of standards for fluorescent lamps. DOE will be considering new and amended BEF standards in a

separate fluorescent lamp ballast rulemaking.

4 DOE recognizes that the combined cost of a one­lamp and two­lamp magnetic system would be higher than the

cost of a three­lamp system if it were manufactured. However, the comparative economics between a one­lamp and

two­lamp magnetic ballast versus a three­lamp electronic ballast is not an issue in DOE’s calculation of the LCC.

Since ballast standards will be effective in 2010 for non­residential 4­foot ballasts, DOE assumes that all new 4­foot

non­residential ballast sales are electronic.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
this product class in the commercial and industrial sectors, DOE selected three baseline

lamp/wattage combinations: a 32W T8, a 34W T12, and a 40W T12. In 2005, T8 lamps

represented 57 percent of the 4­foot MBP shipments, of which the 32W lamp was the most

common. The 2005 shipments of 4­foot T12 lamps represented 43 percent of all 4­foot MBP

shipments. The 34W T12 lamp comprised approximately two­thirds of these shipments and the

40W T12 was approximately one­third. Therefore, these three baseline lamps represent the three

highest volume lamp diameter and wattage combinations for the 4­foot MBP product class in the

commercial and industrial sectors. DOE also found that a significant portion of T12, 4­foot

MBP lamps operate in the residential sector. Conversations with industry experts as well as a

iii published study prepared for the utility Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E ) revealed that residential

consumers are most likely to buy a 40W T12 lamp; 32W T8 lamps and 34W T12 lamps are less

common. Therefore, in the residential sector, DOE only analyzed the 40W T12 lamp as a

baseline lamp.

For each of these baseline model lamps, DOE developed a set of typical performance

characteristics. For the 32W 4­foot T8 MBP lamp, DOE selected a lamp using a 700 series rare

earth phosphor. These lamps typically have a color rendering index (CRI) of 70 to 79. During

discussions with industry experts, DOE found that this lamp represents the majority of 4­foot T8

MBP lamps sold. Typically, a baseline product is a unit that just meets the existing energy

conservation standard for that product (75.0 lm/W for this product class). However, there are no

T8 lamps in this product class with an efficacy as low as 75.0 lm/W. Therefore, DOE selected a

lamp with an efficacy of 86.2 lm/W because it is the most common T8 lamp sold. For new

system installations, DOE selected T8 lamps operating in three­lamp fixtures. These fixtures are

assumed to operate on a 120V instant­start electronic ballast with a 0.88 BF. Together, the lampand­ballast combination in this three­lamp system has a light emission of approximately 6,650

mean lumens (and 7,390 initial lumens) when operating with the baseline lamp.

For the 34W 4­foot T12 MBP lamp, DOE selected a cool white lamp with an efficacy

that is slightly above the minimum efficacy standard (77.9 lm/W). A review of the product

catalogs found there are no covered 34W 4­foot T12 MBP lamps that are just compliant with the

standard (75.0 lm/W), or any with an efficacy between 75.0 and 77.9 lm/W. For the 40W 4­foot

T12 MBP lamp in the commercial and industrial sectors, DOE selected a lamp using 700 series

rare earth phosphor and an efficacy of 78 lm/W. DOE paired both commercial and industrial 4­

foot T12 MBP lamps with a rapid­start 120V magnetic ballast, which exhibits a 0.88 BF when

operating the 34W lamp and a 0.95 BF when operating the 40W lamp. This combination of

lamp and ballast represents the most common configuration for this lamp in existing and new

installations. Together, this lamp­and­ballast combination in a three­lamp fixture creates a

system package of over 6,070 mean lumens (and nearly 7,000 initial lumens) for the baseline

34W lamps and approximately 8,210 mean lumens (and 9,120 initial lumens) for the baseline

40W lamps. As mentioned earlier, DOE assumed the three­lamp fixture is wired using two

magnetic ballasts – a one­lamp and a two­lamp ballast connected in tandem with an adjacent

fixture.

In the residential sector, DOE only analyzed the 40W 4­foot T12 MBP lamp as a baseline

lamp. After reviewing available catalog information, DOE found that the most common 40W

T12 lamp sold in the residential sector is different from the 40W T12 baseline lamp for the

commercial and industrial sectors. DOE chose a 40W 4­foot T12 MBP baseline lamp for the

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
residential sector that has a slightly lower efficacy and shorter lifetime than the typical 40W T12

lamp sold in the commercial sector: 76.8 lm/W and 15,000 hours. A review of catalog

information and a PG&E study revealed that the most common residential sector ballast is a low

iii

power factor 2­lamp magnetic rapid start T12 system with a ballast factor of 0.68.

For all baseline lamps and the more efficacious lamp designs, DOE analyzed fluorescent

lamps with a CCT of 4,100K. DOE selected this CCT because it represents the highest volume

CCT for this category of lamps and because it falls within the CCT span of the analyzed product

class (2,500K to 4,500K). Additionally, the typical lifetime for the three baseline models for this

product class in the commercial and industrial sector is 20,000 hours (using a 3­hour on­off

testing cycle). In the residential sector, the typical lifetime was found to be 15,000 hours (using

a 3­hour on­off testing cycle). While there are lamps in this product class that have other

lifetimes under the 3 hour on­off testing cycle, such as 18,000 or 24,000 hrs, these lamps do not

represent the typical unit sold for these three lamp types

Table 5.3.2 Baseline Lamps for Commercial and Industrial 4­Foot MBP Engineering

Analysis

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

CRI CCT Rated

Efficacy*

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life

W K lm/W lm lm hr

T12 40 70 4,100 78.0 3,200 2,880 20,000

T12 34 62 4,100 77.9 2,650 2,300 20,000

T8 32 75 4,100 86.2 2,800 2,520 20,000

* Rated efficacy is based on the rated wattage of the lamps, which for T12 lamps is 41W and 34W and for the 32W

T8 lamp is 32.5W.

Table 5.3.3 Baseline Lamps for Residential 4­Foot MBP Engineering Analysis

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

CRI CCT Rated

Efficacy*

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life

W K lm/W lm lm hr

T12 40 70 4,100 76.8 3,150 2,860 15,000

* Rated efficacy is based on the rated wattage of the lamps, which for T12 lamps is 41W.

5.3.1.2 Efficacy Levels

For the 4­foot MBP with CCTs ≤ 4,500K product class, DOE established ELs around

design options that are consistent across all baseline lamps. Because these lamps have different

efficacy values and some represent various design options, some ELs affect only three of the four

baseline lamps. However, the full range of ELs ultimately specifies requirements that are above

the efficacy values of all the baseline lamps sold, and therefore affect all four baseline lamps.

In selecting ELs, DOE considered two different paths to energy savings. The first

involves reduced­wattage replacement lamps that could be installed in a socket and operate on

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
the existing ballast. These lower­wattage replacement lamps have a higher efficacy and

therefore produce approximately the same light output as the baseline lamp (i.e., light output

never drops below 10 percent of the baseline system).

The other path to energy savings involves lamps that have the same or lower wattage in

comparison with the baseline lamp, but operate on a new ballast with a different BF so the

system power rating is lower. DOE selected a ballast with a particular BF in conjunction with

the more efficacious lamp to produce approximately the same light output as the baseline lamp

(i.e., light output never drops below 10 percent of the baseline system).

Below is a summary of the ELs considered for 4­foot MBP lamps. The following

discussion identifies the steps and technologies associated with each EL DOE considered. As

discussed in the screening analysis (Chapter 4), DOE used design options that achieve a higher

efficacy with highly emissive electrode coatings, higher­efficacy lamp fill gas composition,

higher­efficacy phosphors, glass coatings, or higher­efficacy lamp diameter. Because highefficacy phosphors and lamp diameter are common methods to achieve higher efficacies, DOE

identified the diameter and phosphor associated with each EL:

EL1. This level affects the three T12 baseline lamps. Because the baseline T8 lamp is

above this efficacy level, consumers using the T8 lamp are not affected. The 34W T12 moves

from a cool white halophosphor to a 700 series rare earth phosphor. The 40W T12 lamp moves

from the 700 series rare earth to either an improved 700 series rare earth phosphor or 800 series

lamp.

EL2. This level also only affects T12 lamps. For the 34W T12, the lamps change from

700 series to 800 series rare earth phosphor. The 40W T12 lamp at this level uses a premium

800 series rare earth phosphor.

EL3. This level affects all four baseline lamps. The 32W T8 lamp that used 700 series

rare earth phosphor in the baseline migrates to an 800 series rare earth phosphor in a 32W lamp.

The 34W T12 lamp uses an 800 series rare earth phosphor, and may incorporate other design

options to enhance efficacy, such as a different gas fill or increased thickness of the bulb­wall

phosphor. At this level there are no 40W T12 lamps that are commercially available.

EL4. This level affects all four baseline lamps. No 4,100K T12 lamps are commercially

available that meet this efficacy requirement. Therefore, users of T12 lamps would be forced to

replace their ballasts and operate T8 lamps instead. This level requires the use of an improved

800 series rare earth phosphor in full­wattage (32W) T8 lamps. A 30W T8 and 25W T8 lamp

that produces an equivalent amount of light as the baseline unit on a similar ballast meet this EL.

EL5. This level affects all three baseline lamps. However, no T12 lamps that can meet

this efficacy requirement are commercially available. Therefore, users of T12 lamps would be

forced to replace their ballasts and operate T8 lamps instead. For the T8 lamps, this level

represents “max­tech,” the highest efficacy level available today. It uses premium 800 series

rare earth phosphor and may incorporate other efficacy improvements, such as a different gas fill

or increased thickness of the bulb­wall phosphor. The 28W T8 lamp that produces an equivalent

amount of light on the same ballast as the baseline unit meets this EL.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Figure 5.3.1 illustrates the five ELs on a plot of commercially­available fluorescent lamps

DOE selected to analyze. A line at 75 lm/W denotes the existing energy conservation standard

(from the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT 1992)). Square boxes and labels identify the four

baseline lamps. The plot also shows replacement lamps DOE considered for each lamp at higher

efficacies. Some lamps are at the same wattage, but have a higher efficacy; others have a

combination of lower wattage and higher efficacy so that the lamp­and­ballast system produces

light output no less than 10 percent of the baseline. Rated Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

100.0

98.0

96.0

94.0

92.0

90.0

88.0

86.0

84.0

82.0

80.0

78.0

76.0

74.0

72.0

4­foot T8 medium bipin 4­foot T12 medium bipin

EL5

EL4

EL3

32W T8 Baseline

EL2

EL1

34W T12 Baseline 40W T12 Commercial Baseline

40W T12 Residential Baseline

EPACT 1992

24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42

Rated Wattage (W)

Figure 5.3.1 Efficacy Levels for 4­Foot MBP Fluorescent Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Table 5.3.4 provides detailed information on the 4­foot MBP lamp designs used in the

engineering analysis and subsequent analyses.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.4 4­Foot MBP Lamp Designs

EL

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life CRI

W W lm/W lm lm hr

Baseline/0* T12 40 41.0 76.8 3,150 2,860 15,000 70

Baseline/0** T12 40 41.0 78.0 3,200 2,880 20,000 70

Baseline/0** T12 34 34.0 77.9 2,650 2,300 20,000 62

1 T12 40 41.0 80.5 3,300 3,000 20,000 80

1 T12 34 34.0 82.4 2,800 2,460 20,000 70

1 T12 40 41.0 82.9 3,400 3,060 24,000 80

2 T12 34 34.0 85.3 2,900 2,610 20,000 80

Baseline/2 T8 32 32.5 86.2 2,800 2,520 20,000 75

2 T12 40 41.0 87.8 3,600 3,250 24,000 85

3 T8 32 32.5 90.8 2,950 2,710 20,000 82

3 T12 34 34.0 91.2 3,100 2,790 24,000 85

4 T8 32 32.5 92.3 3,000 2,850 24,000 85

4 T8 25 26.6 93.0 2,475 2,350 30,000 85

4 T8 30 30.4 93.8 2,850 2,680 20,000 82

5 T8 32 32.5 95.4 3,100 2,915 24,000 82

5 T8 28 28.4 96.0 2,725 2,560 18,000 82

*This baseline lamp is used only in the residential sector.

**These baseline lamps are used only in the commercial and industrial sectors.

As seen above, DOE used commercially­available lamps and their associated rated

efficacies (rated initial lumen output divided by the ANSI rated wattage) to determine the design

options required to meet each efficacy level. However, to establish the minimum efficacy

requirements for each efficacy level, DOE coupled catalog data on commercially­available lamps

with data submitted to DOE by manufacturers for the purpose of compliance with existing

energy conservation standards for general service fluorescent lamps. By analyzing manufacturer

compliance reports, DOE found that efficacies of lamps when reported for the purpose of

compliance often vary from catalog­rated values. Because the test procedures for GSFL

incorporate a tolerance factor comparing measured lamp wattage to ANSI­rated wattage, the

measured efficacy of the lamps may be significantly different from the rated efficacy. In

addition, using rated lamp efficacy does not account for lot­to­lot production variability which

does affect the efficacy at which the lamps comply. As the efficacy reported for compliance is

related to the lower limit of the 95­percent confidence interval, significant variability in

production may result in compliance efficacies that are lower than rated efficacies.

For these reasons, to establish GSFL minimum efficacy requirements associated with

each efficacy level, DOE used lamp efficacy values submitted to DOE over the past 10 years for

the purpose of compliance with existing energy conservation standards. Specifically, DOE

determined the compliance efficacies of commercially­available lamps used in the engineering

analysis. For example, as seen in Figure 5.3.1, DOE established EL2 around allowing three

5­11

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
specific lamps to comply: the baseline 32W T8 lamp, the 34W T12, 800 series lamp with initial

lumen output of 3,100 lumens, and the 40W T12, 800 series lamps with initial lumen output of

3,250 lumens. Through examining compliance report data, DOE found that the 34W T12 lamp

had the lowest compliance efficacy of the three (81 lm/W), and therefore, set EL2 at 81 lm/W.

Because DOE did not have compliance report data on every lamp design analyzed, in such

situations DOE used compliance report data of lamps with similar design options to determine

the appropriate minimum efficacy requirement.

Table 5.3.5 summarizes the resulting efficacy levels for 4­foot MBP lamps with CCTs

less than 4,500K.

Table 5.3.5 Summary of the ELs for 4­Foot MBP Fluorescent Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Efficacy Level Efficacy Requirement

lm/W

EL1 78

EL2 81

EL3 84

EL4 89

EL5 94

Section 5.3.1.4 provides additional information on the lamp­and­ballast systems DOE

uses in the engineering analysis.

5.3.1.3 System Power Rating

The system power rating is an important result of the engineering analysis. DOE

calculated the system power rating, which represents the energy consumption rate of both the

lamps and ballast, using published catalog information. For each lamp wattage and ballast type,

DOE applied a linear fit to several points identifying the system power rating of a lamp on a

ballast and the ballast factor of the ballast. The fit follows the form of Eq. 5.1 where SPR = m *

BF + b. DOE used a linear form because the relationship is approximately linear over the range

of BFs and wattages considered.

The ballasts DOE used typically have a total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 20

percent, power factors (PF) greater than 0.95, and typical ballast efficacy factors (BEF). Because

ballast efficiencies naturally increase as lamp wattages decrease, there is a natural progression to

higher typical BEFs at lower wattages. Also, because there is less manufacturer literature on

system power ratings of ballasts with lower wattage lamps, DOE used fewer points to develop a

linear fit for the energy­saving lamp wattages. Figure 5.3.2 to Figure 5.3.5 show the linear fit

and ballast characteristics DOE uses to derive the system power rating for 3­lamp, 4­foot T8

lamps on electronic ballasts.

5­12

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
y 88.5x + 8.9

y 82.522x + 7.7509

=

60.0

65.0

70.0

75.0

80.0

85.0

90.0

95.0

100.0

105.0

110.0

System Power Rating (W)

Linear Fit: m=88.5, b=8.9

0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.2 Three­Lamp 32W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.98­1.05

120.0

System Power Rating (W)

=

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

110.0

0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

Ballast Factor

Linear Fit: m=82.5, b=7.8

Figure 5.3.3 Three­Lamp 30W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 1.07­1.12

5­13

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
y  77.701x + 6.9252 =

55.0

60.0

65.0

70.0

75.0

80.0

85.0

90.0

95.0

100.0

105.0

System Power Rating (W)

Linear Fit: m=77.7, b=6.9

0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.4 Three­Lamp 28W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.98, and

BEF 1.16­1.20

100.0

System Power Rating (W)

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30

Ballast Factor

Linear Fit: m=70.8, b=4.2

Figure 5.3.5 Three­Lamp 25W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, and BEF 1.31­

Figure 5.3.6 to Figure 5.3.9 show the linear fit and ballast characteristics DOE used to

derive the system power rating for two­lamp, 4­foot T8 MBP lamps on electronic ballasts DOE

used the system power rating for these ballasts to derive both the system power rating for 4­foot

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
T8 systems in the residential sector, 4­foot T12 electronically ballasted systems and for

additional systems DOE used in the national impact analysis. The ballasts DOE used typically

have a THD less than 20 percent, PFs greater than 0.95, and typical BEFs. Because ballast

efficiencies naturally increase as lamp wattages decrease, there is a natural progression to higher

typical BEFs at lower wattages. Also, because there is less manufacturer literature on system

power ratings of ballasts with lower wattage lamps, DOE used fewer points to develop a linear

fit for the energy­saving lamp wattages. System Power Rating (W)

85.0

80.0

75.0

70.0

65.0

60.0

55.0

50.0

45.0

40.0

Linear Fit: m=69.1, b= ­2.24

0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.6 Two­Lamp 32W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.40­1.53

5­15

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
40.0

45.0

50.0

55.0

60.0

65.0

70.0

75.0

80.0

85.0

90.0

System Power Rating (W)

Linear Fit: m=56.8, b=4.6

0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.7 Two­Lamp 30W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.56­1.67

75.0

Linear Fit: m=56.2, b=1.8

System Power Rating (W)

70.0

65.0

60.0

55.0

50.0

45.0

40.0

35.0

0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.8 Two­Lamp 28W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.98, and BEF

1.69­1.73

5­16

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
System Power Rating (W)

70.0

65.0

60.0

55.0

50.0

45.0

40.0

35.0

30.0

Linear Fit: m=49.2, b=2.1

0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.9 Two­Lamp 25W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.98, and BEF

1.91­1.97

Figure 5.3.10 to Figure 5.3.13 show the linear fit and ballast characteristics DOE used to

derive the system power rating for three­lamp, 4­foot T12 MBP lamps on electronic ballasts.

Because manufacturer literature for these lamps is uncommon, DOE extrapolated linear fits from

the two­lamp, 4­foot T12 based on the relative difference between the three­lamp and two­lamp

32W T8 slopes. To develop the y­intercept, DOE used a data point from manufacturer literature

for three­lamp, 4­foot T12s with a common BEF.

5­17

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
System Power Rating (W)

75.0

74.0

73.0

72.0

71.0

70.0

69.0

68.0

Linear Fit: m=50.5, b=28.5

0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.10 Two­Lamp 40W 120V Ballasts with <20 Percent THD, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.20­1.22 in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors

5­18

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
System Power Rating (W)

120.0

115.0

110.0

105.0

100.0

95.0

90.0

Linear Fit: m=67.9, b=47.9

0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.11 Three­Lamp 40W 120V Ballasts Linear Fit (Based on Slope Change from

Two­Lamp to Three­Lamp Ballasts for 32W T8 Applied to T12 and Common T12

Electronic Ballast)

68.0

System Power Rating (W)66.0

64.0

62.0

60.0

58.0

56.0

54.0

Linear Fit: m=50.0, b=17.5

0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.12 Two­Lamp 34W 120V Ballasts with <20 Percent THD, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.42­1.44 in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors

5­19

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Ballast Factor

110.0

105.0

100.0

95.0

90.0

85.0

80.0

75.0

70.0

Linear Fit: m=67.9, b=31.9

0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

ANSI Input Power (W)

Figure 5.3.13 Three­Lamp 34W 120V Ballasts (Based on Slope Change from Two­Lamp to

Three­Lamp Ballasts for T8 Applied to T12 and Common T12 Electronic Ballast)

Figure 5.3.14 and Figure 5.3.15 show the linear fit and ballast characteristics DOE used

to derive the system power rating for two­lamp, 4­foot T12 MBP lamps on electronic ballasts in

the residential sector. To develop the linear fit, DOE used parameters of two 40W T12 and

34WT12 residential electronic ballasts.

5­20

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
System Power Rating (W)

90.0

85.0

80.0

75.0

70.0

65.0

60.0

55.0

50.0

Linear Fit: m=70.0, b=12.5

0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.14 Two­Lamp 40W Ballasts with <40 Percent THD, PF >0.55, and BEF 1.12­

1.18 in the Residential Sector

80

System Power Rating (W)

70

60

50

40

30

Linear Fit: m=140.0, b=­57.0

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.15 Two­Lamp 34W Ballasts with <50 Percent THD, PF >0.53, and BEF 1.37­

1.56 in the Residential Sector

5­21

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
5.3.1.4 Results

As discussed above, DOE evaluated multiple baseline lamps for each product class to

provide a comprehensive understanding of the consumer economics. For each baseline lamp,

DOE considered only energy­saving options that result in approximately the same light output as

the baseline lamp system. Energy savings could either be achieved through lamp or lamp and

ballast replacements. Appendix 5A provides information on the additional lamp­and­ballast

designs DOE uses in the NIA.

Table 5.3.6 presents the engineering characteristics of lamp replacement options for a

baseline 40W 4­foot T12 MBP 4,100K lamp in the commercial and industrial sectors. Although

a 34W T12 lamp is often considered a reduced­wattage replacement of the 40W T12 lamp, there

are no lamp options that emit enough lumens to fall within 10 percent of the baseline system

lumens. The highest efficacy 34W T12 lamp replacement is shown below in Table 5.3.6. The

light output of this lamp­and­ballast design is 10.3 percent less than that of the baseline system.

The same drop in lumen output is also exhibited by the 34W T12 lamp on an electronic ballast of

the same BF.

Table 5.3.7 presents the engineering characteristics of lamp and ballast replacement

options for a 40W 4­foot T12 MBP, 4,100K lamp in the commercial and industrial sectors. Note

that at the higher ELs, DOE considered some T8 substitutes for the 40W T12 lamp. As

discussed earlier, DOE adjusted the BF so that the combination of lamp and ballast maintains

light output so that potential light output is equal to, greater than, or no more than 10 percent less

than the light output of the baseline system. All standards­case lamps for lamp and ballast

replacements are placed on electronic T12s or ballasts since ballast standards will be effective in

2010.

5­22

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.6 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Three­Lamp 40W T12, 4,100K System in the C

Industrial Sectors

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor*

System

Power

Rating

W W lm/W lm lm hr W 

Baseline T12 40 41.0 78.0 3,200 2,880 20,000 Magnetic 0.95 129.0 

EL3 T12 34 34.0 91.2 3,100 2,790 24,000 Magnetic 0.88 108.0 

*Note: This difference in BFs does not represent a ballast replacement. Instead, the BF of magnetic ballasts changes when a different w

5­23

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.7 Lamp and Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Three­Lamp 40W T12, 4,100K Sys

Commercial and Industrial Sectors

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Power

Rating

Sys

Ini

Li

Ou

W W Lm/W lm lm hr W lm 

Baseline T12 40 41.0 78.0 3,200 2,880 20,000 Magnetic 0.95 129.0 9,1

Baseline T12 40 41.0 78.0 3,200 2,880 20,000 Electronic 0.88 107.7 8,4

EL1 T12 40 41.0 80.5 3,300 3,000 20,000 Electronic 0.88 107.7 8,7

EL1 T12 40 41.0 80.5 3,300 3,000 20,000 Electronic 0.87 107.0 8,6EL1 T12 40 41.0 82.9 3,400 3,060 24,000 Electronic 0.87 107.0 8,8

Baseline/EL2 T8 32 32.5 86.2 2,800 2,520 20,000 Electronic 1.18 113.3 9,9

EL2 T12 40 41.0 87.8 3,600 3,250 24,000 Electronic 0.87 107.0 9,3

EL3 T12 34 34.0 91.2 3,100 2,790 24,000 Electronic 0.88 91.7 8,1EL3 T8 32 32.5 90.8 2,950 2,710 20,000 Electronic 1.00 97.4 8,8

EL4 T8 32 32.5 92.3 3,000 2,850 24,000 Electronic 0.88 86.8 7,9EL4 T8 30 30.4 93.8 2,850 2,680 20,000 Electronic 1.00 90.3 8,5EL4 T8 25 26.6 93.0 2,475 2,350 30,000 Electronic 1.18 87.7 8,7EL5 T8 32 32.5 95.4 3,100 2,915 24,000 Electronic 0.88 86.8 8,1EL5 T8 28 28.4 96.0 2,725 2,560 18,000 Electronic 1.00 84.0 8,1

Table 5.3.8 presents the engineering characteristics of lamp replacement options for a baseline 40W 4­foo

lamp in the residential sector. The highest efficacy 34W T12 lamp replacement is shown below in Table 5.3.8. T

of this lamp­and­ballast design is 5.3 percent less than that of the baseline system.

5­24

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.9 presents the engineering characteristics of lamp and ballast replacement options for a 40W 4­

4,100K lamp in the residential sector. Note that at the higher ELs, DOE considered some T8 substitutes for the 4discussed earlier, DOE adjusted the BF so that the combination of lamp and ballast maintains light output so that 

is equal to, greater than, or no more than 10 percent less than the light output of the baseline system. There is on

case lamp at EL3 that is placed on a magnetic ballast. Magnetic ballasts will continue to be sold in the residentia

regulations so consumers have the option to purchase a magnetic ballast in the standards case if it is an energy­saunderstands that certain residential ballasts cannot operate reduced­wattage (e.g., 34W T12) lamps. However, be

residential ballasts can operate reduced­wattage lamps, DOE is considering these lamp­and­ballasts systems as an 

consumers in the residential sector. Consumers can also purchase lower ballast factor ballasts in order to maintai

package to the baseline 40W T12 magnetic system. However, DOE did not consider other lamps on magnetic ba34W T12 standards­case lamp at EL3 shown in the table because the systems either do not save energy or are no

lumen output of the baseline system. All other standards­case lamps for lamp and ballast replacements are place

ballasts.

Table 5.3.8 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp 40W T12, 4,100K System in the Re

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor*

System

Power

Rating

W W lm/W lm lm hr W 

Baseline T12 40 41 76.8 3,150 2,860 15,000 Magnetic 0.68 70.0 

EL3 T12 34 34 91.2 3,100 2,790 24,000 Magnetic 0.66 60.0 

*Note: This difference in BFs does not represent a ballast replacement. Instead, the BF of magnetic ballasts changes when a different w

5­25

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.9 Lamp and Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp 40W T12, 4,100K Syst

Sector

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Power

Rating

Sys

Ini

Li

Ou

W W lm/W lm lm hr W lm 

Baseline T12 40 41.0 76.8 3,150 2,860 15,000 Magnetic 0.68 70.0 4,2

EL1 T12 40 41.0 80.5 3,300 3,000 20,000 Electronic 0.65 58.0 4,2

EL1 T12 34 34.0 82.4 2,800 2,460 20,000 Electronic 0.85 62.0 4,7EL1 T12 40 41.0 82.9 3,400 3,060 24,000 Electronic 0.65 58.0 4,4EL2 T12 34 34.0 85.3 2,900 2,610 20,000 Electronic 0.75 48.0 4,3EL2 T8 32 32.5 86.2 2,800 2,520 20,000 Electronic 0.78 51.6 4,3

Baseline/EL2 T8 32 32.5 86.2 2,800 2,520 20,000 Electronic 0.88 58.6 4,9

EL2 T12 40 41.0 87.8 3,600 3,250 24,000 Electronic 0.65 58.0 4,6

EL3 T12 34 34.0 91.2 3,100 2,790 24,000 Magnetic 0.66 60.0 4,0

EL3 T12 34 34.0 91.2 3,100 2,790 24,000 Electronic 0.75 48.0 4,6

EL3 T8 32 32.5 90.8 2,950 2,710 20,000 Electronic 0.75 49.6 4,4EL3 T8 32 32.5 90.8 2,950 2,710 20,000 Electronic 0.78 51.6 4,6

5­26

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.9 Lamp and Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp 40W T12, 4,100K Syst

Sector (continued)

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Power

Rating

Sys

Init

Lig

Out

W W lm/W lm lm hr W lm 

EL4 T8 32 32.5 92.3 3,000 2,850 24,000 Electronic 0.75 49.6 4,5

EL4 T8 32 32.5 92.3 3,000 2,850 24,000 Electronic 0.78 51.6 4,6EL4 T8 30 30.4 93.8 2,850 2,680 20,000 Electronic 0.75 47.2 4,2EL4 T8 30 30.4 93.8 2,850 2,680 20,000 Electronic 0.78 48.9 4,4EL4 T8 25 26.6 93.0 2,475 2,350 30,000 Electronic 0.78 40.5 3,8EL4 T8 25 26.6 93.0 2,475 2,350 30,000 Electronic 0.88 45.4 4,3EL5 T8 32 32.5 95.4 3,100 2,915 24,000 Electronic 0.71 46.8 4,4EL5 T8 32 32.5 95.4 3,100 2,915 24,000 Electronic 0.75 49.6 4,6EL5 T8 28 28.4 96.0 2,725 2,560 18,000 Electronic 0.78 45.6 4,2

Table 5.3.10 presents the engineering analysis results for the replacement lamp­and­ballast combinations 

T12 MBP baseline lamp in the commercial and industrial sectors. DOE has not identified any lower­wattage dir

designs that could operate on the same ballast and save energy. In this table, T8 lamp and ballast replacements a

baseline lamp, and the BF is selected so that the new system’s light output never drops below 10 percent of the b

5­27

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.10 Lamp and Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Three­Lamp 34W T12, 4,100K Sy

Commercial and Industrial Sectors

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Power

Rating

W W lm/W lm lm hr W 

Baseline T12 34 34.0 77.9 2,650 2,300 20,000 Magnetic 0.88 108.0 

Baseline T12 34 34.0 77.9 2,650 2,300 20,000 Electronic 0.88 91.7 

EL1 T12 34 34.0 82.4 2,800 2,460 20,000 Electronic 0.88 91.7 

EL1 T12 34 34.0 82.4 2,800 2,460 20,000 Electronic 0.86 90.3 EL2 T12 34 34.0 85.3 2,900 2,610 20,000 Electronic 0.86 90.3 

Baseline/EL2 T8 32 32.5 86.2 2,800 2,520 20,000 Electronic 0.88 86.8 

EL3 T8 32 32.5 90.8 2,950 2,710 20,000 Electronic 0.78 77.9 

EL3 T12 34 34.0 91.2 3,100 2,790 24,000 Electronic 0.86 90.3 

EL4 T8 32 32.5 92.3 3,000 2,850 24,000 Electronic 0.75 75.3 

EL4 T8 30 30.4 93.8 2,850 2,680 20,000 Electronic 0.78 72.2 EL4 T8 25 26.6 93.0 2,475 2,350 30,000 Electronic 0.88 66.5 EL5 T8 32 32.5 95.4 3,100 2,915 24,000 Electronic 0.71 71.7 EL5 T8 28 28.4 96.0 2,725 2,560 18,000 Electronic 0.78 67.0 

Table 5.3.11 presents the engineering analysis results for the 32W 4­foot T8 MBP baseline lamp replacem

commercial and industrial sectors. As shown below in Table 5.3.11, there are no lamp replacement options at EL

lumens of reduced wattage lamp replacement options below this EL are not maintained.

Table 5.3.12 presents the engineering analysis results for the replacement lamp and ballast combinations 

MBP baseline lamp in the commercial and industrial sectors. For lamp­and­ballast replacement combinations, ththat the new system’s light output is equal to, greater than, or no more than 10 percent less than the light output o

5­28

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
5­29

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.11 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Three­Lamp 32W T8, 4,100K System in the C

Industrial Sectors

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Power

Rating

W W lm/W lm Lm hr W 

Baseline/

EL2 T8 32 32.5 86.2 2,800 2,520 20,000 Electronic 0.88 86.8 

EL4 T8 30 30.4 93.8 2,850 2,680 20,000 Electronic 0.88 80.4 

EL4 T8 25 26.6 93.0 2,475 2,350 30,000 Electronic 0.88 66.5 EL5 T8 28 28.4 96.0 2,725 2,560 18,000 Electronic 0.88 74.7 

Table 5.3.12 Lamp and Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Three­Lamp 32W T8, 4,100K SysCommercial and Industrial Sectors

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Power

Rating

W W lm/W lm lm hr W 

Baseline/

EL2 T8 32 32.5 86.2 2,800 2,520 20,000 Electronic 0.88 86.8 

EL3 T8 32 32.5 90.8 2,950 2,710 20,000 Electronic 0.78 77.9 

EL4 T8 30 30.4 93.8 2,850 2,680 20,000 Electronic 0.88 80.4 EL4 T8 32 32.5 92.3 3,000 2,850 24,000 Electronic 0.75 75.3 EL4 T8 30 30.4 93.8 2,850 2,680 20,000 Electronic 0.78 72.2 EL4 T8 32 32.5 93.0 2,475 2,350 30,000 Electronic 0.88 66.5 EL5 T8 32 32.5 95.3 3,100 2,915 24,000 Electronic 0.75 75.3 EL5 T8 28 28.4 96.0 2,725 2,560 18,000 Electronic 0.88 74.7 

5­30

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
5.3.2 Eight­foot SP Slimline GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

5.3.2.1 Baseline Models

The 8­foot SP slimline lamps with CCTs ≤ 4,500K are commonly manufactured in both

T8 and T12 diameters. As discussed in Chapter 3, the T12 diameter represents approximately 85

percent of all 8­foot SP slimline lamp shipments. However, DOE projects that by 2011, T8s will

account for 26 percent of all 8­foot SP slimline lamp shipments. Therefore, DOE selected its

baseline models for this product class from both the T12 and T8 diameter. The two most popular

wattages associated with the 8­foot T12 SP slimline lamp type are the 60W and 75W. For the

60W lamp, the cool white halophosphor is the most popular. Therefore, DOE selected this as the

baseline. The most common 75W T12 lamp purchased uses a rare earth 700 series phosphor.

For T8 lamps, the most popular wattage is 59W. The most common lamp purchased at this

wattage uses a rare earth 700 series phosphor. As with the 4­foot MBP, DOE selects a CCT of

4,100K because it is the most common CCT for this lamp type.

When selecting the lamp, DOE found a small variance in the reported lumen output (and

therefore efficacy) of each lamp. DOE selected the least efficacious baseline lamps to ensure

that all the major manufacturers have a product available at the baseline.

DOE’s review of product literature for 8­foot T12 SP slimline lamps indicated that a

12,000­hour lifetime is typical, although this is shorter than the lifetime of the 4­foot MBP. T12

lamps with a 15,000­hour lifetime for a 3­hour cycle are marketed as extended performance

products. Therefore, DOE used a lifetime of 12,000 hours for a 3­hour cycle for the baseline unit

of analysis for T12 lamps.

DOE’s review of product literature for 8­foot T8 SP slimline lamps indicated that 15,000

hours is a typical lifetime. T8 lamps with a 24,000­hour lifetime for a 3­hour cycle are marketed

as extended performance products. Therefore, DOE used a lifetime of 15,000 hours for a 3­hour

cycle for the baseline unit of analysis for T8 lamps.

The most common ballast for 8­foot T12 SP slimline lamps is a two­lamp, instant­start,

120V, magnetic ballast. This ballast typically has a 0.94 BF when a 75W 8­foot T12 SP slimline

lamp is installed and a 0.88 BF when a 60W 8­foot T12 SP slimline lamp is installed. The most

common ballast used for 8­foot T8 SP slimline lamps is a two­lamp, instant­start, 120V,

electronic ballast with a 0.88 BF. The 75W T12 baseline lamp­and­ballast combination creates a

lumen package of approximately 11,100 mean lumens (and 12,070 initial lumens). The 60W

T12 baseline lamp­and­ballast combination creates a lumen package of approximately 8,210

mean lumens (and 9,330 initial lumens). The 59W T8 baseline lamp­and­ballast combination

creates a lumen package of almost 9,030 mean lumens (and more than 10,030 initial lumens).

5­31

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.13 Baseline Units of Analysis for 8­Foot SP Slimline Lamps

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

CRI CCT Rated

Efficacy*

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life

W K lm/W lm lm hr

T12 75 70 4,100 85.6 6,420 5,906 12,000

T12 60 62 4,100 87.6 5,300 4,664 12,000

T8 59 70 4,100 94.8 5,700 5,130 15,000

* Rated efficacy is based on the rated wattage of the lamps, which is 75W and 60.5W for T12 lamps and 60.1W for

T8 lamps.

5.3.2.2 Efficacy Levels

As with the previous product class, DOE established ELs for design options that are

consistent across the three baseline 8­foot SP slimline lamps. However, not every EL affects

every baseline lamp. Because the three baseline lamps have different efficacy values, the first

EL only affects the 75W lamp. However, for EL4 and above, the requirements affect all three

baseline lamps.

In selecting ELs, DOE considered two different paths to energy savings. One involves

reduced wattage replacement lamps, which could be installed in a socket and operate on the

existing ballast. These lower­wattage replacement lamps have a higher efficacy and therefore

produce about the same light output as the baseline lamp (i.e., light output never drops below 10

percent of the baseline system). The other path to energy savings involves lamps that have the

same or lower wattage in comparison with the baseline lamp, but operate on a new ballast with a

different BF so the system energy is lower. DOE selected the BF with the more efficacious lamp

to produce approximately the same light output as the baseline lamp (i.e., light output never

drops below 10 percent of the baseline system).

5­32

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
The following discussion identifies the steps and technologies associated with each EL DOE considered. 

screening analysis (Chapter 4), DOE used design options with highly emissive electrode coatings, higher efficacy composition, higher efficacy phosphors, glass coatings, or higher efficacy lamp diameter to achieve a higher effi

high­efficacy phosphors and lamp diameter are common methods to achieve higher efficacies, DOE identified th

phosphor associated with each EL:

EL1. This level affects just the 75W T12 baseline lamp, moving this technology from a 700 series rare ea

800 series rare earth phosphor. This level does not affect the 60W T12 baseline lamp since it is above the baselin

EL2. This level represents the highest efficacy for the T12 lamp at 75W. At that efficacy, the lamp incor

series rare earth phosphor. For the 60W lamp, this level requires a 700 series rare earth phosphor.

EL3. DOE selected this level because it represents the only viable 60W replacement that would operate o

the same CCT as the baseline lamp (4,100K). No lamps at 75W can achieve this EL. For the 60W lamp, this levimproved 700 series rare earth phosphor.

EL4. At this level, ballast changes may be required for those users who need a lamp with a CCT of 4,100

T8 lamps are compliant. T8 lamps transition from a 700 series rare earth phosphor at EL3 to an 800 series rare e

EL5. At this level, ballast changes are required for T8 technology. Also, at this level lamps use the premi

earth phosphor. This level represents the highest efficacy level available, or max­tech for 8­foot SP slimline lamp

Figure 5.3.16 illustrates the five ELs on a plot of selected 8­foot SP slimline lamps. A line at 80.0 lm/W 

energy conservation standard (from EPACT). Square boxes and labels identify the two baseline lamps. The plot 

replacement lamps DOE considered. Some are the same wattage, but have a higher efficacy; others have lower w

efficacy so that the lamp­and­ballast system maintains light output at no less than 10 percent of the baseline lamp

5­33

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
EL1

EL2

EL3

EL4

EL5

EPACT 1992

75.077.079.081.083.085.087.089.091.093.095.097.099.0

101.0103.0105.0

Rated Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

8­foot T8 single pin slimline 8­foot T12 single pin slimline

75W T12 Baseline

60W T12 Baseline

59W T8 Baseline

52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 7

Rated Wattage (W)

Figure 5.3.16 Efficacy Levels for 8­Foot SP Slimline Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Table 5.3.14 provides detailed information on the 8­foot SP slimline lamp designs used in the engineering 

subsequent analyses.

5­34

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.14 8­Foot SP Slimline Lamp Designs

EL

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial Light

Output

Mean Light

Output Life CRI

W W lm/W lm lm hr

Baseline/0 T12 75 75.0 85.6 6,420 5,906 12,000 70

1 T12 75 75.0 87.3 6,550 6,157 12,000 80

Baseline/1 T12 60 60.5 87.6 5,300 4,664 12,000 62

2 T12 75 75.0 92.0 6,900 6,370 15,000 80

2 T12 60 60.5 92.6 5,600 5,152 12,000 70

Baseline/3 T8 59 60.1 94.8 5,700 5,130 15,000 75

3 T12 60 60.5 97.5 5,900 5,480 15,000 73

4 T8 59 60.1 98.2 5,900 5,428 15,000 82

5 T8 59 60.1 101.5 6,100 5,795 18,000 85

5 T8 57 57.0 101.8 5,800 5,450 24,000 815 T8 55 55.0 103.6 5,700 5,415 18,000 82

As seen above, DOE used commercially­available lamps and their associated rated efficacies (rated initia

divided by the ANSI rated wattage) to determine the design options required to meet each efficacy level. Howev

minimum efficacy requirements for each efficacy level, DOE coupled catalog data on commercially­available lam

submitted to DOE by manufacturers for the purpose of compliance with existing energy conservation standards f

fluorescent lamps. DOE’s use of compliance report data is discussed in further detail in section 5.3.1.2. Table 5

resulting efficacy levels for 8­foot SP slimline lamps with CCTs less than 4,500K.

5­35

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.15. Summary of the ELs for 8­Foot SP Slimline Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Efficacy Level Efficacy Requirement

lm/W

EL1 89

EL2 93EL3 95EL4 97EL5 100

Section 5.3.2.4 presents additional information about the lamp and ballast systems DOE develops in the e

5.3.2.3 System Power Rating

For each lamp wattage and ballast type, DOE linearly fit the system power rating of a lamp on several dif

varying BFs.

Figure 5.3.17 to Figure 5.3.18 show the linear fit and ballast characteristics DOE used to derive the system 

lamp, 8­foot T12SP slimline lamps on electronic ballasts. The fit follows the form of Eq. 5.1 where SPR = m* B

DOE chose for these calculations typically have a THD less than 20 percent, PF greater than 0.95, and typical BE

efficiencies naturally increase as lamp wattages decrease, there is a natural progression to higher typical BEFs at 

5­36

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Ballast Factor

142.0140.0138.0136.0134.0132.0130.0128.0126.0

0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94

ANSI Input Power (W)

Figure 5.3.17 Two­Lamp 75W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF 0.64­0.66; Li

b=47.0

5­37

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
116.0

114.0112.0

System Power Rating (W) 110.0 108.0 106.0 104.0

102.0100.0

0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.18 Two­Lamp 60W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF 0.79­0.80; Lin

b=22.0

Figure 5.3.19 to Figure 5.3.21 show the linear fit and ballast characteristics DOE used to derive the system 

two­lamp, 8­foot T8 SP slimline lamps on electronic ballasts. The ballasts DOE used for these calculations typic

than 20 percent, PF greater than 0.95, and typical BEF. Because ballast efficiencies naturally increase as lamp w

there is a natural progression to higher typical BEFs at lower wattages. Also, because there is less manufacturer 

power ratings of ballasts with lower wattage lamps, DOE used fewer points to develop a linear fit at the energy s

5­38

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
100.0

110.0120.0130.0140.0150.0160.0

System Power Rating (W)

0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.19 Two­Lamp 59W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF 0.77­0.79; Lin

b=4.0

5­39

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
108.0

107.5

System Power Rating (W) 107.0 106.5 106.0 105.5

105.0

0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.20 Two­Lamp 57W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF 0.80­0.81; Line

b=63.5

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

System Power Rating (W)

0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.21 Two­Lamp 55W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <10 percent, and BEF 0.86; Linear Fit: m=118.

5.3.2.4 Results

DOE evaluated three baseline lamps for the 8­foot SP slimline product class: a 75W T12 lamp, a 60W T1

T8 lamp. For each baseline lamp, DOE considered both direct­replacement lamps that operate on the existing ba

ballast replacement designs that result in approximately the same light output as the baseline lamp. As discussed 

adjusted the BF so that the light output of the lamp­and­ballast design system never drops below 10 percent of th

Table 5.3.16 and Table 5.3.17 present the engineering characteristics of the lamp replacement and lamp­a

replacement designs for the baseline 75W 8­foot T12 SP slimline, 4,100K lamp system. Although a 60W T12 la

considered a reduced wattage replacement of the 75W T12 lamp, there are no lamp options with a CCT of 4,100K 

lumens to fall within 10 percent of the baseline system mean lumens. The highest efficacy 4,100K, 60W T12 lam

shown below in Table 5.3.16. The light output of this lamp­and­ballast design is 13 percent less than that of the b

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
also included lamp­and­ballast replacement options for a 75W T12, 4,100K lamp. Note that at the higher ELs, D

T8 substitutes for the 75W T12 lamp.Table 5.3.16 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a 75W T12, 4,100K System

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor*

System

Power

Rating

System 

Light 

W W lm/W lm lm hr W lm 

Baseline T12 75 75.0 85.6 6,420 5,906 12,000 Magnetic 0.94 158.0 12,

EL3 T12 60 60.5 97.5 5,900 5,480 15,000 Magnetic 0.88 126.0 10,

*Note: This difference in BFs does not represent a ballast replacement. Rather, the BF of magnetic ballasts changes when the lower wa

Table 5.3.17 Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a 75W T12, 4,100K System

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

Syste

Pow

Rati

W W lm/W lm lm hr W 

Baseline T12 75 75.0 85.6 6,420 5,906 12,000 Magnetic 0.94 158

Baseline T12 75 75.0 85.6 6,420 5,906 12,000 Electronic 0.88 135

EL1 T12 75 75.0 87.3 6,550 6,157 12,000 Electronic 0.85 132

EL2 T12 75 75.0 92.0 6,900 6,370 15,000 Electronic 0.85 132

Baseline/EL3 T8 59 60.1 94.8 5,700 5,130 15,000 Electronic 1.18 149

EL5 T8 59 60.1 101.5 6,100 5,795 18,000 Electronic 0.88 112

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.18 presents the engineering analysis results for the replacement lamp­and­ballast combinations 

T12 SP slimline baseline lamp. DOE did not identify any lower­wattage direct lamp replacement designs that cosame ballast as a 60W T12 and save energy. In this table, DOE considered T8 lamp­and­ballast replacements for 

and selected the BF so that the light output of the new system never drops below 10 percent of the baseline syste

Table 5.3.18 Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a 60W T12, 4,100K System

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Power

Rating

W W lm/W lm lm hr W 

Baseline/EL1 T12 60 60.5 87.6 5,300 4,664 12,000 Magnetic 0.88 126.0 

Baseline/EL1 T12 60 60.5 87.6 5,300 4,664 12,000 Electronic 0.88 110.0 

EL2 T12 60 60.5 92.6 5,600 5,152 12,000 Electronic 0.85 107.0 

EL3 T12 60 60.5 97.5 5,900 5,480 15,000 Electronic 0.85 107.0 

Baseline/EL3 T8 59 60.1 94.8 5,700 5,130 15,000 Electronic 0.88 112.8 

EL4 T8 59 60.1 98.2 5,900 5,428 15,000 Electronic 0.78 100.4 

EL5 T8 57 57.0 101.8 5,800 5,450 24,000 Electronic 0.78 102.5 

EL5 T8 59 60.1 101.5 6,100 5,795 18,000 Electronic 0.78 100.4 

Table 5.3.19 and Table 5.3.20 present the engineering analysis results for the lamp replacement and lamp

replacement options for the 59W 8­foot T8 SP slimline baseline lamp. In Table 5.3.19, no lamp replacement opt

shown because the system lumens of reduced wattage lamp replacement options below this EL are more than 10 

of the baseline system. For lamp­and­ballast replacement combinations, DOE selected the BF so that the light ou

system is equal to, greater than, or no more than 10 percent less than the light output of the baseline system.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.19 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp, 59W, T8, 4,100K System

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Powe

Rating

W W lm/W lm lm hr W 

Baseline/EL3 T8 59 60.1 94.8 5,700 5,130 15,000 Electronic 0.88 112.

EL5 T8 57 57.0 101.8 5,800 5,450 24,000 Electronic 0.88 107.5 

EL5 T8 55 55.0 103.6 5,700 5,415 18,000 Electronic 0.88 102.0 

Table 5.3.20 Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp, 59W, T8, 4,100K Sys

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage Rated

Wattage*

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Powe

Ratin

W W lm/W lm lm hr W 

Baseline/EL3 T8 59 60.1 94.8 5,700 5,130 15,000 Electronic 0.88 112.

EL4 T8 59 60.1 98.2 5,900 5,428 15,000 Electronic 0.85 109.

EL5 T8 57 57.0 101.8 5,800 5,450 24,000 Electronic 0.88 107.

EL5 T8 57 57.0 101.8 5,800 5,450 24,000 Electronic 0.85 106.

EL5 T8 59 60.1 101.5 6,100 5,795 18,000 Electronic 0.78 100.EL5 T8 55 55.0 103.6 5,700 5,415 18,000 Electronic 0.88 102.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
5.3.3 Eight­Foot RDC HO GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

5.3.3.1 Baseline Models

The 8­foot RDC HO lamps with CCTs ≤ 4,500K are manufactured in both T8 and T12

diameters. As discussed in Chapter 3, the T12 diameter represents the majority of 8­foot RDC

HO lamp shipments today and will continue to represent the majority in 2011. Therefore, DOE

selected its baseline models for this product class from the T12 diameter, which represents the

most popular lamp type.

The two most popular wattages associated with the 8­foot T12 RDC HO lamp type are

the 95W and 110W. For the 95W lamp, the cool white halophosphor lamp is the most popular.

Therefore, DOE selected this lamp as the baseline 95W lamp. For the 110W T12 lamp, the most

common lamp purchased uses a rare earth 700 series phosphor. The efficacy of both baseline

lamps is approximately 2 lm/W greater than the EPACT 1992 standard level of 80 lm/W, but no

other lamps met the EPACT 1992 CRI requirements, which are lower than either baseline lamp.

As with the baseline fluorescent lamps in other covered product classes, DOE selected a CCT of

4,100K because it is the most common CCT for this lamp type.

The typical operating lifetime for these lamps is the same as that of the 8­foot SP slimline

T12 lamps. The lamp lifetime is typically 12,000 hours. Lamps with a 15,000­hour lifetime on a

3­hour cycle are marketed as extended performance products. Therefore, DOE used a lifetime of

12,000 hours for a 3­hour cycle for the baseline unit of analysis for 8­foot RDC HO lamps.

DOE used a rapid start, 120V, magnetic ballast for the baseline 8­foot T12 RDC systems

as current regulations do not ban magnetic cold temperature ballasts, which operate a large

portion of the installed base of 8­foot T12 RDC HO lamps. The ballast has a ballast factor of

0.95 when used with 110W lamps and a ballast factor of 0.91 when used with 95W lamps.

Together, the 110W T12 baseline lamp­and­ballast combination creates a lumen package of

approximately 15,480 mean lumens (and 17,200 initial lumens), while the 95W T12 baseline

lamp­and­ballast combination creates a lumen package of approximately 12,650 mean lumens

(and 14,560 initial lumens).

Table 5.3.21 Baseline Units of Analysis for 8­Foot RDC High­Output Lamps

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage CRI CCT Rated

Efficacy*

Initial Light

Output

Mean Light

Output Life

W K lm/W lm lm hr

T12 110 70 4,100 80.1 9,050 8,145 12,000

T12 95 62 4,100 82.5 8,000 6,950 12,000

* Rated efficacy is based on the rated wattage of the lamps, which is 97W for the 95W T12 and 113W for the 110W

T12.

5.3.3.2 Efficacy Levels

As with the previous product class, DOE established ELs around design options that are

consistent across the two baseline lamps. In selecting ELs, DOE considered two different paths

to energy savings. The first involves reduced wattage replacement lamps that could be installed

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
in a socket and operate on the existing ballast. These lower­wattage replacement lamps have a

higher efficacy and therefore produce approximately the same light output as the baseline lamp

(i.e., light output never drops below 10 percent of the baseline system). The other path to energy

savings involves lamps that have the same rated wattage as the baseline lamp, but operate on a

new ballast with a different BF, so system energy is lower. DOE selected the BF with the more

efficacious lamp to produce approximately the same light output as the baseline lamp (i.e., light

output never drops below 10 percent of the baseline system).

The following discussion identifies the steps and technologies associated with each EL

DOE considered. As discussed in the screening analysis (Chapter 4), DOE used design options

with highly emissive electrode coatings, higher efficacy lamp fill gas composition, higher

efficacy phosphors, glass coatings, or higher efficacy lamp diameter to achieve higher efficacy

levels. Because high efficacy phosphors and lamp diameter are common methods to achieve

higher efficacies, DOE identified the diameter and phosphor associated with each EL:

EL1. This level requires the 110W baseline lamp to use 800 series rare earth phosphor.

EL2. This level cannot be achieved by any 110W baseline lamp. This level also requires

the 95W lamp to move to a rare earth 700 series phosphor.

EL3. This level cannot be achieved by the 110W baseline lamp. For the 95W baseline

lamp, this level requires a shift to the 800 series rare earth phosphor..

EL4. This level eliminates all T12 lamps, only enabling T8 lamps to comply, which

requires a ballast change. This standard level can be achieved with a 700 series rare earth

phosphor in the T8 lamp.

EL5. This level also eliminates all T12 lamps, only enabling T8 lamps to comply, which

requires a ballast change. This standard level represents the highest efficacy level available, or

max­tech for 8­foot RDC HO lamps. This level can only be achieved with an 800 series rare

earth phosphor in the T8 lamp.

Figure 5.3.20 illustrates the five ELs on a plot of selected fluorescent lamps. A line at

80.0 lm/W denotes the existing energy conservation standard (from EPACT 1992). Square

boxes and labels identify the two baseline lamps. The plot also shows the high­efficacy

replacement lamps DOE considered for each baseline lamp. Some are at the same wattage, but

have a higher efficacy; others have a combination of lower wattage and higher efficacy so that

the light output never drops below 10 percent of the baseline system.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Rated Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

105.0

103.0

101.0

99.0

97.0

95.0

93.0

91.0

89.0

87.0

85.0

83.0

81.0

79.0

77.0

75.0

EL1

EL2

EL3

EL4

EPACT 1992

EL5

80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114

Rated Wattage (W)

95W T12 Baseline

8­foot T12 recessed

double contact HO

8­foot T8 recessed

double contact HO

110W T12 Baseline

Figure 5.3.22 Efficacy Levels for 8­Foot RDC HO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Table 5.3.22 provides detailed information on the 8­foot RDC HO lamp designs used in

the engineering analysis and subsequent analyses.

Table 5.3.22 8­Foot RDC HO Lamp Designs

EL

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial Light

Output

Mean Light

Output Life CRI

W W lm/W lm lm hr

Baseline/0 T12 110 113 80.1 9,050 8,145 12,000 70

Baseline/0 T12 95 97 82.5 8,000 6,950 12,000 62

1 T12 110 113 83.2 9,400 8,648 12,000 80

2 T12 95 97 86.1 8,350 7,515 12,000 70

3 T12 95 97 87.6 8,500 7,650 12,000 80

3 T12 95 97 88.9 8,625 7,750 12,000 85

4 T8 86 86 91.9 7,900 7,100 24,000 78

4 T8 86 86 93.0 8,000 7,200 18,000 75

5 T8 86 86 95.3 8,200 7,800 18,000 86

As seen above, DOE used commercially­available lamps and their associated rated

efficacies (rated initial lumen output divided by the ANSI rated wattage) to determine the design

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
options required to meet each efficacy level. However, to establish the minimum efficacy

requirements for each efficacy level, DOE coupled catalog data on commercially­available lamps

with data submitted to DOE by manufacturers for the purpose of compliance with existing

energy conservation standards for general service fluorescent lamps. DOE’s use of compliance

report data is discussed in further detail in section 5.3.1.2. Table 5.3.23summarizes the resulting

efficacy levels for 8­foot RDC HO lamps with CCTs less than 4,500K.

Table 5.3.23 Summary of the ELs for 8­Foot RDC HO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Efficacy Level Efficacy Requirement

lm/W

EL1 83

EL2 87

EL3 88

EL4 92

EL5 95

Section 5.3.3.4 presents additional information on the lamp­and­ballast systems DOE

develops in the engineering analysis.

5.3.3.3 System Power Rating

For each lamp wattage and ballast type, DOE linearly fit the system power rating of a

lamp on several different BFs versus the BF of each ballast. Figure 5.3.23 to Figure 5.3.24 show

the linear fit and ballast characteristics DOE used to derive the system power rating for twolamp, 8­foot T12 RDC HO lamps on electronic ballasts. The fit followed the form of Eq. 5.1

where SPR = m * BF + b. The ballasts DOE chose for these calculations typically have a THD

less than 20 percent, PF greater than 0.95, and typical BEF. Because ballast efficiencies

naturally increase as lamp wattages decrease, there is a natural progression to higher typical

BEFs at lower wattages.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Sytem Power Rating (W)

220.0

215.0

210.0

205.0

200.0

195.0

190.0

185.0

0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.91

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.23 Two­Lamp 110W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.42­0.43; Linear Fit: m=307.7, b=­65.4

190.0

System Power Rating (W)185.0

180.0

175.0

170.0

165.0

160.0

155.0

0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.24 Two­Lamp 95W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.48­0.52; Linear Fit: m=433.3, b=­204.3

Figure 5.3.25 shows the linear fit and ballast characteristics DOE used to derive the

system power rating for two­lamp, 8­foot T8 RDC HO lamps on electronic ballasts. The ballasts

DOE used for these calculations typically have a THD less than 20 percent, PF greater than 0.95,

and typical BEF.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
System Power Rating (W)

165.0

163.0

161.0

159.0

157.0

155.0

153.0

151.0

149.0

147.0

145.0

0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.25 Two­Lamp 86W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.54­0.55; Linear Fit: m=128.6, b=46.9

5.3.3.4 Results

DOE evaluated two baseline lamps for the 8­foot RDC HO with CCTs ≤ 4,500K product

class: a 110W T12 lamp and a 95W T12 lamp. For each baseline lamp, DOE considered only

energy­saving options that result in approximately the same light output as the baseline lamp.

Energy savings can either be achieved through lamp replacements or lamp­and­ballast

replacements. Additional lamp­and­ballast designs that DOE uses in the NIA are available in

Appendix 5A.

Table 5.3.24 and Table 5.3.25 present the engineering characteristics of lamp

replacement and lamp­and­ballast replacement designs for a baseline 110W 8­foot T12 RDC

HO, 4,100K lamp. There are no lamp replacement designs at EL1 because the system lumens of

the 95W lamp replacement options below EL3 emit less than 10 percent of the baseline system.

For lamp­and­ballast replacement options, DOE considered some T8 substitutes for the

110W T12 lamp at higher ELs. In events of new construction and renovation, for instance, DOE

assumed that some of these 8­foot T8 RDC HO systems will be spaced closer together so that the

potential light output is equal to, greater than, or no more than 10 percent less than the light

output of the baseline system.

.

As discussed earlier, DOE also adjusted the BF such that the system light output of the

lamp­and­ballast design is equal to, greater than, or no more than 10 percent less than the light

output of the baseline system.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.24 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a 110W T12, 4,100K System

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Power

Rating

W W lm/W lm lm hr W 

Baseline T12 110 113 80.1 9,050 8,145 12,000 Magnetic 0.95 237.0 

EL3 T12 95 97 87.6 8,500 7,650 12,000 Magnetic 0.91 203.0 

EL3 T12 95 97 88.9 8,625 7,750 12,000 Magnetic 0.91 203.0 

5­51

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.25 Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a 110W T12, 4,100K System

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Power

Rating

W W lm/W lm lm hr W 

Baseline T12 110 113 80.1 9,050 8,145 12,000 Magnetic 0.95 237.0 

EL1 T12 110 113 83.2 9,400 8,648 12,000 Electronic 0.88 205.4 

EL2* T12 95 97 86.1 8,350 7,515 12,000 Electronic 0.90 185.6 EL2* T12 95 97 86.1 8,350 7,515 12,000 Magnetic 0.91 203.0 

EL3 T12 95 97 87.6 8,500 7,650 12,000 Magnetic 0.91 203.0 

EL3 T12 95 97 88.9 8,625 7,750 12,000 Magnetic 0.91 203.0 EL3 T12 95 97 88.9 8,625 7,750 12,000 Electronic 0.90 185.6 

EL3* T12 95 97 87.6 8,500 7,650 12,000 Electronic 0.90 185.6 

EL4* T8 86 86 91.9 7,900 7,100 24,000 Electronic 0.88 160.0 

EL4* T8 86 86 93.0 8,000 7,200 18,000 Electronic 0.81 151.0 

EL5 T8 86 86 95.3 8,200 7,800 18,000 Electronic 0.88 160.0 

EL5* T8 86 86 95.3 8,200 7,800 18,000 Electronic 0.81 151.0 

* These systems are used only in the new construction/renovation scenario in the LCC analysis. Under this event, slightly more (betwe

systems are installed where there would have been one baseline system to be within 10 percent mean lumens of the baseline system. T

lumen output of these systems are multiplied by a factor (between 1.12 and 1.33) in the LCC analysis.

Table 5.3.26 presents the engineering analysis results for the replacement lamp­and­ballast combinations 

T12 RDC HO baseline lamp. DOE did not identify any lower­wattage direct lamp replacement designs that coul

ballast as a 95W T12 and save energy. In this table, DOE considered T8 lamp­and­ballast replacements for the b

selects the BF so that the new system has a light output of no less than 10 percent of the baseline system.

5­52

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.26 Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a 95W T12, 4,100K System

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Power

Rating

W W lm/W lm lm hr W 

Baseline T12 95 97 82.5 8,000 6,950 12,000 Magnetic 0.91 203.0 

EL2 T12 95 97 86.1 8,350 7,515 12,000 Electronic 0.89 181.3 

EL3 T12 95 97 88.9 8,625 7,750 12,000 Electronic 0.88 177.0 EL3 T12 95 97 87.6 8,500 7,650 12,000 Electronic 0.88 177.0 EL3 T8 86 86 91.9 7,900 7,100 24,000 Electronic 0.88 160.0 

EL4 T8 86 86 93.0 8,000 7,200 18,000 Electronic 0.88 160.0 EL5 T8 86 86 95.3 8,200 7,800 18,000 Electronic 0.81 151.0 

5­53

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
5.3.4 Four­foot T5 MiniBP SO GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

5.3.4.1 Baseline Models

Currently, only 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO lamps utilizing rare­earth phosphors are sold on the

US market. DOE recognizes, however, that 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO halophosphor lamps may be

introduced to the US market and purchased widely by consumers if efficacy standards for 4­foot

T5 MiniBP SO lamps are not established. Because 4­foot T5 halophosphor MiniBP SO lamps

do not exist currently, DOE developed a baseline model 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO halophosphor

lamp by applying efficacy data from shorter length halophosphor SO T5 lamps that are currently

available and creating a relationship between length and efficacy. The baseline 4­foot T5

MiniBP SO lamp that DOE modeled is a 28W halophosphor lamp with an efficacy of 86 lm/W.

The lamp has a CCT of 4,100K, a CRI of 62, and a rated lifetime of 20,000 hours. Although this

lamp is not commercially available today, it is the least efficacious lamp that may be

commercially available when standards take effect. For further information on the development

of the 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO halophosphor baseline, see appendix 5B of this TSD.

DOE found that a range of ballast factors are available for the 4­foot T5 product classes,

and the most common ballast is a 2­lamp ballast. Because the light output of the 4­foot T5

MiniBP SO halophosphor baseline lamp is much lower than T5 lamps sold on the market today,

DOE chose the highest ballast factors available. Thus, DOE paired its baseline 4­foot T5

MiniBP SO lamp with 1.15 ballast factor and 1.00 ballast factor programmed start electronic

ballasts. Together, the 28W lamps and 1.00 BF ballast combination creates a lumen package of

3,348 mean lumens (and 4,782 initial lumens), while the 28W lamps and 1.15 BF ballast

combination creates a lumen package of 3,850 mean lumens (and 5,499 initial lumens).

Table 5.3.27 Baseline Unit of Analysis for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP Standard­Output Lamps

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage CRI CCT Rated

Efficacy*

Initial Light

Output

Mean Light

Output Life

W K lm/W lm Lm hr

T5 28 62 4,100 86.0 2,391 1,674 20,000

* Rated efficacy is based on the rated wattage of the lamp, which is 27.8W.

5.3.4.2 Efficacy Levels

In selecting ELs, DOE considered two different paths to energy savings. The first

concentrated on reduced wattage replacement lamps that could be installed in a socket and

operate on the existing ballast. These lower­wattage replacement lamps have a higher efficacy

and therefore produce approximately the same light output as the baseline lamp (i.e., light output

never drops below 10 percent of the baseline system). The other path to energy savings involved

lamps that have the same rated wattage as the baseline lamp, but operate on a new ballast with a

different BF, so system energy is lower. DOE selected the BF with the more efficacious lamp to

produce approximately the same light output as the baseline lamp (i.e., light output never drops

below 10 percent of the baseline system).

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
For the 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO with CCTs ≤ 4,500K product class DOE analyzed two

efficacy levels: the first efficacy level prevents the introduction of less efficacious halophosphor

lamps on the market, while the second efficacy level raises the efficacy of the current highest

volume 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO lamps on the market.

The following discussion identifies the steps and technologies associated with each EL

DOE considered. As discussed in the screening analysis (Chapter 4), DOE used design options

with highly emissive electrode coatings, higher efficacy lamp fill gas composition, higher

efficacy phosphors, glass coatings, or higher efficacy lamp diameter to achieve higher efficacy

levels for GSFL. For 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO, the primary design option DOE assessed was the

use of higher efficacy phosphors. No other diameters than T5 were available as design options

for this product class. DOE identified the phosphor associated with each EL:

EL1. This efficacy level is characterized by lamps that use 800­series phosphors and

have a rated catalog efficacy (initial lamp lumens divided by ANSI rated wattage) of 104 lm/W.

They are the most common 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO lamps currently on the market.

EL2. This level characterizes higher efficacy 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO lamps that use

improved 800­series phosphors. Specifically, there is a reduced­wattage (26W) 4­foot T5

MiniBP SO lamp (with a rated efficacy of 112 lpw) and a full­wattage (28W) lamp (with a rated

efficacy of 110 lpw) that are more efficacious than the lamps that just meet efficacy level 1.

Figure 5.3.26 illustrates the two ELs on a plot of selected fluorescent lamps. A square

box and a label identifies the baseline lamp. The plot also shows the high­efficacy replacement

lamps DOE is considering for the baseline lamp. Some are at the same wattage as the baseline

lamp, but have a higher efficacy; one lamp has a combination of lower wattage and higher

efficacy.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
EL1

EL2

75.0

80.0

85.0

90.0

95.0

100.0

105.0

110.0

115.0

120.0

125.0

Rated Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

28W T5 Baseline

20 22 24 26 28 30

Rated Wattage (W)

Figure 5.3.26 Efficacy Levels for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Table 5.3.28 provides detailed information on the 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO lamp designs

used in the engineering analysis and subsequent analyses.

Table 5.3.28 4­Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamp Designs

EL

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial Light

Output

Mean Light

Output Life CRI

W W lm/W Lm lm hr

Baseline/0 T5 28 27.8 86.0 2,391 1,674 20,000 62

1 T5 28 27.8 104.3 2,900 2,660 20,000 85

2 T5 28 27.8 109.7 3,050 2,898 20,000 85

2 T5 26 26.0 111.5 2,900 2,660 25,000 85

As seen above, DOE used commercially­available lamps and their associated rated

efficacies (rated initial lumen output divided by the ANSI rated wattage) to determine the design

options required to meet each efficacy level. However, similar to previously discussed product

classes, these rated efficacy values do not necessarily correspond to how these lamps may

comply under energy conservation standards. As discussed further detail in section 5.3.1.2, DOE

used compliance report data to establish minimum efficacy requirements for the 4­foot MBP, 8­

foot SP slimline, and 8­foot RDC HO efficacy levels. Because 4­foot MiniBP SO lamps have

been not been regulated by DOE in the past, 4­foot MiniBP SO compliance reports do not exist.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Therefore, to establish appropriate minimum efficacy requirements for each 4­foot MiniBP

efficacy level, DOE the percentage difference between the rated efficacy and compliance

efficacy for the highest­efficacy 4­foot MBP lamps, and applied that same percentage reduction

to the 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO rated efficacies. Table 5.3.29 summarizes the resulting efficacy

levels for 4­foot MiniBP SO lamps with CCTs less than 4,500K.

Table 5.3.29 Summary of the ELs for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Efficacy Level Efficacy Requirement

lm/W

EL1 103

EL2 108

Section 5.3.4.4 presents additional information on the lamp­and­ballast systems DOE

develops in the engineering analysis.

5.3.4.3 System Power Rating

DOE calculated the system power rating, which represents the energy consumption rate

of both the lamps and ballast, using published catalog information. For each lamp wattage and

ballast type, DOE applied a linear fit to several points identifying the system power rating of a

lamp on a ballast and the ballast factor of the ballast. The fit follows the form of Eq. 5.1 where

SPR = m * BF + b. DOE used a linear form because the relationship is approximately linear

over the range of BFs and wattages considered.

The ballasts DOE used typically have a total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 10

percent, power factors (PF) greater than 0.95, and typical ballast efficacy factors (BEF). Because

ballast efficiencies naturally increase as lamp wattages decrease, there is a natural progression to

higher typical BEFs at lower wattages. Also, because there is less manufacturer literature on

system power ratings of ballasts with lower wattage lamps, DOE used fewer points to develop a

linear fit for the energy­saving lamp wattages. Figure 5.3.27 to Figure 5.3.28 show the linear fit

and ballast characteristics DOE used to derive the system power rating for 2­lamp, 4­foot T5 SO

lamps on electronic ballasts.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
System Power Rating (W)

80.0

75.0

70.0

65.0

60.0

55.0

50.0

Linear Fit: m=47.3, b=16.3

0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.27 Two­Lamp 28W T5 Ballasts with THD <10 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF 1.52­

1.67

75.0

System Power Rating (W)

70.0

65.0

60.0

55.0

50.0

Linear Fit: m=52.4, b=7.2

0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.28 Two­Lamp 26W T5 Ballasts with THD <10 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF 1.67­

5.3.4.4 Results

For the 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO with CCTs ≤ 4,500K product class, DOE assessed one

model baseline lamp. DOE considered only energy­saving options that result in approximately

the same light output as the baseline lamp system. Energy savings could either be achieved

5­58

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through lamp or lamp and ballast replacements. Appendix 5A provides information on the

additional lamp­and­ballast designs DOE uses in the NIA.

Table 5.3.30 presents the engineering characteristics of lamp replacement options for a

baseline 28W 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO, 4,100K lamp. Table 5.3.31 presents the engineering

characteristics of lamp and ballast replacement options for the same lamp. As discussed earlier,

DOE adjusted the BF so that the combination of lamp and ballast maintains light output so that

potential light output is equal to, greater than, or no more than 10 percent less than the light

output of the baseline system. All T5 ballasts that DOE considered are electronic.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.30 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp 28W T5, 4,100K System

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Power

Rating

W W lm/W lm lm hr W 

Baseline T5 28 27.8 86.0 2,391 1,674 20,000 Electronic 1.15 70.7 

EL2 T5 26 26.0 111.5 2,900 2,660 25,000 Electronic 1.15 67.5 

Table 5.3.31 Lamp and Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp 28W T5, 4,100K Syst

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Power

Rating

Sys

Init

Lig

Out

W W Lm/W lm lm hr W lm 

Baseline T5 28 27.8 86.0 2,391 1,674 20,000 Electronic 1.15 70.7 5,4

EL1* T5 28 27.8 104.3 2,900 2,660 20,000 Electronic 0.96 61.2 5,5

EL2* T5 28 27.8 109.7 3,050 2,898 20,000 Electronic 0.90 109.7 5,4

EL2* T5 26 26.0 111.5 2,900 2,660 25,000 Electronic 0.90 54.4 5,2

* These systems are used in the new construction/renovation scenario in the LCC analysis. Under this event, slightly less (between 0.7

these systems are installed where there would have been one baseline system to be within 10 percent mean lumens of the baseline syste

the LCC and lumen output of these systems are multiplied by a factor (between 0.74 and 0.80) in the LCC analysis.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
5.3.5 Four­foot T5 MiniBP HO GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

5.3.5.1 Baseline Models

Similar to 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO lamps, currently, only 4­foot T5 MiniBP HO lamps

utilizing rare­earth phosphors are sold on the US market. DOE recognizes, however, that 4­foot

T5 MiniBP HO halophosphor lamps may be introduced to the US market and purchased widely

by consumers if efficacy standards for 4­foot T5 MiniBP HO lamps are not established. Because

4­foot T5 halophosphor MiniBP HO lamps do not exist currently, DOE developed a baseline

model 4­foot T5 MiniBP HO halophosphor lamp by applying efficacy data from shorter length

halophosphor fluorescent T5 lamps that are currently available in the market and creating a

relationship between length and efficacy. The baseline 4­foot T5 MiniBP HO lamp that DOE

modeled is a 54W halophosphor lamp with an efficacy of 76.6 lm/W. The lamp has a CCT of

4,100K, a CRI of 62, and a rated lifetime of 20,000 hours. Although this lamp is not

commercially available today, it is the least efficacious lamp that may be commercially available

when standards take effect. For further information on the development of the 4­foot T5 MiniBP

HO halophosphor baseline, see appendix 5B of this TSD.

DOE found that the most common ballast is a 2­lamp ballast with a 1.0 ballast factor.

Thus, DOE paired its baseline 4­foot T5 MiniBP HO lamp with a 1.00 ballast factor programmed

start electronic ballast. Together, the 54W lamps and 1.00 BF ballast combination creates a

lumen package of 5,770 mean lumens (and 8,244 initial lumens).

Table 5.3.32 Baseline Unit of Analysis for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP High­Output Lamps

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage CRI CCT Rated

Efficacy*

Initial Light

Output

Mean Light

Output Life

W K lm/W lm Lm hr

T5 54 62 4,100 76.6 4,122 2,885 20,000

* Rated efficacy is based on the rated wattage of the lamp, which is 53.8W.

5.3.5.2 Efficacy Levels

In selecting ELs, DOE considered two paths to energy savings. The first concentrated on

reduced wattage replacement lamps that could be installed in a socket and operate on the existing

ballast. These lower­wattage replacement lamps have a higher efficacy and therefore produce

approximately the same light output as the baseline lamp (i.e., light output never drops below 10

percent of the baseline system). The other path to energy savings involves installing a higher

efficacy lamp on the same ballast factor ballast to increase light output. For new construction,

users can install less lamp­and­ballast systems in the case of a standard due to their higher light

output. DOE could not consider installing a lamp on a lower ballast factor ballast to save energy

as ballasts with a ballast factor lower than 1.0 are not commercially available.

For the 4­foot T5 miniature bipin HO with CCTs ≤ 4,500K product class DOE analyzed

one efficacy level preventing the introduction of less efficacious halophosphor lamps on the

market. For the 4­foot T5 MiniBP HO with CCTs ≤ 4,500K product class, DOE found that only

one full­wattage (54W) lamp exists on the market today. Because DOE based its ELs on full5­61

EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
wattage lamps due to the limited utility of reduced­wattage lamps, DOE did not analyze an

additional EL for this product class. DOE, however, was able to identify a reduced­wattage lamp

and a full­wattage 4­foot T5 MiniBP HO lamp corresponding to the use of 800­series phosphors.

The following discussion identifies the steps and technologies associated with the EL

DOE considered. As discussed in the screening analysis (Chapter 4), DOE used design options

with highly emissive electrode coatings, higher efficacy lamp fill gas composition, higher

efficacy phosphors, glass coatings, or higher efficacy lamp diameter to achieve higher efficacy

levels for GSFL. For 4­foot T5 MiniBP HO lamps, the primary design option DOE assessed was

the usage of higher efficacy phosphors. DOE also identified the phosphor associated with the

EL:

EL1. This efficacy level is characterized by lamps that use 800­series phosphors. There

is a full­wattage (54W) lamp with a rated catalog efficacy (initial lamp lumens divided by ANSI

rated wattage) of 92.9 lm/W and a reduced­wattage (51W) lamp with a rated catalog efficacy of

98.0 lm/W.

Figure 5.3.29 illustrates the EL on a plot of selected fluorescent lamps. A square box and

a label identify the baseline lamp. The plot also shows the high­efficacy replacement lamps

DOE considered for the baseline lamp. One is at the same wattage, but has a higher efficacy; the

other has a combination of lower wattage and higher efficacy.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
EL1

75.0

80.0

85.0

90.0

95.0

100.0

105.0

110.0

Rated Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

54W T5 Baseline

45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59

Rated Wattage (W)

Figure 5.3.29 Efficacy Level for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP HO Fluorescent Lamps With CCTs ≤

4,500K

Table 5.3.33 provides detailed information on the 4­foot T5 MiniBP HO lamp designs

used in the engineering analysis and subsequent analyses.

Table 5.3.33 4­Foot T5 MiniBP HO Lamp Designs

EL

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial Light

Output

Mean Light

Output Life CRI

W W lm/W lm lm hr

Baseline/0 T5 54 53.8 76.6 4,122 2,885 20,000 62

1 T5 54 53.8 92.9 5,000 4,600 20,000 85

1 T5 51 51.0 98.0 5,000 4,600 20,000 85

As seen above, DOE used commercially­available lamps and their associated rated

efficacies (rated initial lumen output divided by the ANSI rated wattage) to determine the design

options required to meet each efficacy level. However, similar to previously discussed product

classes, these rated efficacy values do not necessarily correspond to how these lamps may

comply under energy conservation standards. As discussed further detail in section 5.3.1.2, DOE

used compliance report data to establish minimum efficacy requirements for the 4­foot MBP, 8­

foot SP slimline, and 8­foot RDC HO efficacy levels. Because 4­foot MiniBP HO lamps have

been not been regulated by DOE in the past, 4­foot MiniBP HO compliance reports do not exist.

Therefore, to establish appropriate minimum efficacy requirements for each 4­foot MiniBP

efficacy level, DOE the percentage difference between the rated efficacy and compliance

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
efficacy for the highest­efficacy 4­foot MBP lamps, and applied that same percentage reduction

to the 4­foot T5 MiniBP HO rated efficacies. Table 5.3.34 summarizes the resulting efficacy

level for 4­foot MiniBP HO lamps with CCTs less than 4,500K.

Table 5.3.34 Summary of the ELs for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP HO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Efficacy Level Efficacy Requirement

lm/W

EL1 89

Section 5.3.5.4 presents additional information on the lamp­and­ballast systems DOE

develops in the engineering analysis.

5.3.5.3 System Power Rating

The ballasts DOE used typically have a total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 10

percent, power factors (PF) greater than 0.95, and typical ballast efficacy factors (BEF). The

54W lamp has one available ballast that results in a system power rating of 120.0W, while the

51W lamp has one available ballast that results in a system power rating of 117.0W.

5.3.5.4 Results

For the 4­foot T5 MiniBP HO with CCTs ≤ 4,500K product class, DOE assessed one

model baseline lamp. DOE considered only energy­saving options that result in approximately

the same light output as the baseline lamp system. Energy savings could either be achieved

through lamp or lamp and ballast replacements.

Table 5.3.35 presents the engineering characteristics of lamp replacement options for a

baseline 54W 4­foot T5 MiniBP HO, 4,100K lamp. Table 5.3.36 presents the engineering

characteristics of lamp and ballast replacement options for the same lamp. As discussed earlier,

DOE adjusted the BF so that the combination of lamp and ballast maintains light output so that

potential light output is equal to, greater than, or no more than 10 percent less than the light

output of the baseline system. All T5 ballasts that DOE considered are electronic.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.3.35 Lamp Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp 54W T5, 4,100K System

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage Rated Watta

ge

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Outp

ut

Life

Ballast Type Ballast Factor

System

Power

Rating

W W lm/W lm lm hr W 

Baseline T5 54 53.8 76.6 4,122 2,885 20,000 Electronic 1.00 120.0 

EL1 T5 51 51.0 98.0 5,000 4,600 25,000 Electronic 1.00 117.0 

Table 5.3.36 Lamp and Ballast Replacement Engineering Analysis for a Two­Lamp 54W T5, 4,100K Syst

Efficacy

Level

Lamp

Diameter

Nominal

Wattage

Rated

Wattage

Rated

Efficacy

Initial

Light

Output

Mean

Light

Output

Life Ballast

Type

Ballast

Factor

System

Power

Rating

Sys

Init

Lig

Out

W W Lm/W lm lm hr W lm 

Baseline T5 54 53.8 76.6 4,122 2,885 20,000 Electronic 1.00 120.0 8.2

EL1* T5 54 53.8 92.9 5,000 4,600 20,000 Electronic 1.00 120.0 10,0

EL1* T5 51 51.0 98.0 5,000 4,600 25,000 Electronic 1.00 117.0 10,0

* These systems are used in the new construction/renovation scenario in the LCC analysis. Under this event, slightly less (0.63) of thes

installed where there would have been one baseline system to be within 10 percent mean lumens of the baseline system. Therefore, the 

lumen output of these systems are multiplied by a factor (0.63) in the LCC analysis.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
5.4 INCANDESCENT REFLECTOR LAMPS

As discussed in Chapter 3, the market and technology assessment, DOE created eight

separate incandescent reflector lamp product classes with three subdivisions: standard­spectrum

IRL and modified­spectrum IRL, diameter greater and less than 2.5 inches, and voltage greater

and less than 125V. DOE chose to analyze the standard­spectrum, voltage less than 125V,

diameter greater than 2.5 inches IRL product class due to its prevalence in the market.

Discussions with industry experts and a review of manufacturer literature for IRL revealed that

standard­spectrum lamps represent the vast majority of IRL. Discussions also revealed that the

majority of consumers purchase 120V IRL and PAR30 or PAR38 IRL (the most common lamps

with a diameter greater than 2.5 inches). IRL that operate at 130V and PAR20 IRL (the most

common lamps with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 inches) are not as common in the market

place. DOE extrapolated its findings to the other product classes. Section 5.5.2 provides detail

on this extrapolation.

Each IRL product class considered spans the full range of wattages covered. DOE

considered ELs for each product class with efficacy that varies with wattage. Given that the IRL

product classes are not divided by wattage, DOE did not choose a representative wattage bin for

IRL. However, rather than selecting one baseline lamp, DOE chose to analyze lamps of multiple

wattages in the standard­spectrum product class to prevent oversimplification of the analysis.

DOE concentrated on analyzing the most popular reflector lamps in terms of lamp size, wattage,

and lumen package. DOE examined existing product on the market at multiple wattages to select

baseline lamps. DOE used product at multiple wattages to derive efficacy equations that span

wattage. Therefore, DOE was able to apply the analysis performed on the most popular lamps to

the other, less common lamps. Section 5.4.2 provides further detail on the ELs DOE developed

for IRL.

Table 5.4.1 Product Classes for Incandescent Reflector Lamps

Lamp Type Diameter Voltage

> 2.5 inches ≥ 125

Standard­spectrum

< 125 (representative)

≤ 2.5 inches ≥ 125

< 125

> 2.5 inches ≥ 125

Modified­spectrum

< 125

≤ 2.5 inches ≥ 125

< 125

As with GSFL, DOE analyzed lamp designs for the LCC that both save energy and

maintain comparable light output. DOE considered lamp designs that emit initial lumens equal

to the light output of the baseline system, or less than that system, but by no more than 10

percent. DOE maintained light output across efficacy levels to ensure that products supply

equivalent service under the base case and standards case scenarios. To account for the purchase

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
of more efficacious lamps at constant wattage (with greater light output), DOE considered nonenergy saving lamps in the NIA. Appendix 5A shows lamp designs considered in the NIA.

In assessing light output, DOE distinguished between mean and initial lumens. DOE

used initial lumens in its test procedures for incandescent lamps to measure compliance with a

standard. This is consistent with consensus industry standards on efficacy measurements.

Therefore, DOE used initial lumens to calculate efficacy. For incandescent lamps, DOE also

used initial lumens when predicting consumer purchase decisions. Consumers generally make

purchase decisions based on initial lumens and not mean lumens for incandescent lamps.

Therefore, DOE lists initial lumens in its tables. Over time, the light output of an incandescent

lamp decreases slightly. To account for this real­world depreciation in lumens, DOE also

monitored mean lumens in the NIA.

5.4.1 Baseline Models for IRL With Diameters Greater Than 2.5 Inches and Operating

Voltages Less Than or Equal to 125V

DOE selected three baseline lamps of varying wattage and shapes to provide a

comprehensive understanding of consumer economics. DOE included parabolic reflector (PAR)

halogen baseline lamps of three different wattages. These baseline lamps are currently regulated

by EPCA and meet the EPCA standard.

DOE identified three IRL lumen packages that are popular in the commercial and

residential sectors. DOE also identified power ratings and lifetime characteristics of these lamps,

as listed in Table 5.4.2. The three light output packages are 630, 1050, and 1,310 lumens,

corresponding to a 50W PAR30, 75W PAR38, and 90W PAR38 lamp. These lamps represent a

cross­section of the most common reflector lamps sold and used today. Since these lamps

capture a range of wattages, lumen packages, and lamp diameters, they cover a range of

applications. Table 5.4.2 presents the representative product class and the three baseline lamps

DOE selected for its IRL analysis. These lamps represent high­volume wattages and diameters.

Table 5.4.2 IRL Representative Product Class and Baseline Lamps

Lamp Representative

Representative Product Class

Baseline Lamps

Category Product Class

Descriptor

Wattage

W

Efficacy

lm/W

Initial Light Output

lm

Lifetime

hr

IRL

StandardSpectrum,

Voltage <

125V, Diameter

> 2.5 Inches

PAR30

PAR38

PAR38

50

75

90

12.6

14.0

14.6

630

1,050

1,310

3,000

2,500

2,500

5.4.2 Efficacy Levels

For IRL with diameters greater than 2.5 inches and operating voltages less than 125V,

DOE observed natural efficacy divisions in the marketplace corresponding to a variety of design

options to increase lamp efficacy. DOE considered these efficacy divisions in selecting ELs by

using the efficacy levels of commercially available lamps as a guide. However, commercially

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
available product does not exist at all of the ELs for all of the baseline lamps. For example, the

50W PAR30 baseline lamp with 630 lumens only has commercially available product at two of

the five ELs. Because it is technically feasible to incorporate the commercially available

technologies in lamp types that correspond to all of the baseline lamps, and to have a continuous

range of efficacies to analyze, DOE developed some model IRL based on commercially available

lamp lumen packages. Using efficacy information for the commercially available lamp designs

(which substitute for certain baseline lamps) or efficacy information from manufacturer

interviews, DOE developed a relationship between efficacy and wattage. This allowed DOE to

develop lamp designs that are not commercially available for certain wattages, but that would be

substitutes for other baseline lamps. Generally, the lamp design substitutes for baseline lamps

are based around the lumen output of the baseline lamp, plus or minus 10 percent.

In reviewing published catalog data, DOE observed that higher efficacy, reduced­wattage

IRL, which maintain light output within 10 percent, can substitute for a number of baseline

lamps. Furthermore, these reduced­wattage designs span a range of design options considered in

this rule. These design options, discussed in the screening analysis (Chapter 4), include the

tungsten­halogen regenerative cycle (hereafter “halogen”) and halogen infrared (HIR)

technologies that uses both halogen and glass coatings that reflect infrared light.

The commercially available halogen IRL fall within three tiers of efficacy. To

distinguish the efficacies of these halogen IRL, DOE designated them as halogen and improved

halogen. Improved halogen can be achieved using xenon, a higher efficacy inert fill gas. In

addition, an even more efficacious improved halogen can be achieved by using a silverized

reflector, a higher efficiency reflector coating. The baseline halogen IRL employ neither xenon

nor the higher efficiency reflector coating. DOE also observed four tiers of efficacy for HIR

IRL. To distinguish the efficacies of these IRL, DOE designated them as long­life HIR, HIR,

improved HIR (4,000 hour), and improved HIR plus (4,200 hour). HIR is more efficacious than

long­life HIR due to the higher operating temperature. Improved HIR (4,000 hour) can be

achieved by using the additional design options discussed in the screening analysis. These

design options include higher efficacy filaments, efficient filament coiling, filament

configuration, capsule design, high pressure capsules, or higher efficacy reflector coating.

Improved HIR plus (4,200 hour) can be achieved with further use of these design options. DOE

observed lifetime changes across these reduced­wattage IRL. For example, a halogen IRL

typically has a lifetime of around 2,000 to 3,000 hours, while an HIR IRL typically lives for

3,000 to 6,000 hours. DOE maintained the lifetime attributes of the commercially available

product for its analysis.

DOE established ELs for IRL using an approach similar to the one it uses for GSFL.

DOE developed continuous equations that set a minimum efficacy requirement across wattage.

Each equation represents the potential efficacy a lamp achieves using a particular design option.

These “technology contour lines” represent the same IRL design option across the wattage range

of a product class. For example, an EL based on a halogen design option is a curve rather than a

step function, and denotes a halogen standard at all wattages. In general terms, DOE based the

ELs on the following progression of design options:

EL1. This efficacy level can be achieved by an improved halogen lamp which utilizes

xenon, a higher efficiency inert fill gas.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
EL2. This efficacy level can be achieved by two lamps: the long­life HIR lamp and the

improved halogen lamp with a silver reflector coating. The long­life HIR lamp employs a

halogen capsule with a infrared reflective coating and a lamp lifetime of 6,000 hours. An

improved halogen lamp that utilizes a silver reflective coating has a lifetime of 3,000 hours.

EL3. This efficacy level can be achieved with a HIR lamp (a lamp containing a halogen

capsule with an infrared reflective coating) with a lamp lifetime of 3,000 hours. Decreasing the

lamp lifetime from 6,000 to 3,000 hours with higher temperature operation effectively improves

the efficacy of the tungsten filament.

EL4. This efficacy level can be achieved by an improved HIR lamp that may employ

improved reflector coatings, improved HIR coatings or higher pressure halogen capsules. This

level is based on an HIR lamp with a lifetime of 4,000 hours.

EL5. This efficacy level can be achieved by the improved HIR plus lamps that may

utilize additional improvements in reflector coatings, HIR coatings, or filament designs that

produce higher temperature operation. This level is based on an HIR lamp with a lifetime of

4,200 hours.

Figure 5.4.1 plots the results of the IRL engineering analysis for the three baseline lamps

along with the five ELs shown in Table 5.4.3. Square boxes and labels represent the three

baseline lamps in the plot; diamonds represent higher efficacy lamp designs. Maintaining light

output on this plot of efficacy versus wattage means that lamp designs are always higher in

efficacy than the baseline lamp (i.e., moving up on the y­axis) and lower in wattage (i.e., moving

to the left on the x­axis). This trend is evident for all three lumen packages analyzed in the LCC.

As illustrated in Table 5.4.4 through Table 5.4.6, the ELs correspond to efficacy levels

associated with lamps with particular design options.

Table 5.4.3 Summary of the ELs for IRL With Diameters Greater Than 2.5 Inches and

Operating Voltages Less Than 125V

Efficacy Level Efficacy Requirement

lm/W

EL1 4.6P0.27

EL2 4.8P0.27

EL3 5.5P0.27

EL4 6.2P0.27

EL5 6.9P0.27

P = rated wattage

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Baseline/EPCA: Halogen (3,000 hr)

23.0 EL1: Improved Halogen (Xenon) (3,000 hr)

EL2: Long­Life HIR (6,000 hr)

Improved Halogen (Silver) (3,000 hr)

EL3: HIR (3,000 hr) 21.0 EL4: Improved HIR (4,000 hr)

EL5: Improved HIR Plus (4,200 hr)

19.0

17.0

Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)

EL 5

EL 4

15.0

PAR38 90W Baseline

EL 3 PAR38 75W Baseline 13.0

EL 2 PAR30 50W Baseline

EL 1 11.0 Baseline

EPCA

9.0

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Lamp Power (W)

Figure 5.4.1 Baselines and Reduced Wattage Options for IRL With Diameters Greater

Than 2.5 Inches and Voltages Less Than 125V

5.4.3 Results

After selecting baseline lamps and ELs, DOE selected lamp designs associated with the

ELs for each of the three baseline lamps. Like GSFL, DOE considered IRL that produce more

light but do not save energy in the NIA. This reflects the fact that DOE cannot require

consumers to switch to a reduced wattage lamp. Appendix 5A shows the characteristics of lamp

designs that both meet the EL and exhibit a constant or higher wattage than the baseline lamp.

The following table presents the engineering analysis for the 50W PAR30 IRL baseline

lamp. This baseline lamp is based on a 630­lumen lamp, plus or minus 10 percent. The 40W

improved PAR30 HIR lamp at EL4 and the 46W long­life HIR at EL2 are the only lamps that are

commercially available. The 47.8W PAR30 improved halogen (xenon) lamp (EL1), 45W

PAR30 improved halogen (silver) lamp (EL2), 41.8W PAR30 HIR (EL3), and 40W PAR30

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
5 improved HIR plus (EL5) are model lamp designs. These lamps are designed to have

approximately the same lumen package as the baseline lamp (i.e., 630 lumens), and to have a

minimum efficacy just above each efficacy level.

The 40W improved HIR plus PAR30 produces 21 percent more light output than the

50W PAR30. For the technology employed in these lamps at this efficacy level, DOE believes

lamps employing similar design options could not be manufactured (and still achieve similar

6 performance) at wattages below 40W. Therefore, DOE analyzes a 40W lamps that produces

greater lumen output at EL5.

Table 5.4.4 IRL Engineering Analysis 50W PAR30

Efficacy

Level

Design

Option

Lamp

Descriptor

Wattage Efficacy Initial Light

Output

Lamp

Life

W lm/W lm hr

Baseline Halogen PAR30 50 12.6 630 3,000

EL1

Improved

Halogen

(Xenon)*

PAR30 47.8 13.2 630 3,000

EL2 Long­Life HIR PAR30 46 13.5 620 6,000

EL2

Improved

Halogen

(Silver)*

PAR30 45.0 14.0 630 3,000

EL3 HIR* PAR30 41.8 15.1 630 3,000

EL4 Improved HIR PAR30 40 17.0 680 4,000

EL5 Improved HIR

Plus* PAR30 40.0 19.1 765 4,200

*IRL lamp designs with an asterisk are model lamp designs.

The following table presents the engineering analysis for the 75W PAR38 IRL baseline

lamp. This baseline lamp and its lamp design substitutes are based on a 1,050­lumen lamp, plus

or minus 10 percent. DOE developed three model lamps that match the lumen package of this

baseline lamp. The 71.7W improved halogen (xenon) PAR38 at EL1 is a model lamp design.

DOE used information from technical literature and confidential information from manufacturers

to develop this model lamp. In addition, the 68.8W long­life HIR PAR38 lamp at EL2 is a

5 Model lamp designs represent lamps that are not commercially available at this time. DOE developed these lamps

based on technical literature and confidential information from manufacturers on incandescent design options. DOE

developed these model lamp designs to have a more continuous range of ELs to analyze across the three lumen

packages. DOE differentiates between model lamp designs and commercially available lamp designs by showing

the wattage of the model lamp design to the tenths decimal place. Commercially available lamps are shown in the

same way they appear in the product catalogs, rounded off to the nearest whole number. 6 Through conversations with technical experts, DOE believes that when operating at 120V, an incandescent

filament must become thinner as the wattage of the lamp decreases. When operating at 120V below 40 watts, the

filament becomes so thin that its structural integrity becomes weak. In an HIR lamp, this weak structural integrity

causes the filament to produce light in a spot of the reflector lamp which is not ideal for optimum light extraction.

Because of the loss in efficacy due to the placement of the filament in the HIR capsule, it is not practical to produce

an HIR IRL below 40W.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
model lamp design. This lamp is based on a 6,000 hour HIR lamp with a different wattage and

lumen package. DOE used information from technical literature in order to develop a 6,000 hour

HIR lamp with a 1,050 lumen package. Finally, the 51.7W improved HIR plus PAR38 lamp at

EL5 is a model lamp design that DOE created based on commercially available HIR lamps with

the same lifetime. The improved halogen lamp at EL2 and the lamps at EL3 and EL4 are

commercially available.

Table 5.4.5. IRL Engineering Analysis for 75W PAR38

Efficacy

Level

Design

Option

Lamp

Descriptor

Wattage Efficacy Initial Light

Output

Lamp

Life

W lm/W lm hr

Baseline Halogen PAR38 75 14.0 1,050 2,500

EL1 Improved

Halogen

(Xenon)*

PAR38 71.7 14.6 1,050 2,500

EL2 Long­Life HIR* PAR38 68.8 15.3 1,050 6,000

EL2 Improved

Halogen (Silver)

PAR38 66 15.9 1,050 3,000

EL3 HIR PAR38 60 17.5 1,050 3,000

EL4 Improved HIR PAR38 55 19.1 1,050 4,000

EL5 Improved HIR

Plus*

PAR38 51.7 20.3 1,050 4,200

*IRL lamp designs with an asterisk are model lamp designs.

The following table presents the engineering analysis for the 90W PAR38 IRL baseline

lamp. This baseline lamp and its substitute lamp designs are based on a 1,310­lumen lamp, plus

or minus 10 percent. The 85.7W improved halogen (xenon) PAR38 at EL1 is a model lamp

design. DOE used information from technical literature and confidential information from

manufacturers to develop this model lamp. In addition, the 82.5W long­life HIR PAR38 model

lamp at EL2 is a model lamp design. This lamp is based on a 6,000 hour HIR lamp with a

different wattage and lumen package. DOE used information from technical literature in order to

develop a 6,000 hr HIR lamp with a 1,310 lumen package. The 66.0W improved HIR PAR38 at

EL4 is also a model lamp design. DOE scaled this lamp design from a relationship between the

75W halogen PAR38 and the 55W improved HIR PAR38. The improved halogen lamp (silver)

at EL2 and the lamps at EL3 and EL5 are commercially available.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.4.6 IRL Engineering Analysis for 90W PAR38

Efficacy

Level

Design

Option

Lamp

Descriptor

Wattage Efficacy Initial Light

Output

Lamp

Life

W lm/W lm hr

Baseline Halogen PAR38 90 14.6 1,310 2,500

EL1 Improved

Halogen*

PAR38 85.7 15.3 1,310 2,500

EL2 Long­life HIR* PAR38 82.5 15.9 1,310 6,000

EL2 Improved

Halogen

PAR38 79 16.6 1,310 3,000

EL3 HIR PAR38 70 18.0 1,260 3,000

EL4 Improved HIR* PAR38 66.0 19.8 1,310 4,000

EL5 Improved HIR PAR38 60 21.0 1,260 4,200

* IRL lamp designs with an asterisk are model lamp designs.

5.5 SCALING TO PRODUCT CLASSES NOT ANALYZED

DOE identified and selected certain product classes as “representative” product classes to

concentrate its analytical effort. DOE chose these representative product classes primarily due to

their high market volumes. The following section discusses how DOE scales ELs from the

analyzed product classes to those product classes that it did not analyze.

5.5.1 General Service Fluorescent Lamps

5.5.1.1 2­foot U­Shaped GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Two­foot U­shaped lamps generally are less efficacious than 4­foot MBP lamps due to

the bend of a 2­foot U­shaped lamp. This drop in efficacy often depends on the wattage and

diameter of the lamp in question. DOE assessed manufacturer catalogs containing

commercially­available 2­foot U­shaped lamps with CCTs less than or equal to 4,500K to

develop standard levels with a similar technology impact at each EL as 4­foot MBP lamps.

Similar to the development of efficacy levels for the 4­foot MBP product class DOE also used

compliance report data for 2­foot U­shaped lamps to determine the efficacies at which

commercially­available products would comply with standards.

However, due to a lack of compliance data for these lamps, DOE augmented its analysis

with a comparison to the analysis conducted for 4­foot MBP efficacy levels. Because 2­foot Ushaped and 4­foot MBP lamps employ similar technologies and are available in similar wattages,

DOE believes that the reduction in efficacy (from rated efficacy values to compliance efficacy

values) required for U­shaped lamps should be similar to that of 4­foot MBP lamps. Therefore,

where compliance report data was unavailable DOE used the same percentage efficacy

reductions for U­shaped lamps as it did for 4­foot MBP lamps. The final efficacy levels for 2­

foot U­shaped with CCTs less than or equal to 4,500K summarized in Table 5.5.1.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.5.1 Efficacy Requirements for 2­Foot U­Shaped Lamps With CCTs Less Than or

Equal To 4,500K

EL Efficacy Requirement (lm/W) Reduction 4­foot MBP 2­foot U­Shaped

1 78 72 7.7%

2 81 76 6.2%

3 84 78 7.1%

4 89 84 5.6%

5 94 88 6.4%

5.5.1.2 Lamps With CCTs Above 4,500K

As discussed in section 5.3, DOE did not analyze GSFL with a CCT above 4,500K and 2­

foot U­shaped lamps. As discussed in the market and technology assessment, the efficacy of

lamps with cooler CCTs (i.e., higher CCT values) is lower due to the quality of blue light

emitted. A technical committee of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

analyzed efficacy levels for GSFL product classes and recommended efficacy levels for high

CCT lamps. Using these efficacy levels, and comparing them to NEMA’s recommended

efficacy levels for low CCT lamps, DOE calculated percentage efficacy reductions for lamps

with CCTs above 4,500K. After analyzing catalog data for the lumen output of lamps with a

CCT greater than 4,500K and less than 4,500K, DOE found NEMA’s recommendation to be

consistent with commercially available product. Therefore, DOE adopted these reductions for 4­

foot MBP, 8­foot SP slimline, and 8­foot RDC HO lamps; the resulting ELs for these lamps with

CCTs above 4,500K are shown in Table 5.5.2 through Table 5.5.4.

Table 5.5.2 Efficacy Requirements For 4­Foot MBP Lamps With CCTs Above 4,500K

EL Efficacy Requirement (lm/W) Reduction

CCT ≤ 4,500K CCT > 4,500K

1 78 76 2.6%

2 81 76 6.3%

3 84 78 7.2%

4 89 83 6.9%

5 94 88 6.5%

Table 5.5.3 Efficacy Requirements For 8­Foot SP Slimline Lamps With CCTs Above

4,500K

EL Efficacy Requirement (lm/W) Reduction

CCT ≤ 4,500K CCT > 4,500K

1 89 86 3.5%

2 93 88 5.4%

3 95 91 4.2%

4 97 93 4.1%

5 100 96 4.1%

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Table 5.5.4 Efficacy Requirements For 8­Foot RDC HO Lamps With CCTs Above 4,500K

EL Efficacy Requirement (lm/W) Reduction

CCT ≤ 4,500K CCT > 4,500K

1 83 80 3.6%

2 87 84 3.5%

3 88 84 4.5%

4 92 88 4.3%

5 95 91 4.2%

NEMA did not provide efficacy level recommendations for 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO and

HO lamps with color temperatures greater than 4,500K. For this reason, DOE reviewed product

literature for 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO and HO lamps. By comparing catalog ratings for 4­foot T5

MiniBP SO and HO lamps with a CCT of 4,100K with similar T5 lamps of a 6,500K CCT, DOE

determined average efficacy reductions for 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO and HO lamps of high CCT.

For 4­foot T5 MiniBP SO lamps of high CCT, DOE reduced EL1 by 6.0 percent to 97 lm/W and

EL2 by 6.0 percent to 102 lm/W. For 4­foot T5 MiniBP HO lamps of high CCT, DOE reduced

EL1 by 5.0 percent to 85 lm/W. Table 5.5.5 and Table 5.5.6 show the efficacy levels for these

lamps.

Table 5.5.5 Efficacy Requirements For 4­Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamps With CCTs Above

4,500K

EL Efficacy Requirement (lm/W) Reduction

CCT ≤ 4,500K CCT > 4,500K

1 103 97 6.0%

2 108 102 6.0%

Table 5.5.6 Efficacy Requirements For 4­Foot T5 MiniBP HO Lamps With CCTs Above

4,500K

EL Efficacy Requirement (lm/W) Reduction

CCT ≤ 4,500K CCT > 4,500K

1 89 85 5.0%

For 2­foot U­shaped lamps with CCTs above 4,500K, NEMA recommended minimum

efficacy requirements for only EL1 through EL3. DOE used NEMA’s suggested scaling factors

for these ELs to derive the efficacy levels for 2­foot U­shaped lamps with CCTs greater than

4,500K. Because 2­foot U­shaped lamps and 4­foot linear MBP lamps are technologically

similar, DOE used the EL4 and EL5 4­foot MBP scaling factors as the EL4 and EL5 scaling

factors for 2­foot U­shaped lamps with CCTs above 4,500K.

Table 5.5.7 Efficacy Levels For 2­Foot U­Shaped Lamps With CCTs Greater Than 4,500K

EL Efficacy Requirement (lm/W) Reduction

CCT ≤ 4,500K CCT > 4,500K

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
1 72 67 7.1%

2 76 71 6.9%

3 78 73 6.6%

4 84 78 6.9%

5 88 82 6.5%

5.5.2 Incandescent Reflector Lamps

5.5.2.1 Modified­Spectrum IRL

DOE analyzed standard­spectrum lamps, but set separate standards for modifiedspectrum IRL. As with higher CCT GSFL, modified­spectrum IRL filter portions of the emitted

spectrum to attain a particular spectral emission, thereby lowering their efficacy value.

Manufacturers achieve this specific spectrum in modified­spectrum IRL by applying a coating,

or introducing neodymium or other additives into the cover glass of the IRL. Manufacturers may

change the thickness of the coating or the content of neodymium to modify the spectrum to

different degrees, and this modification change the lumens the IRL emits. DOE assessed the

efficacy differences between standard and modified spectrum IRL by measuring the efficacies of

commercially available IRL. By analyzing this test data, DOE established that a reduction of

19% from the standard­spectrum efficacy levels would be appropriate for modified spectrum

IRL. Table 5.5.8 shows a summary of the ELs for modified­spectrum IRL with diameters

greater than 2.5 inches and operating voltages less than 125V. See appendix 5C for further detail

on DOE’s modified spectrum analysis.

Table 5.5.8 Summary of the ELs for Modified­Spectrum IRL With Diameters Greater

Than 2.5 Inches and Operating Voltages Less Than 125V

EL Efficacy Requirement (lm/W) Reduction

Standard Spectrum Modified Spectrum

1 4.6P0.27 3.7P0.27 19.0%

2 4.8P0.27 3.9P0.27 19.0%

3 5.5P0.27 4.5P0.27 19.0%

4 6.2P0.27 5.0P0.27 19.0%

5 6.9P0.27 5.6P0.27 19.0%

P = rated wattage

5.5.2.2 IRL With Diameters Less Than or Equal To 2.5 Inches

A smaller diameter IRL has an inherently lower optical efficacy than a larger diameter

lamp given a similar filament size. To determine an appropriate scaling factor for IRL with

diameters less than or equal to 2.5 inches, DOE examined the inherent efficacy differences

between the PAR20 lamp and its PAR30 or PAR38 counterpart by comparing catalog efficacy

data of each lamp type from several lamp manufacturers. In its analysis, DOE found that the

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
reduction in efficacy caused by the reduction in lamp diameter was approximately 12% for IRL.

By reducing the efficacy requirement by 12%, improved HIR PAR20 IRL can meet the same EL

as the improved HIR PAR30 and PAR38 IRL. Table 5.5.9 shows a summary of the ELs for

standard­spectrum IRL with diameters less than or equal to 2.5 inches and operating voltages

less than 125V.

Table 5.5.9 Summary of the ELs for Standard­Spectrum IRL With Diameters Less Than

or Equal To 2.5 Inches and Operating Voltages Less Than 125V

EL Efficacy Requirement (lm/W) Reduction

≥ 2.5 Inches < 2.5 Inches

1 4.6P0.27 4.0P0.27 12.0%

2 4.8P0.27 4.2P0.27 12.0%

3 5.5P0.27 4.8P0.27 12.0%

4 6.2P0.27 5.5P0.27 12.0%

5 6.9P0.27 6.1P0.27 12.0%

P = rated wattage

5.5.2.3 IRL With Operating Voltages Greater Than or Equal to 125 Volts

As discussed in Chapter 3, the Market and Technology Assessment, when operated under

120V conditions, lamps rated at 130V in compliance with existing IRL efficacy standards are

generally less efficacious than lamps using equivalent technology rated at 120V. In

consideration of the different test procedures for IRL rated at 130V than those rated at 120V, and

by using published manufacturer literature, confidential information on incandescent design, and

iv equations from the IESNA Lighting Handbook, DOE derived an efficacy scaling factor which

would result in equivalent performance of both classes of IRL when operating under the same

voltage conditions (as they most often are). The equations DOE used from the IESNA lighting

handbook are as follows:

life VOLTS d = ( ) Eq. 5.2

LIFE volts

lumens volts = ( )

k Eq. 5.3

LUMENS VOLTS

watts volts n = ( ) Eq. 5.4

WATTS VOLTS

Capital letters represent normal rated values while lower­case letters represent changed

values. By using published manufacturer literature on IRL lumen, wattage, and voltage ratings,

DOE found that the most typical values for d, k, and n in the above equations for the IRL

analyzed are as follows: d=8.7, k=3.4, n=1.6. From this information and confidential

information on incandescent lamp design, DOE was able to determine that a lamp operating at

130V would be 15 percent more efficacious than a lamp of a similar wattage operating at 120V.

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
Therefore, DOE proposes a 15 percent increase in the efficacy requirement for lamps rated with

a voltage greater than or equal to 125V. Table 5.5.10 shows a summary of the ELs for standard

spectrum IRL with diameters greater than 2.5 inches and operating voltages greater than or equal

to 125V.

Table 5.5.10 Summary of the ELs for Standard Spectrum IRL With Diameters Greater

Than 2.5 Inches and Operating Voltages Greater Than or Equal to 125V

EL Efficacy Requirement (lm/W) Increase

< 125 Volts ≥ 125 Volts

1 4.6P0.27 5.3P0.27 15.0%

2 4.8P0.27 5.5P0.27 15.0%

3 5.5P0.27 6.3P0.27 15.0%

4 6.2P0.27 7.1P0.27 15.0%

5 6.9P0.27 7.9P0.27 15.0%

P = rated wattage

5.6 SUMMARY OF ALL EFFICACY LEVELS FOR COVERED PRODUCTS

5.6.1 Summary of All Efficacy Levels for Covered GSFL

Table 5.6.1 shows a summary of the efficacy levels for all general service fluorescent

lamps affected by this rulemaking. The table shows the ELs for GSFL with CCTs less than as

well as greater than/equal to 4,500K; the table also shows the associated ELs for 2­foot U­shaped

lamps. “N/A” is shown where no ELs exist, such as for T5 lamps (which do not have five ELs).

Representative product classes are shown in grey squares.

Table 5.6.1 Summary of All Efficacy Levels for Covered GSFL

CCT Lamp Type

Efficacy Level

1 2 3 4 5

4­foot MBP 78 81 84 89 94

2­foot U­shaped 72 76 78 84 88

8­foot SP slimline 89 93 95 97 100

< 4,500K 8­foot RDC HO 83 87 88 92 95

4­foot T5 MiniBP SO 103 108 N/A N/A N/A

4­foot T5 MiniBP HO 89 N/A N/A N/A N/A

> 4,500K 4­foot MBP 76 76 78 83 88

2­foot U­shaped 67 71 73 78 82

8­foot SP slimline 86 88 91 93 96

8­foot RDC HO 80 84 84 88 91

4­foot T5 MiniBP SO 97 102 N/A N/A N/A

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
4­foot T5 MiniBP HO 85 N/A N/A N/A N/A

5.6.2 Summary of All Efficacy Levels for Covered IRL

Table 5.6.2 shows a summary of the efficacy levels for all incandescent reflector lamps

affected by this rulemaking. The various combinations of IRL features such as standardspectrum vs. modified­spectrum, diameters greater than or less than/equal to 2.5 inches, and

operating voltages greater than/equal to or less than 125V are shown in the table. The

representative IRL product class is shown in grey squares.

Table 5.6.2 Summary of All Efficacy Levels for Covered IRL

Efficacy Level

Lamp Type Diameter Voltage 1 2 3 4 5

≥ 125V 5.3 5.5 6.3 7.1 7.9

> 2.5

inches

< 125V 4.6 4.8 5.5 6.2 6.9

≥ 125V 4.7 4.9 5.6 6.3 7.0

Standardspectrum

≤ 2.5

inches

< 125V 4.0 4.2 4.8 5.5 6.1

≥ 125V 4.3 4.5 5.1 5.8 6.4

> 2.5

inches

< 125V 3.7 3.9 4.5 5.0 5.6

≥ 125V 3.8 3.9 4.5 5.1 5.7

Modifiedspectrum

≤ 2.5

inches

< 125V 3.3 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.9

*P

P = rated wattage

0.27

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2
REFERENCES

i

National Electrical Manufacturers Association. 2006. No. 12 at p. 7. This written comment,

Document Number 12, is available in Docket #EE–2006–STD–0131. For more information,

contact Brenda Edwards­Jones at (202) 586­2945.

ii U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Building

Research and Standards. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and

Renewable Energy. Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Technical Support

Document: Energy Efficiency Standards for Consumer Products: Fluorescent Lamp Ballast

Proposed Rule. Appendix B. Marginal Energy Prices and National Energy Savings. Table B.6.

January, 2000. Washington, D.C.

<http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/pdfs/appendix_b.pdf.

iii Codes and Standards Enhancement (CASE) Initiative For PY2008: Title 20 Standards

Development. Analysis of Standards Options for Linear Fluorescent Fixtures. Prepared for:

PG&E Prepared by: ACEEE, Lighting Wizards, and Energy Solutions Last Modified: May 14,

2008.

iv Rea, M. S., ed., The IESNA Lighting Handbook: Reference and Application, 9th Edition. New

York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. IESNA (2000).

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EE-2006-STD-0131 COMMENT 37.2