DOE/EIA-0625(95)

Distribution Category UC-950

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995:

Characteristics, Energy Consumption,

and Energy Expenditures

October 1998

En ergy In for ma tion Ad min istra tion

Of fice of En ergy Mar kets and End Use

U.S. De part ment of En ergy

Wash ing ton, DC 20585

This re port was pre pared by the En ergy In for ma tion Ad min istra tion, the in de pend ent statis ti cal and ana lytic agency

within the U.S. De part ment of En ergy. The in for ma tion con tained herein should be at trib uted to the En ergy

In for ma tion Ad min istra tion and should not be con strued as ad vo cat ing or re flect ing any pol icy po si tion of the

De part ment of En ergy or any other or gani za tion.
Contacts

The En ergy In for ma tion Ad min istra tion (EIA) pre pared this pub li ca tion un der the gen eral di rec tion of W. Cal vin

Kil gore, Di rec tor of the Of fice of En ergy Mar kets and End Use (202-586-1617). The proj ect was di rected by Dwight

K. French (202-586-1126), Di rec tor of the En ergy Con sump tion Di vi sion (ECD) and by Nancy L. Leach

(202-586-1114), Team Leader of the Con sump tion Data Man age ment Team of ECD. Spe cific tech ni cal in for ma tion

may be ob tained from Mar tha John son (202-586-1135), the Com mer cial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey

(CBECS) Man ager. The FAX number for all ECD per son nel is 202-586-0018.

For de tailed tech ni cal ques tions on the top ics in di cated, re fer to the fol low ing ECD staff mem bers:

CBECS Man ager Mar tha John son 202-586-1135 mar tha.john son@eia.doe.gov

Ap pen dix A

Prin ci pal Author Alan Swen son 202-586-1129 alan.swen son@eia.doe.gov

De tailed Ta bles Joelle Davis 202-586-8952 joelle.davis@eia.doe.gov

Data Im pu ta tions

At a Glance

Ap pen dix B Jay Olsen 202-586-1137 jay.olsen@eia.doe.gov

Data Im pu ta tions

Sam pling Vari ances

Ap pen dix C Emilda Riv ers 202-586-5744 emilda.riv ers@eia.doe.gov

Glos sary

Ques tion naire De vel op ment

In ter viewer Train ing

Ap pen di ces D, E, and F Hat tie Ram seur 202-586-1124 hat tie.ram seur@eia.doe.gov

At a Glance Bar bara Fich man 202-586-5737 bar bara.fich man@eia.doe.gov

De tailed Ta bles Vicki Moor head 202-586-1133 vicki.moor head@eia.doe.gov

Sam pling De sign Rob ert Latta 202-586-1385 rob ert.latta@eia.doe.gov

Data in this re port are in the pub lic do main and, with ap pro pri ate credit, may be re pro duced with out per mis sion. A

sug gested ci ta tion is “U.S. De part ment of En ergy, En ergy In for ma tion Ad min istra tion, A Look at Com mer cial

Build ings in 1995: Char ac ter is tics, En ergy Con sump tion, and En ergy Ex pen di tures" or “U.S. De part ment of En ergy, 

En ergy In for ma tion Ad min istra tion, 1995 Com mer cial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey.”

CBECS Pub lic Use Data are avail able on the Inter net at: http://www.eia.doe.gov.

Energy Information Administration

ii A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Contents

At a Glance ................................................... . ix

1. Overview ................................................... . 1

Introduction .................................................. 1

Commercial Buildings in 1995......................................... 1

2. Major Characteristics of Commercial Buildings.............................. . 7

Principal Building Activities......................................... . 7

Size of Buildings ................................................ 9

Year Constructed ................................................ 10

Location ................................................... . 11

3. End Uses, Energy Sources, and Energy Consumption ........................... . 15

Energy End Uses ............................................... . 15

Energy Sources Used.............................................. 17

Energy Consumption by Energy Source and End Use ............................ . 18

Major Energy Sources and Building Characteristics............................. . 20

4. End-Use Equipment and Energy Conservation .............................. . 25

End-Use Equipment ............................................. . 25

Energy Conservation Features and Practices................................. . 29

Text Tables................................................... 31

5. Detailed Tables ................................................. 47

How to Read the Tables ............................................ 47

Categories of Data in the Tables ........................................ 47

Statistical Significance of Data......................................... 49

Appendices

A. How the Survey was Conducted ..................................... 333

B. Nonsampling and Sampling Errors.................................... 345

C. Description of Building Types ...................................... 365

D. U.S. Climate Zones and Census Regions and Divisions Maps .................... . 369

E. Metric Conversion Factors ....................................... . 371

F. Related EIA Publications on Energy Consumption .......................... . 373

Glossary .................................................... . 379

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures iii
Text Tables

1a. Main Heating Equipment, Number of Buildings and Relative Standard Errors, 1995 ........... . 31

1b. Main Heating Equipment, Floorspace in Heated Buildings and Relative Standard Errors, 1995 ...... . 32

1c. Main Heating Equipment, Heated Floorspace and Relative Standard Errors, 1995 ............. . 33

2a. Heating Distribution Equipment, Number of Buildings and Relative Standard Errors, 1995 ........ . 34

2b. Heating Distribution Equipment, Floorspace in Heated Buildings and Relative Standard Errors, 1995 . . . 35

2c. Heating Distribution Equipment, Heated Floorspace and Relative Standard Errors, 1995 ......... . 36

3a. Main Cooling Equipment, Number of Buildings and Relative Standard Errors, 1995 ........... . 37

3b. Main Cooling Equipment, Floorspace in Cooled Buildings and Relative Standard Errors, 1995...... . 38

3c. Main Cooling Equipment, Cooled Floorspace and Relative Standard Errors, 1995............. . 39

4a. Cooling Distribution Equipment, Number of Buildings and Relative Standard Errors, 1995........ . 40

4b. Cooling Distribution Equipment, Floorspace in Cooled Buildings and Relative Standard Errors, 1995 . . . 41

4c. Cooling Distribution Equipment, Cooled Floorspace and Relative Standard Errors, 1995 ......... . 42

5a. Participation in Energy Conservation Programs, Number of Buildings and Relative Standard Errors,

 1995..................................................... . 43

5b. Participation in Energy Conservation Programs, Floorspace and Relative Standard Errors, 1995 ..... . 44

6a. Sponsorship of Conservation Features and Conservation Programs, Number of Buildings and 

 Relative Standard Errors, 1995 ....................................... . 45

6b. Sponsorship of Conservation Features and Conservation Programs, Floorspace and

 Relative Standard Errors, 1995 ....................................... . 46

A1. Response Rates for Energy Suppliers Survey by Energy Source, 1995 ................. . 341

B1. Item Nonresponse Percentages for Selected Building Characteristics, 1995 ............... . 349

B2. Energy Suppliers’ Account Classification of Commercial Buildings, 1995 ............... . 359

E1. Metric Conversion Factors ........................................ . 371

Detailed Tables

 BC-1. Summary Table: Totals and Means of Floorspace, Number of Workers, and Hours of Operation,

 1995 .................................................. . 56

 BC-2. Summary Table: Totals and Medians of Floorspace, Number of Workers, Hours of Operation, and

 Age of Building, 1995 ......................................... . 61

 BC-3. Census Region, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 ...................... . 66

 BC-4. Census Region and Division, Number of Buildings, 1995 ....................... . 70

 BC-5. Census Region and Division, Floorspace, 1995............................. . 74

 BC-6. Climate Zone, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995........................ 78

 BC-7. Metropolitan Status, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 ................... . 83

 BC-8. Building Size, Number of Buildings, 1995 ............................... . 87

 BC-9. Building Size, Floorspace, 1995..................................... . 91

BC-10. Year Constructed, Number of Buildings, 1995 ............................. . 95

BC-11. Year Constructed, Floorspace, 1995 .................................. . 99

BC-12. Employment Size Category, Number of Buildings, 1995....................... . 103

BC-13. Employment Size Category, Floorspace, 1995 ............................ . 106

BC-14. Weekly Operating Hours, Number of Buildings, 1995 ........................ . 109

BC-15. Weekly Operating Hours, Floorspace, 1995 ............................. . 112

BC-16. Occupancy of Nongovernment-Owned and Government-Owned Buildings, Number of Buildings,

 1995 ................................................. . 115

BC-17. Occupancy of Nongovernment-Owned and Government-Owned Buildings, Floorspace, 1995 ... . 120

BC-18. Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, 1995 ............................. . 125

BC-19. Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995 .................................. . 127

BC-20. Energy End Uses, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 .................... . 129

BC-21. Space-Heating Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, 1995 ..................... . 131

BC-22. Space-Heating Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995 .......................... . 134

Energy Information Administration

iv A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
BC-23. Primary Space-Heating Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, 1995 ................ . 137

BC-24. Primary Space-Heating Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995....................... 139

BC-25. Cooling Energy Sources, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 ................ . 142

BC-26. Water-Heating Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, 1995 ..................... . 145

BC-27. Water-Heating Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995 .......................... . 147

BC-28. Cooking Energy Sources, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995................ . 149

BC-29. Percent of Floorspace Heated, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 ............. . 151

BC-30. Percent of Floorspace Cooled, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 ............. . 155

BC-31. Percent of Floorspace Lit when Open, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 ......... . 159

BC-32. Heated, Cooled, and Lit Buildings, Floorspace, 1995......................... . 162

BC-33. Heating Equipment, Number of Buildings, 1995 ............................ 166

BC-34. Heating Equipment, Floorspace, 1995 ................................ . 170

BC-35. Cooling Equipment,Number of Buildings, 1995 ........................... . 174

BC-36. Cooling Equipment, Floorspace, 1995 ................................ . 177

BC-37. Refrigeration Equipment, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995................ . 180

BC-38. Water-Heating Equipment, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 ............... . 182

BC-39. Lighting Equipment, Number of Buildings, 1995........................... . 184

BC-40. Lighting Equipment, Floorspace, 1995 ................................ . 187

BC-41. Energy Conservation Features, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 ............. . 190

BC-42. Building Shell Conservation Features, Number of Buildings, 1995 ................. . 194

BC-43. Building Shell Conservation Features, Floorspace, 1995 ....................... . 197

BC-44. Reduction in Equipment Use During Off Hours, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995.... . 200

 CE-1. Total Energy Consumption by Major Fuel, 1995 ............................ 206

 CE-2. Total Energy Expenditures by Major Fuel, 1995 ........................... . 210

 CE-3. Consumption for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 ............................. . 214

 CE-4. Expenditures for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 ............................. . 218

 CE-5. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Census Region for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 .... . 222

 CE-6. Expenditures by Census Region for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 ................... . 225

 CE-7. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Building Size for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 ..... . 228

 CE-8. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Year Constructed for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 ... . 232

 CE-9. Total Electricity Consumption and Expenditures, 1995........................ . 236

CE-10. Electricity Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995 ..................... . 239

CE-11. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by Census Region, 1995 ........ . 242

CE-12. Electricity Expenditures by Census Region, 1995 .......................... . 245

CE-13. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by Building Size, 1995 ......... . 248

CE-14. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by Year Constructed, 1995 ....... . 251

CE-15. Season of Peak Electricity Demand, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 .......... . 254

CE-16. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by Season of Peak Demand, 1995 ... . 258

CE-17. Peak Electricity Demand Category, Number of Buildings, 1995 ................... . 262

CE-18. Peak Electricity Demand Category, Floorspace, 1995 ........................ . 265

CE-19. Distribution of Peak Watts per Square Foot and Load Factors, 1995 ................. . 268

CE-20. Total Natural Gas Consumption and Expenditures,1995 ....................... . 271

CE-21. Natural Gas Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995..................... . 274

CE-22. Natural Gas Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by Census Region, 1995 ....... . 277

CE-23. Natural Gas Expenditures by Census Region, 1995.......................... . 280

CE-24. Natural Gas Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by Building Size, 1995 ......... 283

CE-25. Natural Gas Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by Year Constructed, 1995 ...... . 286

CE-26. Total Fuel Oil Consumption and Expenditures, 1995 ......................... . 289

CE-27. Fuel Oil Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995....................... . 292

CE-28. Fuel Oil Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by Census Region, 1995 ......... . 295

CE-29. Fuel Oil Expenditures by Census Region, 1995............................ . 297

CE-30. Total District Heat Consumption and Expenditures, 1995 ...................... . 299

CE-31. District Heat Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995 .................... . 302

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures v
 EU-1. Sum of Major Fuel Consumption by End Use, 1995 ......................... . 306

 EU-2. Energy End-Use Intensities for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 ...................... . 311

 EU-3. Electricity Consumption by End Use, 1995 .............................. . 316

 EU-4. Energy End-Use Intensities for Electricity, 1995 ........................... . 320

 EU-5. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, 1995 ............................. . 324

 EU-6. Energy End-Use Intensities for Natural Gas, 1995 .......................... . 328

Figures

 1. Total Commercial Buildings, 1989 to 1995 ................................. . 1

 2. Total Commercial Floorspace, 1989 to 1995 ................................ . 1

 3. Total Site Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings, 1989 to 1995 ................. . 2

 4. Total Site Energy Intensity in Commercial Buildings, 1989 to 1995 .................... . 2

 5. Primary and Site Energy Consumption by Energy Source, 1995 ...................... . 2

 6. Total Energy Expenditures by Energy Source, 1995 ............................ . 2

 7. Primary and Site Energy Intensity by Energy Source, 1995......................... . 3

 8. Distribution of Floorspace and Buildings by Principal Building Activity, 1995 .............. . 8

 9. Mean Building Size by Principal Building Activity, 1995 ......................... . 8

10. Site Energy Consumption by Principal Building Activity, 1995 ....................... 8

11. Site Energy Intensity by Principal Building Activity, 1995 ......................... . 8

12. Distribution of Floorspace by Size of Building, 1995 ............................ . 9

13. Site Energy Consumption by Size of Building, 1995 ............................ . 9

14. Site Energy Intensity by Size of Building, 1995............................... . 9

15. Distribution of Floorspace and Buildings by Year Constructed, 1995 ................... . 10

16. Site Energy Consumption by Year Constructed, 1995 ........................... . 10

17. Site Energy Intensity by Year Constructed, 1995 ............................... 10

18. Distribution of Floorspace and Buildings by Census Region, 1995 ..................... . 11

19. Site Energy Consumption by Census Region, 1995 ............................. . 11

20. Site Energy Intensity by Census Region, 1995 ............................... . 11

21. Distribution of Floorspace and Buildings by Climate Zone, 1995 ..................... . 13

22. Site Energy Consumption by Climate Zone, 1995.............................. . 13

23. Site Energy Intensity by Climate Zone, 1995 ................................ . 13

24. End Uses in Commercial Buildings by Percent of Floorspace and Buildings, 1995 ............ . 15

25. Space Heating Energy Sources, 1995 .................................... . 16

26. Water Heating Energy Sources, 1995 .................................... . 16

27. Energy Sources Used in Commercial Buildings, 1995 ........................... . 17

28. Electricity End Uses, 1995.......................................... . 18

29. Natural Gas End Uses, 1995 .......................................... 18

30. Site and Primary Energy Consumption by Energy Source, 1995 ...................... . 18

31. Site and Primary Energy Intensity by Energy Source, 1995......................... . 18

32. Total Site Energy Consumption by End Use, 1995 ............................. . 19

33. Total Primary Energy Consumption by End Use, 1995 ........................... . 19

34. Site Electricity Consumption by End Use, 1995............................... . 19

35. Primary Electricity Consumption by End Use, 1995 ............................ . 19

36. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, 1995 ................................ . 20

37. Percent of Floorspace That Used Major Energy Sources by Principal Building Activity, 1995 ...... . 20

38. Energy Intensities for Electricity and Natural Gas by Principal Building Activity, 1995.......... . 21

39. Percent of Floorspace That Used Major Energy Sources by Size of Building, Year Constructed,

 Census Region, and Climate Zone, 1995.................................. . 22

40. Energy Intensities for Major Energy Sources by Size of Building, Year Constructed, Census

 Region, and Climate Zone, 1995 ...................................... . 23

41. Heating Equipment Used for Main and Other Use, Percent of Heated Floorspace, 1995.......... . 25

42. Heating Equipment Used for Main and Other Use, Percent of Heated Buildings, 1995 .......... . 25

Energy Information Administration

vi A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
43. Heating Equipment Used by Size of Building, 1995 ............................ . 26

44. Heating Equipment Used by Year Constructed, 1995 ............................ . 26

45. Cooling Equipment Used for Main and Other Use, Percent of Cooled Floorspace, 1995 ......... . 27

46 Cooling Equipment Used for Main and Other Use, Percent of Cooled Buildings, 1995 .......... . 27

47. Cooling Equipment Used by Size of Building, 1995 ............................ . 28

48. Cooling Equipment Used by Year Constructed, 1995............................ . 28

49. Lighting Equipment Used in Commercial Buildings, 1995 ......................... . 28

50. Building Shell Conservation Features in Commercial Buildings, 1995 ................... . 29

51. HVAC Conservation Features in Commercial Buildings, 1995 ....................... . 29

52. Lighting Conservation Features in Commercial Buildings, 1995 ...................... . 29

53. Participation in Energy Conservation Programs, 1995 ........................... . 30

54. Changes in Building Shell Conservation Features, 1989, 1992, and 1995 ................. . 30

55. Changes in Lighting Conservation Features, 1992 and 1995 ........................ . 30

56. Use of RSE Row and Column Factors.................................... . 51

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures vii
Energy Information Administration

viii A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures ix

AT A GLANCE:

Commercial Buildings in Perspective

In- depth in for ma tion about how en ergy is used by com mer cial build ings

is pro vided by the En ergy In for ma tion Ad min istra tion (EIA) in this

analy sis of its 1995 Com mer cial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey

re sults. En ergy use and costs are ana lyzed by us ing the build ings’

energy- related char ac ter is tics, such as size, age, lo ca tion, and ac tiv ity

(for ex am ple, re tail sales). En ergy uses and sources are also cov ered.

Commercial buildings typically are small,

They av er age 13 thou sand square feet, with fewer than 5 per cent of

build ings be ing larger than 50 thou sand square feet, the size of a large

su per mar ket. How ever, to tal com mer cial floor space in the United States

ex ceeds the area of the State of Dela ware and amounts to about 200

square feet for each per son in the Na tion.

have a median age of 31 years,

Al though new com mer cial build ings are con structed and older ones

de mol ished every year, older build ings domi nate the stock at any one

time. More than half of the com mer cial build ings in the United States

were built be fore 1970.

and are more likely to be in the South.

The South also has the high est popu la tion of the Cen sus re gions. The

correla tion of build ing lo ca tion and popu la tion is not sur pris ing, be cause

most com mer cial ac tiv ity en tails pro vid ing goods and serv ices to peo ple.

Retail and wholesale stores and service businesses are the

most numerous,

and electric lighting and natural gas space heating are the

most common uses of energy.

Of fice build ings and ware houses are also com mon. How ever, there are

many more types of com mer cial build ings, rang ing from court houses

and cor ner gro cery stores to con cert halls and sky scrap ers.

Light ing, space heat ing, cool ing, and wa ter heat ing (re gard less of en ergy

source) ac count for just over three- fourths of to tal com mer cial en ergy

use. The re main ing en ergy is used for ven ti la tion, cook ing,

re frig era tion, and op er at ing of fice equip ment and mis cel la ne ous

equip ment, such as ele va tors, tele phones, and vend ing ma chines.
Energy Information Administration

x A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

Re tail and whole sale stores

and serv ice busi nesses

(mer can tile and serv ice

build ings) are the most

com mon. They ac count for

more than one- fourth of all

com mer cial build ings.

Mer can tile and serv ice and

of fice build ings to gether

con sume one- third of

com mer cial site en ergy.

Edu ca tion build ings are, on

av er age, the larg est

com mer cial build ings.

Energy- saving fea tures that

re duce en ergy use for

light ing are the most

com mon in edu ca tion and

pub lic or der and safety

build ings.

Com mer cial Build ings Are Grouped

Com mer cial build ings are clas si fied by the 

build ing. In cluded in the CBECS are not only 

and whole sale stores, of fices, ho tels, res tau rants, 

of build ings that would not be con sid ered 

such as ware houses, schools, cor rec tional
Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures xi

Food serv ice and health

care build ings use the most

en ergy per square foot.

Not sur pris ingly, va cant

build ings use the least

en ergy per square foot.

In build ings used for

lodg ing, 40 per cent of the

en ergy is used for wa ter

heat ing.

Into 12 Cate go ries in EIA’s Sur vey

prin ci pal build ing ac tiv ity that oc curs in the

build ings that pro vide serv ices, such as re tail

and hos pi tals, but also a wide range

“com mer cial” in a tra di tional eco nomic sense,

in sti tu tions, and re lig ious or gani za tions.

Food sales build ings use 

52 per cent of their to tal

en ergy for re frig era tion.

Re lig ious wor ship build ings

also use less en ergy per

square foot than av er age.
Energy Information Administration

xii A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

EIA’s 1995 sur vey shows that U.S. com mer cial build ings . . .

use 5.3 quadrillion Btu

*

 of energy,

The 5.3 quad ril lion Btu of site en ergy use in cludes elec tric ity. An equal

amount of en ergy is needed to gen er ate elec tric ity and send it to the

build ings. Added to gether, site use and pro duc tion and de liv ery losses

yield the to tal amount of en ergy (“pri mary en ergy”) used by com mer cial

build ings: 10.6 quad ril lion Btu, about 11 per cent of U.S. to tal en ergy use

in 1995.

Of all the en ergy sources and end uses of site en ergy, con sump tion of

natu ral gas for space heat ing pre domi nates. But of the sources and uses

of pri mary en ergy, con sump tion of elec tric ity for light ing is the most

preva lent

pay about $70 billion for it,

Build ing own ers pay about $70 bil lion for elec tric ity, natu ral gas, fuel

oil, and dis trict heat. Most of the out lays are spent on elec tric ity. On

av er age, each build ing’s en ergy costs to tals $15,300, but, as would be

ex pected, costs vary widely, de pend ing on the size of the build ing and on

which ac tivi ties take place in the build ing.

emit carbon dioxide from on-site burning of natural gas, 

The ma jor source of on- site car bon emis sions by com mer cial build ings is

the burn ing of natu ral gas for space heat ing and other end uses. The 1.9

quad ril lion Btu of natu ral gas con sumed emits about 100 mil lion met ric

tons of car bon di ox ide.

Those on- site emis sions from natu ral gas are less than 2 per cent of all

energy- related car bon di ox ide emis sions na tion wide. How ever, if

emis sions from the off- site sources of elec tric ity and dis trict heat were

in cluded, the share would be much greater than it is.

and seek to save energy in a variety of ways.

Newer build ings re port more energy- saving equip ment and prac tices.

How ever, be cause they also use more elec tric ity than older build ings, the

newer build ings’ en ergy in ten sity (en ergy use per square foot) is not as

low as their energy- saving ac tivi ties might im ply.

In su la tion, awn ings, storm glaz ing, and tinted glass all are energy- saving

fea tures in com mer cial build ings, and all are used more by newer

build ings. Simi larly, energy- saving fea tures of light ing sys tems, such as

mir rored re flec tors, dim mer switches, and natu ral light ing sen sors, also

are more preva lent in newer build ings. 

*All en ergy meas ure ments in the body of this re port are in Brit ish Ther mal Units (Btu).
1. Overview

Introduction

T

he commercial sector consists of business

establishments and other organizations that

provide services. The sector includes service

businesses, such as retail and wholesale stores, hotels

and motels, restaurants, and hospitals, as well as a wide

range of facilities that would not be considered

“commercial” in a traditional economic sense, such as

public schools, correctional institutions, and religious

and fraternal organizations. Excluded from the sector

are the goods-producing industries: manufacturing,

agriculture, mining, forestry and fisheries, and

construction.

Nearly all en ergy use in the com mer cial sec tor takes

place in, or is as so ci ated with, the build ings that house

these com mer cial ac tivi ties. Analy sis of the struc tures,

ac tivi ties, and equip ment as so ci ated with dif fer ent

types of build ings is the clear est way to evalu ate commer cial sec tor en ergy use. The Com mer cial Build ings

En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey (CBECS) is a national-

 level sam ple sur vey of com mer cial build ings and their

en ergy sup pli ers con ducted quad ren ni ally (pre vi ously

tri en ni ally) by the En ergy In for ma tion Ad min istra tion

(EIA). The tar get popu la tion for the 1995 CBECS consisted of all com mer cial build ings in the United States

with more than 1,000 square feet of floor space (see box

on page 4).

De ci sion mak ers, busi nesses, and other or gani za tions

that are con cerned with the use of en ergy—build ing

own ers and man ag ers, regu la tors, leg is la tive bod ies

and ex ecu tive agen cies at all lev els of gov ern ment,

utili ties and other en ergy sup pli ers—are con fronted

with a build ings sec tor that is com plex. Data on ma jor

char ac ter is tics (e.g., type of build ing, size, year constructed, lo ca tion) col lected from the build ings, along

with the amount and types of en ergy the build ings consume, help an swer fun da men tal ques tions about the

use of en ergy in com mer cial build ings.

Commercial Buildings in 1995

In 1995, there were 4.6 (±0.4) mil lion com mer cial

build ings in the United States com pris ing 58.8 (±3.9)

bil lion square feet of floor space. That amount of com -

mer cial floor space ex ceeds the to tal area of the State of

Dela ware and amounts to more than 200 square feet for

every resi dent in the United States. The com mer cial

build ing popu la tion in the 1995 CBECS was de fined

dif fer ently from that of pre vi ous CBECS. Two types of

build ings, park ing ga rages and com mer cial build ings

on mul ti build ing manu fac tur ing fa cili ties, that were in -

cluded in pre vi ous cy cles, were ex cluded in 1995. Figures 1 and 2 show es ti mates for the number of

build ings and floor space and Fig ures 3 and 4 show esti mates for to tal en ergy con sump tion and en ergy in tenEnergy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 1

Energy 1989 1992 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Figure 1. Total Commercial Buildings, 1989 to

1995

Note: 1989 and 1992 estimates are adjusted to match 1995

CBECS building definition.

Sources: Energy Information Administration; 1989, 1992, and

1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Surveys.

Energy 1989 1992 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Figure 2. Total Commercial Floorspace, 1989 to

1995

Note: 1989 and 1992 estimates are adjusted to match 1995

CBECS building definition.

Sources: Energy Information Administration; 1989, 1992, and

1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Surveys.
sity for all com mer cial build ings for 1989, 1992, and

1995. The 95- percent con fi dence ranges for the es timates are also shown in the four fig ures. Be cause of the

sam pling er ror as so ci ated with the es ti mates (see box

on page 5), the ap par ent dif fer ences be tween the es timates for dif fer ent sur vey years are not sta tis ti cally

sig nifi cant. To com pare the 1995 CBECS with the

1989 CBECS and 1992 CBECS, an ad just ment was

made to the 1989 and 1992 es ti mates to match the 1995

defi ni tion.

En ergy con sump tion can be ex pressed as the amount

con sumed within the build ing (site en ergy) or it can include the en ergy con sumed in gen er at ing and trans mitting elec tric ity (pri mary en ergy) (see box on page 6).

All con sump tion data re ferred to in this re port are site

en ergy, un less oth er wise in di cated. To tal pri mary en -

ergy con sump tion was 10.6 quad ril lion Btu and primary elec tric ity con sump tion (which in cludes en ergy

con sumed in elec tric ity gen era tion and trans mis sion)

was 7.9 quad ril lion Btu (Fig ure 5).

In 1995, the to tal amount of site en ergy con sumed by

com mer cial build ings in the United States for ma jor

en ergy sources (elec tric ity, natu ral gas, fuel oil, and

dis trict heat) was 5.3 quad ril lion Btu (Fig ure 5). The

great est con sump tion for any en ergy source was 2.6

quad ril lion Btu for elec tric ity, fol lowed by 1.9 quad rillion Btu for natu ral gas. Dis trict heat (0.5 quad ril lion

Btu) and fuel oil (0.2 quad ril lion Btu) were together

less than half the con sump tion of natu ral gas.

To tal ex pen di tures for ma jor sources of en ergy in 1995

were 69.9 bil lion dol lars (1995 dol lars) (Fig ure 6).

Elec tric ity ex pen di tures domi nated, ac count ing for

56.6 bil lion dol lars, or about 80 per cent of the to tal.

To tal ex pen di tures for natu ral gas were 9.0 bil lion dollars, with 3.1 bil lion dol lars for dis trict heat, and 1.2

Energy Information Administration

2 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

Energy 1989 1992 1995

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Figure 3. Total Site Energy Consumption in

Commercial Buildings, 1989 to 1995

Note: 1989 and 1992 estimates are adjusted to match 1995

CBECS building definition.

Sources: Energy Information Administration; 1989, 1992, and

1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Surveys.

Energy 1989 1992 1995

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Figure 4. Total Site Energy Intensity in

Commercial Buildings, 1989 to 1995

Note: 1989 and 1992 estimates are adjusted to match 1995

CBECS building definition.

Sources: Energy Information Administration; 1989, 1992, and

1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Surveys.

Electricity

Natural Gas

District Heat

Fuel Oil

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Quadrillion Btu

Site Energy

Electricity Generation and

Transmission Losses

All Major

Sources

Primary energy equals site

energy plus electricity losses.

Figure 5. Primary and Site Energy Consumption

by Energy Source, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Total

Electricity

Natural Gas

District Heat

Fuel Oil

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Billion Dollars

Figure 6. Total Energy Expenditures by Energy

Source, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
bil lion dol lars for fuel oil. Ex pen di tures per unit of site

elec tric ity were 21.7 dol lars per mil lion Btu and ex pendi tures per unit of pri mary elec tric ity were 7.2 dol lars

per mil lion Btu. For natu ral gas, ex pen di tures per unit

of en ergy were 4.6 dol lars per mil lion Btu, with 5.8

dol lars per mil lion Btu for dis trict heat and 5.0 dol lars

per mil lion Btu for fuel oil.

En ergy con sump tion is one in di ca tor of en ergy use; another is en ergy in ten sity. En ergy in ten sity is the

amount of en ergy con sumed per unit of serv ice or activ ity. For the com mer cial build ings sec tor, use ful in dica tors of en ergy in ten sity are con sump tion per square

foot, con sump tion per hour of op era tion, or con sumption per worker. The most com monly used meas ure of

com mer cial en ergy in ten sity is con sump tion per

square foot. Two meas ures of floor space can be used,

to tal floor space and con di tional floor space. Con ditional floor space fur ther de fines the floor space—it

may be energy- source spe cific (e.g., floor space served

by elec tric ity) or end- use spe cific (e.g., heated floorspace). The site elec tric ity en ergy in ten sity and natu ral

gas in ten sity in 1995 were simi lar, 45.7 thou sand Btu

per square foot (for build ings that used elec tric ity) and

51.0 thou sand Btu per square foot (for build ings that

used natu ral gas) (Fig ure 7).

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 3

EIA Sur veys

Con gress has man dated that EIA col lect, ana lyze, and dis semi nate im par tial, com pre hen sive data about

energyhow much is pro duced, who uses it, and the pur poses for which it is pro duced. To com ply with that Congres sional man date, the EIA con ducts two types of sur veys:

• Sup ply sur veys gather in for ma tion an nu ally or more fre quently from en ergy sup pli ers and mar ket ers on the

quan ti ties and prices of spe cific en ergy sources pro duced or sup plied to the mar ket. The results of the sup ply

sur veys are com bined and pub lished in energy- source specific EIA pub li ca tions and in the Monthly En ergy

Re view.

• Con sump tion sur veys gather in for ma tion every four years di rectly from en ergy end us ers on the types of

en ergy they use, along with in for ma tion on the energy- related char ac ter is tics of house holds, com mer cial

build ings, and manu fac tur ing es tab lish ments. The re sults of these sur veys are pub lished in en ergy con sumption re ports, such as this re port. Spe cial ana lyti cal re ports are also avail able on the EIA web site

(www.eia.doe.gov) and on EIA’s En ergy InfoDisc CD-ROM.

These sur veys en able EIA to pro vide mean ing ful, ob jec tive, and ac cu rate en ergy in for ma tion for a wide audi ence

that in cludes Con gress; Fed eral, State and Lo cal agen cies; in dus try; and the gen eral pub lic.

Electricity*

Natural Gas*

District Heat*

Fuel Oil*

0 50 100 150 200 250

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

Site Energy

Electricity Generation and

* energy-source specific intensity

All Major

Sources

Transmission Losses

Primary energy equals site

energy plus electricity losses.

Figure 7. Primary and Site Energy Intensity by

Energy Source, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
Energy Information Administration

4 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

The Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey

Survey Methodology

The Com mer cial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey (CBECS) is a na tional sam ple sur vey of com mer cial

build ings and their en ergy sup pli ers. The 1995 CBECS was the sixth sur vey in the se ries be gun in 1979. The survey is con ducted in two stages, a build ing char ac ter is tics sur vey and an en ergy sup plier sur vey. The first, an in-

 person sur vey, col lects in for ma tion on physi cal char ac ter is tics of the build ing, building use and oc cu pancy pat -

terns, ma jor equip ment used, con ser va tion prac tices, and types and uses of en ergy in the build ings. The sup plier

sur vey, a mail sur vey, col lects in for ma tion on amounts and costs of en ergy de liv ered to the build ing dur ing the

sur vey year. 

The tar get popu la tion for the 1995 CBECS con sisted of all com mer cial build ings in the United States with more

than 1,000 square feet of floor space. A com mer cial build ing de fined by CBECS is an en closed struc ture with

more than 50 per cent of its floor space de voted to ac tivi ties that are nei ther resi den tial, in dus trial, nor ag ri cul tural.

To cover this popu la tion, a rep re sen ta tive sam ple of 6,639 build ings was cho sen. Of these, build ing char ac ter istics sur vey in ter views were com pleted at 5,766 build ings for a re sponse rate of 87 percent.

The sam ple de sign of CBECS is a mul ti stage area prob abil ity clus ter sam ple de sign sup ple mented by a list sam ple

of “large” build ings, re cently con structed build ings, and “spe cial” build ings (Fed eral build ings and post of fices,

hos pi tals, col leges, and uni ver si ties). The area sam ple por tion of the de sign is a sam ple from the broad spec trum

of com mer cial build ings. This por tion uses a four- stage clus ter sam pling de sign, a method that in volves sam pling

pro gres sively smaller geo graphic ar eas. The sup ple men tal list sam ple pro vides an over sam ple of “large” build -

ings and “spe cial” build ings to en sure ade quate cov er age of build ings that are sig nifi cant en ergy us ers. Simi larly,

for re cently con structed build ings, the area sam ple is used to pro vide a sam ple from the broad spec trum of new

build ings and the sup ple men tal list sam ple pro vides an over sam ple of “large” new build ings.

Since the pur pose of the CBECS is to pub lish es ti mates of popu la tion val ues, the CBECS sam ple is de signed so

that sur vey re sponses can be used to es ti mate char ac ter is tics of the en tire stock of com mer cial build ings in the

United States. The method of es ti ma tion is to cal cu late ba sic sam pling weights (base weights) that re late the sampled build ings to the en tire stock of com mer cial build ings. In sta tis ti cal terms, a base weight is the re cip ro cal of

the prob abil ity of se lect ing a build ing into the sam ple. A base weight can be ex plained as the number of ac tual

build ings rep re sented by a sam pled build ing, e.g., a sam pled build ing that has a base weight of 1,000 rep re sents itself and 999 simi lar (but unsam pled) build ings in the to tal stock of build ings. Thus, to re duce the bias from unit

non re sponse in the sur vey sta tis tics, the base weights of re spon dent build ings are ad justed up ward, so that the respon dent build ings rep re sent not only unsam pled build ings but also non re spon dent build ings.

End-Use Consumption Estimation Methodology

The en ergy con sump tion data pro vided by the en ergy sup pli ers are for to tal con sump tion within the com mer cial

build ings. Es ti mates for ma jor end uses can be cal cu lated by dis ag gre gat ing to tal en ergy con sump tion into end-

 use con sump tion by us ing sev eral ap proaches—en gi neer ing simu la tions, sta tis ti cal model ing, or a hy brid approach known as sta tis ti cally ad justed en gi neer ing (SAE). CBECS end- use es ti mates were de vel oped by us ing

the SAE ap proach. The ini tial en gi neer ing es ti mates were pro vided by the Fa cil ity En ergy De ci sion Screen ing

(FEDS) sys tem by us ing CBECS build ing char ac ter is tics data and weather data for the sam pled build ings. These

es ti mates were then sta tis ti cally ad justed to match the ob served CBECS con sump tion data.
Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 5

Sampling Error, Standard Errors, and Relative Standard Errors

The 1995 Com mer cial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey pro duced es ti mates of num bers of build ings and

floor space for com mer cial build ings in the United States. Be cause the es ti mates are based on the sam ple se lected,

they are sub ject to sam pling er ror. The es ti mates are based on re ported data from rep re sen ta tives of a ran domly

cho sen sub set of the en tire com mer cial build ing popu la tion. Con se quently, the es ti mates al ways dif fer from the

true popu la tion val ues. One source of the dif fer ence be tween the es ti mated val ues and the ac tual val ues is sampling er ror. Sam pling er ror is the ran dom dif fer ence be tween the sur vey es ti mate and the popu la tion value that

oc curs be cause the sur vey es ti mate is cal cu lated from a ran domly cho sen sub set of the entire popu la tion. The

sam pling er ror, av er aged over all pos si ble sam ples, would be zero, but since there is only one sam ple for each

CBECS, the sam pling er ror is nonz ero and un known for the par ticu lar sam ple cho sen. How ever, the sam ple de -

sign per mits sam pling er rors to be es ti mated. Be cause of sam pling er ror, it is im por tant to note that CBECS es timates should not be con sid ered as fi nite point es ti mates, but as es ti mates with some as so ci ated er ror in each

di rec tion.

The stan dard er ror is a meas ure of the re li abil ity or pre ci sion of the sur vey sta tis tic. The value for the stan dard error can be used to con struct con fi dence in ter vals and to per form hy pothe sis tests by stan dard sta tis ti cal meth ods.

Rela tive Stan dard Er ror (RSE) is de fined as the stan dard er ror (square root of the vari ance) of a sur vey es ti mate,

di vided by the sur vey es ti mate and mul ti plied by 100. In this re port, Text Ta bles 1a through 6b in Chap ter 4 include the RSE for each es ti mate.

The 95- percent con fi dence range for a given sur vey es ti mate can be de ter mined with the RSE. To cal cu late the

95- percent con fi dence range:

1. Di vide the RSE by 100 and mul ti ply by the sur vey es ti mate in the ta ble to de ter mine the stan dard er ror.

2. Mul ti ply the stan dard er ror by 1.96 to de ter mine the con fi dence er ror.

3. The sur vey es ti mate plus or mi nus the con fi dence er ror is the 95- percent con fi dence range.

For ex am ple, the es ti mate for to tal floor space in all com mer cial build ings in the 1995 CBECS is 58,772 mil lion

square feet (Text Ta ble 5b) and the es ti mate’s RSE is 3.4 per cent. The stan dard er ror is (3.4÷100)x(58,772 mil -

lion square feet) or 1,998 mil lion square feet. The 95- percent con fi dence er ror is (1.96)x(1,998 mil lion square

feet), or 3,917 mil lion square feet. There fore, with 95 per cent con fi dence, the true amount of floor space in commer cial build ings in the United States in 1995 was 58,772 (± 3,917) mil lion square feet or, stated an other way, the

range was from 54,855 to 62,689 mil lion square feet.
Energy Information Administration

6 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

Primary and Site Energy

Pri mary en ergy is the sum of the en ergy di rectly con sumed by end us ers (site en ergy) and the en ergy con sumed in

the pro duc tion and de liv ery of en ergy prod ucts. Elec tric ity, of the ma jor en ergy sources, has the great est dis par ity

be tween pri mary and site en ergy—a greater amount of en ergy is used to gen er ate and trans mit elec tric ity than in

the pro duc tion and dis tri bu tion of the other ma jor sources. In 1995, steam- electric util ity plants (the larg est source

of elec tric ity gen era tion) were es ti mated to have used 10,301 Btu of fossil- fuel en ergy to gen er ate 1 kilo wat thour

of elec tric ity; i.e., ap proxi mately 3.02 Btu of fossil- fuel en ergy were used to gen er ate 1 Btu of elec tric ity (3,412

Btu equals 1 kilo wat thour of elec tric ity).

The choice of ex press ing en ergy con sump tion data as site en ergy or pri mary en ergy (or site elec tric ity or pri mary

elec tric ity when that en ergy source alone is con sid ered) de pends upon the use of the data. Site en ergy and site

elec tric ity re flect the amount of en ergy ac tu ally con sumed within the build ing. Site en ergy data are most use ful to

build ing en gi neers, en ergy man ag ers, build ing own ers and oth ers con cerned with con sump tion di rectly re lated to

the build ings; e.g., the en ergy ef fi ciency of end- use equip ment. Pri mary en ergy data are use ful to poli cy mak ers

and en ergy ana lysts who are con cerned with en vi ron mental is sues, such as car bon emis sions from en ergy sources. 

See the fol low ing re port for fur ther in for ma tion: En ergy In for ma tion Ad min istra tion. Emis sions of Green house

Gases in the United States 1996. DOE/EIA-0173(96). Wash ing ton, DC, Oc to ber 1997.

The con sump tion data pre sented in the 1995 and pre vi ous CBECS have been ex pressed as site energy and site

electricity. Pri mary elec tric ity data re flect ing the to tal en ergy con sumed in gen er at ing and trans mit ting elec tricity, are given in de tailed Ta bles CE-1 and CE-9 for 1995.
2. Major Characteristics of Commercial Buildings

T

he CBECS collects statistics on a wide range of

physical characteristics of buildings. For any

given characteristic, buildings and floorspace (as well

as energy consumed) are not evenly distributed. Three

major characteristics—principal building activity,

building size, and location—are particularly notable

for their impact on energy use.

• The amount of en ergy con sumed and the en ergy

in ten sity vary greatly by build ing ac tiv ity. In

1995, health care build ings had a high in ten sity

(240.5 thou sand Btu per square foot com pared to

90.5 thou sand for all build ings), but to tal en ergy

con sump tion for those build ings was rela tively

low (only 10.5 per cent of to tal con sump tion) because the to tal number of health care build ings

was small. 

• Smaller build ings and larger build ings show striking dif fer ences in the types of heat ing or cool ing

equip ment used. These build ings can not be heated

or cooled ef fec tively with the same equipment—residential- type win dow air con di tion ing

units are quite sat is fac tory for cool ing many very

small com mer cial build ings. Large of fice buildings re quire much more com plex in te grated heating, cool ing, and dis tri bu tion sys tems.

• Lo ca tion of build ings im poses very dif fer ent heating and cool ing re quire ments, which leads to regional dif fer ences in the en ergy sources and

equip ment used for those end uses.

In the fol low ing sec tions, the dis tri bu tion of build ings

and floor space for ma jor char ac ter is tics along with total site en ergy con sump tion and to tal in ten sity are discussed. The pro files of ma jor char ac ter is tics showed

no sta tis ti cally sig nifi cant changes from 1989 to 1992

to 1995, the years in which the last three CBECS were

con ducted.

Some of the more no ta ble find ings in en ergy con sumption in com mer cial build ings in 1995 are re vealed at

the en ergy source level and in dif fer ences be tween site

and pri mary en ergy con sump tion. These are cov ered in

the next chap ter.

Principal Building Activities

Four types of build ing ac tiv ity—mer can tile and service, of fice, ware house and stor age, and edu cation—com prised 67 per cent of com mer cial floor space

and 63 per cent of com mer cial build ings in 1995 (Figure 8). Mer can tile and serv ice build ings were by far the

most nu mer ous type (more than 28 per cent), but they

were not as domi nant in floor space (22 per cent). Compari son of the per cent age of floor space and build ings

for a given cate gory gives an in di ca tion of the mean, or

av er age, size of build ings in the cate gory. For ex am ple,

edu ca tion build ings ac counted for 13 per cent of to tal

floor space and 7 per cent of to tal build ings; i.e., those

build ings were larger in av er age size (Fig ure 9). At

25,100 square feet per build ing, edu ca tion build ings

were the larg est type, much larger than the av er age of

all com mer cial build ings (12,800 square feet per building). Two other ac tivi ties, lodg ing and health care

(22,900 and 22,200 square feet per build ing, re spectively), had build ings that were also larger than av erage. 

Each prin ci pal build ing ac tiv ity cate gory has its own

set of char ac ter is tics (e.g., end- use equip ment used,

number of work ers, hours of op era tion) that con trib ute

to to tal en ergy use. Com pari son of Fig ures 8 and 10

shows that build ings, floor space, and to tal con sump -

tion are dis trib uted dif fer ently across build ing ac tiv ity

cate go ries. Mer can tile and serv ice build ings and of fice

build ings ac counted for the larg est pro por tion of energy use—to gether they ac counted for 2.0 quad ril lion

Btu of con sump tion, 37.4 per cent of to tal con sumption. Three build ing types—health care, food serv ice,

and food sales—each had a sig nifi cantly higher en ergy

in ten sity than the av er age of 90.5 thou sand Btu per

square foot for all com mer cial build ings (Fig ure 11).

Ware houses, re lig ious wor ship build ings, and va cant

build ings had lower- than- average in ten si ties; to gether

they ac counted for 23.2 per cent of floor space, but only

9.0 per cent of to tal con sump tion.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 7
Energy Information Administration

8 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

Mercantile and Service

Office

Warehouse

Education

Public Assembly

Lodging

Religious Worship

Vacant

Health Care

Food Service

Public Order and Safety

Food Sales

Other

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Percent of Total

Floorspace

Buildings

Figure 8. Distribution of Floorspace and

Buildings by Principal Building Activity, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Mercantile and Service

Office

Warehouse

Education

Public Assembly

Lodging

Religious Worship

Vacant

Health Care

Food Service

Public Order and Safety

Food Sales

Other

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Thousand Square Feet

12,400 sq.ft.,

mean size for

all buildings

Figure 9. Mean Building Size by Principal

Building Activity, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Mercantile and Service

Office

Warehouse

Education

Public Assembly

Lodging

Religious Worship

Vacant

Health Care

Food Service

Public Order and Safety

Food Sales

Other

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Quadrillion Btu

Figure 10. Site Energy Consumption by Principal

Building Activity, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Mercantile and Service

Office

Warehouse

Education

Public Assembly

Lodging

Religious Worship

Vacant

Health Care

Food Service

Public Order and Safety

Food Sales

Other

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

90.5 thousand Btu/sq.ft.,

average intensity

of all buildings

Figure 11. Site Energy Intensity by Principal

Building Activity, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
Size of Buildings

There are many more small com mer cial build ings than

large ones. The vast ma jor ity of build ings were found

in the small est size cate go ries, with more than half (52

per cent) in the small est cate gory (1,001 to 5,000 square

feet) and three- quar ters in the two small est cate go ries

(1,001 to 10,000 square feet) (Fig ure 12). Less than 5

per cent of build ings (188,000 build ings) were larger

than 50,000 square feet and less than 2 per cent (73,000

build ings) were larger than 100,000 square feet.

The en ergy use char ac ter is tics of the small est and largest com mer cial build ings are quite dif fer ent. In smaller

build ings, heat ing and cool ing sys tems are em ployed

pri mar ily to mod er ate out side air tem pera tures (as they

are in resi den tial build ings). In large com mer cial

build ings, out side air con di tions have less im pact on

heat ing and cool ing sys tems than do ac tivi ties within

the build ings—equip ment used, light ing lev els,

number of peo ple, and hours of op era tion. For ex ample, one part of a build ing might need to be heated and

ven ti lated to pro vide com fort able con di tions for employ ees, while a com puter room might need to be

cooled be cause of ex cess heat given off by the com -

puter equip ment. Chap ter 4, “End- Use Equip ment and

En ergy Con ser va tion,” ex plores some of these dif ferences in more de tail.

To tal en ergy con sump tion was fairly evenly dis tributed across build ing size cate go ries (the larg est size

cate gory was slightly less than two cate go ries—1,001

to 5,000 square feet and 10,001 to 25,000 square feet;

other dif fer ences were not sig nifi cant) (Fig ure 13).

One cate gory (10,001 to 25,000 square feet) had a

lower en ergy in ten sity than other cate go ries (Fig ure

14).

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 9

Examples of buildings by size category:

1,001 to 5,000: convenience store

25,001 to 50,000: 1-to-5 story office building;

large supermarket

100,001 to 200,000: 3-to-8 story office building;

large 2,000 student metropolitan high school

Over 500,000: 15 or more story office building;

indoor football or baseball stadium

Over 500,000

200,001 to 500,000

100,001 to 200,000

50,001 to 100,000

25,001 to 50,000

10,001 to 25,000

5,001 to 10,000

1,001 to 5,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Percent of Total

Floorspace

Buildings

Figure 12. Distribution of Floorspace and

Buildings by Size of Building, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Over 500,000

200,001 to 500,000

100,001 to 200,000

50,001 to 100,000

25,001 to 50,000

10,001 to 25,000

5,001 to 10,000

1,001 to 5,000

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Quadrillion Btu

Figure 13. Site Energy Consumption by Size of

Building, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Over 500,000

200,001 to 500,000

100,001 to 200,000

50,001 to 100,000

25,001 to 50,000

10,001 to 25,000

5,001 to 10,000

1,001 to 5,000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

90.5 thousand

Btu/sq.ft.,

average

intensity of

all buildings

Figure 14. Site Energy Intensity by Size of

Building, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
Year Constructed

Most com mer cial build ings, once con structed, are expected to last for dec ades. Al though new build ings are

con structed each year and older build ings are de molished, the com mer cial build ings stock at any point in

time is domi nated by older build ings (the me dian age

of com mer cial build ings in 1995 was 30.5 years). More

than 70 per cent of build ings and to tal floor space in

1995 were con structed prior to 1980, and more than

50% of build ings and floor space prior to 1970 (Fig ure

15). Dur ing the 1990’s, 420,000 build ings and more

than 4.6 bil lion square feet of floor space were added to

the com mer cial build ings sec tor, but they each rep resented less than 10 per cent of build ings and floor space

in the 1995 build ings stock.

To tal en ergy con sump tion was con cen trated in buildings con structed in the 1960’s, 1970’s, and 1980’s—a

re flec tion of the greater number of build ings in those

cate go ries (Fig ure 16). The en ergy in ten sity by year

con structed cate go ries showed no sta tis ti cally sig nificant dif fer ences be tween any of the cate go ries (Fig ure

17).

Energy Information Administration

10 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

1919 or Before

1920 to 1945

1946 to 1959

1960 to 1969

1970 to 1979

1980 to 1989

1990 to 1992

1993 to 1995

0 5 10 15 20 25

Percent of Total

Floorspace

Buildings

Figure 15.Distribution of Floorspace and

Buildings by Year Constructed, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

1919 or Before

1920 to 1945

1946 to 1959

1960 to 1969

1970 to 1979

1980 to 1989

1990 to 1992

1993 to 1995

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Quadrillion Btu

Figure 16. Site Energy Consumption by Year

Constructed, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

1919 or Before

1920 to 1945

1946 to 1959

1960 to 1969

1970 to 1979

1980 to 1989

1990 to 1992

1993 to 1995

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

90.5 thousand

Btu/sq.ft.,

average intensity

of all buildings

Figure 17. Site Energy Intensity by Year

Constructed, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
Location

Census Region

The U.S. Cen sus Bu reau di vides the United States into

four Cen sus re gions, each with nine to 16 States (see

box on fol low ing page). For 1995, com mer cial build -

ings, floor space, and popu la tion were dis trib uted in a

simi lar pat tern for the four re gions (Fig ure 18). The

high cor re la tion of build ings and floor space with popula tion was not sur pris ing be cause com mer cial ac tiv ity

mostly en tails the pro vi sion of serv ices to peo ple.

There were slight dif fer ences in the re gional dis tri bution of build ings and floor space. Build ings in the

North east were larger on av er age (16,400 square feet

per build ing) than those in the other three re gions

(11,900 to 12,600 square feet per build ing).

The pat tern of en ergy con sump tion by Cen sus re gion is

simi lar to that of build ings and floor space (Fig ure 19).

En ergy in ten sity in the Mid west re gion is higher than

av er age and that in the South is lower than av er age

(Fig ure 20).

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 11

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Quadrillion Btu

Figure 19. Site Energy Consumption by Census

Region, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

0 10 20 30 40

Percent of Total

Floorspace

Buildings

Population

Figure 18. Distribution of Floorspace and

Buildings by Census Region, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

90.5 

thousand 

Btu/sq.ft.,

average

intensity of

all buildings

Figure 20. Site Energy Intensity by Census

Region, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
Energy Information Administration

12 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

West

South

Midwest Northeast

Census Regions

The Bureau of the Census (U.S. Department of Commerce) has divided the United States into four geographic

regions, each with nine to sixteen states.

Northeast Region: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,

Rhode Island, and Vermont

Midwest Region: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio,

South Dakota, and Wisconsin

South Region: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,

Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia

West Region: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon,

Utah, Washington, and Wyoming
Climate Zone

Tem pera ture data from the Na tional Oce anic and Atmos pheric Ad min istra tion were used to de fine five climate zones for the United States (see box on fol low ing

page). The zones are ori ented roughly east- west, with

Zone 1 the north ern most (and cold est) and Zone 5 the

south ern most (and warm est). Heat ing and/or cool ing

loads would be ex pected to be simi lar within each of

the zones. Com mer cial build ings, floor space, and consump tion were un evenly dis trib uted (Fig ures 21 and

22). Less than 10 per cent of floor space and less than

12 per cent of build ings were found in Zone 1, while the

other four zones each had roughly equal shares of

build ings and floor space. The av er age en ergy in ten sity

of build ings in Zone 2 was greater than that of buildings in Zone 5 (Fig ure 23). All other com pari sons between zones were not sta tis ti cally sig nifi cant.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 13

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Percent of Total

Floorspace

Buildings

Figure 21. Distribution of Floorspace and

Buildings by Climate Zone, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Quadrillion Btu

Figure 22. Site Energy Consumption by Climate

Zone, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

90.5 thousand

Btu/sq.ft.,

average

intensity of

all buildings

Figure 23. Site Energy Intensity by Climate Zone,

1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
Energy Information Administration

14 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

Climate Zones

The United States is divided into five climatically distinct areasclimate zonesthat are defined by long-term

weather conditions that affect heating and cooling loads in buildings. The zones are based on the 45-year average

annual number of degree-days (with a 65 degree Fahrenheit base). Annual heating degree-days (HDD) are a

measure of how cold a building location is relative to the base temperature. The HDD is the numerical difference

between the 45-year average temperature and 65 degrees (if less than 65; otherwise it is zero). The annual HDD is

the sum of the daily HDD for the reference year. Annual cooling degree-days (CDD) are a measure of how warm

a building location is relative to the base temperature. The CDD is the numerical difference between the 45-year

average temperature and 65 degrees (if greater than 65; otherwise it is zero). The annual CDD is the sum of the

daily CDD for the reference year.

Examples of cities in each of the climate zones:

Cli mate Zone 1Bill ings, Mon tana; Min nea po lis, Min ne sota; Augusta, Maine

Cli mate Zone 2Omaha, Ne braska; Ak ron, Ohio; Bos ton, Mas sa chu setts

Cli mate Zone 3Wich ita, Kan sas; Lex ing ton, Ken tucky; Bal ti more, Mary land

Cli mate Zone 4San Fran cisco, Cali for nia; Mem phis, Ten nes see; Ral eigh, North Caro lina

Cli mate Zone 5Hono lulu, Ha waii; New Or leans, Lou isi ana; Mi ami, Flor ida
3. End Uses, Energy Sources, and Energy Consumption

C

ommercial buildings exist to house commercial

establishments and provide a comfortable

environment for employees and on-site customers or

occupants. Energy is consumed in buildings to

maintain the physical environment and to power any

equipment needed to accomplish commercial

activities. Important energy-related questions

are—For what purposes is energy used? What sources

of energy are used? How much energy is consumed?

How intensely is the energy used? To answer these and

related questions, the Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey collects information on energy

sources, the end uses of energy, and energy

consumption.

• End uses are the pur poses for which the en ergy is

con sumed, such as space heat ing, cool ing, and

light ing.

• En ergy sources are the types of en ergy or fu els

con sumed in the build ing—elec tric ity, natu ral

gas, and dis trict heat are ex am ples of en ergy

sources used in com mer cial build ings.

The box on the fol low ing page lists the spe cific end

uses and en ergy sources that the re spon dents to the survey were ques tioned about.

Energy End Uses

The types of ac tivi ties within com mer cial build ings deter mine what spe cific energy- consuming serv ices will

be needed. The vast ma jor ity of com mer cial build ings

used en ergy for light ing, space heat ing, wa ter heat ing,

and cool ing (each of these end uses ex ceeded 73 percent of build ings and 60 per cent of floor space)1

 (Fig ure

24). The per cent age of build ings and floor space served

by the ma jor end uses showed no sig nifi cant changes

from the 1989 CBECS to the 1992 CBECS to the 1995

CBECS, with the ex cep tion of elec tric ity gen era tion.

That end use in creased from less than two per cent of

build ings and eight per cent of floor space in 1989 (see

Com mer cial Build ings Char ac ter is tics 1989, DOE/

EIA-246(89)) to more than five per cent of build ings

and 22 per cent of floor space in 1995.

Space heat ing had the great est va ri ety of en ergy

sources; natu ral gas and elec tric ity were domi nant

(each used for more than 39 per cent of heated floorspace and more than 36 per cent of heated build ings)

and fuel oil, dis trict heat, and pro pane were sig nifi cant

con tribu tors (Fig ure 25). Dis trict heat was used primar ily for heat ing in larger build ings (51,400 square

feet on av er age) and pro pane was used pri mar ily in

smaller build ings (6,700 square feet on av er age). Use

of wood for space heat ing in com mer cial build ings was

very lim ited (only 1 per cent of heated floor space and 3

per cent of heated build ings).

Natu ral gas and elec tric ity were used in about equal

per cent ages of build ings and floor space for wa ter heating (more than 44 per cent of build ings and floor space

in build ings with wa ter heat ing) (Fig ure 26). Fuel oil,

dis trict heat, and pro pane were each used for less than 8

per cent of floor space and 4 per cent of build ings with

wa ter heat ing. Dis trict heat and pro pane were used for

wa ter heat ing in larger (72,000 square feet on av er age)

and smaller (9,300 square feet on av er age) build ings,

re spec tively.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 15

1The per cent ages of floor space for light ing, heat ing, and cool ing re fer

only to the por tions of floor space within the build ings that were lit, heated,

or cooled, re spec tively. The per cent age of floor space for each of the other

end uses re fer to all floor space in the build ings with that par ticu lar end use.

Water Heating

Lighting

Space Heating

Cooling

Cooking

Manufacturing

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

All Commercial Buildings

Floorspace

Buildings

Electricity

Generation

Figure 24. End Uses in Commercial Buildings by

Percent of Floorspace and Buildings, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial 

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
Energy Information Administration

16 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

 Energy Sources and End Uses in the 1995 CBECS

The re spon dent for each build ing in the 1995 CBECS was asked what en ergy sources were used to sup ply en ergy

to the build ing and what end uses those sources were used for:

Energy Sources

elec tric ity

natu ral gas

fuel oil (or die sel or kero sene)

pro pane (or bot tled gas or LPG)

dis trict steam or hot wa ter piped into the build ing from a cen tral plant or util ity

dis trict chilled wa ter piped into the build ing from a cen tral plant or util ity

wood

coal

so lar ther mal pan els that use sun light to heat flu ids

other

no en ergy used in 1995

End Uses

space heat ing (main and sec on dary)

air con di tion ing

do mes tic wa ter heat ing

com mer cial or in sti tu tional cook ing or food serv ing

manu fac tur ing or other type of in dus trial ac tiv ity

elec tric ity gen era tion, in clud ing emer gency backup

light ing (electricity- only)

re frig era tion (electricity- only)

per sonal com put ers and/or com puter ter mi nals (electricity- only)

Natural Gas

Electricity

Fuel Oil

District Heat

Propane

Wood

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

Heated Floorspace

Buildings with Space Heating

Figure 25. Space Heating Energy Sources, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Natural Gas

Electricity

District Heat

Fuel Oil

Propane

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

Floorspace

Buildings

Buildings with Water Heating

Figure 26. Water Heating Energy Sources, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
Elec tric ity was the most flexi ble en ergy source in commer cial build ings—a ma jor source for the end uses

shown in Fig ure 24, as well as the sole source for ven tila tion equip ment, of fice equip ment, and all other electri cal equip ment used in com mer cial build ings.

Elec tric ity was by far the domi nant en ergy source for

cool ing (97.4 per cent of cooled build ings and 95.0 percent of cooled floor space). Dis trict chilled wa ter and

natu ral gas had lim ited use for cool ing (each less than 7

per cent of cooled floor space and 2 per cent of build ings

with cool ing). The former was used pri mar ily in larger

build ings (47,600 square feet on av er age).

Use of natu ral gas and elec tric ity for cook ing for com -

mer cial pur poses was nearly equal (for natu ral gas,

54.1 per cent of build ings with cook ing and 63.7 percent of floor space; for elec tric ity, 58.1 per cent of

build ings and 59.1 per cent of floor space), with propane the third most used source (14.9 per cent of buildings and 7.2 per cent of floor space). Com mer cial

build ings with cook ing were much larger than av er age,

25,000 square feet per build ing (com pared to 12,800

square feet for all com mer cial build ings).

Elec tric ity gen era tion in com mer cial build ings was

used pre domi nantly for emer gency back- up gen era tion

(78 per cent of build ings and 88 per cent of floor space in

build ings that had elec tric ity gen era tion). Build ings

with elec tric ity gen era tion showed a strong bias towards larger build ings (54,100 square feet per build ing

on av er age).

Energy Sources Used

Elec tric ity and natu ral gas were by far the most commonly used sources of en ergy (for any use) in com mercial build ings (Fig ure 27). Elec tric ity use was nearly

uni ver sal (95 per cent of build ings and 97 per cent of

floor space) while natu ral gas was used in 55 per cent of

build ings and 66 per cent of floor space. Fuel oil, the

next most of ten used source, was used for 25 per cent of

to tal floor space and 15 per cent of build ings. A later

sec tion dis cusses the char ac ter is tics of build ings that

used the four ma jor en ergy sources for which CBECS

col lected con sump tion data (elec tric ity, natu ral gas,

fuel oil, and dis trict heat). Com mer cial build ings that

used pro pane or wood were smaller than av er age

(9,000 square feet and 5,500 square feet for pro pane

and wood, re spec tively, com pared to 12,800 square

feet for all build ings). The two dis trict en ergy sources

were used in build ings much larger than av er age

(51,400 square feet for dis trict heat and 47,600 square

feet per build ing for dis trict chilled wa ter).

The CBECS col lected in for ma tion on ma jor end uses;

those that can be served by more than one type of energy source and those end uses that are ex clu sively

sour ced by elec tric ity (e.g., light ing, of fice equip ment,

and re frig era tion). The ma jor uses of elec tric ity that

com peted with other sources were cool ing, space heating, wa ter heat ing, and cook ing

2

 (Fig ure 28). The two

domi nant end uses of natu ral gas were space heat ing

and wa ter heat ing (Fig ure 29). Fuel oil and dis trict heat

(not shown), were pre domi nantly used for space heat -

ing and wa ter heat ing. Both of those en ergy sources,

along with natu ral gas, served as the main space heating source when used for space heat ing. Elec tric ity was

more of ten used as a sec on dary space heat ing source

than were the other three sources (32.5 per cent of

heated floor space used elec tric ity for space heat ing,

but only 19.2 per cent used elec tric ity as the main

source).

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 17

2The per cent ages of floor space with wa ter heat ing and cook ing were

cal cu lated by di vid ing the sum of all floor space in build ings with those end

uses by to tal floor space. The per cent ages of floor space with space heat ing

or cool ing were cal cu lated by di vid ing the sum of only the heated or cooled

por tions of floor space within build ings with those end uses by to tal floorspace.

Electricity

Natural Gas

Fuel Oil

District Heat

Propane

Wood

Any Other

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

All Commercial Buildings

Floorspace

Buildings

District

Chilled Water

Figure 27. Energy Sources Used in Commercial

Buildings, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
Energy Consumption by

Energy Source and End Use

In 1995, the to tal amount of site en ergy con sumed by

com mer cial build ings in the United States for ma jor

en ergy sources (elec tric ity, natu ral gas, fuel oil, and

dis trict heat) was 5.3 quad ril lion Btu (Fig ure 30). The

great est con sump tion for any en ergy source was 2.6

quad ril lion Btu for elec tric ity, fol lowed by 1.9 quad rillion Btu for natu ral gas. Dis trict heat (0.5 quad ril lion

Btu) and fuel oil (0.2 quad ril lion Btu) com bined were

less than half that of natu ral gas. To tal pri mary en ergy

con sump tion was 10.6 quad ril lion Btu and pri mary

elec tric ity con sump tion was 7.9 quad ril lion Btu.

En ergy con sump tion is one in di ca tor of en ergy use; another is en ergy in ten sity, the amount of en ergy consumed per unit of serv ice or ac tiv ity.

3

 Site elec tric ity

en ergy in ten sity and natu ral gas in ten sity in 1995 were

simi lar, 45.7 thou sand Btu per square foot for build ings

that used elec tric ity and 51.0 thou sand Btu per square

foot for build ings that used natu ral gas (Fig ure 31). Primary elec tric ity in ten sity, at 137.9 thou sand Btu per

square foot, greatly ex ceeded natu ral gas in ten sity.

There were no sig nifi cant changes in en ergy in ten si ties

be tween the 1989 CBECS and the 1995 CBECS, with

the ex cep tion of fuel oil in ten sity, which de clined from 

Energy Information Administration

18 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

3

For the com mer cial build ings sec tor, use ful in di ca tors of en ergy in -

ten sity are con sump tion per square foot, con sump tion per hour of op era tion,

and con sump tion per worker. The most com monly used meas ure of commer cial en ergy in ten sity is con sump tion per square foot. Two meas ures of

floor space can be used, to tal floor space and con di tional floor space. Con ditional floor space may be energy- source spe cific (e.g., floor space served by

elec tric ity) or end- use spe cific (e.g., heated floor space).

Space Heating

Cooling

Water Heating

Cooking

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

All Commercial Buildings

Floorspace

Buildings

Primary

Space Heating

Figure 28. Electricity End Uses, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Space Heating

Cooling

Water Heating

Cooking

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

All Commercial Buildings

Floorspace

Buildings

Primary

Space Heating

Figure 29. Natural Gas End Uses, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Total Primary

Primary Electricity

Total Site

Site Electricity

Natural Gas

District Heat

Fuel Oil

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Quadrillion Btu

Site Energy

Electricity Generation and

Transmission Losses

Figure 30. Site and Primary Energy Consumption

by Energy Source, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Total Primary

Primary Electricity

Total Site

Site Electricity

Natural Gas

District Heat

Fuel Oil

0 50 100 150 200

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

Figure 31. Site and Primary Energy Intensity by

Energy Source, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
27.0 thou sand Btu per square foot in 1989 to 16.3 thou -

sand Btu per square foot in 1995. All of these in ten sities were energy- source spe cific.

There were no ta ble dif fer ences in site and pri mary

end- use con sump tion (Fig ures 32 and 33):

• Space heat ing and light ing were the domi nant end

uses—com bined they ac count for more than half

of to tal site and pri mary con sump tion (54.6 percent of site con sump tion and 52.5 per cent of primary con sump tion, respectively).

• Space heat ing site con sump tion ex ceeded light ing

con sump tion (1.7 quad ril lion Btu and 1.2 quad rillion, re spec tively) but, meas ured in terms of pri -

mary con sump tion, light ing en ergy re quire ments

were nearly twice as large as those of space heat -

ing (3.6 quad ril lion Btu for light ing and 1.9 quadril lion for space heat ing). Those dif fer ences

re sulted be cause light ing is solely elec tric ity consump tion, but space heat ing had only a small compo nent of elec tric ity con sump tion (Fig ures 34 and

35). 

• Wa ter heat ing site con sump tion was more than

twice that of cool ing or of fice equip ment but, for

pri mary con sump tion, the three end uses were

nearly equal.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 19

Space Heating

Lighting

Water Heating

Cooling

Office Equipment

Cooking

Refrigeration

Ventilation

Other

0 1 2 3 4

Quadrillion Btu

Figure 32. Total Site Energy Consumption by End

Use, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Space Heating

Lighting

Water Heating

Cooling

Office Equipment

Cooking

Refrigeration

Ventilation

Other

0 1 2 3 4

Quadrillion Btu

Figure 34. Site Electricity Consumption by End

Use, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Space Heating

Lighting

Water Heating

Cooling

Office Equipment

Cooking

Refrigeration

Ventilation

Other

0 1 2 3 4

Quadrillion Btu

Figure 35. Primary Electricity Consumption by

End Use, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Space Heating

Lighting

Water Heating

Cooling

Office Equipment

Cooking

Refrigeration

Ventilation

Other

0 1 2 3 4

Quadrillion Btu

Site Energy

Electricity Generation and

Transmission Losses

Figure 33. Total Primary Energy Consumption by

End Use, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
Natu ral gas con sump tion was dis trib uted mainly 

among three end uses—space heat ing, wa ter heat ing,

and cook ing. Natu ral gas and elec tric ity di rectly competed in those three end uses (com pare Fig ures 34, 35,

and 36). In each, natu ral gas con sump tion ex ceeded

both site and pri mary elec tric ity con sump tion.

Major Energy Sources and

Build ing Char ac ter is tics

The ma jor en ergy sources used in com mer cial buildings and their en ergy in ten si ties var ied across cate gories of build ing char ac ter is tics: in par ticu lar, prin ci pal

build ing ac tiv ity, size of build ing, year con structed,

and lo ca tion.

Energy Sources and Principal

Building Activity

Elec tric ity use was nearly uni ver sal in all com mer cial

build ing types; the per cent age of floor space served by

elec tric ity ex ceeded 99 per cent of to tal floor space,

with the ex cep tion of ware houses at 94.5 per cent of

floor space and va cant build ings at 57.0 per cent. The

amount of floor space that used natu ral gas was slightly

less than two- thirds of to tal floor space (64.9 per cent)

(Fig ure 37). None of the cate go ries of prin ci pal buildEnergy Information Administration

20 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

Figure 37. Percent of Floorspace That Used Major Energy Sources by Principal Building Activity, 1995

Q = Data withheld because relative standard error was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Office

Mercantile and Service

Education

Health Care

Lodging

Public Assembly

Food Service

Warehouse

Food Sales

Public Order and Safety

Religious Worship

Vacant

Other

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Floorspace per Building Activity

97.1 percent of

total floorspace

used electricity

Electricity

Office

Mercantile and Service

Education

Health Care

Lodging

Public Assembly

Food Service

Warehouse

Food Sales

Public Order and Safety

Religious Worship

Vacant

Other

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Floorspace per Building Activity

64.9 percent of

total floorspace

used natural gas

Natural Gas

Office

 Mercantile and Service

Education

Health Care

Lodging

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Floorspace per Building Activity

24.5 percent of

total floorspace

used fuel oil

Fuel Oil

Office

 Mercantile and Service

Education

Health Care

Lodging

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Floorspace per Building Activity

9.6 percent of

total floorspace

used district heat

Q

District Heat

 Space Heating

Water Heating

Cooking

Other

0 1 2 3 4

Quadrillion Btu

Figure 36. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use,

1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial 

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
ing ac tiv ity were sig nifi cantly dif fer ent from each

other for natu ral gas, with the ex cep tion of va cant

build ings at 27.6 per cent—those build ings used natu ral

gas sig nifi cantly less than the av er age. The use of fuel

oil and dis trict heat by build ing ac tiv ity is shown only

for the five most com mon build ing types—the stan -

dard er rors were too large or the number of cases were

too few to re port for the other build ing types.

4

 The use

of fuel oil (pri mar ily for backup elec tric ity gen era tion)

was es pe cially high for health care build ings. More

than two- thirds (67.6 per cent) of those build ings used

fuel oil. No other type ex ceeded 40 per cent. The greatest use of dis trict heat was for four build ing types: of -

fice, edu ca tion, health care, and lodg ing—all ex ceeded

13 per cent of floor space.

The en ergy in ten si ties for elec tric ity and natu ral gas

var ied by build ing type (Fig ure 38). Elec tric ity in tensity (site elec tric ity) was sig nifi cantly higher for three

build ing types—health care, food serv ice, and food

sales, all in ten sive us ers of elec tri cal equip ment (e.g.,

medi cal equip ment, re frig era tors). Three build ing

types, ware house, re lig ious wor ship, and va cant, had

lower than av er age in ten si ties. Re lig ious wor ship

build ings were lower, in part, be cause of their fewer

op er at ing hours. That was re flected in their cool ing,

light ing, and of fice equip ment in ten si ties, all of which

were much lower than av er age (De tailed Ta ble EU-4).

Two build ing types had higher than av er age natu ral gas

in ten si ties, health care and food serv ice, both more

than twice the av er age for all build ings (146.7 thousand Btu per square foot for health care, 157.8 thousand for food serv ice, and 51.0 thou sand for all

build ings). For health care build ings, space heat ing,

cook ing, and es pe cially wa ter heat ing in ten si ties were

much greater than av er age (De tailed Ta ble EU-6). For

food serv ice build ings, cook ing and wa ter heat ing in -

ten si ties were es pe cially high. Two build ings types,

ware house and re lig ious wor ship, had lower than av erage natu ral gas in ten si ties.

There were no sig nifi cant dif fer ences in ei ther fuel oil

or dis trict heat en ergy in ten si ties for the five ma jor

build ing ac tivi ties (not shown).

Energy Sources and Size of Building,

Year Constructed, and Location

Three im por tant energy- related build ing char ac ter istics are size of build ing, year con structed, and lo ca tion

(Cen sus re gion and cli mate zone). The use of elec tricity was nearly uni ver sal across those four char ac ter istics cate go ries (Fig ure 39). Natu ral gas was used in

fewer smaller build ings (53.6 per cent of floor space in

the small est size cate gory, 67.7 per cent and 70.4 percent in the two larg est cate go ries). The ap par ent dif ferences in other cate go ries were not sta tis ti cally

sig nifi cant. There were sev eral sig nifi cant dif fer ences

across cate go ries for both fuel oil and dis trict heat. Fuel 

oil and dis trict heat were both more widely used in

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 21

Figure 38. Energy Intensities for Electricity and Natural Gas by Principal Building Activity, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Office

Mercantile and Service

Education

Health Care

Lodging

Public Assembly

Food Service

Warehouse

Food Sales

Public Order and Safety

Religious Worship

Vacant

Other

0 50 100 150 200

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

45.7 thousand Btu/sq.ft.,

average for all buildings

that used electricity

Site Electricity

Office

Mercantile and Service

Education

Health Care

Lodging

Public Assembly

Food Service

Warehouse

Food Sales

Public Order and Safety

Religious Worship

Vacant

Other

0 50 100 150 200

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

51.0 thousand Btu/sq.ft.,

average for all buildings

that used natural gas

Natural Gas

4Data were with held if the rela tive stan dard er ror was greater than 50

per cent, or fewer than 20 build ings were sam pled.
larger com mer cial build ings. More than half (56.5 percent) of floor space in build ings larger than 200,000

square feet used fuel oil and nearly one- fourth (23.6

per cent) of floor space of those build ings used dis trict

heat. The per cent of floor space that used fuel oil in the

North east (45.6 per cent) was more than twice that of

any other Cen sus re gion (each of those less than 20 percent of floor space). The per cent of floor space that used

fuel oil was low est in cli mate zone 5, the warm est region. That was to be ex pected, since most fuel oil consump tion was for space heat ing.

The only cate gory that showed a sig nifi cant dif fer ence

in elec tric ity in ten sity was year con structed—elec tricity in ten sity was greater for the most re cently con -

structed build ings (1990 to 1995) (Fig ure 40). In those

build ings, the elec tric ity end uses that were more intensely used were cool ing, light ing, wa ter heat ing, and

of fice equip ment (De tailed Ta ble EU-4).

Natu ral gas in ten si ties were sig nifi cantly greater for

the small est build ings, build ings in the Mid west, and

build ings in the cold est cli mate zones. In smaller buildings, natu ral gas space heat ing in ten sity and cook ing

in ten sity were both higher than av er age (De tailed Ta -

Energy Information Administration

22 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

Figure 39. Percent of Floorspace That Used Major Energy Sources by Size of Building, Year Constructed,

Census Region, and Climate Zone, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Size of Building

Over 200,000

10,001 to 200,000

1,001 to 10,000

Year Constructed

Before 1960

1960 to 1989

1990 to 1995

Census Region

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

Climate Zone

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Floorspace per Category

24.5 percent of total 

floorspace used fuel oil

Fuel Oil

Size of Building

Over 200,000

10,001 to 200,000

1,001 to 10,000

Year Constructed

Before 1960

1960 to 1989

1990 to 1995

Census Region

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

Climate Zone

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Floorspace per Category

9.6 percent of total

floorspace used district heat

District Heat

Size of Building

Over 200,000

10,001 to 200,000

1,001 to 10,000

Year Constructed

Before 1960

1960 to 1989

1990 to 1995

Census Region

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

Climate Zone

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Floorspace per Category

97.1 percent of total 

floorspace used electricity

Electricity

Size of Building

Over 200,000

10,001 to 200,000

1,001 to 10,000

Year Constructed

Before 1960

1960 to 1989

1990 to 1995

Census Region

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

Climate Zone

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Floorspace per Category

64.9 percent of total 

floorspace used natural gas

Natural Gas
ble EU-6). In the Mid west and in the colder zones,

natu ral gas space heat ing in ten sity was much higher

than av er age (De tailed Ta ble EU-6).

There were sig nifi cant dif fer ences for each of the four

size cate go ries for fuel oil. Fuel oil in ten sity was

greater in smaller build ings and in older build ings in

the North east and in colder cli mates. The greater in tensity in the North east and in the cooler cli mate zones re -

flected the greater use of fuel oil for heat ing. There

were no sig nifi cant dif fer ences within any of the catego ries for dis trict heat.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 23

Figure 40. Energy Intensities for Major Energy Sources by Size of Building, Year Constructed, Census

Region, and Climate Zone, 1995

Q = Data withheld because relative standard error was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Size of Building

Over 200,000

10,001 to 200,000

1,001 to 10,000

Year Constructed

Before 1960

1960 to 1989

1990 to 1995

Census Region

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

Climate Zone

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

45.7 thousand Btu/sq.ft.,

average of all buildings

that used electricity

Site Electricity

Size of Building

Over 200,000

10,001 to 200,000

1,001 to 10,000

Year Constructed

Before 1960

1960 to 1989

1990 to 1995

Census Region

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

Climate Zone

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

51.0 thousand Btu/sq.ft.,

average of all buildings

that used natural gas

Natural Gas

Size of Building

Over 200,000

10,001 to 200,000

1,001 to 10,000

Year Constructed

Before 1960

1960 to 1989

1990 to 1995

Census Region

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

Climate Zone

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

16.3 thousand Btu/sq.ft.,

average of all buildings

that used fuel oil

Q

Fuel Oil

Size of Building

Over 200,000

10,001 to 200,000

1,001 to 10,000

Year Constructed

Before 1960

1960 to 1989

1990 to 1995

Census Region

Northeast

Midwest

South

West

Climate Zone

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Thousand Btu per Square Foot

94.2 thousand Btu/sq.ft.,

average of all buildings

that used fuel oil

Q

Q

Q

Q

District Heat
.
4. End-Use Equipment and Energy Conservation

E

nergy is used within buildings by end-use

equipment. Commercial buildings use a variety of

practices to conserve the use of energy by end-use

equipment.

• End- use equip ment re fers to the spe cific type of

equip ment that is used to per form a given end use.

Types of end- use equip ment in clude: heat pumps,

fur naces, pack aged air- conditioning units, cen tral

chillers, fluo res cent light fix tures, and com pact

fluo res cent bulbs.

• En ergy con ser va tion fea tures in clude those re -

lated to the build ing shell; the heat ing, ven ti la tion,

and air- conditioning sys tems (HVAC); and the

light ing sys tems. En ergy man age ment prac tices

are en ergy ef fi ciency pro grams that are de signed

to re duce the en ergy used by spe cific end- use

equip ment.

End-Use Equipment

Space Heating Equipment

Four types of heat ing equip ment were used ex ten sively

in com mer cial build ings—pack aged heat ing units,

boil ers, in di vid ual space heat ers, and fur naces (Fig ures

41 and 42; Ta bles 1a, 1b, and 1c; box on fol low ing

page).

1

 Of these four, boil ers were most of ten the main

equip ment used by per cent age of to tal heated floorspace, whereas fur naces were the main type in the largest per cent age of heated build ings (com pare Fig ures 41

and 42). All four types were used to heat about 30 percent of to tal heated floor space (ei ther main or other

use), but their use as a per cent age of heated build ings

var ied from as lit tle as 15 per cent for boil ers to as much

as 42 per cent for fur naces. That dif fer ence re flected

their use in build ings of dif fer ent av er age sizes; that is,

boil ers were used in larger build ings, and fur naces

were used in smaller build ings. There were no sta tis tically sig nifi cant changes in the use of the dif fer ent

types of heat ing equip ment from the 1989 CBECS to

the 1992 CBECS to the 1995 CBECS.

• Boil ers heated 45 per cent of heated floor space in

the larg est size cate gory (build ings larger than

200,000 square feet) but were used for only 13

per cent of heated floor space in the small est cate -

gory (build ings 10,000 square feet or less) (Fig ure 

43).

• Dis trict heat was used for 28 per cent of heated

floor space in the larg est build ings but for just 2

per cent of floor space in the small est build ings.

• Fur naces showed the op po site re la tion ship—they

served 47 per cent of heated floor space in the

small est build ings but only 12 per cent in the largest build ings.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 25

Boilers

Packaged Heating Units

Individual Space Heaters

Furnaces

District Heat

Heat Pumps

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Percent of Heated Floorspace

Heating Equipment

Main Use

Other Use

Figure 41. Heating Equipment Used for Main and

Other Use, Percent of Heated Floorspace, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Boilers

Packaged Heating Units

Individual Space Heaters

Furnaces

District Heat

Heat Pumps

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Percent of Heated Buildings

Heating Equipment

Main Use

Other Use

Figure 42. Heating Equipment Used for Main and

Other Use, Percent of Heated Buildings, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

1Text Ta bles 1a through 6b are found at the end of this chap ter.
Two types of heat ing equip ment showed sig nifi cant

dif fer ences by the age of build ings that they were used

in:boil ers were used most widely in older build ings,

and pack aged heat ing units were used most widely in

more re cently con structed build ings (Fig ure 44).

• Boil ers heated 41 per cent of heated floor space

in older build ings (those con structed be fore

1960) and about half as much (22 per cent) in

build ings con structed in the 1990’s.

• Pack aged heat ing units were much more commonly used in the newer build ings:for 47 percent of heated floor space in build ings

con structed in the 1990’s, but only 19 per cent of

heated floor space in those con structed be fore

1960.

Energy Information Administration

26 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

Space Heating and Cooling Equipment in the 1995 CBECS

The fol low ing types of space heat ing equip ment were in cluded in the 1995 CBECS Build ing Question naire:

Boil ers in side the build ing that pro duce steam or hot wa ter

Pack aged heat ing units

In di vid ual space heat ers, free- standing or mounted in walls, ceil ings, or win dows

Fur naces that heat air di rectly, with out us ing steam or hot wa ter

Dis trict steam or hot wa ter piped in from out side the build ing

Heat pumps (other than pack aged units)

Other heat ing equip ment

The fol low ing types of cool ing equip ment were in cluded in the Build ing Ques tion naire:

Pack aged air con di tion ing units, of ten roof- or slab- mounted

Cen tral chillers in side the build ing that chill wa ter for air con di tion ing

In di vid ual room air con di tion ers, win dow- or wall- mounted

Residential- type cen tral air con di tion ers, other than heat pumps, that cool air di rectly and cir cu late it with out

chilled wa ter

Heat pumps

Dis trict chilled wa ter piped in from out side the build ing

Swamp or evapo ra tive cool ers

Other cool ing equip ment

Boilers

Packaged Heating Units

Individual Space Heaters

Furnaces

District Heat

Heat Pumps

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Percent of Heated Floorspace per Category

Over 200,000

10,001 to 200,000

1,001 to 10,000

Figure 43. Heating Equipment Used by Size of

Building, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Boilers

Packaged Heating Units

Individual Space Heaters

Furnaces

District Heat

Heat Pumps

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Percent of Heated Floorspace per Category

1959 or Before

1960 to 1989

1990 to 1995

Figure 44. Heating Equipment Used by Year

Constructed, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
The four pre domi nant types of heat ing equip ment had

the heat they pro duced dis trib uted pri mar ily via one of

three types of heat ing dis tri bu tion sys tem (Ta bles 2a,

2b, and 2c). Warm air pro duced by pack aged units and

fur naces was dis trib uted pri mar ily by ducts or air-

 handling units; hot wa ter or steam gen er ated by boil ers

was trans ported to ra dia tors or base boards to heat air;

and in di vid ual space heat ers gave off heat di rectly to

sur round ing ar eas with out a sepa rate dis tri bu tion system.

Cooling Equipment

Pack aged air- conditioning units were by far the most

widely used type of cool ing equip ment, both as the

main equip ment used and for to tal use (Fig ures 45 and

46; Ta bles 3a, 3b, and 3c). They cooled 55 per cent of

cooled floor space and 42 per cent of cooled build ings

and were the main equip ment for 37 per cent of both

cooled floor space and build ings. Cen tral chillers were

used to cool more than a quar ter of cooled floor space

(but only 3 per cent of build ings), while in di vid ual

(win dow or wall) air- conditioning units, residential-

 type cen tral air- conditioning, and heat pumps were

used slightly less (15 per cent to 19 per cent of cooled

floor space). There were no sig nifi cant changes in the

use of the dif fer ent types of cool ing equip ment between the 1992 and 1995 CBECS (com pa ra ble data

from 1989 are not avail able).

Par ticu lar types of cool ing equip ment showed sig nificant dif fer ences in use by size of build ing (Fig ure 47).

• Residential- type cen tral air- conditioning units

showed rela tively greater use in the small est

build ings.

• Cen tral chillers were used pri mar ily in the larg est

build ings. That equip ment type cooled 65 per cent

of cooled floor space in the larg est build ings but

cooled only one- third as much, 22 per cent, in the

mid dle cate gory (build ings 10,001 to 200,000

square feet in size). 

The age of the build ing was less of a fac tor for type of

cool ing equip ment than for type of heat ing equip ment.

Only build ings that used in di vid ual (win dow or wall)

air- conditioning units showed a sig nifi cant re la tionship (Fig ure 48). Those units were much more common in build ings con structed be fore 1960 than in

build ings con structed af ter 1989. They cooled about

one- third of the cooled floor space in older build ings

but only 6 per cent in build ings con structed in the

1990’s.

Pack aged air- conditioning units, residential- type central air con di tion ers, and cold air pro duced by cen tral

chillers had the cool air dis trib uted pri mar ily by ducts

or air- handling units (Ta bles 4a, 4b, and 4c). Cen tral

chillers that pro duced chilled wa ter had cool air dis tributed via the use of fan- coil units. In di vid ual air-

 conditioning units cooled air di rectly (with out a separate sys tem) in the room or area where they were lo -

cated.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 27

Packaged AC Units

Central Chillers

Individual Air Conditioners

Residential-Type Central AC

Heat Pumps

District Chilled Water

Swamp Coolers

Other

0 20 40 60 80

Percent of Cooled Floorspace

Cooling Equipment

Main Use

Other Use

Figure 45. Cooling Equipment Used for Main and

Other Use, Percent of Cooled Floorspace, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Packaged AC Units

Central Chillers

Individual Air Conditioners

Residential-Type Central AC

Heat Pumps

District Chilled Water

Swamp Coolers

Other

0 20 40 60 80

Percent of Cooled Buildings

Cooling Equipment

Main Use

Other Use

Figure 46. Cooling Equipment Used for Main and

Other Use, Percent of Cooled Buildings, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
Lighting Equipment

The CBECS col lected in for ma tion on five types of

light ing sys tems: in can des cent, stan dard fluo res cent,

com pact fluo res cent, high- intensity dis charge, and

halo gen (Fig ure 49).

• Stan dard fluo res cent light ing fix tures were

found in nearly all build ings that had light ing

equip ment (more than 90 per cent of lit build ings

and floor space). In can des cent light bulbs were

also widely used (around 60 per cent of lit buildings and floor space).

• The three newer kinds of light ing tech nology—high- intensity dis charge, com pact fluo -

res cent, and halo gen lamps—were used in rela -

tively few build ings (each less than ten per cent

of build ings). The size of com mer cial build ing

that used any of the three types was much larger

than av er age. The av er age size of build ings that

used high- intensity dis charge lamps was 41,500 

square feet; the av er age for those that used compact fluo res cent lamps was 39,400 square feet;

and the av er age for those that used halo gen

lights was 32,200 square feet.

• The use of com pact fluo res cent lamps in creased

from 14 per cent of lit floor space in 1992 to 27

per cent in 1995 (data were not col lected in

1989).

Energy Information Administration

28 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

Packaged AC Units

Central Chillers

Individual Air Conditioners

Residential-Type Central AC

Heat Pumps

District Chilled Water

Swamp Coolers

Other

0 20 40 60 80

Percent of Cooled Floorspace per Category

1959 or Before

1960 to 1989

1990 to 1995

Q

Figure 48. Cooling Equipment Used by Year

Constructed, 1995

Q=Data withheld because relative standard error was greater

than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Incandescent

Halogen

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

Lit Floorspace

Buildings with Lighting

Standard

Fluorescent

High-Intensity

Discharge

Compact

Fluorescent

Figure 49. Lighting Equipment Used in

Commercial Buildings, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Packaged AC Units

Central Chillers

Individual Air Conditioners

Residential-Type Central AC

Heat Pumps

District Chilled Water

Swamp Coolers

Other

0 20 40 60 80

Percent of Cooled Floorspace per Category

Over 200,000

10,001 to 200,000

1,001 to 10,000

Q

Q

Q

Figure 47. Cooling Equipment Used by Size of

Building, 1995

Q=Data withheld because relative standard error was greater

than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
Energy Conservation Features

and Prac tices

In for ma tion on spe cific con ser va tion fea tures or practices was col lected for: build ing shells; heat ing, ven tila tion, and air- conditioning (HVAC) sys tems; and

light ing sys tems. En ergy con ser va tion was widely

prac ticed; a sig nifi cant per cent age had in stalled or employed some type of con ser va tion fea ture or prac tice

(89 per cent of build ings, 94 per cent of floor space) (Tables 5a and 5b).

• Most com mer cial build ings had some type of

build ing shell con ser va tion fea ture (85 per cent of

build ings, 91 per cent of floor space) (Fig ure 50).

The type most of ten found was roof or ceil ing insu la tion (74 per cent of build ings, 79 per cent of

floor space). HVAC con ser va tion fea tures were, in

gen eral, less com mon than build ing shell fea tures

(Fig ure 51). HVAC main te nance, the most widely

prac ticed of the HVAC cate go ries, was per formed

in about half of build ings and three- fourths of

floor space.

• Some type of light ing con ser va tion fea ture was

found in 46 per cent of build ings and 66 per cent of

floor space. The most widely used light ing sys tem

con ser va tion fea ture was the energy- efficient ballast, used in 30 per cent of build ings and 48 per cent

of floor space (Fig ure 52).

• Both HVAC and light ing sys tem con ser va tion

fea tures were more of ten found in larger than aver age com mer cial build ings. The av er age size for

build ings with HVAC con ser va tion fea tures was

17,700 square feet, and it was 18,500 square feet

for build ings with light ing con ser va tion fea tures

(the av er age size of all com mer cial build ings was

12,800 square feet).

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 29

Roof or Ceiling Insulation

Wall Insulation

 Storm or Multiple Glazing

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

Floorspace

Buildings

Exterior or Interior

Shading or Awnings

Tinted, Reflective, or

Shading Glass

Any Building

Shell Conservation

Figure 50. Building Shell Conservation Features

in Commercial Buildings, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Any HVAC Conservation

HVAC Maintenance

Economizer Cycle

Variable Air-Volume System

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

Floorspace

Buildings

Other Energy

Efficient Equipment

Figure 51. HVAC Conservation Features in

Commercial Buildings, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

 Any Lighting Conservation

Energy-Efficient Ballasts

Specular Reflectors

Time Clock

Manual Dimmer Switches

Occupancy Sensors

Other

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

Floorspace

Buildings

Natural Lighting

Control Sensors

Figure 52. Lighting Conservation Features in

Commercial Buildings, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
The CBECS col lected in for ma tion on build ings that

par tici pated in, or used, a va ri ety of con ser va tion programs and en ergy tech nolo gies (Fig ure 53; Ta bles 5a

and 5b; Ta bles 6a and 6b). The level of par tici pa tion

was low for com mer cial build ings as a whole—the

most widely used were en ergy man age ment and control sys tems (5.4 per cent of build ings and 23.5 per cent

of floor space). The av er age size of those build ings

(55,900 square feet per build ing) was much larger than

the av er age of all buildings.

The CBECS also col lected in for ma tion on the use of

re new able en ergy sources or fea tures (be sides wood).

Those fea tures were: pas sive so lar fea tures, pho to voltaic ar rays that con vert sun light di rectly to en ergy, geother mal or ground source heat pumps, wind gen era tion,

and well wa ter used for cool ing. Pas sive so lar was the

only type that was found in 20 or more build ings in the

CBECS sam ple, the mini mum number for which data

can be re ported. An es ti mated 66.9 thou sand com mercial build ings and 864 mil lion square feet of floor space

used pas sive so lar.

The use of cer tain en ergy con ser va tion fea tures and

prac tices has be come more com mon in com mer cial

build ings in re cent years (Fig ures 54 and 55). There

were sta tis ti cally sig nifi cant changes in the per cent age

of floor space that used sev eral types of build ing shell

and light ing sys tem con ser va tion fea tures.

• Two build ing shell cate go ries showed in creases

in us age—ex te rior or in te rior shad ing in creased

from 42 per cent of floor space in 1989 to 63 percent of floor space in 1995, and use of storm or

mul ti ple glaz ing in creased from 38 per cent to

49 per cent of floor space.

• Three cate go ries of light ing con ser va tion

showed sig nifi cant in creases: specu lar re flectors were used for 23 per cent of floor space in

1992 and 31 per cent in 1995, natu ral light ing

con trol sen sors in creased their us age from just 4

per cent to 11 per cent, and oc cu pancy sen sors

in creased in use from 5 per cent to 10 per cent.

Energy Information Administration

30 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

Roof or Ceiling Insulation

Wall Insulation

Storm or Multiple Glazing

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Total Floorspace

1995

1992, adjusted

1989, adjusted

Exterior or Interior

Shading or Awnings

Tinted, Reflective,

or Shading Glass

Figure 54. Changes in Building Shell

Conservation Features, 1989, 1992, and 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration; 1989, 1992, and

1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Surveys.

Specular Reflectors

Time Clock

Manual Dimmer Switches

Occupancy Sensors

Other

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of Total Floorspace

1995

1992, adjusted

Natural Lighting

Control Sensors

Figure 55. Changes in Lighting Conservation

Features, 1992 and 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1992 and 1995

Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Surveys.

 Energy-Efficient Motor System

Building Energy Manager

Energy Audit

Special Rates or Incentives

Electricity Load Control

Interruptible Natural Gas

Waste-Heat Recovery

Thermal Energy Storage

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

Floorspace

Buildings

Energy Management and

Control System

Energy Efficient Water

Heating Equipment

Figure 53. Participation in Energy Conservation

Programs, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, 1995 Commercial

Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.
Table 1a. Main Heating Equipment, Number of Buildings and Relative Standard Errors, 1995 

Building

Characteristics

All

Buildings

with Space

Heating

Main Heating Equipment

(thousand buildings)

Boiler

Packaged

Heating

Unit Furnace

District

Heat

Individual

 Space

Heater Heat Pump Other

No One

Main

All Buildings ....... . 4,024 514 835 1,455 111 632 296 77 104

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity......... . 1,007 11 302 123 Q 225 285 Q 26

 Natural Gas ....... . 2,106 330 460 987 Q 257 Q Q 55

 Fuel Oil........... 439 150 Q 175 Q Q Q Q Q

 District Heat ....... . 107 NC Q Q 105 Q Q NC Q

 Propane ......... . 260 Q 46 139 NC 56 Q Q Q

 Other ........... . 61 Q NC Q NC Q Q Q Q

Space-Heating Energy

Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity......... . 1,467 98 375 324 9 284 293 42 43

 Natural Gas ....... . 2,211 335 478 1,012 6 293 14 Q 61

 Fuel Oil........... 504 159 Q 181 Q 99 Q Q Q

 District Heat ....... . NC Q Q 106 Q Q Q Q

 Propane ......... . 301 26 53 152 Q 62 Q Q Q

 Other ........... . 135 Q Q 55 Q Q Q Q Q

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All Buildings ....... . 4.0 8.9 7.3 7.1 18.3 8.5 12.5 32.2 16.3

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity......... . 8.7 42.1 15.7 21.1 72.2 12.8 12.8 55.5 36.2

 Natural Gas ....... . 4.7 11.2 9.8 7.8 38.8 14.1 51.1 58.6 26.9

 Fuel Oil........... 14.1 15.8 65.0 23.3 100.0 26.1 74.2 67.9 74.8

 District Heat ....... . 18.1 NC 100.6 100.0 18.7 100.6 100.0 NC 57.1

 Propane ......... . 17.1 53.2 41.9 18.1 NC 34.7 100.0 69.6 64.4

 Other ........... . 29.3 51.9 NC 65.5 NC 62.3 76.6 55.4 67.8

Space-Heating Energy

Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity......... . 6.9 18.4 12.7 13.7 21.9 11.8 12.7 47.3 25.9

 Natural Gas ....... . 4.6 11.1 9.5 7.9 21.4 13.6 28.0 53.5 25.0

 Fuel Oil........... 13.8 14.9 60.0 23.2 71.2 23.7 91.0 65.2 51.7

 District Heat ....... . 17.8 NC 100.6 73.5 18.6 100.6 93.3 45.0 51.8

 Propane ......... . 15.7 38.2 39.2 17.4 69.9 32.0 76.0 69.6 40.1

 Other ........... . 23.9 53.2 55.6 35.0 61.7 43.4 53.1 54.8 56.3

NC = No cases in sample.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 31
Table 1b. Main Heating Equipment, Floorspace in Heated Buildings and Relative Standard

 Errors, 1995

Building

Characteristics

All

Buildings

with Space

Heating

Main Heating Equipment

(million square feet)

Boiler

Packaged

Heating

Unit Furnace

District

Heat

Individual

Space

Heater Heat Pump Other

No One

Main

All Buildings ....... . 54,347 14,256 10,838 10,913 5,677 5,608 3,301 2,118 1,636

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity......... . 13,500 500 4,451 1,249 Q 1,985 3,134 1,650 478

 Natural Gas ....... . 28,808 10,756 5,942 7,814 Q 3,013 126 195 795

 Fuel Oil........... 4,207 2,666 Q 977 Q Q Q Q Q

 District Heat ....... . 5,289 NC Q Q 5,145 Q Q NC Q

 Propane ......... . 1,545 Q 305 772 NC 278 Q Q Q

 Other ........... . 514 Q NC Q NC Q Q Q Q

Space-Heating Energy

Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity......... . 22,156 3,592 5,854 3,143 997 2,730 3,293 1,780 767

 Natural Gas ....... . 31,535 11,021 6,542 8,188 600 3,451 472 308 954

 Fuel Oil........... 6,606 4,014 Q 1,144 468 400 Q Q Q

 District Heat ....... . 5,606 NC Q Q 5,394 Q Q Q Q

 Propane ......... . 2,025 355 352 832 Q 334 Q Q Q

 Other ........... . 1,050 350 Q 223 Q Q Q Q Q

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All Buildings ....... . 3.6 5.5 5.9 7.1 9.2 8.3 11.9 16.8 13.3

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity......... . 7.1 22.7 11.4 19.6 57.5 11.3 11.9 19.0 23.1

 Natural Gas ....... . 4.4 6.9 7.3 7.6 39.7 13.5 29.0 27.8 13.0

 Fuel Oil........... 11.8 11.8 52.4 22.1 100.0 25.7 71.3 66.5 50.9

 District Heat ....... . 8.9 NC 100.6 100.0 9.0 100.6 100.0 NC 64.9

 Propane ......... . 18.5 26.5 39.9 20.6 NC 27.1 100.0 69.6 59.0

 Other ........... . 23.6 41.3 NC 68.8 NC 62.4 80.5 59.8 73.0

Space-Heating Energy

Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity......... . 5.9 12.6 9.3 12.6 15.4 10.2 11.9 17.9 15.9

 Natural Gas ....... . 4.4 6.9 7.6 7.5 19.8 12.1 20.6 20.9 14.8

 Fuel Oil........... 10.2 10.6 38.4 19.0 31.2 25.7 77.3 56.5 43.0

 District Heat ....... . 8.9 NC 100.6 85.7 9.0 100.6 71.0 30.5 60.8

 Propane ......... . 16.7 21.9 36.2 19.9 60.3 24.1 49.4 69.6 44.8

 Other ........... . 19.3 27.7 54.4 35.4 44.9 43.9 61.3 54.8 67.1

NC = No cases in sample.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

32 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table 1c. Main Heating Equipment, Heated Floorspace and Relative Standard Errors, 1995

Building

Characteristics

All

Buildings

with Space

Heating

Main Heating Equipment

(million square feet)

Boiler

Packaged

Heating

Unit Furnace

District

Heat

Individual

Space

Heater Heat Pump Other

No One

Main

All Buildings ....... . 48,065 13,613 9,186 9,131 5,510 4,386 2,994 1,843 1,403

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity......... . 11,271 474 3,570 1,027 Q 1,400 2,847 1,480 422

 Natural Gas ....... . 25,747 10,301 5,189 6,587 Q 2,539 105 170 637

 Fuel Oil........... 3,751 2,520 Q 794 Q Q Q Q Q

 District Heat ....... . 5,127 NC Q Q 4,988 Q Q NC Q

 Propane ......... . 1,366 Q 299 647 NC 233 Q Q Q

 Other ........... . 345 Q NC Q NC Q Q Q Q

Space-Heating Energy

Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity......... . 19,031 3,361 4,805 2,678 953 1,978 2,985 1,571 701

 Natural Gas ....... . 28,177 10,611 5,742 6,924 585 2,855 398 277 783

 Fuel Oil........... 6,047 3,853 Q 930 462 281 Q Q Q

 District Heat ....... . 5,438 NC Q Q 5,236 Q Q Q Q

 Propane ......... . 1,812 347 341 704 Q 286 Q Q Q

 Other ........... . 857 283 Q 202 Q Q Q Q Q

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All Buildings ....... . 3.6 5.5 5.9 7.8 9.3 8.9 11.8 18.2 13.5

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity......... . 6.9 23.7 10.9 19.6 56.6 13.0 11.7 20.4 22.5

 Natural Gas ....... . 4.4 6.7 7.5 8.5 39.7 13.9 30.0 27.7 12.0

 Fuel Oil........... 12.5 12.0 50.5 24.6 100.0 35.8 71.3 85.3 51.2

 District Heat ....... . 9.1 NC 100.6 100.0 9.0 100.6 100.0 NC 66.6

 Propane ......... . 19.6 26.5 40.6 20.2 NC 34.2 100.0 72.2 59.0

 Other ........... . 30.8 45.2 NC 57.2 NC 49.8 80.5 72.0 80.5

Space-Heating Energy

Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity......... . 5.7 12.0 8.7 13.1 16.0 9.8 11.8 19.4 15.1

 Natural Gas ....... . 4.3 6.7 7.8 8.3 20.3 12.0 20.4 20.8 13.7

 Fuel Oil........... 10.6 10.9 35.6 21.0 31.2 30.0 77.3 69.8 44.4

 District Heat ....... . 9.0 NC 100.6 83.2 9.1 100.6 71.0 29.3 62.3

 Propane ......... . 17.7 21.9 37.2 19.5 60.3 29.3 49.4 72.2 42.9

 Other ........... . 22.3 30.1 59.2 37.2 44.9 32.6 62.7 64.7 73.1

NC = No cases in sample.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 33
Table 2a. Heating Distribution Equipment, Number of Buildings and Relative Standard Errors,

 1995 

Building

Characteristics

All

Heated

Buildings

Type of Heating Distribution Equipment*

(more than one may apply)

(thousand buildings)

Ducts or Air

Handling Units

Gives Off

Heat Directly

Radiators or

Baseboards

Fan-Coil Units

without Ducts Other

Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know

All Buildings ....... . 4,024 2,859 — 1,309 — 467 — 175 — 293 —

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

 Boilers .......... . 610 195 15 — — 407 15 81 15 50 15

 Packaged Heating Units . . 1,031 999 15 79 15 — — — — Q 15

 Individual Space Heaters . 1,188 — — 1,188 — — — — — — —

 Furnaces ......... . 1,676 1,508 18 — — — — — — 205 18

 District Heat ....... . 115 65 15 — — 59 15 13 15 2 15

 Heat Pumps ....... . 394 368 15 16 14 — — 24 15 5 15

 Other ........... . 161 14 Q 82 Q Q Q 62 Q Q Q

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All Buildings ....... . 4.0 4.2 — 7.8 — 9.8 — 13.9 — 16.1 —

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

 Boilers .......... . 8.6 14.6 47.0 — — 10.4 47.4 20.0 47.4 26.9 46.1

 Packaged Heating Units . . 6.5 6.4 47.0 18.3 47.0 — — — — 51.6 47.0

 Individual Space Heaters . 7.9 — — 7.9 — — — — — — —

 Furnaces ......... . 6.4 7.0 43.5 — — — — — — 14.8 43.2

 District Heat ....... . 17.5 20.3 47.5 — — 20.3 47.5 20.4 47.5 29.8 47.5

 Heat Pumps ....... . 9.1 8.4 47.2 26.4 48.8 — — 39.6 47.2 33.8 47.2

 Other ........... . 21.7 41.5 51.5 26.9 51.5 52.3 51.5 25.1 51.5 78.0 51.5

— = Data not applicable.

* = Data elements were not statistically adjusted for nonresponse.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

34 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table 2b. Heating Distribution Equipment, Floorspace in Heated Buildings and Relative

 Standard Errors,1995 

Building

Characteristics

All

Heated

Buildings

Type of Heating Distribution Equipment*

(more than one may apply)

(million square feet)

Ducts or Air

Handling Units

Gives Off Heat

Directly

Radiators or

Baseboards

Fan-Coil Units

without Ducts Other

Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know

All Buildings ....... . 54,347 40,414 — 18,982 — 12,464 — 9,145 — 4,317 —

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

 Boilers .......... . 16,754 9,205 203 — — 9,314 196 3,825 196 1,131 202

 Packaged Heating Units . . 16,893 15,905 165 2,038 165 — — — — 410 165

 Individual Space Heaters . 16,809 — — 16,809 — — — — — — —

 Furnaces ......... . 14,923 13,572 140 — — — — — — 1,969 148

 District Heat ....... . 5,911 4,303 162 — — 3,142 158 1,358 158 240 158

 Heat Pumps ....... . 5,843 5,005 137 555 133 — — 887 146 248 137

 Other ........... . 6,249 1,077 115 1,868 115 618 115 4,091 115 720 115

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All Buildings ....... . 3.6 3.8 — 6.7 — 5.3 — 6.9 — 8.1 —

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

 Boilers .......... . 4.9 8.0 22.7 — — 5.7 23.3 10.3 23.3 11.8 22.8

 Packaged Heating Units . . 5.1 5.4 26.2 12.8 26.2 — — — — 28.0 26.2

 Individual Space Heaters . 7.1 — — 7.1 — — — — — — —

 Furnaces ......... . 5.9 6.2 23.0 — — — — — — 12.4 24.1

 District Heat ....... . 9.1 10.7 23.0 — — 12.6 23.2 13.9 23.2 23.4 23.2

 Heat Pumps ....... . 6.8 7.4 23.8 16.7 24.4 — — 17.6 20.8 28.4 23.8

 Other ........... . 9.2 14.4 26.4 17.4 26.4 14.6 26.4 12.0 26.4 36.5 26.4

— = Data not applicable.

* = Data elements were not statistically adjusted for nonresponse.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 35
Table 2c. Heating Distribution Equipment, Heated Floorspace and Relative Standard Errors,

 1995 

Building

Characteristics

All

Heated

Buildings

Type of Heating Distribution Equipment*

(more than one may apply)

(million square feet)

Ducts or Air

Handling Units

Gives Off Heat

Directly

Radiators or

Baseboards

Fan-Coil Units

without Ducts Other

Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know

All Buildings ....... . 48,065 35,942 — 16,351 — 11,995 — 8,584 — 3,790 —

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

 Boilers .......... . 15,854 8,728 190 — — 8,957 183 3,630 183 1,050 188

 Packaged Heating Units . . 14,793 13,910 153 1,770 153 — — — — 321 153

 Individual Space Heaters . 14,407 — — 14,407 — — — — — — —

 Furnaces ......... . 12,656 11,519 126 — — — — — — 1,724 132

 District Heat ....... . 5,719 4,194 146 — — 3,047 142 1,329 142 223 142

 Heat Pumps ....... . 5,312 4,515 122 511 118 — — 826 123 236 122

 Other ........... . 5,575 1,005 104 1,637 104 594 104 3,722 104 620 104

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All Buildings ....... . 3.6 4.0 — 6.9 — 5.3 — 7.0 — 8.2 —

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

 Boilers .......... . 4.8 7.9 23.8 — — 5.8 24.4 10.3 24.4 12.1 23.9

 Packaged Heating Units . . 5.1 5.4 27.8 12.3 27.8 — — — — 24.9 27.8

 Individual Space Heaters . 7.3 — — 7.3 — — — — — — —

 Furnaces ......... . 6.3 6.7 24.0 — — — — — — 12.0 24.8

 District Heat ....... . 9.2 11.0 24.4 — — 12.7 24.7 14.3 24.7 22.3 24.7

 Heat Pumps ....... . 6.8 7.7 25.3 15.6 25.9 — — 17.7 24.8 28.7 25.3

 Other ........... . 9.0 15.0 27.9 16.7 27.9 14.9 27.9 12.0 27.9 35.1 27.9

— = Data not applicable.

* = Data elements were not statistically adjusted for nonresponse.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

36 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table 3a. Main Cooling Equipment, Number of Buildings and Relative Standard Errors, 1995

Building Characteristics

All

Buildings

with

Cooling

Main Cooling Equipment

(thousand buildings)

Packaged 

Air Conditioning

Units

Central

Chillers

Residential Type

Central

Air ConditioningHeat

Pumps

Individual 

Air Conditioners

District

Chilled

Water

Swamp

Coolers Other

No One

Main

All Buildings ....... . 3,381 1,242 96 734 375 633 44 124 13 120

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity......... . 3,293 1,207 93 718 375 633 13 124 13 120

 Natural Gas ....... . 65 40 4 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

 District Chilled Water... . 53 Q Q Q Q Q 44 NC NC Q

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All Buildings ....... . 3.8 5.9 11.5 8.9 9.4 9.0 25.9 28.1 26.8 16.4

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity......... . 3.8 6.0 11.8 8.8 9.4 9.0 24.6 28.1 27.1 16.4

 Natural Gas ....... . 23.9 30.6 30.6 48.2 100.1 100.0 49.8 100.0 71.8 71.1

 District Chilled Water... . 27.2 83.6 98.9 93.3 100.0 64.4 25.9 NC NC 53.8

NC = No cases in sample.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 37
Table 3b. Main Cooling Equipment, Floorspace in Cooled Buildings and Relative Standard

 Errors, 1995

Building

Characteristics

All

Buildings

with

Cooling

Main Cooling Equipment

(million square feet)

Packaged 

Air Conditioning

Units

Central

Chillers

Residential Type

Central

Air ConditioningHeat

Pumps

Individual 

Air Conditioners

District

Chilled

Water

Swamp

Coolers Other

No One

Main

All Buildings ....... . 49,935 18,746 9,802 5,543 3,985 6,339 2,295 1,143 505 1,576

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity......... . 47,761 18,287 9,476 5,447 3,973 6,317 1,060 1,136 489 1,576

 Natural Gas ....... . 1,314 565 456 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

 District Chilled Water... . 2,521 Q Q Q Q Q 2,295 NC NC Q

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All Buildings ....... . 3.5 5.8 7.0 7.9 8.7 7.5 10.5 25.9 22.0 13.1

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity......... . 3.5 5.8 7.3 8.0 8.7 7.6 11.1 26.1 22.3 13.1

 Natural Gas ....... . 15.1 24.8 19.2 34.3 100.1 100.0 67.0 100.0 84.6 73.6

 District Chilled Water... . 10.7 59.7 98.9 77.0 100.0 45.2 10.5 NC NC 42.3

NC = No cases in sample.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

38 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table 3c. Main Cooling Equipment, Cooled Floorspace and Relative Standard Errors, 1995

Building

Characteristics

All

Buildings

with

Cooling

Main Cooling Equipment

(million square feet)

Packaged 

Air Conditioning

Units

Central

Chillers

Residential Type

Central

Air ConditioningHeat

Pumps

Individual 

Air Conditioners

District

Chilled

Water

Swamp

Coolers Other

No One

Main

All Buildings ....... . 36,001 13,430 8,590 3,599 3,218 2,816 2,117 758 320 1,154

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity......... . 34,194 13,134 8,285 3,567 3,207 2,813 981 751 303 1,153

 Natural Gas ....... . 1,074 452 408 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

 District Chilled Water... . 2,302 Q Q Q Q Q 2,117 NC NC Q

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All Buildings ....... . 3.9 5.6 7.3 9.2 9.4 10.3 10.7 29.6 19.4 14.1

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity......... . 4.0 5.6 7.5 9.2 9.4 10.3 11.3 29.8 19.3 14.1

 Natural Gas ....... . 16.7 29.3 19.9 31.9 100.1 100.0 67.3 100.0 84.6 74.1

 District Chilled Water... . 10.9 60.5 98.9 72.6 100.0 47.8 10.7 NC NC 42.1

NC = No cases in sample.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 39
Table 4a. Cooling Distribution Equipment, Number of Buildings and Relative Standard Errors,

 1995

Building

Characteristics

All Cooled

Buildings

Type of Cooling Distribution Equipment*

(more than one may apply)

(thousand buildings)

Ducts or Air

Handling Units Cools Directly

Fan-Coil Units

without Ducts Other

Yes Don’t Know Yes Don’t Know Yes Don’t Know Yes Don’t Know

All Buildings ....... . 3,381 2,653 — 943 — 68 — 95 —

Cooling Equipment

(more than one may apply)

 Packaged Air-Conditioning

 Units .......... . 1,431 1,381 Q 90 Q — — 20 Q

 Central Chillers...... . 109 94 Q — — 27 Q 5 Q

 Individual Air

 Conditioners ...... . 862 — — 862 — — — — —

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners..... . 878 860 Q — — — — 40 Q

 Heat Pumps ....... . 457 432 Q 31 Q — — 4 Q

 District Chilled Water... . 53 48 Q — — 7 Q Q Q

 Swamp Coolers ...... 186 108 Q — — Q Q 40 Q

 Other ........... . 18 13 Q 4 Q Q Q Q Q

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All Buildings ....... . 3.8 3.5 — 7.1 — 22.6 — 23.0 —

Cooling Equipment

(more than one may apply)

 Packaged Air-Conditioning

 Units .......... . 5.4 5.2 34.8 18.8 35.4 — — 45.2 35.4

 Central Chillers...... . 10.7 11.4 41.5 — — 21.2 41.5 22.5 41.5

 Individual Air

 Conditioners ...... . 6.8 — — 6.8 — — — — —

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners..... . 7.7 7.9 44.3 — — — — 35.0 44.3

 Heat Pumps ....... . 9.1 8.9 57.1 27.6 62.0 — — 28.7 56.8

 District Chilled Water... . 27.2 30.4 46.6 — — 21.1 46.6 61.7 46.6

 Swamp Coolers ...... 21.3 24.0 66.7 — — 53.3 66.6 41.5 66.7

 Other ........... . 21.5 27.7 49.5 26.4 49.5 46.0 49.5 38.4 49.5

— = Data not applicable.

* = Data elements were not statistically adjusted for nonresponse.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

40 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table 4b. Cooling Distribution Equipment, Floorspace in Cooled Buildings and Relative

 Standard Errors, 1995

Building

Characteristics

All Cooled

Buildings

Type of Cooling Distribution Equipment*

(more than one may apply)

(million square feet)

Ducts or Air

Handling Units Cools Directly

Fan-Coil Units

without Ducts Other

Yes Don’t Know Yes Don’t Know Yes Don’t Know Yes Don’t Know

All Buildings ....... . 49,935 42,803 — 14,782 — 3,527 — 2,072 —

Cooling Equipment

(more than one may apply)

 Packaged Air-Conditioning

 Units .......... . 26,628 24,550 Q 3,080 Q — — 566 Q

 Central Chillers...... . 11,065 10,196 Q — — 2,515 Q 420 Q

 Individual Air

 Conditioners ...... . 12,494 — — 12,494 — — — — —

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners..... . 9,238 8,782 Q — — — — 786 Q

 Heat Pumps ....... . 6,931 6,270 Q 815 Q — — 188 Q

 District Chilled Water... . 2,521 2,321 Q — — 478 Q Q Q

 Swamp Coolers ...... 2,451 1,541 Q — — 552 Q 432 Q

 Other ........... . 949 633 Q 205 Q Q Q Q Q

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All Buildings ....... . 3.5 3.8 — 5.6 — 8.1 — 9.5 —

Cooling Equipment

(more than one may apply)

 Packaged Air-Conditioning

 Units .......... . 4.9 4.9 41.2 11.6 40.2 — — 22.3 40.2

 Central Chillers...... . 6.6 7.1 35.5 — — 10.2 35.5 19.8 35.5

 Individual Air

 Conditioners ...... . 5.7 — — 5.7 — — — — —

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners..... . 5.4 5.6 42.1 — — — — 18.5 42.1

 Heat Pumps ....... . 6.6 7.0 48.6 15.9 49.3 — — 22.0 47.9

 District Chilled Water... . 10.7 11.9 38.4 — — 17.6 38.4 59.8 38.4

 Swamp Coolers ...... 16.0 15.7 48.4 — — 36.2 44.1 27.8 48.4

 Other ........... . 16.2 25.6 43.3 33.9 43.3 40.8 43.3 31.4 43.3

— = Data not applicable.

* = Data elements were not statistically adjusted for nonresponse.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report. 

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 41
Table 4c. Cooling Distribution Equipment, Cooled Floorspace and Relative Standard Errors,

 1995

Building

Characteristics

All Cooled

Buildings

Type of Cooling Distribution Equipment*

(more than one may apply)

(million square feet)

Ducts or Air

Handling Units Cools Directly

Fan-Coil Units

without Ducts Other

Yes Don’t Know Yes Don’t Know Yes Don’t Know Yes Don’t Know

All Buildings ....... . 36,001 32,488 — 8,455 — 3,084 — 1,597 —

Cooling Equipment

(more than one may apply)

 Packaged Air-Conditioning

 Units .......... . 19,839 18,311 Q 2,158 Q — — 439 Q

 Central Chillers...... . 9,576 8,768 Q — — 2,242 Q 349 Q

 Individual Air

 Conditioners ...... . 6,722 — — 6,722 — — — — —

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners..... . 6,379 6,087 Q — — — — 554 Q

 Heat Pumps ....... . 5,557 5,006 Q 651 Q — — 170 Q

 District Chilled Water... . 2,302 2,117 Q — — 452 Q Q Q

 Swamp Coolers ...... 1,874 1,144 Q — — 402 Q 352 Q

 Other ........... . 708 462 Q 156 Q Q Q Q Q

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All Buildings ....... . 3.9 4.2 — 5.5 — 8.5 — 9.5 —

Cooling Equipment

(more than one may apply)

 Packaged Air-Conditioning

 Units .......... . 4.8 5.0 43.2 10.8 42.1 — — 18.0 42.1

 Central Chillers...... . 6.8 7.4 41.0 — — 10.5 41.0 17.2 41.0

 Individual Air

 Conditioners ...... . 5.8 — — 5.8 — — — — —

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners..... . 5.9 5.9 49.2 — — — — 22.6 49.2

 Heat Pumps ....... . 7.2 7.7 50.5 16.7 50.6 — — 23.3 50.5

 District Chilled Water... . 10.9 12.1 45.5 — — 18.0 45.5 59.5 45.5

 Swamp Coolers ...... 16.4 14.8 49.7 — — 41.8 48.9 28.1 49.7

 Other ........... . 14.8 26.4 51.0 40.5 51.0 44.0 51.0 36.4 51.0

— = Data not applicable.

* = Data elements were not statistically adjusted for nonresponse.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

42 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table 5a. Participation in Energy Conservation Programs, Number of Buildings and Relative

 Standard Errors, 1995

Building

Characteristics

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All

Buildings

Conservation Features

All

Buildings

Conservation Features

Any

Features

Building

Shell HVAC Lighting

Any

Features

Building

Shell HVAC Lighting

All Buildings ....... . 4,579 4,076 3,906 2,529 2,084 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.6 5.5

Participation in Energy

Conservation Programs:

 Energy Management

 and Control Systems . . . 247 247 244 233 182 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.9 9.4

 

 Energy-Efficient Motor

 Systems*

 Yes ........... . 212 212 211 201 166 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.4 14.1

 Don’t Know ....... . 40 40 40 33 25 31.1 31.1 31.2 33.8 39.6

 Building Energy Manager*

 Yes ........... . 305 295 289 257 184 10.5 11.4 11.2 11.4 10.9

 Don’t Know ....... . Q Q Q Q Q 91.6 91.6 91.6 91.6 96.9

 Energy Audit*

 Yes ........... . 278 278 269 254 224 11.1 11.2 12.3 12.4 10.9

 Don’t Know ....... . 159 153 148 112 88 14.6 14.5 15.4 20.2 17.8

 Special Rates or

 Incentives*

 Yes ........... . 197 196 194 173 137 13.8 13.8 13.9 11.6 12.8

 Don’t Know ....... . 89 89 85 68 50 24.3 24.3 25.0 24.2 24.9

 Energy-Efficient Water

 Heating Equipment

 Installation or Retrofit*

 Yes ........... . 366 363 356 293 274 11.5 11.6 11.2 11.4 10.2

 Don’t Know ....... . 52 52 51 43 25 29.0 29.0 28.9 30.9 37.3

 Electricity Load Control*

 Yes ........... . 198 198 197 168 142 17.4 17.4 17.5 13.5 14.7

 Don’t Know ....... . 48 48 48 33 32 33.3 33.3 33.3 32.8 38.4

 Interruptible Natural Gas*

 Yes ........... . 101 100 99 83 96 19.7 19.8 20.0 21.2 20.2

 Don’t Know ....... . 34 34 34 32 21 28.4 28.4 28.4 30.9 35.9

 Waste-Heat Recovery*

 Yes ........... . 64 64 64 61 61 23.8 23.9 24.1 24.8 24.9

 Don’t Know ....... . 25 25 25 17 13 38.5 38.5 38.5 43.5 49.9

 Thermal Energy Storage*

 Yes ........... . 7 7 6 6 6 24.9 24.9 25.2 25.4 24.9

 Don’t Know ....... . 23 23 23 16 Q 40.4 40.4 40.4 46.1 52.9

* = Data elements were not statistically adjusted for nonresponse.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 43
Table 5b. Participation in Energy Conservation Programs, Floorspace and Relative Standard

 Errors, 1995

Building

Characteristics

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

All

Buildings

Conservation Features

All

Buildings

Conservation Features

Any

Features

Building

Shell HVAC Lighting

Any

Features

Building

Shell HVAC Lighting

All Buildings ....... . 58,772 55,288 53,190 44,657 38,537 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.9 3.7

Participation in Energy

Conservation Programs:

 Energy Management

 and Control Systems . . . 13,796 13,792 13,657 13,632 12,374 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.5

 Energy-Efficient Motor

 Systems*

 Yes ........... . 10,650 10,630 10,574 10,447 9,989 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.1

 Don’t Know ....... . 605 605 597 467 406 26.7 26.7 27.0 24.4 33.9

 Building Energy Manager*

 Yes ........... . 9,445 9,349 9,216 9,038 8,016 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.9

 Don’t Know ....... . Q Q Q Q Q 87.9 87.9 87.9 87.9 74.0

 Energy Audit*

 Yes ........... . 8,440 8,435 8,290 8,182 7,658 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.3 7.1

 Don’t Know ....... . 2,713 2,685 2,628 2,270 1,892 11.2 11.2 11.5 11.6 12.8

 Special Rates or

 Incentives*

 Yes ........... . 8,263 8,242 8,111 7,935 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.1 7.0

 Don’t Know ....... . 1,683 1,676 1,654 1,466 7,410 16.3 16.3 16.3 18.2 16.5

 Energy-Efficient Water

 Heating Equipment

 Installation or Retrofit* 1,229

 Yes ........... . 8,041 8,025 7,964 7,514 7,216 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.5 6.4

 Don’t Know ....... . 872 872 870 754 567 19.8 19.8 19.8 18.4 24.5

 Electricity Load Control*

 Yes ........... . 6,990 6,990 6,849 6,719 6,279 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.6 7.4

 Don’t Know ....... . 821 815 815 710 517 24.5 24.5 24.5 27.3 26.0

 Interruptible Natural Gas*

 Yes ........... . 4,071 4,060 4,043 3,960 3,809 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.9 9.2

 Don’t Know ....... . 695 695 695 630 442 18.5 18.5 18.5 20.3 21.7

 Waste-Heat Recovery*

 Yes ........... . 3,319 3,302 3,291 3,236 3,113 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.1

 Don’t Know ....... . 376 376 376 304 217 28.1 28.1 28.1 32.5 33.9

 Thermal Energy Storage*

 Yes ........... . 601 601 593 596 577 16.8 16.8 16.9 16.8 16.7

 Don’t Know ....... . 342 342 342 274 Q 30.4 30.4 30.4 35.3 38.2

* = Data elements were not statistically adjusted for nonresponse.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

44 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table 6a. Sponsorship of Conservation Features and Conservation Programs, Number of

 Buildings and Relative Standard Errors, 1995

Building

Characteristics

All Buildings*

Sponsor

(thousand buildings)

(more than one may apply)

Utility*

Federal

Government* Self-Sponsored* Third Party* Other*

Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know

Building Shell

Conservation Features . . 3,906 — 69 Q 54 Q 3,415 Q 499 Q 67 Q

HVAC Conservation

Features ......... . 2,529 — 53 Q 19 Q 603 Q 89 Q 11 Q

Lighting Conservation

Features ......... . 2,084 — 295 25 27 25 1,700 25 166 25 22 25

Participation in Energy

Conservation Programs:

 Energy Management and

 Control Systems .... . 247 — 25 Q 7 Q 194 Q 35 Q 2 Q

 Energy-Efficient Motor

 Systems ........ . 212 40 11 Q 3 Q 178 Q 38 Q Q Q

 Energy Audit ....... . 278 159 136 Q 14 Q 126 Q 45 Q Q Q

 Special Rates or

 Incentives ........ . 197 89 158 Q 6 Q 42 Q 3 Q Q Q

 Energy-Efficient Water

 Heating Equipment 

 Installation ....... . 366 52 36 Q Q Q 307 Q 45 Q Q Q

 Electricity Load Control . . 198 48 85 Q 1 Q 110 Q 19 Q Q Q

 Interruptible Natural Gas . . 101 34 45 Q Q Q 61 Q 7 Q Q Q

 Waste Heat Recovery . . . 64 25 Q Q Q Q 55 Q 4 Q Q Q

 Thermal Energy Storage . . 7 23 Q Q Q Q 4 Q Q Q Q Q

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

Building Shell

Conservation Features . . 4.0 — 22.6 48.1 29.2 48.1 4.7 48.1 13.9 48.1 28.7 48.1

HVAC Conservation

Features ......... . 4.6 — 18.2 64.1 43.2 64.1 8.9 64.1 24.6 64.1 14.6 64.1

Lighting Conservation

Features ......... . 5.5 — 12.4 35.1 35.0 35.1 6.6 35.1 17.0 35.1 47.8 35.1

Participation in Energy

Conservation Programs

 Energy Management and

 Control Systems .... . 10.4 — 30.7 41.1 36.6 41.1 11.6 41.1 33.6 41.1 41.1 41.1

 Energy-Efficient Motor

 Systems ........ . 13.8 31.1 20.3 81.8 30.0 81.8 15.2 81.8 38.2 81.8 86.6 81.8

 Energy Audit ....... . 11.1 14.6 16.3 73.4 48.1 73.4 15.7 73.4 32.9 73.4 38.3 73.4

 Special Rates or

 Incentives ........ . 13.8 24.3 17.0 70.0 44.1 70.0 22.5 70.0 21.2 70.0 42.6 70.0

 Energy-Efficient Water

 Heating Equipment

 Installation ....... . 11.5 29.0 32.9 80.3 72.9 80.3 12.2 80.3 30.2 80.3 47.2 80.3

 Electricity Load Control . . 17.4 33.3 33.0 50.3 39.6 50.3 15.9 50.3 47.9 50.3 61.4 50.3

 Interruptible Natural Gas . . 19.7 28.4 27.8 100.0 41.4 100.0 26.1 100.0 47.1 100.0 61.2 100.0

 Waste Heat Recovery . . . 23.8 38.5 74.0 100.0 44.0 100.0 25.4 100.0 25.9 100.0 70.8 100.0

 Thermal Energy Storage . . 24.9 40.4 38.8 92.2 77.6 92.2 28.1 92.2 63.1 92.2 100.0 92.2

— = Data not applicable.

* = Data elements were not statistically adjusted for nonresponse.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 45
Table 6b. Sponsorship of Conservation Features and Conservation Programs, Floorspace

 and Relative Standard Errors, 1995

Building

Characteristics

All Buildings*

Sponsor

(million square feet)

(more than one may apply)

Utility*

Federal

Government* Self-Sponsored* Third Party* Other*

Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know Yes

Don’t

Know

Building Shell

Conservation Features . . 53,190 — 1,102 Q 1,422 Q 47,334 Q 6,678 Q 711 Q

HVAC Conservation

Features ......... . 44,657 — 1,829 Q 1,016 Q 19,479 Q 2,911 Q 302 Q

Lighting Conservation

Features ......... . 38,537 — 6,586 238 1,305 238 31,926 238 3,721 238 307 238

Participation in Energy

Conservation Programs:

 Energy Management and

 Control Systems .... . 13,796 — 1,113 Q 924 Q 11,659 Q 1,784 Q 166 Q

 Energy-Efficient Motor

 Systems ........ . 10,650 605 1,257 Q 578 Q 8,893 Q 1,241 Q Q Q

 Energy Audit ....... . 8,440 2,713 3,202 Q 396 Q 4,522 Q 1,346 Q Q Q

 Special Rates or

 Incentives ... . 8,263 1,683 6,286 Q Q Q 2,369 Q 379 Q Q Q

 Energy-Efficient Water

 Heating Equipment

 Installation ....... . 8,041 872 820 Q 326 Q 7,037 Q 1,153 Q Q Q

 Electricity Load Control . . 6,990 747 1,982 Q 227 Q 4,822 Q 800 Q Q Q

 Interruptible Natural Gas . . 4,071 695 1,951 Q Q Q 2,398 Q 269 Q Q Q

 Waste Heat Recovery . . . 3,319 376 301 Q Q Q 2,812 Q 459 Q Q Q

 Thermal Energy Storage . . 601 342 Q Q Q Q 446 Q Q Q Q Q

Relative Standard Errors

(percent)

Building Shell

Conservation Features . . 3.5 — 15.0 35.1 26.4 35.1 4.2 35.1 11.2 35.1 23.1 35.1

HVAC Conservation

Features ......... . 3.9 — 11.3 55.1 26.6 55.1 5.6 55.1 11.9 55.1 29.3 55.1

Lighting Conservation

Features ......... . 3.7 — 7.5 31.0 25.6 31.0 4.4 31.0 11.5 31.0 29.3 31.0

Participation in Energy

Conservation Programs:

 Energy Management and

 Control Systems .... . 5.3 — 21.3 47.4 29.6 47.4 6.1 47.4 15.2 47.4 38.7 47.4

 Energy-Efficient Motor

 Systems ........ . 6.0 26.7 12.5 79.8 34.1 79.8 6.7 79.8 16.8 79.8 53.1 79.8

 Energy Audit ....... . 6.9 11.2 12.4 39.7 23.4 39.7 9.5 39.7 16.4 39.7 44.4 39.7

 Special Rates or 

 Incentives ... . 7.1 16.3 8.3 60.3 52.0 60.3 11.0 60.3 26.7 60.3 54.0 60.3

 Energy-Efficient Water

 Heating Equipment 

 Installation ....... . 6.1 19.8 16.6 57.5 43.7 57.5 6.8 57.5 16.4 57.5 47.0 57.5

 Electricity Load Control . . 7.7 21.5 13.2 51.4 44.2 51.4 8.9 51.4 22.6 51.4 53.7 51.4

 Interruptible Natural Gas . . 9.6 18.5 11.9 100.0 39.3 100.0 12.4 100.0 21.0 100.0 44.6 100.0

 Waste Heat Recovery . . . 10.1 28.1 32.7 100.0 50.1 100.0 11.1 100.0 24.7 100.0 70.8 100.0

 Thermal Energy Storage . . 16.8 30.4 28.6 95.9 58.7 95.9 17.4 95.9 28.4 95.9 100.0 95.9

— = Data not applicable.

* = Data elements were not statistically adjusted for nonresponse.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • The Relative Standard Error (RSE) for each estimate is shown in shaded area. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and

definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

46 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
5. De tailed Ta bles

How to Read the Ta bles

T

his sec tion in tro duces three sets of ta bles. The first

set con sists of build ing char ac ter is tics ta bles

(BC-1 through BC-44), which con tain the number of

build ings and amount of floor space for ma jor build ing

char ac ter is tics. Ta bles BC-1 and BC-2 of this set are

sum mary ta bles. Ta bles BC-3 through BC-17 ad dress

lo ca tion, build ing size, year con structed, number of

work ers, hours of op era tion, and types of oc cu pancy.

Ta bles BC-18 through BC-28 con tain data about the

en ergy sources used for all end uses and for spe cific

ma jor end uses. Ta bles BC-29 through BC-44 con tain

data about per cent of floor space heated, cooled, and lit,

energy- using equip ment types, and con ser va tion

meas ures used in the build ings.

The sec ond set of ta bles con sists of en ergy con sumption and ex pen di tures ta bles (CE-1 through CE-31),

which pres ent de tailed en ergy con sump tion and ex pendi ture data for build ings in the com mer cial sec tor.

These ta bles are grouped into ma jor fuel ta bles, Ta bles

CE-1 through CE-8 and spe cific fuel ta bles. The specific fuel ta bles con sist of Ta bles CE-9 through CE-19

for elec tric ity, Ta bles CE-20 through CE-25 for natu ral

gas, Ta bles CE-26 through CE-29 for fuel oil, and Ta -

bles CE-30 and CE-31 for dis trict heat. The third set of

ta bles con sists of Ta bles EU-1 through EU-6, which

con tain es ti mates of the amount of natu ral gas and electric ity that is con sumed for nine spe cific end uses:

space heat ing, cool ing, ven ti la tion, wa ter heat ing,

light ing, cook ing, re frig era tion, of fice equip ment, and

other.

This sec tion pro vides as sis tance to those read ing the tables by ex plain ing some of the head ings for cate go ries

of data. It also ex plains the use of the row and col umn

fac tors to com pute the con fi dence lev els of the es timates given in the ta bles and the sta tis ti cal sig nifi cance

of dif fer ences be tween the data in two or more cate gories. The sec tion also in cludes “Quick- Reference

Guides” to the sta tis tics in the dif fer ent ta bles.

Cate go ries of Data in the

Ta bles

Data in the ta bles are pre sented in col umn cate go ries

(at the top of each ta ble) and row cate go ries (in the far

left col umn of each ta ble).

Col umn Cate go ries

The col umn cate go ries most com monly clas sify data

by build ing char ac ter is tics or by con sump tion and expen di tures. The fol low ing data items, listed in al phabeti cal or der, are ex pla na tions of some of the col umn

cate go ries found in the set of en ergy con sump tion and

ex pen di tures ta bles that may re quire clari fi ca tion.

Con di tional En ergy In ten sity—The amount of electric ity, natu ral gas, fuel oil, or dis trict heat used per

square foot in build ings us ing the speci fied en ergy

source. For ex am ple, in Ta ble CE-11, data in the row

la beled “Elec tric ity” un der “En ergy Sources” and in

the col umn la beled “North east” un der “Elec tric ity Energy In ten sity” would read: “Build ings in the Northeast that used elec tric ity as an en ergy source used 11.2

kilo wat thours of elec tric ity per square foot.”

Demand- Metered Build ings—Build ings that have

me ters to meas ure peak de mand (in ad di tion to to tal

con sump tion) dur ing a bill ing pe riod. Peak de mand is

usu ally me tered only for elec tric ity.

Dis tri bu tion of Building- Level In ten si ties—The

amount of en ergy used per square foot, di vided into

three per cen tiles: 25th, me dian, and 75th. In Ta ble

CE-10, for ex am ple, the row la beled “Edu ca tion”

un der “Prin ci pal Build ing Ac tiv ity” and in the col umn

la beled “25th. Per cen tile” un der “Dis tri bu tion of

Building- Level In ten si ties” would read: “In 1995, 25

per cent of U.S. edu ca tion build ings used 4.3

kilo wat thours per square foot or less. (75 per cent of the

build ings used more than 4.3 kilo wat thours of

elec tric ity per square foot.)”

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 47
Elec tric ity—Site elec tric ity. (See “site elec tric ity” and

“pri mary elec tric ity” in this list ing.)

En ergy In ten sity—Usu ally de fined as “gross en ergy

in ten sity” or “con di tional en ergy in ten sity” in ti tle of

ta ble. If ta ble ti tle does not spec ify, “en ergy in ten sity”

is to be de fined as “con di tional en ergy in ten sity.”

Floor space—The en closed area in a build ing; the sum

of the floor space in all build ings in a cate gory.

Gross En ergy In ten sity—The ra tio of the to tal

amount of en ergy con sumed by a group of build ings to

the to tal floor space of those build ings, in clud ing buildings and floor space where the en ergy source is not

used. For ex am ple, in Ta ble CE-5, data in the row category “Edu ca tion” un der “Prin ci pal Build ing Ac tiv ity”

and in the col umn cate gory of “North east” un der “Energy In ten sity for Sum of Ma jor Fu els” would read:

“Edu ca tion build ings in the North east con sumed 83.4

thou sand Btu per square foot.”

Ma jor Fuel—Ma jor en ergy sources: elec tric ity, natural gas, fuel oil, and dis trict heat (dis trict steam or dis -

trict hot wa ter). Al though elec tric ity is tech ni cally not

a fuel, “Ma jor Fuel,” rather than “Ma jor En ergy

Source,” was re tained as the ti tle of this cate gory to facili tate com pari son of pre vi ous CBECS data.

Pri mary Elec tric ity—Site elec tric ity plus the losses

as so ci ated with the gen era tion and trans mis sion of the

elec tric ity. Most of the ta bles pres ent sta tis tics for site

con sump tion alone, but Ta bles CE-1 and CE-9 also

pro vide con sump tion sta tis tics for pri mary elec tric ity.

Site Elec tric ity—The amount of elec tric ity de liv ered

to the com mer cial build ing. This amount ex cludes

losses as so ci ated with the gen era tion and trans mis sion

of the elec tric ity. (See “pri mary elec tric ity” in this listing.) Most of the ta bles in this sec tion pro vide sta tis tics

for site elec tric ity alone (not for pri mary elec tric ity).

When the term “elec tric ity” is used, the ref er ence is to

site elec tric ity.

To tal of Ma jor Fu els—The sum of site elec tric ity,

natu ral gas, fuel oil, and dis trict heat. Sta tis tics in this

col umn ex clude data from the col umn “Pri mary Elec -

tric ity.”

Row Cate go ries

The row cate go ries clas sify data by spe cific fea tures,

such as prin ci pal build ing ac tiv ity or en ergy sources

used. Data in the row cate go ries re late to the build ings

hav ing such a fea ture, not to the fea ture. For ex am ple,

in Ta ble CE-1, the data in the “Ma jor Fu els” col umn

and the row cate gory “Build ings with Cool ing” is to be

read as “Build ings with cool ing con sumed 4,923 trillion Btu of the ma jor fu els.” Ta bles CE-1 through

CE-31 con tain no data on the en ergy con sump tion for

cool ing spe cifi cally. Es ti mates of en ergy used for spe -

cific end uses are found in Ta bles EU-1 through EU-6.

The Glos sary pro vides de tailed defi ni tions of the terms

used in the ta bles. Be low are ex pla na tions of some of

the row cate go ries found in the ta bles that may re quire

clari fi ca tion. These terms are listed in the or der in

which they oc cur in the ta bles.

All Build ings—Num ber of build ings, square foot age,

and con sump tion or ex pen di tures for roofed and

walled struc tures whose prin ci pal ac tivi ties are nonresi den tial, non ag ri cul tural, and non in dus trial and that

are larger than 1,000 square feet (roughly twice the size

of a two- car ga rage).

Prin ci pal Build ing Ac tiv ity—Num ber of build ings,

square foot age, and con sump tion or ex pen di tures for

build ings grouped by the ac tiv ity that oc cu pies the

most floor space in the build ings. Some build ing types

are com bined in the ta bles. For ex am ple, in pa tient and

out pa tient health care fa cili ties were com bined as

“health care build ings,” re frig er ated and non-

 refrigerated ware houses were com bined as “warehouses,” and skilled nurs ing care build ings were included in “lodg ing” See Ap pen dix C, “Types of

Build ings,” for a full de scrip tion of the prin ci pal building ac tiv ity cate go ries.

Cli mate Zone—Num ber of build ings, square foot age,

and con sump tion or ex pen di tures for com mer cial

build ings lo cated in one of the five U.S. cli mate zones,

based on the av er age number of cool ing degree- days

(CDD) and heat ing degree- days (HDD) in a 45- year

pe riod (1931-1975). See Ap pen dix D, “U.S. Cli mate

Zone and Cen sus Re gions and Di vi sions Maps,” for a

map show ing the five U.S. cli mate zones.

Cen sus Re gion and Di vi sion—Num ber of build ings,

square foot age, and con sump tion or ex pen di tures for

com mer cial build ings lo cated in one of the nine di visions within the four re gions as de fined by the U.S. Bureau of Cen sus. See Ap pen dix D, “U.S. Cli mate Zones

and Cen sus Re gions and Di vi sions Maps,” for a map

show ing the four Cen sus re gions and nine Cen sus di visions. 

Energy Information Administration

48 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
En ergy Sources—Num ber of build ings, square footage, and con sump tion or ex pen di tures for build ings using a spe cific type of en ergy (elec tric ity, natu ral gas,

fuel oil, dis trict heat [dis trict steam or dis trict hot water], dis trict chilled wa ter, pro pane, and any other type

of en ergy [wood, coal, ac tive so lar, and pho to vol taic

cells]). The en ergy con sump tion and ex pen di tures ta -

bles con tain con sump tion data based on bill ing in forma tion ob tained from en ergy sup pli ers, for the first

four sources only. Es ti mates of the amount of wood

burned in build ings were ob tained dur ing the per sonal

in ter views with build ing re spon dents. No con sump tion

data were col lected for pro pane, coal, so lar en ergy, or

other re new able sources be cause such a col lec tion effort would not be fea si ble.

En ergy End Uses—Num ber of build ings, square footage, and con sump tion or ex pen di tures in build ings that

had spe cific end uses (heat ing, air- conditioning, wa ter

heat ing, cook ing, and manu fac tur ing), not the amount

of en ergy con sump tion or ex pen di tures for a par ticu lar

end use (Ta bles CE-1 through CE-31). Ta bles EU-1

through EU-6 pro vide the amount of elec tric ity or

natu ral gas used for a par ticu lar end use.

Space- Heating En ergy Sources—Num ber of buildings, square foot age, and con sump tion or ex pen di tures

in build ings us ing at least one of the ma jor fu els, pro -

pane, wood, or any other en ergy source for space heat -

ing. (In some ta bles, this cate gory is sub di vided into

“Main and Sec on dary En ergy Sources.”) Ta bles CE-1

through CE-31 con tain no data on the amount of energy con sump tion or ex pen di tures for space heat ing

spe cifi cally. Ta bles EU-1 through EU-6 pro vide the

amount of elec tric ity or natu ral gas used spe cifi cally

for space heat ing.

Pri mary Space- Heating En ergy Source—Num ber

of build ings, square foot age, and con sump tion or expen di tures in build ings us ing a spe cific en ergy source

to heat most of the square foot age in the build ing most

of the time. Ta bles CE-1 through CE-31 con tain no

spe cific data on the amount of en ergy con sump tion or

ex pen di tures for space heating. Ta bles EU-1 through

EU-6 pro vide the amount of elec tric ity or natu ral gas

used spe cifi cally for space heat ing.

Cool ing En ergy Source—Num ber of build ings,

square foot age, and con sump tion or ex pen di tures in

build ings us ing elec tric ity, natu ral gas, or dis trict

chilled wa ter for cool ing. Ta bles CE-1 through CE-31

con tain no spe cific data on the amount of en ergy consump tion or ex pen di tures for cool ing. Ta bles EU-1

through EU-6 pro vide the amount of elec tric ity spe cifically used for cool ing.

Water- Heating En ergy Source—Num ber of buildings, square foot age, and con sump tion or ex pen di tures

in build ings us ing one of the ma jor fu els or pro pane for

wa ter heat ing. Ta bles CE-1 through CE-31 con tain no

spe cific data on the amount of en ergy con sump tion or

ex pen di tures for wa ter heat ing. Ta bles EU-1 through

EU-6 pro vide the amount of elec tric ity or natu ral gas

used spe cifi cally for wa ter heat ing.

Cook ing En ergy Source—Num ber of build ings,

square foot age, and con sump tion or ex pen di tures in

build ings us ing elec tric ity, natu ral gas, or pro pane for

cook ing. Ta bles CE-1 through CE-31 con tain no data

spe cific on the amount of en ergy con sump tion or expen di tures for cook ing. Ta bles EU-1 through EU-6

pro vide the amount of elec tric ity or natu ral gas spe cifically used for cook ing.

Heat ing Equip ment—Num ber of build ings, square

foot age, and natu ral gas and elec tric ity con sump tion

(Ta bles EU-1 through EU-6) in build ings that had at

least one type of heat ing equip ment.

Cool ing Equip ment—Num ber of build ings, square

foot age, and natu ral gas and elec tric ity con sump tion

(Ta bles EU-1 through EU-6) in build ings that had at

least one type of cool ing equip ment.

Light ing Equip ment—Num ber of build ings, square

foot age, and natu ral gas and elec tric ity con sump tion

(Ta bles EU-1 through EU-6) in build ings that had at

least one type of light ing equip ment.

Water- Heating Equip ment—Num ber of build ings,

square foot age, and natu ral gas and elec tric ity consump tion (Ta bles EU-1 through EU-6) in build ings

that had at least one type of cool ing equip ment.

Sta tis ti cal Sig nifi cance of Data

Row and Col umn Fac tors

The ta bles pro vide row fac tors in the far right col umn

and col umn fac tors on the top line of each ta ble. Because the es ti mates in the de tailed ta bles are based on

the sam ple sur veyed, they are sub ject to sam pling er -

ror. The stan dard er ror is a meas ure of the re li abil ity or

pre ci sion of the sur vey sta tis tic. The value for the stanEnergy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 49
dard er ror can be used to con struct con fi dence in ter vals

and to per form hy pothe sis tests by stan dard sta tis ti cal

meth ods. Rela tive Stan dard Er ror (RSE) is de fined as

the stan dard er ror (square root of the vari ance) of a survey es ti mate, di vided by the sur vey es ti mate and mul tiplied by 100.

An ap proxi mate RSE can be com puted for each es timate in these ta bles via the use of row and col umn factors. The RSE for a given es ti mate is found by

mul ti ply ing the RSE Row Fac tor (lo cated in the last

col umn) for the es ti mate by its RSE Col umn Fac tor (at

the top of the col umn). This value is the ap proxi mate

RSE, in per cent. The RSE (di vided by 100 and mul tiplied by the es ti mate) is the ap proxi mate stan dard error. (Note: Ta bles that con tain me dian sta tis tics, Ta bles

BC-2, CE-10, CE-19 and CE-21, or con tain sta tis tics

based on a model, Ta bles EU-1 through EU-6, do not

con tain row and col umn fac tors.)

The 95- percent con fi dence range can be de ter mined

with the ap proxi mate RSE. To cal cu late the 95- percent 

con fi dence range for a given es ti mate:

Mul ti ply the RSE row fac tor by the RSE col umn

fac tor to de ter mine the ap proxi mate RSE.

Mul ti ply the ap proxi mate RSE (di vided by 100) by

the es ti mate in the ta ble to de ter mine the ap proximate stan dard er ror.

Mul ti ply the ap proxi mate stan dard er ror by 1.96 to

de ter mine the ap proxi mate con fi dence er ror.

The es ti mate plus or mi nus the con fi dence er ror is the

95- percent con fi dence range.

For ex am ple, the es ti mate for the amount of natu ral gas

con sumed in mer can tile and serv ice build ings is 395

tril lion Btu (Fig ure 56), the es ti mate’s RSE row fac tor

is 12.33 and its RSE col umn fac tor is 1.0. The ap proximate RSE is (12.33)x(1.0), or 12.3 per cent. The approxi mate stan dard er ror is (12.3/100)x(395 tril lion

Btu), or 48.7 tril lion Btu. The 95- percent con fi dence

er ror is (1.96)x(48.7 tril lion Btu), or 95.5 tril lion Btu.

There fore, with 95 per cent con fi dence, the true amount

of natu ral gas con sumed in mer can tile and serv ice

build ings in 1995, was 395 tril lion Btu (±95.5 tril lion ),

or the range 299 to 491 tril lion Btu.

Sta tis ti cal Sig nifi cance Be tween Two

Sta tis tics

The dif fer ence be tween any two es ti mates given in the

De tailed Ta bles may or may not be sta tis ti cally sig nificant. Sta tis ti cal sig nifi cance is com puted as:

S s s x x x x 1 2 1 2

2 2

- = [ ] +[ ]

where S is the stan dard er ror, x1 is the first es ti mate, and

x2 is the sec ond es ti mate. The re sult of this com pu tation is to be mul ti plied by 1.96 and, if this re sult is less

than the dif fer ence be tween the two es ti mates, the dif -

fer ence is sta tis ti cally sig nifi cant.

For ex am ple, in 1995, mer can tile and serv ice build ings

con sumed an es ti mated 395 tril lion Btu of natu ral gas,

while health care build ings con sumed an es ti mated 258

tril lion Btu, for an es ti mated dif fer ence of 137 tril lion

Btu. The stan dard er ror for the 395 tril lion Btu es ti mate

(x1) is 48.70, and the stan dard er ror for the 258 tril lion

Btu es ti mate (x2) is 35.55 and 

S x x 1 248 70 3555

2 2

- = . + .

S x x 1 26030 - = . .

Mul ti ply ing 60.30 by 1.96 yields 118.2. Since 118.2 is

less than 137, the dif fer ence be tween the two es ti mates

is sta tis ti cally sig nifi cant.

The Quick- Reference Guides on the fol low ing pages

list gen eral top ics cov ered by the de tailed ta bles and

the ta ble num bers for the dif fer ent types of ta bles. To

help the reader quickly lo cate a par ticu lar ta ble, the

gen eral topic class is printed along the out side edge of

each ta ble page.

Energy Information Administration

50 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Fig ure 56. Use of RSE Row and Col umn Factors

Building

Characteristics

All Buildings

Total Energy Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million square

feet)

Total of

Major

Fuels

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Primary Site Heat

RSE Column Factor 0.7 0.6 .08 .08 .08 1.0 1.9 2.5

All Buildings................ . 4,579 58,772 5,321 7,873 2,608 1,946 235 533 5.74

Building Floorspace (Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 .............. . 2,399 6,338 708 1,148 380 264 44 Q 9.50

 5,001 to 10,000 ............. . 1,035 7,530 624 718 238 272 26 Q 14.90

 10,001 to 25,000 ............ . 745 11,617 824 1,161 384 356 45 38 12.29

 25,001 to 50,000 ............ . 213 7,676 630 954 316 231 28 55 9.79

 50,001 to 100,000 ............ . 115 7,968 698 1,097 363 243 31 60 10.41

 100,001 to 200,000 ........... . 48 6,776 687 1,017 337 244 21 84 11.84

 200,001 to 500,000 ........... . 19 5,553 636 927 307 211 25 94 13.65

 Over 500,000 .............. . 6 5,313 514 852 282 125 14 93 14.56

Principal Building Activity

 Education ................ . 309 7,740 614 666 221 245 57 91 10.34

 Food Sales ................ 137 642 137 358 119 18 Q Q 20.58

 Food Service ............... 285 1,353 332 502 166 158 Q Q 20.94

 Health Care ................ 105 2,333 561 637 211 258 21 70 13.78

 Lodging ................. . 158 3,618 461 565 187 213 Q 57 13.83

 Mercantile and Service ......... . 1,289 12,728 973 1,533 508 395 49 Q 12.33

 Office .................. . 705 10,478 1,019 2,039 676 239 28 75 11.11

 Public Assembly .............. 326 3,948 449 514 170 142 14 Q 17.28

 Public Order and Safety .......... 87 1,271 124 148 49 33 Q Q 30.10

 Religious Worship ............ . 269 2,792 104 99 33 57 13 Q 13.80

 Warehouse and Storage ........ . 580 8,481 325 531 176 106 10 Q 16.23

 Other .................. . 67 1,004 173 228 75 55 Q Q 32.41

 Vacant .................. . 261 2,384 51 54 18 26 5 Q 25.95

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 51
Build ing Char ac ter is tics Ta bles Quick Ref er ence Guide

Data Item Number of Buildings Floorspace

Summary Tables .............. . BC-1 (includes means) BC-2 (includes medians)

Location

 Census Region ................

 Census Division ................

 Climate Zone ................ .

 Metropolitan Status ............. .

BC-3

BC-4

BC-6

BC-7

BC-3

BC-5

BC-6

BC-7

Structure

 Building Size ................ .

 Year Constructed .............. .

BC-8

BC-10

BC-9

BC-11

Building Use

 Employment Size .............. .

 Weekly Operating Hours .......... .

 Government and Nongovernment...... .

BC-12

BC-14

BC-16

BC-13

BC-15

BC-17

Energy Sources and End Use

 Energy Sources ............... .

 Energy End Uses .............. .

 Space-Heating Energy Sources....... .

 Primary Space-Heating Fuel ........ .

 Cooling Energy Sources .......... .

 Water-Heating Energy Sources ....... .

 Cooking Energy Sources .......... .

BC-18

BC-20

BC-21

BC-23

BC-25

BC-26

BC-28

BC-19

BC-20

BC-22

BC-24

BC-25

BC-27

BC-28

End-Use Percentage

 Percent of Floorspace Heated ....... .

 Percent of Floorspace Cooled ....... .

 Percent of Floorspace Lit .......... .

 Floorspace Heated, Cooled, Lit ...... .

BC-29

BC-30

BC-31



BC-29

BC-30

BC-31

BC-32

End-Use Equipment

 Heating ................... .

 Cooling ................... .

 Refrigeration .................

 Water-Heating.................

 Lighting ................... .

BC-33

BC-35

BC-37

BC-38

BC-39

BC-34

BC-36

BC-37

BC-38

BC-40

Conservation

 Energy Conservation Features ....... .

 Building Shell Conservation......... .

 Reduction in Equipment Use ........ .

BC-41

BC-42

BC-44

BC-41

BC-43

BC-44

Energy Information Administration

52 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
En ergy Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures Ta bles Quick Ref er ence Guide

Data Item

Major

Fuels Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat

Total Consumption................. . CE-1 CE-9 CE-20 CE-26 CE-30

Total Expenditures ................. . CE-2 CE-9 CE-20 CE-26 CE-30

Consumption per Building, Square Foot,

 Energy Unit .................... . CE-3 CE-10 CE-21 CE-27 CE-31

Expenditures per Building, Square Foot,

 Energy Unit .................... . CE-4 CE-10 CE-21 CE-27 CE-31

Consumption and Intensity by:

 Census Region................... .

 Building Size .................... .

 Year Constructed...................

CE-5

CE-7

CE-8

CE-11

CE-13

CE-14

CE-22

CE-24

CE-25

CE-28











Building Level Intensities (percentile) ...... .  CE-10 CE-21  

Expenditures per Energy Unit and Intensity by 

 Census Region .................. . CE-6 CE-12 CE-23 CE-29 

Electricity Peak Demand by:

 Demand Metering and Season of Peak Demand. . .

 Peak Demand Category .............. .

 Peak Demand Intensity and Load (percentile) . . .







CE-15,16

CE-17,18

CE-19



















Total Energy Consumption by End Uses..... . EU-1 EU-3 EU-5  

Energy Consumption per Square Foot by

 End Uses ...................... . EU-2 EU-4 EU-6  

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 53
Building Characteristics Tables

(BC-1 through BC-44)
Table BC-1. Summary Table: Totals and Means of Floorspace, Number of

 Workers, and Hours of Operation, 1995

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total

Workers

in All

Buildings

(thousand)

Mean

Square

Feet per

Building

(thousand)

Mean

Square

Feet per

Worker

Mean

Hours

per Week

RSE

Row

1.3 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.5 Factor

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 58,772 76,767 12.8 766 62 3.2

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 6,338 10,585 2.6 599 59 4.7

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 7,530 7,584 7.3 993 58 5.4

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 11,617 12,961 15.6 896 67 6.3

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 7,676 10,206 36.1 752 72 4.0

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 7,968 9,733 69.3 819 80 4.4

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 6,776 8,493 140.9 798 87 5.0

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 5,553 7,599 294.9 731 102 5.2

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 5,313 9,604 896.4 553 108 7.7

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 7,740 10,096 25.1 767 51 7.1

 Food Sales .................................... 137 642 652 4.7 984 112 10.7

 Food Service ................................ 285 1,353 2,342 4.8 578 85 9.2

 Health Care ................................... 105 2,333 4,483 22.2 520 79 9.7

 Lodging ......................................... 158 3,618 2,748 22.8 1,317 156 8.3

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 12,728 13,464 9.9 945 61 5.9

 Office ............................................ 705 10,478 27,053 14.9 387 52 5.8

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 3,948 2,997 12.1 1,317 53 10.1

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 1,271 1,703 14.6 746 72 22.4

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 2,792 3,844 10.4 Q 41 15.1

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 8,481 4,904 14.6 1,730 59 10.6

 Other ............................................. 67 1,004 1,844 14.9 544 79 23.4

 Vacant ........................................... 261 2,384 638 9.1 3,735 19 19.4

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 3,673 3,658 10.4 1,004 56 10.1

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 6,710 7,352 11.9 913 55 9.7

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 9,298 10,220 10.7 910 54 7.0

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 10,858 14,389 15.1 755 62 6.6

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 11,333 15,039 13.9 754 68 5.7

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 12,252 20,200 14.5 607 67 7.0

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 2,590 3,900 11.9 664 61 10.9

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 2,059 2,008 10.2 1,025 71 13.2

Floors

 One ............................................... 3,018 24,552 25,372 8.1 968 59 4.3

 Two ............................................... 1,002 14,122 17,979 14.1 785 66 6.5

 Three ............................................ 399 7,335 8,464 18.4 867 62 8.5

 Four to Nine .................................. 148 8,789 14,576 59.4 603 84 8.3

 Ten or More .................................. 12 3,975 10,376 328.9 383 96 9.3

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 11,883 15,149 16.4 784 67 7.3

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 14,322 16,976 12.6 844 59 6.6

 South ............................................ 1,750 20,830 26,500 11.9 786 60 5.3

 West .............................................. 964 11,736 18,142 12.2 647 63 7.0

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................ 493 5,098 5,965 10.3 855 60 11.7

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................... 975 14,597 16,896 15.0 864 64 6.4

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................... 1,070 15,155 21,064 14.2 719 64 8.9

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 1,103 13,491 20,560 12.2 656 61 9.5

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 937 10,430 12,281 11.1 849 59 7.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

56 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-1. Summary Table: Totals and Means of Floorspace, Number of

 Workers, and Hours of Operation, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total

Workers

in All

Buildings

(thousand)

Mean

Square

Feet per

Building

(thousand)

Mean

Square

Feet per

Worker

Mean

Hours

per Week

RSE

Row

1.3 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.5 Factor

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 13,885 4,641 5.5 2,992 58 4.9

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 6,291 5,157 7.9 1,220 61 5.9

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 7,102 7,827 11.4 907 63 6.4

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 9,132 11,533 22.8 792 72 5.9

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 6,931 8,924 50.3 777 72 7.0

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 5,988 9,843 84.4 608 85 6.0

 250 or More .................................. 43 9,443 28,841 220.1 327 84 10.5

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 6,134 5,765 6.8 1,064 14 12.6

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 13,233 16,554 10.5 799 43 3.9

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 12,242 17,759 12.6 689 54 3.8

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 10,052 13,214 17.7 761 72 4.9

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 6,202 6,960 14.8 891 105 5.5

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 10,908 16,514 23.4 661 168 2.0

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 4,025 46,696 60,482 11.6 772 62 3.6

 Owner Occupied ......................... 3,158 35,573 46,882 11.3 759 63 4.0

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 698 9,697 13,379 13.9 725 65 6.7

 Unoccupied ................................. 170 1,426 Q 8.4 6,481 Q 22.5

 Government Owned ...................... 553 12,076 16,285 21.8 742 61 6.6

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 3,061 42,958 54,292 14.0 791 63 3.8

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 639 3,243 3,840 5.1 844 58 9.9

 Metal Panels ................................. 662 5,694 5,120 8.6 1,112 56 8.9

 Concrete Panels ........................... 106 4,069 6,394 38.2 636 64 11.5

 Window Glass ............................... 46 1,755 4,397 38.1 399 90 15.4

 Other ............................................. 50 660 2,107 13.2 313 90 24.6

 No One Major Type ...................... 15 393 616 26.9 638 69 27.4

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 1,369 24,481 33,783 17.9 725 65 4.9

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 1,486 11,093 13,722 7.5 808 61 7.3

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 908 7,941 6,514 8.7 1,219 57 7.1

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 351 10,235 16,788 29.1 610 68 7.2

 Slate or Tile ................................... 202 1,920 2,121 9.5 905 63 11.6

 Wooden Materials ......................... 152 1,130 1,087 7.5 1,039 60 18.8

 Concrete ....................................... 58 1,335 1,694 23.1 788 50 20.3

 Other ............................................. 36 332 508 9.2 655 35 30.4

 No One Major Type ...................... Q 305 549 18.6 Q 47 28.4

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 57,076 76,513 13.1 746 63 3.1

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 38,145 50,217 15.4 760 64 3.7

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 14,421 22,976 23.7 628 64 7.5

 District Heat .................................. 110 5,658 10,413 51.5 543 91 11.2

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 2,521 4,441 47.7 568 88 12.9

 Propane ........................................ 589 5,344 7,709 9.1 693 66 12.5

 Wood ............................................ 126 699 547 5.6 1,278 53 18.9

 Coal .............................................. Q 397 199 22.9 1,997 61 33.8

 Solar ............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

 Other ............................................. 71 1,154 1,723 16.2 670 72 16.4

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 1,467 22,156 34,032 15.1 651 66 5.7

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,211 31,535 40,247 14.3 784 61 4.1

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 504 6,606 8,211 13.1 804 61 9.6

 District Heat .................................. 109 5,606 10,374 51.4 540 91 11.2

 Propane ........................................ 301 2,025 3,898 6.7 Q 64 16.3

 Wood ............................................ 103 509 401 5.0 1,271 53 21.2

 Coal .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

 Solar ............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

 Other ............................................. 25 318 432 12.9 735 57 20.5

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 57
Table BC-1. Summary Table: Totals and Means of Floorspace, Number of

 Workers, and Hours of Operation, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total

Workers

in All

Buildings

(thousand)

Mean

Square

Feet per

Building

(thousand)

Mean

Square

Feet per

Worker

Mean

Hours

per Week

RSE

Row

1.3 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.5 Factor

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ...................................... 1,007 13,500 20,602 13.4 655 68 5.9

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,106 28,808 36,411 13.7 791 61 4.1

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 439 4,207 4,056 9.6 1,037 59 10.0

 District Heat .................................. 107 5,289 9,872 49.3 536 91 11.4

 Propane ........................................ 260 1,545 Q 5.9 Q 62 15.0

 Wood ............................................ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

 Coal .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

 Other ............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 3,293 47,761 67,723 14.5 705 65 3.3

 Natural Gas ................................... 65 1,314 2,061 20.1 638 67 15.0

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 2,521 4,441 47.7 568 88 12.9

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 1,684 23,056 33,835 13.7 681 63 5.4

 Natural Gas ................................... 1,577 24,859 32,519 15.8 764 68 4.8

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 120 2,151 2,309 17.9 931 59 17.5

 District Heat .................................. 54 3,949 7,144 73.7 553 97 12.3

 Propane ........................................ 110 1,020 1,165 9.2 875 94 17.8

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 487 12,249 18,935 25.2 647 82 6.5

 Natural Gas ................................... 448 13,195 20,062 29.4 658 81 6.2

 Propane ........................................ 123 1,480 1,813 12.0 816 84 16.0

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 54,347 74,918 13.5 725 63 3.2

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 49,935 71,146 14.8 702 66 3.3

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 51,560 72,679 14.8 709 66 3.4

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 20,713 31,865 25.0 650 79 4.6

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 3,893 4,949 19.1 787 53 12.4

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 13,366 22,855 54.2 585 90 8.1

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 4,425 1,849 8.0 2,394 51 14.3

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 6,227 4,248 11.2 1,466 49 9.8

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 8,868 11,519 14.0 770 69 6.8

 100 ................................................ 2,836 39,252 59,151 13.8 664 64 3.7

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 1,198 8,837 5,620 7.4 1,572 49 8.8

 1 to 50 ........................................... 930 15,027 12,404 16.2 1,211 57 6.1

 51 to 99 ......................................... 635 12,549 19,278 19.8 651 73 6.3

 100 ................................................ 1,816 22,359 39,464 12.3 567 68 4.8

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 189 Q 5.2 Q 57 26.4

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 6,008 2,670 9.0 2,250 62 6.8

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 9,692 12,055 13.0 804 61 6.7

 100 ................................................ 2,814 40,514 61,743 14.4 656 65 3.8

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 2,369 253 7.5 9,344 33 21.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

58 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-1. Summary Table: Totals and Means of Floorspace, Number of

 Workers, and Hours of Operation, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total

Workers

in All

Buildings

(thousand)

Mean

Square

Feet per

Building

(thousand)

Mean

Square

Feet per

Worker

Mean

Hours

per Week

RSE

Row

1.3 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.5 Factor

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 1,644 13,101 12,689 8.0 1,033 42 6.0

 1 to 50 ........................................... 2,109 30,711 44,878 14.6 684 59 4.1

 51 to 100 ....................................... 87 1,914 2,574 22.0 744 74 14.2

 Never Closed ................................ 421 10,677 16,372 25.4 652 168 (*)

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 2,369 253 7.5 9,344 33 21.0

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 394 5,843 9,153 14.8 638 63 7.5

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,676 14,923 17,488 8.9 853 60 6.2

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,188 16,809 21,127 14.1 796 57 6.5

 District Heat .................................. 115 5,911 10,690 51.5 553 91 11.0

 Boilers ........................................... 610 16,754 24,573 27.5 682 73 6.6

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,031 16,893 23,460 16.4 720 68 5.1

 Other ............................................. 161 6,249 11,092 38.8 563 61 10.8

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 878 9,238 13,813 10.5 669 65 7.7

 Heat Pumps .................................. 457 6,931 10,724 15.2 646 65 7.3

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 862 12,494 14,184 14.5 881 68 6.3

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 2,521 4,441 47.7 568 88 12.9

 Central Chillers ............................. 109 11,065 21,055 101.4 526 87 7.6

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 1,431 26,628 38,210 18.6 697 69 4.2

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 186 2,451 2,800 13.2 876 66 13.6

 Other ............................................. 18 949 1,579 51.9 601 74 15.1

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 2,479 35,715 49,241 14.4 725 65 4.0

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 3,885 53,984 74,912 13.9 721 65 3.1

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 364 14,273 25,623 39.2 557 85 6.4

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 393 16,259 21,898 41.4 742 72 6.6

 Halogen ........................................ 302 9,665 16,479 32.0 587 78 9.8

 Other ............................................. 30 554 1,211 18.7 458 44 34.1

Water-Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Centralized System ....................... 2,671 31,656 42,093 11.9 752 65 3.8

 Distributed System ........................ 742 16,495 25,678 22.2 642 71 6.4

 Combination of Centralized

 and Distributed System ................ 73 3,409 4,909 46.4 694 73 12.8

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None ............................................. 2,039 12,571 8,017 6.2 1,568 54 6.3

 1 to 4 ............................................. 1,408 11,401 11,593 8.1 983 68 7.4

 5 to 9 ............................................. 437 5,372 6,528 12.3 823 66 7.4

 10 to 19 ......................................... 344 5,947 7,456 17.3 798 61 8.5

 20 to 49 ......................................... 198 7,048 8,647 35.6 815 69 7.5

 50 to 99 ......................................... 81 4,938 7,442 61.2 663 71 8.3

 100 to 249 ..................................... 46 5,189 8,426 112.9 616 84 7.4

 250 or More .................................. 26 6,307 18,657 240.9 338 92 6.7

Energy-Related Space Functions

(more than one may apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ...... 828 20,713 31,865 25.0 650 79 4.6

 Computer Room ........................... 234 12,890 25,663 55.0 502 72 5.9

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water ................. 243 6,753 9,804 27.8 689 99 12.2

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 59
Table BC-1. Summary Table: Totals and Means of Floorspace, Number of

 Workers, and Hours of Operation, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total

Workers

in All

Buildings

(thousand)

Mean

Square

Feet per

Building

(thousand)

Mean

Square

Feet per

Worker

Mean

Hours

per Week

RSE

Row

1.3 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.5 Factor

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 3,380 46,355 65,811 13.7 704 64 3.6

 Wall Insulation .............................. 2,372 31,694 48,470 13.4 654 62 4.1

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 1,897 28,876 42,927 15.2 673 66 4.6

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 1,202 24,245 41,824 20.2 580 66 5.1

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 2,271 37,208 55,742 16.4 668 65 3.7

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 327 13,473 24,381 41.2 553 76 6.7

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 461 16,550 28,903 35.9 573 75 5.7

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 2,403 43,134 64,503 18.0 669 68 3.8

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 198 6,453 11,369 32.5 568 66 10.2

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 749 17,868 28,063 23.9 637 69 5.9

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 1,363 28,375 46,204 20.8 614 67 5.1

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 237 6,431 10,339 27.2 622 83 10.2

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 131 5,958 11,564 45.6 515 66 11.1

 Time Clock .................................... 467 13,262 22,355 28.4 593 73 6.5

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 501 13,056 19,931 26.1 655 69 6.0

 Other ............................................. 79 2,836 4,501 35.8 630 71 13.2

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features .......... 4,075 55,288 75,532 13.6 732 63 3.2

 Building Shell ................................ 3,906 53,190 74,162 13.6 717 63 3.3

 HVAC ............................................ 2,529 44,657 65,999 17.7 677 68 3.7

 Lighting ......................................... 2,084 38,537 58,423 18.5 660 67 4.2

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 3,211 38,326 51,920 11.9 738 52 3.5

 Cooling .......................................... 2,707 35,605 50,080 13.2 711 54 3.5

 Lighting ......................................... 3,753 44,937 59,715 12.0 753 52 3.4

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

60 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-2. Summary Table: Totals and Medians of Floorspace, Number of

 Workers, Hours of Operation, and Age of Building, 1995

Building

Characteristics

All

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total

Workers

in All

Buildings

(thousand)

Median

Square

Feet per

Building

(thousand)

Median

Square

Feet

per

Worker

Median

Hours

per

Week

Median

Age of

Buildings

(years)

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 58,772 76,767 5.0 938 50 30.5

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 6,338 10,585 2.5 750 48 30.5

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 7,530 7,584 7.0 1,250 50 35.5

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 11,617 12,961 15.0 1,667 53 27.5

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 7,676 10,206 35.0 1,125 56 26.5

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 7,968 9,733 65.0 1,316 60 25.5

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 6,776 8,493 140.0 1,500 75 26.5

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 5,553 7,599 275.0 1,190 80 25.5

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 5,313 9,604 700.0 813 84 24.5

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 7,740 10,096 8.5 1,000 45 33.5

 Food Sales .................................... 137 642 652 2.5 1,001 99 25.5

 Food Service ................................ 285 1,353 2,342 3.0 667 81 22.5

 Health Care ................................... 105 2,333 4,483 4.5 650 52 23.5

 Lodging ......................................... 158 3,618 2,748 9.0 2,267 168 30.5

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 12,728 13,464 4.0 1,083 52 35.5

 Office ............................................ 705 10,478 27,053 4.0 464 45 23.5

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 3,948 2,997 6.0 1,500 50 31.5

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 1,271 1,703 5.0 875 20 32.5

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 2,792 3,844 8.0 3,125 20 31.5

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 8,481 4,904 5.5 2,000 48 18.5

 Other ............................................. 67 1,004 1,844 5.0 1,000 50 26.5

 Vacant ........................................... 261 2,384 638 4.0 1,000 (*) 39.5

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 3,673 3,658 5.5 1,250 48 93.5

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 6,710 7,352 4.8 1,000 48 62.5

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 9,298 10,220 4.3 1,000 48 42.5

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 10,858 14,389 5.5 893 50 31.5

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 11,333 15,039 5.0 875 51 20.5

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 12,252 20,200 5.0 882 50 10.5

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 2,590 3,900 3.5 667 50 4.5

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 2,059 2,008 3.5 1,250 50 1.5

Floors

 One ............................................... 3,018 24,552 25,372 3.8 929 48 25.5

 Two ............................................... 1,002 14,122 17,979 7.0 882 50 35.5

 Three ............................................ 399 7,335 8,464 9.5 1,250 52 57.5

 Four to Nine .................................. 148 8,789 14,576 25.0 1,000 60 42.5

 Ten or More .................................. 12 3,975 10,376 200.0 429 68 28.5

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 11,883 15,149 5.0 1,000 52 38.5

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 14,322 16,976 4.5 1,250 48 36.5

 South ............................................ 1,750 20,830 26,500 4.8 893 50 23.5

 West .............................................. 964 11,736 18,142 5.5 833 50 28.5

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................ 493 5,098 5,965 4.0 938 50 29.5

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................... 975 14,597 16,896 5.0 1,100 50 39.5

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................... 1,070 15,155 21,064 5.5 1,000 50 32.5

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 1,103 13,491 20,560 5.0 800 50 25.5

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 937 10,430 12,281 4.8 950 48 25.5

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 13,885 4,641 3.0 1,583 48 31.5

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 6,291 5,157 4.8 688 50 35.5

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 7,102 7,827 7.5 600 50 25.5

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 9,132 11,533 16.3 542 56 26.5

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 6,931 8,924 37.5 563 55 24.5

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 5,988 9,843 55.0 400 65 23.5

 250 or More .................................. 43 9,443 28,841 120.0 283 63 19.5

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 61
Table BC-2. Summary Table: Totals and Medians of Floorspace, Number of

 Workers, Hours of Operation, and Age of Building, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

All

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total

Workers

in All

Buildings

(thousand)

Median

Square

Feet per

Building

(thousand)

Median

Square

Feet

per

Worker

Median

Hours

per

Week

Median

Age of

Buildings

(years)

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 6,134 5,765 4.0 1,500 8 32.5

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 13,233 16,554 4.8 833 44 32.5

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 12,242 17,759 5.5 833 53 29.5

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 10,052 13,214 6.0 1,000 72 31.5

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 6,202 6,960 4.3 833 102 24.5

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 10,908 16,514 6.0 1,250 168 23.5

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 4,025 46,696 60,482 4.8 938 50 29.5

 Owner Occupied ......................... 3,158 35,573 46,882 4.5 1,000 50 29.5

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 698 9,697 13,379 5.5 833 53 25.5

 Unoccupied ................................. 170 1,426 Q 3.8 750 (*) 39.5

 Government Owned ...................... 553 12,076 16,285 7.0 950 45 35.5

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 3,061 42,958 54,292 5.5 875 50 34.5

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 639 3,243 3,840 2.8 800 49 32.5

 Metal Panels ................................. 662 5,694 5,120 4.5 1,364 47 15.5

 Concrete Panels ........................... 106 4,069 6,394 12.5 893 60 19.5

 Window Glass ............................... 46 1,755 4,397 11.3 1,001 60 12.5

 Other ............................................. 50 660 2,107 2.5 625 81 35.5

 No One Major Type ...................... 15 393 616 12.5 2,083 60 7.5

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 1,369 24,481 33,783 6.0 875 51 34.5

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 1,486 11,093 13,722 3.5 917 48 31.5

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 908 7,941 6,514 4.8 1,333 47 15.5

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 351 10,235 16,788 8.5 750 50 32.5

 Slate or Tile ................................... 202 1,920 2,121 4.8 917 45 39.5

 Wooden Materials ......................... 152 1,130 1,087 6.0 1,250 50 40.5

 Concrete ....................................... 58 1,335 1,694 4.0 750 48 23.5

 Other ............................................. 36 332 508 2.0 1,200 5 36.5

 No One Major Type ...................... Q 305 549 2.0 750 48 68.5

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 57,076 76,513 5.0 929 50 30.5

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 38,145 50,217 6.0 917 50 35.5

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 14,421 22,976 4.8 1,000 50 35.5

 District Heat .................................. 110 5,658 10,413 12.5 944 60 36.5

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 2,521 4,441 12.5 1,250 65 30.5

 Propane ........................................ 589 5,344 7,709 4.0 1,000 50 20.5

 Wood ............................................ 126 699 547 3.3 1,500 50 32.5

 Coal .............................................. Q 397 199 7.0 7,000 53 20.5

 Solar ............................................. Q Q Q 5.5 688 53 19.5

 Other ............................................. 71 1,154 1,723 4.0 750 60 38.5

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 1,467 22,156 34,032 5.5 792 50 21.5

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,211 31,535 40,247 5.5 917 50 35.5

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 504 6,606 8,211 4.0 1,000 50 38.5

 District Heat .................................. 109 5,606 10,374 12.5 944 60 37.5

 Propane ........................................ 301 2,025 3,898 3.3 1,500 48 18.5

 Wood ............................................ 103 509 401 3.3 1,500 50 35.5

 Coal .............................................. Q Q Q 3.5 500 45 20.5

 Solar ............................................. Q Q Q 65.0 1,300 168 21.5

 Other ............................................. 25 318 432 3.0 750 48 36.5

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

62 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-2. Summary Table: Totals and Medians of Floorspace, Number of

 Workers, Hours of Operation, and Age of Building, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

All

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total

Workers

in All

Buildings

(thousand)

Median

Square

Feet per

Building

(thousand)

Median

Square

Feet

per

Worker

Median

Hours

per

Week

Median

Age of

Buildings

(years)

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ...................................... 1,007 13,500 20,602 5.0 750 50 20.5

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,106 28,808 36,411 5.5 917 50 35.5

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 439 4,207 4,056 4.0 1,000 50 39.5

 District Heat .................................. 107 5,289 9,872 12.5 944 60 36.5

 Propane ........................................ 260 1,545 Q 3.0 1,500 48 15.5

 Wood ............................................ Q Q Q 4.0 1,563 46 36.5

 Coal .............................................. Q Q Q 37.5 721 40 39.5

 Other ............................................. Q Q Q 11.3 1,607 51 37.5

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 3,293 47,761 67,723 5.0 833 50 28.5

 Natural Gas ................................... 65 1,314 2,061 9.5 855 50 40.5

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 2,521 4,441 12.5 1,250 65 30.5

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 1,684 23,056 33,835 5.0 800 50 22.5

 Natural Gas ................................... 1,577 24,859 32,519 6.0 893 54 35.5

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 120 2,151 2,309 4.3 875 50 39.5

 District Heat .................................. 54 3,949 7,144 27.5 1,300 82 30.5

 Propane ........................................ 110 1,020 1,165 3.5 1,167 88 27.5

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 487 12,249 18,935 5.5 750 80 23.5

 Natural Gas ................................... 448 13,195 20,062 8.5 800 75 33.5

 Propane ........................................ 123 1,480 1,813 3.3 500 84 19.5

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 54,347 74,918 5.0 893 50 30.5

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 49,935 71,146 5.0 833 50 28.5

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 51,560 72,679 5.0 859 50 30.5

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 20,713 31,865 7.0 800 72 28.5

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 3,893 4,949 8.0 1,100 48 29.5

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 13,366 22,855 12.5 833 67 30.5

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 4,425 1,849 3.8 1,250 36 25.5

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 6,227 4,248 5.5 1,625 45 30.5

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 8,868 11,519 6.0 875 55 35.5

 100 ................................................ 2,836 39,252 59,151 5.0 833 50 28.5

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 1,198 8,837 5,620 3.8 1,500 41 34.5

 1 to 50 ........................................... 930 15,027 12,404 7.0 1,250 50 35.5

 51 to 99 ......................................... 635 12,549 19,278 5.5 750 56 35.5

 100 ................................................ 1,816 22,359 39,464 4.8 750 50 23.5

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 189 Q 1.8 938 50 16.5

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 6,008 2,670 4.8 2,000 50 35.5

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 9,692 12,055 5.0 917 49 34.5

 100 ................................................ 2,814 40,514 61,743 5.0 833 50 26.5

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 2,369 253 4.0 4,250 (*) 35.5

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 1,644 13,101 12,689 4.0 1,188 44 30.5

 1 to 50 ........................................... 2,109 30,711 44,878 5.5 761 50 30.5

 51 to 100 ....................................... 87 1,914 2,574 6.0 818 60 30.5

 Never Closed ................................ 421 10,677 16,372 6.0 1,250 168 25.5

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 2,369 253 4.0 4,250 (*) 35.5

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 63
Table BC-2. Summary Table: Totals and Medians of Floorspace, Number of

 Workers, Hours of Operation, and Age of Building, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

All

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total

Workers

in All

Buildings

(thousand)

Median

Square

Feet per

Building

(thousand)

Median

Square

Feet

per

Worker

Median

Hours

per

Week

Median

Age of

Buildings

(years)

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 394 5,843 9,153 5.0 667 48 19.5

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,676 14,923 17,488 4.8 938 50 34.5

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,188 16,809 21,127 5.0 1,125 49 30.5

 District Heat .................................. 115 5,911 10,690 12.5 944 65 35.5

 Boilers ........................................... 610 16,754 24,573 9.0 909 53 39.5

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,031 16,893 23,460 5.5 750 50 21.5

 Other ............................................. 161 6,249 11,092 10.0 1,300 52 29.5

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 878 9,238 13,813 5.0 750 50 30.5

 Heat Pumps .................................. 457 6,931 10,724 5.0 700 48 19.5

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 862 12,494 14,184 4.5 1,125 50 40.5

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 2,521 4,441 12.5 1,250 65 30.5

 Central Chillers ............................. 109 11,065 21,055 45.0 1,000 65 28.5

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 1,431 26,628 38,210 6.5 800 52 23.5

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 186 2,451 2,800 4.8 792 56 30.5

 Other ............................................. 18 949 1,579 18.8 900 60 39.5

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 2,479 35,715 49,241 5.0 917 50 32.5

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 3,885 53,984 74,912 5.0 889 50 29.5

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 364 14,273 25,623 11.3 750 66 23.5

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 393 16,259 21,898 12.5 1,067 53 27.5

 Halogen ........................................ 302 9,665 16,479 8.0 915 60 28.5

 Other ............................................. 30 554 1,211 2.0 1,500 45 32.5

Water-Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Centralized System ....................... 2,671 31,656 42,093 4.8 833 50 31.5

 Distributed System ........................ 742 16,495 25,678 9.5 875 55 25.5

 Combination of Centralized

 and Distributed System ................ 73 3,409 4,909 10.0 1,000 50 26.5

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None ............................................. 2,039 12,571 8,017 3.5 1,500 45 31.5

 1 to 4 ............................................. 1,408 11,401 11,593 4.3 900 53 30.5

 5 to 9 ............................................. 437 5,372 6,528 6.0 600 50 23.5

 10 to 19 ......................................... 344 5,947 7,456 8.5 563 50 25.5

 20 to 49 ......................................... 198 7,048 8,647 20.0 694 50 25.5

 50 to 99 ......................................... 81 4,938 7,442 40.0 625 54 29.5

 100 to 249 ..................................... 46 5,189 8,426 65.0 600 60 24.5

 250 or More .................................. 26 6,307 18,657 140.0 360 70 18.5

Energy-Related Space Functions

(more than one may apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ...... 828 20,713 31,865 7.0 800 72 28.5

 Computer Room ........................... 234 12,890 25,663 16.3 654 50 19.5

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water ................. 243 6,753 9,804 8.0 882 85 31.5

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 3,380 46,355 65,811 5.0 875 50 26.5

 Wall Insulation .............................. 2,372 31,694 48,470 5.0 833 50 21.5

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 1,897 28,876 42,927 5.5 813 50 26.5

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 1,202 24,245 41,824 6.0 750 50 21.5

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 2,271 37,208 55,742 6.0 813 50 28.5

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

64 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-2. Summary Table: Totals and Medians of Floorspace, Number of

 Workers, Hours of Operation, and Age of Building, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

All

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total

Workers

in All

Buildings

(thousand)

Median

Square

Feet per

Building

(thousand)

Median

Square

Feet

per

Worker

Median

Hours

per

Week

Median

Age of

Buildings

(years)

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 327 13,473 24,381 12.5 750 50 23.5

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 461 16,550 28,903 10.0 800 57 21.5

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 2,403 43,134 64,503 6.0 833 51 28.5

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 198 6,453 11,369 7.0 688 55 23.5

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 749 17,868 28,063 6.0 1,000 50 28.5

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 1,363 28,375 46,204 6.0 750 50 25.5

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 237 6,431 10,339 8.0 885 63 28.5

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 131 5,958 11,564 12.5 1,111 50 38.5

 Time Clock .................................... 467 13,262 22,355 8.0 724 55 27.5

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 501 13,056 19,931 9.5 1,100 55 26.5

 Other ............................................. 79 2,836 4,501 10.0 688 60 20.5

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features .......... 4,075 55,288 75,532 5.0 900 50 29.5

 Building Shell ................................ 3,906 53,190 74,162 5.0 875 50 28.5

 HVAC ............................................ 2,529 44,657 65,999 6.0 850 50 28.5

 Lighting ......................................... 2,084 38,537 58,423 6.0 875 51 28.5

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 3,211 38,326 51,920 4.8 875 48 30.5

 Cooling .......................................... 2,707 35,605 50,080 5.0 833 50 28.5

 Lighting ......................................... 3,753 44,937 59,715 5.0 889 48 30.5

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

 Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Note: • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 65
Table BC-3. Census Region, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings Northeast Midwest South West

All

Buildings Northeast Midwest South West

0.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.4 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 725 1,139 1,750 964 58,772 11,883 14,322 20,830 11,736 6.5

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 351 638 953 457 6,338 995 1,772 2,428 1,144 10.0

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 162 224 380 269 7,530 1,223 1,678 2,786 1,842 12.3

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 139 181 276 149 11,617 2,118 2,701 4,481 2,317 12.1

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 38 48 74 53 7,676 1,380 1,726 2,664 1,905 9.6

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 20 28 42 24 7,968 1,371 1,920 2,980 1,697 10.1

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 10 14 17 8 6,776 1,377 1,896 2,428 1,075 12.9

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 5 5 6 3 5,553 1,389 1,520 1,679 965 12.7

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 2 1 1 1 5,313 2,029 1,110 1,384 791 16.2

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 39 42 111 117 7,740 1,930 1,997 2,315 1,498 13.8

 Food Sales .................................... 137 Q Q 73 32 642 Q Q 287 209 21.6

 Food Service ................................ 285 41 69 109 66 1,353 166 474 443 271 21.1

 Health Care ................................... 105 14 19 51 21 2,333 408 466 916 543 22.2

 Lodging ......................................... 158 10 38 51 59 3,618 350 909 1,313 1,047 19.1

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 241 390 457 201 12,728 2,838 3,203 4,864 1,822 11.6

 Office ............................................ 705 112 157 298 138 10,478 2,154 2,338 3,483 2,503 11.6

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 46 89 134 57 3,948 694 957 1,367 930 19.9

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 39 21 17 Q 1,271 548 300 308 Q 33.4

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 41 57 97 74 2,792 442 633 1,006 711 20.5

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 88 163 223 105 8,481 1,480 2,044 3,436 1,522 18.1

 Other ............................................. 67 Q Q Q Q 1,004 Q 402 289 Q 38.8

 Vacant ........................................... 261 Q 65 106 65 2,384 627 531 804 422 23.1

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 115 147 50 41 3,673 1,226 1,529 514 404 21.8

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 75 221 176 90 6,710 1,794 2,314 1,709 893 16.4

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 187 215 285 180 9,298 1,944 2,268 3,192 1,894 11.9

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 98 150 267 204 10,858 2,344 2,356 3,856 2,302 11.9

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 69 141 391 211 11,333 1,658 2,435 4,344 2,895 11.0

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 148 156 389 153 12,252 2,128 2,324 5,371 2,429 12.2

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 13 38 114 54 2,590 443 545 1,094 509 22.1

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 21 70 78 33 2,059 347 552 750 410 25.8

Floors

 One ............................................... 3,018 349 648 1,354 667 24,552 3,337 5,298 11,019 4,897 8.9

 Two ............................................... 1,002 202 284 305 212 14,122 2,738 3,537 4,788 3,059 10.3

 Three ............................................ 399 120 170 54 56 7,335 2,103 2,306 1,644 1,282 15.2

 Four to Nine .................................. 148 51 36 33 27 8,789 2,347 2,461 2,165 1,816 16.1

 Ten or More .................................. 12 4 2 5 2 3,975 1,359 720 1,214 682 18.5

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 363 678 987 477 13,885 2,430 3,584 5,345 2,526 10.8

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 100 218 297 182 6,291 1,057 1,764 2,082 1,387 15.1

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 145 102 223 155 7,102 1,317 1,511 2,701 1,572 13.7

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 76 91 152 81 9,132 1,807 2,390 3,212 1,723 11.6

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 19 24 54 41 6,931 1,264 1,504 2,733 1,430 12.1

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 16 17 20 18 5,988 1,429 1,579 1,755 1,224 12.9

 250 or More .................................. 43 7 8 17 10 9,443 2,577 1,990 3,001 1,875 13.4

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 108 256 361 174 6,134 1,119 1,601 2,311 1,103 14.5

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 172 334 484 266 13,233 2,168 3,520 4,912 2,633 10.8

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 188 197 401 183 12,242 2,482 2,378 4,786 2,596 11.5

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 92 148 170 157 10,052 2,111 2,626 3,276 2,040 13.8

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 81 98 160 81 6,202 1,411 1,633 1,804 1,353 14.1

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 83 106 172 105 10,908 2,592 2,564 3,740 2,012 12.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

66 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-3. Census Region, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings Northeast Midwest South West

All

Buildings Northeast Midwest South West

0.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.4 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 4,025 629 1,043 1,556 798 46,696 8,946 11,414 17,056 9,280 7.0

 Owner Occupied ......................... 3,158 542 843 1,224 548 35,573 6,972 9,403 12,664 6,533 7.6

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 698 79 146 260 213 9,697 1,622 1,644 3,841 2,590 14.3

 Unoccupied ................................. 170 Q 54 72 36 1,426 Q 366 551 157 30.3

 Government Owned ...................... 553 97 97 193 166 12,076 2,937 2,909 3,774 2,456 10.9

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 787 83 194 293 218 15,844 3,288 3,691 5,649 3,216 11.6

 No ................................................. 3,791 642 946 1,456 747 42,928 8,595 10,632 15,181 8,520 7.3

Number of Establishments

 One ............................................... 3,712 603 905 1,463 741 41,057 8,064 10,489 14,323 8,181 7.2

 2 to 5 ............................................. 530 87 159 154 130 7,325 1,401 1,855 2,314 1,755 14.9

 6 to 10 ........................................... 91 10 13 41 26 2,672 514 466 1,218 474 19.1

 11 to 20 ......................................... 28 6 5 10 7 2,228 446 423 885 474 15.4

 More than 20 ................................. 31 2 3 9 Q 3,943 1,020 724 1,526 673 20.6

 Currently Unoccupied ................... 187 Q 54 72 43 1,548 438 366 564 180 29.9

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 3,061 482 716 1,175 688 42,958 9,174 10,504 15,066 8,215 7.1

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 639 142 179 169 149 3,243 711 940 732 860 21.0

 Metal Panels ................................. 662 69 211 310 72 5,694 882 1,817 2,480 515 16.6

 Concrete Panels ........................... 106 5 7 59 35 4,069 437 625 1,560 1,447 20.4

 Window Glass ............................... 46 Q 3 15 Q 1,755 411 238 657 448 25.8

 Other ............................................. 50 Q Q Q 5 660 Q 161 201 189 28.1

 No One Major Type ...................... 15 Q Q Q Q 393 Q Q Q Q 64.5

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 1,369 177 302 476 414 24,481 4,275 4,925 9,096 6,185 10.1

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 1,486 295 348 567 276 11,093 2,631 2,829 3,482 2,150 11.7

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 908 93 264 429 122 7,941 986 1,890 4,133 932 14.0

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 351 87 127 97 41 10,235 2,859 3,575 2,448 1,354 12.6

 Slate or Tile ................................... 202 36 30 80 56 1,920 406 361 566 587 22.5

 Wooden Materials ......................... 152 Q Q 44 39 1,130 Q Q 301 273 38.7

 Concrete ....................................... 58 Q Q 32 Q 1,335 Q Q 553 197 36.7

 Other ............................................. 36 Q Q Q Q 332 Q Q Q Q 47.7

 No One Major Type ...................... Q Q Q Q Q 305 Q Q Q Q 52.5

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 697 1,074 1,648 925 57,076 11,444 13,887 20,158 11,587 6.4

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 316 777 805 580 38,145 7,108 10,905 12,291 7,841 7.4

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 282 96 196 33 14,421 5,423 2,681 4,175 2,142 15.4

 District Heat .................................. 110 24 35 32 18 5,658 1,768 1,902 1,038 949 20.9

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 3 Q 24 10 2,521 291 778 919 533 25.1

 Propane ........................................ 589 170 137 220 62 5,344 1,689 1,093 2,012 550 21.1

 Other ............................................. 213 60 52 60 41 2,336 728 613 656 339 26.1

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 657 1,006 1,547 815 54,347 11,180 13,511 18,900 10,756 6.8

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 451 811 1,433 687 49,935 9,523 12,033 18,606 9,772 6.6

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 602 849 1,250 785 51,560 10,778 12,517 17,511 10,754 6.8

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 141 176 310 202 20,713 4,634 4,785 7,173 4,121 9.2

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 30 49 68 58 3,893 683 1,057 1,456 697 23.4

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 87 45 66 49 13,366 3,877 2,738 4,360 2,391 13.9

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 69 134 203 149 4,425 703 811 1,930 981 18.8

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 77 148 197 133 6,227 1,018 1,171 2,379 1,658 17.4

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 129 155 207 142 8,868 2,501 1,480 2,856 2,032 14.9

 100 ................................................ 2,836 451 702 1,143 540 39,252 7,661 10,860 13,666 7,066 7.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 67
Table BC-3. Census Region, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings Northeast Midwest South West

All

Buildings Northeast Midwest South West

0.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.4 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 1,198 275 329 317 278 8,837 2,360 2,289 2,224 1,964 15.0

 1 to 50 ........................................... 930 164 283 316 166 15,027 3,784 4,414 4,311 2,517 11.9

 51 to 99 ......................................... 635 102 181 233 120 12,549 3,063 3,040 4,262 2,184 11.3

 100 ................................................ 1,816 185 346 884 401 22,359 2,677 4,578 10,033 5,071 8.3

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 Q Q Q Q 189 Q Q Q Q 55.6

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 113 209 212 131 6,008 1,130 1,598 2,172 1,109 15.5

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 148 201 238 159 9,692 2,418 2,247 3,011 2,016 14.7

 100 ................................................ 2,814 427 628 1,148 611 40,514 7,787 9,874 14,608 8,245 7.6

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 31 94 131 61 2,369 524 586 935 324 23.8

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 394 14 31 284 65 5,843 657 779 3,189 1,218 14.1

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,676 284 626 471 295 14,923 2,732 4,984 4,497 2,710 11.1

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,188 140 255 500 293 16,809 3,393 4,395 5,783 3,237 12.2

 District Heat .................................. 115 26 36 34 19 5,911 1,834 1,984 1,101 993 20.7

 Boilers ........................................... 610 240 161 111 97 16,754 5,210 4,480 3,952 3,112 11.0

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,031 91 109 526 305 16,893 2,578 2,868 7,439 4,009 10.7

 Other ............................................. 161 38 65 43 14 6,249 1,979 1,590 1,915 765 23.0

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 878 120 313 348 98 9,238 1,702 2,734 3,726 1,075 11.8

 Heat Pumps .................................. 457 16 43 311 87 6,931 794 912 3,616 1,609 14.0

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 862 166 274 311 110 12,494 3,725 3,551 3,698 1,520 11.6

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 3 Q 24 10 2,521 291 778 919 533 25.1

 Central Chillers ............................. 109 16 26 37 31 11,065 2,502 2,553 3,736 2,273 12.7

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 1,431 196 267 599 369 26,628 5,368 5,917 9,737 5,606 8.9

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 186 Q Q Q 144 2,451 Q Q 517 1,743 25.8

 Other ............................................. 18 Q 4 7 4 949 Q 221 219 289 30.5

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 3,380 552 848 1,343 637 46,355 9,040 11,620 16,743 8,952 7.3

 Wall Insulation .............................. 2,372 391 605 955 421 31,694 5,927 8,467 11,878 5,422 7.8

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 1,897 407 675 541 273 28,876 6,442 9,464 8,475 4,495 8.7

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 1,202 109 268 472 353 24,245 3,585 5,474 8,976 6,210 9.1

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 2,271 331 499 890 551 37,208 7,033 8,698 13,138 8,339 7.7

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 327 53 90 103 80 13,473 2,849 3,578 3,935 3,111 12.6

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 461 79 139 98 144 16,550 4,147 4,736 4,035 3,632 10.6

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 2,403 474 567 864 499 43,134 9,538 10,423 14,549 8,624 7.3

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 198 33 33 67 65 6,453 1,623 1,514 1,778 1,538 18.3

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 749 133 214 236 166 17,868 4,358 4,326 5,769 3,414 10.9

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 1,363 305 244 487 328 28,375 6,869 6,276 9,319 5,910 9.0

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 237 46 40 87 64 6,431 1,321 1,484 2,168 1,458 17.1

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 131 41 29 29 32 5,958 1,722 923 1,477 1,835 19.6

 Time Clock .................................... 467 122 75 108 162 13,262 3,234 2,489 4,153 3,386 12.7

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 501 90 123 168 120 13,056 2,637 3,161 4,548 2,710 11.7

 Other ............................................. 79 Q 6 29 31 2,836 902 490 751 692 21.9

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

68 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-3. Census Region, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings Northeast Midwest South West

All

Buildings Northeast Midwest South West

0.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.4 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features .......... 4,075 658 1,030 1,529 858 55,288 11,118 13,733 19,139 11,297 6.6

 Building Shell ................................ 3,906 625 974 1,497 809 53,190 10,464 13,162 18,757 10,806 6.7

 HVAC ............................................ 2,529 493 605 895 536 44,657 9,854 10,764 14,904 9,135 7.2

 Lighting ......................................... 2,084 446 486 654 498 38,537 8,920 9,495 12,087 8,036 7.6

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 69
Table BC-4. Census Region and Division, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Census Region and Division

RSE

Row

Factor

Northeast Midwest South West

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East

North

Central

West

North

Central

South

Atlantic

East

South

Central

West

South

Central Mountain Pacific

0.4 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.1

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 204 521 739 401 676 477 597 319 646 10.5

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 111 240 409 230 340 279 333 166 292 14.4

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 35 127 148 76 165 84 131 70 198 19.7

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 34 105 115 65 103 80 94 51 98 18.3

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 12 26 34 14 34 20 21 18 35 14.4

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 9 11 17 11 22 10 11 10 14 15.1

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 3 7 10 3 9 3 4 3 5 19.7

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 1 4 4 2 3 1 2 1 3 20.4

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 Q 2 1 (*) 1 Q 1 Q 1 23.4

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 8 31 23 18 48 16 47 22 95 24.0

 Food Sales .................................... 137 Q Q Q Q Q Q 31 Q Q 35.2

 Food Service ................................ 285 Q Q 59 Q Q Q 58 Q 50 26.6

 Health Care ................................... 105 Q Q 18 1 13 23 Q Q Q 36.9

 Lodging ......................................... 158 Q 8 17 21 22 17 13 18 41 32.9

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 61 180 236 154 143 140 174 80 120 17.0

 Office ............................................ 705 44 68 117 40 149 79 71 40 98 18.9

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 Q 37 47 42 69 31 34 Q 33 35.0

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 60.9

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 Q 30 38 19 20 34 44 Q 37 32.9

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 35 53 117 47 105 69 48 Q 66 26.9

 Other ............................................. 67 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 66.9

 Vacant ........................................... 261 Q Q 47 Q 41 Q 42 Q 45 30.0

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 13 102 114 33 31 Q 12 21 Q 29.4

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 38 37 173 48 65 44 67 34 55 28.2

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 26 160 144 71 115 40 129 72 108 18.7

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 31 67 85 65 107 98 61 62 142 20.6

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 27 42 97 44 125 110 155 43 168 18.7

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 60 88 68 89 126 123 139 59 93 17.8

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 Q Q 23 Q 68 Q Q 21 33 36.3

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 Q Q 34 Q 38 Q Q Q Q 38.9

Floors

 One ............................................... 3,018 103 246 372 276 502 340 512 233 435 12.8

 Two ............................................... 1,002 64 138 196 87 128 115 61 53 159 16.9

 Three ............................................ 399 27 92 143 28 30 Q Q 23 33 22.3

 Four to Nine .................................. 148 10 41 26 10 14 Q Q 10 18 28.3

 Ten or More .................................. 12 Q 3 2 Q 3 Q 2 Q 2 29.8

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 95 268 434 244 324 267 396 180 297 14.4

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 26 74 155 63 141 80 77 51 131 24.3

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 56 89 65 37 95 71 57 55 99 20.7

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 14 61 52 40 74 33 44 15 66 17.6

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 7 12 15 9 25 14 15 8 33 18.3

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 4 12 12 5 11 4 4 7 12 22.2

 250 or More .................................. 43 2 5 6 3 6 Q 3 2 7 20.7

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 Q 85 170 86 142 84 135 66 108 20.1

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 67 105 205 129 196 140 148 105 161 15.6

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 47 141 140 57 144 89 168 55 128 20.3

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 25 68 104 44 73 39 58 35 122 24.5

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 23 57 69 30 62 49 49 Q 65 21.9

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 17 66 51 55 58 76 38 44 61 22.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

70 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-4. Census Region and Division, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Census Region and Division

RSE

Row

Factor

Northeast Midwest South West

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East

North

Central

West

North

Central

South

Atlantic

East

South

Central

West

South

Central Mountain Pacific

0.4 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.1

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 4,025 180 449 699 343 602 436 518 285 513 11.1

 Owner Occupied ......................... 3,158 157 385 561 281 467 387 371 219 330 12.6

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 698 21 58 97 48 111 Q 113 51 162 22.6

 Unoccupied ................................. 170 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 41.3

 Government Owned ...................... 553 24 73 39 57 74 41 79 34 132 19.5

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 787 15 68 144 49 114 87 92 68 149 21.2

 No ................................................. 3,791 189 454 594 351 562 390 505 250 496 11.5

Number of Establishments

 One ............................................... 3,712 162 441 555 350 555 405 503 259 482 11.5

 2 to 5 ............................................. 530 33 54 131 28 65 41 48 34 96 26.0

 6 to 10 ........................................... 91 Q 6 7 Q 18 16 7 Q 24 24.2

 11 to 20 ......................................... 28 Q 3 3 Q 7 Q Q Q 6 22.8

 More than 20 ................................. 31 Q 2 2 Q 5 Q 2 Q Q 32.4

 Currently Unoccupied ................... 187 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 38.5

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 3,061 118 364 489 227 531 334 309 266 422 12.0

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 639 59 83 119 60 57 34 78 Q 126 27.2

 Metal Panels ................................. 662 23 46 112 99 67 86 158 24 48 25.5

 Concrete Panels ........................... 106 Q 2 4 Q Q Q 35 Q 31 33.4

 Window Glass ............................... 46 Q Q 3 Q 2 Q Q Q Q 39.7

 Other ............................................. 50 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 4 44.9

 No One Major Type ...................... 15 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 111.9

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 1,369 49 127 222 80 178 116 182 130 284 18.8

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 1,486 84 210 235 114 262 173 133 105 171 17.6

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 908 39 54 147 117 104 127 198 47 75 19.7

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 351 19 68 70 57 54 21 22 14 27 26.2

 Slate or Tile ................................... 202 10 26 Q Q 36 Q Q Q 49 30.9

 Wooden Materials ......................... 152 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 36 48.2

 Concrete ....................................... 58 Q Q Q Q 15 Q Q Q Q 55.2

 Other ............................................. 36 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 91.4

 No One Major Type ...................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 100.0

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 190 507 698 376 642 438 569 303 622 10.4

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 34 282 549 228 210 248 347 219 361 13.0

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 106 176 60 36 126 Q 24 Q 23 29.8

 District Heat .................................. 110 2 22 19 16 Q 1 Q 6 12 31.2

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 Q 3 2 Q 4 Q Q Q 6 37.2

 Propane ........................................ 589 72 97 78 59 108 73 40 Q 52 30.4

 Other ............................................. 213 Q 39 31 Q 22 Q Q Q 20 43.8

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 178 479 644 361 566 427 553 290 525 11.0

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 113 338 517 294 531 397 505 244 443 11.0

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 159 443 575 274 493 359 398 279 506 11.3

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 42 98 131 44 140 68 103 51 151 17.3

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 5 Q 26 23 24 Q 24 Q 48 27.2

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 17 70 33 12 36 Q 11 Q 30 24.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 71
Table BC-4. Census Region and Division, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Census Region and Division

RSE

Row

Factor

Northeast Midwest South West

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East

North

Central

West

North

Central

South

Atlantic

East

South

Central

West

South

Central Mountain Pacific

0.4 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.1

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 Q 43 94 39 110 50 43 29 120 28.2

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 21 56 92 56 72 36 89 Q 91 25.3

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 42 86 95 60 48 67 92 46 96 24.8

 100 ................................................ 2,836 115 336 457 245 446 325 372 202 339 12.1

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 1,198 91 184 222 107 145 80 92 75 203 22.1

 1 to 50 ........................................... 930 41 123 185 98 113 95 108 56 110 18.8

 51 to 99 ......................................... 635 24 78 110 71 71 68 93 38 82 21.8

 100 ................................................ 1,816 48 137 221 125 346 234 304 150 251 14.9

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 91.3

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 23 90 170 39 77 48 87 37 93 24.6

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 48 100 131 70 80 55 103 38 121 28.9

 100 ................................................ 2,814 112 315 381 247 453 331 364 219 392 13.2

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 Q Q 56 Q 53 Q Q Q 39 33.1

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 394 2 12 12 20 152 103 29 Q 44 22.3

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,676 76 208 424 202 190 99 182 142 153 17.6

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,188 Q 102 162 93 170 164 166 83 210 17.7

 District Heat .................................. 115 2 24 19 17 Q 2 Q 6 13 30.4

 Boilers ........................................... 610 85 156 103 58 64 24 23 40 57 22.4

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,031 23 69 73 35 150 160 216 75 230 18.9

 Other ............................................. 161 6 32 37 Q 8 Q Q 3 Q 29.8

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 878 39 81 193 119 108 75 165 54 44 22.6

 Heat Pumps .................................. 457 3 13 21 22 161 110 41 24 62 24.4

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 862 36 130 181 93 126 78 108 Q 89 17.1

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 Q 3 2 Q 4 Q Q Q 6 37.2

 Central Chillers ............................. 109 4 11 16 10 19 7 11 18 13 23.1

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 1,431 46 150 193 74 202 179 219 106 263 15.5

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 186 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 85 59 30.0

 Other ............................................. 18 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 51.5

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 3,380 151 401 529 319 532 375 436 227 410 11.2

 Wall Insulation .............................. 2,372 100 291 373 232 347 264 344 133 288 11.4

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 1,897 108 299 436 240 272 161 109 119 154 14.8

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 1,202 34 75 166 102 171 112 189 116 237 16.6

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 2,271 86 244 323 177 387 262 241 163 389 13.2

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 327 9 45 59 31 56 14 33 19 61 23.7

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 461 28 51 102 38 58 16 24 57 87 23.2

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 2,403 143 331 378 189 384 225 254 171 327 12.6

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 198 5 Q Q 6 23 12 31 8 57 24.2

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

72 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-4. Census Region and Division, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Census Region and Division

RSE

Row

Factor

Northeast Midwest South West

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East

North

Central

West

North

Central

South

Atlantic

East

South

Central

West

South

Central Mountain Pacific

0.4 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.1

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 749 25 108 145 69 90 63 83 36 130 20.8

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 1,363 81 223 166 78 228 120 139 91 237 17.6

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 237 3 43 18 22 38 Q 27 28 36 28.7

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 131 Q 27 19 10 16 Q Q 5 27 32.8

 Time Clock .................................... 467 19 103 57 18 58 9 42 38 124 27.4

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 501 22 67 89 34 80 35 53 31 89 20.4

 Other ............................................. 79 4 Q 4 2 7 Q Q Q 22 35.1

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features .......... 4,075 179 479 677 352 626 408 495 290 569 10.5

 Building Shell ................................ 3,906 168 457 638 337 605 404 488 272 538 10.6

 HVAC ............................................ 2,529 143 350 411 194 407 230 258 185 352 12.2

 Lighting ......................................... 2,084 99 347 340 146 302 154 198 131 367 14.2

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 73
Table BC-5. Census Region and Division, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Census Region and Division

RSE

Row

Factor

Northeast Midwest South West

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East

North

Central

West

North

Central

South

Atlantic

East

South

Central

West

South

Central Mountain Pacific

0.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.0

All Buildings .................................. 58,772 3,140 8,743 9,655 4,668 9,475 4,917 6,438 3,855 7,881 8.6

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 6,338 306 689 1,151 620 880 712 835 399 746 14.9

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 7,530 260 963 1,098 580 1,244 635 907 525 1,317 19.9

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 11,617 520 1,598 1,718 983 1,676 1,287 1,518 829 1,488 17.6

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 7,676 430 950 1,232 495 1,208 710 746 613 1,292 14.7

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 7,968 600 771 1,171 749 1,513 670 797 703 994 14.7

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 6,776 444 933 1,466 430 1,358 468 602 384 691 19.8

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 5,553 280 1,109 1,076 443 907 248 524 184 781 20.6

 Over 500,000 ................................ 5,313 Q 1,730 742 367 689 Q 509 Q 572 25.5

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 7,740 567 1,363 1,336 661 932 379 1,004 547 951 17.6

 Food Sales .................................... 642 Q Q Q Q Q Q 129 Q Q 29.7

 Food Service ................................ 1,353 Q Q 417 Q Q Q 164 Q 213 28.9

 Health Care ................................... 2,333 Q 313 310 156 372 203 341 Q 380 21.7

 Lodging ......................................... 3,618 Q 199 642 267 729 324 261 383 663 24.6

 Mercantile and Service ................. 12,728 820 2,019 1,994 1,209 2,103 1,325 1,436 456 1,366 15.4

 Office ............................................ 10,478 538 1,616 1,556 782 2,042 529 911 769 1,734 15.3

 Public Assembly ........................... 3,948 Q 483 616 341 649 287 432 436 494 23.3

 Public Order and Safety ................ 1,271 Q 406 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 41.0

 Religious Worship ......................... 2,792 Q 363 411 222 257 384 365 271 440 28.6

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 8,481 308 1,172 1,624 420 1,543 1,031 861 Q 999 24.3

 Other ............................................. 1,004 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 52.4

 Vacant ........................................... 2,384 Q 512 396 Q 271 Q 349 Q 323 31.9

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 3,673 325 900 1,160 369 Q Q Q 175 229 25.0

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 6,710 425 1,369 1,826 488 533 438 738 407 486 23.8

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 9,298 372 1,571 1,479 790 1,338 491 1,362 854 1,041 18.2

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 10,858 723 1,621 1,526 830 1,761 1,117 979 651 1,650 16.2

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 11,333 497 1,161 1,600 836 2,015 1,009 1,320 597 2,298 14.3

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 12,252 593 1,535 1,356 967 2,550 1,390 1,431 879 1,550 17.3

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 2,590 Q 360 370 Q 642 233 Q 190 319 26.0

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 2,059 Q Q 338 Q 298 208 244 Q 308 29.0

Floors

 One ............................................... 24,552 801 2,536 3,250 2,048 4,517 2,621 3,881 1,671 3,226 13.0

 Two ............................................... 14,122 846 1,891 2,432 1,105 2,236 1,531 1,022 960 2,099 15.1

 Three ............................................ 7,335 606 1,497 1,719 587 820 333 491 503 779 19.9

 Four to Nine .................................. 8,789 598 1,748 1,644 818 1,261 283 621 628 1,188 18.2

 Ten or More .................................. 3,975 Q 1,070 610 Q 641 Q 424 Q 589 24.6

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 13,885 588 1,842 2,409 1,174 1,775 1,277 2,293 889 1,636 16.3

 5 to 9 ............................................. 6,291 229 829 1,296 468 1,086 545 451 490 896 21.0

 10 to 19 ......................................... 7,102 462 855 1,140 371 1,018 887 795 641 932 17.9

 20 to 49 ......................................... 9,132 490 1,318 1,386 1,004 1,512 762 938 486 1,237 14.1

 50 to 99 ......................................... 6,931 491 773 1,056 448 1,476 575 682 524 905 16.7

 100 to 249 ..................................... 5,988 330 1,100 1,069 510 990 331 435 376 848 20.6

 250 or More .................................. 9,443 550 2,027 1,298 691 1,618 540 843 449 1,426 15.2

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 6,134 171 948 1,106 495 850 472 989 425 678 20.8

 40 to 48 ......................................... 13,233 542 1,626 2,314 1,206 2,197 1,247 1,468 1,070 1,563 15.5

 49 to 60 ......................................... 12,242 706 1,776 1,632 746 2,128 1,021 1,637 789 1,806 15.9

 61 to 84 ......................................... 10,052 787 1,324 1,857 769 1,827 663 787 466 1,574 17.6

 85 to 167 ....................................... 6,202 402 1,009 1,127 507 721 522 562 427 926 17.8

 Open Continuously ....................... 10,908 533 2,060 1,619 945 1,752 993 995 678 1,334 13.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

74 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-5. Census Region and Division, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Census Region and Division

RSE

Row

Factor

Northeast Midwest South West

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East

North

Central

West

North

Central

South

Atlantic

East

South

Central

West

South

Central Mountain Pacific

0.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.0

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 46,696 2,354 6,592 8,088 3,326 7,731 4,300 5,025 2,899 6,381 9.6

 Owner Occupied ......................... 35,573 1,909 5,064 6,653 2,750 5,549 3,601 3,514 2,249 4,284 10.2

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 9,697 415 1,207 1,139 505 2,005 584 1,251 608 1,982 20.9

 Unoccupied ................................. 1,426 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 56.1

 Government Owned ...................... 12,076 786 2,151 1,567 1,342 1,744 617 1,413 956 1,500 13.9

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 15,844 905 2,383 2,734 957 2,650 1,323 1,676 759 2,457 14.3

 No ................................................. 42,928 2,235 6,360 6,921 3,711 6,825 3,594 4,762 3,097 5,424 10.1

Number of Establishments

 One ............................................... 41,057 2,077 5,988 6,732 3,757 6,033 3,688 4,602 3,002 5,178 9.9

 2 to 5 ............................................. 7,325 466 935 1,508 347 1,097 497 719 489 1,265 19.7

 6 to 10 ........................................... 2,672 Q 359 304 161 637 320 262 Q 416 22.0

 11 to 20 ......................................... 2,228 Q 304 283 Q 677 Q Q Q 336 21.6

 More than 20 ................................. 3,943 Q 754 531 Q 842 Q 463 Q 551 23.2

 Currently Unoccupied ................... 1,548 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 53.4

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 42,958 2,273 6,900 7,174 3,330 7,546 3,463 4,056 3,266 4,949 9.6

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 3,243 349 362 719 222 213 193 327 Q 779 27.8

 Metal Panels ................................. 5,694 186 696 1,058 759 715 827 938 186 329 22.7

 Concrete Panels ........................... 4,069 234 203 416 209 566 243 751 225 1,222 25.0

 Window Glass ............................... 1,755 Q 330 183 Q 272 Q 254 Q 377 26.5

 Other ............................................. 660 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 162 28.7

 No One Major Type ...................... 393 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 76.9

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 24,481 1,044 3,230 3,649 1,275 4,059 1,916 3,121 2,055 4,130 12.9

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 11,093 679 1,952 1,888 942 1,555 1,093 834 789 1,361 15.7

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 7,941 327 660 1,160 731 1,283 1,277 1,572 357 575 16.9

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 10,235 709 2,150 2,064 1,511 1,491 489 467 474 879 14.7

 Slate or Tile ................................... 1,920 155 251 303 Q 348 Q Q Q 509 26.7

 Wooden Materials ......................... 1,130 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 254 48.6

 Concrete ....................................... 1,335 Q Q Q Q 430 Q Q Q Q 45.2

 Other ............................................. 332 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 51.4

 No One Major Type ...................... 305 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 67.6

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 57,076 3,072 8,372 9,422 4,465 9,301 4,674 6,183 3,821 7,766 8.5

 Natural Gas ................................... 38,145 1,433 5,674 7,553 3,352 4,802 3,163 4,326 2,624 5,217 10.9

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 14,421 2,002 3,421 1,701 980 2,742 724 709 419 1,722 15.3

 District Heat .................................. 5,658 226 1,542 1,214 688 364 130 544 Q 631 22.4

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 Q 237 365 414 327 Q 495 118 414 26.0

 Propane ........................................ 5,344 834 855 688 405 1,157 586 270 Q 460 28.8

 Other ............................................. 2,336 Q 544 400 Q 231 Q Q Q 220 29.5

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 54,347 3,043 8,137 9,021 4,490 8,518 4,424 5,958 3,726 7,030 8.8

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 49,935 2,450 7,073 7,927 4,106 8,568 4,286 5,752 3,289 6,484 9.0

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 51,560 2,884 7,894 8,520 3,997 8,230 4,142 5,139 3,689 7,065 8.8

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 20,713 1,263 3,371 3,534 1,250 3,923 1,138 2,112 1,126 2,995 11.9

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 3,893 213 470 625 432 705 338 414 Q 545 26.9

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 13,366 1,032 2,845 1,828 910 2,665 669 1,025 559 1,832 13.9

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 75
Table BC-5. Census Region and Division, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Census Region and Division

RSE

Row

Factor

Northeast Midwest South West

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East

North

Central

West

North

Central

South

Atlantic

East

South

Central

West

South

Central Mountain Pacific

0.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.0

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 4,425 Q 605 633 178 957 493 480 Q 851 28.9

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,227 195 824 901 271 979 452 947 Q 1,173 24.8

 51 to 99 ......................................... 8,868 817 1,684 820 660 1,027 707 1,121 421 1,611 19.2

 100 ................................................ 39,252 2,031 5,630 7,301 3,559 6,512 3,265 3,889 2,819 4,246 8.9

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 8,837 690 1,669 1,728 562 907 631 686 566 1,397 20.7

 1 to 50 ........................................... 15,027 1,025 2,759 3,178 1,236 1,883 1,243 1,186 766 1,751 15.0

 51 to 99 ......................................... 12,549 837 2,226 1,821 1,219 2,093 786 1,382 589 1,595 15.2

 100 ................................................ 22,359 588 2,088 2,927 1,651 4,592 2,257 3,184 1,934 3,137 11.4

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 189 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 69.9

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,008 224 906 1,304 294 726 500 946 266 843 22.5

 51 to 99 ......................................... 9,692 749 1,669 1,525 722 1,198 659 1,154 683 1,333 19.3

 100 ................................................ 40,514 2,060 5,727 6,491 3,383 7,170 3,488 3,950 2,805 5,440 9.6

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 2,369 Q 427 326 Q 324 Q 354 Q 258 34.8

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 5,843 137 520 345 434 1,648 1,140 401 469 750 18.6

 Furnaces ....................................... 14,923 624 2,107 3,430 1,555 1,990 1,059 1,448 1,104 1,606 15.1

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 16,809 780 2,613 3,264 1,132 2,563 1,450 1,770 899 2,338 16.2

 District Heat .................................. 5,911 235 1,598 1,239 745 396 140 565 Q 623 22.3

 Boilers ........................................... 16,754 1,853 3,357 3,096 1,384 2,091 747 1,114 1,128 1,984 12.3

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 16,893 634 1,944 1,768 1,100 3,109 1,657 2,672 1,085 2,924 14.5

 Other ............................................. 6,249 610 1,369 1,220 370 1,001 261 653 196 569 23.2

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 9,238 416 1,287 1,770 964 1,666 634 1,426 549 526 16.5

 Heat Pumps .................................. 6,931 185 609 469 443 2,032 1,110 474 533 1,076 18.3

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 12,494 1,086 2,639 2,578 973 1,900 730 1,068 443 1,077 15.1

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 Q 237 365 414 327 Q 495 118 414 26.0

 Central Chillers ............................. 11,065 540 1,962 1,727 826 2,018 611 1,107 785 1,488 15.3

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 26,628 1,186 4,182 3,988 1,929 4,528 2,148 3,061 1,715 3,891 12.1

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 2,451 Q Q Q Q Q Q 378 928 815 28.0

 Other ............................................. 949 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 40.5

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 46,355 2,593 6,447 7,488 4,132 7,701 4,026 5,016 3,011 5,941 9.7

 Wall Insulation .............................. 31,694 1,516 4,411 5,266 3,201 5,389 2,997 3,492 1,807 3,615 10.2

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 28,876 1,778 4,664 6,051 3,413 4,448 1,947 2,080 2,090 2,404 11.1

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 24,245 760 2,825 3,579 1,895 4,400 1,750 2,825 1,939 4,271 10.9

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 37,208 1,880 5,153 5,556 3,142 6,443 3,096 3,600 2,693 5,646 9.3

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 13,473 733 2,116 2,276 1,302 1,894 717 1,324 938 2,173 13.7

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 16,550 1,070 3,077 3,119 1,617 2,157 683 1,196 1,265 2,367 13.0

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 43,134 2,719 6,819 6,896 3,527 7,224 3,140 4,185 3,044 5,580 9.7

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 6,453 387 1,236 1,118 396 784 275 720 391 1,147 18.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

76 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-5. Census Region and Division, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Census Region and Division

RSE

Row

Factor

Northeast Midwest South West

New

England

Middle

Atlantic

East

North

Central

West

North

Central

South

Atlantic

East

South

Central

West

South

Central Mountain Pacific

0.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.0

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 17,868 991 3,367 2,945 1,380 2,836 1,047 1,887 835 2,580 13.5

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 28,375 2,000 4,869 4,258 2,018 4,852 1,835 2,632 1,604 4,306 10.3

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 6,431 252 1,069 951 532 1,306 342 520 457 1,001 19.0

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 5,958 568 1,155 679 244 866 209 402 370 1,465 21.8

 Time Clock .................................... 13,262 752 2,482 1,802 687 2,456 594 1,103 710 2,676 13.4

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 13,056 723 1,914 2,379 783 2,391 831 1,326 784 1,926 14.5

 Other ............................................. 2,836 Q 621 316 174 334 Q 297 Q 560 25.9

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features .......... 55,288 3,028 8,090 9,229 4,504 9,066 4,413 5,660 3,751 7,547 8.7

 Building Shell ................................ 53,190 2,860 7,605 8,730 4,432 8,875 4,300 5,582 3,544 7,263 8.9

 HVAC ............................................ 44,657 2,725 7,129 7,138 3,627 7,468 3,174 4,262 3,147 5,988 9.7

 Lighting ......................................... 38,537 2,284 6,636 6,516 2,978 6,276 2,276 3,535 2,393 5,643 9.2

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 77
Table BC-6. Climate Zone, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Average Annual Heating and Cooling

Degree-Days (HDD and CDD)

All

Buildings

Average Annual Heating and Cooling

Degree-Days (HDD and CDD)

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

More

than

2,000

CDD

and

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

More

than

2,000

CDD

and

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

More

than

7,000

HDD

5,500

to

7,000

HDD

4,000

to

5,499

HDD

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

More

than

7,000

HDD

5,500

to

7,000

HDD

4,000

to

5,499

HDD

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

0.6 1.7 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.4 1.3 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0

All Buildings ................................ 4,579 493 975 1,070 1,103 937 58,772 5,098 14,597 15,155 13,491 10,430 9.1

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................. 2,399 287 511 516 568 517 6,338 803 1,422 1,302 1,465 1,347 13.4

 5,001 to 10,000 ........................... 1,035 96 194 298 226 220 7,530 722 1,436 2,188 1,616 1,569 15.6

 10,001 to 25,000 ......................... 745 76 164 162 218 125 11,617 1,185 2,501 2,464 3,458 2,009 14.2

 25,001 to 50,000 ......................... 213 19 52 47 52 42 7,676 664 1,853 1,745 1,953 1,460 11.1

 50,001 to 100,000 ....................... 115 10 32 25 25 22 7,968 677 2,218 1,790 1,710 1,574 12.4

 100,001 to 200,000 ..................... 48 4 15 13 10 7 6,776 498 2,160 1,877 1,324 917 14.2

 200,001 to 500,000 ..................... 19 1 5 6 3 3 5,553 368 1,565 1,801 1,106 713 16.0

 Over 500,000 ............................... 6 Q 2 2 1 1 5,313 Q 1,444 1,988 860 841 17.5

Principal Building Activity

 Education .................................... 309 14 54 55 105 81 7,740 665 2,373 2,105 1,314 1,284 16.9

 Food Sales .................................. 137 Q Q Q 38 47 642 Q Q Q 216 182 23.9

 Food Service .............................. 285 Q 56 49 73 77 1,353 Q 378 259 316 272 23.5

 Health Care ................................. 105 Q 23 25 24 29 2,333 Q 565 519 545 535 25.9

 Lodging ........................................ 158 14 26 28 53 37 3,618 268 1,004 465 1,240 641 23.3

 Mercantile and Service ................ 1,289 163 306 351 255 214 12,728 1,431 2,929 3,244 2,757 2,366 14.5

 Office ........................................... 705 69 143 144 223 125 10,478 666 2,497 3,331 2,545 1,440 14.5

 Public Assembly .......................... 326 49 51 111 54 62 3,948 471 890 1,134 852 602 22.5

 Public Order and Safety .............. 87 Q 38 29 5 Q 1,271 Q 423 388 181 Q 36.8

 Religious Worship ....................... 269 Q 51 61 61 62 2,792 Q 609 796 717 432 22.6

 Warehouse and Storage ............. 580 74 149 124 116 116 8,481 518 2,043 1,904 2,095 1,922 21.3

 Other ........................................... 67 Q Q Q 8 Q 1,004 Q 205 Q 198 Q 40.8

 Vacant ......................................... 261 Q 47 64 89 57 2,384 Q 542 774 516 482 26.7

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ............................. 353 50 126 130 20 26 3,673 379 1,511 1,375 216 192 25.2

 1920 to 1945 ............................... 562 65 192 116 99 90 6,710 520 2,569 1,792 1,061 769 18.5

 1946 to 1959 ............................... 867 74 222 214 184 173 9,298 795 2,382 2,463 2,025 1,633 14.7

 1960 to 1969 ............................... 718 89 103 168 204 154 10,858 1,312 2,013 2,795 2,687 2,051 14.7

 1970 to 1979 ............................... 813 56 129 146 262 219 11,333 857 2,398 2,574 3,123 2,381 12.7

 1980 to 1989 ............................... 846 103 146 163 237 197 12,252 782 2,748 2,816 3,269 2,638 14.3

 1990 to 1992 ............................... 218 Q 35 52 71 41 2,590 Q 565 751 706 394 24.4

 1993 to 1995 ............................... 202 36 23 81 Q 36 2,059 279 411 590 406 373 27.1

Floors

 One .............................................. 3,018 257 538 622 805 795 24,552 1,787 4,925 5,032 6,449 6,358 11.7

 Two .............................................. 1,002 146 226 277 240 113 14,122 1,618 3,068 3,666 3,595 2,175 13.3

 Three ........................................... 399 76 168 108 31 17 7,335 884 2,755 2,039 1,029 628 17.5

 Four to Nine ................................. 148 14 41 58 24 11 8,789 729 2,820 2,843 1,519 878 19.4

 Ten or More ................................. 12 Q 2 5 3 1 3,975 Q 1,029 1,575 900 391 19.4

Census Region

 Northeast ..................................... 725 117 347 261 Q Q 11,883 1,094 4,956 5,833 Q Q 13.5

 Midwest ....................................... 1,139 335 513 291 Q Q 14,322 3,598 7,615 3,109 Q Q 14.6

 South ........................................... 1,750 Q Q 347 603 799 20,830 Q Q 4,342 7,778 8,711 13.7

 West ............................................ 964 41 114 170 501 138 11,736 406 2,026 1,872 5,713 1,719 17.2

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

78 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-6. Climate Zone, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Average Annual Heating and Cooling

Degree-Days (HDD and CDD)

All

Buildings

Average Annual Heating and Cooling

Degree-Days (HDD and CDD)

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

More

than

2,000

CDD

and

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

More

than

2,000

CDD

and

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

More

than

7,000

HDD

5,500

to

7,000

HDD

4,000

to

5,499

HDD

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

More

than

7,000

HDD

5,500

to

7,000

HDD

4,000

to

5,499

HDD

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

0.6 1.7 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.4 1.3 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ............................... 2,505 269 534 622 532 547 13,885 1,261 3,096 3,531 3,072 2,925 13.8

 5 to 9 ........................................... 798 89 177 146 232 154 6,291 665 1,779 1,279 1,622 946 17.9

 10 to 19 ....................................... 625 87 120 141 156 121 7,102 812 1,609 1,504 1,742 1,435 16.2

 20 to 49 ....................................... 400 30 88 106 108 67 9,132 870 2,215 2,334 2,329 1,385 13.9

 50 to 99 ....................................... 138 11 25 24 46 31 6,931 601 1,829 1,514 1,624 1,362 13.1

 100 to 249 ................................... 71 4 21 18 16 11 5,988 475 1,699 1,747 1,121 945 14.8

 250 or More ................................. 43 2 9 12 14 6 9,443 413 2,370 3,246 1,981 1,433 16.8

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................. 899 109 164 227 194 205 6,134 612 1,158 1,736 1,215 1,413 17.9

 40 to 48 ....................................... 1,257 125 275 259 327 271 13,233 947 3,327 3,293 2,987 2,679 14.4

 49 to 60 ....................................... 969 106 223 193 259 188 12,242 968 2,943 2,999 3,207 2,125 13.9

 61 to 84 ....................................... 567 63 112 142 131 119 10,052 1,145 2,610 2,483 2,165 1,650 15.1

 85 to 167 ..................................... 420 44 90 128 94 65 6,202 611 1,848 1,582 1,334 827 15.4

 Open Continuously ...................... 466 47 111 121 97 90 10,908 816 2,710 3,063 2,583 1,737 15.8

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .............. 4,025 455 859 943 952 817 46,696 4,013 11,271 11,717 11,144 8,551 9.8

 Owner Occupied ........................ 3,158 393 691 774 694 605 35,573 3,362 9,088 8,930 7,952 6,241 10.5

 Nonowner Occupied .................. 698 60 131 130 212 165 9,697 627 1,887 2,297 2,929 1,957 17.3

 Unoccupied ............................... 170 Q 37 38 46 46 1,426 Q 296 490 263 354 34.1

 Government Owned .................... 553 39 116 127 151 121 12,076 1,084 3,326 3,439 2,347 1,879 13.7

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive

Months

 Yes .............................................. 787 62 137 200 231 159 15,844 1,179 3,653 4,324 3,834 2,854 14.0

 No ................................................ 3,791 432 838 870 872 779 42,928 3,919 10,944 10,831 9,658 7,576 9.8

Number of Establishments

 One .............................................. 3,712 398 781 871 895 768 41,057 3,829 10,565 10,105 9,530 7,028 10.0

 2 to 5 ........................................... 530 84 130 125 91 100 7,325 853 1,771 1,897 1,582 1,222 16.7

 6 to 10 ......................................... 91 Q 10 14 46 13 2,672 206 462 743 798 464 21.4

 11 to 20 ....................................... 28 Q 6 8 7 5 2,228 Q 440 725 495 463 17.7

 More than 20 ............................... 31 Q Q 5 Q 5 3,943 Q 1,050 1,114 812 886 22.9

 Currently Unoccupied .................. 187 Q 38 48 53 47 1,548 Q 311 572 274 367 32.4

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ....................................... 3,061 264 699 676 813 608 42,958 3,480 11,196 11,206 9,762 7,315 9.9

 Siding or Shingles ....................... 639 133 95 222 101 87 3,243 556 700 1,098 525 365 24.6

 Metal Panels ................................ 662 88 141 140 114 178 5,694 769 1,259 1,369 1,045 1,252 17.6

 Concrete Panels .......................... 106 Q 9 6 48 40 4,069 144 882 597 1,399 1,047 21.8

 Window Glass ............................. 46 Q Q Q 20 Q 1,755 Q 336 523 562 250 29.3

 Other ........................................... 50 Q Q Q Q Q 660 Q 136 141 166 156 33.1

 No One Major Type ..................... 15 Q Q Q Q Q 393 Q Q Q Q Q 77.1

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ........................................ 1,369 86 304 297 369 313 24,481 1,353 5,672 6,064 6,214 5,177 12.6

 Shingles (Not Wood) ................... 1,486 194 296 407 351 238 11,093 1,057 2,806 3,353 2,337 1,541 15.0

 Metal Surfacing ........................... 908 131 158 187 189 243 7,941 988 1,357 1,484 2,115 1,998 15.4

 Synthetic or Rubber ..................... 351 51 119 83 49 49 10,235 1,517 3,423 2,942 1,548 806 15.4

 Slate or Tile ................................. 202 Q 22 37 66 54 1,920 Q 410 465 580 340 24.6

 Wooden Materials ....................... 152 Q 41 49 51 Q 1,130 Q 353 394 339 Q 37.4

 Concrete ...................................... 58 Q Q Q Q 27 1,335 Q 431 Q 243 416 39.6

 Other ........................................... 36 Q Q Q Q Q 332 Q Q Q Q Q 57.0

 No One Major Type ..................... Q Q Q Q Q Q 305 Q Q Q Q Q 62.8

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 79
Table BC-6. Climate Zone, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Average Annual Heating and Cooling

Degree-Days (HDD and CDD)

All

Buildings

Average Annual Heating and Cooling

Degree-Days (HDD and CDD)

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

More

than

2,000

CDD

and

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

More

than

2,000

CDD

and

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

More

than

7,000

HDD

5,500

to

7,000

HDD

4,000

to

5,499

HDD

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

More

than

7,000

HDD

5,500

to

7,000

HDD

4,000

to

5,499

HDD

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

0.6 1.7 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.4 1.3 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ..................................... 4,343 466 936 1,006 1,051 885 57,076 4,934 14,356 14,559 13,268 9,960 8.8

 Natural Gas ................................. 2,478 265 626 490 674 423 38,145 3,399 10,754 9,094 9,598 5,300 10.0

 Fuel Oil ........................................ 607 110 149 259 52 38 14,421 1,798 3,724 5,250 2,343 1,307 17.2

 District Heat ................................. 110 3 30 44 10 Q 5,658 267 1,919 2,292 537 643 20.2

 District Chilled Water ................... 53 Q 8 16 6 Q 2,521 Q 624 632 432 726 27.9

 Propane ....................................... 589 117 140 141 117 75 5,344 1,092 1,220 1,325 978 730 24.1

 Other ........................................... 213 36 62 56 24 34 2,336 322 610 769 405 230 26.2

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ...... 4,024 443 877 927 955 822 54,347 4,901 13,937 14,147 12,350 9,014 9.1

 Buildings with Cooling ................. 3,381 321 656 714 887 803 49,935 4,115 11,903 12,620 11,981 9,315 8.8

 Buildings with Water Heating ...... 3,486 384 771 822 864 645 51,560 4,499 13,291 13,546 11,982 8,241 8.9

 Buildings with Cooking ................ 828 96 157 203 208 164 20,713 1,511 5,610 5,758 4,570 3,263 11.2

 Buildings with Manufacturing ....... 204 28 27 53 45 51 3,893 476 701 1,024 807 884 25.6

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation .................................. 247 11 87 76 44 28 13,366 931 3,633 4,226 2,832 1,745 15.8

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................. 554 Q 98 142 148 116 4,425 Q 661 1,009 1,142 1,416 21.0

 1 to 50 ......................................... 555 46 104 150 113 142 6,227 428 1,000 1,454 1,640 1,705 20.7

 51 to 99 ....................................... 633 117 124 142 148 102 8,868 888 1,781 2,716 2,095 1,388 16.9

 100 .............................................. 2,836 281 649 636 694 577 39,252 3,585 11,155 9,976 8,615 5,922 9.3

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................. 1,198 172 319 355 217 135 8,837 982 2,695 2,535 1,510 1,115 18.3

 1 to 50 ......................................... 930 119 220 253 177 161 15,027 1,794 4,284 4,327 2,789 1,833 14.4

 51 to 99 ....................................... 635 90 144 133 141 128 12,549 1,186 3,343 3,616 2,441 1,962 14.5

 100 .............................................. 1,816 112 292 328 569 515 22,359 1,135 4,275 4,677 6,751 5,520 10.5

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ............................................. 36 Q Q Q Q Q 189 Q Q Q Q Q 66.4

 1 to 50 ......................................... 666 82 168 183 109 124 6,008 440 1,610 1,499 1,324 1,135 17.9

 51 to 99 ....................................... 745 115 158 149 186 136 9,692 1,063 2,652 2,339 2,153 1,485 18.1

 100 .............................................. 2,814 261 586 640 725 603 40,514 3,379 9,960 10,519 9,453 7,202 9.7

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .................... 318 Q 55 92 75 60 2,369 Q 343 788 474 551 28.4

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps ................................. 394 4 19 110 165 97 5,843 254 586 1,756 1,944 1,303 17.6

 Furnaces ..................................... 1,676 260 464 465 297 190 14,923 1,893 4,325 3,993 3,128 1,584 13.8

 Individual Space Heaters ............ 1,188 134 199 294 319 242 16,809 1,550 4,434 4,734 3,859 2,231 14.9

 District Heat ................................. 115 3 31 45 11 Q 5,911 299 2,001 2,376 585 651 20.0

 Boilers ......................................... 610 110 235 165 67 33 16,754 2,125 5,565 4,833 2,985 1,247 13.2

 Packaged Heating Units .............. 1,031 40 116 138 387 350 16,893 917 3,010 3,395 5,412 4,159 12.6

 Other ........................................... 161 Q 49 27 8 35 6,249 702 1,850 1,886 725 1,087 22.5

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

80 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-6. Climate Zone, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Average Annual Heating and Cooling

Degree-Days (HDD and CDD)

All

Buildings

Average Annual Heating and Cooling

Degree-Days (HDD and CDD)

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

More

than

2,000

CDD

and

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

More

than

2,000

CDD

and

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

More

than

7,000

HDD

5,500

to

7,000

HDD

4,000

to

5,499

HDD

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

More

than

7,000

HDD

5,500

to

7,000

HDD

4,000

to

5,499

HDD

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

0.6 1.7 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.4 1.3 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners .......................... 878 121 229 188 133 207 9,238 933 2,265 2,554 1,533 1,952 14.9

 Heat Pumps ................................. 457 4 18 134 193 108 6,931 298 655 2,204 2,352 1,421 16.5

 Individual Air Conditioners ........... 862 105 183 238 152 183 12,494 1,361 3,585 3,844 2,029 1,675 14.1

 District Chilled Water ................... 53 Q 8 16 6 Q 2,521 Q 624 632 432 726 27.9

 Central Chillers ............................ 109 8 24 24 25 28 11,065 643 2,922 3,181 2,581 1,737 15.7

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ........................................... 1,431 112 276 239 452 353 26,628 2,117 6,153 6,616 6,939 4,804 10.6

 Swamp Coolers ........................... 186 Q Q Q 79 61 2,451 Q 412 157 893 847 32.5

 Other ........................................... 18 Q 5 7 Q Q 949 Q 360 283 Q Q 34.9

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ............................... 2,479 294 535 584 538 529 35,715 2,910 9,694 9,851 7,105 6,155 9.8

 Standard Fluorescent .................. 3,885 422 846 881 970 766 53,984 4,688 13,689 13,858 12,579 9,170 8.8

 Compact Fluorescent .................. 364 62 72 108 68 54 14,273 1,195 3,796 4,527 2,709 2,046 15.1

 High-Intensity Discharge ............. 393 40 122 120 58 52 16,259 1,487 4,925 5,079 2,664 2,104 13.1

 Halogen ....................................... 302 15 94 81 70 42 9,665 569 2,986 2,686 2,046 1,379 16.9

 Other ........................................... 30 Q Q Q Q Q 554 Q Q Q Q Q 82.6

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation ............ 3,380 399 694 820 766 701 46,355 4,561 11,267 11,885 10,339 8,302 9.7

 Wall Insulation ............................. 2,372 335 453 565 563 456 31,694 3,621 7,580 8,159 7,300 5,035 10.3

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............ 1,897 348 522 504 362 160 28,876 4,002 8,567 8,129 5,233 2,945 11.1

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................ 1,202 99 203 217 404 279 24,245 1,637 5,382 5,853 6,459 4,915 11.3

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ................... 2,271 224 419 526 643 460 37,208 3,174 8,946 9,799 8,736 6,554 10.1

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ....... 327 21 88 65 103 49 13,473 964 4,053 3,398 3,282 1,777 15.2

 Economizer Cycle ....................... 461 77 130 86 106 62 16,550 1,819 5,002 4,853 3,259 1,617 13.3

 HVAC Maintenance ..................... 2,403 273 599 506 577 448 43,134 3,759 11,647 11,170 9,743 6,815 9.4

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................. 198 Q 41 37 72 29 6,453 460 1,843 1,764 1,518 868 21.2

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ..................... 749 108 158 204 175 105 17,868 1,615 4,253 5,655 3,793 2,552 12.8

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............. 1,363 136 311 327 368 221 28,375 2,471 7,312 8,010 6,498 4,084 11.2

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ...................................... 237 10 43 89 58 37 6,431 371 1,499 1,976 1,667 918 20.3

 Occupancy Sensors .................... 131 20 28 33 33 17 5,958 467 1,511 1,667 1,728 585 22.5

 Time Clock .................................. 467 26 120 121 123 77 13,262 482 3,202 4,080 3,177 2,322 15.2

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............ 501 56 133 111 132 68 13,056 927 3,540 3,596 3,151 1,843 12.5

 Other ........................................... 79 3 21 9 30 15 2,836 317 872 586 757 304 28.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 81
Table BC-6. Climate Zone, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Average Annual Heating and Cooling

Degree-Days (HDD and CDD)

All

Buildings

Average Annual Heating and Cooling

Degree-Days (HDD and CDD)

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

More

than

2,000

CDD

and

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

More

than

2,000

CDD

and

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

More

than

7,000

HDD

5,500

to

7,000

HDD

4,000

to

5,499

HDD

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

More

than

7,000

HDD

5,500

to

7,000

HDD

4,000

to

5,499

HDD

Fewer

than

4,000

HDD

0.6 1.7 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.4 1.3 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features ......... 4,075 456 885 954 971 809 55,288 4,965 13,943 14,379 12,491 9,510 9.1

 Building Shell ............................... 3,906 442 815 915 945 788 53,190 4,816 13,137 13,825 12,165 9,247 9.2

 HVAC .......................................... 2,529 288 632 542 608 458 44,657 3,912 11,943 11,613 10,211 6,979 9.4

 Lighting ........................................ 2,084 229 511 507 521 316 38,537 3,303 10,471 10,712 8,471 5,580 9.7

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

82 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-7. Metropolitan Status, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All Buildings Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan All Buildings Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan

0.8 0.9 1.8 0.6 0.7 1.6

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 3,082 1,497 58,772 47,383 11,389 5.0

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 1,457 942 6,338 3,948 2,390 7.2

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 711 324 7,530 5,167 2,363 9.5

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 578 167 11,617 8,997 2,620 9.0

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 178 35 7,676 6,428 1,248 8.3

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 92 23 7,968 6,436 1,531 8.2

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 43 6 6,776 6,001 776 10.7

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 17 1 5,553 5,162 391 12.9

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 6 Q 5,313 5,243 Q 12.0

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 256 53 7,740 6,140 1,601 11.2

 Food Sales .................................... 137 92 45 642 470 172 17.3

 Food Service ................................ 285 198 86 1,353 1,014 339 15.3

 Health Care ................................... 105 79 26 2,333 1,887 446 15.2

 Lodging ......................................... 158 118 41 3,618 3,078 540 15.3

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 852 437 12,728 9,919 2,808 9.1

 Office ............................................ 705 524 181 10,478 9,507 971 9.6

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 189 137 3,948 3,045 903 14.3

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 60 28 1,271 951 321 27.4

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 147 122 2,792 1,989 803 14.7

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 349 231 8,481 6,598 1,883 13.7

 Other ............................................. 67 47 Q 1,004 830 Q 33.2

 Vacant ........................................... 261 171 90 2,384 1,955 429 19.1

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 235 118 3,673 2,811 862 15.5

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 379 182 6,710 5,301 1,409 12.2

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 597 270 9,298 7,134 2,164 8.8

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 457 262 10,858 8,490 2,368 8.8

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 569 244 11,333 9,424 1,909 7.9

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 580 266 12,252 10,608 1,644 9.3

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 137 81 2,590 2,050 540 16.3

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 129 73 2,059 1,565 494 18.2

Floors

 One ............................................... 3,018 1,955 1,063 24,552 18,287 6,265 6.7

 Two ............................................... 1,002 656 346 14,122 10,873 3,249 7.7

 Three ............................................ 399 328 71 7,335 6,249 1,085 12.5

 Four to Nine .................................. 148 131 17 8,789 8,003 786 13.6

 Ten or More .................................. 12 12 Q 3,975 3,972 Q 14.7

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 563 163 11,883 10,413 1,470 11.3

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 680 459 14,322 10,742 3,580 9.8

 South ............................................ 1,750 1,109 641 20,830 16,011 4,820 7.2

 West .............................................. 964 730 234 11,736 10,217 1,519 13.2

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................ 493 185 308 5,098 2,487 2,611 19.0

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................... 975 769 206 14,597 12,720 1,878 11.3

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................... 1,070 614 456 15,155 12,168 2,987 15.7

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 1,103 823 281 13,491 11,150 2,342 15.6

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 937 691 246 10,430 8,858 1,572 14.6

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 1,474 1,031 13,885 9,178 4,707 7.7

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 579 218 6,291 4,785 1,506 10.8

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 481 144 7,102 5,646 1,456 9.8

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 329 71 9,132 7,687 1,445 9.2

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 114 23 6,931 5,577 1,354 11.1

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 64 7 5,988 5,448 540 11.6

 250 or More .................................. 43 41 2 9,443 9,062 381 14.2

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 83
Table BC-7. Metropolitan Status, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All Buildings Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan All Buildings Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan

0.8 0.9 1.8 0.6 0.7 1.6

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 501 398 6,134 3,983 2,151 10.2

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 858 399 13,233 10,172 3,061 8.2

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 667 303 12,242 9,804 2,438 9.2

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 432 135 10,052 8,742 1,310 10.7

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 302 118 6,202 5,290 911 10.6

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 322 144 10,908 9,392 1,517 9.6

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 4,025 2,644 1,381 46,696 37,517 9,179 5.5

 Owner Occupied ......................... 3,158 2,007 1,151 35,573 27,955 7,618 5.8

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 698 523 175 9,697 8,383 1,314 11.4

 Unoccupied ................................. 170 114 56 1,426 1,179 248 25.0

 Government Owned ...................... 553 438 116 12,076 9,866 2,210 8.6

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 787 574 214 15,844 13,881 1,963 9.3

 No ................................................. 3,791 2,508 1,283 42,928 33,502 9,426 5.5

Number of Establishments

 One ............................................... 3,712 2,428 1,284 41,057 31,582 9,475 5.2

 2 to 5 ............................................. 530 399 132 7,325 6,190 1,134 11.9

 6 to 10 ........................................... 91 76 15 2,672 2,389 283 17.6

 11 to 20 ......................................... 28 25 Q 2,228 2,081 Q 12.6

 More than 20 ................................. 31 23 Q 3,943 3,843 Q 21.6

 Currently Unoccupied ................... 187 131 56 1,548 1,298 250 23.9

Multibuilding Facility

 Part of Multibuilding Facility .......... 1,480 1,073 407 24,352 19,942 4,409 6.6

 Not on Multibuilding Facility .......... 3,099 2,009 1,090 34,420 27,441 6,980 5.7

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 3,061 2,142 919 42,958 35,036 7,922 5.6

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 639 374 265 3,243 2,182 1,061 15.8

 Metal Panels ................................. 662 360 302 5,694 3,583 2,111 10.9

 Concrete Panels ........................... 106 101 Q 4,069 3,903 Q 15.9

 Window Glass ............................... 46 45 Q 1,755 1,688 Q 23.7

 Other ............................................. 50 47 Q 660 635 Q 27.2

 No One Major Type ...................... 15 Q Q 393 357 Q 50.1

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 1,369 1,078 291 24,481 21,668 2,812 8.1

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 1,486 878 609 11,093 8,079 3,013 8.6

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 908 494 415 7,941 4,839 3,102 9.6

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 351 270 81 10,235 8,450 1,785 10.0

 Slate or Tile ................................... 202 161 41 1,920 1,695 225 18.7

 Wooden Materials ......................... 152 121 Q 1,130 927 Q 29.0

 Concrete ....................................... 58 48 Q 1,335 1,244 Q 31.1

 Other ............................................. 36 23 Q 332 228 Q 37.3

 No One Major Type ...................... Q Q Q 305 252 Q 42.8

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 2,951 1,392 57,076 46,149 10,927 4.8

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 1,807 671 38,145 32,053 6,092 6.0

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 378 230 14,421 12,181 2,240 11.6

 District Heat .................................. 110 105 5 5,658 5,411 247 19.1

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 50 Q 2,521 2,387 Q 22.2

 Propane ........................................ 589 319 270 5,344 3,051 2,293 14.7

 Other ............................................. 213 125 88 2,336 1,632 704 19.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

84 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-7. Metropolitan Status, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All Buildings Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan All Buildings Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan

0.8 0.9 1.8 0.6 0.7 1.6

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 2,767 1,258 54,347 44,269 10,078 5.2

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 2,384 996 49,935 41,361 8,573 5.1

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 2,437 1,049 51,560 42,617 8,942 5.2

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 599 228 20,713 17,516 3,197 6.9

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 159 45 3,893 3,295 598 18.3

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 187 59 13,366 11,880 1,485 12.0

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 315 239 4,425 3,114 1,311 13.8

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 402 153 6,227 5,015 1,212 12.6

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 426 207 8,868 7,282 1,586 12.1

 100 ................................................ 2,836 1,939 897 39,252 31,973 7,280 5.5

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 1,198 697 501 8,837 6,022 2,816 11.1

 1 to 50 ........................................... 930 647 283 15,027 11,664 3,362 9.1

 51 to 99 ......................................... 635 476 159 12,549 10,952 1,597 10.2

 100 ................................................ 1,816 1,262 554 22,359 18,745 3,614 6.6

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 Q Q 189 Q Q 44.1

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 431 235 6,008 4,374 1,635 11.0

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 498 248 9,692 7,553 2,138 11.6

 100 ................................................ 2,814 1,947 867 40,514 33,605 6,909 5.9

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 185 133 2,369 1,743 626 19.3

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 394 259 135 5,843 4,657 1,187 9.6

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,676 1,073 604 14,923 11,188 3,735 8.1

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,188 762 426 16,809 13,540 3,269 9.8

 District Heat .................................. 115 109 5 5,911 5,646 266 18.7

 Boilers ........................................... 610 453 157 16,754 14,022 2,731 8.8

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,031 810 221 16,893 14,858 2,035 8.2

 Other ............................................. 161 98 63 6,249 5,511 738 19.5

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 878 569 309 9,238 7,290 1,947 8.6

 Heat Pumps .................................. 457 297 161 6,931 5,557 1,374 9.7

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 862 568 294 12,494 9,620 2,874 8.5

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 50 Q 2,521 2,387 Q 22.2

 Central Chillers ............................. 109 92 17 11,065 10,226 839 12.7

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 1,431 1,109 322 26,628 22,847 3,782 7.7

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 186 139 46 2,451 2,139 312 24.3

 Other ............................................. 18 15 Q 949 852 Q 25.5

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 2,479 1,667 813 35,715 29,393 6,322 5.6

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 3,885 2,727 1,158 53,984 44,299 9,685 4.8

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 364 302 62 14,273 12,879 1,394 11.1

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 393 295 98 16,259 14,305 1,953 10.3

 Halogen ........................................ 302 232 70 9,665 8,611 1,055 12.2

 Other ............................................. 30 Q Q 554 497 Q 57.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 85
Table BC-7. Metropolitan Status, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All Buildings Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan All Buildings Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan

0.8 0.9 1.8 0.6 0.7 1.6

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None ............................................. 2,039 1,141 898 12,571 8,167 4,404 7.6

 1 to 4 ............................................. 1,408 1,014 395 11,401 8,735 2,665 8.4

 5 to 9 ............................................. 437 350 88 5,372 4,504 868 13.8

 10 to 19 ......................................... 344 276 67 5,947 5,057 890 13.5

 20 to 49 ......................................... 198 172 26 7,048 5,893 1,155 11.0

 50 to 99 ......................................... 81 62 19 4,938 4,130 808 12.0

 100 to 249 ..................................... 46 42 4 5,189 4,739 451 12.3

 250 or More .................................. 26 25 Q 6,307 6,159 Q 10.4

Energy-Related Space Functions

(more than one may apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ...... 828 599 228 20,713 17,516 3,197 6.9

 Computer Room ........................... 234 208 27 12,890 11,674 1,216 9.9

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water ................. 243 158 85 6,753 5,540 1,213 12.4

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 3,380 2,281 1,099 46,355 37,667 8,688 5.5

 Wall Insulation .............................. 2,372 1,567 805 31,694 25,191 6,503 6.0

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 1,897 1,226 671 28,876 22,984 5,892 6.5

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 1,202 859 343 24,245 20,978 3,267 6.9

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 2,271 1,605 667 37,208 30,893 6,315 5.7

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 327 279 48 13,473 12,152 1,321 11.6

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 461 386 75 16,550 14,783 1,767 10.0

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 2,403 1,783 620 43,134 36,455 6,679 5.9

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 198 165 33 6,453 5,835 618 12.7

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 749 583 167 17,868 15,818 2,050 9.4

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 1,363 1,016 347 28,375 24,271 4,103 7.5

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 237 207 29 6,431 5,861 570 14.3

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 131 96 35 5,958 5,237 721 17.1

 Time Clock .................................... 467 411 56 13,262 12,364 898 11.0

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 501 380 121 13,056 11,424 1,631 8.8

 Other ............................................. 79 61 Q 2,836 2,252 584 21.2

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features .......... 4,075 2,771 1,304 55,288 45,021 10,267 5.0

 Building Shell ................................ 3,906 2,659 1,247 53,190 43,296 9,894 5.2

 HVAC ............................................ 2,529 1,865 664 44,657 37,692 6,965 5.8

 Lighting ......................................... 2,084 1,585 498 38,537 33,068 5,469 6.3

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

86 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-8. Building Size, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Buildings by Size

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

5,000

Square

Feet

5,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

25,000

Square

Feet

25,001 to

50,000

Square

Feet

50,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

100,001 to

200,000

Square

Feet

200,001 to

500,000

Square

Feet

Over

500,000

Square

Feet

0.7 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 2,399 1,035 745 213 115 48 19 6 6.4

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 100 60 62 49 26 9 3 Q 15.1

 Food Sales .................................... 137 108 QQQQQQQ 20.1

 Food Service ................................ 285 210 52 QQQQQQ 17.2

 Health Care ................................... 105 57 Q 16 5 Q 2 2 1 23.2

 Lodging ......................................... 158 46 40 43 14 9 4 2Q 19.6

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 736 295 195 33 18822 13.4

 Office ............................................ 705 405 131 94 35 22 10 5 1 12.1

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 128 110 64 13 7 2 1Q 21.5

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 Q Q 23 QQQQQ 35.7

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 92 84 78 11 QQQQ 20.4

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 286 135 95 34 17931 18.2

 Other ............................................. 67 QQQQQQQQ 43.0

 Vacant ........................................... 261 149 68 34 4 3 Q Q Q 24.8

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 175 92 65 11 6 2 Q Q 21.0

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 309 145 70 17 11621 17.6

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 461 222 123 34 19 5 3 (*) 14.4

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 343 159 135 45 21 12 3 1 14.1

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 428 174 137 38 20941 12.5

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 422 151 186 46 26941 12.4

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 132 50 16 11 6 3 1 (*) 20.8

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 129 43 13 9 6 Q (*) (*) 26.7

Floors

 One ............................................... 3,018 1,894 618 358 90 37 16 4 1 9.8

 Two ............................................... 1,002 378 283 236 62 32821 12.4

 Three ............................................ 399 123 97 115 37 18 7 2 (*) 17.3

 Four to Nine .................................. 148 Q 37 35 24 26 14 7 1 16.2

 Ten or More .................................. 12 QQQQQ 3 4 2 13.9

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 351 162 139 38 20 10 5 2 13.7

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 638 224 181 48 28 14 5 1 12.9

 South ............................................ 1,750 953 380 276 74 42 17 6 1 10.8

 West .............................................. 964 457 269 149 53 24831 14.2

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 1,703 508 260 22 7 3 Q Q 12.6

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 421 222 128 16 9 Q Q Q 14.3

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 198 222 159 32 9 3 Q Q 15.1

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 62 79 150 71 31 5 1 Q 15.4

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 Q Q 33 44 30 13 2 Q 14.5

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 Q Q 8 24 20 12 5 1 15.0

 250 or More .................................. 43 Q Q Q Q 9 11 9 4 13.1

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 565 219 90 16 6 Q Q Q 14.6

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 665 282 214 55 26 10 2 Q 11.9

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 475 232 164 59 27831 13.1

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 241 139 121 32 19942 14.1

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 240 67 67 20 14 9 2 (*) 17.6

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 212 95 88 30 21 10 7 3 12.4

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 4,025 2,176 909 646 158 83 35 13 4 7.3

 Owner Occupied ......................... 3,158 1,746 704 503 109 58 24 10 4 7.8

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 698 325 163 126 47 24 10 3 (*) 15.9

 Unoccupied ................................. 170 105 QQQQQQQ 24.1

 Government Owned ...................... 553 223 125 98 55 32 13 6 1 12.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 87
Table BC-8. Building Size, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Buildings by Size

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

5,000

Square

Feet

5,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

25,000

Square

Feet

25,001 to

50,000

Square

Feet

50,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

100,001 to

200,000

Square

Feet

200,001 to

500,000

Square

Feet

Over

500,000

Square

Feet

0.7 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 3,061 1,454 749 545 170 91 35 14 4 7.4

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 639 465 116 50 5 QQQQ 18.9

 Metal Panels ................................. 662 390 146 97 18 7 2 Q (*) 17.4

 Concrete Panels ........................... 106 Q 10 30 14 12 6 2 (*) 18.7

 Window Glass ............................... 46 Q Q Q 43211 26.5

 Other ............................................. 50 Q Q Q Q Q Q (*) Q 32.7

 No One Major Type ...................... 15 QQQQQQQQ 71.8

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 1,369 591 331 258 97 54 25 10 3 9.9

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 1,486 915 331 191 29 14 4 1 (*) 14.0

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 908 512 192 158 29 13 3 1 Q 16.2

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 351 133 62 71 40 25 13 5 2 13.9

 Slate or Tile ................................... 202 105 60 21 10 4 Q Q Q 21.5

 Wooden Materials ......................... 152 72 50 QQQQQQ 30.3

 Concrete ....................................... 58 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q (*) 40.4

 Other ............................................. 36 QQQQQQQQ 58.7

 No One Major Type ...................... QQQQQQQQQ 100.0

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 2,252 970 724 211 114 47 19 6 6.3

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 1,112 614 474 146 82 33 13 4 7.4

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 333 96 92 31 28 14 10 4 14.0

 District Heat .................................. 110 Q Q 25 18 11841 17.1

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 Q Q Q 75521 23.7

 Propane ........................................ 589 354 117 89 16 9 3 1Q 19.8

 Other ............................................. 213 117 57 25 6 6 Q 1 Q 25.0

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 2,060 899 685 198 111 46 18 6 6.5

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 1,650 754 619 187 103 44 18 6 6.6

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 1,689 780 644 195 110 45 18 6 6.6

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 339 175 169 66 42 22 12 4 9.6

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 69 51 55 15 8 5 Q 1 23.9

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 55 48 59 26 30 14 10 4 15.3

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 339 135 59 14 4 Q Q Q 21.7

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 261 161 97 18 10511 20.4

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 286 161 136 27 12641 15.2

 100 ................................................ 2,836 1,513 576 452 153 89 35 13 4 7.1

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 1,198 749 280 125 26 12 4 1 Q 17.2

 1 to 50 ........................................... 930 363 254 196 65 34 12 5 1 12.9

 51 to 99 ......................................... 635 289 145 117 39 24 13 6 2 12.1

 100 ................................................ 1,816 998 355 307 83 45 19 7 2 9.6

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 QQQQQQQQ 58.6

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 363 150 120 18 11 2 Q Q 15.1

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 363 166 157 27 19931 14.8

 100 ................................................ 2,814 1,446 632 435 163 83 35 15 4 7.3

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 194 85 31 QQQQQ 22.2

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

88 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-8. Building Size, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Buildings by Size

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

5,000

Square

Feet

5,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

25,000

Square

Feet

25,001 to

50,000

Square

Feet

50,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

100,001 to

200,000

Square

Feet

200,001 to

500,000

Square

Feet

Over

500,000

Square

Feet

0.7 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 394 213 59 80 20 16431 15.9

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,676 898 441 257 49 20821 11.9

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,188 616 268 191 57 33 14 6 2 11.8

 District Heat .................................. 115 Q Q 27 18 11842 17.0

 Boilers ........................................... 610 199 135 128 70 46 20 9 2 12.3

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,031 483 193 216 75 41 15 6 2 10.9

 Other ............................................. 161 Q 22 50 14 11642 21.3

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 878 453 236 133 35 14531 13.6

 Heat Pumps .................................. 457 235 77 96 23 17531 15.0

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 862 467 171 134 47 25 11 6 1 11.9

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 Q Q Q 75521 23.7

 Central Chillers ............................. 109 Q Q 14 29 23 15 9 3 12.7

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 1,431 569 345 310 108 62 25 10 4 9.2

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 186 97 41 34 6 4 2 1Q 29.6

 Other ............................................. 18 QQQQQQQQ 33.1

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 2,479 1,205 613 431 115 69 29 14 5 7.7

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 3,885 1,952 868 684 200 111 45 18 6 6.3

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 364 101 75 89 41 30 15 10 3 13.2

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 393 79 93 107 46 34 20 10 4 12.8

 Halogen ........................................ 302 100 85 58 23 17 11 6 3 15.0

 Other ............................................. 30 QQQQQQQQ 63.3

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None ............................................. 2,039 1,323 456 222 25 9 3 1Q 15.0

 1 to 4 ............................................. 1,408 782 336 236 32 18 3 Q Q 12.1

 5 to 9 ............................................. 437 174 112 107 30 10 3 Q Q 17.1

 10 to 19 ......................................... 344 109 87 92 36 12 6 1 Q 18.8

 20 to 49 ......................................... 198 Q 32 74 44 27821 16.6

 50 to 99 ......................................... 81 Q Q 12 31 20 6 3 (*) 15.4

 100 to 249 ..................................... 46 Q Q Q 12 15941 14.6

 250 or More .................................. 26 QQQQ 6863 13.0

Energy-Related Space Functions

(more than one may apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ...... 828 339 175 169 66 42 22 12 4 9.6

 Computer Room ........................... 234 Q 57 52 38 29 17 10 3 12.5

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water ................. 243 97 42 57 20 13841 17.9

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 3,380 1,718 751 595 166 92 39 16 5 7.1

 Wall Insulation .............................. 2,372 1,238 480 447 108 59 26 10 4 8.0

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 1,897 909 430 357 100 60 26 11 3 8.1

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 1,202 514 262 246 92 47 24 12 4 9.1

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 2,271 1,048 468 481 137 85 33 15 4 7.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 89
Table BC-8. Building Size, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Buildings by Size

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

5,000

Square

Feet

5,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

25,000

Square

Feet

25,001 to

50,000

Square

Feet

50,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

100,001 to

200,000

Square

Feet

200,001 to

500,000

Square

Feet

Over

500,000

Square

Feet

0.7 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 327 98 55 73 41 32 16 8 3 14.3

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 461 154 90 89 57 36 20 9 4 12.3

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 2,403 1,031 543 501 167 97 41 17 5 7.4

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 198 73 41 32 26 14741 18.7

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 749 329 146 149 54 40 18 9 4 11.1

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 1,363 592 282 280 100 62 28 14 5 9.2

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 237 70 72 53 20 11532 18.7

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 131 Q 30 45 169642 19.4

 Time Clock .................................... 467 154 131 92 37 28 15 6 3 13.7

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 501 138 150 131 35 23 14 8 3 12.4

 Other ............................................. 79 Q Q Q 68221 23.0

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features .......... 4,075 2,067 917 705 203 113 47 18 6 6.5

 Building Shell ................................ 3,906 1,991 867 676 195 109 44 18 6 6.5

 HVAC ............................................ 2,529 1,086 575 527 175 100 41 17 6 7.3

 Lighting ......................................... 2,084 881 496 427 135 83 38 17 5 7.8

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

90 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-9. Building Size, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace by Building Size

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

5,000

Square

Feet

5,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

25,000

Square

Feet

25,001 to

50,000

Square

Feet

50,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

100,001 to

200,000

Square

Feet

200,001 to

500,000

Square

Feet

Over

500,000

Square

Feet

0.5 1.0 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.3

All Buildings .................................. 58,772 6,338 7,530 11,617 7,676 7,968 6,776 5,553 5,313 6.3

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 7,740 250 404 1,045 1,825 1,752 1,235 981 Q 14.1

 Food Sales .................................... 642 234 QQQQQQQ 21.3

 Food Service ................................ 1,353 550 390 QQQQQQ 20.0

 Health Care ................................... 2,333 152 Q 243 175 Q 340 625 518 20.4

 Lodging ......................................... 3,618 150 269 748 512 613 547 558 Q 19.6

 Mercantile and Service ................. 12,728 1,841 2,202 2,939 1,180 1,274 1,068 539 1,685 13.4

 Office ............................................ 10,478 1,084 915 1,580 1,293 1,542 1,378 1,525 1,161 11.7

 Public Assembly ........................... 3,948 312 786 940 485 499 363 292 Q 21.1

 Public Order and Safety ................ 1,271 Q Q 368 QQQQQ 34.6

 Religious Worship ......................... 2,792 301 662 1,120 392 QQQQ 20.1

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 8,481 807 991 1,530 1,165 1,147 1,352 773 716 18.1

 Other ............................................. 1,004 QQQQQQQQ 41.8

 Vacant ........................................... 2,384 399 497 503 148 225 Q Q Q 25.9

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 3,673 442 756 957 407 386 340 Q Q 20.3

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 6,710 855 981 1,241 595 750 934 604 750 18.1

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 9,298 1,180 1,710 1,942 1,260 1,293 660 889 364 14.9

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 10,858 889 1,132 2,163 1,650 1,453 1,643 869 1,060 13.8

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 11,333 1,245 1,186 2,071 1,337 1,453 1,250 1,430 1,360 12.4

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 12,252 1,087 1,102 2,809 1,701 1,816 1,306 1,223 1,208 12.6

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 2,590 316 368 251 378 410 406 211 250 20.3

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 2,059 324 296 184 349 407 Q 137 127 24.7

Floors

 One ............................................... 24,552 4,838 4,399 5,478 3,198 2,539 2,263 1,009 828 10.1

 Two ............................................... 14,122 1,152 2,093 3,635 2,215 2,159 1,157 694 1,018 12.2

 Three ............................................ 7,335 333 767 1,841 1,336 1,224 872 605 357 16.3

 Four to Nine .................................. 8,789 Q 269 663 908 1,916 1,968 1,934 1,115 15.1

 Ten or More .................................. 3,975 Q Q Q Q Q 516 1,312 1,995 14.6

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 11,883 995 1,223 2,118 1,380 1,371 1,377 1,389 2,029 13.9

 Midwest ......................................... 14,322 1,772 1,678 2,701 1,726 1,920 1,896 1,520 1,110 12.3

 South ............................................ 20,830 2,428 2,786 4,481 2,664 2,980 2,428 1,679 1,384 10.8

 West .............................................. 11,736 1,144 1,842 2,317 1,905 1,697 1,075 965 791 13.6

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 13,885 4,184 3,636 3,806 770 518 415 Q Q 13.4

 5 to 9 ............................................. 6,291 1,202 1,608 2,090 529 567 Q Q Q 14.6

 10 to 19 ......................................... 7,102 695 1,637 2,399 1,099 557 480 Q Q 15.0

 20 to 49 ......................................... 9,132 225 615 2,513 2,620 2,087 736 204 Q 15.2

 50 to 99 ......................................... 6,931 Q Q 567 1,644 2,108 1,738 587 Q 14.1

 100 to 249 ..................................... 5,988 Q Q 155 913 1,472 1,628 1,394 409 14.7

 250 or More .................................. 9,443 Q Q Q Q 658 1,644 2,858 4,096 11.4

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 6,134 1,544 1,619 1,354 576 426 Q Q Q 15.3

 40 to 48 ......................................... 13,233 1,701 2,033 3,382 1,981 1,776 1,439 705 Q 12.4

 49 to 60 ......................................... 12,242 1,264 1,707 2,562 2,103 1,897 1,181 905 623 12.8

 61 to 84 ......................................... 10,052 653 1,020 1,873 1,182 1,354 1,325 1,011 1,634 13.3

 85 to 167 ....................................... 6,202 618 503 1,024 749 988 1,183 743 393 17.1

 Open Continuously ....................... 10,908 559 647 1,422 1,085 1,527 1,453 2,035 2,182 11.9

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 46,696 5,709 6,606 10,071 5,653 5,757 4,929 3,867 4,104 7.3

 Owner Occupied ......................... 35,573 4,652 5,118 7,863 3,910 4,000 3,426 2,989 3,615 7.8

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 9,697 787 1,189 1,944 1,665 1,670 1,404 797 242 15.3

 Unoccupied ................................. 1,426 270 QQQQQQQ 31.3

 Government Owned ...................... 12,076 630 924 1,546 2,023 2,211 1,847 1,685 1,209 11.9

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 91
Table BC-9. Building Size, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace by Building Size

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

5,000

Square

Feet

5,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

25,000

Square

Feet

25,001 to

50,000

Square

Feet

50,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

100,001 to

200,000

Square

Feet

200,001 to

500,000

Square

Feet

Over

500,000

Square

Feet

0.5 1.0 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.3

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 42,958 3,970 5,445 8,694 6,146 6,237 4,868 3,985 3,613 7.4

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 3,243 1,135 825 725 161 QQQQ 20.4

 Metal Panels ................................. 5,694 1,038 1,077 1,426 643 479 374 Q 362 18.4

 Concrete Panels ........................... 4,069 Q 78 465 502 896 901 738 422 17.4

 Window Glass ............................... 1,755 Q Q Q 150 194 283 368 541 23.3

 Other ............................................. 660 Q Q Q Q Q Q 105 Q 26.1

 No One Major Type ...................... 393 QQQQQQQQ 61.3

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 24,481 1,557 2,340 4,159 3,529 3,729 3,584 2,879 2,703 9.6

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 11,093 2,358 2,352 2,806 1,042 1,033 586 420 495 14.4

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 7,941 1,409 1,467 2,479 1,012 861 411 242 Q 16.2

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 10,235 398 492 1,105 1,494 1,716 1,859 1,649 1,523 13.7

 Slate or Tile ................................... 1,920 288 419 347 344 262 Q Q Q 20.9

 Wooden Materials ......................... 1,130 174 400 QQQQQQ 32.7

 Concrete ....................................... 1,335 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 378 37.9

 Other ............................................. 332 QQQQQQQQ 41.0

 No One Major Type ...................... 305 QQQQQQQQ 53.9

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 57,076 5,953 7,061 11,303 7,635 7,902 6,599 5,550 5,074 6.2

 Natural Gas ................................... 38,145 2,942 4,497 7,561 5,242 5,608 4,643 3,941 3,712 7.5

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 14,421 946 679 1,425 1,164 1,968 2,096 2,928 3,215 12.8

 District Heat .................................. 5,658 Q Q 370 651 744 1,119 1,211 1,351 15.5

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 Q Q 239 275 348 587 557 432 22.2

 Propane ........................................ 5,344 997 881 1,342 562 637 482 290 Q 20.2

 Other ............................................. 2,336 278 414 413 223 419 Q 252 Q 25.3

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 54,347 5,506 6,546 10,706 7,157 7,699 6,456 5,371 4,906 6.3

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 49,935 4,376 5,531 9,712 6,760 7,178 6,175 5,235 4,968 6.5

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 51,560 4,617 5,652 10,053 7,060 7,611 6,269 5,303 4,995 6.4

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 20,713 922 1,319 2,731 2,433 2,939 3,028 3,482 3,859 9.3

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 3,893 207 357 883 563 560 672 Q 480 22.9

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 13,366 169 315 902 1,033 2,121 2,091 3,081 3,653 14.2

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 4,425 832 984 911 519 268 Q Q Q 23.8

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,227 732 1,103 1,565 618 644 806 340 418 20.0

 51 to 99 ......................................... 8,868 778 1,194 2,005 1,007 835 797 1,098 1,154 15.3

 100 ................................................ 39,252 3,996 4,248 7,136 5,531 6,221 4,853 3,932 3,334 7.0

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 8,837 1,962 1,999 1,905 916 790 601 318 Q 17.3

 1 to 50 ........................................... 15,027 1,067 1,881 3,265 2,282 2,263 1,722 1,493 1,053 12.8

 51 to 99 ......................................... 12,549 690 1,031 1,837 1,450 1,752 1,843 1,685 2,261 11.7

 100 ................................................ 22,359 2,619 2,620 4,610 3,028 3,163 2,610 2,057 1,653 9.5

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 189 QQQQQQQQ 55.8

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,008 967 1,086 1,852 658 696 310 Q Q 15.6

 51 to 99 ......................................... 9,692 948 1,163 2,388 984 1,290 1,245 903 771 13.9

 100 ................................................ 40,514 3,839 4,650 6,890 5,877 5,823 5,002 4,358 4,075 7.1

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 2,369 518 625 454 QQQQQ 24.5

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

92 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-9. Building Size, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace by Building Size

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

5,000

Square

Feet

5,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

25,000

Square

Feet

25,001 to

50,000

Square

Feet

50,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

100,001 to

200,000

Square

Feet

200,001 to

500,000

Square

Feet

Over

500,000

Square

Feet

0.5 1.0 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.3

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 5,843 589 436 1,243 701 1,156 564 681 473 15.7

 Furnaces ....................................... 14,923 2,334 3,197 3,871 1,743 1,371 1,079 657 671 11.8

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 16,809 1,618 2,003 3,094 1,960 2,208 1,936 1,901 2,088 11.8

 District Heat .................................. 5,911 Q Q 407 657 792 1,162 1,283 1,390 15.6

 Boilers ........................................... 16,754 551 1,005 2,080 2,592 3,190 2,850 2,553 1,933 11.2

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 16,893 1,319 1,410 3,387 2,754 2,800 2,139 1,611 1,473 10.1

 Other ............................................. 6,249 Q 180 780 489 762 822 1,202 1,861 19.7

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 9,238 1,133 1,732 1,970 1,224 970 707 824 677 12.9

 Heat Pumps .................................. 6,931 652 559 1,523 826 1,186 730 788 666 14.6

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 12,494 1,209 1,277 2,194 1,664 1,690 1,617 1,639 1,205 11.7

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 Q Q 239 275 348 587 557 432 22.2

 Central Chillers ............................. 11,065 Q Q 264 1,107 1,666 2,080 2,687 3,124 12.4

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 26,628 1,603 2,484 4,932 3,928 4,296 3,539 2,936 2,911 9.0

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 2,451 269 322 491 220 317 312 290 Q 28.4

 Other ............................................. 949 QQQQQQQQ 32.3

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 35,715 3,168 4,523 6,648 4,177 4,718 4,169 4,135 4,177 7.5

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 53,984 5,184 6,317 10,699 7,237 7,700 6,383 5,432 5,031 6.2

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 14,273 324 552 1,359 1,522 2,155 2,196 2,962 3,203 12.6

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 16,259 233 704 1,655 1,704 2,420 2,911 3,094 3,537 12.4

 Halogen ........................................ 9,665 268 611 872 844 1,239 1,553 1,875 2,403 14.2

 Other ............................................. 554 QQQQQQQQ 79.9

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None ............................................. 12,571 3,369 3,260 3,315 924 585 456 318 Q 15.5

 1 to 4 ............................................. 11,401 2,052 2,545 3,709 1,148 1,153 490 Q Q 12.5

 5 to 9 ............................................. 5,372 517 798 1,652 1,062 661 410 Q Q 16.8

 10 to 19 ......................................... 5,947 366 625 1,450 1,261 845 919 304 Q 17.8

 20 to 49 ......................................... 7,048 Q 227 1,242 1,562 1,822 1,122 636 405 15.9

 50 to 99 ......................................... 4,938 Q Q 212 1,164 1,362 884 885 374 15.4

 100 to 249 ..................................... 5,189 Q Q Q 464 1,059 1,345 1,040 1,225 15.2

 250 or More .................................. 6,307 Q Q Q Q 482 1,151 1,990 2,590 12.7

Energy-Related Space Functions

(more than one may apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ...... 20,713 922 1,319 2,731 2,433 2,939 3,028 3,482 3,859 9.3

 Computer Room ........................... 12,890 Q 394 842 1,414 2,097 2,356 2,975 2,723 11.3

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water ................. 6,753 253 322 936 728 942 1,174 1,327 1,072 16.5

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 46,355 4,631 5,487 9,236 5,961 6,400 5,529 4,684 4,425 7.0

 Wall Insulation .............................. 31,694 3,384 3,503 6,846 3,906 4,090 3,633 3,120 3,211 8.1

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 28,876 2,475 3,220 5,550 3,638 4,235 3,598 3,345 2,815 7.9

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 24,245 1,353 1,869 3,836 3,365 3,366 3,372 3,486 3,598 8.5

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 37,208 2,806 3,470 7,514 4,934 5,864 4,700 4,454 3,467 7.3

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 93
Table BC-9. Building Size, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace by Building Size

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

5,000

Square

Feet

5,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

25,000

Square

Feet

25,001 to

50,000

Square

Feet

50,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

100,001 to

200,000

Square

Feet

200,001 to

500,000

Square

Feet

Over

500,000

Square

Feet

0.5 1.0 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.3

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 13,473 285 401 1,114 1,541 2,316 2,265 2,452 3,099 13.0

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 16,550 461 722 1,403 2,111 2,606 2,862 2,887 3,498 11.6

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 43,134 2,828 4,048 7,795 6,094 6,722 5,718 5,123 4,805 7.2

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 6,453 220 284 506 943 1,010 988 1,320 1,181 17.0

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 17,868 978 1,074 2,266 1,968 2,839 2,589 2,733 3,422 10.5

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 28,375 1,639 2,040 4,474 3,665 4,390 3,977 4,021 4,167 8.8

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 6,431 187 527 772 749 804 654 1,030 1,709 17.9

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 5,958 Q 233 701 583 638 884 1,338 1,526 18.3

 Time Clock .................................... 13,262 431 971 1,384 1,380 2,050 2,106 1,995 2,946 12.5

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 13,056 375 1,129 1,938 1,291 1,643 1,975 2,511 2,194 11.9

 Other ............................................. 2,836 Q Q Q 258 592 317 601 638 20.5

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features .......... 55,288 5,552 6,671 10,928 7,311 7,848 6,534 5,427 5,018 6.3

 Building Shell ................................ 53,190 5,346 6,344 10,491 7,021 7,530 6,217 5,237 5,005 6.4

 HVAC ............................................ 44,657 2,978 4,292 8,139 6,370 6,957 5,787 5,161 4,973 7.1

 Lighting ......................................... 38,537 2,410 3,626 6,625 4,936 5,806 5,364 4,912 4,857 7.5

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

94 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-10. Year Constructed, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Buildings by Year Constructed

RSE

Row

Factor

1919 or

Before

1920 to

1945

1946 to

1959

1960 to

1969

1970 to

1979

1980 to

1989

1990 to

1992

1993 to

1995

0.4 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.8

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 353 562 867 718 813 846 218 202 8.9

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 175 309 461 343 428 422 132 129 13.1

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 92 145 222 159 174 151 50 43 17.8

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 65 70 123 135 137 186 16 13 17.4

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 11 17 34 45 38 46 11 9 12.4

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 6 11 19 21 20 26 6 6 14.9

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 2 6 5 12 9 9 3 Q 16.7

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 Q 2 3 3 4 4 1 (*) 19.8

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 Q 1 (*) 1 1 1 (*) (*) 19.8

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 18 42 72 66 45 36 17 13 24.6

 Food Sales .................................... 137 Q Q Q Q 42 Q Q Q 36.6

 Food Service ................................ 285 Q Q Q 25 66 74 Q Q 30.5

 Health Care ................................... 105 Q Q 19 7 34 Q Q Q 45.4

 Lodging ......................................... 158 Q 7 33 53 24 25 Q Q 32.5

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 112 154 278 229 207 212 47 49 17.8

 Office ............................................ 705 57 74 128 75 158 151 38 23 20.6

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 37 72 38 63 60 33 20 Q 32.0

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 QQQQQQQQ 58.9

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 20 Q 65 50 53 58 Q Q 28.9

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 31 59 79 68 73 161 38 71 25.2

 Other ............................................. 67 QQQQQQQQ 64.8

 Vacant ........................................... 261 30 71 63 27 31 26 Q Q 29.6

Floors

 One ............................................... 3,018 80 281 567 500 626 628 170 165 11.5

 Two ............................................... 1,002 99 164 202 165 148 151 42 31 16.5

 Three ............................................ 399 137 80 87 28 26 36 3 Q 24.8

 Four to Nine .................................. 148 35 35 10 23 10 27 4 3 23.7

 Ten or More .................................. 12 Q 2 1 2 2 3 1Q 25.1

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 115 75 187 98 69 148 13 21 21.8

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 147 221 215 150 141 156 38 70 19.2

 South ............................................ 1,750 50 176 285 267 391 389 114 78 14.4

 West .............................................. 964 41 90 180 204 211 153 54 33 20.2

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 217 336 475 390 390 430 123 144 11.9

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 64 119 176 111 176 104 31 Q 20.7

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 41 40 118 100 144 134 29 18 21.6

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 16 46 72 69 51 110 21 15 20.5

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 8 15 15 26 30 34 5 5 20.3

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 5 4 7 16 12 18 7 2 17.6

 250 or More .................................. 43 1 3 4 7 9 17 2 1 23.8

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 82 125 194 147 109 155 Q Q 19.5

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 110 184 256 165 194 239 63 46 15.8

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 75 100 185 149 214 173 42 32 18.3

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 40 65 126 115 99 74 24 24 22.2

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 15 49 42 63 116 85 31 19 25.7

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 31 39 65 79 81 119 17 36 24.2

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 4,025 321 474 729 625 716 775 200 186 9.5

 Owner Occupied ......................... 3,158 257 374 564 486 555 600 164 157 10.6

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 698 56 43 125 118 138 160 29 29 20.9

 Unoccupied ................................. 170 Q 56 40 Q 23 Q Q Q 38.1

 Government Owned ...................... 553 32 88 138 94 96 71 18 16 21.4

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 95
Table BC-10. Year Constructed, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Buildings by Year Constructed

RSE

Row

Factor

1919 or

Before

1920 to

1945

1946 to

1959

1960 to

1969

1970 to

1979

1980 to

1989

1990 to

1992

1993 to

1995

0.4 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.8

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 787 75 118 142 130 126 122 30 44 19.4

 No ................................................. 3,791 278 443 725 588 687 724 188 158 9.7

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 3,061 259 414 685 534 525 450 124 69 10.3

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 639 86 98 99 84 74 126 Q 52 23.5

 Metal Panels ................................. 662 Q 32 61 58 171 218 57 65 23.2

 Concrete Panels ........................... 106 Q Q 16 19 31 26 Q 2 35.3

 Window Glass ............................... 46 QQQQQQQQ 67.2

 Other ............................................. 50 Q Q Q Q 2Q Q Q 55.0

 No One Major Type ...................... 15 QQQQQQQQ 108.3

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 1,369 79 190 315 267 259 188 44 26 15.7

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 1,486 145 203 285 226 248 265 60 55 14.7

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 908 Q 56 87 97 193 271 82 103 20.1

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 351 39 39 74 67 55 51 17 10 25.0

 Slate or Tile ................................... 202 36 41 35 24 Q 34 Q Q 36.0

 Wooden Materials ......................... 152 QQQQQQQQ 50.8

 Concrete ....................................... 58 QQQQQQQQ 65.3

 Other ............................................. 36 QQQQQQQQ 88.5

 No One Major Type ...................... QQQQQQQQQ 100.0

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 335 508 838 695 809 792 204 162 9.0

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 256 353 528 403 444 357 92 46 11.3

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 70 81 142 120 60 98 13 Q 25.9

 District Heat .................................. 110 22 20 13 23 Q 7 Q Q 32.1

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 Q Q 5 10 Q 7 Q Q 48.2

 Propane ........................................ 589 Q 61 76 104 122 142 29 35 24.9

 Other ............................................. 213 Q 28 56 46 23 37 Q Q 38.4

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 316 496 769 652 722 741 189 141 9.3

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 260 382 617 508 688 657 161 108 9.6

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 287 429 656 562 632 667 145 108 10.1

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 77 100 129 147 142 168 42 23 17.2

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 Q 32 31 35 36 36 Q Q 38.0

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 8 21 75 37 34 53 10 9 26.4

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 Q 66 98 67 91 105 Q Q 25.8

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 26 107 89 81 82 103 27 Q 25.0

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 59 98 137 123 81 96 27 12 22.8

 100 ................................................ 2,836 231 291 543 448 559 542 135 88 10.5

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 1,198 93 180 250 210 125 189 57 94 18.5

 1 to 50 ........................................... 930 106 136 191 158 163 135 22 20 19.1

 51 to 99 ......................................... 635 64 86 133 101 92 129 18 12 21.7

 100 ................................................ 1,816 90 161 293 250 434 394 121 75 12.8

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 QQQQQQQQ 88.4

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 65 120 130 95 92 102 23 37 21.4

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 77 120 136 132 142 109 Q Q 21.3

 100 ................................................ 2,814 186 241 538 458 559 565 154 112 11.1

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 Q 74 55 32 Q 62 Q Q 32.9

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

96 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-10. Year Constructed, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Buildings by Year Constructed

RSE

Row

Factor

1919 or

Before

1920 to

1945

1946 to

1959

1960 to

1969

1970 to

1979

1980 to

1989

1990 to

1992

1993 to

1995

0.4 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.8

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 394 Q 24 79 37 93 104 37 15 26.6

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,676 151 258 332 267 258 325 45 40 15.1

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,188 72 134 250 231 212 201 55 32 18.1

 District Heat .................................. 115 22 21 14 25 Q 8 Q Q 31.3

 Boilers ........................................... 610 92 98 164 118 59 66 6 7 18.8

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,031 26 81 121 149 296 230 68 59 17.2

 Other ............................................. 161 Q 23 25 16 19 49 3 3 37.4

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 878 74 95 182 110 154 225 19 19 19.6

 Heat Pumps .................................. 457 Q 33 79 38 121 116 50 15 25.3

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 862 135 148 220 145 110 70 Q Q 18.1

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 Q Q 5 10 Q 7 Q Q 48.2

 Central Chillers ............................. 109 4 7 15 34 18 23 4 4 19.7

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 1,431 67 140 191 224 376 294 80 59 14.3

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 186 Q 11 48 32 27 51 Q Q 38.9

 Other ............................................. 18 Q Q Q Q Q 2Q Q 47.9

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 2,479 250 319 503 394 439 392 110 74 11.0

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 3,885 304 454 726 610 739 734 184 134 9.4

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 364 29 28 57 54 72 91 19 14 23.2

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 393 28 37 75 72 67 65 18 29 21.8

 Halogen ........................................ 302 35 31 60 38 47 67 14 9 26.7

 Other ............................................. 30 QQQQQQQQ 95.4

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None ............................................. 2,039 157 293 373 371 293 336 106 110 13.0

 1 to 4 ............................................. 1,408 122 185 304 158 276 275 42 48 15.3

 5 to 9 ............................................. 437 37 17 60 79 131 49 44 19 25.1

 10 to 19 ......................................... 344 24 33 66 47 51 96 Q Q 29.0

 20 to 49 ......................................... 198 7 22 37 31 36 54 4 6 22.0

 50 to 99 ......................................... 81 Q 7 15 19 13 16 4 3 20.0

 100 to 249 ..................................... 46 Q 3 9 9 8 11 2 Q 19.9

 250 or More .................................. 26 Q 2 3 4 5 10 2 1 22.8

Energy-Related Space Functions

(more than one may apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ...... 828 77 100 129 147 142 168 42 23 17.2

 Computer Room ........................... 234 15 19 25 36 47 70 6 16 25.4

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water ................. 243 10 16 40 79 43 44 7 3 30.8

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 3,380 220 325 632 527 673 688 176 138 10.1

 Wall Insulation .............................. 2,372 112 196 373 321 476 603 165 125 11.3

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 1,897 190 202 368 191 297 420 126 104 12.7

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 1,202 49 102 197 140 256 328 84 46 15.4

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 2,271 202 242 441 333 418 440 109 85 11.5

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 327 26 17 49 57 62 61 15 41 24.9

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 461 14 44 66 67 112 101 27 30 20.7

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 2,403 169 275 443 395 416 519 105 82 11.1

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 198 6 20 Q 31 43 35 14 Q 26.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 97
Table BC-10. Year Constructed, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Buildings by Year Constructed

RSE

Row

Factor

1919 or

Before

1920 to

1945

1946 to

1959

1960 to

1969

1970 to

1979

1980 to

1989

1990 to

1992

1993 to

1995

0.4 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.8

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 749 65 68 133 126 144 127 34 52 19.3

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 1,363 105 135 227 199 241 300 92 65 15.3

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 237 32 5 40 51 36 50 Q 12 28.8

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 131 Q 17 42 18 18 15 7 5 31.5

 Time Clock .................................... 467 37 22 96 91 87 101 17 17 24.8

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 501 46 73 76 61 81 115 27 21 21.2

 Other ............................................. 79 Q Q Q 5 25 25 Q Q 39.0

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features .......... 4,075 314 468 788 636 745 757 203 164 9.1

 Building Shell ................................ 3,906 296 443 751 590 725 748 196 158 9.3

 HVAC ............................................ 2,529 172 296 458 418 446 537 107 95 10.8

 Lighting ......................................... 2,084 173 213 390 344 346 421 118 79 12.2

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

98 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-11. Year Constructed, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Floorspace by Year Constructed

RSE

Row

Factor

1919 or

Before

1920 to

1945

1946 to

1959

1960 to

1969

1970 to

1979

1980 to

1989

1990 to

1992

1993 to

1995

0.4 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.5

All Buildings .................................. 58,772 3,673 6,710 9,298 10,858 11,333 12,252 2,590 2,059 7.1

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 6,338 442 855 1,180 889 1,245 1,087 316 324 13.9

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 7,530 756 981 1,710 1,132 1,186 1,102 368 296 18.1

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 11,617 957 1,241 1,942 2,163 2,071 2,809 251 184 16.4

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 7,676 407 595 1,260 1,650 1,337 1,701 378 349 12.9

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 7,968 386 750 1,293 1,453 1,453 1,816 410 407 14.6

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 6,776 340 934 660 1,643 1,250 1,306 406 Q 16.7

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 5,553 Q 604 889 869 1,430 1,223 211 137 19.5

 Over 500,000 ................................ 5,313 Q 750 364 1,060 1,360 1,208 250 127 21.9

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 7,740 521 1,080 1,921 1,841 1,232 614 238 293 16.5

 Food Sales .................................... 642 Q Q Q Q 165 Q Q Q 33.2

 Food Service ................................ 1,353 Q Q Q 192 285 305 Q Q 31.3

 Health Care ................................... 2,333 Q Q 356 428 748 425 Q Q 20.7

 Lodging ......................................... 3,618 Q 170 607 972 576 829 Q Q 21.4

 Mercantile and Service ................. 12,728 816 1,118 1,895 2,342 2,749 2,727 632 449 15.8

 Office ............................................ 10,478 599 1,155 1,262 1,206 2,095 3,377 568 217 14.2

 Public Assembly ........................... 3,948 381 706 498 821 736 399 221 Q 22.5

 Public Order and Safety ................ 1,271 Q Q Q Q 254 Q Q Q 45.0

 Religious Worship ......................... 2,792 266 Q 637 535 510 598 Q Q 24.6

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 8,481 192 1,076 1,236 1,530 1,616 2,104 318 409 19.9

 Other ............................................. 1,004 Q Q Q Q Q 176 Q Q 41.4

 Vacant ........................................... 2,384 326 734 363 337 245 337 Q Q 27.3

Floors

 One ............................................... 24,552 356 1,974 4,107 4,843 5,278 5,792 1,204 998 11.7

 Two ............................................... 14,122 704 1,416 2,740 2,844 2,663 2,587 590 577 12.7

 Three ............................................ 7,335 1,264 1,317 1,249 1,046 1,089 1,022 184 Q 18.4

 Four to Nine .................................. 8,789 1,187 1,370 903 1,518 1,434 1,690 391 296 15.0

 Ten or More .................................. 3,975 Q 634 299 607 869 1,161 222 Q 22.0

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 11,883 1,226 1,794 1,944 2,344 1,658 2,128 443 347 15.8

 Midwest ......................................... 14,322 1,529 2,314 2,268 2,356 2,435 2,324 545 552 13.8

 South ............................................ 20,830 514 1,709 3,192 3,856 4,344 5,371 1,094 750 13.1

 West .............................................. 11,736 404 893 1,894 2,302 2,895 2,429 509 410 16.6

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 13,885 1,295 2,266 2,533 2,400 2,047 2,227 509 609 13.3

 5 to 9 ............................................. 6,291 608 949 1,277 1,095 1,209 912 142 Q 18.6

 10 to 19 ......................................... 7,102 490 647 1,300 1,179 1,607 1,393 277 209 17.8

 20 to 49 ......................................... 9,132 414 1,077 1,655 1,634 1,374 2,125 430 423 14.2

 50 to 99 ......................................... 6,931 266 595 951 1,648 1,392 1,446 245 388 15.4

 100 to 249 ..................................... 5,988 360 497 768 1,275 1,056 1,389 472 172 16.7

 250 or More .................................. 9,443 239 679 814 1,627 2,649 2,760 515 160 16.4

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 6,134 711 979 1,271 1,000 798 978 Q Q 18.7

 40 to 48 ......................................... 13,233 864 2,300 2,730 1,859 2,047 2,484 512 439 14.9

 49 to 60 ......................................... 12,242 843 1,093 2,034 2,196 2,393 2,693 663 326 14.4

 61 to 84 ......................................... 10,052 445 824 1,327 2,273 2,271 2,218 339 356 15.1

 85 to 167 ....................................... 6,202 360 486 719 1,170 1,628 1,272 311 256 18.2

 Open Continuously ....................... 10,908 449 1,028 1,217 2,360 2,197 2,607 546 504 13.8

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 46,696 3,021 5,039 6,662 8,084 9,143 10,977 2,170 1,602 8.2

 Owner Occupied ......................... 35,573 2,615 3,885 5,207 6,341 6,794 7,731 1,661 1,338 9.0

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 9,697 342 622 1,247 1,496 2,195 3,042 493 260 17.0

 Unoccupied ................................. 1,426 Q 531 207 Q 154 Q Q Q 35.3

 Government Owned ...................... 12,076 652 1,671 2,636 2,774 2,190 1,275 420 457 12.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 99
Table BC-11. Year Constructed, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Floorspace by Year Constructed

RSE

Row

Factor

1919 or

Before

1920 to

1945

1946 to

1959

1960 to

1969

1970 to

1979

1980 to

1989

1990 to

1992

1993 to

1995

0.4 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.5

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 15,844 1,016 1,986 1,863 2,697 3,334 3,881 608 459 12.6

 No ................................................. 42,928 2,657 4,724 7,435 8,161 7,999 8,371 1,982 1,600 7.9

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 42,958 3,198 5,652 7,722 8,590 7,290 7,604 1,759 1,145 8.3

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 3,243 413 597 409 339 544 637 Q 226 26.1

 Metal Panels ................................. 5,694 Q 285 557 743 1,659 1,809 335 305 20.9

 Concrete Panels ........................... 4,069 Q Q 382 752 1,219 1,123 262 197 19.3

 Window Glass ............................... 1,755 Q Q Q 309 330 690 Q Q 27.6

 Other ............................................. 660 Q Q Q Q 174 206 Q Q 31.7

 No One Major Type ...................... 393 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 68.7

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 24,481 934 2,916 4,104 5,357 5,555 4,454 654 507 11.4

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 11,093 1,139 1,414 2,036 1,853 1,831 2,084 429 306 13.2

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 7,941 Q 452 933 1,063 1,665 2,408 594 601 18.1

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 10,235 637 1,106 1,335 1,985 1,572 2,299 776 524 12.6

 Slate or Tile ................................... 1,920 484 358 291 197 Q 293 Q Q 23.2

 Wooden Materials ......................... 1,130 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 47.2

 Concrete ....................................... 1,335 Q Q Q 159 233 496 Q Q 43.3

 Other ............................................. 332 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 46.0

 No One Major Type ...................... 305 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 60.4

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 57,076 3,527 6,175 9,123 10,649 11,245 11,909 2,544 1,905 7.2

 Natural Gas ................................... 38,145 2,643 4,560 6,470 7,170 7,375 7,181 1,659 1,087 8.5

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 14,421 1,085 1,241 1,997 2,871 2,936 3,112 607 572 12.1

 District Heat .................................. 5,658 556 864 939 1,408 965 508 258 Q 18.4

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 Q 187 322 527 674 400 Q Q 23.6

 Propane ........................................ 5,344 Q 414 634 1,136 1,130 1,256 228 398 21.5

 Other ............................................. 2,336 Q 381 422 483 353 331 Q Q 28.0

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 54,347 3,429 5,951 8,701 10,024 10,489 11,462 2,467 1,824 7.3

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 49,935 2,818 5,038 7,549 8,978 10,389 11,174 2,345 1,644 7.6

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 51,560 3,206 5,349 8,136 9,722 10,117 11,105 2,263 1,661 7.3

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 20,713 1,272 1,555 3,177 4,207 4,344 4,301 1,082 774 10.6

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 3,893 Q 622 502 524 649 998 Q Q 23.9

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 13,366 468 691 1,561 2,619 3,262 3,437 780 548 12.9

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 4,425 Q 759 597 833 844 790 Q Q 27.7

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,227 275 1,306 849 1,037 1,089 1,336 159 Q 21.7

 51 to 99 ......................................... 8,868 618 867 1,563 1,581 1,660 1,885 376 319 17.3

 100 ................................................ 39,252 2,536 3,777 6,289 7,406 7,740 8,241 1,933 1,330 8.2

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 8,837 854 1,672 1,749 1,880 944 1,078 245 415 17.6

 1 to 50 ........................................... 15,027 1,228 2,456 2,757 2,988 2,549 2,342 398 309 13.4

 51 to 99 ......................................... 12,549 747 1,212 1,788 2,316 2,688 2,826 537 434 14.0

 100 ................................................ 22,359 842 1,370 3,004 3,673 5,152 6,006 1,410 901 10.2

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 189 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 62.5

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,008 598 1,327 1,211 990 664 890 161 168 18.4

 51 to 99 ......................................... 9,692 755 1,493 1,478 1,481 2,103 1,790 328 264 16.0

 100 ................................................ 40,514 2,116 3,193 6,207 8,084 8,333 9,083 2,031 1,467 8.5

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 2,369 Q 680 357 294 182 449 Q Q 32.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

100 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-11. Year Constructed, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Floorspace by Year Constructed

RSE

Row

Factor

1919 or

Before

1920 to

1945

1946 to

1959

1960 to

1969

1970 to

1979

1980 to

1989

1990 to

1992

1993 to

1995

0.4 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.5

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 5,843 Q 319 1,023 761 1,035 1,962 383 231 17.5

 Furnaces ....................................... 14,923 1,256 1,818 2,531 2,563 2,545 3,261 492 458 12.6

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 16,809 853 1,829 3,029 2,926 3,517 3,589 648 417 12.8

 District Heat .................................. 5,911 591 877 975 1,509 1,000 550 258 Q 18.2

 Boilers ........................................... 16,754 1,404 2,185 3,144 3,982 2,735 2,418 433 453 11.2

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 16,893 294 1,123 2,050 3,031 4,133 4,307 1,105 851 11.8

 Other ............................................. 6,249 Q 498 561 952 1,639 1,727 303 252 19.9

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 9,238 729 766 1,716 1,423 1,851 2,208 325 219 14.0

 Heat Pumps .................................. 6,931 Q 512 1,085 798 1,521 2,131 506 241 16.6

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 12,494 1,389 2,122 2,713 2,732 1,847 1,384 156 Q 13.0

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 Q 187 322 527 674 400 Q Q 23.6

 Central Chillers ............................. 11,065 292 740 1,433 2,603 2,846 2,343 467 342 15.4

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 26,628 1,026 2,408 3,509 5,202 6,087 6,104 1,335 957 10.1

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 2,451 Q 196 413 423 432 689 Q Q 31.2

 Other ............................................. 949 Q Q Q Q Q 178 Q Q 45.3

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 35,715 2,807 4,191 5,880 6,604 6,739 7,077 1,339 1,079 8.3

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 53,984 3,278 5,786 8,502 9,846 10,870 11,481 2,432 1,789 7.3

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 14,273 540 1,437 1,571 2,505 3,403 3,403 777 637 13.2

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 16,259 597 1,615 2,334 2,942 3,473 3,538 943 816 11.9

 Halogen ........................................ 9,665 434 727 1,267 1,521 2,362 2,475 479 401 15.7

 Other ............................................. 554 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 89.6

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None ............................................. 12,571 997 2,062 2,210 2,637 1,702 1,942 544 476 14.0

 1 to 4 ............................................. 11,401 954 1,650 2,262 1,651 2,201 2,088 271 323 14.8

 5 to 9 ............................................. 5,372 345 258 861 1,102 1,240 980 385 201 18.8

 10 to 19 ......................................... 5,947 471 498 901 959 1,014 1,617 290 Q 18.7

 20 to 49 ......................................... 7,048 275 976 1,019 1,236 1,435 1,603 226 279 16.6

 50 to 99 ......................................... 4,938 Q 394 607 1,077 974 1,149 247 234 17.0

 100 to 249 ..................................... 5,189 Q 382 606 1,185 1,297 1,097 254 Q 18.1

 250 or More .................................. 6,307 Q 490 832 1,010 1,470 1,776 372 134 17.4

Energy-Related Space Functions

(more than one may apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ...... 20,713 1,272 1,555 3,177 4,207 4,344 4,301 1,082 774 10.6

 Computer Room ........................... 12,890 560 1,190 1,648 2,132 2,687 3,430 643 600 12.0

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water ................. 6,753 332 346 864 1,618 1,514 1,626 261 192 16.5

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 46,355 2,435 3,801 7,382 8,387 9,678 10,589 2,339 1,745 7.8

 Wall Insulation .............................. 31,694 1,326 1,944 4,133 4,829 6,740 9,116 2,098 1,508 9.3

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 28,876 2,134 2,484 4,085 3,913 5,191 7,507 2,001 1,562 8.6

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 24,245 806 1,513 2,922 3,757 5,540 6,964 1,651 1,093 9.6

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 37,208 2,430 3,571 5,965 6,504 7,194 8,492 1,732 1,321 8.1

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 13,473 436 792 1,570 2,334 2,974 3,584 845 937 14.0

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 16,550 371 1,391 1,932 3,214 3,812 4,014 1,024 792 11.1

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 43,134 2,242 4,034 6,678 8,368 8,232 9,901 2,105 1,574 8.0

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 6,453 236 574 819 1,011 1,518 1,523 321 450 15.5

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 101
Table BC-11. Year Constructed, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Floorspace by Year Constructed

RSE

Row

Factor

1919 or

Before

1920 to

1945

1946 to

1959

1960 to

1969

1970 to

1979

1980 to

1989

1990 to

1992

1993 to

1995

0.4 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.5

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 17,868 952 1,602 2,156 3,213 4,009 4,031 922 984 11.5

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 28,375 1,363 2,667 4,106 5,151 5,849 6,334 1,590 1,315 9.7

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 6,431 251 305 788 1,040 1,671 1,584 373 420 17.6

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 5,958 Q 383 1,049 1,087 1,346 1,214 351 327 18.3

 Time Clock .................................... 13,262 513 540 1,575 2,641 3,075 3,528 744 645 12.4

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 13,056 791 938 1,743 2,038 2,421 3,704 797 624 12.8

 Other ............................................. 2,836 Q Q 638 428 601 752 Q Q 24.9

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features .......... 55,288 3,470 5,582 8,806 10,188 10,978 11,791 2,533 1,939 7.1

 Building Shell ................................ 53,190 3,275 5,232 8,561 9,591 10,572 11,607 2,483 1,868 7.1

 HVAC ............................................ 44,657 2,298 4,266 6,789 8,689 8,671 10,129 2,149 1,665 7.9

 Lighting ......................................... 38,537 2,328 3,495 5,683 7,246 7,639 8,564 2,023 1,558 8.2

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

102 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-12. Employment Size Category, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings

Buildings by Number of Workers

RSE

Row

Factor

Fewer than 5

Workers

5 to 9

Workers

10 to 19

Workers

20 to 49

Workers

50 to 99

Workers

100 to 249

Workers

250 or More

Workers

0.6 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 2,505 798 625 400 138 71 43 7.6

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 1,703 421 198 62 Q Q Q 11.3

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 508 222 222 79 Q Q Q 13.7

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 260 128 159 150 33 8 Q 14.2

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 22 16 32 71 44 24 Q 11.2

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 7 9 9 31 30 20 9 13.4

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 3 Q 3 5 13 12 11 15.0

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 Q Q Q 1 2 5 9 15.6

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 Q Q Q Q Q 1 4 16.9

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 87 63 47 62 35 11 5 18.3

 Food Sales .................................... 137 109 Q Q Q Q Q Q 23.0

 Food Service ................................ 285 131 59 61 32 Q Q Q 21.1

 Health Care ................................... 105 Q Q Q 21 3 3 4 24.5

 Lodging ......................................... 158 98 17 12 19 8 3 2 22.8

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 745 288 143 77 22 10 3 13.9

 Office ............................................ 705 193 168 162 103 33 28 18 14.0

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 193 46 66 13 4 3 Q 22.7

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 Q Q Q 14 Q Q Q 42.1

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 204 28 14 Q Q Q Q 24.7

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 410 62 56 31 15 5 1 21.7

 Other ............................................. 67 Q Q Q Q Q 2 Q 43.5

 Vacant ........................................... 261 241 Q Q Q Q Q Q 20.1

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 217 64 41 16 8 5 1 26.5

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 336 119 40 46 15 4 3 19.7

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 475 176 118 72 15 7 4 15.5

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 390 111 100 69 26 16 7 15.7

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 390 176 144 51 30 12 9 13.1

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 430 104 134 110 34 18 17 14.7

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 123 31 29 21 5 7 2 24.3

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 144 Q 18 15 5 2 1 32.1

Floors

 One ............................................... 3,018 1,859 528 328 210 68 20 4 10.7

 Two ............................................... 1,002 432 152 238 114 38 17 Q 12.2

 Three ............................................ 399 176 102 49 38 18 12 5 17.7

 Four to Nine .................................. 148 37 15 10 37 14 20 15 19.7

 Ten or More .................................. 12 Q Q Q Q Q 2 8 20.4

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 363 100 145 76 19 16 7 15.4

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 678 218 102 91 24 17 8 14.0

 South ............................................ 1,750 987 297 223 152 54 20 17 12.6

 West .............................................. 964 477 182 155 81 41 18 10 16.8

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 729 69 64 17 Q Q Q 20.4

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 598 278 193 134 36 14 5 13.4

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 426 249 152 82 35 17 8 13.2

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 249 97 105 75 20 15 7 15.6

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 225 55 67 45 17 8 4 18.8

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 278 50 44 47 19 16 11 14.2

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 4,025 2,317 692 509 324 96 53 34 8.6

 Owner Occupied ......................... 3,158 1,801 598 410 220 66 37 27 10.1

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 698 348 93 99 104 30 17 7 15.0

 Unoccupied ................................. 170 168 Q Q Q Q Q Q 25.0

 Government Owned ...................... 553 188 106 115 76 42 18 9 14.9

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 103
Table BC-12. Employment Size Category, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings

Buildings by Number of Workers

RSE

Row

Factor

Fewer than 5

Workers

5 to 9

Workers

10 to 19

Workers

20 to 49

Workers

50 to 99

Workers

100 to 249

Workers

250 or More

Workers

0.6 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 787 516 72 87 50 27 22 14 13.4

 No ................................................. 3,791 1,988 726 538 350 111 49 29 8.8

Number of Establishments

 One ............................................... 3,712 2,153 634 457 295 100 45 28 8.9

 2 to 5 ............................................. 530 150 158 137 58 17 7 4 16.7

 6 to 10 ........................................... 91 Q Q 31 37 9 6 3 24.2

 11 to 20 ......................................... 28 Q Q Q 6 10 7 3 17.6

 More than 20 ................................. 31 Q Q Q Q Q 6 6 23.2

 Currently Unoccupied ................... 187 183 Q Q Q Q Q Q 23.2

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 2,274 797 625 397 137 71 43 7.6

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 1,155 538 358 261 90 50 25 8.6

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 324 79 94 52 21 19 18 15.8

 District Heat .................................. 110 34 15 Q 16 17 8 9 25.3

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 Q Q Q 8 8 3 5 28.4

 Propane ........................................ 589 312 107 103 43 12 4 Q 21.6

 Other ............................................. 213 129 42 24 8 5 4 1 26.9

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 2,013 770 608 390 131 69 43 7.8

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 1,542 691 549 361 129 69 41 7.9

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 1,587 705 580 377 127 69 42 8.1

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 283 150 163 135 52 24 20 11.2

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 100 27 21 41 8 5 2 25.2

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 56 25 52 52 23 18 19 19.3

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 492 27 Q Q Q Q Q 19.2

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 376 88 57 27 5 Q 1 21.2

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 288 147 106 59 15 12 6 16.8

 100 ................................................ 2,836 1,349 535 445 304 112 56 36 8.7

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 1,198 962 107 76 39 9 Q Q 21.5

 1 to 50 ........................................... 930 454 199 146 84 31 13 4 14.9

 51 to 99 ......................................... 635 240 169 89 78 29 18 12 13.9

 100 ................................................ 1,816 849 323 314 198 69 38 25 10.4

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 36 Q Q Q Q Q Q 55.2

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 513 110 26 12 4 Q Q 17.3

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 370 178 89 66 25 12 6 17.2

 100 ................................................ 2,814 1,273 509 510 319 108 58 37 8.8

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 313 Q Q Q Q Q Q 21.4

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 394 150 72 78 64 14 12 5 18.9

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,676 914 346 239 128 29 10 Q 12.4

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,188 668 222 122 106 45 17 9 13.8

 District Heat .................................. 115 34 16 Q 18 18 8 9 24.7

 Boilers ........................................... 610 229 86 121 84 43 30 17 13.5

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,031 376 230 188 144 57 27 9 11.7

 Other ............................................. 161 75 19 30 14 8 6 9 24.3

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

104 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-12. Employment Size Category, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings

Buildings by Number of Workers

RSE

Row

Factor

Fewer than 5

Workers

5 to 9

Workers

10 to 19

Workers

20 to 49

Workers

50 to 99

Workers

100 to 249

Workers

250 or More

Workers

0.6 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 878 454 160 149 74 22 10 Q 15.5

 Heat Pumps .................................. 457 187 81 82 71 17 14 5 18.3

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 862 494 147 110 66 24 15 6 12.0

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 Q Q Q 8 8 3 5 28.4

 Central Chillers ............................. 109 Q Q 8 23 18 21 17 14.2

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 1,431 457 332 297 202 84 39 20 9.6

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 186 95 25 37 19 4 4 2 32.7

 Other ............................................. 18 Q Q Q Q Q Q 2 30.5

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 2,479 1,252 524 323 232 76 41 31 9.8

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 3,885 1,873 771 609 388 133 69 43 7.7

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 364 77 37 114 71 25 22 20 15.0

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 393 115 57 83 76 28 21 14 13.9

 Halogen ........................................ 302 117 55 48 39 14 12 17 19.9

 Other ............................................. 30 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 72.6

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None ............................................. 2,039 1,668 217 96 36 19 Q Q 15.9

 1 to 4 ............................................. 1,408 755 367 196 72 8 Q Q 12.9

 5 to 9 ............................................. 437 47 150 139 85 11 5 Q 21.2

 10 to 19 ......................................... 344 Q 54 168 77 21 5 Q 19.2

 20 to 49 ......................................... 198 Q Q 24 103 36 11 3 15.9

 50 to 99 ......................................... 81 Q Q Q 23 31 19 4 16.9

 100 to 249 ..................................... 46 Q Q Q 4 9 21 8 14.2

 250 or More .................................. 26 Q Q Q Q Q 5 19 15.6

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 749 328 112 124 103 38 26 18 12.4

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 1,363 508 274 241 191 68 46 34 11.3

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 237 91 46 46 30 10 8 5 21.0

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 131 40 19 28 19 9 9 8 22.8

 Time Clock .................................... 467 153 78 96 71 33 20 16 17.0

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 501 219 83 77 62 26 18 16 15.4

 Other ............................................. 79 Q Q Q 9 8 5 3 25.2

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 3,211 1,590 640 527 279 98 47 29 9.1

 Cooling .......................................... 2,707 1,219 570 480 265 98 48 28 9.3

 Lighting ......................................... 3,753 1,890 735 573 351 118 55 32 8.6

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 105
Table BC-13. Employment Size Category, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Floorspace by Number of Workers

RSE

Row

Factor

Fewer than 5

Workers

5 to 9

Workers

10 to 19

Workers

20 to 49

Workers

50 to 99

Workers

100 to 249

Workers

250 or More

Workers

0.5 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0

All Buildings .................................. 58,772 13,885 6,291 7,102 9,132 6,931 5,988 9,443 6.2

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 6,338 4,184 1,202 695 225 Q Q Q 11.4

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 7,530 3,636 1,608 1,637 615 Q Q Q 13.8

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 11,617 3,806 2,090 2,399 2,513 567 155 Q 13.3

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 7,676 770 529 1,099 2,620 1,644 913 Q 11.3

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 7,968 518 567 557 2,087 2,108 1,472 658 13.2

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 6,776 415 Q 480 736 1,738 1,628 1,644 15.6

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 5,553 Q Q Q 204 587 1,394 2,858 16.8

 Over 500,000 ................................ 5,313 Q Q Q Q Q 409 4,096 18.3

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 7,740 432 660 760 2,132 1,753 1,344 661 15.5

 Food Sales .................................... 642 300 Q Q Q Q Q Q 20.0

 Food Service ................................ 1,353 370 290 420 208 Q Q Q 23.3

 Health Care ................................... 2,333 Q Q Q 311 132 253 1,326 20.1

 Lodging ......................................... 3,618 809 390 341 677 672 332 398 19.9

 Mercantile and Service ................. 12,728 3,197 1,936 1,595 1,774 1,318 1,046 1,862 13.3

 Office ............................................ 10,478 525 797 1,024 1,406 1,153 1,639 3,934 13.1

 Public Assembly ........................... 3,948 1,303 394 740 520 436 311 Q 19.9

 Public Order and Safety ................ 1,271 Q Q Q 311 Q Q Q 36.9

 Religious Worship ......................... 2,792 1,820 415 235 Q Q Q Q 19.1

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 8,481 2,740 964 1,413 1,298 994 613 459 17.9

 Other ............................................. 1,004 Q Q Q Q Q 174 Q 39.1

 Vacant ........................................... 2,384 2,038 Q Q Q Q Q Q 22.0

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 3,673 1,295 608 490 414 266 360 239 22.9

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 6,710 2,266 949 647 1,077 595 497 679 18.0

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 9,298 2,533 1,277 1,300 1,655 951 768 814 15.2

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 10,858 2,400 1,095 1,179 1,634 1,648 1,275 1,627 12.7

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 11,333 2,047 1,209 1,607 1,374 1,392 1,056 2,649 11.0

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 12,252 2,227 912 1,393 2,125 1,446 1,389 2,760 12.0

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 2,590 509 142 277 430 245 472 515 19.2

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 2,059 609 Q 209 423 388 172 160 22.1

Floors

 One ............................................... 24,552 8,500 3,429 3,466 4,080 2,643 1,572 863 9.5

 Two ............................................... 14,122 3,134 1,286 2,521 2,551 1,877 1,359 1,394 11.8

 Three ............................................ 7,335 1,450 1,109 783 1,314 1,072 873 735 15.3

 Four to Nine .................................. 8,789 624 452 328 1,142 1,221 1,907 3,115 14.8

 Ten or More .................................. 3,975 Q Q Q Q Q 278 3,336 18.0

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 11,883 2,430 1,057 1,317 1,807 1,264 1,429 2,577 14.8

 Midwest ......................................... 14,322 3,584 1,764 1,511 2,390 1,504 1,579 1,990 11.2

 South ............................................ 20,830 5,345 2,082 2,701 3,212 2,733 1,755 3,001 9.9

 West .............................................. 11,736 2,526 1,387 1,572 1,723 1,430 1,224 1,875 13.8

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 6,134 4,539 357 513 360 Q Q Q 18.7

 40 to 48 ......................................... 13,233 3,185 2,255 2,221 2,504 1,530 879 659 12.5

 49 to 60 ......................................... 12,242 2,288 1,678 1,752 2,006 1,633 1,208 1,678 11.9

 61 to 84 ......................................... 10,052 1,241 903 1,163 1,736 1,174 1,462 2,373 14.2

 85 to 167 ....................................... 6,202 1,136 387 705 1,100 1,066 939 868 16.5

 Open Continuously ....................... 10,908 1,496 711 748 1,426 1,352 1,438 3,738 11.5

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 46,696 12,588 5,466 5,932 6,735 4,604 4,208 7,164 7.1

 Owner Occupied ......................... 35,573 9,406 4,739 4,545 4,667 3,145 2,945 6,126 7.9

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 9,697 1,807 722 1,383 2,068 1,459 1,263 996 14.5

 Unoccupied ................................. 1,426 1,375 Q Q Q Q Q Q 30.9

 Government Owned ...................... 12,076 1,298 825 1,170 2,397 2,327 1,780 2,279 11.8

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

106 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-13. Employment Size Category, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Floorspace by Number of Workers

RSE

Row

Factor

Fewer than 5

Workers

5 to 9

Workers

10 to 19

Workers

20 to 49

Workers

50 to 99

Workers

100 to 249

Workers

250 or More

Workers

0.5 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 15,844 3,872 824 1,316 1,635 1,433 1,977 4,787 12.6

 No ................................................. 42,928 10,013 5,467 5,785 7,497 5,498 4,011 4,657 6.8

Number of Establishments

 One ............................................... 41,057 11,190 5,038 5,282 6,649 4,824 3,722 4,351 6.9

 2 to 5 ............................................. 7,325 1,022 1,157 1,354 1,389 962 591 850 15.6

 6 to 10 ........................................... 2,672 Q Q 456 812 453 458 435 22.4

 11 to 20 ......................................... 2,228 Q Q Q 214 544 652 735 18.1

 More than 20 ................................. 3,943 Q Q Q Q Q 565 3,030 16.7

 Currently Unoccupied ................... 1,548 1,473 Q Q Q Q Q Q 29.5

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 57,076 12,342 6,270 7,102 9,103 6,860 5,975 9,425 6.1

 Natural Gas ................................... 38,145 6,581 4,482 4,696 6,627 4,762 4,286 6,712 7.3

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 14,421 1,674 791 872 1,436 1,652 2,210 5,787 12.9

 District Heat .................................. 5,658 423 303 258 617 713 886 2,458 17.7

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 Q Q Q 250 366 356 1,172 20.0

 Propane ........................................ 5,344 1,510 702 877 780 654 435 387 20.8

 Other ............................................. 2,336 586 257 269 269 399 318 237 27.5

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 54,347 10,663 6,086 6,905 8,899 6,642 5,880 9,272 6.3

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 49,935 8,324 5,260 6,449 8,302 6,379 5,872 9,349 6.4

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 51,560 8,772 5,610 6,566 8,763 6,622 5,903 9,324 6.4

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 20,713 1,609 1,272 1,686 3,515 3,362 2,825 6,444 10.0

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 3,893 608 288 457 884 528 515 612 22.2

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 13,366 566 294 594 1,594 1,787 2,061 6,471 13.9

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 4,425 3,223 205 196 Q Q Q Q 22.2

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,227 2,318 898 1,180 830 404 Q 405 19.5

 51 to 99 ......................................... 8,868 1,647 1,212 1,065 1,236 728 995 1,985 15.2

 100 ................................................ 39,252 6,697 3,976 4,660 6,833 5,510 4,694 6,882 6.7

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 8,837 5,562 1,031 652 830 552 Q Q 17.1

 1 to 50 ........................................... 15,027 3,149 2,136 2,596 2,727 1,752 1,672 994 12.4

 51 to 99 ......................................... 12,549 1,106 1,110 965 1,939 1,852 1,453 4,125 12.0

 100 ................................................ 22,359 4,069 2,014 2,889 3,636 2,775 2,746 4,230 8.5

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 189 183 Q Q Q Q Q Q 38.5

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,008 3,461 1,093 698 414 229 Q Q 14.9

 51 to 99 ......................................... 9,692 1,718 1,443 1,058 1,669 1,260 1,130 1,413 13.8

 100 ................................................ 40,514 6,308 3,727 5,345 7,020 5,370 4,784 7,960 6.8

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 2,369 2,216 Q Q Q Q Q Q 23.6

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 5,843 807 381 831 1,108 689 969 1,058 14.9

 Furnaces ....................................... 14,923 4,496 2,397 2,557 2,280 1,504 778 911 11.9

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 16,809 3,629 2,072 1,666 2,463 2,209 1,583 3,186 12.0

 District Heat .................................. 5,911 427 319 285 673 784 902 2,520 17.9

 Boilers ........................................... 16,754 1,692 1,044 1,560 2,856 2,733 2,866 4,003 10.2

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 16,893 1,988 1,733 2,185 3,529 2,695 2,219 2,545 9.9

 Other ............................................. 6,249 513 368 463 505 646 626 3,128 21.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 107
Table BC-13. Employment Size Category, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Floorspace by Number of Workers

RSE

Row

Factor

Fewer than 5

Workers

5 to 9

Workers

10 to 19

Workers

20 to 49

Workers

50 to 99

Workers

100 to 249

Workers

250 or More

Workers

0.5 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 9,238 2,076 1,123 1,488 1,575 917 707 1,351 12.8

 Heat Pumps .................................. 6,931 980 529 860 1,271 879 1,065 1,347 14.9

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 12,494 2,628 1,109 1,580 1,988 1,643 1,535 2,011 11.4

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 Q Q Q 250 366 356 1,172 20.0

 Central Chillers ............................. 11,065 280 Q 298 1,075 1,505 2,054 5,684 14.2

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 26,628 2,807 2,808 3,458 4,720 4,239 3,360 5,237 8.4

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 2,451 523 161 394 352 248 424 350 28.7

 Other ............................................. 949 Q Q Q Q Q Q 405 30.9

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 35,715 7,242 3,969 3,552 5,524 4,203 3,880 7,345 7.4

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 53,984 10,102 6,041 6,990 8,910 6,624 5,909 9,409 6.2

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 14,273 688 424 1,286 1,997 1,740 2,017 6,121 12.3

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 16,259 1,155 762 1,464 2,648 2,516 2,735 4,980 11.8

 Halogen ........................................ 9,665 784 438 489 1,319 1,389 1,244 4,001 14.7

 Other ............................................. 554 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 78.3

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None ............................................. 12,571 8,966 1,576 977 523 400 Q Q 15.5

 1 to 4 ............................................. 11,401 4,251 3,116 2,295 1,143 360 Q Q 12.5

 5 to 9 ............................................. 5,372 325 999 1,653 1,706 469 210 Q 18.2

 10 to 19 ......................................... 5,947 Q 375 1,644 2,101 1,149 466 Q 15.3

 20 to 49 ......................................... 7,048 Q Q 415 2,661 2,085 1,083 523 13.6

 50 to 99 ......................................... 4,938 Q Q Q 721 1,575 1,506 921 14.5

 100 to 249 ..................................... 5,189 Q Q Q 266 704 1,964 2,189 15.0

 250 or More .................................. 6,307 Q Q Q Q Q 598 5,458 13.3

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 17,868 1,958 940 1,870 2,563 2,559 2,469 5,509 10.2

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 28,375 2,759 2,360 2,810 4,564 3,898 4,172 7,812 8.1

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 6,431 683 441 583 768 791 778 2,388 17.3

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 5,958 429 273 366 600 816 826 2,647 20.4

 Time Clock .................................... 13,262 1,075 644 1,015 1,679 1,978 1,820 5,053 12.1

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 13,056 1,699 830 890 1,708 1,621 1,688 4,620 11.9

 Other ............................................. 2,836 Q Q Q 441 453 568 975 19.9

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 38,326 8,134 4,759 5,562 6,343 4,582 3,893 5,054 7.5

 Cooling .......................................... 35,605 6,484 4,270 5,250 6,013 4,316 3,971 5,301 7.7

 Lighting ......................................... 44,937 9,874 5,472 6,277 7,631 5,493 4,499 5,690 7.1

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

108 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-14. Weekly Operating Hours, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

(thousand)

Buildings by Weekly Operating Hours

RSE

Row

Factor

39 or Fewer

Hours

40 to 48

Hours

49 to 60

Hours

61 to 84

Hours

85 to 167

Hours

Open

Continuously

0.5 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.1

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 899 1,257 969 567 420 466 7.3

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 565 665 475 241 240 212 10.2

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 219 282 232 139 67 95 15.8

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 90 214 164 121 67 88 15.0

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 16 55 59 32 20 30 10.4

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 6 26 27 19 14 21 11.7

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 Q 10 8 9 9 10 13.2

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 Q 23427 15.2

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 Q Q 1 2 (*) 3 17.8

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 51 127 72 42 11 Q 17.4

 Food Sales .................................... 137 Q Q Q Q 76 Q 20.8

 Food Service ................................ 285 Q Q Q 101 113 Q 17.8

 Health Care ................................... 105 Q 42 20 Q Q 25 32.7

 Lodging ......................................... 158 Q Q Q Q Q 138 16.9

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 118 343 443 219 109 58 15.1

 Office ............................................ 705 64 404 165 32 7 34 18.3

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 124 35 53 53 51 Q 25.3

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 Q 5 Q Q Q 33 30.6

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 157 36 30 12 Q Q 24.6

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 128 177 134 32 37 71 22.6

 Other ............................................. 67 Q Q 14 Q Q Q 51.5

 Vacant ........................................... 261 199 33 QQQQ 23.6

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 82 110 75 40 15 31 26.6

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 125 184 100 65 49 39 20.1

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 194 256 185 126 42 65 16.4

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 147 165 149 115 63 79 16.0

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 109 194 214 99 116 81 15.2

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 155 239 173 74 85 119 15.1

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 Q 63 42 24 31 17 30.8

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 Q 46 32 24 19 36 34.6

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 108 172 188 92 81 83 19.3

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 256 334 197 148 98 106 15.8

 South ............................................ 1,750 361 484 401 170 160 172 10.7

 West .............................................. 964 174 266 183 157 81 105 17.1

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 729 598 426 249 225 278 10.5

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 69 278 249 97 55 50 16.9

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 64 193 152 105 67 44 18.6

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 17 134 82 75 45 47 17.9

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 Q 36 35 20 17 19 15.0

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 Q 14 17 15 8 16 14.7

 250 or More .................................. 43 Q 5 8 7 4 11 16.5

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 4,025 784 1,051 888 515 397 390 7.7

 Owner Occupied ......................... 3,158 576 844 713 382 298 345 8.8

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 698 54 205 175 128 99 38 19.3

 Unoccupied ................................. 170 154 QQQQQ 21.6

 Government Owned ...................... 553 116 205 81 52 23 76 17.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 109
Table BC-14. Weekly Operating Hours, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

(thousand)

Buildings by Weekly Operating Hours

RSE

Row

Factor

39 or Fewer

Hours

40 to 48

Hours

49 to 60

Hours

61 to 84

Hours

85 to 167

Hours

Open

Continuously

0.5 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.1

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 746 1,254 950 566 407 421 7.2

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 343 718 596 365 216 239 9.3

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 116 162 138 68 44 80 21.2

 District Heat .................................. 110 Q 23 23 12 11 32 32.0

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 Q Q 11 8 7 Q 40.2

 Propane ........................................ 589 121 157 89 73 75 73 21.6

 Other ............................................. 213 Q 47 78 19 21 16 34.7

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 620 1,207 907 541 366 385 7.4

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 399 1,047 795 446 344 350 7.7

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 466 1,035 742 494 375 375 8.0

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 92 144 104 180 212 96 13.0

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 Q 97 49 21 9 8 31.4

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 Q 60 31 29 14 84 22.6

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 280 50 63 26 54 81 24.2

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 127 193 151 43 22 20 22.0

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 50 171 167 110 64 71 19.1

 100 ................................................ 2,836 444 843 588 388 279 294 8.7

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 1,198 501 210 175 121 76 116 18.0

 1 to 50 ........................................... 930 128 300 292 106 43 60 16.4

 51 to 99 ......................................... 635 61 142 186 86 79 80 16.6

 100 ................................................ 1,816 209 604 316 254 222 210 10.2

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 QQQQQQ 72.3

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 122 203 143 101 20 77 17.6

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 100 258 167 94 68 58 17.4

 100 ................................................ 2,814 439 779 635 364 312 285 9.3

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 236 Q Q Q Q 45 21.0

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 394 42 162 78 44 24 44 22.0

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,676 283 488 360 267 165 113 12.4

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,188 235 349 303 135 70 96 14.5

 District Heat .................................. 115 Q 24 23 13 12 33 30.6

 Boilers ........................................... 610 74 167 145 71 39 113 17.9

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,031 109 324 230 139 122 107 13.0

 Other ............................................. 161 Q 50 48 24 12 11 32.4

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 878 109 281 178 127 99 83 14.8

 Heat Pumps .................................. 457 55 180 87 51 25 59 20.4

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 862 111 224 238 102 72 115 15.5

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 Q Q 11 8 7 Q 40.2

 Central Chillers ............................. 109 Q 22 19 18 10 30 15.0

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 1,431 127 443 331 181 196 152 11.4

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 186 Q 43 47 48 Q 14 35.0

 Other ............................................. 18 Q Q 9 Q Q 2 37.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

110 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-14. Weekly Operating Hours, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

(thousand)

Buildings by Weekly Operating Hours

RSE

Row

Factor

39 or Fewer

Hours

40 to 48

Hours

49 to 60

Hours

61 to 84

Hours

85 to 167

Hours

Open

Continuously

0.5 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.1

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 2,479 424 699 523 333 214 287 9.0

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 3,885 506 1,188 890 533 392 376 7.6

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 364 10 72 84 71 63 64 20.5

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 393 27 121 91 62 39 52 19.4

 Halogen ........................................ 302 25 78 61 45 39 54 24.4

 Other ............................................. 30 QQQQQQ 78.0

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 3,211 517 1,093 824 474 303 -- 7.8

 Cooling .......................................... 2,707 345 954 725 396 286 -- 8.1

 Lighting ......................................... 3,753 654 1,229 924 555 391 -- 7.6

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 111
Table BC-15. Weekly Operating Hours, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Floorspace by Weekly Operating Hours

RSE

Row

Factor

39 or Fewer

Hours

40 to 48

Hours

49 to 60

Hours

61 to 84

Hours

85 to 167

Hours

Open

Continuously

0.5 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.9

All Buildings .................................. 58,772 6,134 13,233 12,242 10,052 6,202 10,908 6.1

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 6,338 1,544 1,701 1,264 653 618 559 10.5

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 7,530 1,619 2,033 1,707 1,020 503 647 15.8

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 11,617 1,354 3,382 2,562 1,873 1,024 1,422 14.2

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 7,676 576 1,981 2,103 1,182 749 1,085 10.7

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 7,968 426 1,776 1,897 1,354 988 1,527 11.5

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 6,776 Q 1,439 1,181 1,325 1,183 1,453 13.8

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 5,553 Q 705 905 1,011 743 2,035 15.7

 Over 500,000 ................................ 5,313 Q Q 623 1,634 393 2,182 18.8

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 7,740 589 2,337 1,862 1,678 994 280 13.8

 Food Sales .................................... 642 Q Q Q Q 370 Q 18.4

 Food Service ................................ 1,353 Q Q Q 491 509 Q 21.4

 Health Care ................................... 2,333 Q 266 198 Q Q 1,731 17.7

 Lodging ......................................... 3,618 Q Q Q Q Q 3,339 13.7

 Mercantile and Service ................. 12,728 361 2,102 3,404 4,092 1,848 922 14.5

 Office ............................................ 10,478 226 3,536 3,309 1,481 423 1,502 12.5

 Public Assembly ........................... 3,948 693 441 453 790 1,113 457 19.2

 Public Order and Safety ................ 1,271 Q 156 Q Q Q 643 26.1

 Religious Worship ......................... 2,792 1,249 589 467 223 Q Q 20.5

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 8,481 782 3,242 1,930 671 596 1,260 16.5

 Other ............................................. 1,004 Q Q 250 Q Q 229 36.2

 Vacant ........................................... 2,384 1,805 266 Q Q Q Q 21.7

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 3,673 711 864 843 445 360 449 21.7

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 6,710 979 2,300 1,093 824 486 1,028 18.3

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 9,298 1,271 2,730 2,034 1,327 719 1,217 13.9

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 10,858 1,000 1,859 2,196 2,273 1,170 2,360 12.7

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 11,333 798 2,047 2,393 2,271 1,628 2,197 11.5

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 12,252 978 2,484 2,693 2,218 1,272 2,607 11.4

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 2,590 Q 512 663 339 311 546 18.6

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 2,059 Q 439 326 356 256 504 21.0

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 11,883 1,119 2,168 2,482 2,111 1,411 2,592 14.1

 Midwest ......................................... 14,322 1,601 3,520 2,378 2,626 1,633 2,564 10.9

 South ............................................ 20,830 2,311 4,912 4,786 3,276 1,804 3,740 9.0

 West .............................................. 11,736 1,103 2,633 2,596 2,040 1,353 2,012 13.1

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 13,885 4,539 3,185 2,288 1,241 1,136 1,496 12.3

 5 to 9 ............................................. 6,291 357 2,255 1,678 903 387 711 16.0

 10 to 19 ......................................... 7,102 513 2,221 1,752 1,163 705 748 15.2

 20 to 49 ......................................... 9,132 360 2,504 2,006 1,736 1,100 1,426 13.3

 50 to 99 ......................................... 6,931 Q 1,530 1,633 1,174 1,066 1,352 12.5

 100 to 249 ..................................... 5,988 Q 879 1,208 1,462 939 1,438 13.6

 250 or More .................................. 9,443 Q 659 1,678 2,373 868 3,738 14.0

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 46,696 5,051 10,034 10,106 8,116 4,925 8,465 6.5

 Owner Occupied ......................... 35,573 3,373 7,677 7,388 6,087 3,508 7,539 7.2

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 9,697 359 2,331 2,695 2,019 1,416 877 13.8

 Unoccupied ................................. 1,426 1,319 Q Q Q Q Q 26.7

 Government Owned ...................... 12,076 1,084 3,199 2,136 1,937 1,277 2,443 11.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

112 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-15. Weekly Operating Hours, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Floorspace by Weekly Operating Hours

RSE

Row

Factor

39 or Fewer

Hours

40 to 48

Hours

49 to 60

Hours

61 to 84

Hours

85 to 167

Hours

Open

Continuously

0.5 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.9

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 57,076 4,932 13,142 12,134 10,021 6,159 10,688 6.0

 Natural Gas ................................... 38,145 2,657 8,541 8,002 7,048 3,966 7,931 7.4

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 14,421 710 1,953 2,790 2,785 1,502 4,682 11.8

 District Heat .................................. 5,658 Q 762 970 628 840 2,320 17.5

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 Q 350 409 381 395 919 22.6

 Propane ........................................ 5,344 644 1,279 931 944 627 919 18.9

 Other ............................................. 2,336 Q 552 724 226 322 327 23.0

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 54,347 4,032 12,672 11,658 9,635 5,880 10,469 6.3

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 49,935 2,845 11,401 10,897 9,212 5,644 9,936 6.5

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 51,560 3,290 11,585 10,765 9,535 5,928 10,457 6.5

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 20,713 872 2,806 3,379 5,017 3,064 5,575 8.7

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 3,893 Q 1,237 922 592 301 671 19.8

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 13,366 271 1,578 2,041 2,764 1,374 5,338 12.8

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 4,425 2,102 561 584 417 322 439 24.6

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,227 683 2,452 1,454 692 389 558 18.6

 51 to 99 ......................................... 8,868 351 1,714 2,163 1,822 888 1,931 15.3

 100 ................................................ 39,252 2,999 8,506 8,041 7,122 4,604 7,980 6.8

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 8,837 3,289 1,832 1,345 840 558 973 15.8

 1 to 50 ........................................... 15,027 990 4,714 3,925 2,143 1,298 1,958 12.3

 51 to 99 ......................................... 12,549 421 1,931 2,775 2,812 1,363 3,246 12.1

 100 ................................................ 22,359 1,434 4,756 4,197 4,258 2,983 4,732 8.6

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 189 Q Q Q Q Q Q 52.6

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,008 890 1,827 1,523 752 332 684 16.5

 51 to 99 ......................................... 9,692 642 2,734 1,934 1,733 1,068 1,580 13.0

 100 ................................................ 40,514 2,692 8,507 8,654 7,507 4,730 8,424 7.2

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 2,369 1,875 Q Q Q Q 220 22.4

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 5,843 201 1,568 1,121 1,161 322 1,470 14.3

 Furnaces ....................................... 14,923 1,776 3,844 3,381 2,359 1,409 2,155 10.9

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 16,809 1,357 4,025 3,622 2,975 1,522 3,307 11.2

 District Heat .................................. 5,911 Q 792 996 676 908 2,399 17.5

 Boilers ........................................... 16,754 919 3,304 3,566 3,078 1,757 4,130 9.5

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 16,893 682 3,815 3,369 3,280 2,386 3,360 9.1

 Other ............................................. 6,249 Q 762 1,342 1,536 684 1,765 18.0

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 9,238 761 2,294 1,916 1,460 819 1,988 12.2

 Heat Pumps .................................. 6,931 270 1,782 1,392 1,291 442 1,754 13.8

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 12,494 683 2,578 2,781 1,868 1,157 3,427 11.7

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 Q 350 409 381 395 919 22.6

 Central Chillers ............................. 11,065 276 1,349 1,969 2,399 1,199 3,873 12.9

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 26,628 1,000 5,760 5,679 5,127 3,644 5,418 8.4

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 2,451 Q 501 488 374 259 655 27.6

 Other ............................................. 949 Q Q 299 Q Q 285 34.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 113
Table BC-15. Weekly Operating Hours, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Floorspace by Weekly Operating Hours

RSE

Row

Factor

39 or Fewer

Hours

40 to 48

Hours

49 to 60

Hours

61 to 84

Hours

85 to 167

Hours

Open

Continuously

0.5 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.9

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 35,715 2,795 7,377 7,053 6,664 3,776 8,049 7.2

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 53,984 3,358 12,651 11,712 9,851 6,081 10,332 6.3

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 14,273 171 1,650 2,764 3,516 1,709 4,464 12.3

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 16,259 432 2,961 3,000 3,521 2,052 4,293 11.2

 Halogen ........................................ 9,665 280 1,216 1,597 2,546 1,200 2,827 14.7

 Other ............................................. 554 Q Q Q Q Q Q 75.4

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 38,326 3,340 11,083 10,592 8,293 5,017 -- 6.9

 Cooling .......................................... 35,605 2,448 10,156 10,068 8,063 4,871 -- 7.0

 Lighting ......................................... 44,937 4,123 12,953 11,939 9,951 5,970 -- 6.3

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for

explanation of abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

114 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-16. Occupancy of Nongovernment-Owned and Government-Owned

 Buildings, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Nongovernment-Owned Buildings Government-Owned Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

All

NongovernmentOwned

Buildings

Owner

Occupied

Nonowner

Occupied Unoccupied

All GovernmentOwned

Buildings Federal State Local

0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.7 0.9 2.2 1.7 1.2

All Buildings ............................... 4,579 4,025 3,158 698 170 553 76 99 379 9.2

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................ 2,399 2,176 1,746 325 105 223 Q Q 152 12.2

 5,001 to 10,000 .......................... 1,035 909 704 163 Q 125 Q 22 81 17.6

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................ 745 646 503 126 Q 98 7 19 72 15.2

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................ 213 158 109 47 Q 55 Q 11 40 12.0

 50,001 to 100,000 ...................... 115 83 58 24 Q 32 3 7 22 12.0

 100,001 to 200,000 .................... 48 35 24 10 Q 13 2 4 7 13.7

 200,001 to 500,000 .................... 19 13 10 3 Q 6 1 2 3 16.3

 Over 500,000 ............................. 6 4 4 (*) Q 1 1 (*) Q 21.7

Principal Building Activity

 Education ................................... 309 127 119 Q -- 182 Q 43 135 20.2

 Food Sales ................................. 137 137 113 Q -- Q Q Q Q 28.4

 Food Service ............................. 285 279 231 48 -- Q Q Q Q 23.9

 Health Care ................................ 105 86 61 Q -- 19 1 Q Q 36.3

 Lodging ...................................... 158 153 129 24 -- 6 Q 4 Q 23.6

 Mercantile and Service .............. 1,289 1,234 942 292 -- 55 Q Q 42 18.5

 Office ......................................... 705 650 541 109 -- 55 9 7 39 17.5

 Public Assembly ........................ 326 247 220 27 -- 79 Q 6 66 25.2

 Public Order and Safety ............. 87 Q Q Q -- 60 Q 4 50 35.4

 Religious Worship ...................... 269 269 267 Q -- Q Q Q Q 24.0

 Warehouse and Storage ............ 580 533 414 119 -- 47 Q Q 30 25.9

 Other .......................................... 67 49 47 Q -- 18 Q Q Q 56.7

 Vacant ........................................ 261 234 51 14 170 27 Q Q Q 27.9

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ........................... 353 321 257 56 Q 32 Q Q 11 30.7

 1920 to 1945 .............................. 562 474 374 43 56 88 22 Q 48 21.8

 1946 to 1959 .............................. 867 729 564 125 40 138 Q 32 97 18.1

 1960 to 1969 .............................. 718 625 486 118 Q 94 8 18 68 16.7

 1970 to 1979 .............................. 813 716 555 138 23 96 Q 18 70 17.2

 1980 to 1989 .............................. 846 775 600 160 Q 71 4 9 58 16.5

 1990 to 1992 .............................. 218 200 164 29 Q 18 Q Q 16 32.0

 1993 to 1995 .............................. 202 186 157 29 Q 16 Q Q 10 37.9

Floors

 One ............................................ 3,018 2,655 2,036 491 128 363 57 55 250 11.7

 Two ............................................ 1,002 888 729 135 24 114 Q 23 81 16.7

 Three ......................................... 399 353 289 51 Q 46 5 10 31 19.7

 Four to Nine ............................... 148 119 96 19 Q 29 3 10 16 22.4

 Ten or More ............................... 12 11 8 2 Q 1 Q 1 Q 24.0

Census Region

 Northeast ................................... 725 629 542 79 Q 97 Q 12 68 18.8

 Midwest ...................................... 1,139 1,043 843 146 54 97 19 13 65 19.3

 South ......................................... 1,750 1,556 1,224 260 72 193 21 42 131 14.2

 West ........................................... 964 798 548 213 36 166 19 33 115 18.6

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ............. 493 455 393 60 Q 39 Q Q 29 35.4

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................ 975 859 691 131 37 116 Q 10 95 16.4

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................ 1,070 943 774 130 38 127 Q 27 71 27.1

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 1,103 952 694 212 46 151 16 29 106 19.1

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 937 817 605 165 46 121 Q 28 77 20.9

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 115
Table BC-16. Occupancy of Nongovernment-Owned and Government-Owned

 Buildings, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Nongovernment-Owned Buildings Government-Owned Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

All

NongovernmentOwned

Buildings

Owner

Occupied

Nonowner

Occupied Unoccupied

All GovernmentOwned

Buildings Federal State Local

0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.7 0.9 2.2 1.7 1.2

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .............................. 2,505 2,317 1,801 348 168 188 Q 37 118 13.4

 5 to 9 .......................................... 798 692 598 93 Q 106 Q 15 76 19.1

 10 to 19 ...................................... 625 509 410 99 Q 115 Q 14 93 20.8

 20 to 49 ...................................... 400 324 220 104 Q 76 9 16 51 16.4

 50 to 99 ...................................... 138 96 66 30 Q 42 Q 7 29 16.5

 100 to 249 .................................. 71 53 37 17 Q 18 3 7 8 15.7

 250 or More ............................... 43 34 27 7 Q 9 2 3 4 22.6

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................ 899 784 576 54 154 116 Q Q 95 20.2

 40 to 48 ...................................... 1,257 1,051 844 205 Q 205 22 32 152 14.3

 49 to 60 ...................................... 969 888 713 175 Q 81 11 12 58 17.8

 61 to 84 ...................................... 567 515 382 128 Q 52 Q 14 34 21.0

 85 to 167 .................................... 420 397 298 99 Q 23 Q 5 17 21.1

 Open Continuously .................... 466 390 345 38 Q 76 31 22 23 21.2

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive

Months

 Yes ............................................. 787 712 349 206 157 75 Q 14 43 17.8

 No .............................................. 3,791 3,313 2,808 492 Q 478 57 85 336 9.9

Number of Establishments

 One ............................................ 3,712 3,205 2,738 467 -- 506 63 89 354 9.6

 2 to 5 .......................................... 530 507 364 143 -- 24 3 2 19 21.9

 6 to 10 ........................................ 91 86 33 53 -- Q Q Q Q 30.0

 11 to 20 ...................................... 28 28 11 17 -- Q Q Q Q 17.8

 More than 20 .............................. 31 31 12 18 -- Q Q Q Q 46.9

 Currently Unoccupied ................ 187 170 -- -- 170 Q Q Q Q 22.6

Multibuilding Facility

 Part of Multibuilding Facility ....... 1,480 1,090 842 201 47 390 63 93 234 13.4

 Not on Multibuilding Facility ....... 3,099 2,936 2,316 498 122 163 12 7 145 11.4

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ..................................... 3,061 2,671 2,052 519 99 390 49 75 267 11.2

 Siding or Shingles ...................... 639 571 489 56 Q 68 Q Q 49 25.8

 Metal Panels .............................. 662 591 487 81 Q 71 Q Q 55 20.6

 Concrete Panels ........................ 106 92 48 32 Q 14 Q 4 6 28.7

 Window Glass ............................ 46 43 36 7 Q 3 Q Q Q 49.5

 Other .......................................... 50 43 34 Q Q Q Q Q Q 64.5

 No One Major Type ................... 15 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.6

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ...................................... 1,369 1,177 838 273 66 192 26 46 120 13.9

 Shingles (Not Wood) .................. 1,486 1,381 1,188 170 Q 106 Q Q 62 15.1

 Metal Surfacing .......................... 908 821 667 106 48 87 Q Q 68 17.7

 Synthetic or Rubber ................... 351 274 221 51 Q 77 3 12 62 20.9

 Slate or Tile ................................ 202 158 116 41 Q 44 Q Q 22 34.2

 Wooden Materials ...................... 152 129 92 Q Q Q Q Q Q 44.4

 Concrete .................................... 58 42 18 Q Q Q Q Q Q 59.9

 Other .......................................... 36 27 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 85.1

 No One Major Type ................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 100.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

116 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-16. Occupancy of Nongovernment-Owned and Government-Owned

 Buildings, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Nongovernment-Owned Buildings Government-Owned Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

All

NongovernmentOwned

Buildings

Owner

Occupied

Nonowner

Occupied Unoccupied

All GovernmentOwned

Buildings Federal State Local

0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.7 0.9 2.2 1.7 1.2

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 4,343 3,810 3,062 669 79 533 66 92 376 9.3

 Natural Gas ................................ 2,478 2,190 1,750 413 Q 288 21 43 224 10.9

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 607 509 453 54 Q 98 Q 19 54 24.3

 District Heat ............................... 110 50 44 Q Q 60 Q 23 Q 30.9

 District Chilled Water ................. 53 19 14 Q Q 34 Q 13 Q 43.7

 Propane ..................................... 589 510 434 75 Q 79 Q Q 66 24.6

 Other .......................................... 213 186 161 26 Q 26 Q Q 15 36.0

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating .... 4,024 3,527 2,867 623 37 498 69 89 340 9.8

 Buildings with Cooling ................ 3,381 2,993 2,402 569 Q 388 67 74 247 9.3

 Buildings with Water Heating ..... 3,486 3,054 2,452 572 30 432 53 80 298 10.5

 Buildings with Cooking ............... 828 737 592 139 Q 91 4 14 73 13.2

 Buildings with Manufacturing ..... 204 188 149 32 Q Q Q Q Q 35.2

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................ 247 167 149 18 Q 79 Q 16 47 27.9

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated ................................. 554 498 291 75 132 56 Q Q 38 22.7

 1 to 50 ........................................ 555 528 397 122 Q 27 Q Q 14 25.7

 51 to 99 ...................................... 633 553 452 101 Q 80 Q 13 62 21.2

 100 ............................................. 2,836 2,446 2,018 400 Q 391 57 68 265 9.8

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled ................................. 1,198 1,033 755 129 148 165 Q 25 132 18.6

 1 to 50 ........................................ 930 806 606 192 Q 124 33 21 70 16.0

 51 to 99 ...................................... 635 556 474 81 Q 80 Q 17 52 20.4

 100 ............................................. 1,816 1,631 1,322 295 Q 185 24 36 125 12.0

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ........................................... 36 36 28 Q Q Q Q Q Q 78.0

 1 to 50 ........................................ 666 608 523 85 Q 58 Q Q 43 21.1

 51 to 99 ...................................... 745 650 517 133 Q 95 Q 16 69 23.3

 100 ............................................. 2,814 2,435 1,970 451 Q 379 45 70 263 10.5

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .................. 318 296 120 30 146 Q Q Q Q 28.3

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps ............................... 394 341 288 53 Q 53 Q Q 28 23.0

 Furnaces .................................... 1,676 1,555 1,280 260 Q 121 Q Q 100 13.4

 Individual Space Heaters ........... 1,188 1,052 889 149 Q 136 19 16 101 17.4

 District Heat ............................... 115 53 45 7 Q 62 19 23 Q 30.8

 Boilers ........................................ 610 452 402 48 Q 158 Q 29 111 19.2

 Packaged Heating Units ............ 1,031 910 672 224 Q 121 4 22 96 15.1

 Other .......................................... 161 144 125 19 Q 17 Q 4 13 38.3

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................ 878 820 680 139 Q 58 Q Q 42 17.5

 Heat Pumps ............................... 457 399 333 67 Q 58 Q Q 33 22.0

 Individual Air Conditioners ......... 862 732 606 125 Q 129 Q 29 82 16.6

 District Chilled Water ................. 53 19 14 Q Q 34 Q 13 Q 43.7

 Central Chillers .......................... 109 72 61 11 Q 37 5 11 21 16.4

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units .......................................... 1,431 1,273 972 281 Q 159 22 22 115 13.4

 Swamp Coolers ......................... 186 174 114 60 Q 11 Q Q 9 39.5

 Other .......................................... 18 14 10 4 Q 4 Q Q Q 40.4

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 117
Table BC-16. Occupancy of Nongovernment-Owned and Government-Owned

 Buildings, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Nongovernment-Owned Buildings Government-Owned Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

All

NongovernmentOwned

Buildings

Owner

Occupied

Nonowner

Occupied Unoccupied

All GovernmentOwned

Buildings Federal State Local

0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.7 0.9 2.2 1.7 1.2

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ............................. 2,479 2,210 1,857 340 Q 269 36 48 186 11.8

 Standard Fluorescent ................ 3,885 3,391 2,753 630 Q 494 65 84 344 8.9

 Compact Fluorescent ................. 364 309 256 53 Q 55 7 17 31 19.4

 High-Intensity Discharge ............ 393 318 275 42 Q 75 8 13 54 19.1

 Halogen ..................................... 302 272 214 59 Q 30 2 2 26 23.5

 Other .......................................... 30 22 21 Q Q Q Q Q Q 88.1

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None .......................................... 2,039 1,872 1,431 273 168 167 Q 20 125 13.9

 1 to 4 .......................................... 1,408 1,268 1,045 222 Q 140 Q 34 80 15.5

 5 to 9 .......................................... 437 377 291 85 Q 61 Q 4 54 22.0

 10 to 19 ...................................... 344 278 234 45 Q 65 Q 11 40 24.2

 20 to 49 ...................................... 198 133 92 41 Q 65 4 13 48 20.6

 50 to 99 ...................................... 81 53 32 21 Q 28 Q 7 18 18.7

 100 to 249 .................................. 46 25 18 7 Q 21 2 8 11 17.5

 250 or More ............................... 26 19 15 5 Q 7 2 2 3 19.5

Energy-Related Space

Functions (more than one may

apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ... 828 737 592 139 Q 91 4 14 73 13.2

 Computer Room ........................ 234 180 136 44 Q 54 13 7 35 21.3

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water .............. 243 227 199 28 Q 17 Q 5 10 22.3

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation ........... 3,380 2,975 2,434 494 47 406 59 65 281 10.4

 Wall Insulation ........................... 2,372 2,123 1,785 304 34 249 31 36 182 12.2

 Storm or Multiple Glazing .......... 1,897 1,703 1,466 212 25 194 44 22 128 13.9

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass .......................... 1,202 1,070 856 208 6 132 19 26 87 14.5

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings .................. 2,271 1,976 1,563 395 19 295 53 61 181 12.1

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ...... 327 247 209 38 Q 80 Q 14 50 20.4

 Economizer Cycle ...................... 461 379 319 53 Q 82 16 17 49 17.8

 HVAC Maintenance ................... 2,403 2,016 1,630 379 Q 386 49 72 265 10.7

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment ................................. 198 134 115 19 Q 64 Q 5 53 28.2

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ................... 749 634 509 125 Q 115 21 12 82 18.4

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............ 1,363 1,110 948 162 Q 253 41 57 155 13.7

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ..................................... 237 202 165 37 Q 35 Q 4 24 27.3

 Occupancy Sensors ................... 131 109 95 14 Q 22 4 4 14 25.5

 Time Clock ................................. 467 389 309 80 Q 79 Q 5 63 20.7

 Manual Dimmer Switches .......... 501 462 412 50 Q 39 Q 4 24 17.7

 Other .......................................... 79 65 53 Q Q 14 Q Q Q 44.3

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features ....... 4,075 3,584 2,868 636 80 491 69 88 334 9.2

 Building Shell ............................. 3,906 3,437 2,762 595 80 469 69 82 318 9.4

 HVAC ......................................... 2,529 2,133 1,735 390 Q 396 49 74 272 10.3

 Lighting ...................................... 2,084 1,768 1,481 287 Q 316 51 59 207 11.3

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

118 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-16. Occupancy of Nongovernment-Owned and Government-Owned

 Buildings, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Nongovernment-Owned Buildings Government-Owned Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

All

NongovernmentOwned

Buildings

Owner

Occupied

Nonowner

Occupied Unoccupied

All GovernmentOwned

Buildings Federal State Local

0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.7 0.9 2.2 1.7 1.2

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ...................................... 3,211 2,846 2,292 539 Q 365 22 58 284 10.4

 Cooling ....................................... 2,707 2,438 1,932 498 Q 269 23 47 199 10.6

 Lighting ...................................... 3,753 3,307 2,669 630 Q 446 38 69 339 9.6

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 119
Table BC-17. Occupancy of Nongovernment-Owned and Government-Owned

 Buildings, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Nongovernment-Owned Buildings Government-Owned Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

All

NongovernmentOwned

Buildings

Owner

Occupied

Nonowner

Occupied Unoccupied

All GovernmentOwned

Buildings Federal State Local

0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 2.1 0.8 2.4 1.4 1.2

All Buildings ............................... 58,772 46,696 35,573 9,697 1,426 12,076 1,752 2,851 7,473 7.7

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................ 6,338 5,709 4,652 787 270 630 Q Q 460 12.7

 5,001 to 10,000 .......................... 7,530 6,606 5,118 1,189 Q 924 Q 158 597 18.4

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................ 11,617 10,071 7,863 1,944 Q 1,546 111 309 1,126 14.7

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................ 7,676 5,653 3,910 1,665 Q 2,023 Q 388 1,499 12.8

 50,001 to 100,000 ...................... 7,968 5,757 4,000 1,670 Q 2,211 243 467 1,501 12.2

 100,001 to 200,000 .................... 6,776 4,929 3,426 1,404 Q 1,847 263 598 986 14.4

 200,001 to 500,000 .................... 5,553 3,867 2,989 797 Q 1,685 201 562 923 16.8

 Over 500,000 ............................. 5,313 4,104 3,615 242 Q 1,209 541 287 Q 22.5

Principal Building Activity

 Education ................................... 7,740 2,531 2,397 Q -- 5,210 Q 913 4,191 13.6

 Food Sales ................................. 642 642 535 Q -- Q Q Q Q 24.2

 Food Service ............................. 1,353 1,275 1,127 149 -- Q Q Q Q 26.9

 Health Care ................................ 2,333 1,815 1,606 Q -- 518 129 Q 249 17.3

 Lodging ...................................... 3,618 3,268 2,980 288 -- 350 Q 196 Q 21.8

 Mercantile and Service .............. 12,728 11,858 8,213 3,646 -- 869 413 Q 325 17.3

 Office ......................................... 10,478 9,183 6,908 2,275 -- 1,295 473 414 409 13.3

 Public Assembly ........................ 3,948 2,397 2,161 236 -- 1,551 Q 501 954 21.0

 Public Order and Safety ............. 1,271 Q Q Q -- 1,054 Q 193 829 25.9

 Religious Worship ...................... 2,792 2,792 2,769 Q -- Q Q Q Q 18.8

 Warehouse and Storage ............ 8,481 7,836 5,425 2,411 -- 645 Q Q 365 23.1

 Other .......................................... 1,004 731 674 Q -- 272 Q Q Q 44.5

 Vacant ........................................ 2,384 2,151 583 141 1,426 232 Q Q Q 28.1

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ........................... 3,673 3,021 2,615 342 Q 652 Q Q 379 22.2

 1920 to 1945 .............................. 6,710 5,039 3,885 622 531 1,671 360 507 804 18.7

 1946 to 1959 .............................. 9,298 6,662 5,207 1,247 207 2,636 401 497 1,738 15.0

 1960 to 1969 .............................. 10,858 8,084 6,341 1,496 Q 2,774 407 681 1,686 13.3

 1970 to 1979 .............................. 11,333 9,143 6,794 2,195 154 2,190 Q 582 1,450 12.3

 1980 to 1989 .............................. 12,252 10,977 7,731 3,042 Q 1,275 129 330 815 13.2

 1990 to 1992 .............................. 2,590 2,170 1,661 493 Q 420 Q Q 258 20.1

 1993 to 1995 .............................. 2,059 1,602 1,338 260 Q 457 Q Q 343 24.4

Floors

 One ............................................ 24,552 20,615 14,220 5,565 830 3,937 505 482 2,950 11.1

 Two ............................................ 14,122 11,510 9,147 2,114 249 2,612 Q 595 1,884 12.5

 Three ......................................... 7,335 5,354 4,530 709 Q 1,981 246 486 1,249 15.2

 Four to Nine ............................... 8,789 5,882 4,939 844 Q 2,907 626 1,139 1,142 13.8

 Ten or More ............................... 3,975 3,336 2,736 465 Q 639 Q 148 Q 22.1

Census Region

 Northeast ................................... 11,883 8,946 6,972 1,622 Q 2,937 398 758 1,781 15.4

 Midwest ...................................... 14,322 11,414 9,403 1,644 366 2,909 406 834 1,669 13.9

 South ......................................... 20,830 17,056 12,664 3,841 551 3,774 451 741 2,582 12.1

 West ........................................... 11,736 9,280 6,533 2,590 157 2,456 Q 518 1,442 15.9

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ............. 5,098 4,013 3,362 627 Q 1,084 Q 293 685 22.8

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................ 14,597 11,271 9,088 1,887 296 3,326 Q 692 2,242 15.5

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................ 15,155 11,717 8,930 2,297 490 3,439 776 977 1,686 15.6

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 13,491 11,144 7,952 2,929 263 2,347 227 512 1,608 16.7

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 10,430 8,551 6,241 1,957 354 1,879 251 376 1,252 18.4

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

120 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-17. Occupancy of Nongovernment-Owned and Government-Owned

 Buildings, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Nongovernment-Owned Buildings Government-Owned Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

All

NongovernmentOwned

Buildings

Owner

Occupied

Nonowner

Occupied Unoccupied

All GovernmentOwned

Buildings Federal State Local

0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 2.1 0.8 2.4 1.4 1.2

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .............................. 13,885 12,588 9,406 1,807 1,375 1,298 Q 237 914 15.1

 5 to 9 .......................................... 6,291 5,466 4,739 722 Q 825 Q 164 587 18.2

 10 to 19 ...................................... 7,102 5,932 4,545 1,383 Q 1,170 Q 291 774 16.1

 20 to 49 ...................................... 9,132 6,735 4,667 2,068 Q 2,397 197 461 1,738 13.0

 50 to 99 ...................................... 6,931 4,604 3,145 1,459 Q 2,327 Q 494 1,587 13.4

 100 to 249 .................................. 5,988 4,208 2,945 1,263 Q 1,780 214 588 979 14.1

 250 or More ............................... 9,443 7,164 6,126 996 Q 2,279 770 615 894 15.1

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................ 6,134 5,051 3,373 359 1,319 1,084 Q Q 850 18.4

 40 to 48 ...................................... 13,233 10,034 7,677 2,331 Q 3,199 412 512 2,275 13.5

 49 to 60 ...................................... 12,242 10,106 7,388 2,695 Q 2,136 373 413 1,349 13.3

 61 to 84 ...................................... 10,052 8,116 6,087 2,019 Q 1,937 Q 466 1,388 13.6

 85 to 167 .................................... 6,202 4,925 3,508 1,416 Q 1,277 Q 534 562 16.0

 Open Continuously .................... 10,908 8,465 7,539 877 Q 2,443 618 776 1,049 12.9

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive

Months

 Yes ............................................. 15,844 13,779 8,468 3,909 1,402 2,065 373 474 1,219 12.5

 No .............................................. 42,928 32,917 27,105 5,788 Q 10,010 1,379 2,377 6,254 8.2

Number of Establishments

 One ............................................ 41,057 30,544 26,405 4,139 -- 10,513 1,375 2,349 6,789 8.3

 2 to 5 .......................................... 7,325 6,443 4,171 2,271 -- 882 219 208 456 16.9

 6 to 10 ........................................ 2,672 2,521 1,088 1,433 -- Q Q Q Q 20.6

 11 to 20 ...................................... 2,228 2,160 996 1,164 -- Q Q Q Q 17.2

 More than 20 .............................. 3,943 3,602 2,913 690 -- Q Q Q Q 20.0

 Currently Unoccupied ................ 1,548 1,426 -- -- 1,426 Q Q Q Q 27.4

Multibuilding Facility

 Part of Multibuilding Facility ....... 24,352 16,541 12,524 3,510 507 7,811 1,391 2,240 4,179 10.3

 Not on Multibuilding Facility ....... 34,420 30,155 23,048 6,187 919 4,265 360 611 3,294 9.5

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ..................................... 42,958 33,050 24,858 7,128 1,064 9,908 1,312 2,339 6,257 9.1

 Siding or Shingles ...................... 3,243 2,832 2,480 272 Q 411 Q Q 250 25.9

 Metal Panels .............................. 5,694 5,097 4,248 688 Q 597 Q Q 465 17.4

 Concrete Panels ........................ 4,069 3,239 2,088 1,077 Q 830 191 288 351 19.5

 Window Glass ............................ 1,755 1,533 1,229 300 Q 222 Q Q Q 25.0

 Other .......................................... 660 602 474 Q Q Q Q Q Q 29.7

 No One Major Type ................... 393 344 194 Q Q Q Q Q Q 68.0

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ...................................... 24,481 18,795 13,202 4,960 634 5,686 891 1,643 3,151 10.3

 Shingles (Not Wood) .................. 11,093 9,866 8,332 1,245 Q 1,227 Q Q 858 14.0

 Metal Surfacing .......................... 7,941 6,951 5,392 1,276 282 991 Q 177 732 17.3

 Synthetic or Rubber ................... 10,235 7,211 5,771 1,399 Q 3,024 463 610 1,951 12.8

 Slate or Tile ................................ 1,920 1,416 1,157 241 Q 504 Q Q 250 24.1

 Wooden Materials ...................... 1,130 998 752 Q Q Q Q Q Q 46.0

 Concrete .................................... 1,335 1,013 710 200 Q 322 Q Q Q 44.4

 Other .......................................... 332 196 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 47.1

 No One Major Type ................... 305 250 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 58.9

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 121
Table BC-17. Occupancy of Nongovernment-Owned and Government-Owned

 Buildings, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Nongovernment-Owned Buildings Government-Owned Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

All

NongovernmentOwned

Buildings

Owner

Occupied

Nonowner

Occupied Unoccupied

All GovernmentOwned

Buildings Federal State Local

0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 2.1 0.8 2.4 1.4 1.2

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 57,076 45,225 35,111 9,518 596 11,851 1,674 2,810 7,367 7.6

 Natural Gas ................................ 38,145 30,256 23,956 6,077 Q 7,889 710 1,698 5,481 7.9

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 14,421 10,617 9,485 1,101 Q 3,805 607 860 2,338 11.6

 District Heat ............................... 5,658 2,789 2,482 303 Q 2,869 913 1,266 690 19.1

 District Chilled Water ................. 2,521 1,200 1,063 Q Q 1,321 263 575 482 22.2

 Propane ..................................... 5,344 4,239 3,452 760 Q 1,105 Q Q 911 22.2

 Other .......................................... 2,336 1,620 1,285 335 Q 716 Q Q 440 30.8

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating .... 54,347 42,860 33,402 9,148 311 11,487 1,689 2,785 7,013 8.0

 Buildings with Cooling ................ 49,935 39,654 30,717 8,763 Q 10,280 1,609 2,473 6,198 7.6

 Buildings with Water Heating ..... 51,560 40,351 31,387 8,690 274 11,209 1,606 2,721 6,882 8.1

 Buildings with Cooking ............... 20,713 15,175 12,323 2,776 Q 5,537 589 946 4,002 9.9

 Buildings with Manufacturing ..... 3,893 3,205 2,318 859 Q 687 Q Q 381 23.4

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................ 13,366 9,643 8,675 947 Q 3,723 505 949 2,269 11.2

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated ................................. 4,425 3,836 2,171 549 1,116 589 Q Q 460 25.9

 1 to 50 ........................................ 6,227 5,732 3,987 1,637 Q 495 Q Q 250 24.7

 51 to 99 ...................................... 8,868 7,220 5,736 1,466 Q 1,648 145 505 998 14.6

 100 ............................................. 39,252 29,909 23,678 6,045 Q 9,344 1,468 2,111 5,765 7.9

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled ................................. 8,837 7,042 4,856 934 1,252 1,795 Q 377 1,275 17.4

 1 to 50 ........................................ 15,027 11,523 8,547 2,915 Q 3,504 396 687 2,421 12.7

 51 to 99 ...................................... 12,549 9,652 8,020 1,632 Q 2,897 626 757 1,514 12.5

 100 ............................................. 22,359 18,479 14,149 4,217 Q 3,880 587 1,030 2,263 10.5

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ........................................... 189 177 143 Q Q Q Q Q Q 58.8

 1 to 50 ........................................ 6,008 5,451 4,527 911 Q 557 Q Q 411 21.1

 51 to 99 ...................................... 9,692 7,441 5,838 1,603 Q 2,250 281 543 1,427 13.6

 100 ............................................. 40,514 31,529 24,421 6,990 Q 8,985 1,304 2,166 5,516 8.0

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .................. 2,369 2,098 643 193 1,262 271 Q Q Q 31.0

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps ............................... 5,843 4,833 3,857 976 Q 1,011 185 165 660 17.2

 Furnaces .................................... 14,923 13,389 10,498 2,790 Q 1,534 Q 189 1,220 13.9

 Individual Space Heaters ........... 16,809 13,940 11,241 2,632 Q 2,868 320 582 1,966 13.7

 District Heat ............................... 5,911 2,882 2,534 329 Q 3,029 981 1,308 740 18.8

 Boilers ........................................ 16,754 10,924 9,550 1,299 Q 5,830 493 1,104 4,233 9.9

 Packaged Heating Units ............ 16,893 14,417 9,947 4,369 Q 2,476 188 343 1,944 12.1

 Other .......................................... 6,249 5,071 4,247 824 Q 1,178 Q 326 608 20.4

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................ 9,238 7,832 6,245 1,582 Q 1,406 Q 225 1,038 14.0

 Heat Pumps ............................... 6,931 5,695 4,462 1,234 Q 1,235 257 196 782 16.6

 Individual Air Conditioners ......... 12,494 8,957 7,401 1,532 Q 3,537 288 640 2,609 12.5

 District Chilled Water ................. 2,521 1,200 1,063 Q Q 1,321 263 575 482 22.2

 Central Chillers .......................... 11,065 7,443 6,508 893 Q 3,622 812 1,029 1,781 13.2

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units .......................................... 26,628 21,889 16,156 5,629 Q 4,740 740 888 3,111 10.1

 Swamp Coolers ......................... 2,451 2,105 1,538 567 Q 346 Q Q 245 34.2

 Other .......................................... 949 687 521 166 Q 262 Q Q Q 34.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

122 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-17. Occupancy of Nongovernment-Owned and Government-Owned

 Buildings, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Nongovernment-Owned Buildings Government-Owned Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

All

NongovernmentOwned

Buildings

Owner

Occupied

Nonowner

Occupied Unoccupied

All GovernmentOwned

Buildings Federal State Local

0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 2.1 0.8 2.4 1.4 1.2

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ............................. 35,715 28,409 23,855 4,500 Q 7,306 1,043 1,683 4,580 8.5

 Standard Fluorescent ................ 53,984 42,483 33,054 9,318 Q 11,501 1,662 2,737 7,103 7.5

 Compact Fluorescent ................. 14,273 10,671 9,214 1,457 Q 3,602 614 1,042 1,947 12.7

 High-Intensity Discharge ............ 16,259 11,583 9,777 1,800 Q 4,676 669 966 3,041 11.8

 Halogen ..................................... 9,665 7,937 6,709 1,225 Q 1,728 Q 251 1,216 15.6

 Other .......................................... 554 484 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 86.9

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None .......................................... 12,571 11,035 8,146 1,510 1,379 1,536 Q 304 1,048 14.8

 1 to 4 .......................................... 11,401 10,476 8,544 1,885 Q 925 Q 220 580 15.8

 5 to 9 .......................................... 5,372 4,586 3,235 1,350 Q 786 Q 135 573 18.6

 10 to 19 ...................................... 5,947 4,995 3,677 1,318 Q 952 Q 246 619 18.0

 20 to 49 ...................................... 7,048 4,785 3,322 1,463 Q 2,264 194 482 1,588 15.3

 50 to 99 ...................................... 4,938 3,211 2,208 1,003 Q 1,727 Q 508 1,107 16.1

 100 to 249 .................................. 5,189 3,110 2,601 510 Q 2,079 187 558 1,334 16.0

 250 or More ............................... 6,307 4,499 3,841 659 Q 1,807 785 398 625 16.3

Energy-Related Space

Functions (more than one may

apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ... 20,713 15,175 12,323 2,776 Q 5,537 589 946 4,002 9.9

 Computer Room ........................ 12,890 9,307 7,647 1,652 Q 3,583 919 638 2,027 11.1

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water .............. 6,753 5,234 4,623 611 Q 1,519 Q 361 938 16.1

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation ........... 46,355 36,498 28,681 7,379 439 9,856 1,492 2,239 6,126 8.5

 Wall Insulation ........................... 31,694 26,016 20,899 4,823 293 5,678 956 1,307 3,415 10.0

 Storm or Multiple Glazing .......... 28,876 23,322 19,243 3,860 219 5,554 1,030 1,206 3,319 9.4

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass .......................... 24,245 19,496 15,089 4,271 137 4,749 758 1,248 2,742 9.7

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings .................. 37,208 28,878 22,376 6,194 309 8,330 1,433 1,887 5,009 8.7

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ...... 13,473 9,647 8,145 1,453 Q 3,826 800 950 2,076 12.2

 Economizer Cycle ...................... 16,550 12,014 9,819 2,111 Q 4,536 874 1,237 2,426 11.3

 HVAC Maintenance ................... 43,134 32,837 25,719 7,014 Q 10,297 1,554 2,494 6,249 8.2

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment ................................. 6,453 4,502 3,767 732 Q 1,950 173 389 1,389 14.0

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ................... 17,868 14,003 11,254 2,739 Q 3,865 712 785 2,368 11.5

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............ 28,375 21,334 17,779 3,521 Q 7,040 1,180 1,944 3,917 8.9

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ..................................... 6,431 5,099 4,423 676 Q 1,333 199 293 841 16.8

 Occupancy Sensors ................... 5,958 4,265 3,873 392 Q 1,692 505 230 957 18.6

 Time Clock ................................. 13,262 10,779 8,778 1,965 Q 2,484 366 550 1,568 11.7

 Manual Dimmer Switches .......... 13,056 10,823 9,440 1,383 Q 2,233 625 443 1,166 12.7

 Other .......................................... 2,836 1,960 1,639 316 Q 876 Q Q 659 23.9

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features ....... 55,288 43,720 33,842 9,172 706 11,569 1,689 2,782 7,097 7.7

 Building Shell ............................. 53,190 42,074 32,739 8,630 706 11,116 1,688 2,577 6,851 7.8

 HVAC ......................................... 44,657 34,095 26,731 7,253 Q 10,562 1,554 2,549 6,459 8.1

 Lighting ...................................... 38,537 29,737 24,062 5,625 Q 8,800 1,433 2,186 5,180 8.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 123
Table BC-17. Occupancy of Nongovernment-Owned and Government-Owned

 Buildings, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

Nongovernment-Owned Buildings Government-Owned Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

All

NongovernmentOwned

Buildings

Owner

Occupied

Nonowner

Occupied Unoccupied

All GovernmentOwned

Buildings Federal State Local

0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 2.1 0.8 2.4 1.4 1.2

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ...................................... 38,326 30,267 22,943 7,235 Q 8,059 801 1,690 5,569 8.7

 Cooling ....................................... 35,605 28,437 21,348 7,017 Q 7,168 770 1,577 4,821 8.6

 Lighting ...................................... 44,937 35,675 27,042 8,557 Q 9,262 1,058 2,002 6,201 8.2

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

-- = Data not applicable.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

124 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-18. Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

Using Any

Energy

Source

Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat

District

Chilled

Water Propane Wood

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.2 1.6 1.9 1.4 2.3

All Buildings ............................... 4,579 4,364 4,343 2,478 607 110 53 589 126 9.0

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................ 2,399 2,265 2,252 1,112 333 Q Q 354 82 10.4

 5,001 to 10,000 .......................... 1,035 977 970 614 96 Q Q 117 Q 15.6

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................ 745 724 724 474 92 25 Q 89 Q 15.5

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................ 213 212 211 146 31 18 7 16 Q 11.2

 50,001 to 100,000 ...................... 115 115 114 82 28 11 5 9 Q 11.4

 100,001 to 200,000 .................... 48 47 47 33 14 8 5 3 Q 11.9

 200,001 to 500,000 .................... 19 19 19 13 10 4 2 1 Q 13.0

 Over 500,000 ............................. 6 6 6 4 4 1 1 Q Q 13.5

Principal Building Activity

 Education ................................... 309 309 309 204 37 36 26 35 Q 21.3

 Food Sales ................................. 137 137 137 58 Q Q Q Q Q 30.2

 Food Service ............................. 285 285 285 184 Q Q Q 82 Q 19.4

 Health Care ................................ 105 105 105 51 18 4 2 Q Q 26.8

 Lodging ...................................... 158 158 158 110 9 11 Q 27 Q 22.3

 Mercantile and Service .............. 1,289 1,288 1,274 792 223 Q Q 170 78 14.7

 Office ......................................... 705 705 705 438 97 20 5 56 Q 16.4

 Public Assembly ........................ 326 326 326 189 54 9 Q 54 Q 26.0

 Public Order and Safety ............. 87 87 87 37 Q Q Q Q Q 48.8

 Religious Worship ...................... 269 269 269 159 42 Q Q 64 Q 24.5

 Warehouse and Storage ............ 580 478 477 173 38 Q Q 29 Q 25.2

 Other .......................................... 67 67 67 21 7 Q Q Q Q 53.8

 Vacant ........................................ 261 150 144 61 23 Q Q Q Q 33.5

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ........................... 353 335 335 256 70 22 Q Q Q 25.9

 1920 to 1945 .............................. 562 519 508 353 81 20 Q 61 Q 19.3

 1946 to 1959 .............................. 867 845 838 528 142 13 5 76 Q 13.7

 1960 to 1969 .............................. 718 698 695 403 120 23 10 104 Q 16.4

 1970 to 1979 .............................. 813 809 809 444 60 Q Q 122 Q 14.7

 1980 to 1989 .............................. 846 792 792 357 98 7 7 142 Q 17.6

 1990 to 1992 .............................. 218 204 204 92 13 Q Q 29 Q 30.6

 1993 to 1995 .............................. 202 162 162 46 Q Q Q 35 Q 39.0

Census Region

 Northeast ................................... 725 707 697 316 282 24 3 170 Q 17.0

 Midwest ...................................... 1,139 1,074 1,074 777 96 35 Q 137 Q 18.7

 South ......................................... 1,750 1,657 1,648 805 196 32 24 220 Q 15.6

 West ........................................... 964 925 925 580 33 18 10 62 Q 19.4

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ............. 493 466 466 265 110 3 Q 117 Q 24.5

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................ 975 943 936 626 149 30 8 140 Q 15.2

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................ 1,070 1,012 1,006 490 259 44 16 141 Q 26.1

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 1,103 1,052 1,051 674 52 10 6 117 Q 21.7

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 937 891 885 423 38 Q Q 75 Q 23.4

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .............................. 2,505 2,290 2,274 1,155 324 34 Q 312 97 12.2

 5 to 9 .......................................... 798 798 797 538 79 15 Q 107 Q 19.1

 10 to 19 ...................................... 625 625 625 358 94 Q Q 103 Q 17.0

 20 to 49 ...................................... 400 400 397 261 52 16 8 43 Q 16.7

 50 to 99 ...................................... 138 138 137 90 21 17 8 12 Q 15.2

 100 to 249 .................................. 71 71 71 50 19 8 3 4 Q 14.1

 250 or More ............................... 43 43 43 25 18 9 5 Q Q 16.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 125
Table BC-18. Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

Using Any

Energy

Source

Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat

District

Chilled

Water Propane Wood

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.2 1.6 1.9 1.4 2.3

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................ 899 755 746 343 116 Q Q 121 Q 19.9

 40 to 48 ...................................... 1,257 1,255 1,254 718 162 23 Q 157 Q 14.0

 49 to 60 ...................................... 969 956 950 596 138 23 11 89 Q 16.8

 61 to 84 ...................................... 567 566 566 365 68 12 8 73 Q 18.9

 85 to 167 .................................... 420 407 407 216 44 11 7 75 Q 18.7

 Open Continuously .................... 466 424 421 239 80 32 Q 73 Q 17.7

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ............. 4,025 3,827 3,810 2,190 509 50 19 510 125 9.9

 Owner Occupied ...................... 3,158 3,076 3,062 1,750 453 44 14 434 115 10.7

 Nonowner Occupied ................ 698 672 669 413 54 Q Q 75 Q 17.9

 Unoccupied .............................. 170 79 79 Q Q Q Q Q Q 42.0

 Government Owned ................... 553 537 533 288 98 60 34 79 Q 16.4

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 4,343 4,343 4,343 2,476 595 110 53 589 119 9.0

 Natural Gas ................................ 2,478 2,478 2,476 2,478 155 30 17 105 38 10.5

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 607 607 595 155 607 20 Q 144 Q 18.5

 District Heat ............................... 110 110 110 30 20 110 47 Q Q 26.9

 District Chilled Water ................. 53 53 53 17 Q 47 53 Q Q 32.7

 Propane ..................................... 589 589 589 105 144 Q Q 589 Q 19.7

 Other .......................................... 213 213 206 88 64 Q Q 36 126 26.7

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating .... 4,024 4,024 4,004 2,456 607 109 52 579 126 9.2

 Buildings with Cooling ................ 3,381 3,381 3,376 2,131 388 95 53 431 34 10.3

 Buildings with Water Heating ..... 3,486 3,486 3,472 2,201 504 96 49 477 78 9.9

 Buildings with Cooking ............... 828 828 827 549 122 17 10 172 Q 12.6

 Buildings with Manufacturing ..... 204 204 204 104 17 Q Q 31 Q 32.6

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................ 247 247 246 159 138 21 7 69 Q 18.8

Energy-Related Space

Functions (more than one may

apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ... 828 828 827 549 122 17 10 172 Q 12.6

 Computer Room ........................ 234 234 234 170 51 21 Q 23 Q 21.6

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water .............. 243 243 243 153 50 10 2 34 Q 24.3

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

126 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-19. Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Using Any

Energy

Source

Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat

District

Chilled

Water Propane Wood

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.6 3.3

All Buildings ............................... 58,772 57,309 57,076 38,145 14,421 5,658 2,521 5,344 699 6.7

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................ 6,338 6,008 5,953 2,942 946 Q Q 997 195 10.1

 5,001 to 10,000 .......................... 7,530 7,102 7,061 4,497 679 Q Q 881 Q 15.7

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................ 11,617 11,310 11,303 7,561 1,425 370 239 1,342 Q 16.1

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................ 7,676 7,641 7,635 5,242 1,164 651 275 562 Q 12.0

 50,001 to 100,000 ...................... 7,968 7,925 7,902 5,608 1,968 744 348 637 Q 11.6

 100,001 to 200,000 .................... 6,776 6,691 6,599 4,643 2,096 1,119 587 482 Q 12.6

 200,001 to 500,000 .................... 5,553 5,550 5,550 3,941 2,928 1,211 557 290 Q 13.5

 Over 500,000 ............................. 5,313 5,082 5,074 3,712 3,215 1,351 432 Q Q 15.0

Principal Building Activity

 Education ................................... 7,740 7,740 7,685 5,800 2,348 1,077 653 876 Q 13.7

 Food Sales ................................. 642 642 642 401 Q Q Q Q Q 25.2

 Food Service ............................. 1,353 1,353 1,353 1,001 Q Q Q 351 Q 22.4

 Health Care ................................ 2,333 2,333 2,333 1,759 1,576 640 403 193 Q 13.0

 Lodging ...................................... 3,618 3,618 3,601 2,828 847 616 Q 347 Q 19.3

 Mercantile and Service .............. 12,728 12,718 12,630 8,520 2,550 Q Q 1,512 397 13.6

 Office ......................................... 10,478 10,475 10,466 6,521 3,554 1,532 568 416 Q 11.6

 Public Assembly ........................ 3,948 3,948 3,929 2,662 1,050 636 372 353 Q 17.1

 Public Order and Safety ............. 1,271 1,271 1,271 746 493 327 Q Q Q 30.9

 Religious Worship ...................... 2,792 2,792 2,792 2,001 441 Q Q 449 Q 20.6

 Warehouse and Storage ............ 8,481 8,037 8,016 4,595 810 Q Q 465 Q 17.4

 Other .......................................... 1,004 1,000 1,000 654 375 170 Q Q Q 37.2

 Vacant ........................................ 2,384 1,382 1,358 658 244 Q Q Q Q 26.2

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ........................... 3,673 3,527 3,527 2,643 1,085 556 Q Q Q 19.2

 1920 to 1945 .............................. 6,710 6,284 6,175 4,560 1,241 864 187 414 Q 15.8

 1946 to 1959 .............................. 9,298 9,166 9,123 6,470 1,997 939 322 634 Q 14.5

 1960 to 1969 .............................. 10,858 10,665 10,649 7,170 2,871 1,408 527 1,136 Q 11.7

 1970 to 1979 .............................. 11,333 11,267 11,245 7,375 2,936 965 674 1,130 Q 10.5

 1980 to 1989 .............................. 12,252 11,930 11,909 7,181 3,112 508 400 1,256 Q 11.2

 1990 to 1992 .............................. 2,590 2,555 2,544 1,659 607 258 Q 228 Q 18.0

 1993 to 1995 .............................. 2,059 1,917 1,905 1,087 572 Q Q 398 Q 21.0

Census Region

 Northeast ................................... 11,883 11,528 11,444 7,108 5,423 1,768 291 1,689 Q 12.6

 Midwest ...................................... 14,322 13,973 13,887 10,905 2,681 1,902 778 1,093 Q 12.6

 South ......................................... 20,830 20,206 20,158 12,291 4,175 1,038 919 2,012 Q 11.8

 West ........................................... 11,736 11,602 11,587 7,841 2,142 949 533 550 Q 15.5

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ............. 5,098 5,002 4,934 3,399 1,798 267 Q 1,092 Q 18.7

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................ 14,597 14,402 14,356 10,754 3,724 1,919 624 1,220 Q 13.6

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................ 15,155 14,623 14,559 9,094 5,250 2,292 632 1,325 Q 14.3

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 13,491 13,285 13,268 9,598 2,343 537 432 978 Q 16.7

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 10,430 9,997 9,960 5,300 1,307 643 726 730 Q 18.3

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .............................. 13,885 12,426 12,342 6,581 1,674 423 Q 1,510 291 13.0

 5 to 9 .......................................... 6,291 6,291 6,270 4,482 791 303 Q 702 Q 17.3

 10 to 19 ...................................... 7,102 7,102 7,102 4,696 872 258 Q 877 Q 14.5

 20 to 49 ...................................... 9,132 9,132 9,103 6,627 1,436 617 250 780 Q 12.3

 50 to 99 ...................................... 6,931 6,931 6,860 4,762 1,652 713 366 654 Q 12.7

 100 to 249 .................................. 5,988 5,988 5,975 4,286 2,210 886 356 435 Q 13.1

 250 or More ............................... 9,443 9,440 9,425 6,712 5,787 2,458 1,172 387 Q 11.3

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 127
Table BC-19. Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Using Any

Energy

Source

Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat

District

Chilled

Water Propane Wood

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.6 3.3

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................ 6,134 4,979 4,932 2,657 710 Q Q 644 Q 16.8

 40 to 48 ...................................... 13,233 13,206 13,142 8,541 1,953 762 350 1,279 Q 14.3

 49 to 60 ...................................... 12,242 12,191 12,134 8,002 2,790 970 409 931 Q 12.5

 61 to 84 ...................................... 10,052 10,037 10,021 7,048 2,785 628 381 944 Q 12.6

 85 to 167 .................................... 6,202 6,175 6,159 3,966 1,502 840 395 627 Q 14.4

 Open Continuously .................... 10,908 10,721 10,688 7,931 4,682 2,320 919 919 Q 10.6

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ............. 46,696 45,370 45,225 30,256 10,617 2,789 1,200 4,239 641 8.0

 Owner Occupied ...................... 35,573 35,216 35,111 23,956 9,485 2,482 1,063 3,452 605 8.3

 Nonowner Occupied ................ 9,697 9,558 9,518 6,077 1,101 303 Q 760 Q 16.3

 Unoccupied .............................. 1,426 596 596 Q Q Q Q Q Q 39.6

 Government Owned ................... 12,076 11,940 11,851 7,889 3,805 2,869 1,321 1,105 Q 10.1

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 57,076 57,076 57,076 38,009 14,345 5,646 2,517 5,340 605 6.8

 Natural Gas ................................ 38,145 38,145 38,009 38,145 9,262 2,343 1,287 1,565 259 7.9

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 14,421 14,421 14,345 9,262 14,421 2,174 1,076 1,675 Q 9.8

 District Heat ............................... 5,658 5,658 5,646 2,343 2,174 5,658 2,140 Q Q 12.8

 District Chilled Water ................. 2,521 2,521 2,517 1,287 1,076 2,140 2,521 Q Q 15.3

 Propane ..................................... 5,344 5,344 5,340 1,565 1,675 Q Q 5,344 Q 17.8

 Other .......................................... 2,336 2,336 2,232 1,485 797 303 Q 210 699 21.0

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating .... 54,347 54,344 54,110 37,950 14,236 5,642 2,479 5,281 699 6.9

 Buildings with Cooling ................ 49,935 49,931 49,785 35,100 12,904 5,128 2,521 4,520 370 7.2

 Buildings with Water Heating ..... 51,560 51,556 51,363 36,284 13,959 5,424 2,442 4,934 521 7.1

 Buildings with Cooking ............... 20,713 20,713 20,611 15,968 8,018 2,031 982 2,322 Q 8.4

 Buildings with Manufacturing ..... 3,893 3,893 3,885 2,542 718 Q Q 521 Q 18.1

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................ 13,366 13,366 13,347 10,331 9,576 2,434 1,171 1,466 Q 9.6

Energy-Related Space

Functions (more than one may

apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ... 20,713 20,713 20,611 15,968 8,018 2,031 982 2,322 Q 8.4

 Computer Room ........................ 12,890 12,887 12,821 9,426 5,978 2,507 1,226 796 Q 9.8

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water .............. 6,753 6,753 6,750 5,202 2,945 898 344 629 Q 13.5

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

128 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-20. Energy End Uses, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Energy Used For:

(more than one may apply)

All

Buildings

Energy Used For:

(more than one may apply)

Space

Heating Cooling

Water

Heating Cooking

Manufacturing

Space

Heating Cooling

Water

Heating Cooking

Manufacturing

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.3 2.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 2.2

All Buildings ........................... 4,579 4,024 3,381 3,486 828 204 58,772 54,347 49,935 51,560 20,713 3,893 4.8

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ........................ 2,399 2,060 1,650 1,689 339 69 6,338 5,506 4,376 4,617 922 207 7.7

 5,001 to 10,000 ...................... 1,035 899 754 780 175 51 7,530 6,546 5,531 5,652 1,319 357 11.3

 10,001 to 25,000 .................... 745 685 619 644 169 55 11,617 10,706 9,712 10,053 2,731 883 9.8

 25,001 to 50,000 .................... 213 198 187 195 66 15 7,676 7,157 6,760 7,060 2,433 563 7.8

 50,001 to 100,000 .................. 115 111 103 110 42 8 7,968 7,699 7,178 7,611 2,939 560 7.9

 100,001 to 200,000 ................ 48 46 44 45 22 5 6,776 6,456 6,175 6,269 3,028 672 8.9

 200,001 to 500,000 ................ 19 18 18 18 12 Q 5,553 5,371 5,235 5,303 3,482 Q 9.3

 Over 500,000 ......................... 6 66641 5,313 4,906 4,968 4,995 3,859 480 11.4

Principal Building Activity

 Education ............................... 309 309 249 258 113 Q 7,740 7,740 6,741 7,515 4,881 418 11.4

 Food Sales ............................ 137 124 128 125 51 Q 642 609 612 599 351 Q 17.0

 Food Service ........................ 285 274 272 279 241 Q 1,353 1,299 1,310 1,342 1,254 Q 14.2

 Health Care ........................... 105 105 105 105 18 Q 2,333 2,333 2,323 2,327 1,631 Q 17.0

 Lodging .................................. 158 158 126 158 51 Q 3,618 3,608 3,193 3,609 2,064 Q 14.0

 Mercantile and Service .......... 1,289 1,217 916 916 135 69 12,728 12,227 11,086 10,925 4,362 1,067 9.9

 Office ..................................... 705 704 690 678 19 10 10,478 10,458 10,360 10,278 2,750 457 8.4

 Public Assembly .................... 326 310 246 276 109 Q 3,948 3,836 3,394 3,632 1,610 Q 15.0

 Public Order and Safety ........ 87 81 38 69 4 Q 1,271 1,154 856 1,018 260 Q 27.7

 Religious Worship .................. 269 269 223 248 72 Q 2,792 2,791 2,414 2,685 957 Q 15.5

 Warehouse and Storage ........ 580 325 262 251 Q 41 8,481 6,419 5,991 5,845 311 1,047 16.3

 Other ...................................... 67 53 53 43 Q 30 1,004 907 921 893 Q 475 28.4

 Vacant ................................... 261 95 73 81 Q Q 2,384 966 732 892 Q Q 21.3

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ....................... 353 316 260 287 77 Q 3,673 3,429 2,818 3,206 1,272 Q 15.6

 1920 to 1945 .......................... 562 496 382 429 100 32 6,710 5,951 5,038 5,349 1,555 622 12.8

 1946 to 1959 .......................... 867 769 617 656 129 31 9,298 8,701 7,549 8,136 3,177 502 10.7

 1960 to 1969 .......................... 718 652 508 562 147 35 10,858 10,024 8,978 9,722 4,207 524 9.7

 1970 to 1979 .......................... 813 722 688 632 142 36 11,333 10,489 10,389 10,117 4,344 649 8.8

 1980 to 1989 .......................... 846 741 657 667 168 36 12,252 11,462 11,174 11,105 4,301 998 9.3

 1990 to 1992 .......................... 218 189 161 145 42 Q 2,590 2,467 2,345 2,263 1,082 Q 15.7

 1993 to 1995 .......................... 202 141 108 108 23 Q 2,059 1,824 1,644 1,661 774 Q 21.6

Census Region

 Northeast ............................... 725 657 451 602 141 30 11,883 11,180 9,523 10,778 4,634 683 11.6

 Midwest ................................. 1,139 1,006 811 849 176 49 14,322 13,511 12,033 12,517 4,785 1,057 10.1

 South ..................................... 1,750 1,547 1,433 1,250 310 68 20,830 18,900 18,606 17,511 7,173 1,456 7.4

 West ...................................... 964 815 687 785 202 58 11,736 10,756 9,772 10,754 4,121 697 11.6

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ......... 493 443 321 384 96 28 5,098 4,901 4,115 4,499 1,511 476 17.2

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ............ 975 877 656 771 157 27 14,597 13,937 11,903 13,291 5,610 701 9.6

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ............ 1,070 927 714 822 203 53 15,155 14,147 12,620 13,546 5,758 1,024 13.8

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ....... 1,103 955 887 864 208 45 13,491 12,350 11,981 11,982 4,570 807 13.6

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ....... 937 822 803 645 164 51 10,430 9,014 9,315 8,241 3,263 884 12.3

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .......................... 2,505 2,013 1,542 1,587 283 100 13,885 10,663 8,324 8,772 1,609 608 9.1

 5 to 9 ...................................... 798 770 691 705 150 27 6,291 6,086 5,260 5,610 1,272 288 12.2

 10 to 19 .................................. 625 608 549 580 163 21 7,102 6,905 6,449 6,566 1,686 457 10.0

 20 to 49 .................................. 400 390 361 377 135 41 9,132 8,899 8,302 8,763 3,515 884 9.0

 50 to 99 .................................. 138 131 129 127 52 8 6,931 6,642 6,379 6,622 3,362 528 9.3

 100 to 249 .............................. 71 69 69 69 24 5 5,988 5,880 5,872 5,903 2,825 515 9.8

 250 or More ........................... 43 43 41 42 20 2 9,443 9,272 9,349 9,324 6,444 612 12.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 129
Table BC-20. Energy End Uses, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Energy Used For:

(more than one may apply)

All

Buildings

Energy Used For:

(more than one may apply)

Space

Heating Cooling

Water

Heating Cooking

Manufacturing

Space

Heating Cooling

Water

Heating Cooking

Manufacturing

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.3 2.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 2.2

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ........................... 899 620 399 466 92 Q 6,134 4,032 2,845 3,290 872 Q 13.2

 40 to 48 .................................. 1,257 1,207 1,047 1,035 144 97 13,233 12,672 11,401 11,585 2,806 1,237 8.7

 49 to 60 .................................. 969 907 795 742 104 49 12,242 11,658 10,897 10,765 3,379 922 9.6

 61 to 84 .................................. 567 541 446 494 180 21 10,052 9,635 9,212 9,535 5,017 592 10.3

 85 to 167 ................................ 420 366 344 375 212 9 6,202 5,880 5,644 5,928 3,064 301 10.4

 Open Continuously ................ 466 385 350 375 96 8 10,908 10,469 9,936 10,457 5,575 671 10.0

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ............................... 4,343 4,004 3,376 3,472 827 204 57,076 54,110 49,785 51,363 20,611 3,885 4.8

 Natural Gas ........................... 2,478 2,456 2,131 2,201 549 104 38,145 37,950 35,100 36,284 15,968 2,542 5.6

 Fuel Oil .................................. 607 607 388 504 122 17 14,421 14,236 12,904 13,959 8,018 718 11.2

 District Heat ........................... 110 109 95 96 17 Q 5,658 5,642 5,128 5,424 2,031 Q 16.8

 District Chilled Water ............. 53 52 53 49 10 Q 2,521 2,479 2,521 2,442 982 Q 21.3

 Propane ................................. 589 579 431 477 172 31 5,344 5,281 4,520 4,934 2,322 521 15.5

 Other ...................................... 213 210 107 158 30 Q 2,336 2,312 1,943 2,024 945 Q 20.8

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating 4,024 4,024 3,326 3,418 804 181 54,347 54,347 49,090 50,796 20,338 3,689 4.9

 Buildings with Cooling ........... 3,381 3,326 3,381 2,968 724 165 49,935 49,090 49,935 47,249 19,465 3,587 4.8

 Buildings with Water Heating 3,486 3,418 2,968 3,486 816 169 51,560 50,796 47,249 51,560 20,632 3,666 4.9

 Buildings with Cooking .......... 828 804 724 816 828 27 20,713 20,338 19,465 20,632 20,713 1,004 6.4

 Buildings with Manufacturing 204 181 165 169 27 204 3,893 3,689 3,587 3,666 1,004 3,893 14.4

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ............................ 247 246 206 238 65 8 13,366 13,165 12,986 13,239 8,345 594 9.9

Energy-Related Space

Functions (more than one

may apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation 828 804 724 816 828 27 20,713 20,338 19,465 20,632 20,713 1,004 6.4

 Computer Room .................... 234 231 234 230 55 25 12,890 12,731 12,890 12,726 6,634 1,130 9.4

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water .......... 243 233 200 243 84 3 6,753 6,658 6,354 6,753 4,632 255 12.5

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

130 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-21. Space-Heating Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Space

Heating

Space-Heating Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat Propane Wood

0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.4 1.4 1.7 2.4

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 4,024 1,467 2,211 504 109 301 103 9.1

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 2,060 687 1,019 312 Q 205 Q 10.7

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 899 330 559 81 Q 53 Q 16.4

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 685 296 398 73 25 33 Q 16.7

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 198 82 125 17 17 6 Q 12.2

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 111 45 69 12 11 3 Q 12.0

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 46 16 28 6 8 Q Q 12.4

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 18 8 10 3 4 Q Q 13.6

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 6 3 3 1 1Q Q 15.7

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 309 96 180 26 36 11 Q 22.2

 Food Sales .................................... 137 124 63 44 QQQQ 29.0

 Food Service ................................ 285 274 115 140 QQQQ 22.4

 Health Care ................................... 105 105 53 42 11 4 Q Q 33.5

 Lodging ......................................... 158 158 93 66 Q 11 Q Q 23.0

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 1,217 355 732 210 Q 69 63 15.2

 Office ............................................ 705 704 285 412 72 20 Q Q 17.2

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 310 85 185 46 9 Q Q 27.7

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 81 21 29 QQQQ 50.8

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 269 96 145 41 Q Q Q 25.2

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 325 136 168 29 Q 25 Q 28.5

 Other ............................................. 67 53 36 14 QQQQ 62.2

 Vacant ........................................... 261 95 34 54 16 Q Q Q 31.7

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 316 53 230 62 22 Q Q 28.0

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 496 112 335 70 20 Q Q 21.0

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 769 244 473 133 13 29 Q 15.1

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 652 219 347 91 23 49 Q 17.1

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 722 296 395 45 Q 53 Q 15.8

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 741 385 306 73 7 100 Q 17.2

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 189 99 81 QQQQ 29.1

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 141 60 43 QQQQ 41.2

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 657 150 250 267 24 60 Q 19.4

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 1,006 220 747 67 35 84 Q 19.3

 South ............................................ 1,750 1,547 730 694 160 32 143 Q 15.1

 West .............................................. 964 815 367 521 Q 18 Q Q 18.9

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................ 493 443 131 248 89 3 62 Q 23.5

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................... 975 877 172 601 131 30 55 Q 16.4

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................... 1,070 927 302 417 229 44 81 Q 25.7

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 1,103 955 427 594 29 10 68 Q 23.9

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 937 822 435 351 26 Q Q Q 24.1

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 2,013 621 1,046 305 34 192 76 13.1

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 770 270 494 62 15 43 Q 20.0

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 608 269 324 91 Q 37 Q 18.0

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 390 199 207 25 16 19 Q 16.9

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 131 54 78 10 17 Q Q 16.2

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 69 33 41 7 8 Q Q 14.7

 250 or More .................................. 43 43 21 20 5 9 Q Q 20.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 131
Table BC-21. Space-Heating Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Space

Heating

Space-Heating Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat Propane Wood

0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.4 1.4 1.7 2.4

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 620 168 312 109 Q 84 Q 19.7

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 1,207 483 683 129 23 70 Q 15.3

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 907 324 525 124 23 44 Q 16.7

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 541 203 328 53 12 18 Q 19.5

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 366 122 188 32 11 51 Q 20.4

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 385 168 175 58 32 34 Q 19.6

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 3,061 2,774 974 1,635 302 93 170 Q 10.2

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 639 572 222 224 118 Q 76 Q 22.2

 Metal Panels ................................. 662 480 190 253 66 Q 49 Q 20.7

 Concrete Panels ........................... 106 98 49 48 Q 5 Q Q 30.3

 Window Glass ............................... 46 46 12 33 Q 2 Q Q 48.9

 Other ............................................. 50 40 19 QQQQQ 56.9

 No One Major Type ...................... 15 14 QQQQQQ 94.6

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 1,369 1,257 444 803 89 61 36 Q 15.9

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 1,486 1,386 453 646 247 20 172 Q 14.9

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 908 672 279 342 92 Q 61 Q 17.0

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 351 334 122 194 43 16 16 Q 20.9

 Slate or Tile ................................... 202 173 86 98 23 9 Q Q 29.3

 Wooden Materials ......................... 152 123 47 76 QQQQ 44.5

 Concrete ....................................... 58 40 28 QQQQQ 56.5

 Other ............................................. 36 23 QQQQQQ 85.1

 No One Major Type ...................... QQQQQQQQ 100.0

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 4,004 1,467 2,209 492 109 301 96 9.1

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 2,456 559 2,211 81 29 Q Q 10.2

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 607 172 96 504 20 23 Q 22.1

 District Heat .................................. 110 109 9 7 Q 109 Q Q 27.0

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 52 5 6 Q 46 Q Q 40.8

 Propane ........................................ 589 579 191 91 133 Q 301 Q 20.2

 Other ............................................. 213 210 47 57 60 Q Q 103 27.0

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ...................................... 1,007 1,007 1,007 82 QQQQ 18.6

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,106 2,106 302 2,106 21 Q Q Q 11.9

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 439 439 91 9 439 Q Q Q 28.6

 District Heat .................................. 107 107 9 5 Q 107 Q Q 28.2

 Propane ........................................ 260 260 50 Q Q Q 260 Q 27.5

 Other ............................................. 61 61 QQQQQQ 58.6

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 3,293 3,238 1,306 1,884 288 66 216 Q 9.6

 Natural Gas ................................... 65 65 15 64 1 Q Q Q 43.2

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 52 5 6 Q 46 Q Q 40.8

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 1,684 1,643 878 604 219 26 149 Q 14.1

 Natural Gas ................................... 1,577 1,555 366 1,386 57 19 Q Q 14.3

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 120 120 31 4 117 Q Q Q 38.8

 District Heat .................................. 54 53 5 2 Q 53 Q Q 30.2

 Propane ........................................ 110 103 41 Q Q Q 62 Q 36.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

132 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-21. Space-Heating Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Space

Heating

Space-Heating Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat Propane Wood

0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.4 1.4 1.7 2.4

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 487 473 232 217 59 6 50 Q 18.6

 Natural Gas ................................... 448 438 121 350 26 10 Q Q 18.5

 Propane ........................................ 123 117 62 Q 30 Q 62 Q 29.7

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 4,024 1,467 2,211 504 109 301 103 9.1

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 3,326 1,319 1,932 299 95 222 Q 9.6

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 3,418 1,278 1,936 408 95 220 70 10.0

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 804 314 436 92 17 74 Q 13.8

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 181 96 79 QQQQ 33.2

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 246 86 127 69 21 Q Q 23.3

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 20.9

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 555 234 249 84 Q 30 Q 21.0

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 633 242 394 81 7 26 Q 18.7

 100 ................................................ 2,836 2,836 991 1,567 340 101 245 51 10.2

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 394 394 391 56 36 2 Q Q 20.4

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,676 1,676 395 1,180 214 Q 168 Q 12.6

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,188 1,188 603 670 146 9 114 Q 14.4

 District Heat .................................. 115 115 10 7 Q 109 Q Q 26.4

 Boilers ........................................... 610 610 138 381 212 Q 27 Q 17.3

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,031 1,031 465 631 27 4 58 Q 17.1

 Other ............................................. 161 161 94 54 37 3 Q Q 30.6

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation

of abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 133
Table BC-22. Space-Heating Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

with

Space

Heating

Space-Heating Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat Propane Wood

0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.3 1.1 1.9 3.4

All Buildings .................................. 58,772 54,347 22,156 31,535 6,606 5,606 2,025 509 7.9

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 6,338 5,506 1,850 2,689 894 Q 537 Q 11.0

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 7,530 6,546 2,419 4,069 587 Q 415 Q 17.0

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 11,617 10,706 4,544 6,359 1,061 370 504 Q 16.5

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 7,676 7,157 2,925 4,460 614 635 202 Q 13.1

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 7,968 7,699 3,148 4,744 802 744 214 Q 12.3

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 6,776 6,456 2,349 3,883 808 1,083 Q Q 13.7

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 5,553 5,371 2,414 2,968 1,008 1,211 Q Q 15.0

 Over 500,000 ................................ 5,313 4,906 2,506 2,363 832 1,351 Q Q 17.4

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 7,740 7,740 2,106 4,650 1,612 1,077 169 Q 14.5

 Food Sales .................................... 642 609 260 330 QQQQ 26.7

 Food Service ................................ 1,353 1,299 482 765 QQQQ 27.2

 Health Care ................................... 2,333 2,333 926 1,252 553 605 Q Q 15.9

 Lodging ......................................... 3,618 3,608 2,054 1,791 Q 616 Q Q 20.1

 Mercantile and Service ................. 12,728 12,227 5,636 7,064 1,383 Q 463 333 14.7

 Office ............................................ 10,478 10,458 5,049 5,386 970 1,532 Q Q 12.7

 Public Assembly ........................... 3,948 3,836 1,171 2,396 371 636 Q Q 19.8

 Public Order and Safety ................ 1,271 1,154 244 620 304 327 Q Q 33.1

 Religious Worship ......................... 2,792 2,791 1,034 1,727 406 Q Q Q 21.8

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 8,481 6,419 2,586 4,421 474 Q 241 Q 19.7

 Other ............................................. 1,004 907 289 529 Q 170 Q Q 40.0

 Vacant ........................................... 2,384 966 320 606 162 Q Q Q 30.0

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 3,673 3,429 726 2,118 851 556 Q Q 22.1

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 6,710 5,951 1,656 3,958 793 864 Q Q 17.5

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 9,298 8,701 2,881 5,493 1,222 936 153 Q 15.3

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 10,858 10,024 3,392 5,953 1,558 1,386 402 Q 13.3

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 11,333 10,489 4,886 5,995 1,050 965 390 Q 11.6

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 12,252 11,462 6,457 5,766 806 492 641 Q 13.6

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 2,590 2,467 1,399 1,329 Q 258 Q Q 19.9

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 2,059 1,824 759 923 QQQQ 23.9

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 11,883 11,180 3,081 5,043 3,856 1,765 540 Q 14.6

 Midwest ......................................... 14,322 13,511 4,058 9,826 1,018 1,902 401 Q 13.5

 South ............................................ 20,830 18,900 9,971 9,805 1,540 1,006 959 Q 13.6

 West .............................................. 11,736 10,756 5,046 6,861 192 933 124 Q 20.2

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................ 5,098 4,901 1,471 3,219 1,288 267 393 Q 19.9

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................... 14,597 13,937 3,970 9,602 1,610 1,919 385 Q 15.6

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................... 15,155 14,147 5,350 6,812 3,148 2,267 550 Q 15.6

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 13,491 12,350 5,836 8,152 375 537 Q Q 20.0

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 10,430 9,014 5,528 3,750 185 617 Q Q 19.6

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 13,885 10,663 3,502 5,816 1,512 407 803 217 13.8

 5 to 9 ............................................. 6,291 6,086 2,251 3,886 520 303 309 Q 18.7

 10 to 19 ......................................... 7,102 6,905 2,862 4,163 750 258 268 Q 16.3

 20 to 49 ......................................... 9,132 8,899 3,643 5,507 742 617 222 Q 13.1

 50 to 99 ......................................... 6,931 6,642 2,533 4,086 662 704 Q Q 13.8

 100 to 249 ..................................... 5,988 5,880 2,861 3,361 910 864 Q Q 14.2

 250 or More .................................. 9,443 9,272 4,504 4,716 1,509 2,454 Q Q 12.5

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

134 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-22. Space-Heating Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

with

Space

Heating

Space-Heating Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat Propane Wood

0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.3 1.1 1.9 3.4

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 6,134 4,032 1,102 2,344 607 Q 442 Q 17.8

 40 to 48 ......................................... 13,233 12,672 5,214 7,678 1,122 762 490 Q 15.1

 49 to 60 ......................................... 12,242 11,658 4,550 6,729 1,465 970 357 Q 13.7

 61 to 84 ......................................... 10,052 9,635 4,929 5,662 933 628 182 Q 13.6

 85 to 167 ....................................... 6,202 5,880 1,904 3,418 651 840 245 Q 15.9

 Open Continuously ....................... 10,908 10,469 4,457 5,705 1,827 2,285 309 Q 11.5

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 42,958 40,217 16,089 23,584 4,887 4,365 1,344 Q 8.7

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 3,243 2,919 1,167 1,307 642 Q 284 Q 26.1

 Metal Panels ................................. 5,694 4,559 1,830 2,958 622 Q 269 Q 17.2

 Concrete Panels ........................... 4,069 3,932 1,939 2,308 189 550 Q Q 18.5

 Window Glass ............................... 1,755 1,754 700 923 Q 335 Q Q 22.5

 Other ............................................. 660 603 322 261 QQQQ 30.3

 No One Major Type ...................... 393 363 QQQQQQ 65.9

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 24,481 23,087 9,351 13,589 2,442 2,956 333 Q 11.2

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 11,093 10,450 3,873 5,482 1,557 543 848 Q 13.8

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 7,941 6,463 2,885 3,847 636 Q 448 Q 14.9

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 10,235 10,099 4,075 6,233 1,592 1,434 315 Q 12.5

 Slate or Tile ................................... 1,920 1,765 736 888 258 322 Q Q 22.7

 Wooden Materials ......................... 1,130 985 344 662 QQQQ 44.2

 Concrete ....................................... 1,335 903 641 491 QQQQ 36.7

 Other ............................................. 332 290 QQQQQQ 46.8

 No One Major Type ...................... 305 305 QQQQQQ 55.8

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 57,076 54,110 22,156 31,411 6,550 5,595 2,021 472 8.0

 Natural Gas ................................... 38,145 37,950 12,499 31,535 3,320 2,308 257 Q 9.3

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 14,421 14,236 5,396 6,421 6,606 2,148 327 Q 11.9

 District Heat .................................. 5,658 5,642 1,049 627 466 5,606 Q Q 18.5

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 2,479 621 377 Q 2,110 Q Q 22.2

 Propane ........................................ 5,344 5,281 2,027 1,417 1,323 Q 2,025 Q 18.9

 Other ............................................. 2,336 2,312 575 1,020 513 303 Q 509 23.5

Primary Space-Heating Energy

Source

 Electricity ...................................... 13,500 13,500 13,500 2,044 267 Q Q Q 15.3

 Natural Gas ................................... 28,808 28,808 6,526 28,808 1,613 Q 214 Q 10.0

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 4,207 4,207 764 238 4,207 Q Q Q 24.7

 District Heat .................................. 5,289 5,289 852 382 319 5,289 Q Q 19.7

 Propane ........................................ 1,545 1,545 373 Q Q Q 1,545 Q 30.6

 Other ............................................. 514 514 QQQQQQ 48.9

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 47,761 46,934 20,699 28,273 5,111 3,821 1,620 Q 8.1

 Natural Gas ................................... 1,314 1,312 435 1,176 254 Q Q Q 29.8

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 2,479 621 377 Q 2,110 Q Q 22.2

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 23,056 22,445 13,334 10,129 2,303 1,182 1,189 Q 12.8

 Natural Gas ................................... 24,859 24,684 7,931 21,367 2,159 729 Q Q 10.2

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 2,151 2,150 409 332 2,035 Q Q Q 28.1

 District Heat .................................. 3,949 3,933 648 348 Q 3,901 Q Q 22.2

 Propane ........................................ 1,020 982 520 Q Q Q 479 Q 27.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 135
Table BC-22. Space-Heating Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

with

Space

Heating

Space-Heating Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat Propane Wood

0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.3 1.1 1.9 3.4

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 12,249 11,951 6,397 6,512 1,738 1,254 413 Q 13.5

 Natural Gas ................................... 13,195 13,080 5,244 9,395 1,856 1,254 Q Q 11.1

 Propane ........................................ 1,480 1,451 682 Q 606 Q 475 Q 28.8

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 54,347 54,347 22,156 31,535 6,606 5,606 2,025 509 8.0

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 49,935 49,090 21,131 29,106 5,285 5,076 1,642 Q 8.1

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 51,560 50,796 20,872 29,727 6,227 5,373 1,781 380 8.4

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 20,713 20,338 9,189 11,803 3,145 2,005 664 Q 9.8

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 3,893 3,689 1,718 2,009 401 Q Q Q 20.1

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 13,366 13,165 5,565 7,433 2,718 2,412 362 Q 11.2

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 4,425 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 25.5

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,227 6,227 3,108 3,282 479 Q 247 Q 20.9

 51 to 99 ......................................... 8,868 8,868 4,183 5,079 1,309 748 173 Q 15.8

 100 ................................................ 39,252 39,252 14,864 23,175 4,817 4,793 1,606 228 8.8

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 5,843 5,843 5,815 1,948 531 252 Q Q 15.0

 Furnaces ....................................... 14,923 14,923 4,839 11,369 1,633 Q 964 Q 11.5

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 16,809 16,809 9,535 11,128 1,653 1,046 742 Q 12.9

 District Heat .................................. 5,911 5,911 1,087 640 468 5,606 Q Q 18.6

 Boilers ........................................... 16,754 16,754 4,855 12,801 4,629 Q 415 Q 10.1

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 16,893 16,893 8,898 11,200 827 378 515 Q 12.0

 Other ............................................. 6,249 6,249 4,152 2,824 1,074 873 Q Q 18.5

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation

of abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

136 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-23. Primary Space-Heating Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Space

Heating

Primary Space-Heating Energy Source Used

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas

Fuel

Oil

District

Heat Propane

0.5 0.5 1.0 0.7 1.6 1.6 1.9

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 4,024 1,007 2,106 439 107 260 8.3

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 2,060 522 982 285 Q 181 9.9

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 899 199 546 69 Q 42 15.6

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 685 193 367 59 25 31 15.3

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 198 49 113 14 16 4 11.3

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 111 28 61 8 10 Q 11.0

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 46 10 25 3 8 Q 12.5

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 18 4 9 Q 4 Q 12.8

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 6 2 2 Q 1 Q 16.1

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 309 67 173 22 35 Q 20.6

 Food Sales .................................... 137 124 58 43 Q Q Q 26.1

 Food Service ................................ 285 274 85 134 Q Q Q 20.5

 Health Care ................................... 105 105 50 40 Q 4 Q 30.4

 Lodging ......................................... 158 158 77 59 Q 11 Q 21.1

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 1,217 227 704 169 Q 61 14.3

 Office ............................................ 705 704 204 391 60 20 Q 16.1

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 310 51 176 Q 9 Q 25.9

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 81 Q 28 Q Q Q 46.5

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 269 35 137 40 Q Q 24.5

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 325 91 161 Q Q Q 25.0

 Other ............................................. 67 53 Q 13 Q Q Q 60.7

 Vacant ........................................... 261 95 Q 48 Q Q Q 33.2

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 316 15 223 45 22 Q 26.0

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 496 54 324 68 20 Q 20.7

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 769 134 456 124 12 Q 13.2

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 652 146 334 81 23 48 15.9

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 722 241 378 24 Q 43 15.3

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 741 297 270 70 7 90 15.5

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 189 72 79 Q Q Q 26.6

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 141 48 42 Q Q Q 37.2

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 657 57 236 247 24 52 17.3

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 1,006 101 736 Q 35 73 18.0

 South ............................................ 1,750 1,547 574 648 141 31 122 14.4

 West .............................................. 964 815 275 487 Q 18 Q 17.2

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................ 493 443 Q 242 85 3 57 20.1

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................... 975 877 73 587 109 29 51 15.4

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................... 1,070 927 206 400 193 43 62 24.3

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 1,103 955 310 550 Q 10 Q 19.9

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 937 822 386 327 Q Q Q 20.4

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 2,013 459 994 276 34 174 12.5

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 770 168 482 54 15 Q 18.6

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 608 173 317 73 Q Q 16.8

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 390 145 189 22 16 Q 14.4

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 131 33 70 8 16 Q 14.5

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 69 20 36 4 8 Q 14.4

 250 or More .................................. 43 43 9 18 1 9 Q 18.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 137
Table BC-23. Primary Space-Heating Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Space

Heating

Primary Space-Heating Energy Source Used

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas

Fuel

Oil

District

Heat Propane

0.5 0.5 1.0 0.7 1.6 1.6 1.9

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 620 114 287 102 Q 83 18.1

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 1,207 331 659 105 23 55 14.8

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 907 208 506 112 22 36 15.7

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 541 143 313 50 12 Q 17.6

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 366 89 178 30 10 Q 18.3

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 385 121 163 40 31 Q 19.1

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 3,061 2,774 640 1,571 280 92 137 9.7

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 639 572 162 207 102 Q 70 20.2

 Metal Panels ................................. 662 480 134 236 47 Q 47 19.2

 Concrete Panels ........................... 106 98 41 45 Q 4 Q 28.4

 Window Glass ............................... 46 46 Q 32 Q 2 Q 42.9

 Other ............................................. 50 40 17 Q Q Q Q 51.7

 No One Major Type ...................... 15 14 Q Q Q Q Q 88.8

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 1,369 1,257 294 772 76 59 Q 13.7

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 1,486 1,386 319 618 216 20 153 13.9

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 908 672 191 324 80 Q 58 15.5

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 351 334 82 185 Q 15 Q 17.3

 Slate or Tile ................................... 202 173 61 80 22 9 Q 26.6

 Wooden Materials ......................... 152 123 Q 75 Q Q Q 41.6

 Concrete ....................................... 58 40 20 Q Q Q Q 50.5

 Other ............................................. 36 23 Q Q Q Q Q 79.8

 No One Major Type ...................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 100.0

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 4,004 1,007 2,105 427 107 259 8.3

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 2,456 240 2,106 58 28 Q 10.3

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 607 38 83 439 19 Q 21.0

 District Heat .................................. 110 109 Q Q Q 107 Q 23.4

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 52 Q 4 Q 45 Q 39.3

 Propane ........................................ 589 579 88 90 124 Q 260 19.0

 Other ............................................. 213 210 21 47 Q Q Q 35.9

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 4,024 1,007 2,106 439 107 260 8.3

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 3,326 913 1,836 255 93 183 9.2

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 3,418 871 1,841 356 93 179 8.8

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 804 220 410 83 16 62 12.8

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 181 66 76 Q Q Q 30.4

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 246 45 112 57 20 Q 22.4

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 -- -- -- -- -- -- 19.6

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 555 179 230 76 Q 29 19.0

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 633 138 379 69 6 Q 16.2

 100 ................................................ 2,836 2,836 689 1,497 294 100 212 9.0

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 394 394 325 35 Q 2 Q 18.2

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,676 1,676 161 1,141 188 Q 147 12.2

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,188 1,188 328 613 122 8 99 13.7

 District Heat .................................. 115 115 Q 2 Q 107 Q 30.0

 Boilers ........................................... 610 610 18 371 183 Q Q 16.1

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,031 1,031 346 596 23 3 49 16.2

 Other ............................................. 161 161 52 51 29 3 Q 29.3

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

138 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-24. Primary Space-Heating Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

with

Space

Heating

Primary Space-Heating Energy Source Used

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas

Fuel

Oil

District

Heat Propane

0.5 0.5 1.0 0.7 1.7 1.3 2.3

All Buildings .................................. 58,772 54,347 13,500 28,808 4,207 5,289 1,545 6.9

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 6,338 5,506 1,399 2,602 808 Q 468 9.6

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 7,530 6,546 1,442 3,981 488 Q 332 15.3

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 11,617 10,706 2,973 5,865 874 370 475 14.4

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 7,676 7,157 1,775 4,054 508 594 142 11.5

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 7,968 7,699 1,976 4,202 566 737 Q 11.0

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 6,776 6,456 1,367 3,503 422 1,051 Q 13.1

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 5,553 5,371 1,161 2,601 Q 1,154 Q 13.9

 Over 500,000 ................................ 5,313 4,906 1,407 1,999 Q 1,171 Q 17.6

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 7,740 7,740 886 4,323 1,190 1,034 Q 12.8

 Food Sales .................................... 642 609 242 308 Q Q Q 23.4

 Food Service ................................ 1,353 1,299 322 742 Q Q Q 24.9

 Health Care ................................... 2,333 2,333 405 1,144 Q 571 Q 15.8

 Lodging ......................................... 3,618 3,608 1,456 1,442 Q 585 Q 17.8

 Mercantile and Service ................. 12,728 12,227 3,824 6,526 959 Q 386 13.1

 Office ............................................ 10,478 10,458 3,537 4,828 455 1,477 Q 11.1

 Public Assembly ........................... 3,948 3,836 533 2,179 Q 574 Q 18.3

 Public Order and Safety ................ 1,271 1,154 Q 592 Q 246 Q 32.4

 Religious Worship ......................... 2,792 2,791 391 1,582 396 Q Q 21.1

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 8,481 6,419 1,422 4,173 308 Q Q 19.8

 Other ............................................. 1,004 907 169 474 Q 159 Q 38.6

 Vacant ........................................... 2,384 966 Q 494 Q Q Q 28.0

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 3,673 3,429 185 2,008 565 556 Q 20.7

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 6,710 5,951 667 3,626 640 825 Q 17.2

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 9,298 8,701 1,405 5,173 888 882 Q 14.4

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 10,858 10,024 1,704 5,445 1,018 1,303 368 12.3

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 11,333 10,489 3,286 5,396 434 919 286 11.3

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 12,252 11,462 4,903 5,093 451 443 509 12.2

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 2,590 2,467 884 1,226 Q 212 Q 17.9

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 2,059 1,824 467 842 Q Q Q 21.0

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 11,883 11,180 1,099 4,696 3,020 1,600 435 12.4

 Midwest ......................................... 14,322 13,511 1,549 9,293 Q 1,839 313 12.0

 South ............................................ 20,830 18,900 7,403 8,728 802 945 713 13.1

 West .............................................. 11,736 10,756 3,449 6,091 Q 905 Q 15.0

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................ 5,098 4,901 322 3,020 875 250 302 17.9

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................... 14,597 13,937 1,385 9,063 1,133 1,776 330 13.7

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................... 15,155 14,147 3,127 6,150 1,972 2,176 357 14.2

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 13,491 12,350 3,888 7,356 Q 524 Q 15.6

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 10,430 9,014 4,778 3,218 Q 562 Q 18.8

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 13,885 10,663 2,417 5,445 1,398 407 718 13.0

 5 to 9 ............................................. 6,291 6,086 1,257 3,699 430 303 Q 16.4

 10 to 19 ......................................... 7,102 6,905 1,858 3,981 546 258 Q 15.1

 20 to 49 ......................................... 9,132 8,899 2,380 5,064 578 617 147 11.8

 50 to 99 ......................................... 6,931 6,642 1,601 3,543 522 644 Q 12.7

 100 to 249 ..................................... 5,988 5,880 1,439 2,995 458 827 Q 13.9

 250 or More .................................. 9,443 9,272 2,548 4,081 275 2,233 Q 13.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 139
Table BC-24. Primary Space-Heating Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

with

Space

Heating

Primary Space-Heating Energy Source Used

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas

Fuel

Oil

District

Heat Propane

0.5 0.5 1.0 0.7 1.7 1.3 2.3

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 6,134 4,032 617 2,183 555 Q 424 15.6

 40 to 48 ......................................... 13,233 12,672 3,332 7,149 831 726 361 14.1

 49 to 60 ......................................... 12,242 11,658 2,923 6,235 1,106 945 279 12.6

 61 to 84 ......................................... 10,052 9,635 3,066 5,110 650 579 Q 12.4

 85 to 167 ....................................... 6,202 5,880 1,158 3,078 436 820 Q 14.1

 Open Continuously ....................... 10,908 10,469 2,405 5,052 630 2,097 Q 11.6

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 42,958 40,217 9,536 21,672 3,207 4,179 988 8.1

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 3,243 2,919 795 1,128 500 Q 241 22.2

 Metal Panels ................................. 5,694 4,559 1,048 2,746 319 Q 243 16.2

 Concrete Panels ........................... 4,069 3,932 1,267 2,040 Q 488 Q 16.7

 Window Glass ............................... 1,755 1,754 531 852 Q 288 Q 19.3

 Other ............................................. 660 603 240 218 Q Q Q 27.0

 No One Major Type ...................... 393 363 Q Q Q Q Q 60.5

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 24,481 23,087 5,871 12,256 1,483 2,775 241 10.5

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 11,093 10,450 2,568 5,108 1,224 536 734 12.5

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 7,941 6,463 1,715 3,579 558 Q 373 13.1

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 10,235 10,099 2,135 5,655 649 1,311 Q 11.2

 Slate or Tile ................................... 1,920 1,765 427 772 238 322 Q 19.7

 Wooden Materials ......................... 1,130 985 Q 657 Q Q Q 40.7

 Concrete ....................................... 1,335 903 346 448 Q Q Q 32.8

 Other ............................................. 332 290 Q Q Q Q Q 43.0

 No One Major Type ...................... 305 305 Q Q Q Q Q 51.2

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 57,076 54,110 13,500 28,686 4,152 5,277 1,541 6.9

 Natural Gas ................................... 38,145 37,950 5,427 28,808 1,358 2,037 Q 8.3

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 14,421 14,236 2,238 5,479 4,207 1,892 Q 10.5

 District Heat .................................. 5,658 5,642 Q Q Q 5,289 Q 12.6

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 2,479 Q 261 Q 1,997 Q 20.2

 Propane ........................................ 5,344 5,281 968 1,366 1,142 Q 1,545 16.9

 Other ............................................. 2,336 2,312 188 922 Q 300 Q 28.1

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 54,347 54,347 13,500 28,808 4,207 5,289 1,545 7.0

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 49,935 49,090 12,959 26,440 3,076 4,759 1,184 7.4

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 51,560 50,796 12,586 27,119 3,873 5,055 1,304 7.1

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 20,713 20,338 5,440 10,627 1,670 1,737 488 9.1

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 3,893 3,689 1,086 1,861 Q Q Q 18.9

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 13,366 13,165 2,965 6,500 1,160 2,162 Q 10.7

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 4,425 -- -- -- -- -- -- 23.4

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,227 6,227 2,282 3,002 428 Q 221 18.3

 51 to 99 ......................................... 8,868 8,868 2,532 4,544 831 708 Q 14.7

 100 ................................................ 39,252 39,252 8,687 21,262 2,948 4,515 1,229 7.5

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 5,843 5,843 3,949 1,332 Q 229 Q 13.9

 Furnaces ....................................... 14,923 14,923 2,088 10,473 1,229 Q 847 10.5

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 16,809 16,809 4,452 9,777 925 973 520 11.8

 District Heat .................................. 5,911 5,911 Q 252 Q 5,289 Q 18.0

 Boilers ........................................... 16,754 16,754 1,048 12,095 2,893 Q Q 9.3

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 16,893 16,893 5,910 9,891 287 314 362 12.0

 Other ............................................. 6,249 6,249 2,299 2,470 395 730 Q 18.0

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

Energy Information Administration

140 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-24. Primary Space-Heating Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

with

Space

Heating

Primary Space-Heating Energy Source Used

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity

Natural

Gas

Fuel

Oil

District

Heat Propane

0.5 0.5 1.0 0.7 1.7 1.3 2.3

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 5,843 5,843 3,949 1,332 Q 229 Q 13.9

 Furnaces ....................................... 14,923 14,923 2,088 10,473 1,229 Q 847 10.5

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 16,809 16,809 4,452 9,777 925 973 520 11.8

 District Heat .................................. 5,911 5,911 Q 252 Q 5,289 Q 18.0

 Boilers ........................................... 16,754 16,754 1,048 12,095 2,893 Q Q 9.3

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 16,893 16,893 5,910 9,891 287 314 362 12.0

 Other ............................................. 6,249 6,249 2,299 2,470 395 730 Q 18.0

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 141
Table BC-25. Cooling Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, and Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Cooling

Cooling Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Cooling

Cooling Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

Electricity

Natural

Gas

District

Chilled

Water Electricity

Natural

Gas

District

Chilled

Water

0.6 0.7 0.7 3.1 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.1 1.5

All Buildings ............................... 4,579 3,381 3,293 65 53 58,772 49,935 47,761 1,314 2,521 6.9

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................ 2,399 1,650 1,614 Q Q 6,338 4,376 4,294 Q Q 8.2

 5,001 to 10,000 .......................... 1,035 754 740 Q Q 7,530 5,531 5,413 Q Q 14.1

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................ 745 619 597 19 Q 11,617 9,712 9,410 270 239 14.1

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................ 213 187 181 Q 7 7,676 6,760 6,528 Q 275 11.7

 50,001 to 100,000 ...................... 115 103 98 Q 5 7,968 7,178 6,761 Q 348 10.8

 100,001 to 200,000 .................... 48 44 41 Q 5 6,776 6,175 5,743 Q 587 11.6

 200,001 to 500,000 .................... 19 18 17 1 2 5,553 5,235 4,949 232 557 11.8

 Over 500,000 ............................. 6 6 5 Q 1 5,313 4,968 4,663 Q 432 14.8

Principal Building Activity

 Education ................................... 309 249 234 Q 26 7,740 6,741 6,263 Q 653 16.5

 Food Sales ................................. 137 128 122 Q Q 642 612 597 Q Q 22.7

 Food Service ............................. 285 272 265 Q Q 1,353 1,310 1,288 Q Q 19.9

 Health Care ................................ 105 105 103 1 2 2,333 2,323 2,168 152 403 16.7

 Lodging ...................................... 158 126 124 Q Q 3,618 3,193 3,021 Q Q 19.2

 Mercantile and Service .............. 1,289 916 885 24 Q 12,728 11,086 10,781 351 Q 13.0

 Office ......................................... 705 690 677 21 5 10,478 10,360 9,822 325 568 11.9

 Public Assembly ........................ 326 246 241 Q Q 3,948 3,394 3,164 Q 372 19.0

 Public Order and Safety ............. 87 38 37 Q Q 1,271 856 802 Q Q 33.7

 Religious Worship ...................... 269 223 223 Q Q 2,792 2,414 2,414 Q Q 21.4

 Warehouse and Storage ............ 580 262 260 Q Q 8,481 5,991 5,920 Q Q 21.7

 Other .......................................... 67 53 52 Q Q 1,004 921 834 Q Q 44.5

 Vacant ........................................ 261 73 69 Q Q 2,384 732 687 Q Q 29.3

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ........................... 353 260 241 Q Q 3,673 2,818 2,673 Q Q 21.2

 1920 to 1945 .............................. 562 382 376 Q Q 6,710 5,038 4,861 Q 187 16.8

 1946 to 1959 .............................. 867 617 601 22 5 9,298 7,549 7,318 248 322 14.1

 1960 to 1969 .............................. 718 508 501 4 10 10,858 8,978 8,538 159 527 13.3

 1970 to 1979 .............................. 813 688 665 Q Q 11,333 10,389 9,753 412 674 11.2

 1980 to 1989 .............................. 846 657 649 4 7 12,252 11,174 10,860 192 400 12.2

 1990 to 1992 .............................. 218 161 159 Q Q 2,590 2,345 2,229 Q Q 20.6

 1993 to 1995 .............................. 202 108 100 Q Q 2,059 1,644 1,530 Q Q 26.9

Census Region

 Northeast ................................... 725 451 435 Q 3 11,883 9,523 8,986 387 291 14.6

 Midwest ...................................... 1,139 811 785 20 Q 14,322 12,033 11,424 354 778 13.7

 South ......................................... 1,750 1,433 1,413 3 24 20,830 18,606 18,133 247 919 10.9

 West ........................................... 964 687 660 25 10 11,736 9,772 9,219 326 533 13.8

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ............. 493 321 312 Q Q 5,098 4,115 3,994 Q Q 24.1

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................ 975 656 633 19 8 14,597 11,903 11,259 487 624 13.4

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................ 1,070 714 691 22 16 15,155 12,620 11,943 520 632 17.3

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 1,103 887 867 15 6 13,491 11,981 11,692 198 432 16.3

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 937 803 789 Q Q 10,430 9,315 8,873 Q 726 16.9

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .............................. 2,505 1,542 1,498 Q Q 13,885 8,324 8,073 Q Q 11.1

 5 to 9 .......................................... 798 691 671 Q Q 6,291 5,260 5,028 Q Q 14.3

 10 to 19 ...................................... 625 549 544 Q Q 7,102 6,449 6,314 205 Q 13.6

 20 to 49 ...................................... 400 361 352 Q 8 9,132 8,302 8,083 Q 250 13.2

 50 to 99 ...................................... 138 129 124 Q 8 6,931 6,379 6,039 Q 366 13.3

 100 to 249 .................................. 71 69 66 2 3 5,988 5,872 5,617 230 356 11.9

 250 or More ............................... 43 41 38 1 5 9,443 9,349 8,608 433 1,172 13.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

142 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-25. Cooling Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, and Floorspace, 1995

 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Cooling

Cooling Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Cooling

Cooling Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

Electricity

Natural

Gas

District

Chilled

Water Electricity

Natural

Gas

District

Chilled

Water

0.6 0.7 0.7 3.1 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.1 1.5

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................ 899 399 398 Q Q 6,134 2,845 2,814 Q Q 17.5

 40 to 48 ...................................... 1,257 1,047 1,018 26 Q 13,233 11,401 10,909 298 350 13.2

 49 to 60 ...................................... 969 795 784 Q 11 12,242 10,897 10,597 164 409 12.7

 61 to 84 ...................................... 567 446 428 17 8 10,052 9,212 8,843 292 381 13.9

 85 to 167 .................................... 420 344 335 Q 7 6,202 5,644 5,320 Q 395 14.2

 Open Continuously .................... 466 350 329 Q Q 10,908 9,936 9,279 433 919 12.4

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ..................................... 3,061 2,429 2,366 46 42 42,958 37,394 35,761 964 1,944 7.9

 Siding or Shingles ...................... 639 448 438 Q Q 3,243 2,369 2,309 Q Q 22.8

 Metal Panels .............................. 662 322 315 Q Q 5,694 3,713 3,584 Q Q 15.9

 Concrete Panels ........................ 106 91 89 Q 3 4,069 3,790 3,633 Q 302 19.5

 Window Glass ............................ 46 45 44 Q Q 1,755 1,730 1,593 Q Q 31.7

 Other .......................................... 50 32 26 Q Q 660 578 527 Q Q 40.8

 No One Major Type ................... 15 14 14 Q Q 393 362 355 Q Q 67.2

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ...................................... 1,369 1,113 1,075 28 25 24,481 21,744 20,642 596 1,320 10.2

 Shingles (Not Wood) .................. 1,486 1,149 1,123 17 Q 11,093 9,125 8,854 282 Q 12.5

 Metal Surfacing .......................... 908 508 494 Q Q 7,941 5,564 5,418 Q Q 13.6

 Synthetic or Rubber ................... 351 296 288 6 9 10,235 9,662 9,166 295 682 12.6

 Slate or Tile ................................ 202 143 141 Q Q 1,920 1,499 1,386 Q Q 23.6

 Wooden Materials ...................... 152 106 105 Q Q 1,130 730 715 Q Q 38.3

 Concrete .................................... 58 39 39 Q Q 1,335 1,065 1,038 Q Q 42.2

 Other .......................................... 36 Q Q Q Q 332 272 272 Q Q 52.5

 No One Major Type ................... Q Q Q Q Q 305 273 272 Q Q 54.8

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 4,343 3,376 3,293 65 53 57,076 49,785 47,761 1,314 2,517 6.9

 Natural Gas ................................ 2,478 2,131 2,078 65 17 38,145 35,100 33,812 1,314 1,287 7.5

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 607 388 374 3 Q 14,421 12,904 12,230 454 1,076 14.2

 District Heat ............................... 110 95 66 Q 47 5,658 5,128 3,857 Q 2,140 19.0

 District Chilled Water ................. 53 53 21 Q 53 2,521 2,521 1,274 Q 2,521 21.8

 Propane ..................................... 589 431 410 Q Q 5,344 4,520 4,290 Q Q 22.6

 Other .......................................... 213 107 102 Q Q 2,336 1,943 1,692 Q Q 28.9

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ................................... 1,007 913 913 Q Q 13,500 12,959 12,903 Q Q 13.5

 Natural Gas ................................ 2,106 1,836 1,788 64 4 28,808 26,440 25,634 1,150 261 9.0

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 439 255 252 Q Q 4,207 3,076 3,053 Q Q 26.9

 District Heat ............................... 107 93 64 Q 45 5,289 4,759 3,561 Q 1,997 19.2

 Propane ..................................... 260 183 177 Q Q 1,545 1,184 1,162 Q Q 31.8

 Other .......................................... 61 Q Q Q Q 514 303 303 Q Q 53.7

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 1,684 1,474 1,446 22 Q 23,056 21,611 21,160 395 629 11.7

 Natural Gas ................................ 1,577 1,383 1,355 41 11 24,859 22,887 22,293 903 498 9.1

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 120 57 57 Q Q 2,151 1,675 1,659 Q Q 32.8

 District Heat ............................... 54 44 25 Q 27 3,949 3,665 2,719 Q 1,465 20.3

 Propane ..................................... 110 79 78 Q Q 1,020 888 859 Q Q 35.9

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 487 423 421 Q 3 12,249 11,661 11,403 242 620 12.5

 Natural Gas ................................ 448 401 394 10 7 13,195 12,433 12,031 414 638 11.9

 Propane ..................................... 123 109 109 Q Q 1,480 1,352 1,338 Q Q 34.9

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 143
Table BC-25. Cooling Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, and Floorspace, 1995

 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Cooling

Cooling Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Cooling

Cooling Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

Electricity

Natural

Gas

District

Chilled

Water Electricity

Natural

Gas

District

Chilled

Water

0.6 0.7 0.7 3.1 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.1 1.5

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating .... 4,024 3,326 3,238 65 52 54,347 49,090 46,934 1,312 2,479 7.1

 Buildings with Cooling ................ 3,381 3,381 3,293 65 53 49,935 49,935 47,761 1,314 2,521 6.9

 Buildings with Water Heating ..... 3,486 2,968 2,892 59 49 51,560 47,249 45,198 1,218 2,442 7.1

 Buildings with Cooking ............... 828 724 716 11 10 20,713 19,465 18,874 531 982 9.6

 Buildings with Manufacturing ..... 204 165 154 Q Q 3,893 3,587 3,337 Q Q 22.9

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................ 247 206 199 Q 7 13,366 12,986 12,169 577 1,171 12.4

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled ................................. 1,198 -- -- -- -- 8,837 -- -- -- -- 15.8

 1 to 50 ........................................ 930 930 912 17 Q 15,027 15,027 14,632 244 Q 12.0

 51 to 99 ...................................... 635 635 618 18 10 12,549 12,549 12,035 373 705 13.4

 100 ............................................. 1,816 1,816 1,763 30 40 22,359 22,359 21,095 697 1,645 8.6

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................ 878 878 861 20 Q 9,238 9,238 9,036 232 169 12.2

 Heat Pumps ............................... 457 457 457 Q 1 6,931 6,931 6,918 Q 175 13.9

 Individual Air Conditioners ......... 862 862 857 Q Q 12,494 12,494 12,328 215 298 11.2

 District Chilled Water ................. 53 53 21 Q 53 2,521 2,521 1,274 Q 2,521 21.8

 Central Chillers .......................... 109 109 106 5 Q 11,065 11,065 10,729 509 Q 12.6

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units .......................................... 1,431 1,431 1,396 42 5 26,628 26,628 25,949 892 649 9.4

 Swamp Coolers ......................... 186 186 185 Q Q 2,451 2,451 2,431 Q Q 31.4

 Other .......................................... 18 18 18 Q Q 949 949 919 Q Q 31.7

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

144 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-26. Water-Heating Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings

All Buildings

with

Water Heating

Water-Heating Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil District Heat Propane

0.5 0.5 0.8 0.7 2.1 1.4 2.0

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 3,486 1,684 1,577 120 54 110 9.4

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 1,689 875 672 Q Q Q 10.6

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 780 356 396 17 Q Q 15.7

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 644 301 312 26 20 12 17.7

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 195 83 102 8 10 5 11.3

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 110 43 60 4 8 Q 11.1

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 45 16 24 Q 5 Q 12.7

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 18 7 9 1 3 Q 13.2

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 6 3 2 Q 1 Q 16.6

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 258 84 143 15 20 5 19.5

 Food Sales .................................... 137 125 72 50 Q Q Q 28.8

 Food Service ................................ 285 279 90 161 Q Q Q 19.6

 Health Care ................................... 105 105 56 43 Q 4 Q 30.2

 Lodging ......................................... 158 158 38 99 Q 10 Q 24.0

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 916 461 399 28 Q 33 16.6

 Office ............................................ 705 678 397 262 Q 7 Q 14.5

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 276 124 137 Q 7 Q 27.1

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 69 22 20 Q Q Q 45.6

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 248 116 128 Q Q Q 25.5

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 251 165 82 Q Q Q 27.9

 Other ............................................. 67 43 27 Q Q Q Q 54.8

 Vacant ........................................... 261 81 32 42 Q Q Q 37.1

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 287 80 189 Q 3 Q 25.0

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 429 166 215 22 4 Q 20.4

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 656 246 361 50 8 Q 15.5

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 562 233 269 Q 18 34 16.8

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 632 356 248 Q Q Q 14.9

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 667 429 217 Q Q 26 16.8

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 145 94 50 Q 1 Q 27.9

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 108 80 27 Q Q Q 37.8

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 602 283 183 93 11 30 17.9

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 849 311 511 Q 15 32 18.4

 South ............................................ 1,750 1,250 764 452 Q Q 19 13.1

 West .............................................. 964 785 325 431 Q 13 Q 17.7

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 1,587 732 722 35 Q 67 12.7

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 705 377 317 Q Q Q 16.4

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 580 305 233 45 Q Q 16.9

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 377 170 183 9 12 Q 14.7

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 127 50 69 3 6 Q 13.8

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 69 28 36 3 5 Q 14.8

 250 or More .................................. 43 42 21 16 1 6 Q 21.4

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 466 231 201 Q Q Q 20.1

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 1,035 567 427 14 Q Q 13.9

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 742 360 332 38 6 Q 15.1

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 494 214 258 18 9 Q 19.6

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 375 171 174 Q 9 Q 18.5

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 375 141 185 Q 16 29 17.8

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 145
Table BC-26. Water-Heating Energy Sources, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings

All Buildings

with

Water Heating

Water-Heating Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil District Heat Propane

0.5 0.5 0.8 0.7 2.1 1.4 2.0

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 3,472 1,684 1,575 120 54 110 9.3

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 2,201 655 1,577 21 11 Q 8.2

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 504 251 115 120 9 Q 19.9

 District Heat .................................. 110 96 26 19 Q 54 Q 32.5

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 49 Q 11 Q 27 Q 38.3

 Propane ........................................ 589 477 268 59 53 Q 110 21.7

 Other ............................................. 213 158 78 58 Q Q Q 36.1

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ...................................... 1,007 871 681 166 Q Q 26 17.2

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,106 1,841 563 1,333 2 Q Q 10.5

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 439 356 201 36 103 Q Q 25.5

 District Heat .................................. 107 93 26 17 Q 52 Q 33.4

 Propane ........................................ 260 179 118 Q Q Q 61 27.4

 Other ............................................. 61 35 Q Q Q Q Q 69.8

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 487 479 249 208 27 4 27 16.9

 Natural Gas ................................... 448 447 88 370 Q 5 Q 15.3

 Propane ........................................ 123 123 79 Q 17 Q 45 27.5

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 3,418 1,643 1,555 120 53 103 9.5

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 2,968 1,474 1,383 57 44 79 9.8

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 3,486 1,684 1,577 120 54 110 9.5

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 816 329 441 42 7 47 12.8

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 169 102 56 Q Q Q 30.8

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 238 85 121 Q 10 5 19.2

Water-Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Centralized System ....................... 2,671 2,671 1,195 1,245 98 47 89 10.8

 Distributed System ........................ 742 742 469 285 Q 3 21 16.3

 Combination of Centralized

 and Distributed System ................ 73 73 19 47 Q 4 Q 33.6

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for

explanation of abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

146 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-27. Water-Heating Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

with Water

Heating

Water-Heating Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil District Heat Propane

0.5 0.5 0.8 0.7 2.0 1.4 2.2

All Buildings .................................. 58,772 51,560 23,056 24,859 2,151 3,949 1,020 7.1

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 6,338 4,617 2,408 1,781 Q Q Q 10.0

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 7,530 5,652 2,583 2,866 Q Q Q 14.5

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 11,617 10,053 4,755 4,835 412 294 191 16.7

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 7,676 7,060 2,986 3,697 279 364 184 11.7

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 7,968 7,611 3,002 4,106 283 562 Q 10.9

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 6,776 6,269 2,338 3,334 Q 676 Q 12.7

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 5,553 5,303 2,130 2,584 424 951 Q 13.8

 Over 500,000 ................................ 5,313 4,995 2,854 1,656 Q 1,064 Q 17.7

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 7,740 7,515 1,917 4,484 968 773 220 12.5

 Food Sales .................................... 642 599 249 337 Q Q Q 25.2

 Food Service ................................ 1,353 1,342 326 904 Q Q Q 23.8

 Health Care ................................... 2,333 2,327 438 1,332 Q 583 Q 15.9

 Lodging ......................................... 3,618 3,609 531 2,537 Q 591 103 18.1

 Mercantile and Service ................. 12,728 10,925 6,687 4,397 331 Q 319 15.0

 Office ............................................ 10,478 10,278 5,631 3,873 244 932 Q 11.8

 Public Assembly ........................... 3,948 3,632 1,333 1,990 Q 413 Q 16.2

 Public Order and Safety ................ 1,271 1,018 254 400 Q Q Q 31.7

 Religious Worship ......................... 2,792 2,685 1,199 1,587 Q Q Q 20.6

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 8,481 5,845 3,901 2,094 Q Q Q 19.7

 Other ............................................. 1,004 893 297 416 Q 129 Q 37.8

 Vacant ........................................... 2,384 892 292 509 Q Q Q 30.1

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 3,673 3,206 980 1,858 Q 298 Q 20.5

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 6,710 5,349 1,860 2,745 288 567 Q 16.7

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 9,298 8,136 2,910 4,593 573 681 Q 15.1

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 10,858 9,722 3,320 5,237 493 1,089 259 12.5

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 11,333 10,117 5,138 4,393 358 821 Q 11.7

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 12,252 11,105 6,759 4,321 Q 259 303 12.6

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 2,590 2,263 1,184 996 Q 141 Q 17.6

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 2,059 1,661 905 716 Q Q Q 21.6

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 11,883 10,778 4,689 3,848 1,668 1,260 325 12.4

 Midwest ......................................... 14,322 12,517 4,516 7,261 Q 1,271 224 11.6

 South ............................................ 20,830 17,511 9,757 7,767 309 646 279 13.5

 West .............................................. 11,736 10,754 4,094 5,983 Q 772 Q 15.3

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 13,885 8,772 3,867 4,290 224 Q 232 14.6

 5 to 9 ............................................. 6,291 5,610 2,705 2,543 Q Q Q 15.8

 10 to 19 ......................................... 7,102 6,566 3,220 3,000 320 Q Q 14.5

 20 to 49 ......................................... 9,132 8,763 3,897 4,589 330 420 Q 11.8

 50 to 99 ......................................... 6,931 6,622 2,553 3,579 290 473 Q 13.6

 100 to 249 ..................................... 5,988 5,903 2,257 3,145 346 668 Q 13.4

 250 or More .................................. 9,443 9,324 4,558 3,713 337 1,829 Q 12.8

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 6,134 3,290 1,285 1,839 Q Q Q 17.7

 40 to 48 ......................................... 13,233 11,585 6,028 5,150 342 314 Q 14.8

 49 to 60 ......................................... 12,242 10,765 5,086 4,935 615 565 Q 12.6

 61 to 84 ......................................... 10,052 9,535 5,110 4,458 310 435 Q 12.5

 85 to 167 ....................................... 6,202 5,928 2,462 2,851 Q 684 Q 13.9

 Open Continuously ....................... 10,908 10,457 3,086 5,626 420 1,883 239 11.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 147
Table BC-27. Water-Heating Energy Sources, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

with Water

Heating

Water-Heating Energy Sources Used

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil District Heat Propane

0.5 0.5 0.8 0.7 2.0 1.4 2.2

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 57,076 51,363 23,056 24,756 2,151 3,937 1,020 7.1

 Natural Gas ................................... 38,145 36,284 12,144 24,859 972 1,528 Q 8.4

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 14,421 13,959 5,452 6,028 2,151 1,506 267 11.3

 District Heat .................................. 5,658 5,424 1,182 743 Q 3,949 Q 16.7

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 2,442 629 498 Q 1,465 Q 18.8

 Propane ........................................ 5,344 4,934 2,837 847 584 Q 1,020 17.0

 Other ............................................. 2,336 2,024 702 1,073 Q 215 Q 26.2

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ...................................... 13,500 12,586 9,502 3,338 Q Q 323 14.3

 Natural Gas ................................... 28,808 27,119 8,964 19,924 224 Q Q 9.1

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 4,207 3,873 1,718 663 1,659 Q Q 19.3

 District Heat .................................. 5,289 5,055 1,073 623 Q 3,717 Q 17.3

 Propane ........................................ 1,545 1,304 896 Q Q Q 436 26.3

 Other ............................................. 514 392 Q Q Q Q Q 52.7

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 12,249 12,179 6,281 5,991 619 973 291 12.1

 Natural Gas ................................... 13,195 13,178 3,799 9,611 678 988 Q 10.4

 Propane ........................................ 1,480 1,480 943 Q 315 Q 517 22.3

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 54,347 50,796 22,445 24,684 2,150 3,933 982 7.3

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 49,935 47,249 21,611 22,887 1,675 3,665 888 7.3

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 51,560 51,560 23,056 24,859 2,151 3,949 1,020 7.1

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 20,713 20,632 8,455 11,489 1,214 1,548 609 8.7

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 3,893 3,666 1,926 1,459 Q Q Q 19.1

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 13,366 13,239 5,355 6,779 825 1,759 253 10.9

Water-Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Centralized System ....................... 31,656 31,656 10,941 16,401 1,618 2,963 612 8.3

 Distributed System ........................ 16,495 16,495 11,036 6,316 293 458 383 11.8

 Combination of Centralized

 and Distributed System ................ 3,409 3,409 1,079 2,143 Q 528 Q 16.4

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation

of abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

148 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-28. Cooking Energy Sources, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Cooking

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Cooking

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity

Natural

Gas Propane Electricity

Natural

Gas Propane

0.6 0.9 1.2 1.2 2.4 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.8 2.2

All Buildings ............................... 4,579 828 487 448 123 58,772 20,713 12,249 13,195 1,480 7.0

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................ 2,399 339 230 152 74 6,338 922 609 441 188 12.7

 5,001 to 10,000 .......................... 1,035 175 89 109 Q 7,530 1,319 718 816 Q 18.6

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................ 745 169 88 95 Q 11,617 2,731 1,388 1,549 Q 16.2

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................ 213 66 35 41 5 7,676 2,433 1,275 1,526 171 11.5

 50,001 to 100,000 ...................... 115 42 22 26 4 7,968 2,939 1,561 1,742 303 11.7

 100,001 to 200,000 .................... 48 22 12 14 Q 6,776 3,028 1,726 1,933 Q 12.0

 200,001 to 500,000 .................... 19 12 7 8 Q 5,553 3,482 2,186 2,364 Q 11.5

 Over 500,000 ............................. 6 4 3 3 Q 5,313 3,859 2,786 2,824 Q 13.4

Principal Building Activity

 Education ................................... 309 113 53 67 9 7,740 4,881 2,715 3,021 447 14.5

 Food Sales ................................. 137 51 41 17 Q 642 351 242 181 Q 23.7

 Food Service ............................. 285 241 149 161 69 1,353 1,254 757 937 272 16.2

 Health Care ................................ 105 18 Q 9 Q 2,333 1,631 946 1,259 Q 21.1

 Lodging ...................................... 158 51 17 40 Q 3,618 2,064 954 1,746 Q 19.0

 Mercantile and Service .............. 1,289 135 93 61 8 12,728 4,362 3,005 2,637 318 15.7

 Office ......................................... 705 19 12 10 Q 10,478 2,750 1,793 1,466 Q 12.7

 Public Assembly ........................ 326 109 61 47 Q 3,948 1,610 749 1,055 Q 21.8

 Public Order and Safety ............. 87 4 Q Q Q 1,271 260 Q Q Q 39.6

 Religious Worship ...................... 269 72 45 22 Q 2,792 957 598 327 Q 22.5

 Warehouse and Storage ............ 580 Q Q Q Q 8,481 311 Q Q Q 27.3

 Other .......................................... 67 Q Q Q Q 1,004 Q Q Q Q 45.2

 Vacant ........................................ 261 Q Q Q Q 2,384 Q Q Q Q 27.1

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ........................... 353 77 37 55 Q 3,673 1,272 637 932 Q 23.7

 1920 to 1945 .............................. 562 100 54 54 Q 6,710 1,555 658 1,172 Q 18.6

 1946 to 1959 .............................. 867 129 60 88 Q 9,298 3,177 1,695 2,048 Q 15.3

 1960 to 1969 .............................. 718 147 73 85 Q 10,858 4,207 2,263 2,833 398 14.5

 1970 to 1979 .............................. 813 142 91 68 27 11,333 4,344 2,965 2,604 307 13.8

 1980 to 1989 .............................. 846 168 122 67 50 12,252 4,301 2,852 2,501 454 13.8

 1990 to 1992 .............................. 218 42 32 25 Q 2,590 1,082 732 692 Q 22.1

 1993 to 1995 .............................. 202 23 Q 7 Q 2,059 774 446 415 Q 27.8

Census Region

 Northeast ................................... 725 141 84 59 49 11,883 4,634 2,437 2,914 621 14.7

 Midwest ...................................... 1,139 176 105 116 Q 14,322 4,785 3,015 3,506 Q 14.6

 South ......................................... 1,750 310 193 146 34 20,830 7,173 4,311 4,167 594 12.1

 West ........................................... 964 202 105 127 Q 11,736 4,121 2,485 2,609 Q 14.7

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .............................. 2,505 283 165 135 Q 13,885 1,609 834 819 Q 13.7

 5 to 9 .......................................... 798 150 94 86 Q 6,291 1,272 665 710 Q 19.3

 10 to 19 ...................................... 625 163 106 80 Q 7,102 1,686 1,037 969 Q 17.3

 20 to 49 ...................................... 400 135 73 88 18 9,132 3,515 1,827 2,273 271 13.2

 50 to 99 ...................................... 138 52 23 31 6 6,931 3,362 1,774 2,113 386 13.1

 100 to 249 .................................. 71 24 14 16 Q 5,988 2,825 1,694 1,897 Q 13.5

 250 or More ............................... 43 20 12 12 Q 9,443 6,444 4,417 4,413 Q 12.7

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................ 899 92 41 54 Q 6,134 872 353 583 Q 19.3

 40 to 48 ...................................... 1,257 144 92 61 Q 13,233 2,806 1,547 1,606 Q 13.9

 49 to 60 ...................................... 969 104 48 56 28 12,242 3,379 1,817 1,916 362 15.9

 61 to 84 ...................................... 567 180 97 115 19 10,052 5,017 3,291 3,187 349 15.0

 85 to 167 .................................... 420 212 161 100 48 6,202 3,064 2,102 1,660 344 13.9

 Open Continuously .................... 466 96 48 62 9 10,908 5,575 3,138 4,244 243 14.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 149
Table BC-28. Cooking Energy Sources, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Cooking

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Cooking

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

Electricity

Natural

Gas Propane Electricity

Natural

Gas Propane

0.6 0.9 1.2 1.2 2.4 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.8 2.2

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 4,343 827 487 448 123 57,076 20,611 12,249 13,104 1,480 6.9

 Natural Gas ................................ 2,478 549 263 448 Q 38,145 15,968 8,498 13,195 Q 7.7

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 607 122 77 49 31 14,421 8,018 4,916 5,327 676 14.3

 District Heat ............................... 110 17 6 10 Q 5,658 2,031 1,279 1,276 Q 22.1

 District Chilled Water ................. 53 10 3 7 Q 2,521 982 620 638 Q 25.7

 Propane ..................................... 589 172 112 19 123 5,344 2,322 1,183 513 1,480 19.2

 Other .......................................... 213 30 20 8 Q 2,336 945 476 553 Q 25.2

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 1,684 329 249 88 79 23,056 8,455 6,281 3,799 943 11.1

 Natural Gas ................................ 1,577 441 208 370 Q 24,859 11,489 5,991 9,611 Q 8.4

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 120 42 27 Q 17 2,151 1,214 619 678 315 26.8

 District Heat ............................... 54 7 4 5 Q 3,949 1,548 973 988 Q 21.3

 Propane ..................................... 110 47 27 Q 45 1,020 609 291 Q 517 27.0

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating .... 4,024 804 473 438 117 54,347 20,338 11,951 13,080 1,451 7.2

 Buildings with Cooling ................ 3,381 724 423 401 109 49,935 19,465 11,661 12,433 1,352 7.2

 Buildings with Water Heating ..... 3,486 816 479 447 123 51,560 20,632 12,179 13,178 1,480 7.1

 Buildings with Cooking ............... 828 828 487 448 123 20,713 20,713 12,249 13,195 1,480 7.4

 Buildings with Manufacturing ..... 204 27 17 13 Q 3,893 1,004 661 575 Q 28.8

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................ 247 65 34 43 6 13,366 8,345 5,285 5,953 414 12.4

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

150 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-29. Percent of Floorspace Heated, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Not

Heated

1 to 50

Percent

Heated

51 to 99

Percent

Heated

100

Percent

Heated

All

Buildings

Not

Heated

1 to 50

Percent

Heated

51 to 99

Percent

Heated

100

Percent

Heated

0.6 1.8 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.5 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.5

All Buildings ............................... 4,579 554 555 633 2,836 58,772 4,425 6,227 8,868 39,252 6.8

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................ 2,399 339 261 286 1,513 6,338 832 732 778 3,996 9.5

 5,001 to 10,000 .......................... 1,035 135 161 161 576 7,530 984 1,103 1,194 4,248 13.4

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................ 745 59 97 136 452 11,617 911 1,565 2,005 7,136 14.1

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................ 213 14 18 27 153 7,676 519 618 1,007 5,531 12.1

 50,001 to 100,000 ...................... 115 4 10 12 89 7,968 268 644 835 6,221 13.0

 100,001 to 200,000 .................... 48 Q 5 6 35 6,776 Q 806 797 4,853 14.5

 200,001 to 500,000 .................... 19 Q 1 4 13 5,553 Q 340 1,098 3,932 16.7

 Over 500,000 ............................. 6 Q 1 1 4 5,313 Q 418 1,154 3,334 18.6

Principal Building Activity

 Education ................................... 309 Q Q 41 258 7,740 Q Q 841 6,780 16.5

 Food Sales ................................. 137 Q Q 36 82 642 Q Q 199 359 25.2

 Food Service ............................. 285 Q Q 40 218 1,353 Q Q 220 981 23.2

 Health Care ................................ 105 Q Q 6 92 2,333 Q Q 234 2,066 23.5

 Lodging ...................................... 158 Q Q 15 137 3,618 Q Q 502 3,067 20.8

 Mercantile and Service .............. 1,289 72 243 233 740 12,728 501 1,796 2,553 7,878 12.9

 Office ......................................... 705 Q 31 118 555 10,478 Q 375 2,148 7,935 13.7

 Public Assembly ........................ 326 Q 24 51 236 3,948 Q 267 722 2,848 24.1

 Public Order and Safety ............. 87 Q Q Q 72 1,271 Q Q Q 954 39.9

 Religious Worship ...................... 269 Q Q 32 224 2,792 Q Q 425 2,182 24.5

 Warehouse and Storage ............ 580 255 165 34 125 8,481 2,062 2,855 637 2,927 17.1

 Other .......................................... 67 Q Q Q 38 1,004 Q Q Q 710 50.2

 Vacant ........................................ 261 166 30 Q 60 2,384 1,417 321 Q 565 21.6

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ........................... 353 Q 26 59 231 3,673 Q 275 618 2,536 20.5

 1920 to 1945 .............................. 562 66 107 98 291 6,710 759 1,306 867 3,777 17.0

 1946 to 1959 .............................. 867 98 89 137 543 9,298 597 849 1,563 6,289 14.5

 1960 to 1969 .............................. 718 67 81 123 448 10,858 833 1,037 1,581 7,406 14.3

 1970 to 1979 .............................. 813 91 82 81 559 11,333 844 1,089 1,660 7,740 12.4

 1980 to 1989 .............................. 846 105 103 96 542 12,252 790 1,336 1,885 8,241 13.3

 1990 to 1992 .............................. 218 Q 27 27 135 2,590 Q 159 376 1,933 23.8

 1993 to 1995 .............................. 202 Q Q 12 88 2,059 Q Q 319 1,330 30.5

Floors

 One ............................................ 3,018 442 413 326 1,837 24,552 3,017 3,658 2,741 15,135 8.7

 Two ............................................ 1,002 74 89 209 629 14,122 733 1,348 2,449 9,592 11.8

 Three ......................................... 399 Q 42 72 265 7,335 Q 694 1,064 5,361 18.2

 Four to Nine ............................... 148 Q Q 23 96 8,789 Q 466 1,399 6,580 16.6

 Ten or More ............................... 12 Q Q 3 9 3,975 Q Q 1,214 2,583 18.9

Census Region

 Northeast ................................... 725 69 77 129 451 11,883 703 1,018 2,501 7,661 16.1

 Midwest ...................................... 1,139 134 148 155 702 14,322 811 1,171 1,480 10,860 13.4

 South ......................................... 1,750 203 197 207 1,143 20,830 1,930 2,379 2,856 13,666 9.3

 West ........................................... 964 149 133 142 540 11,736 981 1,658 2,032 7,066 16.3

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ............. 493 Q 46 117 281 5,098 Q 428 888 3,585 24.8

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................ 975 98 104 124 649 14,597 661 1,000 1,781 11,155 14.0

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................ 1,070 142 150 142 636 15,155 1,009 1,454 2,716 9,976 18.0

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 1,103 148 113 148 694 13,491 1,142 1,640 2,095 8,615 15.4

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 937 116 142 102 577 10,430 1,416 1,705 1,388 5,922 14.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 151
Table BC-29. Percent of Floorspace Heated, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Not

Heated

1 to 50

Percent

Heated

51 to 99

Percent

Heated

100

Percent

Heated

All

Buildings

Not

Heated

1 to 50

Percent

Heated

51 to 99

Percent

Heated

100

Percent

Heated

0.6 1.8 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.5 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.5

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .............................. 2,505 492 376 288 1,349 13,885 3,223 2,318 1,647 6,697 9.7

 5 to 9 .......................................... 798 27 88 147 535 6,291 205 898 1,212 3,976 17.3

 10 to 19 ...................................... 625 Q 57 106 445 7,102 196 1,180 1,065 4,660 15.8

 20 to 49 ...................................... 400 Q 27 59 304 9,132 Q 830 1,236 6,833 13.4

 50 to 99 ...................................... 138 Q 5 15 112 6,931 Q 404 728 5,510 16.1

 100 to 249 .................................. 71 Q Q 12 56 5,988 Q Q 995 4,694 14.1

 250 or More ............................... 43 Q 1 6 36 9,443 Q 405 1,985 6,882 16.7

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................ 899 280 127 50 444 6,134 2,102 683 351 2,999 15.5

 40 to 48 ...................................... 1,257 50 193 171 843 13,233 561 2,452 1,714 8,506 13.4

 49 to 60 ...................................... 969 63 151 167 588 12,242 584 1,454 2,163 8,041 13.4

 61 to 84 ...................................... 567 26 43 110 388 10,052 417 692 1,822 7,122 16.3

 85 to 167 .................................... 420 54 22 64 279 6,202 322 389 888 4,604 17.4

 Open Continuously .................... 466 81 20 71 294 10,908 439 558 1,931 7,980 14.3

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive

Months

 Yes ............................................. 787 245 126 79 337 15,844 2,400 1,708 2,664 9,072 12.2

 No .............................................. 3,791 309 429 554 2,499 42,928 2,025 4,518 6,204 30,180 7.7

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ..................................... 3,061 287 342 451 1,982 42,958 2,741 3,887 5,949 30,381 8.3

 Siding or Shingles ...................... 639 67 54 109 409 3,243 325 326 798 1,795 20.5

 Metal Panels .............................. 662 182 139 48 293 5,694 1,135 1,115 741 2,704 14.7

 Concrete Panels ........................ 106 Q 17 13 67 4,069 Q 810 635 2,486 22.2

 Window Glass ............................ 46 Q Q Q 36 1,755 Q Q 464 1,247 31.6

 Other .......................................... 50 Q Q Q 35 660 Q Q Q 427 41.8

 No One Major Type ................... 15 Q Q Q Q 393 Q Q Q 212 73.0

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ...................................... 1,369 112 188 200 869 24,481 1,393 2,889 3,447 16,752 10.8

 Shingles (Not Wood) .................. 1,486 100 156 185 1,045 11,093 643 1,237 1,690 7,523 13.1

 Metal Surfacing .......................... 908 236 160 99 413 7,941 1,478 1,324 1,066 4,073 12.0

 Synthetic or Rubber ................... 351 Q 12 59 262 10,235 Q 525 1,552 8,021 14.4

 Slate or Tile ................................ 202 Q Q 38 118 1,920 Q Q 356 1,321 22.7

 Wooden Materials ...................... 152 Q Q Q 76 1,130 Q Q Q 653 42.7

 Concrete .................................... 58 Q Q Q 28 1,335 432 Q Q 540 41.1

 Other .......................................... 36 Q Q Q 16 332 Q Q Q 193 57.6

 No One Major Type ................... Q Q Q Q Q 305 Q Q Q 176 50.5

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 4,343 340 542 630 2,831 57,076 2,966 6,152 8,859 39,099 7.0

 Natural Gas ................................ 2,478 22 267 437 1,752 38,145 196 3,715 6,214 28,020 9.9

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 607 Q 93 90 423 14,421 Q 1,003 2,857 10,376 16.4

 District Heat ............................... 110 Q Q 7 101 5,658 Q Q 748 4,828 20.3

 District Chilled Water ................. 53 Q Q 2 49 2,521 Q Q 285 2,130 28.5

 Propane ..................................... 589 Q 74 77 428 5,344 Q 538 794 3,950 22.1

 Other .......................................... 213 Q 49 30 130 2,336 Q 420 314 1,579 28.5

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 1,467 -- 234 242 991 22,156 -- 3,108 4,183 14,864 11.3

 Natural Gas ................................ 2,211 -- 249 394 1,567 31,535 -- 3,282 5,079 23,175 8.5

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 504 -- 84 81 340 6,606 -- 479 1,309 4,817 20.9

 District Heat ............................... 109 -- Q 7 101 5,606 -- Q 748 4,793 20.2

 Propane ..................................... 301 -- 30 26 245 2,025 -- 247 173 1,606 28.5

 Other .......................................... 135 -- Q 22 80 1,050 -- Q 218 606 40.8

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

152 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-29. Percent of Floorspace Heated, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Not

Heated

1 to 50

Percent

Heated

51 to 99

Percent

Heated

100

Percent

Heated

All

Buildings

Not

Heated

1 to 50

Percent

Heated

51 to 99

Percent

Heated

100

Percent

Heated

0.6 1.8 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.5 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.5

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ................................... 1,007 -- 179 138 689 13,500 -- 2,282 2,532 8,687 13.2

 Natural Gas ................................ 2,106 -- 230 379 1,497 28,808 -- 3,002 4,544 21,262 8.6

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 439 -- 76 69 294 4,207 -- 428 831 2,948 23.8

 District Heat ............................... 107 -- Q 6 100 5,289 -- Q 708 4,515 20.2

 Propane ..................................... 260 -- 29 Q 212 1,545 -- 221 Q 1,229 31.5

 Other .......................................... 61 -- Q Q Q 514 -- Q Q Q 49.8

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating .... 4,024 -- 555 633 2,836 54,347 -- 6,227 8,868 39,252 7.0

 Buildings with Cooling ................ 3,381 55 386 538 2,401 49,935 844 5,158 8,167 35,766 8.4

 Buildings with Water Heating ..... 3,486 69 387 544 2,486 51,560 764 4,976 8,302 37,518 8.3

 Buildings with Cooking ............... 828 24 58 128 618 20,713 375 900 3,376 16,062 12.4

 Buildings with Manufacturing ..... 204 Q 49 27 106 3,893 204 761 456 2,473 23.2

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................ 247 Q 5 40 201 13,366 Q 479 2,652 10,034 16.0

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled ................................. 1,198 499 169 95 435 8,837 3,581 1,069 702 3,486 14.6

 1 to 50 ........................................ 930 24 322 114 470 15,027 Q 4,227 1,793 8,652 13.6

 51 to 99 ...................................... 635 Q Q 354 255 12,549 Q 155 5,548 6,718 13.1

 100 ............................................. 1,816 23 47 70 1,676 22,359 362 776 825 20,395 13.1

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ........................................... 36 28 Q Q Q 189 145 Q Q Q 35.7

 1 to 50 ........................................ 666 115 201 59 291 6,008 888 1,931 580 2,610 15.8

 51 to 99 ...................................... 745 Q 59 258 417 9,692 Q 660 3,083 5,848 15.5

 100 ............................................. 2,814 151 255 312 2,096 40,514 1,548 3,350 5,163 30,453 8.9

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .................. 318 249 Q Q 25 2,369 1,743 Q Q 312 24.9

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps ............................... 394 -- 41 53 301 5,843 -- 464 1,083 4,296 18.2

 Furnaces .................................... 1,676 -- 216 298 1,163 14,923 -- 2,375 2,535 10,013 11.1

 Individual Space Heaters ........... 1,188 -- 225 209 754 16,809 -- 2,381 3,013 11,415 12.4

 District Heat ............................... 115 -- Q 7 106 5,911 -- Q 805 5,026 20.1

 Boilers ........................................ 610 -- 49 87 473 16,754 -- 694 2,603 13,456 13.8

 Packaged Heating Units ............ 1,031 -- 131 159 741 16,893 -- 2,191 2,823 11,879 11.0

 Other .......................................... 161 -- 29 34 98 6,249 -- 563 1,345 4,341 24.8

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation ........... 3,380 155 350 497 2,379 46,355 1,414 3,953 7,499 33,488 8.5

 Wall Insulation ........................... 2,372 57 232 391 1,693 31,694 582 2,612 5,494 23,006 10.3

 Storm or Multiple Glazing .......... 1,897 44 168 318 1,367 28,876 422 2,048 4,642 21,765 10.0

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass .......................... 1,202 31 134 211 826 24,245 559 2,040 4,188 17,458 12.0

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings .................. 2,271 37 266 392 1,576 37,208 541 3,348 6,279 27,040 9.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 153
Table BC-29. Percent of Floorspace Heated, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Not

Heated

1 to 50

Percent

Heated

51 to 99

Percent

Heated

100

Percent

Heated

All

Buildings

Not

Heated

1 to 50

Percent

Heated

51 to 99

Percent

Heated

100

Percent

Heated

0.6 1.8 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.5 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.5

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ...... 327 Q 8 46 272 13,473 Q 474 2,578 10,197 14.6

 Economizer Cycle ...................... 461 Q 31 60 365 16,550 Q 643 3,082 12,759 14.2

 HVAC Maintenance ................... 2,403 Q 252 357 1,784 43,134 Q 3,340 6,820 32,876 8.5

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment ................................. 198 Q 21 28 149 6,453 Q 374 1,036 4,998 17.3

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ...................................... 3,211 -- 452 488 2,271 38,326 -- 4,883 5,972 27,471 8.1

 Cooling ....................................... 2,707 53 334 414 1,907 35,605 716 4,186 5,640 25,064 9.5

 Lighting ...................................... 3,753 231 491 540 2,491 44,937 2,189 5,268 6,754 30,725 8.2

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

154 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-30. Percent of Floorspace Cooled, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Not

Cooled

1 to 50

Percent

Cooled

51 to 99

Percent

Cooled

100

Percent

Cooled

All

Buildings

Not

Cooled

1 to 50

Percent

Cooled

51 to 99

Percent

Cooled

100

Percent

Cooled

0.7 1.5 1.3 1.4 0.9 0.5 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.7

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 1,198 930 635 1,816 58,772 8,837 15,027 12,549 22,359 6.0

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 749 363 289 998 6,338 1,962 1,067 690 2,619 9.2

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 280 254 145 355 7,530 1,999 1,881 1,031 2,620 12.3

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 125 196 117 307 11,617 1,905 3,265 1,837 4,610 12.0

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 26 65 39 83 7,676 916 2,282 1,450 3,028 10.1

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 12 34 24 45 7,968 790 2,263 1,752 3,163 10.6

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 4 12 13 19 6,776 601 1,722 1,843 2,610 12.6

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 1 5 6 7 5,553 318 1,493 1,685 2,057 13.5

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 Q 1 2 2 5,313 Q 1,053 2,261 1,653 16.2

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 60 64 56 129 7,740 1,000 2,821 1,489 2,431 13.7

 Food Sales .................................... 137 Q Q 34 75 642 Q Q 153 357 24.2

 Food Service ................................ 285 Q Q 57 189 1,353 Q Q 336 835 17.7

 Health Care ................................... 105 Q Q 8 77 2,333 Q Q 760 1,424 19.2

 Lodging ......................................... 158 32 12 22 92 3,618 425 401 811 1,982 20.9

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 373 356 199 361 12,728 1,642 3,349 3,171 4,565 11.5

 Office ............................................ 705 Q 51 151 487 10,478 Q 690 3,657 6,014 11.9

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 80 57 47 143 3,948 554 729 957 1,708 19.0

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 Q 20 8 11 1,271 Q 263 220 373 30.1

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 46 61 15 146 2,792 378 749 219 1,446 21.2

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 318 196 Q 49 8,481 2,490 5,082 252 658 17.5

 Other ............................................. 67 Q 9 20 Q 1,004 Q 186 455 281 35.9

 Vacant ........................................... 261 188 39 Q 33 2,384 1,651 376 Q 287 21.4

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 93 106 64 90 3,673 854 1,228 747 842 18.2

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 180 136 86 161 6,710 1,672 2,456 1,212 1,370 15.0

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 250 191 133 293 9,298 1,749 2,757 1,788 3,004 12.6

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 210 158 101 250 10,858 1,880 2,988 2,316 3,673 11.8

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 125 163 92 434 11,333 944 2,549 2,688 5,152 11.3

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 189 135 129 394 12,252 1,078 2,342 2,826 6,006 11.7

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 57 22 18 121 2,590 245 398 537 1,410 19.7

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 94 20 12 75 2,059 415 309 434 901 24.2

Floors

 One ............................................... 3,018 874 551 336 1,257 24,552 4,917 7,140 3,241 9,255 8.4

 Two ............................................... 1,002 211 210 175 406 14,122 1,813 3,743 2,977 5,588 10.4

 Three ............................................ 399 80 139 79 101 7,335 1,069 2,246 1,508 2,511 15.3

 Four to Nine .................................. 148 32 30 39 46 8,789 869 1,677 2,697 3,547 15.4

 Ten or More .................................. 12 Q Q 6 5 3,975 Q Q 2,126 1,458 16.2

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 275 164 102 185 11,883 2,360 3,784 3,063 2,677 12.3

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 329 283 181 346 14,322 2,289 4,414 3,040 4,578 12.0

 South ............................................ 1,750 317 316 233 884 20,830 2,224 4,311 4,262 10,033 9.4

 West .............................................. 964 278 166 120 401 11,736 1,964 2,517 2,184 5,071 13.2

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................ 493 172 119 90 112 5,098 982 1,794 1,186 1,135 21.4

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................... 975 319 220 144 292 14,597 2,695 4,284 3,343 4,275 10.9

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................... 1,070 355 253 133 328 15,155 2,535 4,327 3,616 4,677 15.5

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 1,103 217 177 141 569 13,491 1,510 2,789 2,441 6,751 15.4

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 937 135 161 128 515 10,430 1,115 1,833 1,962 5,520 14.3

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 155
Table BC-30. Percent of Floorspace Cooled, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Not

Cooled

1 to 50

Percent

Cooled

51 to 99

Percent

Cooled

100

Percent

Cooled

All

Buildings

Not

Cooled

1 to 50

Percent

Cooled

51 to 99

Percent

Cooled

100

Percent

Cooled

0.7 1.5 1.3 1.4 0.9 0.5 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.7

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 962 454 240 849 13,885 5,562 3,149 1,106 4,069 9.4

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 107 199 169 323 6,291 1,031 2,136 1,110 2,014 14.4

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 76 146 89 314 7,102 652 2,596 965 2,889 14.0

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 39 84 78 198 9,132 830 2,727 1,939 3,636 12.6

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 9 31 29 69 6,931 552 1,752 1,852 2,775 13.7

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 Q 13 18 38 5,988 Q 1,672 1,453 2,746 12.4

 250 or More .................................. 43 Q 4 12 25 9,443 Q 994 4,125 4,230 14.3

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 501 128 61 209 6,134 3,289 990 421 1,434 14.8

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 210 300 142 604 13,233 1,832 4,714 1,931 4,756 11.1

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 175 292 186 316 12,242 1,345 3,925 2,775 4,197 11.8

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 121 106 86 254 10,052 840 2,143 2,812 4,258 13.1

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 76 43 79 222 6,202 558 1,298 1,363 2,983 14.5

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 116 60 80 210 10,908 973 1,958 3,246 4,732 12.9

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 787 310 186 90 202 15,844 2,908 3,024 4,339 5,572 11.6

 No ................................................. 3,791 888 744 546 1,614 42,928 5,929 12,002 8,209 16,787 6.6

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 3,061 632 612 457 1,359 42,958 5,565 10,531 9,276 17,586 6.8

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 639 190 134 107 208 3,243 874 866 615 888 18.0

 Metal Panels ................................. 662 340 146 44 132 5,694 1,981 2,047 680 987 14.8

 Concrete Panels ........................... 106 Q 34 11 46 4,069 279 1,290 1,000 1,500 18.8

 Window Glass ............................... 46 Q Q Q 33 1,755 Q Q 686 873 25.8

 Other ............................................. 50 Q Q 3 29 660 Q Q 204 339 32.7

 No One Major Type ...................... 15 Q Q Q Q 393 Q Q Q Q 62.2

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 1,369 256 297 225 591 24,481 2,736 6,110 5,540 10,094 9.2

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 1,486 337 287 183 679 11,093 1,968 2,718 1,637 4,770 10.8

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 908 401 193 81 233 7,941 2,377 2,438 996 2,130 12.5

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 351 55 60 75 162 10,235 573 2,446 3,387 3,829 13.1

 Slate or Tile ................................... 202 59 43 46 54 1,920 421 567 394 537 21.2

 Wooden Materials ......................... 152 Q Q Q 57 1,130 Q Q Q 368 33.5

 Concrete ....................................... 58 Q Q Q 21 1,335 Q 315 360 391 40.2

 Other ............................................. 36 Q Q Q Q 332 Q Q Q Q 46.0

 No One Major Type ...................... Q Q Q Q Q 305 Q Q Q Q 50.4

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 967 926 635 1,816 57,076 7,291 14,917 12,536 22,331 6.0

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 347 594 455 1,082 38,145 3,045 10,827 9,369 14,904 7.1

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 219 165 92 131 14,421 1,517 3,441 4,662 4,801 14.5

 District Heat .................................. 110 14 17 24 55 5,658 530 1,019 1,742 2,366 20.4

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 Q Q 10 40 2,521 Q Q 705 1,645 25.1

 Propane ........................................ 589 158 126 47 258 5,344 824 1,391 842 2,288 18.3

 Other ............................................. 213 106 55 21 31 2,336 393 860 544 539 23.6

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 3,293 -- 912 618 1,763 47,761 -- 14,632 12,035 21,095 6.0

 Natural Gas ................................... 65 -- 17 18 30 1,314 -- 244 373 697 30.6

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 -- Q 10 40 2,521 -- Q 705 1,645 25.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

156 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-30. Percent of Floorspace Cooled, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Not

Cooled

1 to 50

Percent

Cooled

51 to 99

Percent

Cooled

100

Percent

Cooled

All

Buildings

Not

Cooled

1 to 50

Percent

Cooled

51 to 99

Percent

Cooled

100

Percent

Cooled

0.7 1.5 1.3 1.4 0.9 0.5 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.7

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 699 905 627 1,793 54,347 5,257 14,672 12,421 21,997 6.4

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 -- 930 635 1,816 49,935 -- 15,027 12,549 22,359 5.9

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 518 803 540 1,626 51,560 4,311 13,902 11,975 21,372 6.6

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 104 141 147 436 20,713 1,248 3,884 6,210 9,371 9.4

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 40 60 38 66 3,893 306 1,550 926 1,112 22.3

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 Q 54 56 96 13,366 380 2,189 5,144 5,653 14.2

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 499 24 Q 23 4,425 3,581 Q Q 362 19.5

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 169 322 Q 47 6,227 1,069 4,227 155 776 18.3

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 95 114 354 70 8,868 702 1,793 5,548 825 15.5

 100 ................................................ 2,836 435 470 255 1,676 39,252 3,486 8,652 6,718 20,395 6.9

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 35 Q Q Q 189 160 Q Q Q 35.4

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 197 252 59 157 6,008 1,431 2,675 518 1,384 14.9

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 130 133 238 244 9,692 1,101 2,034 3,467 3,089 13.5

 100 ................................................ 2,814 552 533 332 1,397 40,514 4,143 10,140 8,530 17,702 7.5

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 283 Q Q Q 2,369 2,003 Q Q Q 17.2

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 878 -- 222 182 474 9,238 -- 3,249 2,015 3,974 11.3

 Heat Pumps .................................. 457 -- 80 85 292 6,931 -- 1,330 2,068 3,533 15.1

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 862 -- 394 182 286 12,494 -- 6,395 2,965 3,133 10.0

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 -- Q 10 40 2,521 -- Q 705 1,645 25.1

 Central Chillers ............................. 109 -- 8 34 67 11,065 -- 969 4,956 5,140 12.5

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 1,431 -- 300 292 839 26,628 -- 7,235 7,335 12,059 8.0

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 186 -- 37 37 112 2,451 -- 597 595 1,260 24.8

 Other ............................................. 18 -- Q 7 7 949 -- Q 325 417 27.2

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 3,380 576 703 537 1,565 46,355 4,157 11,596 10,941 19,662 7.1

 Wall Insulation .............................. 2,372 315 448 405 1,204 31,694 2,148 7,053 7,915 14,577 8.3

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 1,897 278 418 362 839 28,876 2,175 6,949 7,579 12,173 8.4

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 1,202 98 237 240 627 24,245 1,043 4,903 6,891 11,408 9.6

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 2,271 223 521 436 1,092 37,208 2,567 9,387 9,573 15,681 7.8

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 327 12 41 74 200 13,473 324 2,021 4,656 6,473 14.6

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 461 Q 81 108 272 16,550 Q 2,679 6,183 7,688 10.6

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 2,403 300 500 429 1,173 43,134 2,984 10,564 10,939 18,648 7.7

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 198 Q 29 37 97 6,453 361 1,160 2,020 2,911 17.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 157
Table BC-30. Percent of Floorspace Cooled, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Not

Cooled

1 to 50

Percent

Cooled

51 to 99

Percent

Cooled

100

Percent

Cooled

All

Buildings

Not

Cooled

1 to 50

Percent

Cooled

51 to 99

Percent

Cooled

100

Percent

Cooled

0.7 1.5 1.3 1.4 0.9 0.5 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.7

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 3,211 581 768 469 1,393 38,326 3,892 11,407 8,027 15,000 7.1

 Cooling .......................................... 2,707 -- 804 471 1,433 35,605 -- 11,744 8,321 15,540 6.6

 Lighting ......................................... 3,753 789 860 531 1,572 44,937 5,700 12,876 9,058 17,303 6.8

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

158 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-31. Percent of Floorspace Lit when Open, Number of Buildings

 and Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings Not Lita

1 to 50

Percent

Lit

51 to 99

Percent

Lit

100

Percent

Lit

All

Buildings Not Lita

1 to 50

Percent

Lit

51 to 99

Percent

Lit

100

Percent

Lit

0.6 2.2 1.4 1.4 0.7 0.5 2.0 1.2 1.0 0.5

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 354 666 745 2,814 58,772 2,558 6,008 9,692 40,514 7.1

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 226 363 363 1,446 6,338 585 967 948 3,839 10.2

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 86 150 166 632 7,530 632 1,086 1,163 4,650 13.9

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 33 120 157 435 11,617 487 1,852 2,388 6,890 14.2

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 5 18 27 163 7,676 156 658 984 5,877 10.5

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 Q 11 19 83 7,968 Q 696 1,290 5,823 12.3

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 Q 2 9 35 6,776 Q 310 1,245 5,002 13.7

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 Q Q 3 15 5,553 Q Q 903 4,358 13.6

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 Q Q 1 4 5,313 Q Q 771 4,075 15.9

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 Q 31 54 223 7,740 Q 377 1,337 5,959 18.9

 Food Sales .................................... 137 Q Q Q 99 642 Q Q Q 493 25.7

 Food Service ................................ 285 Q Q 51 189 1,353 Q Q 335 810 21.7

 Health Care ................................... 105 Q Q 23 72 2,333 Q Q 567 1,705 24.9

 Lodging ......................................... 158 Q 30 20 108 3,618 Q 365 495 2,741 21.0

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 Q 170 223 876 12,728 Q 1,051 1,983 9,587 13.7

 Office ............................................ 705 Q 57 162 477 10,478 Q 404 2,354 7,694 13.7

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 Q 53 72 201 3,948 Q 376 931 2,619 20.8

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 Q Q 8 67 1,271 Q Q 235 948 38.2

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 Q 54 51 164 2,792 Q 920 447 1,425 22.0

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 125 152 48 255 8,481 606 1,657 719 5,498 17.0

 Other ............................................. 67 Q Q Q 56 1,004 Q Q Q 782 44.1

 Vacant ........................................... 261 196 24 Q 28 2,384 1,690 352 Q 253 23.8

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 Q 65 77 186 3,673 Q 598 755 2,116 21.0

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 81 120 120 241 6,710 696 1,327 1,493 3,193 15.8

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 63 130 136 538 9,298 401 1,211 1,478 6,207 14.4

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 33 95 132 458 10,858 303 990 1,481 8,084 14.0

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 20 92 142 559 11,333 234 664 2,103 8,333 13.2

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 69 102 109 565 12,252 489 890 1,790 9,083 13.1

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 Q 23 Q 154 2,590 Q 161 328 2,031 23.6

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 Q 37 Q 112 2,059 Q 168 264 1,467 29.3

Floors

 One ............................................... 3,018 301 333 404 1,980 24,552 1,769 2,215 3,100 17,467 9.7

 Two ............................................... 1,002 33 199 212 557 14,122 314 1,801 2,713 9,293 12.1

 Three ............................................ 399 Q 104 100 181 7,335 Q 1,121 1,707 4,289 17.1

 Four to Nine .................................. 148 Q 29 28 86 8,789 Q 720 1,606 6,353 17.1

 Ten or More .................................. 12 Q 1 2 9 3,975 Q 150 566 3,112 19.6

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 38 113 148 427 11,883 548 1,130 2,418 7,787 16.3

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 101 209 201 628 14,322 604 1,598 2,247 9,874 13.5

 South ............................................ 1,750 152 212 238 1,148 20,830 1,040 2,172 3,011 14,608 11.9

 West .............................................. 964 63 131 159 611 11,736 367 1,109 2,016 8,245 14.4

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 349 513 370 1,273 13,885 2,399 3,461 1,718 6,308 10.6

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 Q 110 178 509 6,291 Q 1,093 1,443 3,727 15.6

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 Q 26 89 510 7,102 Q 698 1,058 5,345 14.8

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 Q 12 66 319 9,132 Q 414 1,669 7,020 13.0

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 Q 4 25 108 6,931 Q 229 1,260 5,370 16.0

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 Q Q 12 58 5,988 Q Q 1,130 4,784 13.0

 250 or More .................................. 43 Q Q 6 37 9,443 Q Q 1,413 7,960 15.5

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 159
Table BC-31. Percent of Floorspace Lit when Open, Number of Buildings

 and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings Not Lita

1 to 50

Percent

Lit

51 to 99

Percent

Lit

100

Percent

Lit

All

Buildings Not Lita

1 to 50

Percent

Lit

51 to 99

Percent

Lit

100

Percent

Lit

0.6 2.2 1.4 1.4 0.7 0.5 2.0 1.2 1.0 0.5

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 239 122 100 439 6,134 1,911 890 642 2,692 14.7

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 Q 203 258 779 13,233 165 1,827 2,734 8,507 12.8

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 Q 143 167 635 12,242 Q 1,523 1,934 8,654 13.1

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 Q 101 94 364 10,052 Q 752 1,733 7,507 14.5

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 Q 20 68 312 6,202 Q 332 1,068 4,730 17.8

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 45 77 58 285 10,908 220 684 1,580 8,424 13.1

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 787 223 142 110 313 15,844 1,943 1,835 2,543 9,523 11.9

 No ................................................. 3,791 132 523 636 2,501 42,928 614 4,174 7,148 30,991 8.3

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 119 666 745 2,814 57,076 862 6,008 9,692 40,514 7.5

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 38 362 472 1,606 38,145 422 3,729 6,870 27,125 8.7

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 Q 101 106 379 14,421 Q 1,063 2,691 10,525 15.1

 District Heat .................................. 110 Q 7 24 79 5,658 Q 209 1,047 4,382 23.1

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 Q Q Q 40 2,521 Q Q 520 1,965 29.5

 Propane ........................................ 589 Q 88 110 386 5,344 Q 597 1,219 3,487 21.0

 Other ............................................. 213 Q Q Q 139 2,336 Q Q 449 1,438 27.9

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 76 551 735 2,662 54,347 669 5,120 9,591 38,967 7.8

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 36 468 615 2,262 49,935 396 4,577 8,590 36,371 8.3

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 55 491 654 2,286 51,560 544 4,595 9,167 37,254 8.0

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 Q 89 149 581 20,713 Q 1,164 3,712 15,674 10.4

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 Q 30 40 128 3,893 Q 485 628 2,744 25.4

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 Q 26 40 180 13,366 Q 475 2,467 10,378 16.8

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 278 115 Q 151 4,425 1,888 888 Q 1,548 18.2

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 Q 201 59 255 6,227 Q 1,931 660 3,350 18.7

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 Q 59 258 312 8,868 Q 580 3,083 5,163 16.4

 100 ................................................ 2,836 32 291 417 2,096 39,252 341 2,610 5,848 30,453 9.0

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 1,198 319 197 130 552 8,837 2,162 1,431 1,101 4,143 14.6

 1 to 50 ........................................... 930 Q 252 133 533 15,027 Q 2,675 2,034 10,140 12.7

 51 to 99 ......................................... 635 Q 59 238 332 12,549 Q 518 3,467 8,530 13.7

 100 ................................................ 1,816 Q 157 244 1,397 22,359 Q 1,384 3,089 17,702 10.4

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 1,644 24 305 280 1,034 13,101 143 2,462 2,165 8,332 14.5

 1 to 50 ........................................... 2,109 Q 270 389 1,438 30,711 Q 2,742 5,661 22,262 8.8

 51 to 100 ....................................... 87 Q Q 18 56 1,914 Q Q 297 1,496 33.5

 Never Closed ................................ 421 Q 77 58 285 10,677 Q 684 1,569 8,424 13.0

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 318 -- -- -- 2,369 2,369 -- -- -- 15.2

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 2,479 -- 446 498 1,529 35,715 -- 3,971 6,850 24,873 7.9

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 3,885 -- 569 699 2,618 53,984 -- 5,533 9,508 38,934 7.1

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 364 -- 42 48 275 14,273 -- 801 2,615 10,857 14.1

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 393 -- 36 91 266 16,259 -- 763 2,796 12,700 13.9

 Halogen ........................................ 302 -- 37 66 198 9,665 -- 513 1,801 7,346 16.7

 Other ............................................. 30 -- Q Q Q 554 -- Q Q 390 81.4

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

160 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-31. Percent of Floorspace Lit when Open, Number of Buildings

 and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings Not Lita

1 to 50

Percent

Lit

51 to 99

Percent

Lit

100

Percent

Lit

All

Buildings Not Lita

1 to 50

Percent

Lit

51 to 99

Percent

Lit

100

Percent

Lit

0.6 2.2 1.4 1.4 0.7 0.5 2.0 1.2 1.0 0.5

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 3,380 98 443 614 2,226 46,355 852 3,762 8,106 33,635 8.4

 Wall Insulation .............................. 2,372 57 315 439 1,560 31,694 529 2,685 5,834 22,646 9.3

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 1,897 44 287 329 1,236 28,876 431 2,553 5,066 20,827 9.9

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 1,202 14 183 231 774 24,245 173 1,791 4,133 18,148 10.8

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 2,271 39 330 457 1,445 37,208 502 3,303 7,081 26,322 8.9

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 749 -- 91 148 510 17,868 -- 1,176 3,165 13,527 11.6

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 1,363 -- 132 223 1,008 28,375 -- 1,677 5,025 21,673 10.9

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 237 -- 29 32 177 6,431 -- 404 941 5,087 20.7

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 131 -- 19 34 77 5,958 -- 242 1,095 4,621 23.2

 Time Clock .................................... 467 -- 63 100 304 13,262 -- 730 2,307 10,226 15.4

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 501 -- 88 122 291 13,056 -- 1,222 2,729 9,105 13.1

 Other ............................................. 79 -- Q 20 50 2,836 -- Q 663 2,021 28.6

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 3,211 Q 458 614 2,121 38,326 Q 4,169 7,073 26,896 8.2

 Cooling .......................................... 2,707 Q 407 503 1,795 35,605 Q 3,850 6,339 25,291 8.1

 Lighting ......................................... 3,753 -- 561 677 2,515 44,937 -- 5,052 8,017 31,867 7.9

a Includes buildings that were zero percent lit when open, buildings that were not in use, and buildings that did not use any electricity.

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 161
Table BC-32. Heated, Cooled, and Lit Buildings, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

in All

Buldings

Heated Buildings Cooled Buildings Lit Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

Totala

Floorspace

Heatedb

Floorspace

Totala

Floorspace

Cooledb

Floorspace

Totala

Floorspace

Litb

Floorspace

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0

All Buildings .................................. 58,772 54,347 48,065 49,935 36,001 56,261 50,303 3.6

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 6,338 5,506 4,845 4,376 3,467 5,785 4,883 4.8

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 7,530 6,546 5,563 5,531 4,003 6,898 5,954 8.2

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 11,617 10,706 9,169 9,712 6,915 11,136 9,278 6.8

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 7,676 7,157 6,502 6,760 4,665 7,528 6,888 6.6

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 7,968 7,699 7,041 7,178 5,086 7,809 7,119 6.2

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 6,776 6,456 5,693 6,175 4,404 6,557 6,185 7.6

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 5,553 5,371 4,907 5,235 3,714 5,504 5,214 7.8

 Over 500,000 ................................ 5,313 4,906 4,345 4,968 3,748 5,043 4,782 8.9

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 7,740 7,740 7,582 6,741 4,178 7,672 7,259 7.0

 Food Sales .................................... 642 609 531 612 512 642 595 12.7

 Food Service ................................ 1,353 1,299 1,197 1,310 1,135 1,353 1,158 12.9

 Health Care ................................... 2,333 2,333 2,295 2,323 2,141 2,333 2,212 8.8

 Lodging ......................................... 3,618 3,608 3,490 3,193 2,737 3,601 3,272 9.8

 Mercantile and Service ................. 12,728 12,227 10,473 11,086 8,050 12,621 11,546 7.2

 Office ............................................ 10,478 10,458 9,829 10,360 9,287 10,451 9,774 6.2

 Public Assembly ........................... 3,948 3,836 3,541 3,394 2,691 3,927 3,451 9.6

 Public Order and Safety ................ 1,271 1,154 1,094 856 622 1,271 1,167 18.0

 Religious Worship ......................... 2,792 2,791 2,608 2,414 1,834 2,792 2,029 10.9

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 8,481 6,419 3,918 5,991 1,709 7,894 6,544 11.6

 Other ............................................. 1,004 907 841 921 707 988 904 22.0

 Vacant ........................................... 2,384 966 669 732 400 715 392 16.5

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 3,673 3,429 3,137 2,818 1,718 3,469 2,887 10.4

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 6,710 5,951 4,747 5,038 2,865 6,024 4,786 9.2

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 9,298 8,701 7,810 7,549 5,029 8,897 7,836 7.9

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 10,858 10,024 9,051 8,978 6,299 10,555 9,661 6.3

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 11,333 10,489 9,364 10,389 7,941 11,120 10,225 5.3

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 12,252 11,462 10,033 11,174 8,850 11,769 10,805 6.6

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 2,590 2,467 2,303 2,345 1,966 2,529 2,371 10.1

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 2,059 1,824 1,621 1,644 1,334 1,898 1,733 12.5

Floors

 One ............................................... 24,552 21,535 18,101 19,635 13,382 22,829 20,610 5.3

 Two ............................................... 14,122 13,389 12,022 12,308 8,931 13,808 12,160 5.4

 Three ............................................ 7,335 7,119 6,487 6,266 4,187 7,117 5,992 8.5

 Four to Nine .................................. 8,789 8,446 7,894 7,920 6,205 8,679 7,917 6.5

 Ten or More .................................. 3,975 3,859 3,562 3,805 3,297 3,829 3,624 10.3

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 11,883 11,180 9,919 9,523 5,936 11,346 10,092 7.1

 Midwest ......................................... 14,322 13,511 12,382 12,033 7,998 13,719 12,230 6.4

 South ............................................ 20,830 18,900 16,667 18,606 14,716 19,827 17,726 5.9

 West .............................................. 11,736 10,756 9,097 9,772 7,352 11,370 10,256 8.0

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................ 5,098 4,901 4,476 4,115 2,521 4,882 4,374 11.8

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................... 14,597 13,937 12,735 11,903 7,816 14,233 12,600 7.5

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................... 15,155 14,147 12,607 12,620 8,591 14,357 12,870 8.2

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 13,491 12,350 10,753 11,981 9,473 12,957 11,662 10.7

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .............. 10,430 9,014 7,494 9,315 7,599 9,831 8,797 9.5

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

162 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-32. Heated, Cooled, and Lit Buildings, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

in All

Buldings

Heated Buildings Cooled Buildings Lit Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

Totala

Floorspace

Heatedb

Floorspace

Totala

Floorspace

Cooledb

Floorspace

Totala

Floorspace

Litb

Floorspace

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 13,885 10,663 8,585 8,324 5,715 11,533 8,666 7.0

 5 to 9 ............................................. 6,291 6,086 5,213 5,260 3,349 6,264 5,168 8.3

 10 to 19 ......................................... 7,102 6,905 5,771 6,449 4,216 7,102 6,401 6.9

 20 to 49 ......................................... 9,132 8,899 8,038 8,302 5,808 9,103 8,540 6.1

 50 to 99 ......................................... 6,931 6,642 6,215 6,379 4,666 6,860 6,517 6.9

 100 to 249 ..................................... 5,988 5,880 5,603 5,872 4,269 5,975 5,799 7.1

 250 or More .................................. 9,443 9,272 8,642 9,349 7,979 9,425 9,213 6.3

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 6,134 4,032 3,422 2,845 2,003 4,224 3,499 10.0

 40 to 48 ......................................... 13,233 12,672 10,425 11,401 7,254 13,079 11,216 6.9

 49 to 60 ......................................... 12,242 11,658 10,203 10,897 7,385 12,134 10,738 6.6

 61 to 84 ......................................... 10,052 9,635 8,819 9,212 7,055 9,992 9,206 6.7

 85 to 167 ....................................... 6,202 5,880 5,463 5,644 4,398 6,145 5,716 7.1

 Open Continuously ....................... 10,908 10,469 9,734 9,936 7,906 10,688 9,928 5.9

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 15,844 13,445 11,751 12,936 9,914 13,922 12,173 6.0

 No ................................................. 42,928 40,902 36,314 36,999 26,087 42,338 38,130 3.9

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ........................................ 42,958 40,217 36,407 37,394 27,653 41,339 36,881 4.1

 Siding or Shingles ......................... 3,243 2,919 2,514 2,369 1,569 3,102 2,582 14.0

 Metal Panels ................................. 5,694 4,559 3,466 3,713 1,928 5,073 4,480 9.0

 Concrete Panels ........................... 4,069 3,932 3,157 3,790 2,597 4,024 3,824 9.6

 Window Glass ............................... 1,755 1,754 1,624 1,730 1,448 1,739 1,670 11.4

 Other ............................................. 660 603 564 578 519 618 585 15.6

 No One Major Type ...................... 393 363 333 362 289 365 281 32.6

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ......................................... 24,481 23,087 20,386 21,744 16,085 23,610 21,399 5.2

 Shingles (Not Wood) ..................... 11,093 10,450 9,237 9,125 6,761 10,660 9,347 6.3

 Metal Surfacing ............................. 7,941 6,463 5,191 5,564 3,419 7,134 6,064 7.2

 Synthetic or Rubber ...................... 10,235 10,099 9,445 9,662 7,145 10,125 9,364 5.4

 Slate or Tile ................................... 1,920 1,765 1,666 1,499 999 1,813 1,505 10.9

 Wooden Materials ......................... 1,130 985 862 730 510 1,100 896 22.6

 Concrete ....................................... 1,335 903 743 1,065 690 1,225 1,167 18.0

 Other ............................................. 332 290 268 272 189 305 277 24.9

 No One Major Type ...................... 305 305 267 273 205 289 285 26.5

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 57,076 54,110 47,879 49,785 35,946 56,261 50,303 3.5

 Natural Gas ................................... 38,145 37,950 34,091 35,100 25,048 37,723 34,008 4.3

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 14,421 14,236 13,034 12,904 9,378 14,279 13,067 6.1

 District Heat .................................. 5,658 5,642 5,473 5,128 4,081 5,638 5,339 9.1

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 2,479 2,395 2,521 2,302 2,517 2,412 10.7

 Propane ........................................ 5,344 5,281 4,747 4,520 3,253 5,304 4,589 12.6

 Other ............................................. 2,336 2,312 1,974 1,943 1,202 2,216 1,917 13.6

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 22,156 22,156 19,031 21,131 16,066 21,981 20,138 5.8

 Natural Gas ................................... 31,535 31,535 28,177 29,106 20,135 31,172 27,996 4.5

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 6,606 6,606 6,047 5,285 3,210 6,493 5,658 10.6

 District Heat .................................. 5,606 5,606 5,438 5,076 4,044 5,587 5,304 9.0

 Propane ........................................ 2,025 2,025 1,812 1,642 1,206 2,017 1,710 17.7

 Other ............................................. 1,050 1,050 857 754 434 1,012 938 19.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 163
Table BC-32. Heated, Cooled, and Lit Buildings, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

in All

Buldings

Heated Buildings Cooled Buildings Lit Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

Totala

Floorspace

Heatedb

Floorspace

Totala

Floorspace

Cooledb

Floorspace

Totala

Floorspace

Litb

Floorspace

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ...................................... 13,500 13,500 11,271 12,959 10,667 13,350 12,258 7.1

 Natural Gas ................................... 28,808 28,808 25,747 26,440 18,095 28,526 25,629 4.6

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 4,207 4,207 3,751 3,076 1,565 4,105 3,412 12.7

 District Heat .................................. 5,289 5,289 5,127 4,759 3,793 5,269 4,991 9.0

 Propane ........................................ 1,545 1,545 1,366 1,184 935 1,537 1,325 19.7

 Other ............................................. 514 514 345 303 128 477 426 29.4

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 47,761 46,934 41,752 47,761 34,194 47,529 43,024 3.7

 Natural Gas ................................... 1,314 1,312 1,198 1,314 1,074 1,305 1,238 15.5

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 2,479 2,395 2,521 2,302 2,517 2,412 10.7

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 54,347 54,347 48,065 49,090 35,481 53,686 48,436 3.7

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 49,935 49,090 43,781 49,935 36,001 49,547 44,908 3.7

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 51,560 50,796 45,617 47,249 34,304 51,016 46,250 3.7

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 20,713 20,338 19,144 19,465 15,321 20,550 19,110 4.3

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 3,893 3,689 3,013 3,587 2,177 3,856 3,417 10.6

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 13,366 13,165 12,349 12,986 10,490 13,319 12,606 5.7

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 4,425 -- -- 844 520 2,574 1,867 18.9

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,227 6,227 1,567 5,158 1,824 5,941 4,510 12.0

 51 to 99 ......................................... 8,868 8,868 7,246 8,167 5,758 8,826 7,886 8.1

 100 ................................................ 39,252 39,252 39,252 35,766 27,899 38,919 36,041 3.7

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 8,837 5,257 4,285 -- -- 6,713 5,395 10.6

 1 to 50 ........................................... 15,027 14,672 11,217 15,027 3,302 14,857 12,651 6.6

 51 to 99 ......................................... 12,549 12,421 11,332 12,549 10,340 12,515 11,619 5.9

 100 ................................................ 22,359 21,997 21,231 22,359 22,359 22,175 20,638 4.7

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 189 44 30 QQQQ 39.5

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,008 5,120 3,642 4,577 2,475 6,008 1,906 9.2

 51 to 99 ......................................... 9,692 9,591 8,559 8,590 6,399 9,692 7,883 6.9

 100 ................................................ 40,514 38,967 35,443 36,371 26,891 40,514 40,514 3.9

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 2,369 625 391 366 228 -- -- 22.5

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 13,101 11,760 9,713 9,713 6,087 12,958 10,720 7.7

 1 to 50 ........................................... 30,711 29,669 26,602 28,175 20,400 30,711 27,866 4.4

 51 to 100 ....................................... 1,914 1,868 1,665 1,785 1,394 1,914 1,796 16.1

 Never Closed ................................ 10,677 10,425 9,694 9,895 7,893 10,677 9,921 5.9

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 2,369 625 391 366 228 -- -- 22.5

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 5,843 5,843 5,312 5,813 4,764 5,831 5,376 6.9

 Furnaces ....................................... 14,923 14,923 12,656 12,967 8,544 14,742 12,887 6.2

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 16,809 16,809 14,407 14,831 9,165 16,488 14,810 7.3

 District Heat .................................. 5,911 5,911 5,719 5,286 4,209 5,876 5,581 9.2

 Boilers ........................................... 16,754 16,754 15,854 15,050 10,331 16,549 14,990 5.1

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 16,893 16,893 14,793 16,643 13,015 16,774 15,447 5.2

 Other ............................................. 6,249 6,249 5,575 5,899 4,534 6,226 5,759 9.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

164 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-32. Heated, Cooled, and Lit Buildings, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

in All

Buldings

Heated Buildings Cooled Buildings Lit Buildings

RSE

Row

Factor

Totala

Floorspace

Heatedb

Floorspace

Totala

Floorspace

Cooledb

Floorspace

Totala

Floorspace

Litb

Floorspace

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 9,238 8,975 7,795 9,238 6,379 9,193 8,236 5.6

 Heat Pumps .................................. 6,931 6,888 6,224 6,931 5,557 6,910 6,306 6.7

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 12,494 12,294 10,865 12,494 6,722 12,346 10,980 5.8

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 2,479 2,395 2,521 2,302 2,517 2,412 10.7

 Central Chillers ............................. 11,065 10,857 10,343 11,065 9,576 11,017 10,478 6.6

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 26,628 26,297 23,652 26,628 19,839 26,431 24,336 4.9

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 2,451 2,443 1,943 2,451 1,874 2,361 2,154 15.8

 Other ............................................. 949 949 871 949 708 949 888 15.9

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 35,715 34,309 30,955 32,066 23,757 35,715 31,750 3.6

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 53,984 52,204 46,306 48,495 34,881 53,984 48,438 3.5

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 14,273 13,979 13,037 13,653 10,979 14,273 13,329 6.6

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 16,259 15,915 14,358 15,123 9,791 16,259 15,324 5.7

 Halogen ........................................ 9,665 9,518 8,737 9,316 7,111 9,665 9,055 6.9

 Other ............................................. 554 521 481 495 426 554 482 42.7

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 46,355 44,941 40,694 42,198 31,362 45,509 41,462 4.1

 Wall Insulation .............................. 31,694 31,112 28,311 29,545 22,843 31,171 28,283 4.7

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 28,876 28,454 26,228 26,701 20,113 28,445 25,742 4.1

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 24,245 23,686 21,431 23,202 18,274 24,080 22,101 4.4

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 37,208 36,667 33,099 34,641 25,700 36,706 33,169 3.8

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 13,473 13,250 12,443 13,150 10,783 13,434 12,754 5.8

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 16,550 16,484 15,505 16,550 13,510 16,407 15,444 5.3

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 43,134 43,036 39,403 40,151 30,030 42,860 39,458 4.0

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 6,453 6,408 5,960 6,092 4,875 6,358 5,953 7.2

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 17,868 17,351 15,616 16,398 11,810 17,868 16,512 5.2

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 28,375 27,736 25,447 26,158 19,688 28,375 26,349 4.5

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 6,431 6,217 5,704 6,220 4,725 6,431 5,975 8.0

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 5,958 5,785 5,367 5,630 4,351 5,958 5,577 9.3

 Time Clock .................................... 13,262 12,896 11,728 12,694 10,335 13,262 12,398 5.8

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 13,056 12,985 12,090 12,584 10,324 13,056 11,712 5.4

 Other ............................................. 2,836 2,769 2,596 2,733 2,048 2,836 2,633 12.6

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 38,326 38,326 33,586 34,434 24,080 38,138 33,983 4.3

 Cooling .......................................... 35,605 34,890 30,744 35,605 24,948 35,481 31,755 4.2

 Lighting ......................................... 44,937 42,747 37,582 39,237 27,561 44,937 39,997 4.0

a Total Floorspace refers to all floorspace in heated, cooled, or lit buildings, including the floorspace that is not heated, cooled, or lit. b Heated, Cooled, and Lit Floorspace refers only to the portion of floorspace in these buildings that is heated, cooled, or lit.

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation

of abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 165
Table BC-33. Heating Equipment, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Heated

Buildings

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Heat

Pumps Furnaces

Individual

Space

Heaters

District

Heat Boilers

Packaged

Heating

Units Other

0.5 0.6 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.7 1.1 0.9 1.8

All Buildings ..................................... 4,579 4,024 394 1,676 1,188 115 610 1,031 161 8.1

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 .................................. 2,399 2,060 213 898 616 Q 199 483 Q 11.0

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................ 1,035 899 59 441 268 Q 135 193 22 15.3

 10,001 to 25,000 .............................. 745 685 80 257 191 27 128 216 50 14.1

 25,001 to 50,000 .............................. 213 198 20 49 57 18 70 75 14 10.6

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................ 115 111 16 20 33 11 46 41 11 10.5

 100,001 to 200,000 .......................... 48 46 4 8 14 8 20 15 6 11.9

 200,001 to 500,000 .......................... 19 18 3264964 12.8

 Over 500,000 ................................... 661122222 14.3

Principal Building Activity

 Education ......................................... 309 309 20 66 80 37 108 92 6 19.4

 Food Sales ....................................... 137 124 Q 44 33 Q Q 47 Q 30.6

 Food Service ................................... 285 274 Q 146 Q Q Q 101 Q 18.5

 Health Care ...................................... 105 105 19 27 20 4 23 32 Q 33.4

 Lodging ............................................ 158 158 22 33 72 12 36 26 3 21.4

 Mercantile and Service .................... 1,289 1,217 69 602 415 Q 135 263 48 14.9

 Office ............................................... 705 704 136 245 148 21 118 229 20 16.1

 Public Assembly .............................. 326 310 28 167 65 10 62 55 32 23.6

 Public Order and Safety ................... 87 81 Q 26 18 Q Q 7 Q 40.9

 Religious Worship ............................ 269 269 20 147 97 Q 39 66 Q 23.9

 Warehouse and Storage .................. 580 325 39 130 132 Q Q 81 23 24.5

 Other ................................................ 67 53 Q Q Q Q 7Q Q 51.5

 Vacant .............................................. 261 95 Q 33 52 Q 10 20 Q 28.0

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ................................. 353 316 Q 151 72 22 92 26 Q 25.7

 1920 to 1945 .................................... 562 496 24 258 134 21 98 81 23 21.2

 1946 to 1959 .................................... 867 769 79 332 250 14 164 121 25 15.3

 1960 to 1969 .................................... 718 652 37 267 231 25 118 149 16 16.2

 1970 to 1979 .................................... 813 722 93 258 212 Q 59 296 19 14.8

 1980 to 1989 .................................... 846 741 104 325 201 8 66 230 49 16.8

 1990 to 1992 .................................... 218 189 37 45 55 Q 6 68 3 25.3

 1993 to 1995 .................................... 202 141 15 40 32 Q 7 59 3 31.7

Census Region

 Northeast ......................................... 725 657 14 284 140 26 240 91 38 19.0

 Midwest ............................................ 1,139 1,006 31 626 255 36 161 109 65 17.2

 South ............................................... 1,750 1,547 284 471 500 34 111 526 43 12.9

 West ................................................. 964 815 65 295 293 19 97 305 14 17.2

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................... 493 443 4 260 134 3 110 40 Q 24.4

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ...................... 975 877 19 464 199 31 235 116 49 14.6

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ...................... 1,070 927 110 465 294 45 165 138 27 21.6

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................. 1,103 955 165 297 319 11 67 387 8 16.1

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................. 937 822 97 190 242 Q 33 350 35 20.5

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .................................... 2,505 2,013 150 914 668 34 229 376 75 13.3

 5 to 9 ................................................ 798 770 72 346 222 16 86 230 19 19.0

 10 to 19 ............................................ 625 608 78 239 122 Q 121 188 30 17.8

 20 to 49 ............................................ 400 390 64 128 106 18 84 144 14 14.0

 50 to 99 ............................................ 138 131 14 29 45 18 43 57 8 13.9

 100 to 249 ........................................ 71 69 12 10 17 8 30 27 6 13.4

 250 or More ..................................... 43 43 5 Q 9 9 17 9 9 13.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

166 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-33. Heating Equipment, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Heated

Buildings

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Heat

Pumps Furnaces

Individual

Space

Heaters

District

Heat Boilers

Packaged

Heating

Units Other

0.5 0.6 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.7 1.1 0.9 1.8

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ...................................... 899 620 42 283 235 Q 74 109 Q 18.5

 40 to 48 ............................................ 1,257 1,207 162 488 349 24 167 324 50 14.1

 49 to 60 ............................................ 969 907 78 360 303 23 145 230 48 15.6

 61 to 84 ............................................ 567 541 44 267 135 13 71 139 24 18.1

 85 to 167 .......................................... 420 366 24 165 70 12 39 122 12 19.7

 Open Continuously .......................... 466 385 44 113 96 33 113 107 11 16.8

Multibuilding Facility

 Part of Multibuilding Facility ............. 1,480 1,195 167 358 350 99 206 334 79 11.7

 Not on Multibuilding Facility ............. 3,099 2,829 227 1,318 838 16 404 697 82 10.9

Predominant Exterior Wall Material

 Masonry ........................................... 3,061 2,774 295 1,079 765 98 502 772 77 8.9

 Siding or Shingles ............................ 639 572 37 315 144 Q 70 83 Q 21.9

 Metal Panels .................................... 662 480 41 220 235 Q 15 97 35 22.0

 Concrete Panels .............................. 106 98 Q 30 23 5 11 37 5 24.2

 Window Glass .................................. 46 46 2 Q Q 2 5 36 2 28.2

 Other ................................................ 50 40 QQQQQQQ 59.0

 No One Major Type ......................... 15 14 QQQQQQQ 86.1

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ............................................ 1,369 1,257 99 483 378 63 197 437 40 12.9

 Shingles (Not Wood) ........................ 1,486 1,386 172 631 336 20 241 249 46 15.6

 Metal Surfacing ................................ 908 672 65 273 279 3 25 173 51 17.7

 Synthetic or Rubber ......................... 351 334 41 112 76 18 100 80 20 17.6

 Slate or Tile ...................................... 202 173 7 64 59 10 37 49 Q 25.5

 Wooden Materials ............................ 152 123 Q 80 QQQQQ 38.0

 Concrete .......................................... 58 40 Q Q 22 Q 3 Q Q 43.4

 Other ................................................ 36 23 QQQQQQQ 77.4

 No One Major Type ......................... QQQQQQQQQ 100.0

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ......................................... 4,343 4,004 394 1,667 1,171 115 606 1,031 161 8.0

 Natural Gas ...................................... 2,478 2,456 98 1,221 726 32 420 708 68 9.5

 Fuel Oil ............................................ 607 607 53 249 190 20 242 47 52 20.9

 District Heat ..................................... 110 109 2 Q 9 109 Q 4 3 21.0

 District Chilled Water ....................... 53 52 Q Q 3 48 3 3 2 31.2

 Propane ........................................... 589 579 26 294 185 Q 96 96 23 21.4

 Other ................................................ 213 210 Q 82 69 Q 45 14 42 31.9

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ......................................... 1,467 1,467 391 395 603 10 138 465 94 12.0

 Natural Gas ...................................... 2,211 2,211 56 1,180 670 7 381 631 54 9.7

 Fuel Oil ............................................ 504 504 36 214 146 Q 212 27 37 25.6

 District Heat ..................................... 109 109 2 Q 9 109 Q 4 3 21.1

 Propane ........................................... 301 301 Q 168 114 Q 27 58 Q 28.1

 Other ................................................ 135 135 Q 64 44 Q 30 Q 34 37.7

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ......................................... 1,007 1,007 325 161 328 Q 18 346 52 16.5

 Natural Gas ...................................... 2,106 2,106 35 1,141 613 2 371 596 51 11.0

 Fuel Oil ............................................ 439 439 Q 188 122 Q 183 23 29 26.2

 District Heat ..................................... 107 107 2 Q 8 107 Q 3 3 21.5

 Propane ........................................... 260 260 Q 147 99 Q Q 49 Q 29.7

 Other ................................................ 61 61 QQQQQQQ 53.3

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 167
Table BC-33. Heating Equipment, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Heated

Buildings

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Heat

Pumps Furnaces

Individual

Space

Heaters

District

Heat Boilers

Packaged

Heating

Units Other

0.5 0.6 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.7 1.1 0.9 1.8

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating .......... 4,024 4,024 394 1,676 1,188 115 610 1,031 161 8.1

 Buildings with Cooling ...................... 3,381 3,326 393 1,330 882 99 470 1,015 119 8.2

 Buildings with Water Heating ........... 3,486 3,418 348 1,432 956 100 595 901 133 8.4

 Buildings with Cooking ..................... 828 804 70 302 189 18 175 261 38 12.4

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........... 204 181 23 61 67 Q 26 39 23 29.7

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ...................................... 247 246 24 69 63 21 103 62 22 20.7

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated ....................................... 554 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 19.0

 1 to 50 .............................................. 555 555 41 216 225 Q 49 131 29 20.7

 51 to 99 ............................................ 633 633 53 298 209 7 87 159 34 17.7

 100 ................................................... 2,836 2,836 301 1,163 754 106 473 741 98 8.9

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps ..................................... 394 394 394 47 78 2 30 49 Q 20.9

 Furnaces .......................................... 1,676 1,676 47 1,676 355 Q 80 145 37 14.8

 Individual Space Heaters ................. 1,188 1,188 78 355 1,188 9 140 186 30 13.8

 District Heat ..................................... 115 115 2 Q 9 115 Q 4 3 20.6

 Boilers .............................................. 610 610 30 80 140 Q 610 50 30 17.7

 Packaged Heating Units .................. 1,031 1,031 49 145 186 4 50 1,031 21 14.6

 Other ................................................ 161 161 Q 37 30 3 30 21 161 27.9

Cooling Equipment (more than one

may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners .............................. 878 862 30 640 170 8 116 114 25 18.0

 Heat Pumps ..................................... 457 457 384 75 96 3 31 96 18 20.4

 Individual Air Conditioners ............... 862 848 43 326 385 25 188 91 50 15.2

 District Chilled Water ....................... 53 52 Q Q 3 48 3 3 2 31.2

 Central Chillers ................................ 109 108 8 9 28 15 77 18 18 15.1

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ................................................ 1,431 1,404 44 432 351 28 174 877 48 12.3

 Swamp Coolers ............................... 186 182 4 91 70 Q 9 57 4 27.8

 Other ................................................ 18 18 Q 4 9 Q 9 4 4 33.9

Energy-Related Space Functions

(more than one may apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ......... 828 804 70 302 189 18 175 261 38 12.4

 Computer Room .............................. 234 231 17 63 67 22 60 98 16 16.6

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water .................... 243 233 25 99 67 11 64 52 8 20.7

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation ................. 3,380 3,226 361 1,350 887 98 510 867 141 8.5

 Wall Insulation ................................. 2,372 2,315 301 979 640 57 311 676 122 9.8

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ................ 1,897 1,853 195 870 484 47 362 415 88 11.2

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ................................ 1,202 1,171 130 469 269 42 164 442 52 12.2

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ........................ 2,271 2,234 310 836 607 73 407 644 97 9.8

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ............ 327 326 25 86 74 37 82 122 19 18.0

 Economizer Cycle ............................ 461 457 42 143 120 25 98 202 21 13.7

 HVAC Maintenance ......................... 2,403 2,393 285 933 574 95 500 705 101 9.4

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment ....................................... 198 198 24 57 56 9 50 54 10 22.3

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

168 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-33. Heating Equipment, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Heated

Buildings

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Heat

Pumps Furnaces

Individual

Space

Heaters

District

Heat Boilers

Packaged

Heating

Units Other

0.5 0.6 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.7 1.1 0.9 1.8

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ............................................ 3,211 3,211 286 1,442 955 65 433 818 122 8.9

 Cooling ............................................. 2,707 2,654 286 1,121 711 61 333 807 92 9.2

 Lighting ............................................ 3,753 3,522 350 1,511 1,018 81 484 904 150 8.8

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 169
Table BC-34. Heating Equipment, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Heated

Buildings

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Heat

Pumps Furnaces

Individual

Space

Heaters

District

Heat Boilers

Packaged

Heating

Units Other

0.6 0.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.5 0.9 0.9 1.5

All Buildings ................................ 58,772 54,347 5,843 14,923 16,809 5,911 16,754 16,893 6,249 5.8

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................. 6,338 5,506 589 2,334 1,618 Q 551 1,319 Q 10.5

 5,001 to 10,000 ........................... 7,530 6,546 436 3,197 2,003 Q 1,005 1,410 180 15.4

 10,001 to 25,000 ......................... 11,617 10,706 1,243 3,871 3,094 407 2,080 3,387 780 13.3

 25,001 to 50,000 ......................... 7,676 7,157 701 1,743 1,960 657 2,592 2,754 489 10.7

 50,001 to 100,000 ....................... 7,968 7,699 1,156 1,371 2,208 792 3,190 2,800 762 10.2

 100,001 to 200,000 ..................... 6,776 6,456 564 1,079 1,936 1,162 2,850 2,139 822 12.1

 200,001 to 500,000 ..................... 5,553 5,371 681 657 1,901 1,283 2,553 1,611 1,202 12.8

 Over 500,000 ............................... 5,313 4,906 473 671 2,088 1,390 1,933 1,473 1,861 14.4

Principal Building Activity

 Education .................................... 7,740 7,740 570 1,041 1,703 1,129 4,805 1,782 416 13.1

 Food Sales .................................. 642 609 Q 255 198 Q Q 246 Q 22.7

 Food Service .............................. 1,353 1,299 Q 643 Q Q Q 539 Q 20.9

 Health Care ................................. 2,333 2,333 296 144 469 644 1,171 625 512 15.1

 Lodging ........................................ 3,618 3,608 833 582 1,478 634 1,307 1,039 264 17.0

 Mercantile and Service ................ 12,728 12,227 942 4,303 4,187 Q 1,911 4,758 1,739 12.1

 Office ........................................... 10,478 10,458 1,744 1,891 2,702 1,587 3,426 3,184 1,812 10.0

 Public Assembly .......................... 3,948 3,836 307 1,183 754 701 1,396 813 499 16.0

 Public Order and Safety .............. 1,271 1,154 Q 285 214 340 459 202 Q 29.4

 Religious Worship ....................... 2,792 2,791 263 1,443 915 Q 717 718 Q 18.5

 Warehouse and Storage ............. 8,481 6,419 579 2,701 3,339 300 723 2,387 422 17.6

 Other ........................................... 1,004 907 Q Q 263 170 373 379 Q 33.7

 Vacant ......................................... 2,384 966 Q 264 420 Q 334 221 Q 23.2

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ............................. 3,673 3,429 Q 1,256 853 591 1,404 294 Q 17.6

 1920 to 1945 ............................... 6,710 5,951 319 1,818 1,829 877 2,185 1,123 498 16.2

 1946 to 1959 ............................... 9,298 8,701 1,023 2,531 3,029 975 3,144 2,050 561 12.8

 1960 to 1969 ............................... 10,858 10,024 761 2,563 2,926 1,509 3,982 3,031 952 11.3

 1970 to 1979 ............................... 11,333 10,489 1,035 2,545 3,517 1,000 2,735 4,133 1,639 9.3

 1980 to 1989 ............................... 12,252 11,462 1,962 3,261 3,589 550 2,418 4,307 1,727 10.3

 1990 to 1992 ............................... 2,590 2,467 383 492 648 258 433 1,105 303 16.5

 1993 to 1995 ............................... 2,059 1,824 231 458 417 Q 453 851 252 18.3

Census Region

 Northeast ..................................... 11,883 11,180 657 2,732 3,393 1,834 5,210 2,578 1,979 11.3

 Midwest ....................................... 14,322 13,511 779 4,984 4,395 1,984 4,480 2,868 1,590 11.5

 South ........................................... 20,830 18,900 3,189 4,497 5,783 1,101 3,952 7,439 1,915 9.8

 West ............................................ 11,736 10,756 1,218 2,710 3,237 993 3,112 4,009 765 12.8

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD .............. 5,098 4,901 254 1,893 1,550 299 2,125 917 702 18.2

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD .................. 14,597 13,937 586 4,325 4,434 2,001 5,565 3,010 1,850 11.8

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD .................. 15,155 14,147 1,756 3,993 4,734 2,376 4,833 3,395 1,886 11.2

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............. 13,491 12,350 1,944 3,128 3,859 585 2,985 5,412 725 14.3

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............. 10,430 9,014 1,303 1,584 2,231 651 1,247 4,159 1,087 16.0

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ............................... 13,885 10,663 807 4,496 3,629 427 1,692 1,988 513 12.5

 5 to 9 ........................................... 6,291 6,086 381 2,397 2,072 319 1,044 1,733 368 16.4

 10 to 19 ....................................... 7,102 6,905 831 2,557 1,666 285 1,560 2,185 463 13.8

 20 to 49 ....................................... 9,132 8,899 1,108 2,280 2,463 673 2,856 3,529 505 11.0

 50 to 99 ....................................... 6,931 6,642 689 1,504 2,209 784 2,733 2,695 646 12.2

 100 to 249 ................................... 5,988 5,880 969 778 1,583 902 2,866 2,219 626 12.1

 250 or More ................................. 9,443 9,272 1,058 911 3,186 2,520 4,003 2,545 3,128 10.3

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

170 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-34. Heating Equipment, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Heated

Buildings

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Heat

Pumps Furnaces

Individual

Space

Heaters

District

Heat Boilers

Packaged

Heating

Units Other

0.6 0.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.5 0.9 0.9 1.5

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................. 6,134 4,032 201 1,776 1,357 Q 919 682 Q 13.8

 40 to 48 ....................................... 13,233 12,672 1,568 3,844 4,025 792 3,304 3,815 762 12.0

 49 to 60 ....................................... 12,242 11,658 1,121 3,381 3,622 996 3,566 3,369 1,342 10.7

 61 to 84 ....................................... 10,052 9,635 1,161 2,359 2,975 676 3,078 3,280 1,536 11.7

 85 to 167 ..................................... 6,202 5,880 322 1,409 1,522 908 1,757 2,386 684 13.2

 Open Continuously ...................... 10,908 10,469 1,470 2,155 3,307 2,399 4,130 3,360 1,765 9.6

Multibuilding Facility

 Part of Multibuilding Facility ......... 24,352 21,968 2,669 4,723 6,218 4,560 6,602 6,203 2,922 7.6

 Not on Multibuilding Facility ......... 34,420 32,379 3,175 10,200 10,591 1,351 10,152 10,691 3,327 7.1

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ....................................... 42,958 40,217 4,501 10,066 11,748 4,605 13,521 12,676 4,107 6.9

 Siding or Shingles ....................... 3,243 2,919 219 1,571 699 Q 511 512 Q 23.0

 Metal Panels ................................ 5,694 4,559 421 2,023 2,318 Q 670 1,245 549 15.6

 Concrete Panels .......................... 4,069 3,932 346 912 1,259 580 997 1,765 642 14.6

 Window Glass ............................. 1,755 1,754 265 161 516 343 673 474 494 19.1

 Other ........................................... 660 603 Q Q 229 Q 232 169 146 24.9

 No One Major Type ..................... 393 363 QQQQQQQ 53.4

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ........................................ 24,481 23,087 2,153 5,173 6,795 3,084 7,721 8,450 2,760 8.7

 Shingles (Not Wood) ................... 11,093 10,450 1,301 3,967 2,505 565 2,771 2,570 620 11.6

 Metal Surfacing ........................... 7,941 6,463 832 2,533 2,723 183 595 2,081 614 13.3

 Synthetic or Rubber ..................... 10,235 10,099 1,157 2,167 3,371 1,525 4,273 2,888 1,806 9.8

 Slate or Tile ................................. 1,920 1,765 197 421 516 354 615 407 Q 18.6

 Wooden Materials ....................... 1,130 985 Q 483 QQQQQ 32.7

 Concrete ...................................... 1,335 903 Q Q 485 Q 420 Q Q 32.5

 Other ........................................... 332 290 QQQQQQQ 38.0

 No One Major Type ..................... 305 305 QQQQQQQ 45.3

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ..................................... 57,076 54,110 5,831 14,851 16,689 5,900 16,650 16,867 6,237 5.8

 Natural Gas ................................. 38,145 37,950 2,988 11,907 12,747 2,431 14,242 12,946 4,070 6.6

 Fuel Oil ........................................ 14,421 14,236 1,648 2,454 4,504 2,219 8,208 2,817 3,184 9.4

 District Heat ................................. 5,658 5,642 252 Q 1,046 5,628 Q 378 883 14.4

 District Chilled Water ................... 2,521 2,479 Q Q 369 2,192 215 162 385 19.8

 Propane ....................................... 5,344 5,281 517 2,161 1,513 Q 1,545 1,363 409 17.6

 Other ........................................... 2,336 2,312 Q 562 471 303 930 375 589 22.6

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ..................................... 22,156 22,156 5,815 4,839 9,535 1,087 4,855 8,898 4,152 8.5

 Natural Gas ................................. 31,535 31,535 1,948 11,369 11,128 640 12,801 11,200 2,824 7.6

 Fuel Oil ........................................ 6,606 6,606 531 1,633 1,653 468 4,629 827 1,074 16.2

 District Heat ................................. 5,606 5,606 252 Q 1,046 5,606 Q 378 873 14.4

 Propane ....................................... 2,025 2,025 Q 964 742 Q 415 515 Q 23.3

 Other ........................................... 1,050 1,050 Q 298 272 Q 472 Q 383 28.9

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ..................................... 13,500 13,500 3,949 2,088 4,452 Q 1,048 5,910 2,299 10.5

 Natural Gas ................................. 28,808 28,808 1,332 10,473 9,777 252 12,095 9,891 2,470 8.5

 Fuel Oil ........................................ 4,207 4,207 Q 1,229 925 Q 2,893 287 395 20.4

 District Heat ................................. 5,289 5,289 229 Q 973 5,289 Q 314 730 14.8

 Propane ....................................... 1,545 1,545 Q 847 520 Q Q 362 Q 27.0

 Other ........................................... 514 514 QQQQQQQ 39.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 171
Table BC-34. Heating Equipment, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Heated

Buildings

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Heat

Pumps Furnaces

Individual

Space

Heaters

District

Heat Boilers

Packaged

Heating

Units Other

0.6 0.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.5 0.9 0.9 1.5

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ...... 54,347 54,347 5,843 14,923 16,809 5,911 16,754 16,893 6,249 5.8

 Buildings with Cooling ................. 49,935 49,090 5,813 12,967 14,831 5,286 15,050 16,643 5,899 5.9

 Buildings with Water Heating ...... 51,560 50,796 5,639 13,445 15,547 5,662 16,617 16,027 5,952 5.8

 Buildings with Cooking ................ 20,713 20,338 2,290 3,651 6,013 2,124 9,429 7,204 3,526 7.3

 Buildings with Manufacturing ....... 3,893 3,689 446 999 1,385 Q 981 1,320 623 16.3

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation .................................. 13,366 13,165 1,580 1,894 4,296 2,489 6,503 4,021 3,388 8.7

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................. 4,425 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 20.7

 1 to 50 ......................................... 6,227 6,227 464 2,375 2,381 Q 694 2,191 563 17.3

 51 to 99 ....................................... 8,868 8,868 1,083 2,535 3,013 805 2,603 2,823 1,345 13.3

 100 .............................................. 39,252 39,252 4,296 10,013 11,415 5,026 13,456 11,879 4,341 6.3

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps ................................. 5,843 5,843 5,843 950 1,812 275 1,386 1,557 680 11.8

 Furnaces ..................................... 14,923 14,923 950 14,923 4,856 Q 1,599 3,137 841 10.0

 Individual Space Heaters ............ 16,809 16,809 1,812 4,856 16,809 1,068 4,657 5,044 2,432 9.8

 District Heat ................................. 5,911 5,911 275 Q 1,068 5,911 Q 434 881 14.3

 Boilers ......................................... 16,754 16,754 1,386 1,599 4,657 Q 16,754 3,242 2,394 8.6

 Packaged Heating Units .............. 16,893 16,893 1,557 3,137 5,044 434 3,242 16,893 1,466 8.8

 Other ........................................... 6,249 6,249 680 841 2,432 881 2,394 1,466 6,249 13.7

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners .......................... 9,238 8,975 698 5,320 2,884 543 2,305 1,995 1,076 10.6

 Heat Pumps ................................. 6,931 6,888 5,302 1,387 2,183 481 1,523 2,088 805 11.8

 Individual Air Conditioners ........... 12,494 12,294 1,320 3,400 5,440 1,161 5,612 2,731 1,533 9.2

 District Chilled Water ................... 2,521 2,479 Q Q 369 2,192 215 162 385 19.8

 Central Chillers ............................ 11,065 10,857 1,036 737 3,305 2,181 7,049 2,280 3,381 11.0

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ........................................... 26,628 26,297 2,179 6,629 8,689 2,013 7,569 14,953 3,311 7.6

 Swamp Coolers ........................... 2,451 2,443 379 720 897 Q 790 1,053 273 22.5

 Other ........................................... 949 949 Q 216 359 Q 552 274 234 29.2

Energy-Related Space

Functions (more than one may

apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation .... 20,713 20,338 2,290 3,651 6,013 2,124 9,429 7,204 3,526 7.3

 Computer Room .......................... 12,890 12,731 1,552 1,881 4,347 2,558 5,711 4,105 2,836 8.2

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water ................ 6,753 6,658 992 1,189 2,182 953 3,213 2,159 938 12.1

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation ............ 46,355 44,941 5,090 11,807 13,663 5,046 14,018 14,952 5,595 6.3

 Wall Insulation ............................. 31,694 31,112 4,112 8,793 9,652 3,054 8,874 10,663 4,081 7.2

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............ 28,876 28,454 3,501 7,911 8,659 3,163 9,982 8,534 3,767 6.7

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................ 24,245 23,686 3,009 5,046 6,684 2,988 7,646 8,722 3,788 6.9

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ................... 37,208 36,667 4,686 8,400 10,575 4,358 12,888 11,773 4,564 6.3

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ....... 13,473 13,250 1,216 1,496 4,071 2,911 5,757 3,942 3,219 9.3

 Economizer Cycle ....................... 16,550 16,484 1,753 2,539 5,276 2,971 7,153 5,910 3,460 8.1

 HVAC Maintenance ..................... 43,134 43,036 5,074 10,051 12,392 5,581 15,279 14,195 5,615 6.3

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................. 6,453 6,408 818 1,128 2,161 1,127 2,689 2,001 1,375 10.5

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

172 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-34. Heating Equipment, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Heated

Buildings

Heating Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Heat

Pumps Furnaces

Individual

Space

Heaters

District

Heat Boilers

Packaged

Heating

Units Other

0.6 0.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.5 0.9 0.9 1.5

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ........................................ 38,326 38,326 3,544 11,429 11,642 2,890 11,213 11,739 4,135 6.9

 Cooling ........................................ 35,605 34,890 3,608 9,871 10,422 2,684 10,137 11,643 3,906 7.0

 Lighting ........................................ 44,937 42,747 4,348 12,420 12,996 3,456 12,354 13,279 4,444 6.7

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 173
Table BC-35. Cooling Equipment, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Cooled

Buildings

Cooling Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

ResidentialType

Central Air

Conditioners

Heat

Pumps

Individual

Air

Conditioners

District

Chilled

Water

Central

Chillers

Packaged

Air

Conditioning

Units

Swamp

Coolers Other

0.5 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.9 0.9 0.7 1.9 2.0

All Buildings ............................... 4,579 3,381 878 457 862 53 109 1,431 186 18 9.3

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................ 2,399 1,650 453 235 467 Q Q 569 97 Q 12.2

 5,001 to 10,000 .......................... 1,035 754 236 77 171 Q Q 345 41 Q 17.7

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................ 745 619 133 96 134 Q 14 310 34 Q 15.5

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................ 213 187 35 23 47 7 29 108 6 Q 13.1

 50,001 to 100,000 ...................... 115 103 14 17 25 5 23 62 4 Q 12.9

 100,001 to 200,000 .................... 48 44 5 5 11 5 15 25 2 Q 14.2

 200,001 to 500,000 .................... 19 18 3 3 6 2 9 10 1 Q 13.4

 Over 500,000 ............................. 6 6 1 1 1 1 3 4 Q Q 17.0

Principal Building Activity

 Education ................................... 309 249 35 23 95 26 19 104 Q Q 23.9

 Food Sales ................................. 137 128 38 Q Q Q Q 62 Q Q 31.7

 Food Service ............................. 285 272 80 Q 65 Q Q 137 Q Q 22.4

 Health Care ................................ 105 105 32 19 38 2 9 36 Q Q 30.4

 Lodging ...................................... 158 126 26 26 75 Q 12 25 7 Q 27.7

 Mercantile and Service .............. 1,289 916 238 79 230 Q 7 400 60 Q 16.8

 Office ......................................... 705 690 201 159 81 5 29 312 Q 3 15.8

 Public Assembly ........................ 326 246 61 33 81 Q 16 97 Q Q 29.0

 Public Order and Safety ............. 87 38 6 Q 20 Q 5 13 Q Q 34.6

 Religious Worship ...................... 269 223 82 31 44 Q Q 83 Q Q 30.2

 Warehouse and Storage ............ 580 262 73 39 83 Q 2 102 Q Q 30.7

 Other .......................................... 67 53 Q Q Q Q 2 26 Q Q 56.9

 Vacant ........................................ 261 73 Q Q 24 Q Q 36 Q Q 40.2

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ........................... 353 260 74 Q 135 Q 4 67 Q Q 28.3

 1920 to 1945 .............................. 562 382 95 33 148 Q 7 140 11 Q 23.1

 1946 to 1959 .............................. 867 617 182 79 220 5 15 191 48 Q 17.3

 1960 to 1969 .............................. 718 508 110 38 145 10 34 224 32 Q 19.6

 1970 to 1979 .............................. 813 688 154 121 110 Q 18 376 27 Q 14.6

 1980 to 1989 .............................. 846 657 225 116 70 7 23 294 51 2 19.7

 1990 to 1992 .............................. 218 161 19 50 Q Q 4 80 Q Q 31.6

 1993 to 1995 .............................. 202 108 19 15 Q Q 4 59 Q Q 39.7

Census Region

 Northeast ................................... 725 451 120 16 166 3 16 196 Q Q 18.5

 Midwest ...................................... 1,139 811 313 43 274 Q 26 267 Q 4 18.4

 South ......................................... 1,750 1,433 348 311 311 24 37 599 Q 7 13.6

 West ........................................... 964 687 98 87 110 10 31 369 144 4 20.7

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ............. 493 321 121 4 105 Q 8 112 Q Q 33.7

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................ 975 656 229 18 183 8 24 276 Q 5 17.1

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................ 1,070 714 188 134 238 16 24 239 Q 7 23.0

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 1,103 887 133 193 152 6 25 452 79 Q 20.7

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 937 803 207 108 183 Q 28 353 61 Q 21.5

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .............................. 2,505 1,542 454 187 494 Q Q 457 95 Q 13.0

 5 to 9 .......................................... 798 691 160 81 147 Q Q 332 25 Q 18.8

 10 to 19 ...................................... 625 549 149 82 110 Q 8 297 37 Q 18.4

 20 to 49 ...................................... 400 361 74 71 66 8 23 202 19 Q 18.3

 50 to 99 ...................................... 138 129 22 17 24 8 18 84 4 Q 16.9

 100 to 249 .................................. 71 69 10 14 15 3 21 39 4 Q 14.9

 250 or More ............................... 43 41 Q 5 6 5 17 20 2 2 16.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

174 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-35. Cooling Equipment, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Cooled

Buildings

Cooling Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

ResidentialType

Central Air

Conditioners

Heat

Pumps

Individual

Air

Conditioners

District

Chilled

Water

Central

Chillers

Packaged

Air

Conditioning

Units

Swamp

Coolers Other

0.5 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.9 0.9 0.7 1.9 2.0

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................ 899 399 109 55 111 Q Q 127 Q Q 22.2

 40 to 48 ...................................... 1,257 1,047 281 180 224 Q 22 443 43 Q 15.3

 49 to 60 ...................................... 969 795 178 87 238 11 19 331 47 9 17.1

 61 to 84 ...................................... 567 446 127 51 102 8 18 181 48 Q 18.8

 85 to 167 .................................... 420 344 99 25 72 7 10 196 Q Q 21.0

 Open Continuously .................... 466 350 83 59 115 Q 30 152 14 2 19.1

Multibuilding Facility

 Part of Multibuilding Facility ....... 1,480 1,020 206 216 285 50 65 383 39 4 14.7

 Not on Multibuilding Facility ....... 3,099 2,361 672 241 576 3 44 1,049 146 14 10.9

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ..................................... 3,061 2,429 609 328 579 42 89 1,108 136 15 10.1

 Siding or Shingles ...................... 639 448 130 53 210 Q Q 93 Q Q 25.2

 Metal Panels .............................. 662 322 98 53 49 Q 1 130 Q Q 24.7

 Concrete Panels ........................ 106 91 19 15 11 3 8 52 5 Q 30.1

 Window Glass ............................ 46 45 3 2 2 Q 4 39 Q Q 40.1

 Other .......................................... 50 32 Q Q Q Q Q 7 Q Q 68.5

 No One Major Type ................... 15 14 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 97.9

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ...................................... 1,369 1,113 220 122 220 25 52 618 74 6 14.4

 Shingles (Not Wood) .................. 1,486 1,149 362 184 398 Q 14 311 52 Q 16.4

 Metal Surfacing .......................... 908 508 152 84 86 Q 5 225 37 Q 21.3

 Synthetic or Rubber ................... 351 296 55 42 65 9 31 152 3 8 19.9

 Slate or Tile ................................ 202 143 31 Q 48 Q 4 61 Q Q 34.1

 Wooden Materials ...................... 152 106 41 Q Q Q Q 28 Q Q 44.4

 Concrete .................................... 58 39 Q Q 12 Q 2 22 Q Q 54.7

 Other .......................................... 36 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 79.9

 No One Major Type ................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 100.0

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 4,343 3,376 877 457 857 53 109 1,430 185 18 9.3

 Natural Gas ................................ 2,478 2,131 625 141 521 17 81 1,011 140 14 10.9

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 607 388 90 55 160 Q 38 120 6 4 21.5

 District Heat ............................... 110 95 8 2 23 47 15 27 Q Q 30.8

 District Chilled Water ................. 53 53 Q 1 Q 53 Q 5 Q Q 35.2

 Propane ..................................... 589 431 142 30 132 Q 5 149 Q Q 24.6

 Other .......................................... 213 107 36 Q 48 Q 5 27 Q Q 38.5

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 3,293 3,293 861 457 857 21 106 1,396 185 18 9.4

 Natural Gas ................................ 65 65 20 Q Q Q 5 42 Q Q 43.5

 District Chilled Water ................. 53 53 Q 1 Q 53 Q 5 Q Q 35.2

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating .... 4,024 3,326 862 457 848 52 108 1,404 182 18 9.5

 Buildings with Cooling ................ 3,381 3,381 878 457 862 53 109 1,431 186 18 9.3

 Buildings with Water Heating ..... 3,486 2,968 795 403 732 49 108 1,273 170 17 9.7

 Buildings with Cooking ............... 828 724 171 84 213 10 44 357 57 5 12.9

 Buildings with Manufacturing ..... 204 165 33 27 58 Q 3 49 Q Q 31.3

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................ 247 206 51 25 50 7 39 108 Q 3 18.8

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled ................................. 1,198 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 19.8

 1 to 50 ........................................ 930 930 222 80 394 Q 8 300 37 Q 17.2

 51 to 99 ...................................... 635 635 182 85 182 10 34 292 37 7 17.3

 100 ............................................. 1,816 1,816 474 292 286 40 67 839 112 7 11.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 175
Table BC-35. Cooling Equipment, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All

Cooled

Buildings

Cooling Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

ResidentialType

Central Air

Conditioners

Heat

Pumps

Individual

Air

Conditioners

District

Chilled

Water

Central

Chillers

Packaged

Air

Conditioning

Units

Swamp

Coolers Other

0.5 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.9 0.9 0.7 1.9 2.0

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps ............................... 394 393 30 384 43 Q 8 44 4 Q 20.6

 Furnaces .................................... 1,676 1,330 640 75 326 Q 9 432 91 4 15.8

 Individual Space Heaters ........... 1,188 882 170 96 385 3 28 351 70 9 17.5

 District Heat ............................... 115 99 8 3 25 48 15 28 Q Q 30.2

 Boilers ........................................ 610 470 116 31 188 3 77 174 9 9 17.9

 Packaged Heating Units ............ 1,031 1,015 114 96 91 3 18 877 57 4 16.5

 Other .......................................... 161 119 25 18 50 2 18 48 4 4 26.9

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................ 878 878 878 36 101 Q 11 111 25 Q 18.3

 Heat Pumps ............................... 457 457 36 457 47 1 7 76 6 Q 20.7

 Individual Air Conditioners ......... 862 862 101 47 862 Q 21 118 19 3 16.1

 District Chilled Water ................. 53 53 Q 1 Q 53 Q 5 Q Q 35.2

 Central Chillers .......................... 109 109 11 7 21 Q 109 34 4 2 16.8

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units .......................................... 1,431 1,431 111 76 118 5 34 1,431 55 5 13.7

 Swamp Coolers ......................... 186 186 25 6 19 Q 4 55 186 Q 33.4

 Other .......................................... 18 18 Q Q 3 Q 2 5 Q 18 31.1

Energy-Related Space

Functions (more than one may

apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ... 828 724 171 84 213 10 44 357 57 5 12.9

 Computer Room ........................ 234 234 43 21 58 Q 37 139 Q 4 18.5

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water .............. 243 200 50 30 77 2 13 72 24 Q 23.8

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation ........... 3,380 2,805 781 416 642 46 96 1,186 154 13 9.4

 Wall Insulation ........................... 2,372 2,057 575 356 413 32 57 881 83 9 10.9

 Storm or Multiple Glazing .......... 1,897 1,619 510 230 387 24 62 666 58 11 12.4

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass .......................... 1,202 1,104 342 156 135 27 56 573 74 8 14.0

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings .................. 2,271 2,049 517 348 506 32 89 863 106 14 11.5

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ...... 327 315 57 30 43 30 42 177 18 4 20.8

 Economizer Cycle ...................... 461 461 73 58 48 15 52 300 51 4 16.6

 HVAC Maintenance ................... 2,403 2,103 548 323 468 47 103 975 104 15 11.0

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment ................................. 198 163 30 25 28 5 14 87 Q 2 24.6

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ...................................... 3,211 2,630 708 330 648 38 66 1,122 153 13 10.8

 Cooling ....................................... 2,707 2,707 720 330 690 38 68 1,152 154 13 10.5

 Lighting ...................................... 3,753 2,964 790 392 726 41 79 1,244 165 12 9.8

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

176 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-36. Cooling Equipment, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Cooled

Buildings

Cooling Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

ResidentialType

Central Air

Conditioners

Heat

Pumps

Individual

Air

Conditioners

District

Chilled

Water

Central

Chillers

Packaged

Air

Conditioning

Units

Swamp

Coolers Other

0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.7 2.1 2.3

All Buildings ............................... 58,772 49,935 9,238 6,931 12,494 2,521 11,065 26,628 2,451 949 6.8

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................ 6,338 4,376 1,133 652 1,209 Q Q 1,603 269 Q 11.9

 5,001 to 10,000 .......................... 7,530 5,531 1,732 559 1,277 Q Q 2,484 322 Q 17.9

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................ 11,617 9,712 1,970 1,523 2,194 239 264 4,932 491 Q 16.3

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................ 7,676 6,760 1,224 826 1,664 275 1,107 3,928 220 Q 13.4

 50,001 to 100,000 ...................... 7,968 7,178 970 1,186 1,690 348 1,666 4,296 317 Q 13.0

 100,001 to 200,000 .................... 6,776 6,175 707 730 1,617 587 2,080 3,539 312 Q 14.7

 200,001 to 500,000 .................... 5,553 5,235 824 788 1,639 557 2,687 2,936 290 Q 13.7

 Over 500,000 ............................. 5,313 4,968 677 666 1,205 432 3,124 2,911 Q Q 17.3

Principal Building Activity

 Education ................................... 7,740 6,741 865 615 2,869 653 1,715 2,942 222 Q 16.2

 Food Sales ................................. 642 612 173 Q Q Q Q 362 Q Q 29.0

 Food Service ............................. 1,353 1,310 381 Q 247 Q Q 815 Q Q 24.4

 Health Care ................................ 2,333 2,323 579 327 749 403 1,370 1,291 Q Q 15.0

 Lodging ...................................... 3,618 3,193 473 827 1,629 Q 873 1,348 354 Q 20.3

 Mercantile and Service .............. 12,728 11,086 1,835 1,164 1,761 Q 1,389 6,762 523 Q 15.5

 Office ......................................... 10,478 10,360 1,663 2,229 1,179 568 3,683 5,847 257 301 12.3

 Public Assembly ........................ 3,948 3,394 552 426 764 372 872 1,669 Q Q 19.2

 Public Order and Safety ............. 1,271 856 193 Q 383 Q 287 420 Q Q 34.6

 Religious Worship ...................... 2,792 2,414 800 356 576 Q Q 971 Q Q 25.1

 Warehouse and Storage ............ 8,481 5,991 1,561 623 1,835 Q 247 3,445 Q Q 21.6

 Other .......................................... 1,004 921 Q Q Q Q 281 414 Q Q 40.8

 Vacant ........................................ 2,384 732 Q Q 192 Q Q 342 Q Q 30.2

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ........................... 3,673 2,818 729 Q 1,389 Q 292 1,026 Q Q 22.7

 1920 to 1945 .............................. 6,710 5,038 766 512 2,122 187 740 2,408 196 Q 18.9

 1946 to 1959 .............................. 9,298 7,549 1,716 1,085 2,713 322 1,433 3,509 413 Q 16.0

 1960 to 1969 .............................. 10,858 8,978 1,423 798 2,732 527 2,603 5,202 423 Q 12.8

 1970 to 1979 .............................. 11,333 10,389 1,851 1,521 1,847 674 2,846 6,087 432 Q 11.5

 1980 to 1989 .............................. 12,252 11,174 2,208 2,131 1,384 400 2,343 6,104 689 178 13.5

 1990 to 1992 .............................. 2,590 2,345 325 506 156 Q 467 1,335 Q Q 22.4

 1993 to 1995 .............................. 2,059 1,644 219 241 Q Q 342 957 Q Q 22.7

Census Region

 Northeast ................................... 11,883 9,523 1,702 794 3,725 291 2,502 5,368 Q Q 13.6

 Midwest ...................................... 14,322 12,033 2,734 912 3,551 778 2,553 5,917 Q 221 13.8

 South ......................................... 20,830 18,606 3,726 3,616 3,698 919 3,736 9,737 517 219 11.6

 West ........................................... 11,736 9,772 1,075 1,609 1,520 533 2,273 5,606 1,743 289 13.7

Climate Zone: 45-Year

Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ............. 5,098 4,115 933 298 1,361 Q 643 2,117 Q Q 24.0

 5,500 to 7,000 HDD ................ 14,597 11,903 2,265 655 3,585 624 2,922 6,153 412 360 12.9

 4,000 to 5,499 HDD ................ 15,155 12,620 2,554 2,204 3,844 632 3,181 6,616 157 283 14.1

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 13,491 11,981 1,533 2,352 2,029 432 2,581 6,939 893 Q 15.9

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ........... 10,430 9,315 1,952 1,421 1,675 726 1,737 4,804 847 Q 16.7

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .............................. 13,885 8,324 2,076 980 2,628 Q 280 2,807 523 Q 15.5

 5 to 9 .......................................... 6,291 5,260 1,123 529 1,109 Q Q 2,808 161 Q 18.5

 10 to 19 ...................................... 7,102 6,449 1,488 860 1,580 Q 298 3,458 394 Q 15.9

 20 to 49 ...................................... 9,132 8,302 1,575 1,271 1,988 250 1,075 4,720 352 Q 14.2

 50 to 99 ...................................... 6,931 6,379 917 879 1,643 366 1,505 4,239 248 Q 14.5

 100 to 249 .................................. 5,988 5,872 707 1,065 1,535 356 2,054 3,360 424 Q 13.4

 250 or More ............................... 9,443 9,349 1,351 1,347 2,011 1,172 5,684 5,237 350 405 11.9

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 177
Table BC-36. Cooling Equipment, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Cooled

Buildings

Cooling Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

ResidentialType

Central Air

Conditioners

Heat

Pumps

Individual

Air

Conditioners

District

Chilled

Water

Central

Chillers

Packaged

Air

Conditioning

Units

Swamp

Coolers Other

0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.7 2.1 2.3

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................ 6,134 2,845 761 270 683 Q 276 1,000 Q Q 21.2

 40 to 48 ...................................... 13,233 11,401 2,294 1,782 2,578 350 1,349 5,760 501 Q 15.0

 49 to 60 ...................................... 12,242 10,897 1,916 1,392 2,781 409 1,969 5,679 488 299 12.8

 61 to 84 ...................................... 10,052 9,212 1,460 1,291 1,868 381 2,399 5,127 374 Q 14.4

 85 to 167 .................................... 6,202 5,644 819 442 1,157 395 1,199 3,644 259 Q 16.6

 Open Continuously .................... 10,908 9,936 1,988 1,754 3,427 919 3,873 5,418 655 285 11.3

Multibuilding Facility

 Part of Multibuilding Facility ....... 24,352 20,116 3,398 3,352 5,190 2,202 5,717 9,482 831 381 8.3

 Not on Multibuilding Facility ....... 34,420 29,819 5,840 3,578 7,303 319 5,348 17,147 1,620 568 9.1

Predominant Exterior Wall

Material

 Masonry ..................................... 42,958 37,394 6,776 5,165 9,601 1,944 8,151 20,258 1,775 736 7.6

 Siding or Shingles ...................... 3,243 2,369 665 406 1,022 Q Q 661 Q Q 27.6

 Metal Panels .............................. 5,694 3,713 943 506 869 Q 345 1,814 Q Q 19.3

 Concrete Panels ........................ 4,069 3,790 542 412 576 302 1,201 2,438 269 Q 18.5

 Window Glass ............................ 1,755 1,730 192 324 280 Q 887 998 Q Q 25.3

 Other .......................................... 660 578 Q Q Q Q 304 289 Q Q 27.9

 No One Major Type ................... 393 362 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 63.8

Predominant Roof Material

 Built-Up ...................................... 24,481 21,744 3,013 2,895 4,478 1,320 5,412 13,354 1,182 493 10.2

 Shingles (Not Wood) .................. 11,093 9,125 2,526 1,277 2,877 Q 966 3,499 420 Q 13.5

 Metal Surfacing .......................... 7,941 5,564 1,318 1,044 1,236 Q 287 2,880 341 Q 16.7

 Synthetic or Rubber ................... 10,235 9,662 1,461 1,254 2,799 682 3,645 5,225 298 312 12.5

 Slate or Tile ................................ 1,920 1,499 279 196 539 Q 166 727 Q Q 22.9

 Wooden Materials ...................... 1,130 730 349 Q Q Q Q 264 Q Q 45.8

 Concrete .................................... 1,335 1,065 Q Q 328 Q 440 355 Q Q 38.4

 Other .......................................... 332 272 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 49.1

 No One Major Type ................... 305 273 Q Q Q Q Q 195 Q Q 57.0

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 57,076 49,785 9,209 6,918 12,390 2,517 11,057 26,534 2,440 949 6.8

 Natural Gas ................................ 38,145 35,100 6,959 3,637 9,210 1,287 8,312 20,121 1,884 760 8.3

 Fuel Oil ...................................... 14,421 12,904 1,871 1,999 3,992 1,076 6,205 6,628 563 400 11.1

 District Heat ............................... 5,658 5,128 543 448 1,144 2,140 2,137 1,906 Q Q 16.7

 District Chilled Water ................. 2,521 2,521 169 175 298 2,521 Q 649 Q Q 21.1

 Propane ..................................... 5,344 4,520 1,101 566 1,253 Q 448 2,378 Q Q 22.0

 Other .......................................... 2,336 1,943 337 Q 758 Q 438 997 Q Q 27.3

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ................................... 47,761 47,761 9,036 6,918 12,328 1,274 10,729 25,949 2,431 919 6.9

 Natural Gas ................................ 1,314 1,314 232 Q 215 Q 509 892 Q Q 27.2

 District Chilled Water ................. 2,521 2,521 169 175 298 2,521 Q 649 Q Q 21.1

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating .... 54,347 49,090 8,975 6,888 12,294 2,479 10,857 26,297 2,443 949 6.9

 Buildings with Cooling ................ 49,935 49,935 9,238 6,931 12,494 2,521 11,065 26,628 2,451 949 6.8

 Buildings with Water Heating ..... 51,560 47,249 8,697 6,663 11,804 2,442 10,977 25,476 2,258 928 6.9

 Buildings with Cooking ............... 20,713 19,465 3,265 2,779 5,828 982 6,960 11,428 1,056 380 8.5

 Buildings with Manufacturing ..... 3,893 3,587 675 521 964 Q 568 1,749 Q Q 22.4

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................ 13,366 12,986 1,877 1,890 3,103 1,171 6,720 7,514 656 356 10.5

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled ................................. 8,837 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 17.2

 1 to 50 ........................................ 15,027 15,027 3,249 1,330 6,395 Q 969 7,235 597 Q 13.4

 51 to 99 ...................................... 12,549 12,549 2,015 2,068 2,965 705 4,956 7,335 595 325 11.2

 100 ............................................. 22,359 22,359 3,974 3,533 3,133 1,645 5,140 12,059 1,260 417 8.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

178 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-36. Cooling Equipment, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All

Cooled

Buildings

Cooling Equipment

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

ResidentialType

Central Air

Conditioners

Heat

Pumps

Individual

Air

Conditioners

District

Chilled

Water

Central

Chillers

Packaged

Air

Conditioning

Units

Swamp

Coolers Other

0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.7 2.1 2.3

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps ............................... 5,843 5,813 698 5,302 1,320 Q 1,036 2,179 379 Q 12.9

 Furnaces .................................... 14,923 12,967 5,320 1,387 3,400 Q 737 6,629 720 216 13.2

 Individual Space Heaters ........... 16,809 14,831 2,884 2,183 5,440 369 3,305 8,689 897 359 12.9

 District Heat ............................... 5,911 5,286 543 481 1,161 2,192 2,181 2,013 Q Q 16.7

 Boilers ........................................ 16,754 15,050 2,305 1,523 5,612 215 7,049 7,569 790 552 10.9

 Packaged Heating Units ............ 16,893 16,643 1,995 2,088 2,731 162 2,280 14,953 1,053 274 12.0

 Other .......................................... 6,249 5,899 1,076 805 1,533 385 3,381 3,311 273 234 15.4

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................ 9,238 9,238 9,238 917 2,424 169 1,432 2,885 356 Q 12.2

 Heat Pumps ............................... 6,931 6,931 917 6,931 1,519 175 1,179 2,857 508 Q 12.8

 Individual Air Conditioners ......... 12,494 12,494 2,424 1,519 12,494 298 2,398 4,976 417 188 11.3

 District Chilled Water ................. 2,521 2,521 169 175 298 2,521 Q 649 Q Q 21.1

 Central Chillers .......................... 11,065 11,065 1,432 1,179 2,398 Q 11,065 4,796 530 291 11.6

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units .......................................... 26,628 26,628 2,885 2,857 4,976 649 4,796 26,628 1,303 316 9.5

 Swamp Coolers ......................... 2,451 2,451 356 508 417 Q 530 1,303 2,451 Q 24.8

 Other .......................................... 949 949 Q Q 188 Q 291 316 Q 949 25.9

Energy-Related Space

Functions (more than one may

apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ... 20,713 19,465 3,265 2,779 5,828 982 6,960 11,428 1,056 380 8.5

 Computer Room ........................ 12,890 12,890 1,997 1,927 3,812 1,226 5,715 7,906 584 474 9.6

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water .............. 6,753 6,354 1,008 1,050 2,746 344 2,193 3,146 623 Q 14.4

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation ........... 46,355 42,198 7,989 6,041 9,997 2,215 9,981 22,839 1,978 822 7.5

 Wall Insulation ........................... 31,694 29,545 5,765 4,952 6,533 1,470 6,745 16,015 1,131 673 8.4

 Storm or Multiple Glazing .......... 28,876 26,701 5,591 4,104 6,304 1,560 6,805 14,393 1,129 596 8.8

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass .......................... 24,245 23,202 4,549 3,684 3,967 1,692 7,290 13,429 1,218 611 8.5

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings .................. 37,208 34,641 6,119 5,417 8,289 1,991 8,899 18,634 1,742 819 7.5

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ...... 13,473 13,150 1,832 1,485 2,309 1,534 6,502 7,143 602 535 10.3

 Economizer Cycle ...................... 16,550 16,550 2,319 2,173 3,103 1,340 7,057 10,468 969 518 9.4

 HVAC Maintenance ................... 43,134 40,151 6,981 5,919 9,581 2,394 10,620 22,272 1,962 883 7.4

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment ................................. 6,453 6,092 951 919 1,501 626 2,406 3,564 301 179 13.4

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ...................................... 38,326 34,434 6,403 4,277 7,812 1,454 6,226 18,360 1,569 612 8.3

 Cooling ....................................... 35,605 35,605 6,598 4,372 8,204 1,482 6,477 18,870 1,599 602 8.2

 Lighting ...................................... 44,937 39,237 7,189 5,115 8,828 1,595 7,092 20,799 1,706 601 7.9

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 179
Table BC-37. Refrigeration Equipment, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Refrigeration

Equipment

Types of Equipment

(more than one may apply)

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Refrigeration

Equipment

Types of Equipment

(more than one may apply)

Walkin

Open

Cases

or

Cabinets

Closed

Cases

or

Cabinets

Type

Unspecified

Walkin

Open

Cases

or

Cabinets

Closed

Cases

or

Cabinets

Type

Unspecified

0.5 0.8 1.0 1.4 0.9 5.0 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.7 3.5

All Buildings ........................... 4,579 1,000 568 227 799 39 58,772 22,179 16,240 7,931 17,203 482 7.2

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ........................ 2,399 512 280 98 420 Q 6,338 1,319 752 249 1,050 Q 12.2

 5,001 to 10,000 ...................... 1,035 165 102 32 127 Q 7,530 1,249 776 255 937 Q 24.0

 10,001 to 25,000 .................... 745 164 78 44 132 Q 11,617 2,617 1,226 752 2,133 Q 18.7

 25,001 to 50,000 .................... 213 70 42 20 53 Q 7,676 2,606 1,570 767 1,990 Q 13.8

 50,001 to 100,000 .................. 115 49 32 16 36 Q 7,968 3,417 2,291 1,150 2,499 Q 12.3

 100,001 to 200,000 ................ 48 23 19 9 17 Q 6,776 3,265 2,696 1,194 2,402 Q 12.6

 200,001 to 500,000 ................ 19 13 11 5 10 Q 5,553 3,686 3,219 1,641 2,931 Q 12.4

 Over 500,000 ......................... 6 4 4 2 3 Q 5,313 4,021 3,711 1,923 3,261 Q 15.3

Principal Building Activity

 Education ............................... 309 97 41 25 78 Q 7,740 4,861 3,357 1,649 3,591 Q 14.8

 Food Sales ............................ 137 136 102 47 125 Q 642 635 508 354 521 Q 20.7

 Food Service ........................ 285 272 194 64 212 Q 1,353 1,318 1,118 309 1,012 Q 18.2

 Health Care ........................... 105 15 7 3 13 Q 2,333 1,653 1,461 661 1,368 Q 19.4

 Lodging .................................. 158 36 21 12 30 Q 3,618 2,091 1,662 692 1,704 Q 22.1

 Mercantile and Service .......... 1,289 249 124 63 202 Q 12,728 5,230 4,024 2,696 4,431 Q 14.8

 Office ..................................... 705 26 11 5 23 Q 10,478 2,699 1,885 1,045 2,168 Q 16.2

 Public Assembly .................... 326 86 28 4 65 Q 3,948 1,646 894 285 1,390 Q 25.1

 Public Order and Safety ........ 87 4 3 Q Q Q 1,271 206 158 Q Q Q 42.7

 Religious Worship .................. 269 21 Q Q 13 Q 2,792 288 Q Q 257 Q 38.0

 Warehouse and Storage ........ 580 39 27 Q 24 Q 8,481 1,037 807 Q 285 Q 32.5

 Other ...................................... 67 7 3 Q Q Q 1,004 355 226 Q 239 Q 47.1

 Vacant ................................... 261 Q Q Q Q Q 2,384 Q Q Q Q Q 30.3

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ....................... 353 79 40 29 52 Q 3,673 1,210 695 485 779 Q 29.3

 1920 to 1945 .......................... 562 119 65 19 102 Q 6,710 1,961 1,264 331 1,669 Q 22.8

 1946 to 1959 .......................... 867 161 78 30 113 Q 9,298 3,270 2,079 1,166 2,530 Q 17.4

 1960 to 1969 .......................... 718 178 78 41 143 Q 10,858 4,463 3,144 1,262 3,459 Q 16.4

 1970 to 1979 .......................... 813 200 115 34 168 Q 11,333 4,728 3,786 1,695 3,705 Q 13.5

 1980 to 1989 .......................... 846 190 132 58 164 Q 12,252 4,676 3,801 2,209 3,594 Q 16.0

 1990 to 1992 .......................... 218 42 38 Q 33 Q 2,590 1,060 819 455 877 Q 25.7

 1993 to 1995 .......................... 202 30 21 4 23 Q 2,059 809 652 328 590 Q 28.6

Census Region

 Northeast ............................... 725 175 95 31 133 Q 11,883 4,984 3,661 1,856 3,804 Q 15.4

 Midwest ................................. 1,139 242 134 44 187 Q 14,322 5,363 3,920 1,462 4,093 Q 16.1

 South ..................................... 1,750 383 216 98 321 Q 20,830 7,937 5,790 3,285 6,270 Q 12.8

 West ...................................... 964 200 122 54 159 Q 11,736 3,895 2,869 1,329 3,036 Q 16.6

Workers

(main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .......................... 2,505 455 198 80 367 Q 13,885 1,950 827 329 1,432 Q 17.4

 5 to 9 ...................................... 798 145 108 17 122 Q 6,291 1,133 748 117 938 Q 20.4

 10 to 19 .................................. 625 167 109 56 131 Q 7,102 1,889 1,117 653 1,502 Q 20.7

 20 to 49 .................................. 400 137 79 35 106 Q 9,132 3,825 2,192 931 2,866 Q 14.3

 50 to 99 .................................. 138 51 40 22 39 Q 6,931 3,714 3,114 1,628 2,847 Q 13.5

 100 to 249 .............................. 71 25 19 10 19 Q 5,988 3,010 2,571 1,307 2,288 Q 14.6

 250 or More ........................... 43 20 14 8 15 Q 9,443 6,657 5,671 2,968 5,329 Q 13.8

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ........................... 899 70 15 Q 48 Q 6,134 718 305 Q 477 Q 26.3

 40 to 48 .................................. 1,257 124 38 18 92 Q 13,233 2,596 1,523 594 1,995 Q 18.4

 49 to 60 .................................. 969 153 75 23 108 Q 12,242 3,533 2,300 1,064 2,715 Q 18.0

 61 to 84 .................................. 567 225 124 54 203 Q 10,052 5,434 4,008 2,429 4,488 Q 16.1

 85 to 167 ................................ 420 297 223 93 236 Q 6,202 3,642 2,864 1,496 2,655 Q 14.1

 Open Continuously ................ 466 130 92 36 110 Q 10,908 6,255 5,240 2,175 4,874 Q 14.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

180 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-37. Refrigeration Equipment, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

(Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Refrigeration

Equipment

Types of Equipment

(more than one may apply)

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Refrigeration

Equipment

Types of Equipment

(more than one may apply)

Walkin

Open

Cases

or

Cabinets

Closed

Cases

or

Cabinets

Type

Unspecified

Walkin

Open

Cases

or

Cabinets

Closed

Cases

or

Cabinets

Type

Unspecified

0.5 0.8 1.0 1.4 0.9 5.0 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.7 3.5

Multibuilding Facility

 Part of Multibuilding

 Facility .................................. 1,480 214 113 46 175 Q 24,352 9,064 6,782 3,129 7,221 Q 11.8

 Not on Multibuilding

 Facility .................................. 3,099 786 455 181 624 33 34,420 13,115 9,458 4,802 9,982 344 8.2

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ............................... 4,343 996 567 227 795 39 57,076 22,071 16,151 7,918 17,095 482 7.1

 Natural Gas ........................... 2,478 616 365 136 481 21 38,145 16,688 12,467 5,982 12,905 337 8.8

 Fuel Oil .................................. 607 141 59 24 112 Q 14,421 8,420 6,539 3,155 6,408 Q 15.0

 District Heat ........................... 110 23 9 5 20 Q 5,658 2,431 1,836 758 1,953 Q 26.2

 District Chilled Water ............. 53 Q 4 3 Q Q 2,521 1,258 830 432 970 Q 27.4

 Propane ................................. 589 175 97 27 144 Q 5,344 2,462 1,738 787 1,896 Q 24.3

 Other ...................................... 213 38 14 Q 27 Q 2,336 866 656 336 782 Q 30.5

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space

 Heating ................................. 4,024 961 540 215 768 35 54,347 21,716 15,838 7,799 16,864 446 7.4

 Buildings with Cooling ........... 3,381 921 540 220 736 31 49,935 21,094 15,651 7,796 16,384 421 7.5

 Buildings with Water

 Heating ................................. 3,486 942 542 222 756 39 51,560 21,776 15,999 7,870 16,941 462 7.1

 Buildings with Cooking .......... 828 625 409 165 508 17 20,713 17,895 14,194 7,136 14,403 229 8.3

 Buildings with

 Manufacturing ....................... 204 49 18 3 46 Q 3,893 1,408 923 360 1,118 Q 30.9

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ............................ 247 73 46 28 56 Q 13,366 8,781 7,261 3,863 6,838 Q 12.3

Energy-Related Space

Functions (more than one

may apply)

 Commercial Food

 Preparation ........................... 828 625 409 165 508 17 20,713 17,895 14,194 7,136 14,403 229 8.3

 Computer Room .................... 234 68 38 27 56 Q 12,890 7,206 5,816 2,947 5,457 Q 11.8

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water .......... 243 105 64 38 92 Q 6,753 4,961 4,145 2,085 4,012 Q 17.5

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 181
Table BC-38. Water-Heating Equipment, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Water

Heating

Water Heating Equipment

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Water

Heating

Water Heating Equipment

Centralized

System

Distributed

System

Combination

of

Centralized

and

Distributed

Systems

Centralized

System

Distributed

System

Combination

of

Centralized

and

Distributed

Systems

0.8 0.8 0.9 1.4 2.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.6

All Buildings ........................... 4,579 3,486 2,671 742 73 58,772 51,560 31,656 16,495 3,409 5.4

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ........................ 2,399 1,689 1,431 255 Q 6,338 4,617 3,889 718 Q 8.0

 5,001 to 10,000 ...................... 1,035 780 589 155 Q 7,530 5,652 4,221 1,160 Q 11.7

 10,001 to 25,000 .................... 745 644 435 201 8 11,617 10,053 6,712 3,195 145 10.5

 25,001 to 50,000 .................... 213 195 113 70 12 7,676 7,060 4,039 2,544 477 8.3

 50,001 to 100,000 .................. 115 110 64 38 8 7,968 7,611 4,404 2,675 532 8.7

 100,001 to 200,000 ................ 48 45 27 14 3 6,776 6,269 3,813 1,968 488 10.4

 200,001 to 500,000 ................ 19 18 10 6 2 5,553 5,303 2,924 1,602 777 11.0

 Over 500,000 ......................... 6 6 2 3 1 5,313 4,995 1,652 2,633 710 12.5

Principal Building Activity

 Education ............................... 309 258 185 62 11 7,740 7,515 5,203 1,424 888 11.6

 Food Sales ............................ 137 125 104 Q Q 642 599 443 Q Q 19.0

 Food Service ........................ 285 279 232 43 Q 1,353 1,342 1,058 231 Q 17.1

 Health Care ........................... 105 105 87 17 1 2,333 2,327 1,635 413 279 18.4

 Lodging .................................. 158 158 98 55 5 3,618 3,609 2,497 811 301 15.6

 Mercantile and Service .......... 1,289 916 707 201 Q 12,728 10,925 5,248 5,411 266 11.4

 Office ..................................... 705 678 519 145 15 10,478 10,278 6,076 3,403 799 10.7

 Public Assembly .................... 326 276 217 50 Q 3,948 3,632 2,547 831 Q 17.0

 Public Order and Safety ........ 87 69 63 Q Q 1,271 1,018 833 Q Q 31.0

 Religious Worship .................. 269 248 172 66 Q 2,792 2,685 1,482 1,061 Q 17.8

 Warehouse and Storage ........ 580 251 185 65 Q 8,481 5,845 3,428 2,251 Q 17.7

 Other ...................................... 67 43 39 4 Q 1,004 893 625 222 Q 34.1

 Vacant ................................... 261 81 63 11 Q 2,384 892 581 183 Q 24.8

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ....................... 353 287 229 56 Q 3,673 3,206 2,418 623 Q 16.6

 1920 to 1945 .......................... 562 429 350 68 Q 6,710 5,349 3,836 1,225 288 14.8

 1946 to 1959 .......................... 867 656 534 109 Q 9,298 8,136 5,468 2,041 628 11.8

 1960 to 1969 .......................... 718 562 417 129 16 10,858 9,722 6,562 2,530 630 10.6

 1970 to 1979 .......................... 813 632 508 109 14 11,333 10,117 6,191 3,229 698 9.5

 1980 to 1989 .......................... 846 667 447 205 14 12,252 11,105 5,202 5,163 740 11.1

 1990 to 1992 .......................... 218 145 99 45 Q 2,590 2,263 1,200 941 Q 17.5

 1993 to 1995 .......................... 202 108 86 20 Q 2,059 1,661 780 744 Q 21.9

Census Region

 Northeast ............................... 725 602 498 90 13 11,883 10,778 6,906 3,056 815 12.5

 Midwest ................................. 1,139 849 661 174 14 14,322 12,517 7,752 3,787 978 11.1

 South ..................................... 1,750 1,250 937 295 18 20,830 17,511 10,135 6,602 775 9.1

 West ...................................... 964 785 574 182 28 11,736 10,754 6,863 3,050 841 11.0

Workers

(main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .......................... 2,505 1,587 1,301 270 Q 13,885 8,772 6,640 1,900 Q 9.5

 5 to 9 ...................................... 798 705 559 132 Q 6,291 5,610 4,337 1,137 Q 12.6

 10 to 19 .................................. 625 580 438 127 Q 7,102 6,566 4,583 1,802 Q 11.3

 20 to 49 .................................. 400 377 241 123 13 9,132 8,763 5,061 3,193 508 9.8

 50 to 99 .................................. 138 127 72 46 8 6,931 6,622 3,565 2,400 658 10.3

 100 to 249 .............................. 71 69 39 25 5 5,988 5,903 3,009 2,269 625 10.4

 250 or More ........................... 43 42 21 18 3 9,443 9,324 4,460 3,795 1,069 12.8

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

182 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-38. Water-Heating Equipment, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

(Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Water

Heating

Water Heating Equipment

All

Buildings

All

Buildings

with

Water

Heating

Water Heating Equipment

Centralized

System

Distributed

System

Combination

of

Centralized

and

Distributed

Systems

Centralized

System

Distributed

System

Combination

of

Centralized

and

Distributed

Systems

0.8 0.8 0.9 1.4 2.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.6

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ........................... 899 466 404 58 Q 6,134 3,290 2,476 634 Q 14.7

 40 to 48 .................................. 1,257 1,035 759 243 32 13,233 11,585 7,429 3,552 604 10.7

 49 to 60 .................................. 969 742 568 165 9 12,242 10,765 6,809 3,408 548 10.1

 61 to 84 .................................. 567 494 387 100 7 10,052 9,535 4,980 4,113 442 11.2

 85 to 167 ................................ 420 375 287 74 14 6,202 5,928 3,314 1,990 624 13.0

 Open Continuously ................ 466 375 266 100 8 10,908 10,457 6,648 2,798 1,011 9.8

Multibuilding Facility

 Part of Multibuilding

 Facility .................................. 1,480 1,036 700 304 32 24,352 21,003 12,483 7,040 1,479 7.8

 Not on Multibuilding

 Facility .................................. 3,099 2,450 1,971 438 41 34,420 30,557 19,172 9,455 1,929 6.5

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ............................... 4,343 3,472 2,660 738 73 57,076 51,363 31,506 16,448 3,409 5.4

 Natural Gas ........................... 2,478 2,201 1,712 434 55 38,145 36,284 22,624 11,064 2,596 6.2

 Fuel Oil .................................. 607 504 408 74 22 14,421 13,959 8,566 3,923 1,471 12.2

 District Heat ........................... 110 96 74 17 5 5,658 5,424 3,775 1,020 629 17.7

 District Chilled Water ............. 53 49 35 Q 2 2,521 2,442 1,690 540 212 22.1

 Propane ................................. 589 477 354 121 Q 5,344 4,934 2,761 2,002 Q 17.0

 Other ...................................... 213 158 146 10 Q 2,336 2,024 1,502 283 Q 23.2

Water-Heating Energy

Sources (more than one may

apply)

 Electricity ............................... 1,684 1,684 1,195 469 19 23,056 23,056 10,941 11,036 1,079 8.8

 Natural Gas ........................... 1,577 1,577 1,245 285 47 24,859 24,859 16,401 6,316 2,143 7.5

 Fuel Oil .................................. 120 120 98 Q Q 2,151 2,151 1,618 293 Q 27.1

 District Heat ........................... 54 54 47 3 4 3,949 3,949 2,963 458 528 20.4

 Propane ................................. 110 110 89 21 Q 1,020 1,020 612 383 Q 27.2

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space

 Heating ................................. 4,024 3,418 2,618 726 73 54,347 50,796 31,230 16,171 3,395 5.5

 Buildings with Cooling ........... 3,381 2,968 2,210 687 70 49,935 47,249 28,135 15,841 3,274 5.5

 Buildings with Water

 Heating ................................. 3,486 3,486 2,671 742 73 51,560 51,560 31,656 16,495 3,409 5.5

 Buildings with Cooking .......... 828 816 581 201 34 20,713 20,632 10,898 7,484 2,251 6.7

 Buildings with

 Manufacturing ....................... 204 169 116 51 Q 3,893 3,666 1,892 1,559 Q 17.9

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ............................ 247 238 178 43 17 13,366 13,239 7,186 4,370 1,684 11.7

Energy-Related Space

Functions (more than one

may apply)

 Commercial Food

 Preparation ........................... 828 816 581 201 34 20,713 20,632 10,898 7,484 2,251 6.7

 Computer Room .................... 234 230 157 55 19 12,890 12,726 7,020 4,028 1,678 10.4

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water .......... 243 243 156 78 9 6,753 6,753 4,014 1,843 896 14.0

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 183
Table BC-39. Lighting Equipment, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All Lit

Buildings

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Incandescent

Standard

Fluorescent

Compact

Fluorescent

HighIntensity

Discharge Halogen

0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.7

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 4,237 2,479 3,885 364 393 302 5.9

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 2,185 1,205 1,952 101 79 100 9.4

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 948 613 868 75 93 85 12.2

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 712 431 684 89 107 58 11.5

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 208 115 200 41 46 23 7.8

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 113 69 111 30 34 17 8.3

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 46 29 45 15 20 11 8.7

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 19 14 18 10 10 6 9.2

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 6 5 6 3 4 3 10.2

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 308 149 294 33 42 23 14.6

 Food Sales .................................... 137 137 50 137 Q Q Q 22.2

 Food Service ................................ 285 285 210 260 50 Q Q 14.7

 Health Care ................................... 105 105 81 99 27 Q Q 25.6

 Lodging ......................................... 158 158 147 134 32 11 28 16.0

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 1,268 586 1,202 67 84 79 12.5

 Office ............................................ 705 696 416 695 79 73 41 13.1

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 326 237 297 26 31 17 19.4

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 87 37 80 4 3 Q 29.6

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 269 247 193 Q 28 27 19.5

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 461 226 376 14 56 28 20.4

 Other ............................................. 67 66 35 66 Q Q Q 41.3

 Vacant ........................................... 261 71 58 52 Q Q Q 31.9

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 328 250 304 29 28 35 18.1

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 487 319 454 28 37 31 15.6

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 804 503 726 57 75 60 12.7

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 686 394 610 54 72 38 12.5

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 799 439 739 72 67 47 11.7

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 777 392 734 91 65 67 12.5

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 197 110 184 19 18 14 20.1

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 159 74 134 14 29 9 28.5

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 694 390 646 96 102 52 14.0

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 1,038 661 941 94 116 69 13.3

 South ............................................ 1,750 1,604 857 1,468 82 101 104 9.4

 West .............................................. 964 901 572 831 92 74 76 13.7

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 2,168 1,252 1,873 77 115 117 10.2

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 797 524 771 37 57 55 14.5

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 625 323 609 114 83 48 13.2

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 397 232 388 71 76 39 11.0

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 137 76 133 25 28 14 9.9

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 71 41 69 22 21 12 10.2

 250 or More .................................. 43 43 31 43 20 14 17 15.5

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 661 424 506 10 27 25 18.4

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 1,246 699 1,188 72 121 78 10.7

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 950 523 890 84 91 61 12.1

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 559 333 533 71 62 45 14.1

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 401 214 392 63 39 39 14.1

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 421 287 376 64 52 54 13.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

184 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-39. Lighting Equipment, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All Lit

Buildings

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Incandescent

Standard

Fluorescent

Compact

Fluorescent

HighIntensity

Discharge Halogen

0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.7

Multibuilding Facility

 Part of Multibuilding Facility .......... 1,480 1,315 736 1,194 126 107 79 8.8

 Not on Multibuilding Facility .......... 3,099 2,922 1,744 2,691 238 286 223 7.1

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 4,237 2,479 3,885 364 393 302 5.8

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 2,440 1,500 2,309 247 273 197 6.9

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 586 341 560 66 75 48 16.2

 District Heat .................................. 110 110 71 109 26 12 7 18.0

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 53 32 53 12 5 4 26.8

 Propane ........................................ 589 584 317 519 58 69 39 18.0

 Other ............................................. 213 200 116 183 19 17 Q 27.7

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 3,948 2,329 3,699 357 378 293 6.1

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 3,346 2,056 3,158 339 335 277 6.0

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 3,431 2,096 3,229 343 373 289 6.5

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 819 582 793 125 111 75 8.2

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 198 118 184 22 31 18 24.1

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 246 150 243 54 61 35 15.4

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 Q Q Q Q Q Q 55.3

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 666 446 569 42 36 37 15.1

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 745 498 699 48 91 66 14.7

 100 ................................................ 2,814 2,814 1,529 2,618 275 266 198 7.2

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 -- -- -- -- -- -- 21.4

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 1,644 1,620 917 1,397 46 100 39 12.8

 1 to 50 ........................................... 2,109 2,109 1,229 2,026 238 228 198 7.3

 51 to 100 ....................................... 87 87 46 86 16 13 11 28.3

 Never Closed ................................ 421 421 287 376 64 52 54 12.9

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 -- -- -- -- -- -- 21.4

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 2,479 2,479 2,479 2,150 240 239 222 6.7

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 3,885 3,885 2,150 3,885 356 379 300 5.9

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 364 364 240 356 364 93 57 10.9

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 393 393 239 379 93 393 98 11.6

 Halogen ........................................ 302 302 222 300 57 98 302 13.4

 Other ............................................. 30 30 Q Q 3 3 2 34.4

Energy-Related Space Functions

(more than one may apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ...... 828 819 582 793 125 111 75 8.2

 Computer Room ........................... 234 234 153 233 50 67 38 13.1

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water ................. 243 243 155 225 39 49 38 18.1

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 749 749 409 714 111 173 90 11.3

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 1,363 1,363 706 1,336 212 219 116 8.9

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 237 237 158 229 45 74 59 17.3

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 131 131 73 119 38 56 11 19.2

 Time Clock .................................... 467 467 308 445 78 107 76 14.2

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 501 501 438 468 96 92 88 10.7

 Other ............................................. 79 79 43 78 12 22 5 24.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 185
Table BC-39. Lighting Equipment, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

All

Buildings

All Lit

Buildings

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Incandescent

Standard

Fluorescent

Compact

Fluorescent

HighIntensity

Discharge Halogen

0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.7

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 3,211 3,192 1,886 2,987 253 290 226 7.0

 Cooling .......................................... 2,707 2,706 1,674 2,546 248 254 217 7.0

 Lighting ......................................... 3,753 3,753 2,160 3,464 289 337 244 6.6

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

186 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-40. Lighting Equipment, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All Lit

Buildings

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Incandescent

Standard

Fluorescent

Compact

Fluorescent

HighIntensity

Discharge Halogen

0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.4 1.2 1.5

All Buildings .................................. 58,772 56,261 35,715 53,984 14,273 16,259 9,665 4.4

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 6,338 5,785 3,168 5,184 324 233 268 9.6

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 7,530 6,898 4,523 6,317 552 704 611 12.5

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 11,617 11,136 6,648 10,699 1,359 1,655 872 10.8

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 7,676 7,528 4,177 7,237 1,522 1,704 844 8.0

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 7,968 7,809 4,718 7,700 2,155 2,420 1,239 8.0

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 6,776 6,557 4,169 6,383 2,196 2,911 1,553 8.9

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 5,553 5,504 4,135 5,432 2,962 3,094 1,875 9.3

 Over 500,000 ................................ 5,313 5,043 4,177 5,031 3,203 3,537 2,403 10.5

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 7,740 7,672 4,727 7,609 1,896 3,112 1,174 9.8

 Food Sales .................................... 642 642 292 642 Q Q Q 17.4

 Food Service ................................ 1,353 1,353 1,034 1,292 368 Q Q 16.6

 Health Care ................................... 2,333 2,333 1,852 2,317 1,387 756 791 10.5

 Lodging ......................................... 3,618 3,601 3,293 3,415 1,529 1,027 953 12.5

 Mercantile and Service ................. 12,728 12,621 6,693 12,384 2,500 2,955 2,037 10.5

 Office ............................................ 10,478 10,451 6,800 10,418 4,143 2,761 2,289 7.3

 Public Assembly ........................... 3,948 3,927 3,071 3,694 1,009 1,339 701 12.1

 Public Order and Safety ................ 1,271 1,271 697 1,131 299 224 Q 24.6

 Religious Worship ......................... 2,792 2,792 2,576 2,358 212 319 334 15.6

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 8,481 7,894 3,575 7,078 581 2,925 855 14.1

 Other ............................................. 1,004 988 654 982 175 455 Q 26.8

 Vacant ........................................... 2,384 715 452 665 Q Q Q 21.5

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 3,673 3,469 2,807 3,278 540 597 434 14.2

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 6,710 6,024 4,191 5,786 1,437 1,615 727 12.1

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 9,298 8,897 5,880 8,502 1,571 2,334 1,267 11.0

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 10,858 10,555 6,604 9,846 2,505 2,942 1,521 8.8

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 11,333 11,120 6,739 10,870 3,403 3,473 2,362 7.2

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 12,252 11,769 7,077 11,481 3,403 3,538 2,475 8.3

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 2,590 2,529 1,339 2,432 777 943 479 11.2

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 2,059 1,898 1,079 1,789 637 816 401 14.9

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 11,883 11,346 7,796 10,982 3,947 4,557 2,308 9.1

 Midwest ......................................... 14,322 13,719 9,376 13,116 3,273 4,717 2,098 8.0

 South ............................................ 20,830 19,827 11,678 18,969 4,189 4,654 3,405 8.1

 West .............................................. 11,736 11,370 6,865 10,916 2,864 2,331 1,854 9.5

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 13,885 11,533 7,242 10,102 688 1,155 784 11.1

 5 to 9 ............................................. 6,291 6,264 3,969 6,041 424 762 438 13.3

 10 to 19 ......................................... 7,102 7,102 3,552 6,990 1,286 1,464 489 10.5

 20 to 49 ......................................... 9,132 9,103 5,524 8,910 1,997 2,648 1,319 8.1

 50 to 99 ......................................... 6,931 6,860 4,203 6,624 1,740 2,516 1,389 8.7

 100 to 249 ..................................... 5,988 5,975 3,880 5,909 2,017 2,735 1,244 9.3

 250 or More .................................. 9,443 9,425 7,345 9,409 6,121 4,980 4,001 7.4

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 6,134 4,224 2,795 3,358 171 432 280 14.7

 40 to 48 ......................................... 13,233 13,079 7,377 12,651 1,650 2,961 1,216 9.8

 49 to 60 ......................................... 12,242 12,134 7,053 11,712 2,764 3,000 1,597 8.0

 61 to 84 ......................................... 10,052 9,992 6,664 9,851 3,516 3,521 2,546 9.1

 85 to 167 ....................................... 6,202 6,145 3,776 6,081 1,709 2,052 1,200 10.6

 Open Continuously ....................... 10,908 10,688 8,049 10,332 4,464 4,293 2,827 7.2

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 187
Table BC-40. Lighting Equipment, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All Lit

Buildings

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Incandescent

Standard

Fluorescent

Compact

Fluorescent

HighIntensity

Discharge Halogen

0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.4 1.2 1.5

Multibuilding Facility

 Part of Multibuilding Facility .......... 24,352 23,179 14,466 22,084 6,388 6,570 3,682 5.5

 Not on Multibuilding Facility .......... 34,420 33,081 21,248 31,900 7,885 9,688 5,983 5.5

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 57,076 56,261 35,715 53,984 14,273 16,259 9,665 4.3

 Natural Gas ................................... 38,145 37,723 24,959 36,817 10,118 12,180 7,243 5.2

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 14,421 14,279 10,614 14,187 6,447 6,481 4,305 6.7

 District Heat .................................. 5,658 5,638 4,052 5,553 2,674 2,141 1,248 11.5

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 2,517 1,690 2,517 1,135 834 554 13.4

 Propane ........................................ 5,344 5,304 3,008 5,017 1,114 1,610 751 15.1

 Other ............................................. 2,336 2,216 1,423 2,135 602 651 405 16.9

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 54,347 53,686 34,309 52,204 13,979 15,915 9,518 4.6

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 49,935 49,547 32,066 48,495 13,653 15,123 9,316 4.5

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 51,560 51,016 33,008 49,850 13,897 15,775 9,436 4.5

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 20,713 20,550 15,406 20,404 8,274 8,618 5,648 5.4

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 3,893 3,856 2,146 3,763 837 1,517 605 14.0

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 13,366 13,319 10,098 13,209 7,096 6,829 4,675 6.5

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 189 Q Q Q Q Q Q 36.9

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,008 6,008 3,971 5,533 801 763 513 12.2

 51 to 99 ......................................... 9,692 9,692 6,850 9,508 2,615 2,796 1,801 8.7

 100 ................................................ 40,514 40,514 24,873 38,934 10,857 12,700 7,346 4.8

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 2,369 -- -- -- -- -- -- 22.3

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 13,101 12,958 7,146 11,619 1,142 2,190 742 11.2

 1 to 50 ........................................... 30,711 30,711 19,338 30,162 7,819 8,908 5,527 5.4

 51 to 100 ....................................... 1,914 1,914 1,193 1,883 860 868 580 22.0

 Never Closed ................................ 10,677 10,677 8,037 10,320 4,452 4,293 2,815 7.2

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 2,369 -- -- -- -- -- -- 22.3

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 35,715 35,715 35,715 33,733 10,835 11,370 8,029 4.4

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 53,984 53,984 33,733 53,984 14,142 15,898 9,574 4.4

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 14,273 14,273 10,835 14,142 14,273 7,216 5,564 6.9

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 16,259 16,259 11,370 15,898 7,216 16,259 5,594 6.3

 Halogen ........................................ 9,665 9,665 8,029 9,574 5,564 5,594 9,665 7.2

 Other ............................................. 554 554 471 508 429 Q Q 48.6

Energy-Related Space Functions

(more than one may apply)

 Commercial Food Preparation ...... 20,713 20,550 15,406 20,404 8,274 8,618 5,648 5.4

 Computer Room ........................... 12,890 12,821 8,902 12,772 6,192 6,113 4,019 5.9

 Activities with Large

 Amounts of Hot Water ................. 6,753 6,737 5,404 6,621 2,824 3,171 2,164 8.3

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 17,868 17,868 11,976 17,474 7,328 8,987 4,898 6.2

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 28,375 28,375 18,441 27,990 11,155 11,460 7,046 5.1

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 6,431 6,431 5,063 6,317 3,156 3,623 2,578 9.3

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 5,958 5,958 3,931 5,835 3,394 3,095 1,949 10.8

 Time Clock .................................... 13,262 13,262 9,560 13,112 6,259 6,299 4,534 6.5

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 13,056 13,056 11,162 12,748 6,446 5,635 5,139 6.3

 Other ............................................. 2,836 2,836 1,881 2,828 1,526 1,460 879 14.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

188 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-40. Lighting Equipment, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Total

Floorspace

of All

Buildings

Total

Floorspace

of All Lit

Buildings

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

Incandescent

Standard

Fluorescent

Compact

Fluorescent

HighIntensity

Discharge Halogen

0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.4 1.2 1.5

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 38,326 38,138 23,405 37,086 8,648 10,305 6,062 5.6

 Cooling .......................................... 35,605 35,481 22,292 34,745 8,639 9,685 6,133 5.4

 Lighting ......................................... 44,937 44,937 27,345 43,074 9,705 11,851 6,767 5.1

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 189
Table BC-41. Energy Conservation Features, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Any

Conservation

Features

Building

Shell HVAC

LightingAll

Buildings

Any

Conservation

Features

Building

Shell HVAC

Lighting

1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 4,075 3,906 2,529 2,084 58,772 55,288 53,190 44,657 38,537 4.0

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 2,067 1,991 1,086 881 6,338 5,552 5,346 2,978 2,410 6.1

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 917 867 575 496 7,530 6,671 6,344 4,292 3,626 8.4

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 705 676 527 427 11,617 10,928 10,491 8,139 6,625 7.6

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 203 195 175 135 7,676 7,311 7,021 6,370 4,936 6.2

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 113 109 100 83 7,968 7,848 7,530 6,957 5,806 6.4

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 47 44 41 38 6,776 6,534 6,217 5,787 5,364 7.6

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 18 18 17 17 5,553 5,427 5,237 5,161 4,912 7.5

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 6 6 6 5 5,313 5,018 5,005 4,973 4,857 8.8

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 308 297 241 196 7,740 7,726 7,519 6,918 5,639 9.1

 Food Sales .................................... 137 130 129 60 57 642 628 609 354 374 15.8

 Food Service ................................ 285 272 259 191 165 1,353 1,305 1,278 1,030 945 12.6

 Health Care ................................... 105 102 102 79 45 2,333 2,328 2,328 2,250 1,980 13.1

 Lodging ......................................... 158 157 156 123 70 3,618 3,600 3,556 3,215 2,535 11.7

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 1,123 1,055 638 521 12,728 11,888 11,369 9,109 7,962 8.4

 Office ............................................ 705 704 696 529 411 10,478 10,463 10,395 9,619 8,212 7.4

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 317 294 222 181 3,948 3,908 3,682 3,357 3,009 12.3

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 81 80 56 54 1,271 1,137 1,056 915 747 23.8

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 265 263 145 134 2,792 2,752 2,720 1,877 1,709 12.3

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 408 367 174 191 8,481 7,079 6,261 4,677 4,356 13.3

 Other ............................................. 67 61 60 46 37 1,004 979 967 852 721 27.2

 Vacant ........................................... 261 149 148 25 22 2,384 1,494 1,450 485 349 19.5

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 314 296 172 173 3,673 3,470 3,275 2,298 2,328 12.5

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 468 443 296 213 6,710 5,582 5,232 4,266 3,495 10.3

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 788 751 458 390 9,298 8,806 8,561 6,789 5,683 7.8

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 636 590 418 344 10,858 10,188 9,591 8,689 7,246 7.3

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 745 725 446 346 11,333 10,978 10,572 8,671 7,639 6.6

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 757 748 537 421 12,252 11,791 11,607 10,129 8,564 7.3

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 203 196 107 118 2,590 2,533 2,483 2,149 2,023 12.2

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 164 158 95 79 2,059 1,939 1,868 1,665 1,558 15.7

Floors

 One ............................................... 3,018 2,600 2,475 1,490 1,220 24,552 22,001 20,888 15,942 12,843 5.4

 Two ............................................... 1,002 940 911 642 498 14,122 13,756 13,317 11,071 9,372 6.1

 Three ............................................ 399 392 378 271 250 7,335 7,204 6,930 5,908 5,257 10.2

 Four to Nine .................................. 148 132 129 114 106 8,789 8,451 8,192 7,988 7,443 9.3

 Ten or More .................................. 12 12 12 11 10 3,975 3,877 3,863 3,748 3,622 11.5

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 658 625 493 446 11,883 11,118 10,464 9,854 8,920 9.4

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 1,030 974 605 486 14,322 13,733 13,162 10,764 9,495 7.8

 South ............................................ 1,750 1,529 1,497 895 654 20,830 19,139 18,757 14,904 12,087 6.3

 West .............................................. 964 858 809 536 498 11,736 11,297 10,806 9,135 8,036 8.5

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 2,065 1,956 1,023 894 13,885 11,230 10,568 6,137 5,260 6.9

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 755 731 498 396 6,291 5,966 5,689 4,201 3,397 9.3

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 616 598 456 339 7,102 7,000 6,621 5,287 4,203 8.2

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 392 378 330 263 9,132 8,917 8,524 7,796 6,249 6.9

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 133 130 114 94 6,931 6,747 6,504 6,190 5,368 7.9

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 71 70 67 57 5,988 5,985 5,875 5,735 5,049 7.6

 250 or More .................................. 43 43 43 42 40 9,443 9,443 9,409 9,312 9,012 10.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

190 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-41. Energy Conservation Features, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Any

Conservation

Features

Building

Shell HVAC

LightingAll

Buildings

Any

Conservation

Features

Building

Shell HVAC

Lighting

1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 4,025 3,584 3,437 2,133 1,768 46,696 43,720 42,074 34,095 29,737 4.4

 Owner Occupied ......................... 3,158 2,868 2,762 1,735 1,481 35,573 33,842 32,739 26,731 24,062 4.7

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 698 636 595 390 287 9,697 9,172 8,630 7,253 5,625 8.8

 Unoccupied ................................. 170 80 80 Q Q 1,426 706 706 Q Q 21.2

 Government Owned ...................... 553 491 469 396 316 12,076 11,569 11,116 10,562 8,800 6.4

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 4,002 3,833 2,521 2,084 57,076 54,617 52,520 44,490 38,537 3.9

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 2,366 2,287 1,521 1,266 38,145 37,383 36,114 31,011 27,217 4.5

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 566 540 443 372 14,421 14,250 13,875 13,335 12,321 9.0

 District Heat .................................. 110 109 107 91 68 5,658 5,638 5,502 5,398 4,583 13.2

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 53 53 48 25 2,521 2,521 2,501 2,446 1,943 17.3

 Propane ........................................ 589 578 561 398 289 5,344 5,281 5,122 4,397 3,736 12.9

 Other ............................................. 213 192 181 105 95 2,336 2,092 2,014 1,784 1,540 17.4

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 3,839 3,703 2,515 1,996 54,347 53,148 51,383 44,317 37,504 4.1

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 3,281 3,192 2,227 1,692 49,935 49,016 47,666 41,648 35,010 3.9

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 3,381 3,273 2,294 1,816 51,560 50,745 49,132 42,925 36,656 4.1

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 805 783 584 472 20,713 20,570 20,126 18,590 16,728 5.1

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 195 186 120 108 3,893 3,812 3,695 2,901 2,688 13.8

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 246 243 210 193 13,366 13,365 13,232 12,961 12,229 8.4

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 236 203 14 88 4,425 2,140 1,807 340 1,033 19.8

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 486 443 278 234 6,227 5,555 5,009 3,644 3,071 12.2

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 602 573 373 384 8,868 8,743 8,471 7,059 6,907 9.3

 100 ................................................ 2,836 2,751 2,687 1,864 1,378 39,252 38,850 37,903 33,614 27,526 4.1

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 1,198 794 713 302 391 8,837 6,272 5,525 3,009 3,527 12.2

 1 to 50 ........................................... 930 870 843 535 471 15,027 14,387 13,623 10,981 9,578 7.9

 51 to 99 ......................................... 635 627 611 456 376 12,549 12,502 12,314 11,343 10,329 7.4

 100 ................................................ 1,816 1,783 1,737 1,236 845 22,359 22,128 21,729 19,324 15,103 5.0

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 Q Q Q Q 189 Q Q Q Q 35.1

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 582 548 325 278 6,008 5,254 4,875 3,222 3,076 10.1

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 718 697 486 390 9,692 9,526 9,178 7,976 6,935 9.1

 100 ................................................ 2,814 2,630 2,516 1,684 1,416 40,514 39,251 37,879 33,095 28,527 4.6

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 136 136 32 Q 2,369 1,196 1,196 358 Q 20.0

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 394 394 386 295 203 5,843 5,827 5,771 5,159 4,112 8.7

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,676 1,594 1,533 987 761 14,923 14,346 13,741 10,532 8,827 6.5

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,188 1,102 1,065 617 575 16,809 16,288 15,673 12,809 11,836 7.9

 District Heat .................................. 115 114 112 97 73 5,911 5,892 5,752 5,637 4,796 13.2

 Boilers ........................................... 610 607 583 515 409 16,754 16,716 16,177 15,552 13,661 6.7

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,031 1,002 983 747 582 16,893 16,701 16,335 14,646 12,220 6.0

 Other ............................................. 161 160 159 103 111 6,249 6,220 6,181 5,695 5,573 14.2

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 191
Table BC-41. Energy Conservation Features, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Any

Conservation

Features

Building

Shell HVAC

LightingAll

Buildings

Any

Conservation

Features

Building

Shell HVAC

Lighting

1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 878 866 853 569 424 9,238 9,154 8,885 7,205 6,175 6.8

 Heat Pumps .................................. 457 456 449 340 240 6,931 6,902 6,832 6,077 4,843 8.4

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 862 825 796 487 379 12,494 12,148 11,642 9,823 8,620 7.1

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 53 53 48 25 2,521 2,521 2,501 2,446 1,943 17.3

 Central Chillers ............................. 109 109 108 105 89 11,065 11,061 10,973 10,879 10,160 8.4

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 1,431 1,381 1,346 1,040 804 26,628 26,208 25,606 23,086 19,779 5.3

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 186 184 170 128 87 2,451 2,379 2,324 2,122 1,468 18.8

 Other ............................................. 18 18 17 15 13 949 948 945 902 846 19.9

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 2,479 2,306 2,234 1,516 1,225 35,715 34,451 33,382 29,008 25,823 4.2

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 3,885 3,665 3,521 2,380 1,991 53,984 52,412 50,521 43,403 37,682 4.0

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 364 363 359 295 270 14,273 14,145 13,934 13,499 12,965 7.9

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 393 385 365 311 312 16,259 16,153 15,532 14,969 14,692 7.5

 Halogen ........................................ 302 301 298 224 199 9,665 9,654 9,544 8,903 8,813 9.2

 Other ............................................. 30 17 Q Q Q 554 517 512 515 499 46.9

Water-Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Centralized System ....................... 2,671 2,575 2,489 1,696 1,339 31,656 31,012 29,845 25,459 21,456 4.7

 Distributed System ........................ 742 733 711 538 420 16,495 16,324 15,902 14,261 12,124 6.3

 Combination of Centralized

 and Distributed System ................ 73 73 73 60 57 3,409 3,409 3,384 3,205 3,076 12.3

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 3,380 3,380 3,380 2,215 1,759 46,355 46,355 46,355 38,639 32,858 4.4

 Wall Insulation .............................. 2,372 2,372 2,372 1,637 1,289 31,694 31,694 31,694 26,952 22,975 4.9

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 1,897 1,897 1,897 1,323 1,043 28,876 28,876 28,876 25,087 21,493 5.0

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 1,202 1,202 1,202 856 651 24,245 24,245 24,245 21,789 19,123 5.6

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 2,271 2,271 2,271 1,543 1,226 37,208 37,208 37,208 31,845 27,125 4.5

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 327 327 324 327 256 13,473 13,473 13,373 13,473 12,220 8.1

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 461 461 452 461 335 16,550 16,550 16,419 16,550 14,482 6.6

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 2,403 2,403 2,319 2,403 1,487 43,134 43,134 41,849 43,134 32,859 4.4

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 198 198 194 198 139 6,453 6,453 6,394 6,453 5,677 10.8

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 749 749 701 580 749 17,868 17,868 17,155 16,167 17,868 6.6

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 1,363 1,363 1,283 1,054 1,363 28,375 28,375 27,430 25,806 28,375 5.5

 Natural Lighting Control

 Sensors ........................................ 237 237 228 195 237 6,431 6,431 6,296 6,062 6,431 10.4

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 131 131 130 112 131 5,958 5,958 5,874 5,723 5,958 12.5

 Time Clock .................................... 467 467 448 384 467 13,262 13,262 12,966 12,463 13,262 7.9

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 501 501 491 386 501 13,056 13,056 12,899 12,052 13,056 6.4

 Other ............................................. 79 79 73 67 79 2,836 2,836 2,755 2,708 2,836 16.2

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

192 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-41. Energy Conservation Features, Number of Buildings and Floorspace, 1995

 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Any

Conservation

Features

Building

Shell HVAC

LightingAll

Buildings

Any

Conservation

Features

Building

Shell HVAC

Lighting

1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features .......... 4,075 4,075 3,906 2,529 2,084 55,288 55,288 53,190 44,657 38,537 4.0

 Building Shell ................................ 3,906 3,906 3,906 2,443 1,963 53,190 53,190 53,190 43,329 36,922 4.0

 HVAC ............................................ 2,529 2,529 2,443 2,529 1,555 44,657 44,657 43,329 44,657 33,875 4.3

 Lighting ......................................... 2,084 2,084 1,963 1,555 2,084 38,537 38,537 36,922 33,875 38,537 4.5

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 193
Table BC-42. Building Shell Conservation Features, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Types of Building Shell Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Any

Building

Shell

ConserVation

Features

Roof or

Ceiling

Insulation

Wall

Insulation

Storms

or

Multiple

Glazing

Tinted,

Reflective

or Shading

Glass

Exterior

or Interior

Shadings

or Awnings

0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.0

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 3,906 3,380 2,372 1,897 1,202 2,271 4.8

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 1,991 1,718 1,238 909 514 1,048 6.6

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 867 751 480 430 262 468 9.2

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 676 595 447 357 246 481 9.2

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 195 166 108 100 92 137 6.5

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 109 92 59 60 47 85 7.0

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 44 39 26 26 24 33 7.9

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 18 16 10 11 12 15 8.3

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 6 5 4 3 4 4 9.6

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 297 236 145 96 99 219 12.0

 Food Sales .................................... 137 129 128 77 44 54 52 20.1

 Food Service ................................ 285 259 216 173 128 89 131 13.2

 Health Care ................................... 105 102 91 65 54 31 80 20.1

 Lodging ......................................... 158 156 134 103 82 22 102 14.9

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 1,055 910 607 483 285 529 10.3

 Office ............................................ 705 696 634 519 454 310 561 8.8

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 294 275 180 142 73 164 16.6

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 80 77 56 50 8 43 28.4

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 263 229 163 160 111 136 15.3

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 367 306 191 121 90 160 17.9

 Other ............................................. 67 60 58 40 38 Q 28 36.8

 Vacant ........................................... 261 148 86 54 45 17 67 20.9

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 296 220 112 190 49 202 15.7

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 443 325 196 202 102 242 14.5

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 751 632 373 368 197 441 9.0

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 590 527 321 191 140 333 9.9

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 725 673 476 297 256 418 8.5

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 748 688 603 420 328 440 8.9

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 196 176 165 126 84 109 16.3

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 158 138 125 104 46 85 22.0

Floors

 One ............................................... 3,018 2,475 2,169 1,521 1,017 780 1,292 6.3

 Two ............................................... 1,002 911 801 583 512 278 575 7.7

 Three ............................................ 399 378 301 194 268 81 286 12.5

 Four to Nine .................................. 148 129 101 67 93 55 107 14.3

 Ten or More .................................. 12 12 9 7 7 8 10 12.5

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 625 552 391 407 109 331 13.2

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 974 848 605 675 268 499 10.3

 South ............................................ 1,750 1,497 1,343 955 541 472 890 6.9

 West .............................................. 964 809 637 421 273 353 551 11.2

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 1,956 1,642 1,120 863 493 962 7.3

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 731 642 469 380 228 423 10.7

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 598 550 378 312 184 410 10.1

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 378 331 258 212 153 292 8.9

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 130 112 76 60 69 95 9.2

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 70 64 43 41 43 57 9.4

 250 or More .................................. 43 43 39 28 29 32 32 16.8

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

194 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-42. Building Shell Conservation Features, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Types of Building Shell Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Any

Building

Shell

ConserVation

Features

Roof or

Ceiling

Insulation

Wall

Insulation

Storms

or

Multiple

Glazing

Tinted,

Reflective

or Shading

Glass

Exterior

or Interior

Shadings

or Awnings

0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.0

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 645 536 380 252 131 259 12.0

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 1,150 980 712 572 402 731 7.5

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 845 734 577 463 270 553 8.8

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 510 443 267 209 159 301 11.0

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 360 341 205 168 117 175 10.8

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 394 347 231 231 123 252 11.1

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 4,025 3,437 2,975 2,123 1,703 1,070 1,976 5.1

 Owner Occupied ......................... 3,158 2,762 2,434 1,785 1,466 856 1,563 5.7

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 698 595 494 304 212 208 395 10.9

 Unoccupied ................................. 170 80 47 34 25 6 19 28.5

 Government Owned ...................... 553 469 406 249 194 132 295 9.4

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 3,833 3,333 2,355 1,869 1,200 2,265 4.7

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 2,287 1,959 1,335 1,130 804 1,383 5.5

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 540 472 325 345 110 346 14.9

 District Heat .................................. 110 107 93 57 45 40 69 19.8

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 53 46 32 24 27 32 29.3

 Propane ........................................ 589 561 496 386 324 132 297 14.4

 Other ............................................. 213 181 150 115 83 28 103 23.3

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ...................................... 1,007 941 845 672 406 305 651 10.0

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,106 1,937 1,657 1,138 981 682 1,126 5.9

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 439 374 323 211 233 51 236 18.3

 District Heat .................................. 107 105 91 56 44 38 68 20.2

 Propane ........................................ 260 254 230 177 156 77 115 18.8

 Other ............................................. 61 49 36 35 Q Q Q 40.5

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 3,293 3,105 2,729 1,998 1,564 1,070 1,993 4.6

 Natural Gas ................................... 65 64 49 41 38 16 47 27.8

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 53 46 32 24 27 32 29.3

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 1,684 1,578 1,439 1,112 849 564 1,031 7.4

 Natural Gas ................................... 1,577 1,482 1,242 814 717 501 899 7.5

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 120 118 105 74 84 17 62 30.5

 District Heat .................................. 54 52 48 35 22 21 32 18.8

 Propane ........................................ 110 103 98 58 58 16 63 27.2

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 487 464 414 317 248 172 285 10.9

 Natural Gas ................................... 448 427 361 236 192 153 278 9.6

 Propane ........................................ 123 108 96 83 71 28 56 25.9

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 3,703 3,226 2,315 1,853 1,171 2,234 4.9

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 3,192 2,805 2,057 1,619 1,104 2,049 4.5

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 3,273 2,881 2,043 1,688 1,086 2,037 5.1

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 783 671 483 390 276 499 7.1

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 186 157 126 80 42 108 19.7

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 243 222 151 148 87 178 13.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 195
Table BC-42. Building Shell Conservation Features, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Types of Building Shell Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Any

Building

Shell

ConserVation

Features

Roof or

Ceiling

Insulation

Wall

Insulation

Storms

or

Multiple

Glazing

Tinted,

Reflective

or Shading

Glass

Exterior

or Interior

Shadings

or Awnings

0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.0

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 203 155 57 44 31 37 23.1

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 443 350 232 168 134 266 14.9

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 573 497 391 318 211 392 10.8

 100 ................................................ 2,836 2,687 2,379 1,693 1,367 826 1,576 5.0

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 1,198 713 576 315 278 98 223 16.1

 1 to 50 ........................................... 930 843 703 448 418 237 521 10.3

 51 to 99 ......................................... 635 611 537 405 362 240 436 10.1

 100 ................................................ 1,816 1,737 1,565 1,204 839 627 1,092 5.5

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 Q Q Q Q Q Q 46.9

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 548 443 315 287 183 330 11.4

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 697 614 439 329 231 457 12.3

 100 ................................................ 2,814 2,516 2,226 1,560 1,236 774 1,445 5.8

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 136 90 56 43 7 39 23.9

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 1,644 1,389 1,206 841 576 356 749 9.6

 1 to 50 ........................................... 2,109 1,917 1,678 1,203 1,016 692 1,195 5.9

 51 to 100 ....................................... 87 80 70 41 33 24 37 26.5

 Never Closed ................................ 421 384 337 231 228 123 251 10.9

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 136 90 56 43 7 39 23.9

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 3,380 3,380 3,380 2,232 1,688 1,048 1,913 5.0

 Wall Insulation .............................. 2,372 2,372 2,232 2,372 1,398 775 1,393 5.3

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 1,897 1,897 1,688 1,398 1,897 733 1,231 6.2

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 1,202 1,202 1,048 775 733 1,202 859 6.7

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 2,271 2,271 1,913 1,393 1,231 859 2,271 5.5

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 327 324 295 241 239 179 223 12.5

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 461 452 405 310 302 222 296 9.6

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 2,403 2,319 2,111 1,545 1,260 812 1,482 5.8

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 198 194 171 141 98 74 114 18.0

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

196 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-43. Building Shell Conservation Features, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Types of Building Shell Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Any

Building

Shell

ConserVation

Features

Roof or

Ceiling

Insulation

Wall

Insulation

Storms

or

Multiple

Glazing

Tinted,

Reflective

or Shading

Glass

Exterior

or Interior

Shadings

or Awnings

0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0

All Buildings .................................. 58,772 53,190 46,355 31,694 28,876 24,245 37,208 3.9

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 6,338 5,346 4,631 3,384 2,475 1,353 2,806 6.4

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 7,530 6,344 5,487 3,503 3,220 1,869 3,470 9.2

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 11,617 10,491 9,236 6,846 5,550 3,836 7,514 8.6

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 7,676 7,021 5,961 3,906 3,638 3,365 4,934 6.8

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 7,968 7,530 6,400 4,090 4,235 3,366 5,864 6.7

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 6,776 6,217 5,529 3,633 3,598 3,372 4,700 8.0

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 5,553 5,237 4,684 3,120 3,345 3,486 4,454 8.8

 Over 500,000 ................................ 5,313 5,005 4,425 3,211 2,815 3,598 3,467 9.5

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 7,740 7,519 6,409 3,637 3,588 2,778 6,010 8.2

 Food Sales .................................... 642 609 591 359 218 237 284 15.8

 Food Service ................................ 1,353 1,278 1,004 842 733 501 784 14.3

 Health Care ................................... 2,333 2,328 2,199 1,701 1,782 1,661 2,106 9.7

 Lodging ......................................... 3,618 3,556 3,010 2,444 2,433 1,253 2,520 11.2

 Mercantile and Service ................. 12,728 11,369 10,088 6,664 5,156 4,713 6,335 8.5

 Office ............................................ 10,478 10,395 9,182 7,021 6,867 6,831 9,229 6.5

 Public Assembly ........................... 3,948 3,682 3,226 2,041 1,944 1,663 2,448 11.4

 Public Order and Safety ................ 1,271 1,056 1,021 602 653 371 650 20.7

 Religious Worship ......................... 2,792 2,720 2,397 1,724 1,954 1,166 1,686 12.6

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 8,481 6,261 5,382 3,371 2,424 2,337 3,716 13.3

 Other ............................................. 1,004 967 895 656 606 424 675 24.5

 Vacant ........................................... 2,384 1,450 952 631 518 309 765 17.5

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 3,673 3,275 2,435 1,326 2,134 806 2,430 11.8

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 6,710 5,232 3,801 1,944 2,484 1,513 3,571 11.2

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 9,298 8,561 7,382 4,133 4,085 2,922 5,965 8.8

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 10,858 9,591 8,387 4,829 3,913 3,757 6,504 6.9

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 11,333 10,572 9,678 6,740 5,191 5,540 7,194 6.0

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 12,252 11,607 10,589 9,116 7,507 6,964 8,492 6.9

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 2,590 2,483 2,339 2,098 2,001 1,651 1,732 10.2

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 2,059 1,868 1,745 1,508 1,562 1,093 1,321 12.6

Floors

 One ............................................... 24,552 20,888 18,412 12,718 9,077 8,007 12,524 6.3

 Two ............................................... 14,122 13,317 11,936 8,067 6,920 5,768 8,975 6.1

 Three ............................................ 7,335 6,930 5,810 3,775 4,652 2,785 5,510 9.3

 Four to Nine .................................. 8,789 8,192 7,002 4,780 5,840 4,996 6,976 6.8

 Ten or More .................................. 3,975 3,863 3,195 2,353 2,387 2,689 3,223 9.9

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 11,883 10,464 9,040 5,927 6,442 3,585 7,033 8.8

 Midwest ......................................... 14,322 13,162 11,620 8,467 9,464 5,474 8,698 7.1

 South ............................................ 20,830 18,757 16,743 11,878 8,475 8,976 13,138 6.5

 West .............................................. 11,736 10,806 8,952 5,422 4,495 6,210 8,339 8.6

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 13,885 10,568 8,643 5,737 5,013 2,932 5,326 8.4

 5 to 9 ............................................. 6,291 5,689 4,861 3,423 2,873 1,739 3,420 10.9

 10 to 19 ......................................... 7,102 6,621 5,899 3,939 3,180 2,237 4,582 7.9

 20 to 49 ......................................... 9,132 8,524 7,531 5,414 4,557 3,369 6,605 6.5

 50 to 99 ......................................... 6,931 6,504 5,603 3,688 3,819 3,307 5,025 7.6

 100 to 249 ..................................... 5,988 5,875 5,362 3,485 3,428 3,694 4,779 7.9

 250 or More .................................. 9,443 9,409 8,456 6,008 6,006 6,968 7,472 6.9

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 197
Table BC-43. Building Shell Conservation Features, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Types of Building Shell Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Any

Building

Shell

ConserVation

Features

Roof or

Ceiling

Insulation

Wall

Insulation

Storms

or

Multiple

Glazing

Tinted,

Reflective

or Shading

Glass

Exterior

or Interior

Shadings

or Awnings

0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 6,134 4,482 3,616 2,398 1,889 1,090 1,979 10.2

 40 to 48 ......................................... 13,233 11,977 10,340 6,798 6,484 5,266 8,796 8.1

 49 to 60 ......................................... 12,242 11,170 9,621 7,118 6,051 5,255 8,379 6.4

 61 to 84 ......................................... 10,052 9,590 8,510 5,355 4,830 4,637 6,318 7.6

 85 to 167 ....................................... 6,202 5,560 5,074 3,042 2,740 2,595 3,719 8.9

 Open Continuously ....................... 10,908 10,411 9,194 6,982 6,883 5,402 8,016 6.2

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 46,696 42,074 36,498 26,016 23,322 19,496 28,878 4.4

 Owner Occupied ......................... 35,573 32,739 28,681 20,899 19,243 15,089 22,376 4.6

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 9,697 8,630 7,379 4,823 3,860 4,271 6,194 8.9

 Unoccupied ................................. 1,426 706 439 293 219 137 309 26.3

 Government Owned ...................... 12,076 11,116 9,856 5,678 5,554 4,749 8,330 6.2

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 57,076 52,520 45,886 31,505 28,606 24,184 37,011 3.9

 Natural Gas ................................... 38,145 36,114 31,323 21,272 20,125 16,871 25,919 4.6

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 14,421 13,875 12,325 8,690 9,453 7,670 10,705 6.7

 District Heat .................................. 5,658 5,502 4,820 2,972 3,016 2,876 4,144 9.5

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 2,501 2,215 1,470 1,560 1,692 1,991 11.5

 Propane ........................................ 5,344 5,122 4,474 3,648 3,252 1,835 3,378 13.4

 Other ............................................. 2,336 2,014 1,735 1,204 1,302 878 1,675 15.9

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ...................................... 13,500 12,858 11,636 8,959 6,688 7,118 9,796 7.3

 Natural Gas ................................... 28,808 27,193 23,631 15,840 15,265 12,152 18,696 4.9

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 4,207 3,779 3,164 1,872 2,256 993 2,744 14.1

 District Heat .................................. 5,289 5,132 4,484 2,763 2,755 2,651 3,882 9.4

 Propane ........................................ 1,545 1,497 1,272 1,086 941 468 813 21.8

 Other ............................................. 514 441 321 302 Q Q Q 32.5

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 47,761 45,507 40,331 28,314 25,484 22,022 32,991 4.0

 Natural Gas ................................... 1,314 1,301 1,088 831 836 681 1,112 17.3

 District Chilled Water .................... 2,521 2,501 2,215 1,470 1,560 1,692 1,991 11.5

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 23,056 21,832 19,830 14,748 12,417 11,165 15,461 6.7

 Natural Gas ................................... 24,859 23,753 20,307 13,431 13,186 10,986 17,382 5.0

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 2,151 2,089 1,845 1,016 1,177 548 1,638 16.1

 District Heat .................................. 3,949 3,873 3,418 2,046 2,001 2,033 2,924 11.1

 Propane ........................................ 1,020 992 850 635 540 317 758 20.6

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 12,249 12,003 10,824 7,758 6,895 6,899 8,719 6.9

 Natural Gas ................................... 13,195 12,831 11,257 7,567 7,552 6,749 9,603 5.9

 Propane ........................................ 1,480 1,358 1,142 986 859 477 1,001 21.4

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 54,347 51,383 44,941 31,112 28,454 23,686 36,667 4.0

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 49,935 47,666 42,198 29,545 26,701 23,202 34,641 4.0

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 51,560 49,132 43,107 29,797 27,490 23,268 35,510 4.0

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 20,713 20,126 17,680 12,352 11,768 10,663 15,086 4.8

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 3,893 3,695 3,321 2,272 1,596 1,557 2,726 11.7

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 13,366 13,232 11,939 8,557 8,752 8,385 10,537 6.1

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

198 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-43. Building Shell Conservation Features, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Types of Building Shell Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Any

Building

Shell

ConserVation

Features

Roof or

Ceiling

Insulation

Wall

Insulation

Storms

or

Multiple

Glazing

Tinted,

Reflective

or Shading

Glass

Exterior

or Interior

Shadings

or Awnings

0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 4,425 1,807 1,414 582 422 559 541 23.3

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,227 5,009 3,953 2,612 2,048 2,040 3,348 13.7

 51 to 99 ......................................... 8,868 8,471 7,499 5,494 4,642 4,188 6,279 9.0

 100 ................................................ 39,252 37,903 33,488 23,006 21,765 17,458 27,040 4.1

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 8,837 5,525 4,157 2,148 2,175 1,043 2,567 13.2

 1 to 50 ........................................... 15,027 13,623 11,596 7,053 6,949 4,903 9,387 8.0

 51 to 99 ......................................... 12,549 12,314 10,941 7,915 7,579 6,891 9,573 6.6

 100 ................................................ 22,359 21,729 19,662 14,577 12,173 11,408 15,681 5.2

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 189 Q Q Q Q Q Q 32.2

 1 to 50 ........................................... 6,008 4,875 3,762 2,685 2,553 1,791 3,303 9.8

 51 to 99 ......................................... 9,692 9,178 8,106 5,834 5,066 4,133 7,081 8.1

 100 ................................................ 40,514 37,879 33,635 22,646 20,827 18,148 26,322 4.3

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 2,369 1,196 801 508 419 144 496 19.5

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one

may apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 46,355 46,355 46,355 29,919 25,882 21,522 32,169 4.2

 Wall Insulation .............................. 31,694 31,694 29,919 31,694 20,737 15,475 22,463 4.7

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 28,876 28,876 25,882 20,737 28,876 16,231 22,098 4.4

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 24,245 24,245 21,522 15,475 16,231 24,245 19,355 4.4

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 37,208 37,208 32,169 22,463 22,098 19,355 37,208 4.0

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 13,473 13,373 12,310 9,373 9,347 9,407 10,782 6.3

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 16,550 16,419 14,913 10,897 11,264 10,566 12,904 5.6

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 43,134 41,849 37,489 26,005 24,403 21,177 31,019 4.3

 Other Energy Efficient

 Equipment .................................... 6,453 6,394 5,692 4,156 4,150 4,194 5,059 7.8

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 199
Table BC-44. Reduction in Equipment Use During Off Hours, Number of Buildings

 and Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Off-Hour Equipment Reduction

(more than one may apply)

All

Buildings

Off-Hour Equipment Reduction

(more than one may apply)

Heating Cooling Lighting Heating Cooling Lighting

1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9

All Buildings .................................. 4,579 3,211 2,707 3,753 58,772 38,326 35,605 44,937 4.0

Building Floorspace

(Square Feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 2,399 1,707 1,353 1,975 6,338 4,531 3,582 5,235 5.2

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 1,035 715 622 851 7,530 5,283 4,620 6,242 8.3

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 745 518 474 610 11,617 8,095 7,442 9,499 8.1

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 213 149 143 176 7,676 5,363 5,160 6,356 6.6

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 115 78 73 91 7,968 5,312 5,048 6,266 6.3

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 48 32 30 36 6,776 4,460 4,251 5,051 7.9

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 19 9 9 12 5,553 2,721 2,692 3,436 8.9

 Over 500,000 ................................ 6 3 3 3 5,313 2,561 2,809 2,851 12.1

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 309 278 228 303 7,740 7,059 6,116 7,378 9.0

 Food Sales .................................... 137 69 74 103 642 272 297 442 15.6

 Food Service ................................ 285 246 240 272 1,353 1,055 1,057 1,225 12.0

 Health Care ................................... 105 68 68 80 2,333 516 534 600 19.3

 Lodging ......................................... 158 20 14 15 3,618 225 209 234 27.5

 Mercantile and Service ................. 1,289 1,060 809 1,186 12,728 10,118 9,399 11,525 7.8

 Office ............................................ 705 580 574 662 10,478 7,758 7,881 8,945 7.2

 Public Assembly ........................... 326 259 203 311 3,948 2,892 2,482 3,385 12.0

 Public Order and Safety ................ 87 44 7 54 1,271 463 247 628 27.7

 Religious Worship ......................... 269 239 195 242 2,792 2,578 2,228 2,605 11.9

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 580 277 230 418 8,481 4,583 4,336 6,666 13.0

 Other ............................................. 67 19 25 51 1,004 384 410 757 27.5

 Vacant ........................................... 261 52 41 56 2,384 423 410 548 20.3

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 353 256 222 297 3,673 2,497 2,187 2,991 13.2

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 562 371 278 439 6,710 4,158 3,547 4,898 9.8

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 867 652 527 729 9,298 6,632 5,759 7,599 8.3

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 718 513 397 591 10,858 6,680 6,105 8,052 8.2

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 813 572 552 700 11,333 7,537 7,542 8,760 6.7

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 846 606 536 674 12,252 7,954 7,819 9,248 8.0

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 218 149 120 180 2,590 1,749 1,621 1,984 12.8

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 202 92 76 143 2,059 1,119 1,024 1,404 18.6

Floors

 One ............................................... 3,018 2,088 1,731 2,472 24,552 16,656 15,123 20,143 5.4

 Two ............................................... 1,002 745 625 826 14,122 9,902 9,198 11,389 6.2

 Three ............................................ 399 297 264 349 7,335 5,297 4,866 6,062 10.0

 Four to Nine .................................. 148 74 80 99 8,789 4,478 4,402 5,273 11.5

 Ten or More .................................. 12 7 7 7 3,975 1,992 2,015 2,070 14.9

Census Region

 Northeast ...................................... 725 541 369 603 11,883 7,907 6,730 8,675 9.9

 Midwest ......................................... 1,139 769 629 938 14,322 9,066 8,142 11,152 8.2

 South ............................................ 1,750 1,230 1,142 1,424 20,830 13,370 13,423 15,899 5.9

 West .............................................. 964 671 567 788 11,736 7,983 7,310 9,211 9.8

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 2,505 1,590 1,219 1,890 13,885 8,134 6,484 9,874 7.0

 5 to 9 ............................................. 798 640 570 735 6,291 4,759 4,270 5,472 9.2

 10 to 19 ......................................... 625 527 480 573 7,102 5,562 5,250 6,277 8.1

 20 to 49 ......................................... 400 279 265 351 9,132 6,343 6,013 7,631 7.7

 50 to 99 ......................................... 138 98 98 118 6,931 4,582 4,316 5,493 8.5

 100 to 249 ..................................... 71 47 48 55 5,988 3,893 3,971 4,499 8.2

 250 or More .................................. 43 29 28 32 9,443 5,054 5,301 5,690 12.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

200 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-44. Reduction in Equipment Use During Off Hours, Number of Buildings

 and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Off-Hour Equipment Reduction

(more than one may apply)

All

Buildings

Off-Hour Equipment Reduction

(more than one may apply)

Heating Cooling Lighting Heating Cooling Lighting

1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 899 517 345 654 6,134 3,340 2,448 4,123 10.3

 40 to 48 ......................................... 1,257 1,093 954 1,229 13,233 11,083 10,156 12,953 6.6

 49 to 60 ......................................... 969 824 725 924 12,242 10,592 10,068 11,939 7.2

 61 to 84 ......................................... 567 474 396 555 10,052 8,293 8,063 9,951 8.0

 85 to 167 ....................................... 420 303 286 391 6,202 5,017 4,871 5,970 7.9

 Open Continuously ....................... 466 -- -- -- 10,908 -- -- -- 8.6

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 4,025 2,846 2,438 3,307 46,696 30,267 28,437 35,675 4.4

 Owner Occupied ......................... 3,158 2,292 1,932 2,669 35,573 22,943 21,348 27,042 4.7

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 698 539 498 630 9,697 7,235 7,017 8,557 8.8

 Unoccupied ................................. 170 Q Q Q 1,426 Q Q Q 22.4

 Government Owned ...................... 553 365 269 446 12,076 8,059 7,168 9,262 7.2

Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,343 3,200 2,706 3,753 57,076 38,172 35,500 44,937 4.0

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,478 1,973 1,729 2,165 38,145 26,496 24,583 29,458 4.7

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 607 467 280 508 14,421 8,558 7,639 9,550 9.8

 District Heat .................................. 110 62 58 77 5,658 2,748 2,610 3,306 15.8

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 38 38 41 2,521 1,454 1,482 1,595 21.3

 Propane ........................................ 589 470 337 507 5,344 4,049 3,317 4,362 13.6

 Other ............................................. 213 160 88 184 2,336 1,752 1,485 1,870 17.6

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ...................................... 1,007 755 687 862 13,500 9,286 9,182 10,796 8.9

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,106 1,732 1,530 1,884 28,808 21,051 19,368 23,170 5.0

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 439 355 201 381 4,207 3,292 2,405 3,484 14.1

 District Heat .................................. 107 60 56 75 5,289 2,619 2,464 3,160 16.1

 Propane ........................................ 260 219 142 229 1,545 1,341 982 1,378 19.2

 Other ............................................. 61 54 Q 55 514 462 Q 474 30.2

Cooling Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 3,293 2,566 2,642 2,898 47,761 33,066 34,193 37,851 4.0

 Natural Gas ................................... 65 57 58 59 1,314 763 794 865 21.5

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 38 38 41 2,521 1,454 1,482 1,595 21.3

Cooking Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 487 386 337 433 12,249 8,043 7,885 8,985 8.0

 Natural Gas ................................... 448 333 309 375 13,195 8,048 7,515 8,731 7.8

 Propane ........................................ 123 101 90 114 1,480 1,177 1,020 1,232 20.5

Energy End Uses (more

than one may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ....... 4,024 3,211 2,654 3,522 54,347 38,326 34,890 42,747 4.2

 Buildings with Cooling ................... 3,381 2,630 2,707 2,964 49,935 34,434 35,605 39,237 4.0

 Buildings with Water Heating ........ 3,486 2,702 2,343 3,021 51,560 35,438 33,195 40,160 4.3

 Buildings with Cooking .................. 828 635 569 716 20,713 13,458 12,781 14,863 5.6

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........ 204 133 124 186 3,893 2,576 2,501 3,153 14.0

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ................................... 247 136 106 160 13,366 6,910 6,969 7,919 10.8

Percent of Floorspace

Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 554 -- 53 231 4,425 -- 716 2,189 18.7

 1 to 50 ........................................... 555 452 334 491 6,227 4,883 4,186 5,268 11.7

 51 to 99 ......................................... 633 488 414 540 8,868 5,972 5,640 6,754 9.9

 100 ................................................ 2,836 2,271 1,907 2,491 39,252 27,471 25,064 30,725 4.3

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 201
Table BC-44. Reduction in Equipment Use During Off Hours, Number of Buildings

 and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Off-Hour Equipment Reduction

(more than one may apply)

All

Buildings

Off-Hour Equipment Reduction

(more than one may apply)

Heating Cooling Lighting Heating Cooling Lighting

1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9

Percent of Floorspace

Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 1,198 581 -- 789 8,837 3,892 -- 5,700 11.6

 1 to 50 ........................................... 930 768 804 860 15,027 11,407 11,744 12,876 7.7

 51 to 99 ......................................... 635 469 471 531 12,549 8,027 8,321 9,058 7.5

 100 ................................................ 1,816 1,393 1,433 1,572 22,359 15,000 15,540 17,303 5.0

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. 36 Q Q -- 189 Q Q -- 37.2

 1 to 50 ........................................... 666 458 407 561 6,008 4,169 3,850 5,052 9.6

 51 to 99 ......................................... 745 614 503 677 9,692 7,073 6,339 8,017 9.7

 100 ................................................ 2,814 2,121 1,795 2,515 40,514 26,896 25,291 31,867 4.7

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 Q Q -- 2,369 Q Q -- 18.0

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 1,644 1,330 1,005 1,620 13,101 10,600 8,918 12,947 7.8

 1 to 50 ........................................... 2,109 1,806 1,640 2,083 30,711 26,033 25,054 30,513 4.7

 51 to 100 ....................................... 87 64 61 50 1,914 1,534 1,524 1,477 19.7

 Never Closed ................................ 421 -- -- -- 10,677 -- -- -- 8.3

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 318 Q Q -- 2,369 Q Q -- 18.0

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 394 286 286 350 5,843 3,544 3,608 4,348 8.3

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,676 1,442 1,121 1,511 14,923 11,429 9,871 12,420 6.9

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,188 955 711 1,018 16,809 11,642 10,422 12,996 8.0

 District Heat .................................. 115 65 61 81 5,911 2,890 2,684 3,456 15.5

 Boilers ........................................... 610 433 333 484 16,754 11,213 10,137 12,354 7.1

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,031 818 807 904 16,893 11,739 11,643 13,279 6.2

 Other ............................................. 161 122 92 150 6,249 4,135 3,906 4,444 16.1

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central

 Air Conditioners ........................... 878 708 720 790 9,238 6,403 6,598 7,189 7.2

 Heat Pumps .................................. 457 330 330 392 6,931 4,277 4,372 5,115 7.9

 Individual Air Conditioners ............ 862 648 690 726 12,494 7,812 8,204 8,828 7.1

 District Chilled Water .................... 53 38 38 41 2,521 1,454 1,482 1,595 21.3

 Central Chillers ............................. 109 66 68 79 11,065 6,226 6,477 7,092 9.5

 Packaged Air Conditioning

 Units ............................................. 1,431 1,122 1,152 1,244 26,628 18,360 18,870 20,799 5.6

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 186 153 154 165 2,451 1,569 1,599 1,706 20.9

 Other ............................................. 18 13 13 12 949 612 602 601 19.6

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 2,479 1,886 1,674 2,160 35,715 23,405 22,292 27,345 4.5

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 3,885 2,987 2,546 3,464 53,984 37,086 34,745 43,074 4.0

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 364 253 248 289 14,273 8,648 8,639 9,705 9.2

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 393 290 254 337 16,259 10,305 9,685 11,851 8.3

 Halogen ........................................ 302 226 217 244 9,665 6,062 6,133 6,767 10.0

 Other ............................................. 30 Q Q Q 554 Q Q Q 46.2

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features .......... 4,075 3,068 2,613 3,502 55,288 37,396 34,804 43,066 4.0

 Building Shell ................................ 3,906 2,949 2,536 3,342 53,190 36,006 33,692 41,174 4.1

 HVAC ............................................ 2,529 1,978 1,736 2,186 44,657 30,509 28,838 34,326 4.8

 Lighting ......................................... 2,084 1,590 1,351 1,855 38,537 25,770 24,224 29,856 4.8

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

202 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table BC-44. Reduction in Equipment Use During Off Hours, Number of Buildings

 and Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

All

Buildings

Off-Hour Equipment Reduction

(more than one may apply)

All

Buildings

Off-Hour Equipment Reduction

(more than one may apply)

Heating Cooling Lighting Heating Cooling Lighting

1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 3,211 3,211 2,597 3,168 38,326 38,326 33,968 37,919 4.3

 Cooling .......................................... 2,707 2,597 2,707 2,681 35,605 33,968 35,605 35,259 4.2

 Lighting ......................................... 3,753 3,168 2,681 3,753 44,937 37,919 35,259 44,937 4.2

-- = Data not applicable.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or fewer than 20 buildings were sampled.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the cell’s corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Form EIA-871A of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 203
Energy Consumption and Expenditures Tables

(CE-1 through CE-31)
Table CE-1. Total Energy Consumption by Major Fuel, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings

Total Energy Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Primary

Electricity

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total of

Major

Fuels

Site

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat

0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.9 2.5 0.8

All Buildings ...................................... 4,579 58,772 5,321 2,608 1,946 235 533 7,873 5.74

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 2,399 6,338 708 380 264 44 Q 1,148 9.50

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 1,035 7,530 624 238 272 26 Q 718 14.90

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 745 11,617 824 384 356 45 38 1,161 12.29

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 213 7,676 630 316 231 28 55 954 9.79

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 115 7,968 698 363 243 31 60 1,097 10.41

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 48 6,776 687 337 244 21 84 1,017 11.84

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 19 5,553 636 307 211 25 94 927 13.65

 Over 500,000 .................................... 6 5,313 514 282 125 14 93 852 14.56

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 309 7,740 614 221 245 57 91 666 10.34

 Food Sales ........................................ 137 642 137 119 18 Q Q 358 20.58

 Food Service .................................... 285 1,353 332 166 158 Q Q 502 20.94

 Health Care ....................................... 105 2,333 561 211 258 21 70 637 13.78

 Lodging ............................................. 158 3,618 461 187 213 Q 57 565 13.83

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 1,289 12,728 973 508 395 49 Q 1,533 12.33

 Office ................................................. 705 10,478 1,019 676 239 28 75 2,039 11.11

 Public Assembly ................................ 326 3,948 449 170 142 14 Q 514 17.28

 Public Order and Safety .................... 87 1,271 124 49 33 Q Q 148 30.10

 Religious Worship ............................. 269 2,792 104 33 57 13 Q 99 13.80

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 580 8,481 325 176 106 10 Q 531 16.23

 Other ................................................. 67 1,004 173 75 55 Q Q 228 32.41

 Vacant ............................................... 261 2,384 51 18 26 5 Q 54 25.95

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 353 3,673 292 99 135 26 31 300 17.69

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 562 6,710 508 173 210 40 85 523 13.02

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 867 9,298 826 325 391 54 57 980 13.05

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 718 10,858 1,024 472 375 53 124 1,424 10.20

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 813 11,333 1,125 615 393 28 89 1,856 9.79

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 846 12,252 1,059 648 288 23 Q 1,955 10.82

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 218 2,590 297 163 100 2 Q 492 20.61

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 202 2,059 190 113 54 8 Q 343 21.77

Floors

 One ................................................... 3,018 24,552 1,846 980 654 78 Q 2,958 8.58

 Two ................................................... 1,002 14,122 1,122 549 481 54 38 1,656 10.13

 Three ................................................. 399 7,335 675 283 284 43 65 853 12.15

 Four to Nine ...................................... 148 8,789 1,229 552 411 49 217 1,667 11.39

 Ten or More ....................................... 12 3,975 451 244 117 11 79 738 14.00

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 725 11,883 1,035 436 297 168 135 1,317 10.17

 New England ................................... 204 3,140 274 99 74 79 23 297 16.09

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 521 8,743 761 338 223 88 112 1,020 12.10

 Midwest ............................................. 1,139 14,322 1,497 558 750 16 173 1,684 11.18

 East North Central ........................... 739 9,655 987 356 505 Q 114 1,074 11.65

 West North Central .......................... 401 4,668 510 202 244 4 60 610 20.49

 South ................................................. 1,750 20,830 1,684 1,027 528 45 83 3,101 10.43

 South Atlantic .................................. 676 9,475 772 487 197 37 Q 1,471 13.96

 East South Central .......................... 477 4,917 417 238 164 Q Q 718 18.42

 West South Central ......................... 597 6,438 494 302 167 Q Q 911 13.93

 West .................................................. 964 11,736 1,106 587 371 7 Q 1,772 13.72

 Mountain ......................................... 319 3,855 429 182 150 Q Q 549 24.32

 Pacific .............................................. 646 7,881 677 405 221 Q Q 1,223 13.82

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

206 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-1. Total Energy Consumption by Major Fuel, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings

Total Energy Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Primary

Electricity

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total of

Major

Fuels

Site

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat

0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.9 2.5 0.8

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 493 5,098 499 178 240 51 29 539 17.43

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 975 14,597 1,591 571 692 69 259 1,725 11.14

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 1,070 15,155 1,407 700 452 101 154 2,112 13.53

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 1,103 13,491 1,078 648 372 Q Q 1,955 14.28

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 937 10,430 746 511 191 5 Q 1,543 16.34

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 2,505 13,885 789 327 298 59 Q 988 10.50

 5 to 9 ................................................. 798 6,291 509 224 244 22 Q 676 14.70

 10 to 19 ............................................. 625 7,102 614 293 269 33 Q 884 14.71

 20 to 49 ............................................. 400 9,132 868 422 343 38 66 1,273 9.77

 50 to 99 ............................................. 138 6,931 630 310 218 28 74 935 10.74

 100 to 249 ......................................... 71 5,988 649 333 222 28 66 1,007 12.50

 250 or More ....................................... 43 9,443 1,262 699 352 28 183 2,111 12.22

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 899 6,134 180 61 92 20 Q 185 15.33

 40 to 48 ............................................. 1,257 13,233 879 403 365 42 69 1,217 11.51

 49 to 60 ............................................. 969 12,242 937 497 301 58 81 1,501 12.12

 61 to 84 ............................................. 567 10,052 796 435 279 37 44 1,313 10.99

 85 to 167 ........................................... 420 6,202 831 435 243 24 Q 1,312 12.57

 Open Continuously ............................ 466 10,908 1,698 777 665 53 203 2,345 10.17

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 4,025 46,696 3,950 2,018 1,472 166 295 6,091 6.95

 Owner Occupied ............................. 3,158 35,573 3,287 1,609 1,245 150 283 4,858 7.38

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 698 9,697 647 403 218 15 Q 1,216 12.61

 Unoccupied ..................................... 170 1,426 16 6 Q Q Q 17 43.05

 Government Owned .......................... 553 12,076 1,372 590 474 69 238 1,782 10.73

 Federal ............................................ 76 1,752 266 143 42 6 75 431 30.44

 State ................................................ 99 2,851 438 191 121 13 113 577 20.68

 Local ................................................ 379 7,473 668 256 311 51 Q 774 13.40

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 787 15,844 1,120 595 409 32 84 1,795 10.79

 No ...................................................... 3,791 42,928 4,202 2,013 1,537 203 449 6,078 6.40

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 4,343 57,076 5,312 2,608 1,938 234 532 7,873 5.91

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,478 38,145 3,931 1,704 1,946 86 194 5,145 6.93

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 607 14,421 1,732 778 556 235 163 2,350 9.77

 District Heat ....................................... 110 5,658 1,051 364 146 9 533 1,100 20.78

 District Chilled Water ......................... 53 2,521 542 188 101 2 250 567 21.78

 Propane ............................................. 589 5,344 392 224 90 65 Q 676 15.59

 Other ................................................. 213 2,336 259 83 64 13 Q 251 25.55

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 4,024 54,347 5,247 2,543 1,937 234 532 7,679 5.81

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 3,381 49,935 4,923 2,473 1,782 179 488 7,467 6.09

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 3,486 51,560 5,090 2,495 1,878 222 496 7,533 5.86

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 828 20,713 2,506 1,244 975 105 181 3,757 7.13

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 204 3,893 307 157 111 15 Q 474 19.50

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ....................................... 247 13,366 1,705 859 577 81 188 2,593 9.06

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 207
Table CE-1. Total Energy Consumption by Major Fuel, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings

Total Energy Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Primary

Electricity

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total of

Major

Fuels

Site

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat

0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.9 2.5 0.8

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 1,467 22,156 1,908 1,223 555 52 78 3,692 9.87

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,211 31,535 3,095 1,334 1,685 30 47 4,026 7.45

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 504 6,606 722 263 205 220 Q 794 16.49

 District Heat ....................................... 109 5,606 1,036 361 136 9 530 1,090 15.45

 Propane ............................................. 301 2,025 129 92 23 Q Q 279 26.51

 Other ................................................. 135 1,050 77 33 30 Q Q 101 26.86

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 1,007 13,500 1,006 810 176 10 Q 2,445 12.81

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,106 28,808 2,839 1,196 1,614 15 Q 3,611 7.21

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 439 4,207 305 92 16 196 Q 279 17.76

 District Heat ....................................... 107 5,289 977 344 118 7 508 1,040 15.96

 Propane ............................................. 260 1,545 71 65 Q Q Q 197 31.76

 Other ................................................. 61 514 16 11 Q Q Q 34 40.97

Cooling Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 3,293 47,761 4,532 2,344 1,703 176 309 7,077 5.88

 Natural Gas ....................................... 65 1,314 220 82 116 5 Q 247 30.00

 District Chilled Water ......................... 53 2,521 542 188 101 2 250 567 21.78

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 1,684 23,056 1,657 1,138 359 77 83 3,434 9.33

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,577 24,859 2,769 1,160 1,513 47 49 3,502 7.65

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 120 2,151 203 55 29 112 Q 167 20.90

 District Heat ....................................... 54 3,949 762 251 99 5 406 757 16.23

 Propane ............................................. 110 1,020 75 61 Q Q Q 184 32.96

Cooking Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 487 12,249 1,496 830 506 48 112 2,507 9.83

 Natural Gas ....................................... 448 13,195 1,698 742 801 51 103 2,241 8.92

 Propane ............................................. 123 1,480 125 92 Q 30 Q 278 27.56

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 554 4,425 74 64 Q Q Q 194 21.27

 1 to 50 ............................................... 555 6,227 247 145 86 13 Q 437 15.45

 51 to 99 ............................................. 633 8,868 805 440 281 43 41 1,329 14.41

 100 .................................................... 2,836 39,252 4,195 1,959 1,570 178 488 5,913 6.03

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 1,198 8,837 399 135 163 56 45 406 15.17

 1 to 50 ............................................... 930 15,027 1,044 358 515 90 80 1,082 11.31

 51 to 99 ............................................. 635 12,549 1,360 727 463 45 125 2,194 9.72

 100 .................................................... 1,816 22,359 2,519 1,388 804 44 282 4,191 8.97

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... 36 189 Q Q Q Q Q Q 50.54

 1 to 50 ............................................... 666 6,008 308 125 136 33 Q 376 13.59

 51 to 99 ............................................. 745 9,692 884 412 345 47 80 1,243 11.17

 100 .................................................... 2,814 40,514 4,103 2,066 1,448 152 437 6,236 6.87

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 318 2,369 26 Q Q Q Q Q 29.12

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

208 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-1. Total Energy Consumption by Major Fuel, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings

Total Energy Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Primary

Electricity

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total of

Major

Fuels

Site

Electricity

Natural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat

0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.9 2.5 0.8

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 1,644 13,101 753 340 302 47 Q 1,025 11.77

 1 to 50 ............................................... 2,109 30,711 2,639 1,346 909 127 257 4,063 8.02

 51 to 100 ........................................... 87 1,914 208 141 56 Q Q 425 29.20

 Never Closed .................................... 421 10,677 1,696 776 663 53 203 2,344 10.86

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 318 2,369 26 Q Q Q Q Q 34.46

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features ............... 4,075 55,288 5,260 2,569 1,927 232 532 7,755 5.82

 Building Shell .................................... 3,906 53,190 5,135 2,512 1,883 219 520 7,584 5.99

 HVAC ................................................ 2,529 44,657 4,621 2,273 1,629 212 508 6,861 6.18

 Lighting .............................................. 2,084 38,537 4,012 2,017 1,454 167 374 6,091 6.02

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Site electricity is the amount of electricity delivered to commercial buildings. Primary electricity, which

is not included in the "Total of Major Fuels" category, is site electricity plus the conversion losses in the electric generation process at the utility plant. • Statistics

for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • HVAC = Heating,

Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 209
Table CE-2. Total Energy Expenditures by Major Fuel, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings

Total Energy Expenditures

(million dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total of

Major

Fuels

ElectricityNatural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat

0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.0 2.0 2.4

All Buildings ...................................... 4,579 58,772 69,918 56,621 9,018 1,175 3,103 5.62

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 2,399 6,338 11,577 9,696 1,483 275 Q 9.81

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 1,035 7,530 8,063 6,055 1,439 153 Q 13.81

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 745 11,617 11,099 8,911 1,775 239 174 12.24

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 213 7,676 8,676 7,005 1,159 129 383 10.13

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 115 7,968 8,824 7,194 1,091 140 400 10.58

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 48 6,776 7,859 6,283 958 88 530 11.93

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 19 5,553 7,291 5,908 729 97 557 13.13

 Over 500,000 .................................... 6 5,313 6,530 5,568 385 56 521 15.34

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 309 7,740 7,129 5,168 1,117 249 595 11.60

 Food Sales ........................................ 137 642 2,634 2,532 97 Q Q 22.57

 Food Service .................................... 285 1,353 4,817 3,931 851 Q Q 21.82

 Health Care ....................................... 105 2,333 5,261 3,901 838 94 428 14.73

 Lodging ............................................. 158 3,618 5,114 3,838 966 Q 291 14.89

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 1,289 12,728 14,025 11,655 1,979 265 Q 12.05

 Office ................................................. 705 10,478 15,849 14,020 1,150 154 524 10.97

 Public Assembly ................................ 326 3,948 4,988 3,604 675 75 Q 16.42

 Public Order and Safety .................... 87 1,271 1,551 1,131 167 Q Q 31.80

 Religious Worship ............................. 269 2,792 1,337 953 303 69 Q 14.80

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 580 8,481 4,709 3,934 559 56 Q 17.57

 Other ................................................. 67 1,004 1,865 1,473 197 Q Q 34.95

 Vacant ............................................... 261 2,384 638 481 119 25 Q 24.91

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 353 3,673 3,310 2,290 655 127 238 16.15

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 562 6,710 5,665 4,012 966 192 495 13.37

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 867 9,298 9,813 7,395 1,796 294 328 12.19

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 718 10,858 13,135 10,405 1,750 259 721 11.07

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 813 11,333 15,366 13,005 1,695 134 532 9.67

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 846 12,252 15,895 13,844 1,397 118 Q 10.71

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 218 2,590 4,011 3,318 510 11 Q 19.80

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 202 2,059 2,722 2,353 249 39 Q 24.21

Floors

 One ................................................... 3,018 24,552 27,099 22,624 3,353 423 Q 8.16

 Two ................................................... 1,002 14,122 15,409 12,510 2,389 276 234 10.11

 Three ................................................. 399 7,335 8,027 6,133 1,324 212 359 13.62

 Four to Nine ...................................... 148 8,789 13,245 10,234 1,548 220 1,244 10.65

 Ten or More ....................................... 12 3,975 6,137 5,121 404 44 569 15.53

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 725 11,883 16,479 13,059 1,739 818 863 10.80

 New England ................................... 204 3,140 4,019 3,082 432 374 131 16.78

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 521 8,743 12,460 9,978 1,307 444 732 13.07

 Midwest ............................................. 1,139 14,322 15,076 10,946 2,947 84 1,100 11.36

 East North Central ........................... 739 9,655 10,141 7,360 2,043 Q 677 11.85

 West North Central .......................... 401 4,668 4,935 3,586 903 Q 423 19.37

 South ................................................. 1,750 20,830 22,211 19,009 2,560 240 402 10.44

 South Atlantic .................................. 676 9,475 10,922 9,502 1,009 196 215 15.63

 East South Central .......................... 477 4,917 4,854 3,979 792 Q Q 17.64

 West South Central ......................... 597 6,438 6,435 5,527 759 Q Q 13.22

 West .................................................. 964 11,736 16,152 13,607 1,772 34 Q 13.28

 Mountain ......................................... 319 3,855 4,415 3,390 585 Q Q 25.93

 Pacific .............................................. 646 7,881 11,737 10,217 1,188 Q Q 14.21

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

210 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-2. Total Energy Expenditures by Major Fuel, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings

Total Energy Expenditures

(million dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total of

Major

Fuels

ElectricityNatural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat

0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.0 2.0 2.4

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 493 5,098 4,975 3,600 952 241 183 18.43

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 975 14,597 17,822 13,123 2,907 349 1,443 10.43

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 1,070 15,155 18,783 15,057 2,214 511 1,001 13.65

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 1,103 13,491 16,823 14,479 2,012 Q Q 14.73

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 937 10,430 11,515 10,363 933 Q 192 15.84

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 2,505 13,885 10,958 8,510 1,620 338 Q 10.06

 5 to 9 ................................................. 798 6,291 6,939 5,478 1,198 129 Q 14.62

 10 to 19 ............................................. 625 7,102 8,410 6,712 1,364 179 Q 14.40

 20 to 49 ............................................. 400 9,132 11,781 9,480 1,729 181 391 10.15

 50 to 99 ............................................. 138 6,931 8,140 6,595 985 114 445 10.88

 100 to 249 ......................................... 71 5,988 8,107 6,668 930 117 391 11.98

 250 or More ....................................... 43 9,443 15,584 13,177 1,192 117 1,098 11.90

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 899 6,134 2,400 1,728 498 112 Q 15.72

 40 to 48 ............................................. 1,257 13,233 11,831 9,435 1,790 226 380 10.76

 49 to 60 ............................................. 969 12,242 13,167 10,912 1,466 300 489 11.46

 61 to 84 ............................................. 567 10,052 11,698 9,807 1,410 184 296 11.68

 85 to 167 ........................................... 420 6,202 11,593 9,608 1,215 107 Q 13.19

 Open Continuously ............................ 466 10,908 19,230 15,131 2,638 245 1,215 10.18

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 4,025 46,696 54,483 44,825 7,065 863 1,730 6.86

 Owner Occupied ............................. 3,158 35,573 43,122 34,878 5,825 781 1,638 7.22

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 698 9,697 11,131 9,768 1,201 78 Q 13.10

 Unoccupied ..................................... 170 1,426 230 179 Q Q Q 41.79

 Government Owned .......................... 553 12,076 15,435 11,796 1,953 312 1,374 9.83

 Federal ............................................ 76 1,752 3,026 2,493 166 27 341 27.95

 State ................................................ 99 2,851 4,799 3,610 454 60 676 20.78

 Local ................................................ 379 7,473 7,609 5,694 1,334 225 Q 13.04

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 787 15,844 15,193 12,715 1,765 159 554 10.73

 No ...................................................... 3,791 42,928 54,725 43,906 7,253 1,017 2,550 6.45

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 4,343 57,076 69,876 56,621 8,987 1,167 3,100 5.74

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,478 38,145 48,011 37,320 9,018 396 1,277 7.31

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 607 14,421 20,194 15,850 2,099 1,175 1,069 10.17

 District Heat ....................................... 110 5,658 10,584 6,957 486 38 3,103 20.92

 District Chilled Water ......................... 53 2,521 5,074 3,344 327 11 1,393 21.58

 Propane ............................................. 589 5,344 6,153 5,323 425 323 Q 15.53

 Other ................................................. 213 2,336 2,710 1,878 272 70 Q 23.95

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 4,024 54,347 68,085 54,844 8,972 1,167 3,102 5.68

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 3,381 49,935 65,100 53,201 8,189 876 2,835 5.97

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 3,486 51,560 66,466 53,846 8,650 1,096 2,874 5.77

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 828 20,713 31,611 25,825 4,216 481 1,088 7.19

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 204 3,893 4,028 3,252 528 65 Q 19.20

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ....................................... 247 13,366 20,828 16,911 2,246 369 1,302 9.70

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 211
Table CE-2. Total Energy Expenditures by Major Fuel, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings

Total Energy Expenditures

(million dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total of

Major

Fuels

ElectricityNatural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat

0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.0 2.0 2.4

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 1,467 22,156 28,336 25,058 2,579 257 442 10.03

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,211 31,535 37,864 29,646 7,770 137 Q 6.68

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 504 6,606 8,043 6,000 728 1,096 Q 16.27

 District Heat ....................................... 109 5,606 10,491 6,904 465 38 3,084 15.88

 Propane ............................................. 301 2,025 2,451 2,280 96 Q Q 29.22

 Other ................................................. 135 1,050 960 768 121 Q Q 29.94

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 1,007 13,500 17,325 16,279 979 47 Q 13.58

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,106 28,808 34,272 26,667 7,437 73 Q 7.17

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 439 4,207 3,922 2,827 111 983 Q 18.09

 District Heat ....................................... 107 5,289 9,987 6,573 400 30 2,984 16.38

 Propane ............................................. 260 1,545 1,766 1,738 Q Q Q 34.12

 Other ................................................. 61 514 278 248 Q Q Q 43.55

Cooling Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 3,293 47,761 61,379 50,797 7,868 863 1,850 5.77

 Natural Gas ....................................... 65 1,314 2,328 1,738 462 22 Q 26.81

 District Chilled Water ......................... 53 2,521 5,074 3,344 327 11 1,393 21.58

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 1,684 23,056 26,839 24,101 1,883 409 447 9.10

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,577 24,859 32,683 25,261 6,849 210 364 8.33

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 120 2,151 2,329 1,622 139 534 Q 21.48

 District Heat ....................................... 54 3,949 7,545 4,913 329 23 2,279 17.45

 Propane ............................................. 110 1,020 1,584 1,519 Q Q Q 36.44

Cooking Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 487 12,249 19,314 16,338 2,105 208 664 9.87

 Natural Gas ....................................... 448 13,195 20,182 15,828 3,495 235 623 9.15

 Propane ............................................. 123 1,480 2,450 2,293 Q 142 Q 28.74

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 554 4,425 1,833 1,777 Q Q Q 20.88

 1 to 50 ............................................... 555 6,227 4,024 3,456 469 79 Q 16.14

 51 to 99 ............................................. 633 8,868 11,724 9,760 1,461 219 285 13.21

 100 .................................................... 2,836 39,252 52,337 41,628 7,042 868 2,798 5.91

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 1,198 8,837 4,818 3,421 829 299 269 14.53

 1 to 50 ............................................... 930 15,027 11,919 8,642 2,410 418 450 11.50

 51 to 99 ............................................. 635 12,549 18,400 15,196 2,121 224 859 9.92

 100 .................................................... 1,816 22,359 34,781 29,363 3,658 234 1,526 8.81

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... 36 189 Q Q Q Q Q 50.88

 1 to 50 ............................................... 666 6,008 4,252 3,274 724 176 Q 15.06

 51 to 99 ............................................. 745 9,692 11,682 9,346 1,597 234 505 12.03

 100 .................................................... 2,814 40,514 53,711 43,826 6,627 745 2,513 6.75

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 318 2,369 246 149 Q Q Q 29.14

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

212 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-2. Total Energy Expenditures by Major Fuel, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings

Total Energy Expenditures

(million dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total of

Major

Fuels

ElectricityNatural

Gas Fuel Oil

District

Heat

0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.0 2.0 2.4

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 1,644 13,101 10,364 8,176 1,546 247 Q 11.77

 1 to 50 ............................................... 2,109 30,711 37,023 30,461 4,478 638 1,447 7.82

 51 to 100 ........................................... 87 1,914 3,077 2,715 298 Q Q 26.83

 Never Closed .................................... 421 10,677 19,207 15,121 2,627 245 1,215 10.66

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 318 2,369 246 149 Q Q Q 32.30

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features ............... 4,075 55,288 68,728 55,553 8,918 1,159 3,097 5.70

 Building Shell .................................... 3,906 53,190 66,909 54,093 8,689 1,088 3,039 5.85

 HVAC ................................................ 2,529 44,657 59,844 48,480 7,409 1,040 2,915 6.06

 Lighting .............................................. 2,084 38,537 52,428 42,834 6,565 799 2,231 5.86

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not

consumption for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • HVAC = Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 213
Table CE-3. Consumption for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Sum of Major Fuel Consumption

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per

Building

(thousand

square

feet)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

per

Building

(million

Btu)

per

Square Foot

(thousand

Btu)

per

Worker

(million

Btu)

1.0 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2

All Buildings ...................................... 4,579 58,772 12.8 5,321 1,162 90.5 69.3 3.83

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 2,399 6,338 2.6 708 295 111.7 66.9 5.64

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 1,035 7,530 7.3 624 603 82.8 82.2 9.63

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 745 11,617 15.6 824 1,106 70.9 63.6 7.20

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 213 7,676 36.1 630 2,961 82.0 61.7 4.59

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 115 7,968 69.3 698 6,070 87.6 71.7 4.97

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 48 6,776 140.9 687 14,281 101.4 80.9 6.69

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 19 5,553 294.9 636 33,800 114.6 83.7 6.82

 Over 500,000 .................................... 6 5,313 896.4 514 86,763 96.8 53.5 9.30

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 309 7,740 25.1 614 1,986 79.3 60.8 8.14

 Food Sales ........................................ 137 642 4.7 137 1,002 213.5 210.1 12.31

 Food Service .................................... 285 1,353 4.8 332 1,167 245.5 141.8 12.14

 Health Care ....................................... 105 2,333 22.2 561 5,342 240.4 125.1 12.68

 Lodging ............................................. 158 3,618 22.8 461 2,908 127.3 167.7 10.65

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 1,289 12,728 9.9 973 755 76.4 72.3 8.49

 Office ................................................. 705 10,478 14.9 1,019 1,445 97.2 37.7 7.56

 Public Assembly ................................ 326 3,948 12.1 449 1,376 113.7 149.8 16.05

 Public Order and Safety .................... 87 1,271 14.6 124 1,416 97.2 72.5 21.19

 Religious Worship ............................. 269 2,792 10.4 104 387 37.4 Q 11.35

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 580 8,481 14.6 325 560 38.3 66.2 11.36

 Other ................................................. 67 1,004 14.9 173 2,566 172.2 93.7 24.28

 Vacant ............................................... 261 2,384 9.1 51 196 21.5 80.1 21.29

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 353 3,673 10.4 292 827 79.4 79.7 12.74

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 562 6,710 11.9 508 905 75.7 69.1 9.74

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 867 9,298 10.7 826 953 88.9 80.9 8.69

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 718 10,858 15.1 1,024 1,425 94.3 71.2 7.38

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 813 11,333 13.9 1,125 1,384 99.3 74.8 7.06

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 846 12,252 14.5 1,059 1,252 86.5 52.4 8.57

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 218 2,590 11.9 297 1,361 114.6 76.1 14.22

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 202 2,059 10.2 190 940 92.2 94.5 15.02

Floors

 One ................................................... 3,018 24,552 8.1 1,846 612 75.2 72.7 6.11

 Two ................................................... 1,002 14,122 14.1 1,122 1,120 79.4 62.4 7.20

 Three ................................................. 399 7,335 18.4 675 1,689 92.0 79.7 8.50

 Four to Nine ...................................... 148 8,789 59.4 1,229 8,302 139.8 84.3 9.58

 Ten or More ....................................... 12 3,975 328.9 451 37,283 113.4 43.4 10.09

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 725 11,883 16.4 1,035 1,427 87.1 68.3 8.50

 New England ................................... 204 3,140 15.4 274 1,343 87.3 80.8 13.02

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 521 8,743 16.8 761 1,460 87.1 64.8 9.83

 Midwest ............................................. 1,139 14,322 12.6 1,497 1,314 104.5 88.2 7.52

 East North Central ........................... 739 9,655 13.1 987 1,335 102.2 92.7 8.66

 West North Central .......................... 401 4,668 11.6 510 1,273 109.3 80.5 14.56

 South ................................................. 1,750 20,830 11.9 1,684 962 80.8 63.5 6.42

 South Atlantic .................................. 676 9,475 14.0 772 1,142 81.5 61.3 9.54

 East South Central .......................... 477 4,917 10.3 417 875 84.8 57.4 14.62

 West South Central ......................... 597 6,438 10.8 494 828 76.7 74.5 9.88

 West .................................................. 964 11,736 12.2 1,106 1,147 94.2 60.9 10.48

 Mountain ......................................... 319 3,855 12.1 429 1,346 111.3 94.8 15.94

 Pacific .............................................. 646 7,881 12.2 677 1,048 85.9 49.7 10.84

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

214 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-3. Consumption for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Sum of Major Fuel Consumption

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per

Building

(thousand

square

feet)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

per

Building

(million

Btu)

per

Square Foot

(thousand

Btu)

per

Worker

(million

Btu)

1.0 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 493 5,098 10.3 499 1,011 97.8 83.6 12.54

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 975 14,597 15.0 1,591 1,633 109.0 94.2 7.40

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 1,070 15,155 14.2 1,407 1,315 92.8 66.8 11.07

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 1,103 13,491 12.2 1,078 977 79.9 52.4 9.91

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 937 10,430 11.1 746 796 71.6 60.8 10.01

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 2,505 13,885 5.5 789 315 56.8 170.1 8.93

 5 to 9 ................................................. 798 6,291 7.9 509 638 80.8 98.6 9.79

 10 to 19 ............................................. 625 7,102 11.4 614 983 86.5 78.4 9.64

 20 to 49 ............................................. 400 9,132 22.8 868 2,172 95.1 75.3 6.69

 50 to 99 ............................................. 138 6,931 50.3 630 4,571 90.9 70.6 7.81

 100 to 249 ......................................... 71 5,988 84.4 649 9,148 108.3 65.9 7.05

 250 or More ....................................... 43 9,443 220.1 1,262 29,426 133.7 43.8 11.08

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 899 6,134 6.8 180 200 29.3 31.2 11.58

 40 to 48 ............................................. 1,257 13,233 10.5 879 700 66.4 53.1 7.27

 49 to 60 ............................................. 969 12,242 12.6 937 967 76.6 52.8 7.71

 61 to 84 ............................................. 567 10,052 17.7 796 1,404 79.2 60.2 7.48

 85 to 167 ........................................... 420 6,202 14.8 831 1,978 134.0 119.4 11.03

 Open Continuously ............................ 466 10,908 23.4 1,698 3,644 155.7 102.8 7.64

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 4,025 46,696 11.6 3,950 981 84.6 65.3 4.11

 Owner Occupied ............................. 3,158 35,573 11.3 3,287 1,041 92.4 70.1 4.58

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 698 9,697 13.9 647 927 66.7 48.4 7.57

 Unoccupied ..................................... 170 1,426 8.4 16 93 11.0 71.5 32.58

 Government Owned .......................... 553 12,076 21.8 1,372 2,479 113.6 84.2 8.13

 Federal ............................................ 76 1,752 23.2 266 3,521 151.8 75.9 26.23

 State ................................................ 99 2,851 28.7 438 4,404 153.6 107.7 15.91

 Local ................................................ 379 7,473 19.7 668 1,765 89.4 76.7 10.46

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 787 15,844 20.1 1,120 1,422 70.7 51.2 8.09

 No ...................................................... 3,791 42,928 11.3 4,202 1,108 97.9 76.6 4.36

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 4,343 57,076 13.1 5,312 1,223 93.1 69.4 3.89

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,478 38,145 15.4 3,931 1,586 103.0 78.3 4.29

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 607 14,421 23.7 1,732 2,852 120.1 75.4 8.26

 District Heat ....................................... 110 5,658 51.5 1,051 9,572 185.8 101.0 19.04

 District Chilled Water ......................... 53 2,521 47.7 542 10,247 214.8 121.9 19.60

 Propane ............................................. 589 5,344 9.1 392 665 73.4 50.9 11.74

 Other ................................................. 213 2,336 11.0 259 1,215 110.7 98.5 25.85

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 4,024 54,347 13.5 5,247 1,304 96.5 70.0 3.92

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 3,381 49,935 14.8 4,923 1,456 98.6 69.2 4.01

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 3,486 51,560 14.8 5,090 1,460 98.7 70.0 4.02

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 828 20,713 25.0 2,506 3,027 121.0 78.6 5.41

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 204 3,893 19.1 307 1,502 78.8 62.0 14.98

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ....................................... 247 13,366 54.2 1,705 6,916 127.6 74.6 7.91

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 215
Table CE-3. Consumption for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Sum of Major Fuel Consumption

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per

Building

(thousand

square

feet)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

per

Building

(million

Btu)

per

Square Foot

(thousand

Btu)

per

Worker

(million

Btu)

1.0 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 1,467 22,156 15.1 1,908 1,300 86.1 56.1 6.12

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,211 31,535 14.3 3,095 1,400 98.2 76.9 4.56

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 504 6,606 13.1 722 1,432 109.3 87.9 11.84

 District Heat ....................................... 109 5,606 51.4 1,036 9,490 184.8 99.9 13.78

 Propane ............................................. 301 2,025 6.7 129 429 63.8 Q 15.53

 Other ................................................. 135 1,050 7.8 77 568 72.9 74.0 16.07

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 1,007 13,500 13.4 1,006 999 74.5 48.8 7.41

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,106 28,808 13.7 2,839 1,348 98.5 78.0 4.83

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 439 4,207 9.6 305 695 72.6 75.3 9.65

 District Heat ....................................... 107 5,289 49.3 977 9,105 184.7 99.0 14.44

 Propane ............................................. 260 1,545 5.9 71 273 45.9 Q 20.19

 Other ................................................. 61 514 8.4 16 265 31.5 49.9 24.64

Cooling Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 3,293 47,761 14.5 4,532 1,376 94.9 66.9 3.91

 Natural Gas ....................................... 65 1,314 20.1 220 3,364 167.3 106.7 22.73

 District Chilled Water ......................... 53 2,521 47.7 542 10,247 214.8 121.9 19.60

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 1,684 23,056 13.7 1,657 984 71.9 49.0 5.87

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,577 24,859 15.8 2,769 1,756 111.4 85.2 5.30

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 120 2,151 17.9 203 1,686 94.2 87.7 16.37

 District Heat ....................................... 54 3,949 73.7 762 14,224 192.9 106.6 15.72

 Propane ............................................. 110 1,020 9.2 75 680 73.6 64.4 20.35

Cooking Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 487 12,249 25.2 1,496 3,074 122.1 79.0 7.35

 Natural Gas ....................................... 448 13,195 29.4 1,698 3,787 128.7 84.7 6.95

 Propane ............................................. 123 1,480 12.0 125 1,010 84.3 68.8 18.10

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 554 4,425 8.0 74 134 16.8 40.1 15.92

 1 to 50 ............................................... 555 6,227 11.2 247 446 39.7 58.3 10.94

 51 to 99 ............................................. 633 8,868 14.0 805 1,271 90.7 69.9 10.24

 100 .................................................... 2,836 39,252 13.8 4,195 1,479 106.9 70.9 4.14

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 1,198 8,837 7.4 399 333 45.1 71.0 9.47

 1 to 50 ............................................... 930 15,027 16.2 1,044 1,122 69.5 84.1 8.36

 51 to 99 ............................................. 635 12,549 19.8 1,360 2,142 108.4 70.6 7.08

 100 .................................................... 1,816 22,359 12.3 2,519 1,387 112.6 63.8 5.71

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... 36 189 5.2 Q Q Q Q 35.96

 1 to 50 ............................................... 666 6,008 9.0 308 462 51.2 115.2 8.10

 51 to 99 ............................................. 745 9,692 13.0 884 1,186 91.2 73.3 7.73

 100 .................................................... 2,814 40,514 14.4 4,103 1,458 101.3 66.5 4.58

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 318 2,369 7.5 26 81 10.8 Q 23.41

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

216 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-3. Consumption for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Sum of Major Fuel Consumption

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per

Building

(thousand

square

feet)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

per

Building

(million

Btu)

per

Square Foot

(thousand

Btu)

per

Worker

(million

Btu)

1.0 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 1,644 13,101 8.0 753 458 57.4 59.3 7.51

 1 to 50 ............................................... 2,109 30,711 14.6 2,639 1,251 85.9 58.8 5.26

 51 to 100 ........................................... 87 1,914 22.0 208 2,391 108.6 80.8 20.39

 Never Closed .................................... 421 10,677 25.4 1,696 4,033 158.9 103.6 7.81

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 318 2,369 7.5 26 81 10.8 101.2 29.34

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features ............... 4,075 55,288 13.6 5,260 1,291 95.1 69.6 3.86

 Building Shell .................................... 3,906 53,190 13.6 5,135 1,315 96.5 69.2 3.98

 HVAC ................................................ 2,529 44,657 17.7 4,621 1,827 103.5 70.0 4.17

 Lighting .............................................. 2,084 38,537 18.5 4,012 1,925 104.1 68.7 4.48

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not

consumption for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • HVAC = Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 217
Table CE-4. Expenditures for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Sum of Major Fuel Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per

Building

(thousand

square

feet)

Total

(million

dollars)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square Foot

(dollars)

per

Million

Btu

(dollars)

1.2 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.7

All Buildings ...................................... 4,579 58,772 12.8 69,918 15.3 1.19 13.14 3.12

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 2,399 6,338 2.6 11,577 4.8 1.83 16.35 5.08

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 1,035 7,530 7.3 8,063 7.8 1.07 12.93 6.93

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 745 11,617 15.6 11,099 14.9 0.96 13.47 5.28

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 213 7,676 36.1 8,676 40.8 1.13 13.78 3.96

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 115 7,968 69.3 8,824 76.7 1.11 12.64 4.30

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 48 6,776 140.9 7,859 163.4 1.16 11.44 5.75

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 19 5,553 294.9 7,291 387.2 1.31 11.46 6.46

 Over 500,000 .................................... 6 5,313 896.4 6,530 1,101.6 1.23 12.70 8.31

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 309 7,740 25.1 7,129 23.1 0.92 11.62 7.60

 Food Sales ........................................ 137 642 4.7 2,634 19.3 4.11 19.23 11.22

 Food Service .................................... 285 1,353 4.8 4,817 16.9 3.56 14.50 12.51

 Health Care ....................................... 105 2,333 22.2 5,261 50.1 2.26 9.38 11.11

 Lodging ............................................. 158 3,618 22.8 5,114 32.3 1.41 11.10 9.59

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 1,289 12,728 9.9 14,025 10.9 1.10 14.42 6.97

 Office ................................................. 705 10,478 14.9 15,849 22.5 1.51 15.56 6.37

 Public Assembly ................................ 326 3,948 12.1 4,988 15.3 1.26 11.11 11.92

 Public Order and Safety .................... 87 1,271 14.6 1,551 17.8 1.22 12.55 21.73

 Religious Worship ............................. 269 2,792 10.4 1,337 5.0 0.48 12.82 10.60

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 580 8,481 14.6 4,709 8.1 0.56 14.51 9.73

 Other ................................................. 67 1,004 14.9 1,865 27.7 1.86 10.79 18.87

 Vacant ............................................... 261 2,384 9.1 638 2.4 0.27 12.48 18.53

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 353 3,673 10.4 3,310 9.4 0.90 11.35 11.52

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 562 6,710 11.9 5,665 10.1 0.84 11.15 8.98

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 867 9,298 10.7 9,813 11.3 1.06 11.87 7.10

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 718 10,858 15.1 13,135 18.3 1.21 12.83 6.66

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 813 11,333 13.9 15,366 18.9 1.36 13.66 5.97

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 846 12,252 14.5 15,895 18.8 1.30 15.01 6.63

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 218 2,590 11.9 4,011 18.4 1.55 13.51 11.61

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 202 2,059 10.2 2,722 13.5 1.32 14.34 14.89

Floors

 One ................................................... 3,018 24,552 8.1 27,099 9.0 1.10 14.68 4.73

 Two ................................................... 1,002 14,122 14.1 15,409 15.4 1.09 13.74 5.40

 Three ................................................. 399 7,335 18.4 8,027 20.1 1.09 11.90 7.92

 Four to Nine ...................................... 148 8,789 59.4 13,245 89.5 1.51 10.78 8.67

 Ten or More ....................................... 12 3,975 328.9 6,137 507.7 1.54 13.62 9.42

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 725 11,883 16.4 16,479 22.7 1.39 15.92 7.00

 New England ................................... 204 3,140 15.4 4,019 19.7 1.28 14.67 10.45

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 521 8,743 16.8 12,460 23.9 1.43 16.37 8.37

 Midwest ............................................. 1,139 14,322 12.6 15,076 13.2 1.05 10.07 6.61

 East North Central ........................... 739 9,655 13.1 10,141 13.7 1.05 10.28 7.73

 West North Central .......................... 401 4,668 11.6 4,935 12.3 1.06 9.67 12.12

 South ................................................. 1,750 20,830 11.9 22,211 12.7 1.07 13.19 5.15

 South Atlantic .................................. 676 9,475 14.0 10,922 16.2 1.15 14.14 8.29

 East South Central .......................... 477 4,917 10.3 4,854 10.2 0.99 11.64 9.87

 West South Central ......................... 597 6,438 10.8 6,435 10.8 1.00 13.03 8.86

 West .................................................. 964 11,736 12.2 16,152 16.8 1.38 14.61 8.37

 Mountain ......................................... 319 3,855 12.1 4,415 13.9 1.15 10.29 13.64

 Pacific .............................................. 646 7,881 12.2 11,737 18.2 1.49 17.35 9.33

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

218 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-4. Expenditures for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Sum of Major Fuel Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per

Building

(thousand

square

feet)

Total

(million

dollars)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square Foot

(dollars)

per

Million

Btu

(dollars)

1.2 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.7

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 493 5,098 10.3 4,975 10.1 0.98 9.97 10.98

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 975 14,597 15.0 17,822 18.3 1.22 11.20 5.60

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 1,070 15,155 14.2 18,783 17.6 1.24 13.35 9.24

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 1,103 13,491 12.2 16,823 15.2 1.25 15.61 7.85

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 937 10,430 11.1 11,515 12.3 1.10 15.43 8.19

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 2,505 13,885 5.5 10,958 4.4 0.79 13.88 6.77

 5 to 9 ................................................. 798 6,291 7.9 6,939 8.7 1.10 13.65 8.11

 10 to 19 ............................................. 625 7,102 11.4 8,410 13.5 1.18 13.70 7.84

 20 to 49 ............................................. 400 9,132 22.8 11,781 29.5 1.29 13.57 6.26

 50 to 99 ............................................. 138 6,931 50.3 8,140 59.1 1.17 12.92 6.75

 100 to 249 ......................................... 71 5,988 84.4 8,107 114.3 1.35 12.50 6.21

 250 or More ....................................... 43 9,443 220.1 15,584 363.2 1.65 12.34 9.41

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 899 6,134 6.8 2,400 2.7 0.39 13.35 8.25

 40 to 48 ............................................. 1,257 13,233 10.5 11,831 9.4 0.89 13.46 6.16

 49 to 60 ............................................. 969 12,242 12.6 13,167 13.6 1.08 14.05 6.31

 61 to 84 ............................................. 567 10,052 17.7 11,698 20.6 1.16 14.69 6.92

 85 to 167 ........................................... 420 6,202 14.8 11,593 27.6 1.87 13.95 8.68

 Open Continuously ............................ 466 10,908 23.4 19,230 41.3 1.76 11.32 6.53

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 4,025 46,696 11.6 54,483 13.5 1.17 13.79 3.31

 Owner Occupied ............................. 3,158 35,573 11.3 43,122 13.7 1.21 13.12 3.57

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 698 9,697 13.9 11,131 15.9 1.15 17.20 6.87

 Unoccupied ..................................... 170 1,426 8.4 230 1.4 0.16 14.63 29.26

 Government Owned .......................... 553 12,076 21.8 15,435 27.9 1.28 11.25 6.93

 Federal ............................................ 76 1,752 23.2 3,026 40.1 1.73 11.38 24.45

 State ................................................ 99 2,851 28.7 4,799 48.3 1.68 10.96 14.78

 Local ................................................ 379 7,473 19.7 7,609 20.1 1.02 11.39 8.35

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 787 15,844 20.1 15,193 19.3 0.96 13.57 6.77

 No ...................................................... 3,791 42,928 11.3 54,725 14.4 1.27 13.02 3.53

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 4,343 57,076 13.1 69,876 16.1 1.22 13.16 3.15

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,478 38,145 15.4 48,011 19.4 1.26 12.21 3.83

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 607 14,421 23.7 20,194 33.2 1.40 11.66 7.34

 District Heat ....................................... 110 5,658 51.5 10,584 96.3 1.87 10.07 16.16

 District Chilled Water ......................... 53 2,521 47.7 5,074 96.0 2.01 9.37 16.12

 Propane ............................................. 589 5,344 9.1 6,153 10.4 1.15 15.69 9.23

 Other ................................................. 213 2,336 11.0 2,710 12.7 1.16 10.48 19.27

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 4,024 54,347 13.5 68,085 16.9 1.25 12.98 3.15

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 3,381 49,935 14.8 65,100 19.3 1.30 13.22 3.25

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 3,486 51,560 14.8 66,466 19.1 1.29 13.06 3.24

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 828 20,713 25.0 31,611 38.2 1.53 12.61 4.81

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 204 3,893 19.1 4,028 19.7 1.03 13.13 13.10

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ....................................... 247 13,366 54.2 20,828 84.5 1.56 12.22 7.14

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 219
Table CE-4. Expenditures for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Sum of Major Fuel Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per

Building

(thousand

square

feet)

Total

(million

dollars)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square Foot

(dollars)

per

Million

Btu

(dollars)

1.2 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.7

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 1,467 22,156 15.1 28,336 19.3 1.28 14.85 5.08

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,211 31,535 14.3 37,864 17.1 1.20 12.23 3.86

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 504 6,606 13.1 8,043 15.9 1.22 11.14 9.55

 District Heat ....................................... 109 5,606 51.4 10,491 96.1 1.87 10.13 11.56

 Propane ............................................. 301 2,025 6.7 2,451 8.1 1.21 18.99 14.67

 Other ................................................. 135 1,050 7.8 960 7.1 0.91 12.53 15.56

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 1,007 13,500 13.4 17,325 17.2 1.28 17.23 6.14

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,106 28,808 13.7 34,272 16.3 1.19 12.07 4.06

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 439 4,207 9.6 3,922 8.9 0.93 12.85 9.60

 District Heat ....................................... 107 5,289 49.3 9,987 93.1 1.89 10.22 11.90

 Propane ............................................. 260 1,545 5.9 1,766 6.8 1.14 24.92 18.08

 Other ................................................. 61 514 8.4 278 4.5 0.54 17.14 22.81

Cooling Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 3,293 47,761 14.5 61,379 18.6 1.29 13.54 3.21

 Natural Gas ....................................... 65 1,314 20.1 2,328 35.6 1.77 10.59 19.69

 District Chilled Water ......................... 53 2,521 47.7 5,074 96.0 2.01 9.37 16.12

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 1,684 23,056 13.7 26,839 15.9 1.16 16.19 4.75

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,577 24,859 15.8 32,683 20.7 1.31 11.80 4.53

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 120 2,151 17.9 2,329 19.4 1.08 11.50 14.57

 District Heat ....................................... 54 3,949 73.7 7,545 140.9 1.91 9.90 13.47

 Propane ............................................. 110 1,020 9.2 1,584 14.4 1.55 21.11 22.48

Cooking Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 487 12,249 25.2 19,314 39.7 1.58 12.91 6.66

 Natural Gas ....................................... 448 13,195 29.4 20,182 45.0 1.53 11.88 5.82

 Propane ............................................. 123 1,480 12.0 2,450 19.8 1.66 19.63 17.79

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 554 4,425 8.0 1,833 3.3 0.41 24.70 12.57

 1 to 50 ............................................... 555 6,227 11.2 4,024 7.2 0.65 16.26 8.93

 51 to 99 ............................................. 633 8,868 14.0 11,724 18.5 1.32 14.57 8.08

 100 .................................................... 2,836 39,252 13.8 52,337 18.5 1.33 12.48 3.30

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 1,198 8,837 7.4 4,818 4.0 0.55 12.08 8.47

 1 to 50 ............................................... 930 15,027 16.2 11,919 12.8 0.79 11.42 6.90

 51 to 99 ............................................. 635 12,549 19.8 18,400 29.0 1.47 13.53 6.27

 100 .................................................... 1,816 22,359 12.3 34,781 19.2 1.56 13.81 4.44

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... 36 189 5.2 Q Q Q Q 30.63

 1 to 50 ............................................... 666 6,008 9.0 4,252 6.4 0.71 13.82 10.05

 51 to 99 ............................................. 745 9,692 13.0 11,682 15.7 1.21 13.22 7.15

 100 .................................................... 2,814 40,514 14.4 53,711 19.1 1.33 13.09 3.77

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 318 2,369 7.5 246 0.8 0.10 9.59 19.14

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

220 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-4. Expenditures for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Sum of Major Fuel Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per

Building

(thousand

square

feet)

Total

(million

dollars)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square Foot

(dollars)

per

Million

Btu

(dollars)

1.2 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.7

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 1,644 13,101 8.0 10,364 6.3 0.79 13.77 6.54

 1 to 50 ............................................... 2,109 30,711 14.6 37,023 17.6 1.21 14.03 4.20

 51 to 100 ........................................... 87 1,914 22.0 3,077 35.4 1.61 14.80 17.30

 Never Closed .................................... 421 10,677 25.4 19,207 45.7 1.80 11.32 6.48

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 318 2,369 7.5 246 0.8 0.10 9.59 23.06

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features ............... 4,075 55,288 13.6 68,728 16.9 1.24 13.07 3.13

 Building Shell .................................... 3,906 53,190 13.6 66,909 17.1 1.26 13.03 3.24

 HVAC ................................................ 2,529 44,657 17.7 59,844 23.7 1.34 12.95 3.41

 Lighting .............................................. 2,084 38,537 18.5 52,428 25.2 1.36 13.07 3.80

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not

consumption for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • HVAC = Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 221
Table CE-5. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Census Region 

 for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

(million square feet)

Energy Intensity

for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.1 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.2

All Buildings ................................... 1,035 1,497 1,684 1,106 11,883 14,322 20,830 11,736 87.1 104.5 80.8 94.2 7.61

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................ 125 189 251 143 995 1,772 2,428 1,144 125.9 106.7 103.4 124.9 13.15

 5,001 to 10,000 .............................. 82 161 185 196 1,223 1,678 2,786 1,842 66.6 96.1 66.3 106.5 21.55

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................ 140 233 315 136 2,118 2,701 4,481 2,317 66.0 86.2 70.3 58.8 15.98

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................ 123 169 189 149 1,380 1,726 2,664 1,905 89.3 98.0 70.8 78.1 11.30

 50,001 to 100,000 .......................... 113 199 213 173 1,371 1,920 2,980 1,697 82.7 103.5 71.6 101.9 12.57

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................ 134 205 254 95 1,377 1,896 2,428 1,075 97.2 108.0 104.5 88.2 17.20

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................ 155 179 156 147 1,389 1,520 1,679 965 111.3 117.8 92.7 152.4 15.75

 Over 500,000 ................................. 164 162 122 67 2,029 1,110 1,384 791 80.7 145.9 88.0 84.4 20.94

Principal Building Activity

 Education ....................................... 161 173 146 134 1,930 1,997 2,315 1,498 83.4 86.8 62.9 89.3 13.07

 Food Sales ..................................... Q Q 56 32 Q Q 287 209 Q Q 196.4 151.3 17.06

 Food Service ................................. Q 82 133 69 166 474 443 271 Q 172.9 299.9 253.5 26.57

 Health Care .................................... 113 144 193 110 408 466 916 543 278.4 308.6 211.2 202.6 18.50

 Lodging .......................................... 62 136 147 115 350 909 1,313 1,047 178.0 150.0 111.8 110.2 16.79

 Mercantile and Service ................... 173 322 354 123 2,838 3,203 4,864 1,822 61.0 100.7 72.9 67.4 15.91

 Office .............................................. 188 261 304 265 2,154 2,338 3,483 2,503 87.4 111.7 87.4 105.9 12.63

 Public Assembly ............................. 75 108 118 Q 694 957 1,367 930 108.2 113.3 86.3 Q 19.85

 Public Order and Safety ................. 51 30 25 Q 548 300 308 Q 92.6 99.5 81.8 Q 32.29

 Religious Worship .......................... 19 33 24 28 442 633 1,006 711 42.7 52.1 24.0 39.8 21.56

 Warehouse and Storage ................ 68 105 113 38 1,480 2,044 3,436 1,522 46.0 51.3 33.0 25.2 19.81

 Other .............................................. Q Q 57 Q Q 402 289 Q Q 145.7 197.8 Q 35.58

 Vacant ............................................ 7 Q 12 11 627 531 804 422 Q Q 15.1 25.9 32.87

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ............................... 79 135 32 46 1,226 1,529 514 404 64.1 88.2 62.1 114.6 26.35

 1920 to 1945 .................................. 129 201 111 67 1,794 2,314 1,709 893 71.9 87.0 64.8 75.3 18.32

 1946 to 1959 .................................. 192 267 197 171 1,944 2,268 3,192 1,894 98.7 117.6 61.6 90.3 15.40

 1960 to 1969 .................................. 199 265 336 224 2,344 2,356 3,856 2,302 84.8 112.5 87.1 97.4 12.11

 1970 to 1979 .................................. 189 266 410 260 1,658 2,435 4,344 2,895 114.0 109.4 94.4 89.7 12.95

 1980 to 1989 .................................. 157 265 397 241 2,128 2,324 5,371 2,429 73.6 113.9 73.9 99.3 15.34

 1990 to 1992 .................................. 51 53 129 63 443 545 1,094 509 116.1 97.6 118.2 123.6 23.27

 1993 to 1995 .................................. 40 45 72 33 347 552 750 410 115.3 81.1 96.0 80.6 26.86

Floors

 One ................................................ 224 461 756 405 3,337 5,298 11,019 4,897 67.1 86.9 68.7 82.7 12.68

 Two ................................................ 211 315 363 233 2,738 3,537 4,788 3,059 77.0 89.0 75.8 76.2 12.40

 Three .............................................. 168 241 134 132 2,103 2,306 1,644 1,282 80.0 104.3 81.4 103.0 14.77

 Four to Nine ................................... 284 381 302 262 2,347 2,461 2,165 1,816 121.1 154.6 139.3 144.5 14.52

 Ten or More .................................... 148 100 129 73 1,359 720 1,214 682 109.0 139.3 106.3 107.3 18.50

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD .................. 87 357 Q 54 1,094 3,598 Q 406 79.7 99.3 Q Q 17.65

 5,500-7,000 HDD ......................... 472 835 Q 284 4,956 7,615 Q 2,026 95.3 109.6 Q 140.3 15.37

 4,000-5,499 HDD ......................... 476 304 435 192 5,833 3,109 4,342 1,872 81.6 97.9 100.1 102.4 16.88

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q 635 443 Q Q 7,778 5,713 Q Q 81.6 77.6 10.66

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q 614 132 Q Q 8,711 1,719 Q Q 70.5 76.8 17.05

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .................................. 128 204 248 209 2,430 3,584 5,345 2,526 52.7 56.9 46.4 82.8 15.34

 5 to 9 .............................................. 61 207 138 102 1,057 1,764 2,082 1,387 57.9 117.5 66.1 73.7 18.15

 10 to 19 .......................................... 109 148 252 105 1,317 1,511 2,701 1,572 82.8 97.9 93.4 66.7 18.26

 20 to 49 .......................................... 181 247 286 154 1,807 2,390 3,212 1,723 100.4 103.3 88.9 89.7 12.62

 50 to 99 .......................................... 101 176 209 144 1,264 1,504 2,733 1,430 80.0 116.7 76.4 101.0 13.12

 100 to 249 ...................................... 138 193 182 136 1,429 1,579 1,755 1,224 96.9 121.9 103.5 111.0 14.30

 250 or More .................................... 316 323 369 254 2,577 1,990 3,001 1,875 122.6 162.2 123.1 135.7 14.70

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

222 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-5. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Census Region 

 for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

(million square feet)

Energy Intensity

for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.1 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.2

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer .................................... 37 56 55 32 1,119 1,601 2,311 1,103 33.0 35.1 23.8 28.7 19.76

 40 to 48 .......................................... 135 281 286 177 2,168 3,520 4,912 2,633 62.3 79.8 58.2 67.4 14.01

 49 to 60 .......................................... 168 246 298 226 2,482 2,378 4,786 2,596 67.5 103.3 62.2 87.2 13.36

 61 to 84 .......................................... 158 253 241 144 2,111 2,626 3,276 2,040 74.9 96.2 73.6 70.7 12.90

 85 to 167 ........................................ 161 199 233 238 1,411 1,633 1,804 1,353 114.3 121.6 129.1 175.8 18.06

 Open Continuously ......................... 376 463 571 288 2,592 2,564 3,740 2,012 145.1 180.6 152.7 143.3 11.57

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................. 741 1,104 1,308 797 8,946 11,414 17,056 9,280 82.9 96.7 76.7 85.8 8.00

 Owner Occupied .......................... 623 946 1,096 622 6,972 9,403 12,664 6,533 89.3 100.6 86.5 95.2 9.03

 Nonowner Occupied ..................... 116 148 209 173 1,622 1,644 3,841 2,590 71.7 90.0 54.5 66.9 14.21

 Unoccupied .................................. Q Q Q Q Q 366 551 157 Q Q Q Q 36.22

 Government Owned ....................... 294 393 376 309 2,937 2,909 3,774 2,456 100.2 135.0 99.6 125.8 13.78

 Federal ......................................... 39 Q 83 68 398 406 451 Q Q 184.2 184.8 137.9 37.40

 State ............................................. 107 124 107 Q 758 834 741 518 141.4 148.3 144.3 193.3 23.84

 Local ............................................. 148 194 185 141 1,781 1,669 2,582 1,442 83.0 116.5 71.8 97.5 17.45

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................. 215 307 378 220 3,288 3,691 5,649 3,216 65.3 83.2 66.8 68.5 12.81

 No ................................................... 821 1,190 1,306 885 8,595 10,632 15,181 8,520 95.5 111.9 86.0 103.9 8.62

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 1,031 1,492 1,683 1,105 11,444 13,887 20,158 11,587 90.1 107.4 83.5 95.4 7.38

 Natural Gas .................................... 683 1,271 1,206 771 7,108 10,905 12,291 7,841 96.1 116.5 98.1 98.3 8.37

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 529 390 550 262 5,423 2,681 4,175 2,142 97.5 145.6 131.8 122.5 12.37

 District Heat .................................... 280 320 219 Q 1,768 1,902 1,038 949 158.5 168.1 210.6 Q 21.21

 District Chilled Water ...................... 73 164 160 Q 291 778 919 533 251.6 210.3 174.4 Q 22.82

 Propane .......................................... 129 84 142 38 1,689 1,093 2,012 550 76.3 76.7 70.4 68.8 21.69

 Other .............................................. 57 64 33 Q 728 613 656 339 77.9 105.0 50.0 Q 25.50

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ......... 1,031 1,490 1,657 1,069 11,180 13,511 18,900 10,756 92.3 110.3 87.7 99.4 7.82

 Buildings with Cooling .................... 918 1,370 1,647 987 9,523 12,033 18,606 9,772 96.4 113.9 88.5 101.0 7.93

 Buildings with Water Heating ......... 1,008 1,439 1,577 1,067 10,778 12,517 17,511 10,754 93.5 115.0 90.0 99.2 7.70

 Buildings with Cooking ................... 512 676 804 515 4,634 4,785 7,173 4,121 110.5 141.2 112.0 124.9 9.26

 Buildings with Manufacturing ......... 59 130 92 26 683 1,057 1,456 697 86.0 123.1 62.9 37.9 23.71

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation .................................... 428 442 541 294 3,877 2,738 4,360 2,391 110.4 161.3 124.1 123.1 10.90

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 275 418 817 398 3,081 4,058 9,971 5,046 89.3 102.9 82.0 78.9 11.24

 Natural Gas .................................... 457 1,093 899 647 5,043 9,826 9,805 6,861 90.6 111.2 91.7 94.2 9.22

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 324 170 207 Q 3,856 1,018 1,540 192 84.0 167.0 134.7 107.6 21.44

 District Heat .................................... 277 320 207 232 1,765 1,902 1,006 933 157.0 168.1 205.5 Q 19.37

 Propane .......................................... 50 17 55 Q 540 401 959 124 93.4 43.2 57.6 48.7 30.47

 Other .............................................. Q 26 10 Q Q 242 283 160 Q 107.0 35.9 Q 28.55

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 89 126 554 237 1,099 1,549 7,403 3,449 80.9 81.4 74.8 68.7 15.09

 Natural Gas .................................... 419 1,023 808 589 4,696 9,293 8,728 6,091 89.3 110.1 92.5 96.7 9.65

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 224 Q 60 Q 3,020 Q 802 Q 74.3 Q 74.5 Q 17.26

 District Heat .................................... 250 308 192 226 1,600 1,839 945 905 156.5 167.4 203.7 Q 19.85

 Propane .......................................... 37 8 23 Q 435 313 713 Q 85.8 24.0 31.5 Q 34.12

 Other .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Cooling Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 846 1,256 1,582 848 8,986 11,424 18,133 9,219 94.1 109.9 87.3 92.0 7.56

 Natural Gas .................................... 72 Q Q 44 387 354 247 326 187.2 209.4 Q 133.6 30.22

 District Chilled Water ...................... 73 164 160 Q 291 778 919 533 251.6 210.3 174.4 Q 22.82

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 223
Table CE-5. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Census Region 

 for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

(million square feet)

Energy Intensity

for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.1 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.2

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 318 392 660 287 4,689 4,516 9,757 4,094 67.9 86.9 67.6 70.0 10.90

 Natural Gas .................................... 413 918 841 598 3,848 7,261 7,767 5,983 107.2 126.4 108.3 99.9 9.49

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 147 Q 35 Q 1,668 Q 309 Q 88.3 Q 113.9 Q 22.39

 District Heat .................................... 206 211 141 203 1,260 1,271 646 772 163.6 166.3 219.0 Q 20.90

 Propane .......................................... Q Q 15 Q 325 224 279 Q Q 77.6 54.9 49.4 31.11

Cooking Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 258 460 482 297 2,437 3,015 4,311 2,485 105.8 152.5 111.7 119.3 12.07

 Natural Gas .................................... 330 478 544 346 2,914 3,506 4,167 2,609 113.2 136.4 130.6 132.7 11.37

 Propane .......................................... 56 Q 44 Q 621 Q 594 Q 89.6 Q 74.4 Q 29.58

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ..................................... Q Q 27 37 703 811 1,930 981 Q Q 13.8 37.3 25.89

 1 to 50 ............................................ 46 57 90 55 1,018 1,171 2,379 1,658 45.0 48.3 37.7 33.4 20.13

 51 to 99 .......................................... 204 128 292 180 2,501 1,480 2,856 2,032 81.6 86.8 102.4 88.5 16.78

 100 ................................................. 782 1,305 1,275 834 7,661 10,860 13,666 7,066 102.0 120.1 93.3 118.0 8.13

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ..................................... 117 127 36 118 2,360 2,289 2,224 1,964 49.8 55.3 16.4 60.2 18.74

 1 to 50 ............................................ 278 375 240 151 3,784 4,414 4,311 2,517 73.4 85.0 55.7 60.0 14.97

 51 to 99 .......................................... 337 375 418 230 3,063 3,040 4,262 2,184 109.9 123.4 98.1 105.4 11.57

 100 ................................................. 304 620 989 606 2,677 4,578 10,033 5,071 113.4 135.4 98.6 119.5 10.24

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................ 74 97 79 58 1,130 1,598 2,172 1,109 65.7 60.6 36.5 51.9 16.46

 51 to 99 .......................................... 218 254 242 169 2,418 2,247 3,011 2,016 90.1 113.2 80.5 83.9 13.62

 100 ................................................. 734 1,134 1,359 876 7,787 9,874 14,608 8,245 94.3 114.9 93.0 106.2 8.92

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ....................... Q Q Q Q 524 586 935 324 Q Q Q Q 26.86

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................ 127 215 235 176 2,400 3,397 4,695 2,609 52.9 63.2 50.0 67.5 14.43

 1 to 50 ............................................ 485 781 804 569 5,872 7,602 10,761 6,476 82.6 102.8 74.7 87.9 9.66

 51 to 100 ........................................ 40 27 71 69 546 197 826 345 73.9 135.5 86.4 201.4 28.15

 Never Closed ................................. 374 463 571 288 2,541 2,539 3,614 1,983 147.3 182.3 158.0 145.2 12.91

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ....................... Q Q Q Q 524 586 935 324 Q Q Q Q 33.10

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features ............ 1,030 1,485 1,657 1,088 11,118 13,733 19,139 11,297 92.6 108.1 86.6 96.3 7.75

 Building Shell ................................. 984 1,457 1,628 1,066 10,464 13,162 18,757 10,806 94.1 110.7 86.8 98.7 7.93

 HVAC ............................................. 951 1,322 1,394 954 9,854 10,764 14,904 9,135 96.5 122.8 93.5 104.5 8.06

 Lighting ........................................... 851 1,149 1,209 803 8,920 9,495 12,087 8,036 95.4 121.0 100.1 99.9 7.53

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption

for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • HVAC = Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

224 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-6. Expenditures by Census Region for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Expenditures

(million dollars)

Sum of Major Fuel Expenditures

(dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

per Million Btu per Square Foot

NortheastMidwest South West

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.4 1.3 1.1 1.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.3

All Buildings ................................... 16,479 15,076 22,211 16,152 15.92 10.07 13.19 14.61 1.39 1.05 1.07 1.38 6.09

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................ 2,574 2,339 4,004 2,660 20.55 12.38 15.95 18.62 2.59 1.32 1.65 2.33 10.49

 5,001 to 10,000 .............................. 1,489 1,422 2,487 2,664 18.27 8.82 13.47 Q 1.22 0.85 0.89 1.45 16.32

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................ 2,297 2,570 3,954 2,278 16.43 11.03 12.55 16.71 1.08 0.95 0.88 0.98 13.73

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................ 1,934 1,770 2,568 2,404 15.70 10.46 13.62 16.16 1.40 1.03 0.96 1.26 9.60

 50,001 to 100,000 .......................... 1,751 2,096 2,820 2,158 15.44 10.54 13.22 12.49 1.28 1.09 0.95 1.27 10.31

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................ 1,889 1,777 2,922 1,270 14.12 8.68 11.52 13.40 1.37 0.94 1.20 1.18 13.43

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................ 1,936 1,543 2,061 1,751 12.53 8.61 13.23 11.91 1.39 1.02 1.23 1.81 14.03

 Over 500,000 ................................. 2,609 1,559 1,395 966 15.92 9.63 11.46 14.48 1.29 1.41 1.01 1.22 19.16

Principal Building Activity

 Education ....................................... 2,106 1,503 1,845 1,675 13.09 8.67 12.66 12.52 1.09 0.75 0.80 1.12 11.01

 Food Sales ..................................... Q Q 967 733 Q Q 17.17 23.23 Q Q 3.37 3.52 13.03

 Food Service ................................. Q 990 1,682 1,031 Q 12.08 12.67 14.98 Q 2.09 3.80 3.80 22.74

 Health Care .................................... 1,061 1,010 1,916 1,274 9.35 7.03 9.90 11.57 2.60 2.17 2.09 2.34 13.72

 Lodging .......................................... 821 1,202 1,652 1,440 13.18 8.82 11.25 12.48 2.35 1.32 1.26 1.38 15.38

 Mercantile and Service ................... 3,206 3,458 4,847 2,513 18.52 10.72 13.68 20.45 1.13 1.08 1.00 1.38 12.73

 Office .............................................. 3,691 3,202 4,676 4,279 19.61 12.26 15.37 16.15 1.71 1.37 1.34 1.71 9.25

 Public Assembly ............................. 1,084 1,068 1,625 1,211 14.43 9.85 13.78 Q 1.56 1.12 1.19 1.30 20.30

 Public Order and Safety ................. 670 272 298 Q 13.21 9.12 11.85 Q 1.22 0.91 0.97 Q 26.12

 Religious Worship .......................... 303 268 387 379 16.07 8.11 16.03 13.40 0.69 0.42 0.39 0.53 17.64

 Warehouse and Storage ................ 1,289 1,054 1,492 874 18.93 10.06 13.17 22.79 0.87 0.52 0.43 0.57 15.15

 Other .............................................. Q 575 620 Q Q 9.81 10.84 Q Q 1.43 2.14 Q 27.99

 Vacant ............................................ 87 Q 203 168 12.80 Q 16.77 15.39 Q 0.34 0.25 0.40 33.15

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ............................... 1,090 1,351 454 415 13.87 10.02 14.22 8.97 0.89 0.88 0.88 1.03 20.38

 1920 to 1945 .................................. 1,620 1,932 1,351 762 12.56 9.60 12.19 11.34 0.90 0.83 0.79 0.85 16.63

 1946 to 1959 .................................. 2,928 2,279 2,482 2,124 15.25 8.54 12.63 12.42 1.51 1.00 0.78 1.12 13.32

 1960 to 1969 .................................. 3,157 2,388 4,002 3,588 15.88 9.01 11.91 16.00 1.35 1.01 1.04 1.56 10.70

 1970 to 1979 .................................. 2,870 2,775 5,300 4,421 15.18 10.41 12.93 17.03 1.73 1.14 1.22 1.53 9.84

 1980 to 1989 .................................. 3,339 3,214 5,949 3,393 21.32 12.15 14.99 14.07 1.57 1.38 1.11 1.40 12.50

 1990 to 1992 .................................. 721 679 1,695 916 14.04 12.78 13.10 14.55 1.63 1.25 1.55 1.80 19.62

 1993 to 1995 .................................. 753 458 978 533 18.83 10.23 13.58 16.13 2.17 0.83 1.30 1.30 21.63

Floors

 One ................................................ 4,423 5,116 10,933 6,627 19.76 11.11 14.45 16.37 1.33 0.97 0.99 1.35 10.04

 Two ................................................ 3,665 3,312 4,560 3,873 17.38 10.52 12.57 16.61 1.34 0.94 0.95 1.27 9.65

 Three .............................................. 2,524 2,232 1,678 1,593 15.00 9.28 12.54 12.06 1.20 0.97 1.02 1.24 13.22

 Four to Nine ................................... 3,499 3,378 3,292 3,076 12.31 8.87 10.92 11.72 1.49 1.37 1.52 1.69 12.42

 Ten or More .................................... 2,367 1,038 1,749 984 15.98 10.35 13.55 13.44 1.74 1.44 1.44 1.44 15.16

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD .................. 1,431 3,147 Q 396 16.42 8.81 Q 7.31 1.31 0.87 Q Q 11.91

 5,500-7,000 HDD ......................... 7,234 8,418 Q 2,170 15.32 10.08 Q 7.63 1.46 1.11 Q 1.07 10.46

 4,000-5,499 HDD ......................... 7,814 3,510 5,272 2,187 16.42 11.53 12.13 11.40 1.34 1.13 1.21 1.17 11.67

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q 8,061 8,762 Q Q 12.70 19.76 Q Q 1.04 1.53 7.65

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q 8,879 2,637 Q Q 14.45 19.98 Q Q 1.02 1.53 12.00

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .................................. 2,291 2,327 3,733 2,608 17.89 11.41 15.04 12.46 0.94 0.65 0.70 1.03 14.03

 5 to 9 .............................................. 1,100 1,901 2,099 1,839 17.96 9.17 15.25 17.99 1.04 1.08 1.01 1.33 14.89

 10 to 19 .......................................... 1,914 1,575 3,089 1,831 17.56 10.65 12.25 17.45 1.45 1.04 1.14 1.16 16.03

 20 to 49 .......................................... 2,913 2,541 3,756 2,571 16.05 10.29 13.15 16.64 1.61 1.06 1.17 1.49 10.92

 50 to 99 .......................................... 1,605 1,741 2,855 1,938 15.87 9.92 13.67 13.42 1.27 1.16 1.04 1.36 12.09

 100 to 249 ...................................... 2,112 1,850 2,174 1,970 15.25 9.61 11.96 14.50 1.48 1.17 1.24 1.61 11.33

 250 or More .................................... 4,543 3,141 4,504 3,395 14.38 9.74 12.19 13.34 1.76 1.58 1.50 1.81 12.09

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 225
Table CE-6. Expenditures by Census Region for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Expenditures

(million dollars)

Sum of Major Fuel Expenditures

(dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

per Million Btu per Square Foot

NortheastMidwest South West

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.4 1.3 1.1 1.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.3

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer .................................... 547 538 822 493 14.81 9.59 14.92 15.56 0.49 0.34 0.36 0.45 17.38

 40 to 48 .......................................... 2,292 2,683 4,028 2,828 16.96 9.56 14.10 15.94 1.06 0.76 0.82 1.07 11.19

 49 to 60 .......................................... 2,868 2,418 4,153 3,727 17.11 9.85 13.95 16.48 1.16 1.02 0.87 1.44 11.03

 61 to 84 .......................................... 2,600 2,797 3,700 2,601 16.44 11.07 15.34 18.04 1.23 1.07 1.13 1.28 10.52

 85 to 167 ........................................ 2,984 2,385 3,316 2,908 18.49 12.00 14.24 12.22 2.11 1.46 1.84 2.15 16.90

 Open Continuously ......................... 5,188 4,254 6,193 3,595 13.79 9.19 10.84 12.47 2.00 1.66 1.66 1.79 10.77

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................. 12,495 11,686 17,905 12,396 16.86 10.59 13.69 15.56 1.40 1.02 1.05 1.34 6.30

 Owner Occupied .......................... 10,177 9,842 14,486 8,617 16.34 10.40 13.22 13.85 1.46 1.05 1.14 1.32 7.18

 Nonowner Occupied ..................... 2,286 1,754 3,353 3,739 19.66 11.85 16.01 21.57 1.41 1.07 0.87 1.44 10.31

 Unoccupied .................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Government Owned ....................... 3,984 3,389 4,306 3,755 13.54 8.63 11.46 12.15 1.36 1.17 1.14 1.53 12.75

 Federal ......................................... Q Q 880 801 Q 10.16 10.54 11.69 1.47 1.87 1.95 Q 28.98

 State ............................................. 1,293 1,090 1,064 1,352 12.07 8.81 9.95 13.51 1.71 1.31 1.44 2.61 23.34

 Local ............................................. 2,104 1,540 2,362 1,603 14.24 7.92 12.74 11.41 1.18 0.92 0.91 1.11 13.52

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................. 3,586 3,109 4,999 3,499 16.71 10.12 13.24 15.89 1.09 0.84 0.88 1.09 10.52

 No ................................................... 12,893 11,967 17,212 12,653 15.71 10.06 13.18 14.29 1.50 1.13 1.13 1.49 6.94

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 16,455 15,060 22,210 16,151 15.96 10.10 13.19 14.61 1.44 1.08 1.10 1.39 5.64

 Natural Gas .................................... 10,166 12,267 14,349 11,229 14.89 9.65 11.89 14.57 1.43 1.12 1.17 1.43 6.77

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 7,006 3,547 6,281 3,360 13.24 9.09 11.41 12.81 1.29 1.32 1.50 1.57 8.91

 District Heat .................................... 3,695 2,912 2,055 1,922 13.19 9.10 9.40 8.25 2.09 1.53 1.98 Q 23.13

 District Chilled Water ...................... 755 1,436 1,714 1,169 10.32 8.78 10.69 Q 2.60 1.85 1.86 2.20 24.21

 Propane .......................................... 2,560 1,050 1,875 668 19.87 12.54 13.24 17.65 1.52 0.96 0.93 1.21 16.13

 Other .............................................. 844 666 453 Q 14.88 10.34 13.84 Q 1.16 1.09 0.69 Q 22.24

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ......... 16,354 14,975 21,721 15,035 15.85 10.05 13.11 14.06 1.46 1.11 1.15 1.40 6.17

 Buildings with Cooling .................... 14,913 13,894 21,751 14,543 16.25 10.14 13.20 14.73 1.57 1.15 1.17 1.49 6.44

 Buildings with Water Heating ......... 16,033 14,450 20,598 15,385 15.91 10.04 13.06 14.42 1.49 1.15 1.18 1.43 6.20

 Buildings with Cooking ................... 7,787 6,553 10,417 6,854 15.21 9.70 12.96 13.32 1.68 1.37 1.45 1.66 8.14

 Buildings with Manufacturing ......... 924 1,365 1,279 461 15.74 10.48 13.96 17.44 1.35 1.29 0.88 0.66 19.61

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation .................................... 6,178 4,153 6,453 4,045 14.43 9.40 11.93 13.74 1.59 1.52 1.48 1.69 9.55

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 5,195 4,746 11,733 6,662 18.89 11.36 14.35 16.74 1.69 1.17 1.18 1.32 7.99

 Natural Gas .................................... 7,162 10,471 10,832 9,400 15.68 9.58 12.04 14.54 1.42 1.07 1.10 1.37 7.52

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 4,239 1,312 2,290 202 13.09 7.72 11.04 9.80 1.10 1.29 1.49 1.05 16.27

 District Heat .................................... 3,683 2,912 1,984 1,912 13.30 9.10 9.59 8.22 2.09 1.53 1.97 2.05 18.47

 Propane .......................................... 1,323 265 749 Q 26.21 15.30 13.55 18.97 2.45 0.66 0.78 0.92 19.54

 Other .............................................. Q 278 170 Q Q 10.75 16.76 Q Q 1.15 0.60 Q 25.53

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 1,968 1,904 8,841 4,612 22.13 15.10 15.97 19.47 1.79 1.23 1.19 1.34 10.89

 Natural Gas .................................... 6,632 9,792 9,511 8,336 15.82 9.57 11.78 14.16 1.41 1.05 1.09 1.37 7.88

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 2,995 Q 734 Q 13.35 Q 12.28 Q 0.99 Q 0.91 Q 14.53

 District Heat .................................... 3,365 2,842 1,932 1,848 13.44 9.23 10.03 8.17 2.10 1.55 2.04 2.04 18.74

 Propane .......................................... 1,111 150 438 Q 29.78 19.97 19.48 Q 2.55 0.48 0.61 Q 18.54

 Other .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

226 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-6. Expenditures by Census Region for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Expenditures

(million dollars)

Sum of Major Fuel Expenditures

(dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

per Million Btu per Square Foot

NortheastMidwest South West

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.4 1.3 1.1 1.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.3

Cooling Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 14,084 12,840 21,083 13,373 16.65 10.23 13.32 15.77 1.57 1.12 1.16 1.45 6.07

 Natural Gas .................................... 734 Q Q 594 10.15 9.14 Q 13.63 1.90 1.91 Q 1.82 25.21

 District Chilled Water ...................... 755 1,436 1,714 1,169 10.32 8.78 10.69 Q 2.60 1.85 1.86 2.20 24.21

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 6,138 4,831 10,229 5,641 19.28 12.31 15.50 19.68 1.31 1.07 1.05 1.38 7.95

 Natural Gas .................................... 6,027 8,575 9,686 8,395 14.61 9.34 11.52 14.04 1.57 1.18 1.25 1.40 7.83

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 1,760 Q 394 Q 11.95 Q 11.21 Q 1.06 Q 1.28 Q 16.24

 District Heat .................................... 2,708 1,883 1,344 1,609 13.14 8.91 9.50 7.93 2.15 1.48 2.08 2.08 21.59

 Propane .......................................... Q Q 263 233 Q 17.44 17.20 24.66 Q 1.35 0.94 1.22 24.61

Cooking Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 4,158 4,546 6,497 4,113 16.12 9.89 13.49 13.87 1.71 1.51 1.51 1.66 10.97

 Natural Gas .................................... 4,876 4,480 6,401 4,424 14.78 9.37 11.76 12.78 1.67 1.28 1.54 1.70 8.94

 Propane .......................................... 1,266 Q 695 Q 22.76 Q 15.73 Q 2.04 Q 1.17 Q 21.93

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ..................................... Q 100 490 1,117 Q Q 18.47 30.50 Q 0.12 0.25 1.14 22.82

 1 to 50 ............................................ 849 584 1,421 1,170 18.53 10.32 15.84 21.14 0.83 0.50 0.60 0.71 14.88

 51 to 99 .......................................... 3,656 1,356 3,812 2,900 17.91 10.56 13.04 16.13 1.46 0.92 1.33 1.43 12.27

 100 ................................................. 11,849 13,035 16,488 10,965 15.16 9.99 12.93 13.15 1.55 1.20 1.21 1.55 6.66

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ..................................... 1,566 1,182 461 1,609 13.33 9.33 12.64 13.61 0.66 0.52 0.21 0.82 15.45

 1 to 50 ............................................ 3,981 3,166 2,746 2,026 14.34 8.44 11.45 13.42 1.05 0.72 0.64 0.80 12.26

 51 to 99 .......................................... 5,310 3,918 5,772 3,401 15.77 10.44 13.81 14.77 1.73 1.29 1.35 1.56 9.10

 100 ................................................. 5,623 6,810 13,233 9,116 18.52 10.99 13.37 15.04 2.10 1.49 1.32 1.80 8.61

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................ 1,222 970 1,079 982 16.46 10.03 13.62 17.04 1.08 0.61 0.50 0.89 17.51

 51 to 99 .......................................... 3,157 2,483 3,443 2,599 14.49 9.76 14.21 15.37 1.31 1.10 1.14 1.29 11.75

 100 ................................................. 11,986 11,563 17,624 12,538 16.33 10.19 12.97 14.31 1.54 1.17 1.21 1.52 7.19

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ....................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................ 2,133 2,166 3,392 2,672 16.81 10.09 14.45 15.17 0.89 0.64 0.72 1.02 12.14

 1 to 50 ............................................ 8,329 8,327 11,526 8,841 17.18 10.66 14.34 15.53 1.42 1.10 1.07 1.37 8.03

 51 to 100 ........................................ 733 271 1,049 1,023 18.17 10.15 14.71 14.73 1.34 1.38 1.27 2.97 24.43

 Never Closed ................................. 5,176 4,254 6,193 3,584 13.83 9.19 10.84 12.45 2.04 1.68 1.71 1.81 10.19

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ....................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features ............ 16,354 14,926 21,770 15,677 15.88 10.05 13.14 14.41 1.47 1.09 1.14 1.39 6.17

 Building Shell ................................. 15,686 14,617 21,345 15,261 15.94 10.03 13.11 14.31 1.50 1.11 1.14 1.41 6.26

 HVAC ............................................. 15,083 13,221 18,099 13,441 15.86 10.00 12.99 14.09 1.53 1.23 1.21 1.47 6.44

 Lighting ........................................... 13,784 11,424 15,221 11,999 16.20 9.95 12.59 14.94 1.55 1.20 1.26 1.49 6.20

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations

and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption for a particular

fuel for a particular end use. • HVAC = Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 227
Table CE-7. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Building Size for

 Sum of Major Fuels, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

(million square feet)

Energy Intensity

for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1.4 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.0

All Buildings ..................................... 1,332 2,152 1,838 13,869 27,261 17,643 96.0 78.9 104.2 5.80

Principal Building Activity

 Education ......................................... 71 352 191 654 4,623 2,464 108.1 76.1 77.7 11.73

 Food Sales ....................................... 78 59 Q 367 269 Q 212.6 217.2 Q 17.95

 Food Service ................................... 265 66 Q 940 406 Q 281.5 161.9 Q 21.21

 Health Care ...................................... 36 82 443 294 556 1,483 122.4 148.2 298.3 16.60

 Lodging ............................................ 53 236 172 419 1,873 1,327 125.5 126.2 129.5 16.29

 Mercantile and Service .................... 363 396 214 4,043 5,393 3,292 89.7 73.4 65.1 14.78

 Office ............................................... 172 401 445 1,999 4,416 4,063 86.3 90.8 109.6 9.87

 Public Assembly .............................. Q 193 115 1,098 1,924 925 Q 100.0 124.0 16.99

 Public Order and Safety ................... 22 63 Q 233 755 283 92.8 83.3 Q 30.58

 Religious Worship ............................ 41 62 Q 964 1,797 Q 42.3 34.8 Q 16.57

 Warehouse and Storage .................. 65 136 123 1,798 3,842 2,842 36.2 35.4 43.4 16.79

 Other ................................................ Q 84 79 Q 531 308 Q 157.4 256.0 30.87

 Vacant .............................................. Q 23 Q 896 876 611 Q 26.5 Q 34.34

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ................................. 100 105 Q 1,198 1,750 724 83.2 60.0 120.0 18.55

 1920 to 1945 .................................... 142 209 157 1,836 2,586 2,288 77.2 80.8 68.8 13.78

 1946 to 1959 .................................... 263 352 212 2,890 4,495 1,914 91.0 78.3 110.6 13.47

 1960 to 1969 .................................... 198 447 380 2,021 5,265 3,572 97.8 84.8 106.3 10.80

 1970 to 1979 .................................... 218 402 505 2,432 4,861 4,040 89.5 82.8 125.0 11.31

 1980 to 1989 .................................... 273 448 339 2,189 6,326 3,737 124.6 70.8 90.6 12.07

 1990 to 1992 .................................... 101 91 105 684 1,038 868 147.6 87.8 120.6 18.23

 1993 to 1995 .................................... 39 98 53 620 940 499 62.1 104.2 107.1 22.33

Floors

 One .................................................. 936 730 180 9,237 11,215 4,099 101.3 65.1 43.9 9.58

 Two .................................................. 263 665 193 3,244 8,009 2,869 81.2 83.1 67.3 10.35

 Three ............................................... 109 360 206 1,100 4,402 1,833 98.8 81.9 112.1 12.49

 Four to Nine ..................................... 23 378 828 284 3,488 5,017 82.8 108.2 165.0 14.56

 Ten or More ..................................... Q Q 431 Q 148 3,824 Q Q 112.8 13.54

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ......................................... 207 376 452 2,218 4,869 4,796 93.2 77.3 94.3 11.47

 New England ................................. 48 119 108 566 1,550 1,024 84.0 76.7 105.0 16.86

 Middle Atlantic ............................... 159 257 345 1,652 3,319 3,771 96.4 77.6 91.4 13.72

 Midwest ............................................ 350 601 546 3,450 6,347 4,525 101.5 94.7 120.6 10.47

 East North Central ......................... 215 413 359 2,249 4,121 3,285 95.5 100.2 109.2 10.49

 West North Central ........................ 135 188 187 1,201 2,227 1,241 112.7 84.4 150.7 21.47

 South ............................................... 436 717 531 5,214 10,126 5,491 83.6 70.8 96.7 9.03

 South Atlantic ................................. 183 294 295 2,124 4,398 2,954 86.4 66.9 99.8 13.17

 East South Central ......................... 119 211 87 1,348 2,667 902 88.2 79.2 96.4 17.78

 West South Central ........................ 133 211 150 1,742 3,061 1,635 76.6 69.0 91.4 12.83

 West ................................................. 339 458 309 2,987 5,919 2,831 113.6 77.4 109.0 14.89

 Mountain ........................................ Q 198 91 924 2,145 786 Q 92.4 115.9 18.80

 Pacific ............................................ 200 260 217 2,063 3,774 2,044 96.7 68.8 106.3 14.89

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD .................... 125 217 157 1,525 2,526 1,047 81.8 86.1 149.6 16.06

 5,500-7,000 HDD ........................... 400 628 564 2,858 6,571 5,168 139.8 95.5 109.1 11.42

 4,000-5,499 HDD ........................... 308 519 580 3,490 5,999 5,667 88.4 86.5 102.3 13.85

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .................. 290 467 320 3,080 7,121 3,289 94.2 65.6 97.3 12.65

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD .................. 209 320 217 2,916 5,043 2,472 71.6 63.5 87.8 13.93

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

228 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-7. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Building Size for

 Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

(million square feet)

Energy Intensity

for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1.4 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.0

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .................................... 585 193 Q 7,820 5,094 971 74.8 37.9 Q 13.87

 5 to 9 ................................................ 304 194 Q 2,810 3,187 294 108.1 60.8 Q 15.40

 10 to 19 ............................................ 265 319 30 2,332 4,055 715 113.6 78.8 41.5 16.48

 20 to 49 ............................................ 157 628 84 841 7,220 1,071 186.3 86.9 78.6 14.33

 50 to 99 ............................................ Q 401 209 Q 4,320 2,562 Q 92.8 81.8 11.24

 100 to 249 ........................................ Q 315 332 Q 2,540 3,432 Q 123.8 96.7 11.27

 250 or More ..................................... Q 103 1,160 Q 846 8,598 Q 121.4 134.9 13.33

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ...................................... 102 68 Q 3,163 2,356 615 32.2 28.9 Q 16.84

 40 to 48 ............................................ 308 424 147 3,734 7,139 2,360 82.5 59.4 62.3 13.39

 49 to 60 ............................................ 223 440 274 2,972 6,562 2,709 75.0 67.1 101.2 12.04

 61 to 84 ............................................ 190 344 262 1,673 4,409 3,970 113.4 78.1 66.0 10.37

 85 to 167 .......................................... 332 287 211 1,121 2,761 2,320 296.2 104.1 91.1 14.83

 Open Continuously .......................... 177 588 933 1,206 4,034 5,669 147.0 145.8 164.6 10.46

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................... 1,137 1,591 1,221 12,315 21,480 12,901 92.4 74.1 94.7 6.27

 Owner Occupied ............................ 930 1,284 1,073 9,770 15,773 10,030 95.2 81.4 107.0 7.03

 Nonowner Occupied ...................... 200 302 144 1,976 5,278 2,443 101.4 57.3 59.1 12.22

 Unoccupied .................................... Q Q Q 569 429 Q Q Q Q 31.89

 Government Owned ......................... 194 561 616 1,553 5,781 4,742 125.1 97.1 130.0 12.76

 Federal ........................................... Q 71 173 257 490 1,005 Q 145.5 172.4 32.20

 State .............................................. 36 177 226 239 1,164 1,447 149.2 151.8 155.8 19.96

 Local .............................................. 137 313 217 1,057 4,126 2,290 129.9 75.9 95.0 15.84

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................... 99 434 587 2,166 6,321 7,357 45.7 68.6 79.8 12.21

 No .................................................... 1,233 1,718 1,251 11,703 20,940 10,285 105.3 82.0 121.6 6.68

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ......................................... 1,330 2,149 1,833 13,014 26,840 17,222 102.2 80.1 106.4 5.68

 Natural Gas ...................................... 885 1,644 1,402 7,440 18,410 12,296 118.9 89.3 114.0 6.72

 Fuel Oil ............................................ 136 512 1,084 1,625 4,557 8,239 83.7 112.3 131.6 10.11

 District Heat ..................................... Q 294 627 Q 1,766 3,680 Q 166.6 170.4 14.82

 District Chilled Water ....................... Q 120 338 Q 862 1,576 Q 139.1 214.7 18.83

 Propane ........................................... 144 170 79 1,878 2,541 925 76.5 66.9 84.9 16.53

 Other ................................................ Q 81 66 692 1,055 588 Q 76.5 112.2 24.07

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating .......... 1,299 2,128 1,820 12,052 25,563 16,732 107.8 83.3 108.8 5.87

 Buildings with Cooling ...................... 1,137 1,989 1,796 9,908 23,649 16,378 114.8 84.1 109.7 6.13

 Buildings with Water Heating ........... 1,177 2,099 1,814 10,269 24,724 16,567 114.6 84.9 109.5 5.97

 Buildings with Cooking ..................... 414 795 1,297 2,241 8,104 10,368 184.7 98.2 125.1 7.71

 Buildings with Manufacturing ........... 32 146 128 564 2,006 1,323 57.6 72.8 97.0 22.07

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ...................................... 77 506 1,121 483 4,056 8,826 159.9 124.8 127.0 10.90

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ......................................... 412 793 703 4,269 10,618 7,269 96.6 74.7 96.7 8.63

 Natural Gas ...................................... 757 1,362 975 6,758 15,563 9,214 112.1 87.5 105.9 6.98

 Fuel Oil ............................................ 113 246 363 1,481 2,478 2,647 76.2 99.3 137.2 16.57

 District Heat ..................................... Q 294 612 212 1,750 3,645 Q 167.9 167.9 15.22

 Propane ........................................... 72 41 Q 953 919 Q 75.9 45.1 Q 24.16

 Other ................................................ 19 29 Q 478 376 Q 40.7 76.7 Q 23.61

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 229
Table CE-7. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Building Size for

 Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

(million square feet)

Energy Intensity

for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1.4 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.0

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ......................................... 275 420 310 2,841 6,724 3,935 96.9 62.5 78.7 11.15

 Natural Gas ...................................... 739 1,241 859 6,583 14,121 8,103 112.2 87.9 106.0 7.45

 Fuel Oil ............................................ 98 137 70 1,297 1,948 963 75.9 70.4 72.4 16.16

 District Heat ..................................... Q 291 556 212 1,702 3,376 Q 170.7 164.8 15.51

 Propane ........................................... 45 22 Q 799 706 Q 56.9 31.4 Q 29.46

 Other ................................................ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Cooling Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ......................................... 1,034 1,873 1,625 9,707 22,699 15,355 106.5 82.5 105.8 5.77

 Natural Gas ...................................... 24 52 144 162 564 588 Q 93.0 244.2 29.68

 District Chilled Water ....................... Q 120 338 Q 862 1,576 Q 139.1 214.7 18.83

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ......................................... 425 676 556 4,991 10,744 7,322 85.2 63.0 75.9 8.85

 Natural Gas ...................................... 633 1,217 919 4,648 12,638 7,574 136.2 96.3 121.4 7.96

 Fuel Oil ............................................ 35 74 93 329 973 848 106.5 76.4 109.9 22.43

 District Heat ..................................... Q 216 466 Q 1,220 2,691 Q 177.4 173.2 14.82

 Propane ........................................... 29 39 Q 308 561 Q 93.8 70.4 Q 31.69

Cooking Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ......................................... 248 415 833 1,327 4,224 6,698 187.1 98.1 124.4 10.56

 Natural Gas ...................................... 281 525 892 1,257 4,817 7,121 223.8 109.0 125.3 9.61

 Propane ........................................... 43 59 23 299 796 385 142.6 74.7 59.1 28.83

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ....................................... 33 23 18 1,817 1,698 910 18.0 13.8 19.7 30.06

 1 to 50 .............................................. 98 89 60 1,835 2,828 1,564 53.5 31.6 38.3 15.68

 51 to 99 ............................................ 195 316 294 1,972 3,847 3,049 98.7 82.2 96.4 15.09

 100 ................................................... 1,006 1,723 1,466 8,245 18,888 12,120 122.0 91.2 121.0 6.04

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ....................................... 195 162 42 3,961 3,612 1,265 49.2 45.0 32.9 16.59

 1 to 50 .............................................. 239 538 267 2,949 7,810 4,268 80.9 68.9 62.5 12.35

 51 to 99 ............................................ 200 458 703 1,720 5,039 5,789 116.0 90.8 121.4 9.34

 100 ................................................... 699 994 826 5,239 10,800 6,320 133.4 92.0 130.7 8.56

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 .............................................. 139 146 23 2,053 3,207 749 67.6 45.5 31.1 14.77

 51 to 99 ............................................ 201 326 358 2,110 4,662 2,919 95.0 69.8 122.5 10.99

 100 ................................................... 984 1,669 1,451 8,488 18,590 13,436 115.9 89.8 108.0 7.00

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ........................ Q 11 Q 1,143 699 526 Q Q Q 34.28

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................. 323 345 85 5,087 6,706 1,308 63.4 51.4 64.9 13.80

 1 to 50 .............................................. 786 1,146 707 6,335 15,230 9,147 124.1 75.3 77.3 7.25

 51 to 100 .......................................... 37 63 107 282 625 1,007 132.9 101.3 106.4 25.01

 Never Closed ................................... 177 586 933 1,021 4,001 5,654 173.6 146.5 164.9 11.70

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ........................ Q Q Q 1,143 699 Q Q Q Q 29.30

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

230 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-7. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Building Size for

 Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

(million square feet)

Energy Intensity

for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1.4 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.0

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features ............. 1,286 2,138 1,836 12,223 26,087 16,979 105.2 82.0 108.1 5.85

 Building Shell ................................... 1,253 2,072 1,809 11,691 25,041 16,458 107.2 82.8 109.9 5.97

 HVAC ............................................... 962 1,874 1,784 7,270 21,466 15,921 132.4 87.3 112.1 6.32

 Lighting ............................................ 724 1,584 1,705 6,036 17,367 15,133 119.9 91.2 112.7 6.57

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not

consumption for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • HVAC = Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 231
Table CE-8. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Year Constructed for

 Sum of Major Fuels, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

(million square feet)

Energy Intensity

for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1.1 0.8 1.8 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.9 0.7 1.5

All Buildings ...................................... 1,626 3,208 487 19,680 34,443 4,649 82.6 93.2 104.7 6.88

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 270 347 91 2,477 3,221 640 109.2 107.8 141.4 13.78

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 234 341 Q 3,446 3,420 664 67.9 99.6 73.7 22.68

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 296 494 34 4,140 7,043 434 71.6 70.1 77.9 14.93

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 167 393 70 2,262 4,687 726 74.0 83.8 95.9 10.20

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 202 410 86 2,429 4,722 817 83.3 86.9 104.7 12.59

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 171 450 66 1,934 4,200 642 88.4 107.2 102.4 15.53

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 154 435 48 1,683 3,522 348 91.5 123.4 137.0 15.15

 Over 500,000 .................................... 131 339 45 1,309 3,628 377 100.0 93.3 118.7 19.85

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 276 301 36 3,522 3,687 531 78.3 81.8 68.7 11.80

 Food Sales ........................................ 29 75 Q 145 379 Q 202.4 197.0 Q 27.05

 Food Service .................................... 93 184 Q 460 782 Q 201.6 235.7 Q 25.24

 Health Care ....................................... 109 407 45 508 1,600 224 215.1 254.1 199.7 19.84

 Lodging ............................................. 124 308 28 986 2,377 255 126.2 129.6 110.4 16.34

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 319 563 91 3,829 7,818 1,081 83.3 72.0 84.5 15.40

 Office ................................................. 287 665 66 3,015 6,678 785 95.3 99.6 84.5 11.06

 Public Assembly ................................ 142 251 56 1,584 1,956 408 89.5 128.2 138.2 22.27

 Public Order and Safety .................... 50 60 Q 417 753 Q 119.5 79.3 Q 33.50

 Religious Worship ............................. 43 56 Q 991 1,643 Q 43.8 34.2 Q 19.22

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 73 211 Q 2,504 5,250 727 29.0 40.3 55.8 18.80

 Other ................................................. Q 108 Q 296 600 Q Q 180.3 Q 35.79

 Vacant ............................................... 31 19 Q 1,423 919 Q 21.8 20.9 Q 33.69

Floors

 One ................................................... 446 1,171 229 6,437 15,913 2,201 69.3 73.6 104.2 11.95

 Two ................................................... 367 658 96 4,860 8,094 1,168 75.5 81.3 82.4 11.19

 Three ................................................. 310 328 36 3,830 3,157 348 81.1 103.9 103.9 13.63

 Four to Nine ...................................... 385 754 90 3,460 4,643 686 111.2 162.3 131.4 12.60

 Ten or More ....................................... 118 298 35 1,094 2,636 245 107.9 113.0 142.0 17.23

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 399 544 91 4,963 6,130 789 80.5 88.8 115.7 13.96

 New England ................................... 94 162 Q 1,123 1,813 205 83.7 89.4 Q 23.24

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 305 382 73 3,841 4,317 585 79.5 88.6 125.7 17.32

 Midwest ............................................. 603 796 98 6,111 7,115 1,096 98.7 111.9 89.3 12.41

 East North Central ........................... 395 515 76 4,465 4,482 708 88.4 115.0 107.9 14.45

 West North Central .......................... 208 281 22 1,646 2,633 389 126.4 106.5 55.4 21.18

 South ................................................. 339 1,143 201 5,415 13,572 1,844 62.7 84.2 109.2 10.75

 South Atlantic .................................. 146 525 101 2,209 6,326 940 66.2 83.0 107.8 15.51

 East South Central .......................... 70 313 34 961 3,515 441 72.6 89.1 77.3 23.66

 West South Central ......................... 123 305 66 2,245 3,730 463 54.9 81.7 142.5 16.12

 West .................................................. 285 725 96 3,191 7,626 919 89.2 95.1 104.4 14.81

 Mountain ......................................... 140 257 32 1,435 2,127 292 97.3 120.9 109.9 26.53

 Pacific .............................................. 145 468 64 1,756 5,499 627 82.5 85.1 101.9 15.49

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 148 303 48 1,693 2,951 453 87.2 102.5 106.9 18.76

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 624 850 117 6,461 7,159 977 96.6 118.7 120.3 13.61

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 475 802 130 5,630 8,185 1,341 84.3 98.0 97.1 15.10

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 239 732 107 3,302 9,078 1,111 72.3 80.7 96.3 13.05

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 141 522 83 2,594 7,070 766 54.3 73.9 108.8 15.80

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

232 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-8. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Year Constructed for

 Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

(million square feet)

Energy Intensity

for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1.1 0.8 1.8 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.9 0.7 1.5

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 308 418 64 6,094 6,674 1,118 50.5 62.6 56.9 16.73

 5 to 9 ................................................. 232 254 23 2,834 3,216 240 81.9 78.8 94.4 17.32

 10 to 19 ............................................. 163 386 65 2,437 4,179 486 66.9 92.4 133.8 15.95

 20 to 49 ............................................. 320 445 103 3,146 5,133 853 101.9 86.6 120.9 12.09

 50 to 99 ............................................. 167 401 62 1,812 4,486 633 91.9 89.4 98.5 12.05

 100 to 249 ......................................... 173 402 74 1,625 3,720 644 106.4 108.1 114.7 13.68

 250 or More ....................................... 263 903 96 1,733 7,036 675 151.9 128.4 142.3 14.57

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 101 71 8 2,962 2,776 397 34.0 25.7 20.1 17.58

 40 to 48 ............................................. 388 426 65 5,893 6,389 951 65.9 66.6 68.4 13.13

 49 to 60 ............................................. 299 550 88 3,971 7,282 989 75.2 75.5 89.4 14.37

 61 to 84 ............................................. 218 505 74 2,595 6,762 695 83.8 74.6 106.1 11.35

 85 to 167 ........................................... 212 533 86 1,565 4,070 567 135.4 131.0 151.2 17.86

 Open Continuously ............................ 409 1,124 166 2,695 7,163 1,051 151.8 156.9 157.8 11.79

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 1,050 2,505 395 14,721 28,204 3,772 71.3 88.8 104.6 7.48

 Owner Occupied ............................. 907 2,030 349 11,708 20,866 2,999 77.5 97.3 116.4 8.18

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 136 466 45 2,211 6,733 753 61.3 69.2 60.4 12.57

 Unoccupied ..................................... 7 Q Q 802 605 Q Q Q Q 38.91

 Government Owned .......................... 577 703 92 4,959 6,239 877 116.3 112.7 104.9 12.16

 Federal ............................................ 135 116 Q 955 695 Q 141.8 167.1 Q 38.71

 State ................................................ 155 254 29 1,083 1,593 174 142.9 159.4 167.7 19.52

 Local ................................................ 286 333 49 2,921 3,951 601 98.0 84.3 80.7 15.61

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 299 729 92 4,864 9,912 1,068 61.4 73.5 86.3 11.09

 No ...................................................... 1,327 2,480 394 14,816 24,531 3,581 89.6 101.1 110.1 7.78

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 1,621 3,205 486 18,824 33,802 4,449 86.1 94.8 109.2 7.05

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,272 2,309 350 13,673 21,726 2,747 93.0 106.3 127.6 8.02

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 458 1,122 153 4,324 8,919 1,178 105.9 125.7 129.5 11.46

 District Heat ....................................... 362 603 86 2,359 2,881 418 153.6 209.4 205.7 21.81

 District Chilled Water ......................... 142 357 43 661 1,602 258 215.4 222.6 165.4 24.42

 Propane ............................................. 81 271 40 1,195 3,523 626 68.0 76.8 64.2 18.76

 Other ................................................. 53 Q Q 1,007 1,167 Q 52.7 Q Q 26.04

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 1,614 3,149 484 18,081 31,975 4,291 89.2 98.5 112.8 7.00

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 1,417 3,037 468 15,405 30,540 3,989 92.0 99.5 117.4 7.28

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 1,540 3,102 448 16,692 30,944 3,924 92.2 100.2 114.3 6.95

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 704 1,541 262 6,005 12,852 1,856 117.2 119.9 140.9 8.97

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 124 162 Q 1,406 2,172 315 88.2 74.7 Q 23.87

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ....................................... 369 1,163 173 2,720 9,318 1,328 135.6 124.8 130.6 11.05

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 394 1,289 225 5,262 14,735 2,158 74.9 87.5 104.3 9.74

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,012 1,818 266 11,569 17,715 2,252 87.4 102.6 118.1 8.25

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 280 413 29 2,866 3,415 325 97.6 121.0 89.7 18.28

 District Heat ....................................... 359 595 82 2,355 2,843 409 152.4 209.4 199.9 18.75

 Propane ............................................. 17 102 10 287 1,433 304 59.0 71.1 33.5 28.36

 Other ................................................. 16 52 Q 491 457 Q 31.9 113.1 Q 27.79

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 233
Table CE-8. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Year Constructed for

 Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

(million square feet)

Energy Intensity

for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1.1 0.8 1.8 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.9 0.7 1.5

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 126 733 146 2,257 9,892 1,351 56.0 74.1 107.9 12.84

 Natural Gas ....................................... 959 1,638 241 10,807 15,933 2,068 88.8 102.8 116.8 8.62

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 161 132 Q 2,093 1,903 Q 76.8 69.3 Q 17.12

 District Heat ....................................... 347 555 75 2,262 2,665 362 153.5 208.1 207.4 19.89

 Propane ............................................. Q 59 Q 163 1,163 Q Q 50.4 Q 36.22

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

Cooling Energy Sources (more than

one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 1,310 2,786 437 14,852 29,150 3,759 88.2 95.6 116.2 7.31

 Natural Gas ....................................... Q 128 Q 438 762 Q 172.8 168.6 Q 34.25

 District Chilled Water ......................... 142 357 43 661 1,602 258 215.4 222.6 165.4 24.42

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 405 1,076 177 5,750 15,217 2,089 70.4 70.7 84.6 10.03

 Natural Gas ....................................... 914 1,608 248 9,196 13,951 1,712 99.4 115.3 144.6 8.86

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 89 108 Q 1,044 993 Q 84.8 108.4 Q 21.78

 District Heat ....................................... 226 487 49 1,546 2,169 234 146.3 224.5 208.0 18.42

 Propane ............................................. Q 64 Q Q 762 Q Q 84.3 Q 30.95

Cooking Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 370 955 171 2,990 8,080 1,178 123.7 118.2 145.4 11.65

 Natural Gas ....................................... 467 1,046 186 4,151 7,938 1,106 112.5 131.7 168.0 10.63

 Propane ............................................. Q 103 Q 186 1,159 Q Q 89.0 Q 34.18

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 13 59 3 1,600 2,467 358 7.9 23.9 7.2 26.78

 1 to 50 ............................................... 85 148 15 2,430 3,463 334 34.8 42.8 44.1 18.51

 51 to 99 ............................................. 219 508 78 3,048 5,126 694 71.8 99.0 112.9 15.85

 100 .................................................... 1,310 2,494 391 12,602 23,387 3,263 104.0 106.6 119.8 7.71

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 210 171 18 4,275 3,902 660 49.0 43.8 27.5 16.05

 1 to 50 ............................................... 472 520 52 6,441 7,879 707 73.2 66.0 73.2 14.64

 51 to 99 ............................................. 385 865 110 3,748 7,830 971 102.9 110.5 112.9 10.40

 100 .................................................... 560 1,652 307 5,217 14,831 2,311 107.3 111.4 132.9 10.21

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 163 124 Q 3,136 2,543 329 51.9 48.6 Q 14.79

 51 to 99 ............................................. 316 508 59 3,726 5,374 592 84.8 94.6 100.4 12.56

 100 .................................................... 1,131 2,567 405 11,516 25,500 3,498 98.2 100.7 115.7 8.01

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 16 9 Q 1,238 924 206 Q 9.8 Q 35.77

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 313 373 67 5,111 6,944 1,046 61.3 53.7 63.8 13.41

 1 to 50 ............................................... 849 1,575 215 10,234 18,325 2,152 83.0 85.9 100.1 9.58

 51 to 100 ........................................... 39 130 Q 418 1,230 266 93.5 105.8 Q 30.28

 Never Closed .................................... 409 1,122 165 2,680 7,019 978 152.7 159.8 168.9 13.13

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... Q Q Q 1,238 924 Q Q Q Q 31.68

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

234 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-8. Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Year Constructed for

 Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel

Consumption

(trillion Btu)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

(million square feet)

Energy Intensity

for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1.1 0.8 1.8 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.9 0.7 1.5

Energy Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Any Conservation Features ............... 1,603 3,173 484 17,858 32,958 4,472 89.7 96.3 108.3 6.88

 Building Shell .................................... 1,547 3,111 478 17,068 31,771 4,351 90.6 97.9 109.8 6.99

 HVAC ................................................ 1,317 2,856 447 13,354 27,489 3,814 98.7 103.9 117.2 7.37

 Lighting .............................................. 1,143 2,452 418 11,507 23,449 3,581 99.3 104.6 116.6 7.31

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption for

a particular fuel for a particular end use. • HVAC = Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 235
Table CE-9. Total Electricity Consumption and Expenditures, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Using

Electricity Electricity Consumption

Electricity

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per Building

(thousand

square feet)

Primary Site

Total

(million

dollars)

Total

(trillion

 Btu)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Total

(billion

kWh)

1.1 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0

All Buildings ...................................... 4,343 57,076 13.1 7,873 2,608 764 56,621 3.71

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 2,252 5,953 2.6 1,148 380 111 9,696 5.97

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 970 7,061 7.3 718 238 70 6,055 7.00

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 724 11,303 15.6 1,161 384 113 8,911 5.82

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 211 7,635 36.1 954 316 93 7,005 6.05

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 114 7,902 69.2 1,097 363 107 7,194 5.81

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 47 6,599 141.2 1,017 337 99 6,283 7.14

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 19 5,550 294.8 927 307 90 5,908 9.45

 Over 500,000 .................................... 6 5,074 887.4 852 282 83 5,568 9.40

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 309 7,685 24.9 666 221 65 5,168 7.79

 Food Sales ........................................ 137 642 4.7 358 119 35 2,532 13.61

 Food Service .................................... 285 1,353 4.8 502 166 49 3,931 16.13

 Health Care ....................................... 105 2,333 22.2 637 211 62 3,901 11.36

 Lodging ............................................. 158 3,601 22.8 565 187 55 3,838 10.35

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 1,274 12,630 9.9 1,533 508 149 11,655 7.84

 Office ................................................. 705 10,466 14.8 2,039 676 198 14,020 8.66

 Public Assembly ................................ 326 3,929 12.1 514 170 50 3,604 12.53

 Public Order and Safety .................... 87 1,271 14.6 148 49 14 1,131 27.01

 Religious Worship ............................. 269 2,792 10.4 99 33 10 953 10.15

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 477 8,016 16.8 531 176 52 3,934 12.26

 Other ................................................. 67 1,000 14.9 228 75 22 1,473 25.75

 Vacant ............................................... 144 1,358 9.4 54 18 5 481 21.74

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 335 3,527 10.5 300 99 29 2,290 14.61

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 508 6,175 12.1 523 173 51 4,012 9.72

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 838 9,123 10.9 980 325 95 7,395 9.10

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 695 10,649 15.3 1,424 472 138 10,405 8.44

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 809 11,245 13.9 1,856 615 180 13,005 6.68

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 792 11,909 15.0 1,955 648 190 13,844 7.12

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 204 2,544 12.5 492 163 48 3,318 13.33

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 162 1,905 11.8 343 113 33 2,353 18.90

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 697 11,444 16.4 1,317 436 128 13,059 7.00

 New England ................................... 190 3,072 16.2 297 99 29 3,082 10.91

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 507 8,372 16.5 1,020 338 99 9,978 8.88

 Midwest ............................................. 1,074 13,887 12.9 1,684 558 163 10,946 7.83

 East North Central ........................... 698 9,422 13.5 1,074 356 104 7,360 9.63

 West North Central .......................... 376 4,465 11.9 610 202 59 3,586 13.58

 South ................................................. 1,648 20,158 12.2 3,101 1,027 301 19,009 5.93

 South Atlantic .................................. 642 9,301 14.5 1,471 487 143 9,502 9.29

 East South Central .......................... 438 4,674 10.7 718 238 70 3,979 10.61

 West South Central ......................... 569 6,183 10.9 911 302 88 5,527 11.08

 West .................................................. 925 11,587 12.5 1,772 587 172 13,607 8.61

 Mountain ......................................... 303 3,821 12.6 549 182 53 3,390 17.40

 Pacific .............................................. 622 7,766 12.5 1,223 405 119 10,217 10.45

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 466 4,934 10.6 539 178 52 3,600 13.35

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 936 14,356 15.3 1,725 571 167 13,123 6.99

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 1,006 14,559 14.5 2,112 700 205 15,057 10.04

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 1,051 13,268 12.6 1,955 648 190 14,479 10.46

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 885 9,960 11.3 1,543 511 150 10,363 9.20

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

236 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-9. Total Electricity Consumption and Expenditures, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Using

Electricity Electricity Consumption

Electricity

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per Building

(thousand

square feet)

Primary Site

Total

(million

dollars)

Total

(trillion

 Btu)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Total

(billion

kWh)

1.1 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 2,274 12,342 5.4 988 327 96 8,510 6.68

 5 to 9 ................................................. 797 6,270 7.9 676 224 66 5,478 7.98

 10 to 19 ............................................. 625 7,102 11.4 884 293 86 6,712 9.12

 20 to 49 ............................................. 397 9,103 23.0 1,273 422 124 9,480 7.50

 50 to 99 ............................................. 137 6,860 50.0 935 310 91 6,595 7.85

 100 to 249 ......................................... 71 5,975 84.5 1,007 333 98 6,668 9.14

 250 or More ....................................... 43 9,425 220.0 2,111 699 205 13,177 12.06

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 746 4,932 6.6 185 61 18 1,728 10.61

 40 to 48 ............................................. 1,254 13,142 10.5 1,217 403 118 9,435 6.51

 49 to 60 ............................................. 950 12,134 12.8 1,501 497 146 10,912 8.64

 61 to 84 ............................................. 566 10,021 17.7 1,313 435 127 9,807 7.77

 85 to 167 ........................................... 407 6,159 15.1 1,312 435 127 9,608 8.42

 Open Continuously ............................ 421 10,688 25.4 2,345 777 228 15,131 7.75

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 3,810 45,225 11.9 6,091 2,018 591 44,825 4.07

 Owner Occupied ............................. 3,062 35,111 11.5 4,858 1,609 472 34,878 4.22

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 669 9,518 14.2 1,216 403 118 9,768 8.52

 Unoccupied ..................................... 79 596 7.6 17 6 2 179 35.71

 Government Owned .......................... 533 11,851 22.2 1,782 590 173 11,796 9.14

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 646 14,630 22.6 1,795 595 174 12,715 8.33

 No ...................................................... 3,697 42,446 11.5 6,078 2,013 590 43,906 4.17

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 4,343 57,076 13.1 7,873 2,608 764 56,621 3.71

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,476 38,009 15.4 5,145 1,704 500 37,320 4.62

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 595 14,345 24.1 2,350 778 228 15,850 8.92

 District Heat ....................................... 110 5,646 51.4 1,100 364 107 6,957 18.97

 District Chilled Water ......................... 53 2,517 47.7 567 188 55 3,344 17.74

 Propane ............................................. 589 5,340 9.1 676 224 66 5,323 12.00

 Other ................................................. 206 2,232 10.8 251 83 24 1,878 18.00

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 4,004 54,110 13.5 7,679 2,543 745 54,844 3.86

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 3,376 49,785 14.7 7,467 2,473 725 53,201 3.95

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 3,472 51,363 14.8 7,533 2,495 731 53,846 3.99

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 827 20,611 24.9 3,757 1,244 365 25,825 5.46

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 204 3,885 19.0 474 157 46 3,252 15.88

 Buildings with Electricity Generation 246 13,347 54.2 2,593 859 252 16,911 8.07

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 1,467 22,156 15.1 3,692 1,223 358 25,058 6.19

 Electricity Main ................................ 1,007 13,500 13.4 2,445 810 237 16,279 7.77

 Electricity Secondary ....................... 461 8,655 18.8 1,246 413 121 8,779 8.99

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 2,536 31,955 12.6 3,987 1,321 387 29,786 4.28

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... 340 2,966 8.7 194 64 19 1,777 16.94

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 1,007 13,500 13.4 2,445 810 237 16,279 7.77

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,105 28,686 13.6 3,611 1,196 351 26,667 4.95

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 427 4,152 9.7 279 92 27 2,827 12.77

 District Heat ....................................... 107 5,277 49.2 1,040 344 101 6,573 13.49

 Propane ............................................. 259 1,541 5.9 197 65 19 1,738 21.76

 Other ................................................. 55 477 8.7 34 11 3 248 31.58

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 237
Table CE-9. Total Electricity Consumption and Expenditures, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Using

Electricity Electricity Consumption

Electricity

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per Building

(thousand

square feet)

Primary Site

Total

(million

dollars)

Total

(trillion

 Btu)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Total

(billion

kWh)

1.1 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0

Cooling Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 3,293 47,761 14.5 7,077 2,344 687 50,797 3.98

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 84 2,023 24.2 390 129 38 2,404 20.82

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 967 7,291 7.5 406 135 39 3,421 13.58

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 1,684 23,056 13.7 3,434 1,138 333 24,101 6.34

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 1,788 28,307 15.8 4,098 1,358 398 29,745 4.72

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 871 5,713 6.6 341 113 33 2,775 10.14

Cooking Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 487 12,249 25.2 2,507 830 243 16,338 7.52

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 340 8,362 24.6 1,250 414 121 9,487 8.68

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 3,517 36,465 10.4 4,116 1,363 400 30,797 4.49

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 340 2,966 8.7 194 64 19 1,777 16.94

 1 to 50 ............................................... 542 6,152 11.3 437 145 42 3,456 11.69

 51 to 99 ............................................. 630 8,859 14.1 1,329 440 129 9,760 9.14

 100 .................................................... 2,831 39,099 13.8 5,913 1,959 574 41,628 3.70

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 967 7,291 7.5 406 135 39 3,421 13.58

 1 to 50 ............................................... 926 14,917 16.1 1,082 358 105 8,642 7.35

 51 to 99 ............................................. 635 12,536 19.7 2,194 727 213 15,196 7.48

 100 .................................................... 1,816 22,331 12.3 4,191 1,388 407 29,363 5.11

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 666 6,008 9.0 376 125 37 3,274 11.80

 51 to 99 ............................................. 745 9,692 13.0 1,243 412 121 9,346 8.41

 100 .................................................... 2,814 40,514 14.4 6,236 2,066 605 43,826 4.65

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 82 673 8.2 Q Q Q 149 29.01

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 1,644 13,101 8.0 1,025 340 100 8,176 8.44

 1 to 50 ............................................... 2,109 30,711 14.6 4,063 1,346 394 30,461 4.80

 51 to 100 ........................................... 87 1,914 22.0 425 141 41 2,715 22.37

 Never Closed .................................... 421 10,677 25.4 2,344 776 228 15,121 7.76

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 82 673 8.2 Q Q Q 149 29.01

Annual Consumption

(kilowatthours)

 10,000 or Less .................................. 827 3,059 3.7 42 14 4 475 8.62

 10,001 to 50,000 ............................... 1,629 9,697 6.0 432 143 42 4,263 6.71

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 742 6,876 9.3 541 179 53 4,957 8.97

 100,001 to 500,000 ........................... 904 14,815 16.4 1,996 661 194 15,890 5.70

 500,001 to 1,000,000 ........................ 125 5,702 45.5 903 299 88 6,405 8.79

 1,000,001 to 5,000,000 ..................... 98 10,178 103.8 2,054 680 199 13,237 7.04

 Over 5,000,000 ................................. 17 6,748 408.9 1,906 631 185 11,395 10.54

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Site electricity is the amount of electricity delivered to commercial buildings. Primary electricity, which is not

included in the "Total of Major Fuels" category, is site electricity plus the conversion losses in the electric generation process at the utility plant. • Statistics for the "energy

end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum

to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

238 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-10. Electricity Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Electricity Consumption Electricity Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

per

Building

(thousand

kWh)

per

Square

Foot

(kWh)

per

Worker

(thousand

kWh)

Distribution of

Building-Level Intensities

(kWh/square foot)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square

Foot

(dollars)

per kWh

(dollars)

1.4 1.1 1.3 25th

Percentile Median

75th

Percentile 1.2 0.9 0.5

All Buildings ...................................... 176 13.4 10.0 3.2 7.2 16.2 13.0 0.99 0.074 3.41

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 49 18.7 10.6 3.9 8.5 20.6 4.3 1.63 0.087 6.46

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 72 9.9 9.2 2.2 6.2 12.8 6.2 0.86 0.087 6.49

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 156 10.0 8.7 3.0 5.6 12.7 12.3 0.79 0.079 6.91

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 438 12.1 9.1 3.6 7.3 15.5 33.1 0.92 0.076 5.30

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 933 13.5 11.0 3.9 8.9 17.6 63.0 0.91 0.068 5.79

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 2,112 15.0 11.7 4.4 12.4 23.3 134.4 0.95 0.064 6.30

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 4,779 16.2 11.9 4.6 10.5 20.7 313.9 1.06 0.066 10.78

 Over 500,000 .................................... 14,457 16.3 8.6 7.5 13.2 22.4 973.8 1.10 0.067 8.32

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 210 8.4 6.4 4.3 6.1 14.3 16.7 0.67 0.080 6.23

 Food Sales ........................................ 254 54.1 53.3 37.1 55.6 81.3 18.5 3.95 0.073 10.17

 Food Service .................................... 171 36.0 20.8 13.3 25.5 63.0 13.8 2.90 0.081 12.54

 Health Care ....................................... 589 26.5 13.8 7.4 15.7 23.3 37.2 1.67 0.063 8.55

 Lodging ............................................. 347 15.2 20.1 6.5 11.7 20.1 24.3 1.07 0.070 7.09

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 117 11.8 11.1 3.0 6.9 12.8 9.1 0.92 0.078 6.58

 Office ................................................. 281 18.9 7.3 6.1 12.2 20.2 19.9 1.34 0.071 7.43

 Public Assembly ................................ 153 12.7 16.7 2.7 5.8 10.0 11.1 0.92 0.072 10.50

 Public Order and Safety .................... 165 11.3 8.4 3.3 3.9 9.8 13.0 0.89 0.079 22.86

 Religious Worship ............................. 36 3.4 Q 1.4 2.9 4.9 3.5 0.34 0.100 9.05

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 108 6.4 10.6 1.2 3.2 7.3 8.2 0.49 0.076 8.26

 Other ................................................. 330 22.1 12.0 6.3 11.3 21.8 22.0 1.47 0.067 15.31

 Vacant ............................................... 36 3.9 9.3 0.3 2.4 5.6 3.3 0.35 0.092 17.63

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 87 8.3 8.0 2.0 4.8 10.3 6.8 0.65 0.079 16.67

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 100 8.2 7.0 2.2 5.1 11.8 7.9 0.65 0.079 8.07

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 113 10.4 9.3 2.8 6.5 12.2 8.8 0.81 0.078 6.76

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 199 13.0 9.6 2.8 7.2 15.8 15.0 0.98 0.075 6.48

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 223 16.0 12.0 4.2 8.8 21.0 16.1 1.16 0.072 7.18

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 240 15.9 9.4 4.2 10.0 22.0 17.5 1.16 0.073 6.19

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 234 18.8 12.3 4.1 9.4 23.2 16.2 1.30 0.069 8.84

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 205 17.5 16.8 2.9 8.4 16.7 14.5 1.23 0.071 15.67

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 184 11.2 8.5 2.5 5.2 12.1 18.7 1.14 0.102 5.69

 New England ................................... 152 9.4 8.6 2.2 5.8 12.2 16.2 1.00 0.107 7.38

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 195 11.8 8.5 2.9 5.2 12.1 19.7 1.19 0.101 7.14

 Midwest ............................................. 152 11.8 9.7 2.2 6.8 13.1 10.2 0.79 0.067 6.82

 East North Central ........................... 149 11.1 9.8 2.0 5.6 12.7 10.5 0.78 0.071 8.77

 West North Central .......................... 158 13.3 9.4 3.1 8.1 14.4 9.5 0.80 0.061 10.00

 South ................................................. 183 14.9 11.4 4.0 8.5 19.8 11.5 0.94 0.063 5.18

 South Atlantic .................................. 223 15.4 11.3 3.9 8.5 17.5 14.8 1.02 0.067 6.07

 East South Central .......................... 159 14.9 9.6 4.1 9.8 26.4 9.1 0.85 0.057 10.38

 West South Central ......................... 155 14.3 13.4 3.4 7.8 16.7 9.7 0.89 0.062 10.14

 West .................................................. 186 14.8 9.5 3.3 7.3 18.2 14.7 1.17 0.079 8.34

 Mountain ......................................... 176 13.9 11.8 2.3 6.5 17.4 11.2 0.89 0.064 13.57

 Pacific .............................................. 191 15.3 8.7 3.9 8.8 20.1 16.4 1.32 0.086 11.24

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 112 10.6 8.8 2.1 5.2 12.9 7.7 0.73 0.069 11.08

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 179 11.7 9.9 2.5 5.6 13.7 14.0 0.91 0.078 5.85

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 204 14.1 9.8 2.9 6.2 14.1 15.0 1.03 0.073 8.55

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 181 14.3 9.2 4.2 9.3 21.6 13.8 1.09 0.076 7.11

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 169 15.0 12.2 4.7 8.7 18.2 11.7 1.04 0.069 6.78

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 239
Table CE-10. Electricity Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Electricity Consumption Electricity Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

per

Building

(thousand

kWh)

per

Square

Foot

(kWh)

per

Worker

(thousand

kWh)

Distribution of

Building-Level Intensities

(kWh/square foot)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square

Foot

(dollars)

per kWh

(dollars)

1.4 1.1 1.3 25th

Percentile Median

75th

Percentile 1.2 0.9 0.5

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 42 7.8 20.9 2.1 5.3 12.2 3.7 0.69 0.089 5.83

 5 to 9 ................................................. 82 10.5 12.7 4.9 8.5 17.2 6.9 0.87 0.083 7.44

 10 to 19 ............................................. 137 12.1 11.0 3.9 9.5 20.0 10.7 0.95 0.078 8.65

 20 to 49 ............................................. 312 13.6 10.8 5.8 12.9 22.2 23.9 1.04 0.077 6.10

 50 to 99 ............................................. 662 13.2 10.2 4.6 10.6 19.9 48.1 0.96 0.073 7.45

 100 to 249 ......................................... 1,382 16.4 10.0 6.8 15.1 24.6 94.3 1.12 0.068 5.69

 250 or More ....................................... 4,784 21.7 7.1 5.9 16.4 26.8 307.6 1.40 0.064 10.33

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 24 3.6 3.1 0.7 2.7 5.8 2.3 0.35 0.096 11.01

 40 to 48 ............................................. 94 9.0 7.1 3.6 6.8 12.9 7.5 0.72 0.080 5.54

 49 to 60 ............................................. 153 12.0 8.2 3.3 6.9 15.3 11.5 0.90 0.075 9.03

 61 to 84 ............................................. 225 12.7 9.7 4.6 10.2 18.2 17.3 0.98 0.077 6.21

 85 to 167 ........................................... 313 20.7 18.3 11.9 31.4 55.6 23.6 1.56 0.075 6.65

 Open Continuously ............................ 541 21.3 13.9 5.0 12.7 31.5 36.0 1.42 0.066 5.93

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 155 13.1 9.8 3.1 7.2 16.2 11.8 0.99 0.076 3.41

 Owner Occupied ............................. 154 13.4 10.1 3.0 6.9 15.9 11.4 0.99 0.074 3.79

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 176 12.4 8.8 4.1 9.8 18.2 14.6 1.03 0.083 6.63

 Unoccupied ..................................... 21 2.8 Q 0.2 0.6 7.7 2.3 0.30 0.106 29.15

 Government Owned .......................... 325 14.6 10.7 3.9 7.7 17.2 22.1 1.00 0.068 10.24

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 270 11.9 8.0 1.9 5.1 10.8 19.7 0.87 0.073 5.94

 No ...................................................... 160 13.9 10.8 3.4 7.6 17.1 11.9 1.03 0.074 3.78

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 176 13.4 10.0 3.2 7.2 16.2 13.0 0.99 0.074 3.41

 Natural Gas ....................................... 202 13.1 10.0 3.5 7.4 16.0 15.1 0.98 0.075 3.91

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 384 15.9 10.0 2.9 5.0 11.4 26.6 1.10 0.069 6.31

 District Heat ....................................... 972 18.9 10.3 7.4 10.2 24.3 63.3 1.23 0.065 13.88

 District Chilled Water ......................... 1,042 21.9 12.4 7.7 10.2 26.8 63.3 1.33 0.061 14.70

 Propane ............................................. 111 12.3 8.5 2.9 5.9 12.7 9.0 1.00 0.081 11.07

 Other ................................................. 118 10.9 9.4 1.8 5.1 10.5 9.1 0.84 0.077 14.47

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 186 13.8 10.0 3.6 7.7 16.4 13.7 1.01 0.074 3.50

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 215 14.6 10.2 4.4 9.0 18.9 15.8 1.07 0.073 3.70

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 211 14.2 10.1 3.9 8.7 18.5 15.5 1.05 0.074 3.58

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 441 17.7 11.5 5.1 13.5 35.3 31.2 1.25 0.071 5.43

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 225 11.8 9.3 2.6 6.3 10.5 15.9 0.84 0.071 13.77

 Buildings with Electricity Generation 1,022 18.9 11.0 4.3 12.2 23.1 68.7 1.27 0.067 6.00

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 244 16.2 10.5 5.0 10.9 21.7 17.1 1.13 0.070 5.05

 Electricity Main ................................ 236 17.6 11.5 5.8 12.9 23.5 16.2 1.21 0.069 6.61

 Electricity Secondary ....................... 263 14.0 9.0 3.6 7.0 16.2 19.1 1.01 0.073 8.17

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 153 12.1 9.5 3.0 6.7 14.0 11.7 0.93 0.077 3.92

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... 56 6.4 10.4 0.5 1.8 6.9 5.2 0.60 0.094 15.09

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 236 17.6 11.5 5.8 12.9 23.5 16.2 1.21 0.069 6.61

 Natural Gas ....................................... 167 12.2 9.6 3.4 7.3 15.7 12.7 0.93 0.076 3.79

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 63 6.5 6.8 2.2 4.1 6.8 6.6 0.68 0.104 7.60

 District Heat ....................................... 941 19.1 10.2 7.4 10.2 24.6 61.3 1.25 0.065 11.12

 Propane ............................................. 74 12.4 Q 2.2 5.7 15.1 6.7 1.13 0.091 23.46

 Other ................................................. 60 6.9 10.3 1.5 1.8 9.9 4.5 0.52 0.076 21.24

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

240 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-10. Electricity Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Electricity Consumption Electricity Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

per

Building

(thousand

kWh)

per

Square

Foot

(kWh)

per

Worker

(thousand

kWh)

Distribution of

Building-Level Intensities

(kWh/square foot)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square

Foot

(dollars)

per kWh

(dollars)

1.4 1.1 1.3 25th

Percentile Median

75th

Percentile 1.2 0.9 0.5

Cooling Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 209 14.4 10.1 4.3 8.9 18.6 15.4 1.06 0.074 3.70

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 452 18.7 11.7 7.0 12.3 43.1 28.7 1.19 0.064 17.15

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 41 5.4 7.1 1.2 2.7 5.6 3.5 0.47 0.087 10.75

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 198 14.5 9.9 4.1 9.3 19.9 14.3 1.05 0.072 5.62

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 222 14.1 10.3 3.8 8.3 16.7 16.6 1.05 0.075 3.92

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 38 5.8 8.2 1.4 3.4 8.1 3.2 0.49 0.084 8.73

Cooking Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 500 19.9 12.9 5.6 15.7 43.7 33.6 1.33 0.067 6.67

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 357 14.5 9.4 4.5 10.9 22.3 27.9 1.13 0.078 7.29

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 114 11.0 8.9 2.9 6.5 14.0 8.8 0.84 0.077 3.80

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 56 6.4 10.4 0.5 1.8 6.9 5.2 0.60 0.094 15.09

 1 to 50 ............................................... 78 6.9 10.0 2.0 4.7 9.3 6.4 0.56 0.082 7.89

 51 to 99 ............................................. 205 14.6 11.2 3.9 7.3 15.2 15.5 1.10 0.076 10.39

 100 .................................................... 203 14.7 9.7 3.9 8.8 18.6 14.7 1.06 0.073 3.51

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 41 5.4 7.1 1.2 2.7 5.6 3.5 0.47 0.087 10.75

 1 to 50 ............................................... 113 7.0 8.6 2.7 5.2 10.8 9.3 0.58 0.082 5.27

 51 to 99 ............................................. 335 17.0 11.1 5.2 9.8 20.3 23.9 1.21 0.071 7.08

 100 .................................................... 224 18.2 10.3 5.8 11.9 23.5 16.2 1.31 0.072 4.42

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... Q Q Q 0.7 1.9 2.4 Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 55 6.1 13.7 1.8 4.9 9.5 4.9 0.54 0.090 10.28

 51 to 99 ............................................. 162 12.4 10.0 4.0 7.5 16.2 12.5 0.96 0.077 6.31

 100 .................................................... 215 14.9 9.8 3.8 8.5 18.5 15.6 1.08 0.072 4.13

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... Q Q Q 0.1 0.3 3.4 1.8 0.22 0.096 35.29

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 61 7.6 7.8 2.1 4.7 10.4 5.0 0.62 0.082 5.95

 1 to 50 ............................................... 187 12.8 8.8 4.6 9.8 19.8 14.4 0.99 0.077 4.32

 51 to 100 ........................................... 474 21.6 16.0 6.1 8.8 21.9 31.2 1.42 0.066 24.95

 Never Closed .................................... 541 21.3 13.9 5.0 12.7 31.5 36.0 1.42 0.066 5.94

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... Q Q Q 0.1 0.3 3.4 1.8 0.22 0.096 35.29

Annual Consumption

(kilowatthours)

 10,000 or Less .................................. 5 1.3 1.8 0.6 1.8 3.3 0.6 0.16 0.116 6.98

 10,001 to 50,000 ............................... 26 4.3 4.4 3.2 6.1 10.8 2.6 0.44 0.102 4.02

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 71 7.6 6.2 5.8 11.6 20.5 6.7 0.72 0.094 4.42

 100,001 to 500,000 ........................... 214 13.1 10.5 10.2 18.4 47.0 17.6 1.07 0.082 3.72

 500,001 to 1,000,000 ........................ 699 15.4 11.9 12.3 22.1 46.8 51.1 1.12 0.073 4.15

 1,000,001 to 5,000,000 ..................... 2,033 19.6 13.0 16.5 24.7 36.7 135.0 1.30 0.066 3.31

 Over 5,000,000 ................................. 11,212 27.4 12.3 20.3 30.2 48.4 690.4 1.69 0.062 6.91

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption for

a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 241
Table CE-11. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Census Region, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity

Consumption

(billion kWh)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings Using Electricity

(million square feet)

Electricity Energy

Intensity

(kWh/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.2 1.2 0.9 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.0

All Buildings ................................... 128 163 301 172 11,444 13,887 20,158 11,587 11.2 11.8 14.9 14.8 7.15

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................ 20 21 49 22 926 1,636 2,291 1,101 21.2 12.8 21.2 20.2 13.31

 5,001 to 10,000 .............................. 9 11 29 21 1,130 1,624 2,526 1,781 8.0 6.8 11.4 11.7 16.08

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................ 16 27 48 22 2,098 2,637 4,274 2,294 7.5 10.1 11.3 9.6 14.99

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................ 13 19 35 25 1,377 1,720 2,643 1,896 9.6 10.9 13.3 13.4 13.23

 50,001 to 100,000 .......................... 13 24 41 27 1,360 1,893 2,952 1,697 9.9 12.9 14.0 16.1 13.59

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................ 17 21 45 16 1,304 1,822 2,409 1,063 12.8 11.3 18.8 15.2 16.77

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................ 16 19 30 25 1,389 1,516 1,679 965 11.7 12.7 17.8 25.5 16.65

 Over 500,000 ................................. 24 22 24 13 1,860 1,039 1,384 791 12.9 21.0 17.2 16.6 18.96

Principal Building Activity

 Education ....................................... 13 13 23 16 1,930 1,941 2,315 1,498 6.7 6.8 9.9 10.4 12.33

 Food Sales ..................................... Q Q 15 8 Q Q 287 209 Q Q 53.7 39.7 16.38

 Food Service ................................. Q Q 21 8 Q 474 443 271 Q 22.5 47.4 31.0 27.45

 Health Care .................................... 9 13 27 13 408 466 916 543 21.2 28.1 29.8 23.5 15.20

 Lodging .......................................... 7 12 22 13 332 909 1,313 1,047 20.7 13.6 17.0 12.7 17.17

 Mercantile and Service ................... 23 35 65 25 2,802 3,198 4,823 1,807 8.3 11.1 13.5 13.9 14.46

 Office .............................................. 32 40 68 58 2,146 2,335 3,483 2,503 14.8 17.1 19.5 23.4 12.71

 Public Assembly ............................. 8 11 20 10 688 944 1,367 930 12.3 11.4 14.9 11.2 18.70

 Public Order and Safety ................. 4 2 4 Q 548 300 308 Q 7.7 7.9 13.6 Q 33.47

 Religious Worship .......................... 1 1 4 3 442 633 1,006 711 3.0 2.2 3.8 4.3 19.53

 Warehouse and Storage ................ 12 12 20 9 1,457 1,934 3,152 1,472 7.9 6.0 6.2 6.0 20.18

 Other .............................................. Q 7 9 Q Q 402 285 Q Q 18.5 32.8 Q 31.32

 Vacant ............................................ Q 1 2 1 Q 282 460 337 Q 4.6 4.5 4.0 37.05

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ............................... 6 14 4 4 1,161 1,458 504 404 5.6 9.5 8.8 10.8 28.79

 1920 to 1945 .................................. 11 17 17 7 1,547 2,098 1,646 883 6.8 7.9 10.3 7.4 20.49

 1946 to 1959 .................................. 21 22 30 22 1,941 2,247 3,060 1,876 10.8 9.9 9.7 11.8 16.15

 1960 to 1969 .................................. 24 23 53 38 2,270 2,347 3,737 2,294 10.7 9.8 14.3 16.4 12.88

 1970 to 1979 .................................. 24 33 73 51 1,649 2,405 4,312 2,879 14.4 13.7 16.9 17.6 12.83

 1980 to 1989 .................................. 29 41 86 33 2,098 2,278 5,164 2,369 13.8 18.2 16.7 14.0 13.91

 1990 to 1992 .................................. 6 8 22 11 432 544 1,078 491 14.9 14.2 20.6 23.2 21.11

 1993 to 1995 .................................. Q 6 15 6 347 509 658 391 18.5 10.8 23.0 15.8 26.66

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD .................. 11 37 Q 5 1,074 3,457 Q 403 10.3 10.6 Q Q 17.66

 5,500-7,000 HDD ......................... 55 83 Q 29 4,889 7,461 Q 2,005 11.3 11.1 Q 14.5 13.79

 4,000-5,499 HDD ......................... 62 44 64 36 5,481 2,969 4,266 1,844 11.2 14.7 15.0 19.4 16.76

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q 114 76 Q Q 7,651 5,618 Q Q 14.8 13.6 11.18

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q 123 26 Q Q 8,241 1,718 Q Q 15.0 15.3 15.71

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .................................. 16 19 42 19 2,041 3,238 4,672 2,391 7.7 5.9 9.0 7.9 14.98

 5 to 9 .............................................. 7 16 26 17 1,057 1,746 2,082 1,384 6.7 9.2 12.5 11.9 16.42

 10 to 19 .......................................... 12 16 40 18 1,317 1,511 2,701 1,572 9.2 10.3 14.9 11.5 18.47

 20 to 49 .......................................... 22 28 48 26 1,778 2,390 3,212 1,723 12.5 11.6 15.0 14.8 13.36

 50 to 99 .......................................... 12 20 38 21 1,260 1,436 2,733 1,430 9.3 13.8 13.9 14.9 12.80

 100 to 249 ...................................... 18 22 35 23 1,428 1,579 1,755 1,212 12.4 14.0 19.7 19.2 16.33

 250 or More .................................... 41 43 72 48 2,562 1,986 3,001 1,875 16.1 21.7 24.0 25.9 14.43

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer .................................... 3 4 8 4 783 1,311 1,820 1,018 4.0 2.8 4.2 3.5 19.71

 40 to 48 .......................................... 15 25 50 28 2,165 3,464 4,888 2,626 7.1 7.3 10.2 10.5 12.53

 49 to 60 .......................................... 21 23 53 48 2,442 2,330 4,766 2,596 8.8 9.9 11.1 18.6 15.27

 61 to 84 .......................................... 19 29 54 26 2,106 2,622 3,276 2,016 9.0 10.9 16.3 13.1 11.92

 85 to 167 ........................................ 24 28 47 28 1,408 1,621 1,793 1,337 17.0 17.5 26.2 21.0 15.03

 Open Continuously ......................... 45 55 90 38 2,541 2,539 3,614 1,994 17.7 21.5 24.9 19.2 12.33

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

242 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-11. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Census Region, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity

Consumption

(billion kWh)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings Using Electricity

(million square feet)

Electricity Energy

Intensity

(kWh/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.2 1.2 0.9 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.0

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................. 96 126 244 124 8,611 11,034 16,425 9,155 11.2 11.4 14.9 13.6 7.46

 Owner Occupied .......................... 79 106 199 88 6,901 9,242 12,467 6,502 11.4 11.4 16.0 13.6 7.94

 Nonowner Occupied ..................... 18 20 45 36 1,620 1,621 3,716 2,562 10.8 12.4 12.0 14.0 16.02

 Unoccupied .................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Government Owned ....................... 32 37 57 48 2,833 2,853 3,733 2,433 11.1 13.0 15.1 19.6 15.56

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................. 28 36 72 38 2,929 3,406 5,179 3,116 9.7 10.5 14.0 12.0 12.22

 No ................................................... 99 128 229 134 8,515 10,481 14,978 8,472 11.7 12.2 15.3 15.9 7.99

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 128 163 301 172 11,444 13,887 20,158 11,587 11.2 11.8 14.9 14.8 7.15

 Natural Gas .................................... 74 128 184 113 7,074 10,819 12,289 7,826 10.5 11.8 15.0 14.5 8.52

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 52 47 90 39 5,368 2,669 4,166 2,142 9.7 17.5 21.7 18.3 13.32

 District Heat .................................... 29 30 28 20 1,756 1,902 1,038 949 16.5 16.0 26.5 20.9 27.27

 District Chilled Water ...................... 6 17 24 8 287 778 919 533 19.7 21.5 26.5 15.6 21.75

 Propane .......................................... 20 13 25 8 1,685 1,093 2,012 550 12.1 11.9 12.3 13.7 23.04

 Other .............................................. 6 8 6 4 717 558 618 339 8.7 14.1 9.5 12.9 29.69

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ......... 127 162 294 162 11,096 13,422 18,852 10,741 11.4 12.1 15.6 15.1 7.30

 Buildings with Cooling .................... 118 154 297 156 9,478 11,943 18,606 9,758 12.5 12.9 16.0 16.0 7.43

 Buildings with Water Heating ......... 125 159 281 166 10,694 12,428 17,502 10,739 11.7 12.8 16.0 15.5 7.19

 Buildings with Cooking ................... 62 77 147 78 4,611 4,717 7,173 4,110 13.5 16.4 20.6 19.0 10.44

 Buildings with Manufacturing ......... 7 19 16 5 674 1,057 1,456 697 10.5 17.6 10.7 6.8 24.27

 Buildings with Electricity

Generation ....................................... 53 53 99 47 3,858 2,738 4,360 2,391 13.8 19.4 22.6 19.5 10.81

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 47 61 169 81 3,081 4,058 9,971 5,046 15.4 15.1 16.9 16.1 11.26

 Electricity Main ............................. 21 28 131 57 1,099 1,549 7,403 3,449 18.8 18.3 17.7 16.6 15.61

 Electricity Secondary .................... 27 33 38 24 1,982 2,508 2,568 1,597 13.4 13.1 14.7 14.9 15.72

 Other Excluding Electricity ............. 79 101 125 81 8,015 9,364 8,881 5,695 9.9 10.8 14.1 14.3 7.92

 Buildings without Space Heating .... Q Q 7 10 Q 465 1,306 846 Q Q 5.4 11.5 30.54

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 21 28 131 57 1,099 1,549 7,403 3,449 18.8 18.3 17.7 16.6 15.61

 Natural Gas .................................... 49 99 119 83 4,674 9,207 8,726 6,079 10.5 10.8 13.7 13.7 9.13

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 18 Q 8 Q 2,974 Q 793 Q 6.0 Q 9.6 Q 18.24

 District Heat .................................... 27 30 26 19 1,588 1,839 945 905 16.8 16.2 27.4 20.6 19.71

 Propane .......................................... 10 2 6 Q 432 313 713 Q 23.5 6.0 8.7 Q 33.23

 Other .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Cooling Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 113 142 285 147 8,986 11,424 18,133 9,219 12.5 12.4 15.7 16.0 7.47

 Other Excluding Electricity ............. 6 Q 12 8 492 520 473 539 12.0 22.8 24.6 15.7 27.81

 Buildings without Cooling ............... 9 10 4 16 1,967 1,944 1,551 1,830 4.8 5.0 2.7 8.8 21.46

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 54 63 148 68 4,689 4,516 9,757 4,094 11.6 14.0 15.2 16.5 11.86

 Other Excluding Electricity ............. 71 96 133 99 6,005 7,911 7,745 6,645 11.8 12.1 17.1 14.8 7.65

 Buildings without Water Heating .... 3 4 20 6 751 1,459 2,655 848 3.6 3.0 7.6 6.9 21.28

Cooking Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 36 58 97 53 2,437 3,015 4,311 2,485 14.6 19.1 22.4 21.5 14.01

 Other Excluding Electricity ............. 26 20 51 25 2,174 1,702 2,862 1,624 12.2 11.5 17.7 15.1 13.06

 Buildings without Cooking .............. 66 86 154 94 6,833 9,170 12,985 7,478 9.6 9.4 11.8 12.6 8.63

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 243
Table CE-11. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Census Region, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity

Consumption

(billion kWh)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings Using Electricity

(million square feet)

Electricity Energy

Intensity

(kWh/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.2 1.2 0.9 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.0

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ..................................... Q Q 7 10 Q 465 1,306 846 Q Q 5.4 11.5 30.54

 1 to 50 ............................................ 7 5 19 11 987 1,171 2,339 1,655 6.7 4.3 8.2 6.9 19.77

 51 to 99 .......................................... 28 14 50 36 2,501 1,480 2,847 2,032 11.3 9.6 17.6 17.9 16.13

 100 ................................................. 92 143 224 114 7,609 10,770 13,666 7,054 12.1 13.3 16.4 16.2 6.99

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ..................................... 9 10 4 16 1,967 1,944 1,551 1,830 4.8 5.0 2.7 8.8 21.46

 1 to 50 ............................................ 27 26 31 20 3,751 4,341 4,311 2,514 7.3 6.1 7.3 7.8 11.91

 51 to 99 .......................................... 43 47 78 44 3,063 3,028 4,262 2,184 14.1 15.6 18.4 20.3 11.90

 100 ................................................. 48 80 187 92 2,664 4,575 10,033 5,059 18.0 17.5 18.6 18.2 8.81

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................ Q 8 12 8 1,130 1,598 2,172 1,109 7.6 5.0 5.7 6.8 18.90

 51 to 99 .......................................... 24 27 43 26 2,418 2,247 3,011 2,016 9.8 12.0 14.4 13.1 13.87

 100 ................................................. 95 128 245 138 7,787 9,874 14,608 8,245 12.2 13.0 16.7 16.7 8.34

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ....................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................ 14 20 40 26 2,400 3,397 4,695 2,609 5.7 5.8 8.6 10.0 14.52

 1 to 50 ............................................ 62 86 154 92 5,872 7,602 10,761 6,476 10.6 11.3 14.3 14.1 8.45

 51 to 100 ........................................ 6 Q 16 Q 546 Q 826 345 11.0 Q 19.5 Q 24.88

 Never Closed ................................. 45 55 90 38 2,541 2,539 3,614 1,983 17.7 21.5 24.9 19.2 12.36

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ....................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Annual Consumption

(kilowatthours)

 10,000 or Less ............................... 1 1 2 1 518 873 1,042 627 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.2 17.51

 10,001 to 50,000 ............................ 6 11 16 9 1,688 2,792 3,368 1,849 3.6 4.0 4.6 4.9 11.69

 50,001 to 100,000 .......................... 8 10 22 12 1,316 1,407 2,500 1,653 6.1 7.0 9.0 7.4 16.63

 100,001 to 500,000 ........................ 33 38 79 44 2,821 3,639 5,461 2,893 11.6 10.5 14.5 15.1 10.24

 500,001 to 1,000,000 ..................... 14 18 38 18 1,108 1,318 2,150 1,126 12.6 14.0 17.5 15.7 15.47

 1,000,001 to 5,000,000 .................. 31 46 77 46 2,205 2,511 3,381 2,080 13.8 18.4 22.6 22.1 11.79

 Over 5,000,000 .............................. 36 38 68 43 1,787 1,346 2,256 1,359 20.2 28.5 30.2 31.3 16.67

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption

for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

244 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-12. Electricity Expenditures by Census Region, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity

Expenditures

(million dollars)

Electricity Expenditures

(dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

per kWh per Square Foot

NortheastMidwest South West

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.7 1.6 1.3 1.9 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.5

All Buildings ................................... 13,059 10,946 19,009 13,607 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.14 0.79 0.94 1.17 5.10

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................ 2,206 1,758 3,514 2,218 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.10 2.38 1.07 1.53 2.01 9.66

 5,001 to 10,000 .............................. 1,102 877 2,038 2,038 0.12 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.98 0.54 0.81 1.14 11.23

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................ 1,789 1,931 3,233 1,959 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.85 0.73 0.76 0.85 10.23

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................ 1,434 1,265 2,208 2,098 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.04 0.74 0.84 1.11 8.95

 50,001 to 100,000 .......................... 1,354 1,564 2,446 1,830 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.07 1.00 0.83 0.83 1.08 8.87

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................ 1,521 1,214 2,485 1,064 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.07 1.17 0.67 1.03 1.00 10.81

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................ 1,473 1,102 1,831 1,502 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.06 1.06 0.73 1.09 1.56 14.24

 Over 500,000 ................................. 2,180 1,235 1,255 898 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.07 1.17 1.19 0.91 1.14 11.29

Principal Building Activity

 Education ....................................... 1,453 944 1,524 1,247 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.75 0.49 0.66 0.83 8.49

 Food Sales ..................................... Q Q 943 713 Q Q 0.06 0.09 Q Q 3.29 3.42 11.41

 Food Service ................................. Q 784 1,365 797 Q 0.07 0.07 0.09 Q 1.66 3.08 2.94 16.79

 Health Care .................................... 725 692 1,471 1,014 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.08 1.78 1.49 1.61 1.87 10.20

 Lodging .......................................... 625 775 1,322 1,116 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.08 1.88 0.85 1.01 1.07 11.48

 Mercantile and Service ................... 2,599 2,559 4,176 2,321 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.93 0.80 0.87 1.28 9.08

 Office .............................................. 3,150 2,621 4,286 3,962 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.07 1.47 1.12 1.23 1.58 8.19

 Public Assembly ............................. 799 737 1,381 687 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.07 1.16 0.78 1.01 0.74 15.77

 Public Order and Safety ................. 456 160 241 Q 0.11 0.07 0.06 Q 0.83 0.53 0.78 Q 18.43

 Religious Worship .......................... 212 133 326 283 0.16 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.48 0.21 0.32 0.40 12.56

 Warehouse and Storage ................ 1,109 749 1,248 828 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.76 0.39 0.40 0.56 12.35

 Other .............................................. Q 421 552 Q Q 0.06 0.06 Q Q 1.05 1.94 Q 17.52

 Vacant ............................................ Q 112 175 137 Q 0.09 0.08 0.10 Q 0.40 0.38 0.41 24.22

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ............................... 734 936 348 271 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.63 0.64 0.69 0.67 18.14

 1920 to 1945 .................................. 1,120 1,290 1,082 520 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.72 0.61 0.66 0.59 12.64

 1946 to 1959 .................................. 2,216 1,494 2,000 1,685 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.08 1.14 0.67 0.65 0.90 11.11

 1960 to 1969 .................................. 2,477 1,510 3,320 3,098 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.09 0.64 0.89 1.35 9.10

 1970 to 1979 .................................. 2,318 2,116 4,590 3,981 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.08 1.41 0.88 1.06 1.38 8.44

 1980 to 1989 .................................. 2,977 2,702 5,377 2,788 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.42 1.19 1.04 1.18 9.12

 1990 to 1992 .................................. 554 549 1,422 793 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.07 1.28 1.01 1.32 1.62 14.18

 1993 to 1995 .................................. Q 347 870 471 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.08 1.91 0.68 1.32 1.20 16.94

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD .................. 1,198 2,154 Q 248 0.11 0.06 Q 0.05 1.12 0.62 Q Q 9.38

 5,500-7,000 HDD ......................... 5,662 6,022 Q 1,439 0.10 0.07 Q 0.05 1.16 0.81 Q 0.72 8.84

 4,000-5,499 HDD ......................... 6,199 2,771 4,247 1,840 0.10 0.06 0.07 0.05 1.13 0.93 1.00 1.00 9.82

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q 6,802 7,677 Q Q 0.06 0.10 Q Q 0.89 1.37 6.92

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q 7,960 2,403 Q Q 0.06 0.09 Q Q 0.97 1.40 9.42

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .................................. 1,834 1,644 3,147 1,885 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.10 0.90 0.51 0.67 0.79 10.33

 5 to 9 .............................................. 861 1,221 1,820 1,576 0.12 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.81 0.70 0.87 1.14 11.12

 10 to 19 .......................................... 1,448 1,115 2,558 1,590 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.09 1.10 0.74 0.95 1.01 12.02

 20 to 49 .......................................... 2,294 1,871 3,093 2,222 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.09 1.29 0.78 0.96 1.29 9.46

 50 to 99 .......................................... 1,258 1,276 2,487 1,574 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.07 1.00 0.89 0.91 1.10 10.38

 100 to 249 ...................................... 1,699 1,362 1,890 1,717 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.07 1.19 0.86 1.08 1.42 10.80

 250 or More .................................... 3,665 2,457 4,013 3,043 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.06 1.43 1.24 1.34 1.62 9.88

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 245
Table CE-12. Electricity Expenditures by Census Region, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity

Expenditures

(million dollars)

Electricity Expenditures

(dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

per kWh per Square Foot

NortheastMidwest South West

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.7 1.6 1.3 1.9 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.5

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer .................................... 362 328 658 380 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.46 0.25 0.36 0.37 14.17

 40 to 48 .......................................... 1,774 1,810 3,453 2,398 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.82 0.52 0.71 0.91 8.57

 49 to 60 .......................................... 2,281 1,636 3,563 3,432 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.93 0.70 0.75 1.32 10.53

 61 to 84 .......................................... 2,027 2,096 3,383 2,301 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.96 0.80 1.03 1.14 8.07

 85 to 167 ........................................ 2,525 1,916 2,957 2,211 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.79 1.18 1.65 1.65 12.40

 Open Continuously ......................... 4,091 3,160 4,994 2,886 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.08 1.61 1.24 1.38 1.45 8.35

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................. 10,073 8,729 15,489 10,535 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.17 0.79 0.94 1.15 5.23

 Owner Occupied .......................... 8,135 7,305 12,382 7,055 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.18 0.79 0.99 1.09 5.64

 Nonowner Occupied ..................... 1,919 1,364 3,045 3,440 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.10 1.18 0.84 0.82 1.34 9.32

 Unoccupied .................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Government Owned ....................... 2,987 2,217 3,520 3,072 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.06 1.05 0.78 0.94 1.26 11.76

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................. 2,912 2,349 4,393 3,061 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.99 0.69 0.85 0.98 7.85

 No ................................................... 10,147 8,597 14,615 10,546 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.19 0.82 0.98 1.24 5.72

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 13,059 10,946 19,009 13,607 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.14 0.79 0.94 1.17 5.10

 Natural Gas .................................... 7,660 8,726 11,559 9,376 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.08 0.81 0.94 1.20 6.29

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 5,206 2,639 5,204 2,801 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.97 0.99 1.25 1.31 8.15

 District Heat .................................... 2,654 1,689 1,518 1,096 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.06 1.51 0.89 1.46 1.15 18.08

 District Chilled Water ...................... 482 878 1,365 618 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.07 1.68 1.13 1.49 1.16 14.81

 Propane .......................................... 2,251 876 1,597 599 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.34 0.80 0.79 1.09 12.34

 Other .............................................. 662 491 382 343 0.11 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.92 0.88 0.62 1.01 17.38

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ......... 12,934 10,861 18,533 12,516 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.17 0.81 0.98 1.17 5.22

 Buildings with Cooling .................... 11,968 10,238 18,669 12,325 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.26 0.86 1.00 1.26 5.41

 Buildings with Water Heating ......... 12,722 10,557 17,594 12,973 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.19 0.85 1.01 1.21 5.22

 Buildings with Cooking ................... 6,223 4,924 9,000 5,677 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.07 1.35 1.04 1.25 1.38 7.47

 Buildings with Manufacturing ......... 709 1,095 1,040 408 0.10 0.06 0.07 0.09 1.05 1.04 0.71 0.59 14.23

 Buildings with Electricity

Generation ....................................... 4,859 3,049 5,534 3,470 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.07 1.26 1.11 1.27 1.45 7.44

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 4,558 3,900 10,538 6,061 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.07 1.48 0.96 1.06 1.20 7.52

 Electricity Main ............................. 1,843 1,779 8,272 4,386 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.08 1.68 1.15 1.12 1.27 10.22

 Electricity Secondary .................... 2,715 2,121 2,267 1,675 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.07 1.37 0.85 0.88 1.05 10.05

 Other Excluding Electricity ............. 8,376 6,961 7,995 6,454 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.04 0.74 0.90 1.13 6.06

 Buildings without Space Heating .... Q 85 475 1,092 Q 0.08 0.07 0.11 Q Q 0.36 1.29 21.68

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 1,843 1,779 8,272 4,386 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.08 1.68 1.15 1.12 1.27 10.22

 Natural Gas .................................... 5,122 7,066 7,595 6,885 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.10 0.77 0.87 1.13 6.48

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 2,160 Q 551 Q 0.12 Q 0.07 Q 0.73 Q 0.70 Q 10.83

 District Heat .................................... 2,450 1,654 1,436 1,032 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.06 1.54 0.90 1.52 1.14 13.86

 Propane .......................................... 1,099 143 432 Q 0.11 0.08 0.07 Q 2.55 0.46 0.61 Q 18.65

 Other .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Cooling Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 11,426 9,569 18,112 11,690 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.27 0.84 1.00 1.27 5.42

 Other Excluding Electricity ............. 542 Q 558 635 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.07 1.10 1.29 1.18 1.18 17.05

 Buildings without Cooling ............... 1,091 708 339 1,282 0.12 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.55 0.36 0.22 0.70 13.82

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

246 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-12. Electricity Expenditures by Census Region, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity

Expenditures

(million dollars)

Electricity Expenditures

(dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

per kWh per Square Foot

NortheastMidwest South West

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.7 1.6 1.3 1.9 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.5

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 5,348 3,998 9,434 5,321 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.08 1.14 0.89 0.97 1.30 7.61

 Other Excluding Electricity ............. 7,374 6,559 8,160 7,652 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.23 0.83 1.05 1.15 6.11

 Buildings without Water Heating .... 337 389 1,415 635 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.11 0.45 0.27 0.53 0.75 12.45

Cooking Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 3,473 3,528 5,754 3,584 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.07 1.43 1.17 1.33 1.44 9.40

 Other Excluding Electricity ............. 2,750 1,397 3,246 2,094 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.09 1.26 0.82 1.13 1.29 9.58

 Buildings without Cooking .............. 6,836 6,022 10,009 7,930 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.08 1.00 0.66 0.77 1.06 5.92

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ..................................... Q 85 475 1,092 Q 0.08 0.07 0.11 Q Q 0.36 1.29 21.68

 1 to 50 ............................................ 704 398 1,281 1,073 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.71 0.34 0.55 0.65 12.36

 51 to 99 .......................................... 2,943 977 3,231 2,608 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.07 1.18 0.66 1.13 1.28 12.27

 100 ................................................. 9,287 9,486 14,021 8,834 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.22 0.88 1.03 1.25 5.10

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ..................................... 1,091 708 339 1,282 0.12 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.55 0.36 0.22 0.70 13.82

 1 to 50 ............................................ 2,943 1,935 2,152 1,612 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.78 0.45 0.50 0.64 8.36

 51 to 99 .......................................... 4,189 3,004 4,978 3,025 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.07 1.37 0.99 1.17 1.39 8.38

 100 ................................................. 4,836 5,300 11,540 7,688 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.82 1.16 1.15 1.52 6.44

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................ Q 638 875 793 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.86 0.40 0.40 0.72 12.98

 51 to 99 .......................................... 2,428 1,774 2,954 2,190 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.08 1.00 0.79 0.98 1.09 10.10

 100 ................................................. 9,588 8,516 15,124 10,598 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.23 0.86 1.04 1.29 5.65

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ....................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................ 1,644 1,462 2,869 2,202 0.12 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.68 0.43 0.61 0.84 10.00

 1 to 50 ............................................ 6,640 6,104 10,151 7,565 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.08 1.13 0.80 0.94 1.17 5.80

 51 to 100 ........................................ 616 Q 954 941 0.10 Q 0.06 0.06 1.13 Q 1.15 2.73 21.26

 Never Closed ................................. 4,091 3,160 4,994 2,875 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.08 1.61 1.24 1.38 1.45 8.36

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ....................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Annual Consumption

(kilowatthours)

 10,000 or Less ............................... 97 123 172 82 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.19 0.14 0.17 0.13 12.12

 10,001 to 50,000 ............................ 861 1,042 1,367 993 0.14 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.51 0.37 0.41 0.54 8.20

 50,001 to 100,000 .......................... 1,063 855 1,813 1,226 0.13 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.81 0.61 0.73 0.74 10.41

 100,001 to 500,000 ........................ 3,702 2,837 5,234 4,116 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.09 1.31 0.78 0.96 1.42 7.07

 500,001 to 1,000,000 ..................... 1,413 1,210 2,400 1,382 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.08 1.27 0.92 1.12 1.23 10.45

 1,000,001 to 5,000,000 .................. 2,802 2,818 4,329 3,288 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.07 1.27 1.12 1.28 1.58 7.78

 Over 5,000,000 .............................. 3,121 2,060 3,693 2,520 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.06 1.75 1.53 1.64 1.85 12.12

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption

for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 247
Table CE-13. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Building Size, 1995 

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity

Consumption

(billion kWh)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

Using Electricity

(million square feet)

Electricity Energy

Intensity

(kWh/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1.3 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9

All Buildings ...................................... 181 312 271 13,014 26,840 17,222 13.9 11.6 15.8 5.42

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 9 36 20 654 4,623 2,408 13.1 7.8 8.3 11.55

 Food Sales ........................................ 21 14 Q 367 269 Q 56.6 51.5 Q 16.33

 Food Service .................................... 39 10 Q 940 406 Q 41.2 24.4 Q 25.47

 Health Care ....................................... 4 12 46 294 556 1,483 14.4 21.3 30.8 15.34

 Lodging ............................................. 8 28 19 419 1,858 1,324 18.1 15.1 14.6 15.22

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 44 59 46 3,965 5,384 3,280 11.0 10.9 14.1 12.16

 Office ................................................. 30 76 92 1,999 4,416 4,052 15.1 17.1 22.7 10.92

 Public Assembly ................................ 7 27 16 1,098 1,909 922 6.8 14.0 17.0 16.68

 Public Order and Safety .................... 1 9 Q 233 755 Q 6.2 12.2 Q 32.86

 Religious Worship ............................. 4 6 Q 964 1,797 Q 3.7 3.2 Q 15.49

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 11 22 19 1,408 3,784 2,824 7.5 5.7 6.8 16.55

 Other ................................................. Q 12 8 Q 531 308 Q 22.4 24.4 27.83

 Vacant ............................................... Q 2 Q 512 552 Q 3.7 4.1 Q 32.36

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 10 10 Q 1,118 1,684 724 8.7 5.8 Q 17.63

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 15 19 17 1,608 2,566 2,001 9.1 7.3 8.7 15.44

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 26 43 26 2,764 4,453 1,905 9.4 9.7 13.6 13.25

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 28 64 46 1,985 5,162 3,502 14.0 12.4 13.2 12.26

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 39 60 81 2,421 4,803 4,021 16.2 12.5 20.1 10.87

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 40 83 66 1,984 6,212 3,713 20.2 13.4 17.9 10.59

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 15 16 17 655 1,022 868 22.7 15.6 19.5 14.77

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 9 16 8 479 938 488 18.7 17.4 16.4 23.13

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 29 42 57 2,056 4,835 4,554 13.9 8.8 12.5 10.33

 New England ................................... 7 11 11 511 1,537 1,024 14.5 6.9 10.6 16.10

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 21 32 46 1,545 3,298 3,529 13.8 9.6 13.0 12.41

 Midwest ............................................. 32 70 62 3,259 6,250 4,378 9.8 11.2 14.1 10.87

 East North Central ........................... 20 44 40 2,105 4,103 3,214 9.7 10.8 12.4 12.80

 West North Central .......................... 12 26 22 1,154 2,147 1,163 10.1 11.9 18.9 18.55

 South ................................................. 77 125 99 4,817 9,869 5,472 16.1 12.6 18.1 8.19

 South Atlantic .................................. 32 55 55 2,006 4,353 2,943 16.1 12.7 18.8 11.30

 East South Central .......................... 22 33 15 1,210 2,570 894 17.9 12.8 17.0 16.21

 West South Central ......................... 24 37 28 1,601 2,946 1,635 14.7 12.4 17.3 13.42

 West .................................................. 43 75 54 2,882 5,886 2,819 15.0 12.7 19.1 13.35

 Mountain ......................................... 10 29 14 898 2,136 786 10.8 13.8 18.0 19.98

 Pacific .............................................. 33 46 40 1,984 3,750 2,033 16.8 12.1 19.6 16.17

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 14 22 16 1,439 2,503 991 10.0 8.8 16.1 18.19

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 35 70 63 2,728 6,536 5,091 12.9 10.6 12.3 9.90

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 40 71 94 3,264 5,896 5,399 12.3 12.0 17.4 13.43

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 50 84 56 2,894 7,105 3,269 17.3 11.8 17.0 12.46

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 42 65 43 2,688 4,799 2,472 15.4 13.6 17.4 11.57

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 72 22 Q 6,980 4,708 654 10.4 4.6 Q 11.91

 5 to 9 ................................................. 41 24 Q 2,810 3,183 Q 14.7 7.5 Q 12.23

 10 to 19 ............................................. 40 43 2 2,332 4,055 715 17.2 10.7 3.5 17.11

 20 to 49 ............................................. 26 89 9 826 7,206 1,071 31.4 12.3 8.4 13.46

 50 to 99 ............................................. Q 62 28 Q 4,304 2,506 Q 14.4 11.2 10.32

 100 to 249 ......................................... Q 52 45 Q 2,539 3,420 Q 20.5 13.2 11.40

 250 or More ....................................... Q 21 184 Q 846 8,579 Q 24.3 21.5 14.16

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

248 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-13. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Building Size, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity

Consumption

(billion kWh)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

Using Electricity

(million square feet)

Electricity Energy

Intensity

(kWh/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1.3 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 10 7 Q 2,608 2,026 Q 3.7 3.5 Q 15.31

 40 to 48 ............................................. 38 61 19 3,725 7,113 2,304 10.3 8.6 8.2 11.34

 49 to 60 ............................................. 33 61 51 2,889 6,562 2,683 11.5 9.4 19.1 13.51

 61 to 84 ............................................. 26 51 51 1,671 4,395 3,955 15.4 11.6 12.8 10.38

 85 to 167 ........................................... 45 51 32 1,100 2,744 2,316 41.0 18.5 13.6 12.30

 Open Continuously ............................ 29 80 118 1,021 4,001 5,666 28.8 20.1 20.8 11.36

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 162 242 187 11,556 21,126 12,543 14.1 11.5 14.9 5.68

 Owner Occupied ............................. 128 185 158 9,422 15,666 10,022 13.6 11.8 15.8 6.21

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 33 57 28 1,842 5,271 2,405 18.2 10.7 11.7 12.61

 Unoccupied ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

 Government Owned .......................... 19 70 85 1,458 5,714 4,679 12.9 12.2 18.1 13.11

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 12 62 100 1,673 5,946 7,011 7.1 10.4 14.3 11.26

 No ...................................................... 169 250 171 11,341 20,894 10,211 14.9 12.0 16.7 6.42

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 181 312 271 13,014 26,840 17,222 13.9 11.6 15.8 5.42

 Natural Gas ....................................... 101 211 188 7,436 18,374 12,199 13.5 11.5 15.4 6.95

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 15 62 152 1,570 4,545 8,231 9.3 13.5 18.5 11.57

 District Heat ....................................... Q 31 70 Q 1,766 3,669 Q 17.5 19.0 19.55

 District Chilled Water ......................... Q 12 41 Q 862 1,572 Q 14.2 25.9 17.80

 Propane ............................................. 24 30 11 1,874 2,541 925 12.8 11.9 12.4 16.96

 Other ................................................. 5 12 7 654 1,044 533 8.0 11.5 13.2 25.86

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 174 306 266 11,955 25,526 16,629 14.5 12.0 16.0 5.50

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 161 297 267 9,893 23,615 16,277 16.3 12.6 16.4 5.50

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 161 303 268 10,210 24,690 16,463 15.8 12.3 16.3 5.58

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 62 112 191 2,241 8,077 10,293 27.5 13.9 18.6 8.58

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 5 21 20 564 2,006 1,315 9.7 10.3 15.1 23.13

 Buildings with Electricity Generation 8 78 165 483 4,045 8,818 17.6 19.2 18.8 12.24

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 82 148 128 4,269 10,618 7,269 19.3 13.9 17.6 8.44

 Electricity Main ................................ 63 99 76 2,841 6,724 3,935 22.0 14.7 19.2 11.28

 Electricity Secondary ....................... 20 49 53 1,428 3,894 3,334 13.9 12.5 15.8 12.98

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 91 158 138 7,686 14,909 9,360 11.9 10.6 14.7 6.39

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... 8 6 5 1,059 1,314 593 7.2 4.6 8.7 32.36

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 63 99 76 2,841 6,724 3,935 22.0 14.7 19.2 11.28

 Natural Gas ....................................... 80 156 115 6,583 14,088 8,015 12.1 11.1 14.3 6.98

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 9 10 7 1,241 1,948 963 7.5 5.4 7.5 16.31

 District Heat ....................................... Q 30 64 Q 1,702 3,364 Q 17.9 19.1 13.60

 Propane ............................................. 13 6 Q 796 706 Q 15.9 8.5 Q 31.47

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 249
Table CE-13. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Building Size, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity

Consumption

(billion kWh)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

Using Electricity

(million square feet)

Electricity Energy

Intensity

(kWh/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1.3 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9

Cooling Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 156 286 245 9,707 22,699 15,355 16.1 12.6 16.0 5.60

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 5 11 22 185 915 923 Q 12.0 23.8 26.07

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 20 15 4 3,121 3,225 945 6.5 4.7 4.1 21.18

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 85 129 119 4,991 10,744 7,322 17.1 12.0 16.3 9.32

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 76 174 148 5,219 13,946 9,141 14.5 12.5 16.2 6.80

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 20 9 4 2,804 2,150 759 7.2 4.3 4.9 19.98

Cooking Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 45 65 133 1,327 4,224 6,698 33.8 15.5 19.9 11.16

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 17 47 58 913 3,853 3,595 18.3 12.1 16.1 12.50

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 120 200 80 10,773 18,763 6,929 11.1 10.6 11.6 6.59

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 8 6 5 1,059 1,314 593 7.2 4.6 8.7 32.36

 1 to 50 ............................................... 13 15 14 1,766 2,823 1,564 7.6 5.3 9.0 16.66

 51 to 99 ............................................. 29 46 54 1,963 3,847 3,049 14.9 11.9 17.7 14.87

 100 .................................................... 131 245 198 8,226 18,856 12,016 15.9 13.0 16.5 5.38

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 20 15 4 3,121 3,225 945 6.5 4.7 4.1 21.18

 1 to 50 ............................................... 25 51 29 2,934 7,789 4,195 8.4 6.6 7.0 9.75

 51 to 99 ............................................. 31 72 110 1,720 5,027 5,789 18.1 14.4 18.9 10.83

 100 .................................................... 105 173 129 5,239 10,799 6,293 20.1 16.0 20.4 6.90

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 17 17 3 2,053 3,207 749 8.2 5.2 3.9 17.70

 51 to 99 ............................................. 27 48 45 2,110 4,662 2,919 13.0 10.3 15.5 11.31

 100 .................................................... 136 246 223 8,488 18,590 13,436 16.1 13.2 16.6 6.63

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 43 45 11 5,087 6,706 1,308 8.4 6.8 8.6 13.13

 1 to 50 ............................................... 104 173 118 6,335 15,230 9,147 16.4 11.4 12.9 6.42

 51 to 100 ........................................... 5 12 Q 282 625 1,007 17.1 19.3 24.2 27.38

 Never Closed .................................... 29 80 118 1,021 4,001 5,654 28.8 20.1 20.8 11.38

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

Annual Consumption

(kilowatthours)

 10,000 or Less .................................. 4 (*) Q 2,572 407 Q 1.5 0.3 Q 15.15

 10,001 to 50,000 ............................... 36 6 Q 5,641 3,900 Q 6.3 1.6 Q 8.59

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 36 17 Q 2,405 4,239 Q 14.9 3.9 Q 9.90

 100,001 to 500,000 ........................... 94 97 3 2,298 10,810 1,707 40.8 9.0 1.6 9.01

 500,001 to 1,000,000 ........................ Q 72 7 Q 3,902 1,717 Q 18.3 4.3 8.96

 1,000,001 to 5,000,000 ..................... Q 107 90 Q 3,427 6,735 Q 31.1 13.3 7.68

 Over 5,000,000 ................................. Q Q 171 Q Q 6,594 Q Q 26.0 9.78

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption for

a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

250 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-14. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Year Constructed, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity

Consumption

(billion kWh)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

Using Electricity

(million square feet)

Electricity Energy

Intensity

(kWh/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1.2 0.8 1.8 0.9 0.6 1.4 0.9 0.6 1.2

All Buildings ...................................... 175 508 81 18,824 33,802 4,449 9.3 15.0 18.2 6.80

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 28 67 17 2,315 3,088 550 12.0 21.6 31.0 15.36

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 22 41 7 3,176 3,302 583 7.1 12.3 11.6 16.92

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 34 73 6 4,047 6,829 428 8.3 10.7 13.9 13.12

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 17 63 13 2,235 4,673 726 7.8 13.4 17.5 11.67

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 21 72 14 2,421 4,675 806 8.6 15.4 16.9 14.05

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 19 70 10 1,870 4,098 631 10.0 17.0 16.5 14.46

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 17 66 7 1,683 3,519 348 10.0 18.8 20.5 14.93

 Over 500,000 .................................... 17 58 7 1,078 3,620 377 16.2 16.0 19.6 18.67

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 24 36 5 3,467 3,687 531 6.9 9.6 9.9 11.96

 Food Sales ........................................ 7 19 Q 145 379 Q 47.0 49.8 Q 24.77

 Food Service .................................... 10 31 Q 460 782 Q 22.4 39.2 Q 27.59

 Health Care ....................................... 10 46 5 508 1,600 224 20.6 28.7 24.4 15.43

 Lodging ............................................. 11 41 3 986 2,371 244 11.1 17.2 12.7 15.42

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 32 100 17 3,748 7,817 1,066 8.5 12.8 15.6 14.28

 Office ................................................. 41 142 15 3,015 6,666 785 13.7 21.3 18.8 11.60

 Public Assembly ................................ 14 27 9 1,581 1,940 408 8.7 14.1 21.4 19.52

 Public Order and Safety .................... 4 9 Q 417 753 Q 9.6 11.7 Q 39.16

 Religious Worship ............................. 3 6 Q 991 1,643 Q 2.9 3.7 Q 18.03

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 11 35 6 2,419 5,026 571 4.5 6.9 10.2 19.78

 Other ................................................. Q 15 Q Q 597 Q Q 24.6 Q 34.23

 Vacant ............................................... 2 3 Q 791 542 Q 3.0 4.8 Q 33.26

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 38 77 13 4,649 6,017 779 8.2 12.8 16.5 15.43

 New England ................................... 7 20 Q 1,085 1,782 Q 6.2 11.5 Q 17.78

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 31 57 11 3,564 4,235 574 8.8 13.4 19.4 19.19

 Midwest ............................................. 53 98 13 5,804 7,030 1,053 9.1 13.9 12.6 13.07

 East North Central ........................... 33 62 10 4,287 4,456 679 7.7 13.8 14.3 15.48

 West North Central .......................... 20 36 4 1,516 2,575 374 13.0 14.0 9.4 20.54

 South ................................................. 51 212 37 5,209 13,213 1,736 9.8 16.1 21.5 10.13

 South Atlantic .................................. 23 101 18 2,174 6,237 890 10.5 16.3 20.8 14.07

 East South Central .......................... 10 52 0 951 3,339 383 10.6 15.5 21.0 21.95

 West South Central ......................... 18 59 11 2,083 3,636 463 8.8 16.3 23.4 17.78

 West .................................................. 33 121 18 3,163 7,543 882 10.5 16.1 20.0 14.74

 Mountain ......................................... 16 31 Q 1,423 2,121 277 10.9 14.7 23.4 25.75

 Pacific .............................................. 18 90 11 1,740 5,422 605 10.1 16.6 18.4 17.69

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 11 35 6 1,621 2,901 412 6.9 12.1 14.5 20.14

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 52 98 17 6,271 7,125 960 8.4 13.7 18.1 14.04

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 55 129 21 5,265 7,988 1,305 10.5 16.1 15.9 14.16

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 33 136 21 3,247 8,942 1,079 10.1 15.2 19.8 13.71

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 23 111 15 2,420 6,847 693 9.6 16.2 22.3 14.28

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 31 53 12 5,314 6,087 941 5.9 8.7 12.9 14.13

 5 to 9 ................................................. 22 40 4 2,831 3,198 240 7.6 12.5 16.5 15.43

 10 to 19 ............................................. 17 58 11 2,437 4,179 486 7.0 13.8 22.7 16.05

 20 to 49 ............................................. 33 74 17 3,128 5,133 842 10.4 14.4 20.1 12.49

 50 to 99 ............................................. 18 64 9 1,756 4,470 633 10.2 14.2 14.8 12.47

 100 to 249 ......................................... 19 68 11 1,625 3,718 632 11.9 18.2 17.0 13.85

 250 or More ....................................... 35 152 17 1,733 7,017 675 20.5 21.7 25.1 14.71

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 251
Table CE-14. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Year Constructed, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity

Consumption

(billion kWh)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

Using Electricity

(million square feet)

Electricity Energy

Intensity

(kWh/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1.2 0.8 1.8 0.9 0.6 1.4 0.9 0.6 1.2

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 7 10 1 2,220 2,370 341 3.2 4.1 3.8 17.26

 40 to 48 ............................................. 39 68 11 5,828 6,368 946 6.7 10.7 12.0 12.44

 49 to 60 ............................................. 33 97 16 3,939 7,234 960 8.3 13.5 16.2 14.44

 61 to 84 ............................................. 24 90 13 2,592 6,745 684 9.4 13.3 19.2 11.24

 85 to 167 ........................................... 26 86 16 1,565 4,054 540 16.6 21.1 29.1 14.34

 Open Continuously ............................ 46 158 24 2,680 7,031 978 17.1 22.4 24.6 12.90

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 119 404 67 14,039 27,599 3,586 8.5 14.7 18.8 7.43

 Owner Occupied ............................. 102 311 58 11,549 20,655 2,907 8.8 15.1 20.1 7.88

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 17 92 9 2,147 6,695 677 8.0 13.7 13.6 13.10

 Unoccupied ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

 Government Owned .......................... 56 104 14 4,785 6,203 863 11.6 16.8 15.7 13.10

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 29 129 16 4,231 9,433 965 6.9 13.7 16.2 9.77

 No ...................................................... 146 379 65 14,593 24,369 3,484 10.0 15.5 18.8 7.53

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 175 508 81 18,824 33,802 4,449 9.3 15.0 18.2 6.80

 Natural Gas ....................................... 125 323 51 13,605 21,679 2,724 9.2 14.9 18.9 8.21

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 46 161 21 4,277 8,890 1,178 10.6 18.1 18.1 11.95

 District Heat ....................................... 39 58 Q 2,359 2,869 Q 16.5 20.3 Q 20.75

 District Chilled Water ......................... 16 34 4 661 1,598 258 24.8 21.4 17.3 22.54

 Propane ............................................. 11 48 7 1,192 3,523 626 9.0 13.7 10.6 19.45

 Other ................................................. 7 15 Q 914 1,167 Q 7.2 13.0 Q 26.42

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 173 492 80 17,929 31,913 4,269 9.6 15.4 18.8 6.90

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 161 485 79 15,328 30,490 3,967 10.5 15.9 19.9 7.17

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 166 489 75 16,580 30,882 3,901 10.0 15.8 19.3 6.80

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 75 246 44 5,949 12,827 1,834 12.5 19.2 24.1 9.57

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 14 28 Q 1,406 2,163 Q 10.2 13.0 Q 28.08

 Buildings with Electricity Generation 43 182 27 2,720 9,309 1,317 15.7 19.6 20.2 10.96

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 56 257 45 5,262 14,735 2,158 10.6 17.5 20.9 9.65

 Electricity Main ................................ 26 178 34 2,257 9,892 1,351 11.4 18.0 24.8 13.07

 Electricity Secondary ....................... 30 79 12 3,005 4,843 807 10.1 16.3 14.3 12.53

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 117 235 35 12,667 17,177 2,110 9.2 13.7 16.7 8.27

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... 2 16 Q 895 1,890 Q 2.4 8.5 Q 30.01

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 26 178 34 2,257 9,892 1,351 11.4 18.0 24.8 13.07

 Natural Gas ....................................... 93 223 35 10,746 15,895 2,046 8.6 14.0 17.0 8.35

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 11 14 Q 2,046 1,894 Q 5.5 7.6 Q 18.11

 District Heat ....................................... 38 55 8 2,262 2,653 362 16.8 20.6 23.2 19.83

 Propane ............................................. Q 16 Q 160 1,163 Q Q 13.7 Q 37.85

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

252 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-14. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Year Constructed, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity

Consumption

(billion kWh)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

Using Electricity

(million square feet)

Electricity Energy

Intensity

(kWh/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1.2 0.8 1.8 0.9 0.6 1.4 0.9 0.6 1.2

Cooling Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 148 464 75 14,852 29,150 3,759 9.9 15.9 20.1 7.00

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 13 21 Q 476 1,340 Q 28.2 15.7 Q 28.92

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 14 23 2 3,496 3,313 483 4.0 7.0 4.7 19.15

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 61 235 38 5,750 15,217 2,089 10.5 15.4 18.1 10.82

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 106 254 37 10,829 15,665 1,812 9.8 16.2 20.7 7.67

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 8 19 6 2,245 2,921 548 3.8 6.5 10.4 21.50

Cooking Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 43 170 30 2,990 8,080 1,178 14.3 21.0 25.9 12.44

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 32 76 14 2,959 4,747 656 10.7 16.0 21.0 13.24

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 100 262 37 12,875 20,975 2,615 7.8 12.5 14.1 8.23

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 2 16 Q 895 1,890 Q 2.4 8.5 Q 30.01

 1 to 50 ............................................... 11 29 3 2,356 3,463 334 4.5 8.3 8.9 18.97

 51 to 99 ............................................. 27 88 13 3,048 5,117 694 9.0 17.2 19.4 16.06

 100 .................................................... 135 375 64 12,525 23,333 3,241 10.8 16.1 19.7 7.19

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 14 23 2 3,496 3,313 483 4.0 7.0 4.7 19.15

 1 to 50 ............................................... 37 62 6 6,364 7,857 696 5.9 7.9 8.3 11.71

 51 to 99 ............................................. 46 148 18 3,748 7,818 971 12.4 19.0 18.9 10.73

 100 .................................................... 77 275 55 5,217 14,815 2,300 14.8 18.5 23.8 9.48

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 15 16 Q 3,136 2,543 329 4.9 6.4 Q 15.20

 51 to 99 ............................................. 34 78 9 3,726 5,374 592 9.0 14.5 15.5 12.51

 100 .................................................... 125 414 67 11,516 25,500 3,498 10.8 16.2 19.2 7.78

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... Q Q Q 382 Q Q Q Q Q 30.13

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 31 58 11 5,111 6,944 1,046 6.0 8.3 10.4 13.67

 1 to 50 ............................................... 94 262 39 10,234 18,325 2,152 9.2 14.3 18.0 7.99

 51 to 100 ........................................... 4 30 Q 418 1,230 Q 8.7 24.6 Q 35.68

 Never Closed .................................... 46 158 24 2,680 7,019 978 17.1 22.5 24.6 12.92

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... Q Q Q 382 Q Q Q Q Q 30.13

Annual Consumption

(kilowatthours)

 10,000 or Less .................................. 2 2 Q 1,544 1,319 Q 1.2 1.4 Q 14.99

 10,001 to 50,000 ............................... 17 21 4 4,315 4,684 699 4.0 4.4 5.4 12.26

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 17 32 3 2,721 3,918 237 6.4 8.3 11.6 15.31

 100,001 to 500,000 ........................... 55 117 22 5,464 8,303 1,049 10.1 14.1 20.9 11.17

 500,001 to 1,000,000 ........................ 16 60 12 1,355 3,726 621 11.5 16.2 18.9 15.00

 1,000,001 to 5,000,000 ..................... 35 139 25 2,261 6,843 1,074 15.4 20.3 23.7 9.94

 Over 5,000,000 ................................. 33 137 15 1,165 5,009 574 28.1 27.4 26.2 17.38

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption for

a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 253
Table CE-15. Season of Peak Electricity Demand, Number of Buildings and

 Floorspace, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter

0.9 0.7 0.9 1.3 2.0 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.0 2.0

All Buildings ...................................... 2,121 2,223 1,361 671 191 18,371 38,705 24,462 11,872 2,371 8.41

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 1,296 957 584 276 97 3,334 2,619 1,633 756 230 13.36

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 466 504 313 144 47 3,407 3,654 2,283 1,022 349 15.56

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 256 468 281 156 31 3,815 7,488 4,538 2,378 573 15.29

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 60 151 88 53 10 2,180 5,455 3,143 1,942 370 12.92

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 26 88 59 26 Q 1,788 6,114 4,034 1,836 Q 12.30

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 10 36 23 11 Q 1,416 5,182 3,272 1,589 Q 17.23

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 4 14 10 4 Q 1,328 4,222 2,837 1,177 Q 17.08

 Over 500,000 .................................... 1 4 3 1 Q 1,103 3,971 2,723 1,172 Q 20.55

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 110 198 124 67 8 2,237 5,448 3,159 1,901 388 16.07

 Food Sales ........................................ 38 99 54 Q Q 155 486 338 Q Q 28.22

 Food Service .................................... 95 189 147 Q Q 427 926 778 Q Q 24.95

 Health Care ....................................... 33 72 35 37 Q 515 1,818 1,474 305 Q 25.73

 Lodging ............................................. 69 89 49 39 Q 974 2,626 1,490 1,089 Q 22.37

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 630 644 327 218 100 4,344 8,286 4,580 2,832 874 14.25

 Office ................................................. 356 349 249 96 5 2,739 7,728 5,332 2,213 182 15.13

 Public Assembly ................................ 181 145 103 29 Q 1,442 2,487 1,636 660 Q 24.28

 Public Order and Safety .................... 47 40 35 Q Q 439 832 649 Q Q 42.14

 Religious Worship ............................. 168 102 67 28 Q 1,324 1,468 934 451 Q 29.03

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 290 187 100 55 32 2,806 5,209 3,156 1,618 435 21.72

 Other ................................................. Q 49 38 Q Q 295 705 610 Q Q 47.65

 Vacant ............................................... 85 59 Q 18 Q 673 685 Q 296 Q 31.45

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 172 163 85 57 Q 1,503 2,024 1,225 557 Q 23.98

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 274 234 146 64 24 2,076 4,099 2,346 1,322 431 21.48

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 427 411 262 115 34 3,106 6,017 3,869 1,839 309 17.24

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 358 337 219 83 35 3,190 7,459 4,922 2,026 511 16.54

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 342 466 277 152 37 3,499 7,746 4,896 2,456 395 14.81

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 328 464 285 142 38 3,528 8,381 5,368 2,686 328 15.60

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 121 83 52 30 Q 833 1,711 1,116 532 Q 23.34

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 98 64 36 26 Q 637 1,268 721 455 Q 31.75

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 242 455 274 146 34 2,845 8,599 5,511 2,667 421 18.19

 New England ................................... 108 82 49 32 Q 1,497 1,575 949 580 Q 32.79

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 134 373 226 114 Q 1,347 7,025 4,562 2,087 Q 21.51

 Midwest ............................................. 587 486 297 128 62 5,136 8,751 5,311 2,577 863 17.24

 East North Central ........................... 385 313 183 83 47 3,554 5,868 3,236 1,940 692 21.63

 West North Central .......................... 202 173 114 Q Q 1,582 2,883 2,075 637 Q 26.48

 South ................................................. 793 855 529 256 70 5,792 14,365 9,250 4,319 796 12.40

 South Atlantic .................................. 326 316 196 104 17 2,325 6,977 4,444 2,235 297 17.00

 East South Central .......................... 279 159 92 59 Q 2,235 2,438 1,605 776 Q 30.78

 West South Central ......................... 188 380 241 94 46 Q 4,950 3,201 1,308 442 16.16

 West .................................................. 499 426 261 140 Q 4,599 6,989 4,389 2,309 291 19.32

 Mountain ......................................... 154 149 83 46 Q 1,396 2,425 1,364 880 Q 32.77

 Pacific .............................................. 345 277 178 94 5 3,202 4,564 3,025 1,429 110 22.60

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 283 183 133 34 Q 1,951 2,983 2,001 706 Q 30.46

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 413 522 284 182 57 4,952 9,403 5,095 3,471 837 16.98

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 550 455 252 164 39 4,385 10,174 6,458 3,357 358 17.17

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 537 514 340 154 20 5,435 7,833 5,387 2,012 433 21.80

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 337 548 352 136 60 1,648 8,312 5,520 2,325 467 15.72

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

254 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-15. Season of Peak Electricity Demand, Number of Buildings and

 Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter

0.9 0.7 0.9 1.3 2.0 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.0 2.0

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 1,290 984 550 313 121 6,022 6,320 3,361 2,165 794 12.58

 5 to 9 ................................................. 344 453 298 120 Q 2,122 4,148 2,564 1,175 Q 17.64

 10 to 19 ............................................. 300 325 213 98 Q 2,933 4,168 2,631 1,342 195 16.32

 20 to 49 ............................................. 120 276 174 86 16 2,446 6,657 4,123 2,141 393 15.73

 50 to 99 ............................................. 36 101 67 31 Q 1,448 5,412 3,434 1,815 Q 16.46

 100 to 249 ......................................... 16 55 37 16 Q 1,464 4,511 2,995 1,357 Q 15.31

 250 or More ....................................... Q 30 21 7 Q 1,936 7,488 5,353 1,877 Q 15.02

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 511 235 134 64 Q 2,795 2,137 1,370 567 Q 22.71

 40 to 48 ............................................. 672 582 355 185 42 4,595 8,547 5,287 2,786 474 13.61

 49 to 60 ............................................. 438 511 308 152 52 3,895 8,239 4,879 2,655 705 14.95

 61 to 84 ............................................. 225 341 204 107 30 2,999 7,022 3,913 2,621 489 16.74

 85 to 167 ........................................... 116 291 194 76 Q 1,732 4,427 3,126 1,001 Q 15.96

 Open Continuously ............................ 159 262 166 86 10 2,356 8,332 5,887 2,242 203 15.84

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 1,898 1,913 1,166 583 164 15,339 29,885 18,785 9,321 1,779 9.28

 Owner Occupied ............................. 1,559 1,504 912 460 132 11,957 23,153 14,510 7,333 1,311 10.01

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 295 374 238 110 26 3,062 6,457 4,117 1,893 446 18.15

 Unoccupied ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Government Owned .......................... 223 310 195 87 27 3,032 8,819 5,677 2,551 592 15.13

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 358 288 178 83 27 4,918 9,712 6,270 2,872 570 16.55

 No ...................................................... 1,762 1,935 1,183 588 164 13,453 28,993 18,192 9,000 1,801 8.83

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 2,121 2,223 1,361 671 191 18,371 38,705 24,462 11,872 2,371 8.41

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,075 1,401 948 331 122 11,339 26,670 17,982 6,992 1,696 10.43

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 331 264 156 82 Q 4,157 10,188 6,861 2,857 Q 18.51

 District Heat ....................................... Q 84 60 22 Q 1,317 4,329 3,301 879 Q 36.45

 District Chilled Water ......................... 10 43 Q 14 Q 582 1,935 1,300 536 Q 33.83

 Propane ............................................. 319 270 178 91 Q 1,955 3,386 2,216 1,105 Q 20.93

 Other ................................................. 116 90 47 Q Q 709 1,522 813 516 Q 32.07

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 1,913 2,091 1,290 619 182 17,165 36,945 23,634 11,158 2,154 8.47

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 1,489 1,887 1,203 542 142 14,706 35,079 22,902 10,247 1,930 8.58

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 1,593 1,879 1,176 552 151 15,637 35,726 22,988 10,771 1,967 8.92

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 304 523 381 122 20 5,734 14,876 9,912 4,323 642 11.68

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 83 121 75 38 Q 1,112 2,772 1,986 686 Q 23.46

 Buildings with Electricity Generation 84 162 105 50 Q 2,877 10,470 7,367 2,888 Q 15.90

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 685 783 350 369 63 6,772 15,383 7,901 6,736 746 12.09

 Electricity Main ................................ 461 546 227 269 50 4,054 9,447 4,451 4,598 397 13.14

 Electricity Secondary ....................... 224 237 123 100 Q 2,719 5,937 3,450 2,138 Q 16.69

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 1,228 1,308 939 250 118 10,393 21,562 15,732 4,422 1,408 10.32

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... 208 132 71 51 Q 1,207 1,759 828 714 Q 31.43

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 255
Table CE-15. Season of Peak Electricity Demand, Number of Buildings and

 Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter

0.9 0.7 0.9 1.3 2.0 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.0 2.0

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 461 546 227 269 50 4,054 9,447 4,451 4,598 397 13.14

 Natural Gas ....................................... 937 1,168 804 251 113 8,934 19,752 13,705 4,589 1,458 11.33

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 269 158 102 51 Q 1,739 2,413 1,535 781 Q 26.32

 District Heat ....................................... 26 82 58 22 Q 1,286 3,992 3,054 793 Q 28.94

 Propane ............................................. 160 100 81 Q Q 777 765 554 Q Q 30.57

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Cooling Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 1,469 1,824 1,167 515 141 14,229 33,533 21,877 9,748 1,908 8.72

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 20 63 35 Q Q 477 1,546 1,025 498 Q 34.05

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 631 336 158 128 49 3,666 3,626 1,560 1,625 441 20.14

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 838 846 453 329 64 7,074 15,982 9,394 5,870 717 12.36

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 755 1,033 723 223 87 8,563 19,743 13,593 4,901 1,249 10.92

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 528 344 185 119 40 2,734 2,979 1,474 1,100 404 19.31

Cooking Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 188 299 214 78 Q 3,350 8,899 5,795 2,823 Q 14.61

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 116 224 167 45 12 2,385 5,977 4,117 1,500 360 15.78

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 1,817 1,700 980 548 171 12,637 23,828 14,550 7,549 1,729 9.47

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 208 132 71 51 Q 1,207 1,759 828 714 Q 31.43

 1 to 50 ............................................... 301 242 138 48 56 2,181 3,971 2,331 1,077 564 20.98

 51 to 99 ............................................. 304 326 210 97 19 3,099 5,761 3,717 1,776 268 17.12

 100 .................................................... 1,308 1,523 941 475 107 11,885 27,214 17,586 8,305 1,323 9.38

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 631 336 158 128 49 3,666 3,626 1,560 1,625 441 20.14

 1 to 50 ............................................... 468 458 240 156 61 5,127 9,790 5,200 3,553 1,037 14.38

 51 to 99 ............................................. 253 382 280 78 23 3,214 9,322 6,837 2,164 321 14.66

 100 .................................................... 768 1,047 682 308 58 6,364 15,967 10,864 4,530 573 11.69

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 393 272 146 82 45 2,710 3,298 1,747 1,059 492 18.84

 51 to 99 ............................................. 306 439 279 123 38 2,891 6,801 4,444 2,040 317 15.70

 100 .................................................... 1,351 1,463 902 452 109 12,272 28,242 18,047 8,635 1,560 9.86

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 48 Q Q Q Q 378 Q Q Q Q 40.91

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 945 699 424 185 90 5,432 7,669 4,362 2,250 1,057 13.97

 1 to 50 ............................................... 929 1,180 724 365 91 9,772 20,940 13,144 6,734 1,061 10.39

 51 to 100 ........................................... 40 47 25 Q Q 434 1,480 893 Q Q 31.89

 Never Closed .................................... 159 262 166 86 10 2,356 8,321 5,887 2,231 203 15.86

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 48 Q Q Q Q 378 Q Q Q Q 40.91

Annual Consumption

(kilowatthours)

 10,000 or Less .................................. 668 160 108 Q Q 2,480 579 340 Q Q 22.44

 10,001 to 50,000 ............................... 924 705 399 216 90 5,335 4,362 2,305 1,501 556 15.94

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 258 484 294 155 36 2,223 4,653 2,733 1,505 414 18.59

 100,001 to 500,000 ........................... 222 682 422 225 36 3,587 11,229 6,577 3,962 689 12.64

 500,001 to 1,000,000 ........................ 26 100 72 25 Q 1,236 4,466 2,946 1,296 Q 16.84

 1,000,001 to 5,000,000 ..................... 19 79 57 20 Q 1,973 8,205 5,775 2,169 Q 14.72

 Over 5,000,000 ................................. 4 13 10 3 Q 1,537 5,211 3,785 1,315 Q 20.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

256 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-15. Season of Peak Electricity Demand, Number of Buildings and

 Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Number of Buildings

(thousand)

Total Floorspace

(million square feet)

RSE

Row

Factor

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter

0.9 0.7 0.9 1.3 2.0 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.0 2.0

Peak Electricity Demand (kilowatts)

 10 or Less ......................................... Q 284 164 59 61 Q 1,311 533 Q 351 20.40

 11 to 25 ............................................. Q 589 360 163 66 Q 3,621 1,935 1,320 366 19.13

 26 to 50 ............................................. Q 561 358 174 30 Q 5,062 3,255 1,359 448 17.31

 51 to 100 ........................................... Q 387 250 124 14 Q 5,699 3,582 1,826 291 16.13

 101 to 250 ......................................... Q 262 149 96 17 Q 7,670 4,726 2,476 468 13.57

 251 to 1,000 ...................................... Q 116 70 44 Q Q 8,883 6,302 2,256 Q 13.05

 Over 1,000 ........................................ Q 23 11 11 Q Q 6,458 4,129 2,207 Q 14.89

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption

for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 257
Table CE-16. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by

 Season of Peak Demand, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity Consumption

(billion kWh)

Electricity Energy Intensity

(kWh/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter

1.3 0.7 0.9 1.1 2.1 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.8

All Buildings ...................................... 186 579 403 156 20 10.10 14.95 16.46 13.11 8.64 8.51

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 37 74 46 24 4 11.23 28.26 28.33 31.86 15.91 15.82

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 22 48 31 13 4 6.42 13.10 13.78 12.35 10.89 17.40

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 29 83 55 26 2 7.70 11.13 12.05 11.05 4.15 15.08

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 19 73 48 23 2 8.79 13.46 15.38 11.75 6.15 12.53

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 20 87 66 20 Q 11.13 14.17 16.35 10.63 Q 15.09

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 24 74 52 18 Q 17.12 14.37 15.84 11.53 Q 15.30

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 15 74 56 16 Q 11.64 17.65 19.91 13.84 Q 21.79

 Over 500,000 .................................... 18 65 48 16 Q 16.38 16.27 17.54 13.38 Q 20.60

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 17 48 29 17 2 7.53 8.78 9.22 8.84 4.93 10.55

 Food Sales ........................................ 7 27 16 Q Q 47.85 56.16 47.70 Q Q 18.81

 Food Service .................................... 10 39 32 Q Q 23.61 41.69 41.49 Q Q 27.68

 Health Care ....................................... 13 49 40 7 Q 25.87 26.68 27.45 23.25 Q 14.30

 Lodging ............................................. 12 43 24 18 Q 12.06 16.41 16.25 16.95 Q 16.70

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 38 111 72 32 6 8.75 13.37 15.75 11.43 7.16 14.82

 Office ................................................. 46 152 107 42 3 16.67 19.71 20.10 18.87 18.68 13.49

 Public Assembly ................................ 13 37 28 7 Q 8.98 14.85 16.96 10.97 Q 18.69

 Public Order and Safety .................... 3 11 9 Q Q 6.96 13.58 14.32 Q Q 47.97

 Religious Worship ............................. 4 6 4 2 Q 2.96 3.84 4.12 3.59 Q 20.20

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 14 37 26 9 Q 5.14 7.13 8.26 5.28 5.83 19.14

 Other ................................................. Q 16 13 Q Q 20.78 22.69 20.94 Q Q 28.79

 Vacant ............................................... 2 3 Q 2 Q 2.86 4.84 Q 5.10 Q 33.41

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 6 23 17 4 Q 4.16 11.29 13.69 8.03 Q 29.85

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 12 38 27 11 1 5.97 9.36 11.35 8.04 2.58 17.23

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 25 70 47 21 3 8.02 11.67 12.09 11.37 8.10 15.64

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 29 109 84 21 5 9.03 14.68 17.00 10.45 9.07 16.35

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 44 136 92 41 3 12.59 17.58 18.81 16.62 8.31 15.77

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 47 143 99 39 5 13.25 17.07 18.37 14.54 16.48 13.00

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 13 34 23 11 Q 16.04 20.12 20.50 19.91 Q 20.93

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 9 24 15 Q Q 14.15 19.11 21.20 Q Q 27.10

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 19 109 76 31 2 6.60 12.69 13.77 11.57 5.58 14.92

 New England ................................... 10 19 13 5 Q 6.73 11.93 13.80 9.33 Q 18.12

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 9 90 63 25 Q 6.45 12.86 13.76 12.19 Q 19.22

 Midwest ............................................. 39 125 87 33 Q 7.54 14.25 16.36 12.64 6.09 14.56

 East North Central ........................... 27 77 50 23 Q 7.67 13.12 15.55 11.73 5.68 17.17

 West North Central .......................... 11 48 37 10 Q 7.25 16.56 17.63 15.41 Q 25.03

 South ................................................. 73 228 157 61 10 12.65 15.85 16.97 14.08 12.52 11.90

 South Atlantic .................................. 24 119 82 33 4 10.20 17.07 18.38 14.86 14.08 13.72

 East South Central .......................... 32 38 26 11 Q 14.28 15.51 16.17 13.99 Q 32.73

 West South Central ......................... Q 71 49 17 5 14.33 14.30 15.40 12.78 10.81 16.25

 West .................................................. 55 117 83 31 3 11.91 16.78 18.91 13.58 10.02 17.73

 Mountain ......................................... 16 37 23 13 Q 11.31 15.46 17.11 14.30 Q 30.58

 Pacific .............................................. 39 80 60 19 1 12.17 17.47 19.71 13.14 12.21 21.69

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

258 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-16. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by

 Season of Peak Demand, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity Consumption

(billion kWh)

Electricity Energy Intensity

(kWh/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter

1.3 0.7 0.9 1.1 2.1 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.8

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 12 40 31 8 Q 6.37 13.37 15.41 10.79 Q 21.62

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 45 123 75 42 Q 9.03 13.05 14.75 12.22 6.12 15.05

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 44 161 116 42 3 9.97 15.85 17.98 12.66 7.40 16.93

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 70 120 86 30 4 12.79 15.35 15.94 14.89 10.25 17.49

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 15 135 95 33 7 9.17 16.20 17.16 14.23 14.65 16.21

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 32 64 35 24 6 5.32 10.10 10.27 11.01 6.94 17.19

 5 to 9 ................................................. 17 48 32 14 Q 8.08 11.68 12.66 11.75 Q 18.94

 10 to 19 ............................................. 30 56 39 15 2 10.14 13.45 14.93 11.20 8.96 17.66

 20 to 49 ............................................. 27 96 65 29 3 11.08 14.49 15.74 13.34 7.66 14.19

 50 to 99 ............................................. 20 71 50 20 Q 13.48 13.17 14.66 10.86 Q 13.34

 100 to 249 ......................................... 22 75 56 18 Q 15.23 16.72 18.55 13.34 Q 15.49

 250 or More ....................................... 38 167 126 37 Q 19.45 22.33 23.48 19.46 Q 15.18

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 6 12 7 3 Q 2.31 5.40 5.42 5.08 Q 21.62

 40 to 48 ............................................. 35 83 54 25 4 7.61 9.73 10.29 9.00 7.81 13.83

 49 to 60 ............................................. 36 109 76 29 5 9.30 13.29 15.50 10.85 7.17 17.72

 61 to 84 ............................................. 36 92 55 32 4 11.89 13.07 14.15 12.33 8.40 12.27

 85 to 167 ........................................... 33 94 72 20 Q 19.27 21.24 23.07 19.94 Q 14.71

 Open Continuously ............................ 39 189 138 47 4 16.50 22.65 23.40 20.76 21.85 13.28

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 152 440 299 125 16 9.89 14.71 15.93 13.38 8.82 8.70

 Owner Occupied ............................. 121 351 239 99 12 10.10 15.15 16.50 13.52 9.40 9.59

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 30 88 59 25 3 9.87 13.60 14.43 13.34 7.04 15.17

 Unoccupied ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Government Owned .......................... 34 139 103 31 5 11.18 15.78 18.23 12.10 8.12 16.30

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 50 124 84 34 6 10.20 12.78 13.42 11.94 9.91 13.41

 No ...................................................... 135 455 319 121 15 10.06 15.68 17.51 13.48 8.24 9.15

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 186 579 403 156 20 10.10 14.95 16.46 13.11 8.64 8.51

 Natural Gas ....................................... 118 381 284 84 13 10.45 14.29 15.77 12.06 7.71 9.52

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 51 177 133 38 Q 12.27 17.39 19.44 13.33 Q 12.40

 District Heat ....................................... 25 82 67 14 Q 18.82 18.93 20.35 15.50 Q 24.03

 District Chilled Water ......................... 12 43 33 8 Q 20.85 22.18 25.28 15.66 Q 23.45

 Propane ............................................. 13 52 40 12 Q 6.78 15.47 18.15 10.47 Q 21.13

 Other ................................................. 6 18 13 5 Q 8.85 11.86 15.44 9.42 Q 26.48

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 183 563 394 149 19 10.66 15.23 16.67 13.39 8.89 8.69

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 171 554 390 145 19 11.60 15.80 17.03 14.15 9.99 8.51

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 174 557 391 148 19 11.13 15.60 16.99 13.70 9.64 8.56

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 81 283 210 66 7 14.19 19.05 21.21 15.19 11.58 11.29

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 9 37 30 6 Q 8.18 13.32 15.08 8.41 Q 25.35

 Buildings with Electricity Generation 47 205 155 44 Q 16.34 19.55 21.03 15.38 Q 10.07

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 259
Table CE-16. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by

 Season of Peak Demand, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity Consumption

(billion kWh)

Electricity Energy Intensity

(kWh/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter

1.3 0.7 0.9 1.1 2.1 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.8

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 87 272 159 104 9 12.77 17.67 20.10 15.44 12.13 11.80

 Electricity Main ................................ 53 184 98 79 7 13.12 19.50 21.97 17.29 17.38 14.45

 Electricity Secondary ....................... 33 88 61 25 2 12.25 14.77 17.69 11.46 6.16 15.71

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 96 291 235 45 10 9.28 13.48 14.94 10.28 7.18 9.67

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... 3 16 9 6 Q 2.16 9.25 10.62 8.60 Q 35.97

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 53 184 98 79 7 13.12 19.50 21.97 17.29 17.38 14.45

 Natural Gas ....................................... 92 258 201 48 10 10.33 13.08 14.66 10.38 6.69 9.73

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 7 20 13 6 Q 4.26 8.15 8.68 7.52 Q 18.89

 District Heat ....................................... 24 77 64 12 Q 18.68 19.27 20.87 15.31 Q 19.35

 Propane ............................................. 4 15 12 Q Q 5.21 19.72 22.31 Q Q 41.55

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Cooling Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 162 525 368 139 19 11.36 15.67 16.80 14.24 10.02 8.53

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 9 29 23 6 Q 18.71 18.70 22.02 12.39 Q 31.66

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 15 24 13 11 1 4.09 6.74 8.09 6.54 2.73 23.75

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 77 256 161 86 9 10.95 16.01 17.13 14.65 12.54 12.67

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 97 301 230 62 10 11.28 15.26 16.90 12.56 7.98 9.41

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 11 22 12 8 2 4.19 7.25 8.18 7.29 3.76 24.77

Cooking Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 59 184 135 45 Q 17.62 20.71 23.34 15.77 Q 13.41

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 22 99 75 21 3 9.37 16.57 18.21 14.10 8.06 13.72

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 104 295 192 90 13 8.24 12.40 13.23 11.91 7.55 9.44

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 3 16 9 6 Q 2.16 9.25 10.62 8.60 Q 35.97

 1 to 50 ............................................... 13 30 21 7 2 5.77 7.51 9.13 6.07 3.55 18.02

 51 to 99 ............................................. 31 98 72 23 3 9.92 17.06 19.27 13.06 12.95 19.15

 100 .................................................... 140 434 301 120 14 11.75 15.96 17.12 14.41 10.35 8.30

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 15 24 13 11 1 4.09 6.74 8.09 6.54 2.73 23.75

 1 to 50 ............................................... 31 74 44 25 6 5.97 7.60 8.39 7.02 5.65 11.38

 51 to 99 ............................................. 44 169 130 34 5 13.81 18.09 18.98 15.60 15.92 14.23

 100 .................................................... 95 311 217 86 8 15.01 19.50 19.95 19.05 14.53 10.09

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 11 25 12 12 2 4.09 7.71 7.00 10.92 3.35 22.13

 51 to 99 ............................................. 27 93 64 26 4 9.40 13.74 14.48 12.52 11.25 12.88

 100 .................................................... 147 459 325 118 15 11.97 16.23 18.02 13.68 9.79 9.54

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... (*) Q Q Q Q 0.85 Q Q Q Q 33.84

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 34 66 44 17 5 6.19 8.60 9.99 7.67 4.81 14.93

 1 to 50 ............................................... 105 290 197 82 10 10.72 13.83 15.00 12.23 9.53 9.16

 51 to 100 ........................................... 8 33 Q Q Q 18.32 22.50 26.06 Q Q 42.56

 Never Closed .................................... 39 189 138 46 4 16.50 22.67 23.40 20.81 21.85 13.29

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... (*) Q Q Q Q 0.85 Q Q Q Q 33.84

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

260 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-16. Electricity Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by

 Season of Peak Demand, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Electricity Consumption

(billion kWh)

Electricity Energy Intensity

(kWh/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Buildings

Not

DemandMetered

DemandMetered

Buildings

Season of Peak Electricity

Demand

Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter Summer Winter

Summer

and

Winter

1.3 0.7 0.9 1.1 2.1 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.8

Annual Consumption

(kilowatthours)

 10,000 or Less .................................. 3 1 1 Q Q 1.29 1.53 1.72 Q Q 19.05

 10,001 to 50,000 ............................... 22 20 11 6 2 4.12 4.58 4.97 4.02 4.43 13.91

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 18 35 21 11 2 7.97 7.48 7.72 7.45 5.95 15.03

 100,001 to 500,000 ........................... 48 146 88 51 6 13.34 13.00 13.44 12.88 9.43 12.08

 500,001 to 1,000,000 ........................ 17 70 51 18 Q 13.92 15.77 17.30 13.60 Q 16.58

 1,000,001 to 5,000,000 ..................... 39 160 118 38 Q 19.92 19.51 20.39 17.64 Q 10.51

 Over 5,000,000 ................................. 38 147 112 31 Q 24.89 28.17 29.72 23.77 Q 18.47

Peak Electricity Demand (kilowatts)

 10 or Less ......................................... Q 4 2 1 1 Q 2.99 3.72 Q 2.87 21.24

 11 to 25 ............................................. Q 23 15 6 3 Q 6.45 7.54 4.72 6.98 17.53

 26 to 50 ............................................. Q 53 34 15 4 Q 10.43 10.41 11.24 8.18 18.02

 51 to 100 ........................................... Q 63 41 20 2 Q 11.14 11.55 11.10 6.28 15.39

 101 to 250 ......................................... Q 109 74 32 4 Q 14.24 15.58 12.93 7.67 13.65

 251 to 1,000 ...................................... Q 164 122 37 Q Q 18.43 19.36 16.43 Q 10.58

 Over 1,000 ........................................ Q 162 115 44 Q Q 25.11 27.91 19.84 Q 16.12

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption

for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 261
Table CE-17. Peak Electricity Demand Category, Number of Buildings, 1995

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

DemandMetered

Buildings

10 kW or

Less

11 to 25

kW

26 to 50

kW

51 to 100

kW

101 to

250 kW

251 to

1,000 kW

Over

1,000 kW

RSE

Row

0.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.0 Factor

All Buildings ...................................... 2,223 284 589 561 387 262 116 23 9.53

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 957 218 350 222 112 46 Q Q 14.74

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 504 46 149 169 107 26 Q Q 19.01

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 468 Q 82 147 121 88 13 Q 17.89

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 151 Q 5 17 32 62 29 Q 13.25

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 88 Q Q 4 13 33 33 4 15.50

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 36 Q Q Q 2 6 22 5 17.18

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 14 Q Q Q Q 2 6 6 16.79

 Over 500,000 .................................... 4 Q Q Q Q Q 1 4 16.79

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 198 Q Q 68 32 33 24 2 18.89

 Food Sales ........................................ 99 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 27.72

 Food Service .................................... 189 Q Q 57 44 38 Q Q 25.18

 Health Care ....................................... 72 Q Q Q Q Q 5 3 24.30

 Lodging ............................................. 89 Q Q 20 16 24 12 2 27.63

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 644 101 237 131 99 49 25 3 17.65

 Office ................................................. 349 Q 110 73 58 42 23 9 19.35

 Public Assembly ................................ 145 Q Q 32 46 12 9 1 26.67

 Public Order and Safety .................... 40 Q Q Q Q 5 Q Q 34.08

 Religious Worship ............................. 102 Q 18 43 26 5 Q Q 32.26

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 187 36 54 47 28 15 6 1 25.57

 Other ................................................. 49 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 59.01

 Vacant ............................................... 59 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 45.13

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 163 Q 47 43 21 16 3 Q 32.97

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 234 42 73 57 35 22 5 1 23.29

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 411 67 134 87 56 48 16 2 20.19

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 337 53 66 71 72 49 23 4 20.03

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 466 50 124 150 69 46 22 5 15.61

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 464 Q 119 115 105 57 35 7 19.19

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 83 Q Q 24 23 13 7 2 30.45

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 64 Q Q Q Q Q 6 1 32.79

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 455 65 150 99 77 47 13 4 16.49

 New England ................................... 82 Q Q 23 22 8 3 1 30.35

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 373 Q 132 76 55 39 10 4 17.78

 Midwest ............................................. 486 86 107 101 94 62 30 7 19.70

 East North Central ........................... 313 67 80 63 46 28 23 6 24.51

 West North Central .......................... 173 Q Q 38 48 33 7 1 27.41

 South ................................................. 855 86 241 219 152 106 45 6 13.74

 South Atlantic .................................. 316 Q 54 94 55 52 23 4 18.51

 East South Central .......................... 159 Q 63 21 Q 25 9 1 32.69

 West South Central ......................... 380 Q 124 104 62 29 13 2 19.31

 West .................................................. 426 47 90 143 64 48 29 6 25.45

 Mountain ......................................... 149 Q 28 51 25 23 13 Q 41.00

 Pacific .............................................. 277 40 62 92 39 26 16 2 29.35

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 183 Q 43 52 45 21 7 1 27.51

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 522 82 120 130 79 71 31 10 20.35

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 455 75 126 84 80 58 26 6 19.87

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 514 55 140 139 105 51 21 3 24.54

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 548 58 161 157 77 61 31 3 17.19

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

262 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-17. Peak Electricity Demand Category, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

DemandMetered

Buildings

10 kW or

Less

11 to 25

kW

26 to 50

kW

51 to 100

kW

101 to

250 kW

251 to

1,000 kW

Over

1,000 kW

RSE

Row

0.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.0 Factor

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 984 232 356 246 99 39 Q Q 15.33

 5 to 9 ................................................. 453 Q 140 177 68 29 Q Q 20.48

 10 to 19 ............................................. 325 Q 63 87 114 37 7 Q 20.84

 20 to 49 ............................................. 276 Q 26 34 85 103 24 Q 17.88

 50 to 99 ............................................. 101 Q Q Q 16 35 27 4 16.37

 100 to 249 ......................................... 55 Q Q Q 5 16 25 4 18.53

 250 or More ....................................... 30 Q Q Q Q 3 13 12 17.25

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 235 62 80 47 30 12 3 Q 29.32

 40 to 48 ............................................. 582 77 168 164 92 57 23 1 18.69

 49 to 60 ............................................. 511 61 181 107 87 52 19 5 19.15

 61 to 84 ............................................. 341 Q 74 93 61 42 20 5 19.26

 85 to 167 ........................................... 291 Q Q 81 80 50 17 2 20.25

 Open Continuously ............................ 262 Q 41 68 37 50 35 9 19.93

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 1,913 251 524 490 341 206 84 16 10.74

 Owner Occupied ............................. 1,504 189 402 404 267 165 64 14 11.88

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 374 38 114 85 74 40 20 3 20.33

 Unoccupied ..................................... 35 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 49.96

 Government Owned .......................... 310 Q 65 71 46 56 32 7 17.34

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 288 70 73 52 24 41 21 7 17.21

 No ...................................................... 1,935 214 516 510 363 221 95 16 10.27

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 2,223 284 589 561 387 262 116 23 10.36

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,401 158 400 331 249 166 80 16 13.83

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 264 Q 60 75 24 27 26 10 19.12

 District Heat ....................................... 84 Q Q Q 13 13 10 5 30.93

 District Chilled Water ......................... 43 Q Q Q Q 5 5 2 25.99

 Propane ............................................. 270 Q 58 79 63 28 9 1 27.26

 Other ................................................. 90 Q Q Q Q 4 5 Q 31.08

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 2,091 231 545 549 371 257 114 23 9.62

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 1,887 150 483 512 357 253 110 23 10.09

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 1,879 167 453 495 372 256 114 22 9.97

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 523 Q 76 127 141 105 46 13 13.41

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 121 Q Q 36 26 21 5 2 27.55

 Buildings with Electricity Generation 162 Q Q 33 20 33 34 12 17.37

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 783 32 158 237 164 123 58 11 14.62

 Electricity Main ................................ 546 Q 110 161 114 90 42 6 15.91

 Electricity Secondary ....................... 237 Q 48 77 50 32 16 5 22.11

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 1,308 199 387 312 207 135 56 12 12.01

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... 132 53 44 Q Q 5 Q Q 31.57

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 546 Q 110 161 114 90 42 6 15.91

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,168 147 343 278 205 127 56 12 13.21

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 158 Q 50 48 17 10 4 Q 28.73

 District Heat ....................................... 82 Q Q Q 12 13 10 4 21.94

 Propane ............................................. 100 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 27.60

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 263
Table CE-17. Peak Electricity Demand Category, Number of Buildings, 1995 (Continued)

 (Thousand)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

DemandMetered

Buildings

10 kW or

Less

11 to 25

kW

26 to 50

kW

51 to 100

kW

101 to

250 kW

251 to

1,000 kW

Over

1,000 kW

RSE

Row

0.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.0 Factor

Cooling Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 1,824 149 475 478 351 242 108 21 10.16

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 63 Q Q Q 7 Q 3 1 32.56

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 336 134 106 50 30 10 Q Q 21.17

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 846 73 179 252 177 108 49 8 14.40

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 1,033 94 275 243 195 148 65 14 13.45

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 344 117 135 67 15 6 Q Q 21.63

Cooking Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 299 Q 40 79 71 68 27 8 17.74

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 224 Q 36 48 70 36 19 5 20.73

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 1,700 270 512 435 246 158 70 10 11.84

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 132 53 44 Q Q 5 Q Q 31.57

 1 to 50 ............................................... 242 Q 81 59 33 15 4 1 28.21

 51 to 99 ............................................. 326 Q 105 90 71 24 17 3 19.87

 100 .................................................... 1,523 166 359 401 267 219 93 19 10.48

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 336 134 106 50 30 10 Q Q 21.17

 1 to 50 ............................................... 458 Q 137 122 88 55 14 3 18.62

 51 to 99 ............................................. 382 Q 104 103 67 55 27 8 17.46

 100 .................................................... 1,047 93 242 286 202 142 69 12 12.47

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 272 46 108 53 36 24 4 Q 26.26

 51 to 99 ............................................. 439 Q 137 117 63 52 19 3 20.30

 100 .................................................... 1,463 146 341 391 287 186 93 19 10.89

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 34 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 64.29

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 699 127 219 176 129 35 11 Q 16.84

 1 to 50 ............................................... 1,180 98 314 306 213 173 63 13 13.15

 51 to 100 ........................................... 47 Q Q Q Q 4 7 Q 29.78

 Never Closed .................................... 262 Q 41 68 37 50 35 9 22.15

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 34 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 64.29

Annual Consumption

(kilowatthours)

 10,000 or Less .................................. 160 134 Q Q Q Q Q Q 26.62

 10,001 to 50,000 ............................... 705 144 393 119 43 Q Q Q 17.44

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 484 Q 172 222 65 Q Q Q 17.58

 100,001 to 500,000 ........................... 682 Q Q 214 278 161 21 Q 14.65

 500,001 to 1,000,000 ........................ 100 Q Q Q Q 73 24 Q 16.62

 1,000,001 to 5,000,000 ..................... 79 Q Q Q Q 7 65 7 16.64

 Over 5,000,000 ................................. 13 Q Q Q Q Q Q 12 17.04

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not

consumption for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

264 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-18. Peak Electricity Demand Category, Floorspace, 1995

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

DemandMetered

Buildings

10 kW or

Less

11 to 25

kW

26 to 50

kW

51 to 100

kW

101 to

250 kW

251 to

1,000 kW

Over

1,000 kW

RSE

Row

0.5 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 Factor

All Buildings ...................................... 38,705 1,311 3,621 5,062 5,699 7,670 8,883 6,458 8.77

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 2,619 569 889 645 366 135 Q Q 15.97

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 3,654 332 1,085 1,111 841 230 Q Q 19.07

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 7,488 Q 1,190 2,327 2,027 1,450 238 Q 18.02

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 5,455 Q 176 561 1,095 2,259 1,099 Q 13.86

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 6,114 Q Q 308 858 2,169 2,376 310 16.63

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 5,182 Q Q Q 383 848 3,012 676 19.96

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 4,222 Q Q Q Q 420 1,616 2,011 19.13

 Over 500,000 .................................... 3,971 Q Q Q Q Q 473 3,331 20.34

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 5,448 Q Q 682 804 1,574 1,797 428 18.34

 Food Sales ........................................ 486 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 30.34

 Food Service .................................... 926 Q Q 208 173 339 Q Q 27.11

 Health Care ....................................... 1,818 Q Q Q Q 246 387 909 21.33

 Lodging ............................................. 2,626 Q Q 245 254 746 856 431 24.55

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 8,286 380 1,510 1,057 1,317 1,207 1,601 1,214 16.59

 Office ................................................. 7,728 Q 469 725 869 1,263 2,070 2,261 16.52

 Public Assembly ................................ 2,487 Q Q 280 566 478 560 364 25.56

 Public Order and Safety .................... 832 Q Q Q Q 214 Q Q 39.28

 Religious Worship ............................. 1,468 Q Q 530 435 183 Q Q 32.55

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 5,209 392 601 802 948 1,064 900 503 22.94

 Other ................................................. 705 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 46.06

 Vacant ............................................... 685 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 33.49

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 2,024 Q 334 414 420 372 210 Q 25.98

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 4,099 200 644 669 754 690 657 484 23.67

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 6,017 279 808 900 1,029 1,399 1,015 588 18.71

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 7,459 Q 459 709 977 1,806 2,111 1,114 16.78

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 7,746 304 498 1,120 840 1,315 1,906 1,763 14.46

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 8,381 Q 707 995 1,329 1,517 2,048 1,715 15.81

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 1,711 Q Q 139 239 333 525 418 24.53

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 1,268 Q Q Q Q 236 411 233 24.46

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 8,599 287 1,154 963 1,208 1,451 1,565 1,973 17.32

 New England ................................... 1,575 Q Q 227 288 376 328 193 27.31

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 7,025 Q 1,029 736 919 1,075 1,237 1,780 19.78

 Midwest ............................................. 8,751 383 595 1,029 1,382 1,923 2,123 1,316 16.46

 East North Central ........................... 5,868 336 523 735 832 1,111 1,462 868 19.80

 West North Central .......................... 2,883 Q Q 294 550 812 661 447 26.05

 South ................................................. 14,365 496 1,387 1,689 2,229 2,954 3,571 2,039 14.69

 South Atlantic .................................. 6,977 Q 424 733 1,020 1,396 1,994 1,266 18.26

 East South Central .......................... 2,438 Q 211 220 373 605 630 217 38.99

 West South Central ......................... 4,950 Q 752 736 836 952 947 556 20.33

 West .................................................. 6,989 145 485 1,381 881 1,342 1,624 1,131 20.76

 Mountain ......................................... 2,425 Q 109 Q 328 532 567 Q 38.49

 Pacific .............................................. 4,564 126 376 820 553 810 1,057 821 23.65

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 2,983 Q 165 466 650 680 671 300 27.36

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 9,403 360 806 1,320 1,343 1,987 2,026 1,561 16.97

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 10,174 312 1,009 936 1,227 1,740 2,565 2,385 16.68

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 7,833 214 847 1,029 1,315 1,643 1,658 1,128 23.88

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 8,312 373 794 1,312 1,164 1,621 1,963 1,085 18.32

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 265
Table CE-18. Peak Electricity Demand Category, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

DemandMetered

Buildings

10 kW or

Less

11 to 25

kW

26 to 50

kW

51 to 100

kW

101 to

250 kW

251 to

1,000 kW

Over

1,000 kW

RSE

Row

0.5 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 Factor

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 6,320 922 1,942 1,571 1,032 546 274 Q 16.90

 5 to 9 ................................................. 4,148 Q 773 1,688 740 681 Q Q 17.57

 10 to 19 ............................................. 4,168 Q 455 931 1,504 900 271 Q 19.04

 20 to 49 ............................................. 6,657 Q 329 522 1,612 2,627 1,417 Q 16.02

 50 to 99 ............................................. 5,412 Q Q 212 537 1,665 2,291 475 17.90

 100 to 249 ......................................... 4,511 Q Q Q 207 936 2,544 679 18.77

 250 or More ....................................... 7,488 Q Q Q Q 316 1,952 5,105 17.11

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 2,137 266 451 438 432 368 158 Q 23.36

 40 to 48 ............................................. 8,547 300 1,119 1,780 1,694 1,843 1,431 379 17.25

 49 to 60 ............................................. 8,239 382 1,107 1,021 1,422 1,565 1,646 1,095 16.24

 61 to 84 ............................................. 7,022 Q 471 860 820 1,383 1,884 1,427 17.21

 85 to 167 ........................................... 4,427 Q Q 402 784 1,051 1,418 424 19.36

 Open Continuously ............................ 8,332 Q 254 560 547 1,459 2,346 3,110 14.47

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 29,885 1,171 3,149 4,350 4,726 5,594 6,289 4,607 9.95

 Owner Occupied ............................. 23,153 930 2,233 3,672 3,462 4,302 4,495 4,059 11.01

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 6,457 118 871 632 1,254 1,281 1,760 541 16.96

 Unoccupied ..................................... 275 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 58.05

 Government Owned .......................... 8,819 Q 472 712 973 2,077 2,595 1,851 14.95

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 9,712 305 659 921 796 1,601 2,494 2,936 14.89

 No ...................................................... 28,993 1,006 2,962 4,141 4,903 6,069 6,389 3,523 9.80

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 38,705 1,311 3,621 5,062 5,699 7,670 8,883 6,458 9.33

 Natural Gas ....................................... 26,670 580 2,465 3,398 3,972 5,248 6,305 4,703 10.77

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 10,188 Q 418 763 499 1,312 3,024 4,018 17.97

 District Heat ....................................... 4,329 Q Q Q 370 702 1,253 1,583 27.76

 District Chilled Water ......................... 1,935 Q Q Q Q 276 512 777 22.22

 Propane ............................................. 3,386 Q 384 565 688 671 764 210 25.07

 Other ................................................. 1,522 Q Q Q Q 255 415 212 33.07

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 36,945 857 3,167 4,931 5,516 7,453 8,762 6,261 8.37

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 35,079 518 2,771 4,520 5,134 7,097 8,620 6,419 8.60

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 35,726 714 2,531 4,554 5,466 7,321 8,764 6,375 8.54

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 14,876 Q 422 973 1,656 2,735 4,224 4,792 12.24

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 2,772 Q 128 389 479 651 547 507 25.40

 Buildings with Electricity Generation 10,470 Q Q 361 384 1,495 3,451 4,586 15.52

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 15,383 178 816 1,957 2,173 2,976 4,209 3,074 12.97

 Electricity Main ................................ 9,447 Q 472 1,126 1,278 1,975 2,735 1,731 15.30

 Electricity Secondary ....................... 5,937 Q 344 831 895 1,002 1,473 1,343 17.09

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 21,562 678 2,351 2,974 3,343 4,476 4,553 3,187 10.26

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... 1,759 455 454 Q Q 217 Q Q 30.93

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 9,447 Q 472 1,126 1,278 1,975 2,735 1,731 15.30

 Natural Gas ....................................... 19,752 521 2,122 2,862 3,292 3,950 4,141 2,862 10.85

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 2,413 Q 341 405 342 524 575 Q 26.09

 District Heat ....................................... 3,992 Q Q Q 342 696 1,131 1,417 19.16

 Propane ............................................. 765 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 39.87

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

266 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-18. Peak Electricity Demand Category, Floorspace, 1995 (Continued)

 (Million Square Feet)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

DemandMetered

Buildings

10 kW or

Less

11 to 25

kW

26 to 50

kW

51 to 100

kW

101 to

250 kW

251 to

1,000 kW

Over

1,000 kW

RSE

Row

0.5 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 Factor

Cooling Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 33,533 514 2,689 4,177 5,037 6,877 8,293 5,946 8.65

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 1,546 Q Q Q 98 220 328 472 27.41

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 3,626 793 850 542 565 573 263 Q 22.85

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 15,982 334 1,039 2,195 2,633 3,048 3,728 3,005 13.38

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 19,743 380 1,492 2,359 2,833 4,273 5,035 3,370 9.86

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 2,979 597 1,090 508 233 349 Q Q 22.78

Cooking Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 8,899 Q 144 598 835 1,474 2,580 3,235 16.31

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 5,977 Q 278 375 821 1,261 1,645 1,557 17.27

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 23,828 1,238 3,199 4,088 4,044 4,935 4,659 1,666 10.91

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 1,759 455 454 Q Q 217 Q Q 30.93

 1 to 50 ............................................... 3,971 Q 730 805 813 595 419 373 26.95

 51 to 99 ............................................. 5,761 Q 636 817 840 782 1,465 1,159 18.71

 100 .................................................... 27,214 558 1,801 3,309 3,863 6,076 6,877 4,729 9.00

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 3,626 793 850 542 565 573 263 Q 22.85

 1 to 50 ............................................... 9,790 Q 1,141 1,798 1,842 2,302 1,597 911 15.16

 51 to 99 ............................................. 9,322 Q 537 822 757 1,625 2,675 2,864 15.14

 100 .................................................... 15,967 278 1,092 1,900 2,535 3,170 4,348 2,643 11.73

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 3,298 291 880 583 502 609 338 Q 20.60

 51 to 99 ............................................. 6,801 Q 710 1,196 826 1,278 1,698 913 15.31

 100 .................................................... 28,242 658 2,002 3,240 4,343 5,740 6,815 5,443 10.23

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 295 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 56.67

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 7,669 570 1,565 1,793 1,708 1,261 624 Q 15.72

 1 to 50 ............................................... 20,940 484 1,677 2,597 3,334 4,734 5,264 2,849 11.78

 51 to 100 ........................................... 1,480 Q Q Q Q 181 618 Q 29.73

 Never Closed .................................... 8,321 Q 254 560 547 1,459 2,346 3,099 16.34

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... 295 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 56.67

Annual Consumption

(kilowatthours)

 10,000 or Less .................................. 579 505 Q Q Q Q Q Q 27.58

 10,001 to 50,000 ............................... 4,362 797 2,262 880 390 Q Q Q 18.38

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 4,653 Q 1,235 2,505 755 Q Q Q 18.77

 100,001 to 500,000 ........................... 11,229 Q Q 1,667 4,526 4,463 431 Q 12.63

 500,001 to 1,000,000 ........................ 4,466 Q Q Q Q 2,707 1,614 Q 13.58

 1,000,001 to 5,000,000 ..................... 8,205 Q Q Q Q 397 6,612 1,195 17.61

 Over 5,000,000 ................................. 5,211 Q Q Q Q Q Q 5,063 15.54

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not

consumption for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 267
Table CE-19. Distribution of Peak Watts per Square Foot and

 Load Factors, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Demand-Metered Buildings Peak Watts per Square Foot Load Factor

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total

Electricity

Consumed

(billion

kWh)

25th

Percentile Median

75th

Percentile

25th

Percentile Median

75th

1.1 0.9 1.0 Percentile

All Buildings ...................................... 2,223 38,705 579 2.72 5.40 9.71 .164 .253 .357 5.54

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 957 2,619 74 4.67 8.00 15.11 .156 .239 .357 8.89

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 504 3,654 48 2.57 5.20 8.15 .155 .248 .325 10.48

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 468 7,488 83 1.92 3.26 5.31 .180 .246 .350 10.51

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 151 5,455 73 2.02 3.63 6.40 .220 .295 .404 8.84

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 88 6,114 87 1.85 3.20 5.37 .239 .337 .447 7.64

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 36 5,182 74 1.62 3.52 5.47 .291 .393 .515 9.00

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 14 4,222 74 1.63 3.10 5.57 .321 .458 .574 13.21

 Over 500,000 .................................... 4 3,971 65 1.81 3.16 4.48 .443 .521 .630 11.00

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 198 5,448 48 2.33 4.29 9.33 .156 .210 .281 9.86

 Food Sales ........................................ 99 486 27 9.71 14.67 22.00 .373 .463 .590 17.06

 Food Service .................................... 189 926 39 7.50 12.67 23.20 .241 .333 .406 18.37

 Health Care ....................................... 72 1,818 49 4.00 5.89 10.22 .187 .253 .408 13.21

 Lodging ............................................. 89 2,626 43 2.55 4.89 8.33 .270 .364 .440 13.40

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 644 8,286 111 2.36 4.91 8.80 .159 .249 .327 9.94

 Office ................................................. 349 7,728 152 3.40 6.00 7.99 .187 .285 .357 11.52

 Public Assembly ................................ 145 2,487 37 3.33 5.52 8.29 .129 .197 .274 14.59

 Public Order and Safety .................... 40 832 11 2.24 5.00 5.14 .198 .280 .404 28.88

 Religious Worship ............................. 102 1,468 6 2.40 4.20 8.40 .079 .092 .179 18.90

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 187 5,209 37 1.23 2.22 3.40 .171 .265 .401 15.64

 Other ................................................. 49 705 16 7.00 7.33 17.47 .041 .227 .272 29.70

 Vacant ............................................... 59 685 3 .80 2.40 3.20 .135 .189 .312 25.21

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 163 2,024 23 1.92 4.00 8.57 .152 .231 .331 19.45

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 234 4,099 38 2.00 4.67 7.57 .154 .240 .341 13.84

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 411 6,017 70 2.25 4.24 7.37 .184 .231 .316 11.97

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 337 7,459 109 2.64 5.85 10.29 .162 .266 .389 10.67

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 466 7,746 136 3.20 6.20 10.40 .179 .259 .374 8.96

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 464 8,381 143 3.12 6.00 12.67 .160 .269 .377 9.33

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 83 1,711 34 5.88 8.00 15.00 .178 .292 .409 14.37

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 64 1,268 24 2.22 4.91 10.50 .197 .295 .405 20.49

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 455 8,599 109 2.25 3.67 7.43 .195 .260 .384 10.47

 New England ................................... 82 1,575 19 3.00 5.25 10.40 .189 .295 .406 15.92

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 373 7,025 90 2.22 3.29 7.33 .195 .246 .356 12.57

 Midwest ............................................. 486 8,751 125 2.17 5.10 8.67 .164 .238 .331 11.04

 East North Central ........................... 313 5,868 77 1.89 4.50 7.58 .159 .238 .336 13.69

 West North Central .......................... 173 2,883 48 3.10 6.80 12.80 .175 .228 .319 18.19

 South ................................................. 855 14,365 228 3.20 5.80 10.00 .171 .261 .357 8.30

 South Atlantic .................................. 316 6,977 119 3.28 6.67 8.65 .181 .294 .377 10.00

 East South Central .......................... 159 2,438 38 4.25 6.56 11.56 .180 .253 .393 26.60

 West South Central ......................... 380 4,950 71 3.00 5.20 10.00 .160 .249 .335 10.95

 West .................................................. 426 6,989 117 2.80 6.67 12.00 .136 .244 .373 14.73

 Mountain ......................................... 149 2,425 37 3.00 6.82 12.80 .102 .244 .373 30.10

 Pacific .............................................. 277 4,564 80 2.55 6.65 11.33 .145 .244 .374 17.59

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 183 2,983 40 3.10 5.78 9.67 .211 .263 .374 18.35

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 522 9,403 123 2.22 5.00 8.80 .171 .238 .336 10.93

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 455 10,174 161 2.13 4.00 8.60 .164 .251 .364 11.57

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 514 7,833 120 3.33 6.67 10.50 .132 .257 .373 16.18

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 548 8,312 135 3.20 5.41 10.47 .188 .253 .354 11.04

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

268 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-19. Distribution of Peak Watts per Square Foot and

 Load Factors, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Demand-Metered Buildings Peak Watts per Square Foot Load Factor

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total

Electricity

Consumed

(billion

kWh)

25th

Percentile Median

75th

Percentile

25th

Percentile Median

75th

1.1 0.9 1.0 Percentile

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 984 6,320 64 2.55 5.33 10.40 .142 .218 .316 10.04

 5 to 9 ................................................. 453 4,148 48 2.72 5.27 9.33 .179 .268 .349 11.72

 10 to 19 ............................................. 325 4,168 56 3.00 6.11 10.00 .197 .253 .364 11.60

 20 to 49 ............................................. 276 6,657 96 2.98 5.50 10.29 .227 .314 .409 9.31

 50 to 99 ............................................. 101 5,412 71 2.60 4.20 6.63 .215 .330 .449 9.17

 100 to 249 ......................................... 55 4,511 75 2.59 4.94 7.84 .277 .366 .475 10.04

 250 or More ....................................... 30 7,488 167 3.30 5.07 7.16 .334 .454 .568 10.89

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 235 2,137 12 1.67 4.86 8.29 .084 .142 .222 16.50

 40 to 48 ............................................. 582 8,547 83 2.72 4.47 8.80 .158 .217 .292 9.32

 49 to 60 ............................................. 511 8,239 109 2.36 4.62 7.38 .160 .240 .315 11.51

 61 to 84 ............................................. 341 7,022 92 2.40 5.10 9.33 .218 .276 .357 8.40

 85 to 167 ........................................... 291 4,427 94 5.52 10.20 16.50 .270 .362 .461 9.69

 Open Continuously ............................ 262 8,332 189 3.33 5.80 18.15 .253 .374 .526 9.17

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 1,913 29,885 440 2.74 5.60 9.71 .160 .255 .357 5.82

 Owner Occupied ............................. 1,504 23,153 351 2.80 5.60 9.60 .158 .253 .355 6.09

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 374 6,457 88 2.80 5.80 10.47 .171 .267 .389 11.45

 Unoccupied ..................................... Q Q Q .67 1.56 2.86 .152 .184 .312 99.99

 Government Owned .......................... 310 8,819 139 2.47 4.33 9.45 .197 .246 .354 10.58

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 288 9,712 124 1.60 3.20 5.45 .144 .246 .319 8.95

 No ...................................................... 1,935 28,993 455 3.00 5.80 10.40 .171 .255 .362 5.85

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 2,223 38,705 579 2.72 5.40 9.71 .164 .253 .357 5.54

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,401 26,670 381 2.50 5.10 8.83 .166 .255 .350 6.81

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 264 10,188 177 2.46 4.33 7.43 .178 .268 .390 10.78

 District Heat ....................................... 84 4,329 82 3.17 5.00 7.74 .223 .314 .462 23.83

 District Chilled Water ......................... 43 1,935 43 3.33 4.04 12.96 .228 .342 .418 24.53

 Propane ............................................. 270 3,386 52 3.26 5.78 12.40 .177 .247 .377 14.84

 Other ................................................. 90 1,522 18 1.82 4.33 6.70 .145 .223 .308 20.32

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 2,091 36,945 563 2.87 5.56 10.00 .169 .253 .356 5.42

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 1,887 35,079 554 3.17 5.78 10.25 .180 .256 .360 5.41

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 1,879 35,726 557 3.00 5.85 10.40 .176 .257 .361 5.60

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 523 14,876 283 4.00 8.14 13.20 .200 .312 .429 6.90

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 121 2,772 37 3.08 3.84 8.80 .155 .228 .314 17.61

 Buildings with Electricity Generation 162 10,470 205 3.26 5.00 8.50 .223 .368 .478 8.86

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 783 15,383 272 3.67 6.89 12.40 .179 .266 .388 7.97

 Electricity Main ................................ 546 9,447 184 4.44 8.00 12.92 .162 .264 .374 9.67

 Electricity Secondary ....................... 237 5,937 88 2.72 5.10 8.86 .205 .268 .407 10.16

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 1,308 21,562 291 2.47 4.80 8.60 .162 .248 .340 6.08

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... 132 1,759 16 .72 2.22 6.40 .155 .230 .418 21.31

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 546 9,447 184 4.44 8.00 12.92 .162 .264 .374 9.67

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,168 19,752 258 2.42 4.90 8.74 .160 .251 .340 6.77

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 158 2,413 20 2.40 3.93 7.09 .173 .221 .324 18.82

 District Heat ....................................... 82 3,992 77 3.24 5.00 7.96 .223 .313 .460 16.81

 Propane ............................................. 100 765 15 3.33 6.67 15.11 .197 .357 .458 22.47

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q 3.08 3.09 6.70 .248 .248 .390 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 269
Table CE-19. Distribution of Peak Watts per Square Foot and

 Load Factors, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Demand-Metered Buildings Peak Watts per Square Foot Load Factor

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Total

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Total

Electricity

Consumed

(billion

kWh)

25th

Percentile Median

75th

Percentile

25th

Percentile Median

75th

1.1 0.9 1.0 Percentile

Cooling Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 1,824 33,533 525 3.20 5.78 10.00 .179 .256 .358 5.47

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 63 1,546 29 2.72 4.91 20.00 .208 .289 .418 25.63

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 336 3,626 24 1.27 2.53 6.20 .145 .218 .303 16.03

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 846 15,982 256 3.08 5.85 10.50 .178 .267 .371 8.24

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 1,033 19,743 301 2.93 5.80 9.71 .175 .253 .357 5.77

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 344 2,979 22 1.47 3.29 5.55 .145 .218 .317 12.91

Cooking Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 299 8,899 184 4.75 9.60 15.42 .211 .336 .461 8.57

 Other Excluding Electricity ................ 224 5,977 99 3.43 6.82 11.06 .178 .289 .365 11.60

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 1,700 23,828 295 2.43 4.91 8.31 .158 .240 .341 6.59

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ 132 1,759 16 .72 2.22 6.40 .155 .230 .418 21.31

 1 to 50 ............................................... 242 3,971 30 1.50 2.80 5.60 .142 .205 .297 15.29

 51 to 99 ............................................. 326 5,761 98 2.71 5.33 8.91 .197 .269 .349 11.34

 100 .................................................... 1,523 27,214 434 3.32 6.10 10.50 .171 .260 .358 5.09

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled ........................................ 336 3,626 24 1.27 2.53 6.20 .145 .218 .303 16.03

 1 to 50 ............................................... 458 9,790 74 2.00 3.26 6.00 .162 .225 .294 10.00

 51 to 99 ............................................. 382 9,322 169 3.64 5.98 9.33 .188 .272 .352 8.64

 100 .................................................... 1,047 15,967 311 4.00 7.00 11.06 .187 .272 .382 6.89

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero ................................................... Q Q Q 1.33 1.33 2.40 .092 .158 .158 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 272 3,298 25 2.00 3.64 7.33 .132 .213 .276 16.72

 51 to 99 ............................................. 439 6,801 93 2.95 5.78 9.39 .160 .263 .349 9.46

 100 .................................................... 1,463 28,242 459 3.00 5.75 10.47 .187 .261 .374 6.00

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... Q Q Q .40 .67 1.56 .142 .152 .249 99.99

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero ................................................... 699 7,669 66 2.00 4.20 8.50 .137 .217 .281 10.26

 1 to 50 ............................................... 1,180 20,940 290 3.08 6.00 10.40 .187 .263 .358 6.58

 51 to 100 ........................................... 47 1,480 33 3.17 4.00 7.75 .235 .260 .348 27.93

 Never Closed .................................... 262 8,321 189 3.33 5.80 18.15 .253 .374 .526 9.20

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used .......................... Q Q Q .40 .67 1.56 .142 .152 .249 99.99

Annual Consumption

(kilowatthours)

 10,000 or Less .................................. 160 579 1 .91 1.60 4.67 .081 .128 .163 22.78

 10,001 to 50,000 ............................... 705 4,362 20 2.36 4.31 7.50 .132 .197 .248 11.82

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 484 4,653 35 2.64 4.67 10.00 .195 .266 .331 12.91

 100,001 to 500,000 ........................... 682 11,229 146 4.25 7.80 13.80 .247 .336 .432 7.16

 500,001 to 1,000,000 ........................ 100 4,466 70 4.09 6.68 11.82 .318 .386 .525 9.95

 1,000,001 to 5,000,000 ..................... 79 8,205 160 4.43 6.35 9.87 .365 .450 .568 8.31

 Over 5,000,000 ................................. 13 5,211 147 4.48 6.35 10.36 .468 .563 .651 14.02

Peak Electricity Demand (kilowatts)

 10 or Less ......................................... 284 1,311 4 1.07 1.82 3.33 .142 .214 .281 15.37

 11 to 25 ............................................. 589 3,621 23 2.36 4.36 7.43 .169 .235 .317 13.37

 26 to 50 ............................................. 561 5,062 53 3.05 6.20 10.80 .179 .268 .374 10.74

 51 to 100 ........................................... 387 5,699 63 4.16 7.25 13.75 .162 .255 .350 12.06

 101 to 250 ......................................... 262 7,670 109 4.16 7.49 13.80 .188 .319 .438 7.86

 251 to 1,000 ...................................... 116 8,883 164 4.87 7.34 14.00 .202 .352 .471 8.73

 Over 1,000 ........................................ 23 6,458 162 5.39 10.00 46.53 .045 .389 .549 10.90

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption

for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

270 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-20. Total Natural Gas Consumption and Expenditures, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Using

Natural Gas

Natural Gas

Consumption

Natural Gas

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per Building

(thousand

square feet)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Total

(billion

cubic

feet)

Total

(million

dollars)

1.1 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.2

All Buildings ...................................... 2,478 38,145 15.4 1,946 1,895 9,018 4.78

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 1,112 2,942 2.6 264 257 1,483 8.38

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 614 4,497 7.3 272 264 1,439 10.75

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 474 7,561 16.0 356 347 1,775 9.21

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 146 5,242 36.0 231 225 1,159 6.34

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 82 5,608 68.8 243 237 1,091 6.55

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 33 4,643 139.2 244 238 958 8.67

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 13 3,941 295.6 211 205 729 8.94

 Over 500,000 .................................... 4 3,712 882.3 125 122 385 10.80

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 204 5,800 28.4 245 239 1,117 9.63

 Food Sales ........................................ 58 401 6.9 18 17 97 27.24

 Food Service .................................... 184 1,001 5.4 158 154 851 17.10

 Health Care ....................................... 51 1,759 34.3 258 252 838 16.64

 Lodging ............................................. 110 2,828 25.7 213 207 966 13.02

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 792 8,520 10.8 395 385 1,979 11.35

 Office ................................................. 438 6,521 14.9 239 233 1,150 10.44

 Public Assembly ................................ 189 2,662 14.1 142 138 675 14.30

 Public Order and Safety .................... 37 746 20.4 33 32 167 21.31

 Religious Worship ............................. 159 2,001 12.5 57 56 303 13.95

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 173 4,595 26.5 106 103 559 13.68

 Other ................................................. 21 654 30.8 55 54 197 32.20

 Vacant ............................................... 61 658 10.8 26 26 119 37.26

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 256 2,643 10.3 135 132 655 12.92

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 353 4,560 12.9 210 205 966 12.07

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 528 6,470 12.3 391 381 1,796 13.08

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 403 7,170 17.8 375 365 1,750 9.98

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 444 7,375 16.6 393 382 1,695 11.08

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 357 7,181 20.1 288 280 1,397 8.79

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 92 1,659 18.0 100 98 510 21.15

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 46 1,087 23.5 54 52 249 23.73

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 316 7,108 22.5 297 289 1,739 13.14

 New England ................................... 34 1,433 42.6 74 72 432 26.90

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 282 5,674 20.1 223 217 1,307 13.85

 Midwest ............................................. 777 10,905 14.0 750 730 2,947 8.82

 East North Central ........................... 549 7,553 13.8 505 492 2,043 9.25

 West North Central .......................... 228 3,352 14.7 244 238 903 16.86

 South ................................................. 805 12,291 15.3 528 514 2,560 9.35

 South Atlantic .................................. 210 4,802 22.9 197 192 1,009 15.33

 East South Central .......................... 248 3,163 12.8 164 160 792 19.72

 West South Central ......................... 347 4,326 12.5 167 163 759 11.13

 West .................................................. 580 7,841 13.5 371 361 1,772 10.17

 Mountain ......................................... 219 2,624 12.0 150 146 585 17.40

 Pacific .............................................. 361 5,217 14.4 221 216 1,188 12.92

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 265 3,399 12.8 240 233 952 13.66

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 626 10,754 17.2 692 674 2,907 9.40

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 490 9,094 18.6 452 440 2,214 15.15

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 674 9,598 14.2 372 362 2,012 11.55

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 423 5,300 12.5 191 186 933 15.26

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 271
Table CE-20. Total Natural Gas Consumption and Expenditures, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Using

Natural Gas

Natural Gas

Consumption

Natural Gas

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per Building

(thousand

square feet)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Total

(billion

cubic

feet)

Total

(million

dollars)

1.1 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.2

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 1,155 6,581 5.7 298 290 1,620 7.65

 5 to 9 ................................................. 538 4,482 8.3 244 237 1,198 13.81

 10 to 19 ............................................. 358 4,696 13.1 269 262 1,364 13.33

 20 to 49 ............................................. 261 6,627 25.4 343 334 1,729 9.05

 50 to 99 ............................................. 90 4,762 52.6 218 212 985 10.21

 100 to 249 ......................................... 50 4,286 85.1 222 216 930 10.32

 250 or More ....................................... 25 6,712 264.7 352 342 1,192 9.30

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 343 2,657 7.7 92 90 498 14.37

 40 to 48 ............................................. 718 8,541 11.9 365 356 1,790 9.91

 49 to 60 ............................................. 596 8,002 13.4 301 293 1,466 9.50

 61 to 84 ............................................. 365 7,048 19.3 279 272 1,410 10.31

 85 to 167 ........................................... 216 3,966 18.3 243 236 1,215 13.12

 Open Continuously ............................ 239 7,931 33.2 665 648 2,638 9.57

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 2,190 30,256 13.8 1,472 1,433 7,065 5.19

 Owner Occupied ............................. 1,750 23,956 13.7 1,245 1,212 5,825 5.99

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 413 6,077 14.7 218 213 1,201 10.93

 Unoccupied ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Government Owned .......................... 288 7,889 27.4 474 462 1,953 10.58

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 392 9,725 24.8 409 398 1,765 12.47

 No ...................................................... 2,086 28,420 13.6 1,537 1,497 7,253 5.34

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 2,476 38,009 15.4 1,938 1,887 8,987 4.96

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,478 38,145 15.4 1,946 1,895 9,018 4.78

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 155 9,262 59.8 556 541 2,099 10.44

 District Heat ....................................... 30 2,343 78.8 146 142 486 23.98

 District Chilled Water ......................... 17 1,287 77.0 101 99 327 19.16

 Propane ............................................. 105 1,565 14.8 90 87 425 18.05

 Other ................................................. 88 1,485 16.8 64 62 272 21.13

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 2,456 37,950 15.5 1,937 1,886 8,972 4.78

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 2,131 35,100 16.5 1,782 1,736 8,189 5.04

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 2,201 36,284 16.5 1,878 1,828 8,650 5.20

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 549 15,968 29.1 975 950 4,216 6.22

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 104 2,542 24.5 111 108 528 15.36

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ....................................... 159 10,331 64.8 577 562 2,246 9.14

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,211 31,535 14.3 1,685 1,641 7,770 5.06

 Natural Gas Main ............................ 2,106 28,808 13.7 1,614 1,571 7,437 5.24

 Natural Gas Secondary ................... 105 2,728 26.0 72 70 333 16.08

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 245 6,414 26.2 252 245 1,202 11.54

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 240 5,427 22.6 176 171 979 14.50

 Natural Gas ....................................... 2,106 28,808 13.7 1,614 1,571 7,437 5.24

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 58 1,358 23.6 16 16 111 28.44

 District Heat ....................................... 28 2,037 73.4 118 115 400 18.07

 Propane ............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

272 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-20. Total Natural Gas Consumption and Expenditures, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Using

Natural Gas

Natural Gas

Consumption

Natural Gas

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per Building

(thousand

square feet)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Total

(billion

cubic

feet)

Total

(million

dollars)

1.1 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.2

 Cooling Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 65 1,314 20.1 116 113 462 24.43

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 2,066 33,786 16.4 1,666 1,623 7,727 5.26

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 347 3,045 8.8 163 159 829 12.51

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,577 24,859 15.8 1,513 1,474 6,849 6.08

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 624 11,424 18.3 364 355 1,802 8.55

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 277 1,862 6.7 68 66 368 18.76

Cooking Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 448 13,195 29.4 801 780 3,495 6.78

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 100 2,773 27.6 174 169 721 11.48

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 1,929 22,177 11.5 970 945 4,802 6.38

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 267 3,715 13.9 86 84 469 14.70

 51 to 99 ............................................. 437 6,214 14.2 281 273 1,461 13.64

 100 .................................................... 1,752 28,020 16.0 1,570 1,529 7,042 5.02

Annual Consumption 

(hundred cubic feet)

 1,000 or Less .................................... 647 3,871 6.0 35 34 272 10.39

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 1,194 10,767 9.0 291 284 1,676 6.58

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 275 4,876 17.8 207 201 1,072 8.55

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 230 7,045 30.6 346 337 1,841 9.08

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 74 4,053 54.5 256 250 1,284 9.62

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 37 2,998 80.8 254 247 1,062 22.01

 Over 100,000 .................................... 20 4,535 221.9 557 542 1,812 10.28

Gas Transported for

the Account of Others

 Used in Building ................................ 32 2,123 66.8 305 297 956 19.33

 Not Used in Building .......................... 2,446 36,022 14.7 1,640 1,597 8,063 5.08

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations

and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption for a particular fuel

for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 273
Table CE-21. Natural Gas Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Natural Gas Consumption Natural Gas Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

per

Building

(thousand

cubic

feet)

per

Square

Foot

(cubic

feet)

per

Worker

(thousand

cubic feet)

Distribution of

Building-Level Intensities

(cubic feet/square foot)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square

Foot

(dollars)

per

Thousand

Cubic Feet

(dollars)

1.2 1.0 1.3 25th

Percentile Median

75th

Percentile 1.1 1.0 0.6

All Buildings ...................................... 764 49.7 37.7 18.4 39.7 76.9 3.6 0.24 4.76 4.47

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 231 87.2 46.0 26.0 51.0 109.0 1.3 0.50 5.78 7.39

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 431 58.8 53.6 17.4 29.1 66.2 2.3 0.32 5.44 14.82

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 732 45.9 45.0 11.9 29.3 54.6 3.7 0.23 5.12 10.59

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 1,542 42.8 32.1 10.7 27.2 60.8 8.0 0.22 5.16 6.27

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 2,907 42.3 34.2 9.6 23.4 53.0 13.4 0.19 4.61 8.09

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 7,135 51.3 41.8 11.2 28.4 64.2 28.7 0.21 4.03 11.65

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 15,385 52.1 39.9 4.6 25.9 66.3 54.6 0.18 3.55 9.20

 Over 500,000 .................................... 29,006 32.9 16.8 1.6 8.8 33.4 91.4 0.10 3.15 16.78

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 1,170 41.1 32.5 13.1 28.6 58.4 5.5 0.19 4.68 8.19

 Food Sales ........................................ 292 42.6 41.2 7.7 31.7 76.8 1.7 0.24 5.66 27.25

 Food Service .................................... 835 153.5 93.9 52.0 135.2 250.8 4.6 0.85 5.54 10.86

 Health Care ....................................... 4,899 143.0 75.6 44.6 66.3 150.6 16.3 0.48 3.33 13.83

 Lodging ............................................. 1,883 73.2 103.1 41.0 57.6 100.0 8.8 0.34 4.67 11.30

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 486 45.2 42.6 19.4 40.4 80.3 2.5 0.23 5.14 12.69

 Office ................................................. 532 35.7 13.5 18.0 33.2 62.6 2.6 0.18 4.94 8.49

 Public Assembly ................................ 731 51.9 72.0 19.7 45.6 77.8 3.6 0.25 4.89 13.23

 Public Order and Safety .................... 887 43.6 36.8 22.1 43.6 95.0 4.6 0.22 5.15 15.60

 Religious Worship ............................. 351 28.0 37.8 10.1 27.4 47.0 1.9 0.15 5.42 12.45

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 594 22.4 34.3 9.0 21.2 43.1 3.2 0.12 5.44 9.01

 Other ................................................. 2,535 82.4 37.0 35.1 35.4 44.5 9.3 0.30 3.66 25.21

 Vacant ............................................... Q 38.8 57.0 13.4 21.0 51.0 2.0 0.18 4.67 33.59

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 514 49.8 44.8 24.0 47.6 78.3 2.6 0.25 4.97 10.01

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 580 44.9 37.0 21.7 40.4 79.5 2.7 0.21 4.72 9.60

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 721 58.8 53.6 19.7 44.1 86.2 3.4 0.28 4.72 11.38

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 906 50.9 36.6 21.3 47.5 73.7 4.3 0.24 4.80 9.12

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 862 51.8 37.4 12.4 32.7 70.2 3.8 0.23 4.43 11.96

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 786 39.0 25.6 14.2 28.4 56.1 3.9 0.19 4.98 7.63

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 1,063 58.9 41.4 17.4 29.1 94.3 5.5 0.31 5.22 22.49

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 1,134 48.2 45.7 14.3 42.5 85.4 5.4 0.23 4.74 20.48

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 915 40.6 30.6 17.9 29.1 64.1 5.5 0.24 6.02 9.91

 New England ................................... 2,129 50.0 47.8 11.1 40.8 83.3 12.8 0.30 6.04 20.53

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 770 38.3 27.3 18.0 28.6 63.9 4.6 0.23 6.02 9.86

 Midwest ............................................. 939 66.9 54.6 31.9 59.8 97.9 3.8 0.27 4.04 7.19

 East North Central ........................... 897 65.2 56.6 31.5 62.1 95.1 3.7 0.27 4.15 7.03

 West North Central .......................... 1,042 71.0 50.9 34.8 54.3 123.2 4.0 0.27 3.80 14.55

 South ................................................. 639 41.9 35.0 15.5 29.3 60.1 3.2 0.21 4.98 8.97

 South Atlantic .................................. 913 39.9 29.3 18.9 34.9 58.7 4.8 0.21 5.26 10.00

 East South Central .......................... 645 50.5 45.2 16.9 38.3 68.1 3.2 0.25 4.96 22.43

 West South Central ......................... 469 37.7 35.2 12.0 22.0 52.1 2.2 0.18 4.66 10.90

 West .................................................. 622 46.1 28.4 12.5 30.4 65.1 3.1 0.23 4.91 7.32

 Mountain ......................................... 664 55.5 48.9 24.5 42.2 68.9 2.7 0.22 4.01 11.25

 Pacific .............................................. 597 41.3 22.2 9.5 26.8 55.9 3.3 0.23 5.51 10.29

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 879 68.7 59.2 35.4 50.2 91.0 3.6 0.28 4.08 8.39

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 1,076 62.6 51.9 28.5 51.0 97.9 4.6 0.27 4.31 8.51

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 898 48.4 34.1 18.7 40.0 83.8 4.5 0.24 5.03 10.69

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 537 37.7 26.0 11.9 28.8 57.5 3.0 0.21 5.56 7.50

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 439 35.0 28.6 13.1 22.9 52.1 2.2 0.18 5.03 10.62

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

274 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-21. Natural Gas Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Natural Gas Consumption Natural Gas Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

per

Building

(thousand

cubic

feet)

per

Square

Foot

(cubic

feet)

per

Worker

(thousand

cubic feet)

Distribution of

Building-Level Intensities

(cubic feet/square foot)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square

Foot

(dollars)

per

Thousand

Cubic Feet

(dollars)

1.2 1.0 1.3 25th

Percentile Median

75th

Percentile 1.1 1.0 0.6

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 251 44.1 111.0 18.5 41.0 73.7 1.4 0.25 5.58 5.89

 5 to 9 ................................................. 441 52.9 67.9 19.6 42.6 89.7 2.2 0.27 5.05 15.67

 10 to 19 ............................................. 733 55.9 57.4 18.0 30.1 86.2 3.8 0.29 5.20 16.44

 20 to 49 ............................................. 1,279 50.4 43.3 18.9 39.8 74.7 6.6 0.26 5.17 7.26

 50 to 99 ............................................. 2,347 44.6 36.5 11.8 29.3 57.5 10.9 0.21 4.64 10.10

 100 to 249 ......................................... 4,285 50.4 30.9 12.8 32.3 73.8 18.5 0.22 4.31 9.68

 250 or More ....................................... 13,501 51.0 18.0 9.0 27.2 67.3 47.0 0.18 3.48 9.93

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 262 33.8 38.2 10.9 29.1 55.6 1.5 0.19 5.54 10.33

 40 to 48 ............................................. 495 41.6 33.9 19.6 33.9 68.1 2.5 0.21 5.03 9.92

 49 to 60 ............................................. 491 36.6 24.7 12.5 30.9 64.0 2.5 0.18 5.01 7.46

 61 to 84 ............................................. 744 38.6 31.4 24.0 45.7 87.8 3.9 0.20 5.18 8.39

 85 to 167 ........................................... 1,092 59.6 54.5 27.5 72.6 198.8 5.6 0.31 5.14 10.15

 Open Continuously ............................ 2,711 81.7 51.6 28.5 55.4 108.6 11.0 0.33 4.07 8.89

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 654 47.4 35.7 18.4 38.8 74.7 3.2 0.23 4.93 4.76

 Owner Occupied ............................. 692 50.6 38.6 18.4 39.7 75.8 3.3 0.24 4.81 5.46

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 515 35.0 24.8 18.7 34.0 78.3 2.9 0.20 5.65 7.40

 Unoccupied ..................................... Q Q Q 14.2 51.0 67.2 Q Q Q 99.99

 Government Owned .......................... 1,603 58.5 45.7 22.0 46.0 90.3 6.8 0.25 4.23 10.01

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 1,015 40.9 26.5 15.4 32.4 67.2 4.5 0.18 4.44 11.75

 No ...................................................... 717 52.7 42.5 19.1 40.0 78.3 3.5 0.26 4.85 4.46

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 762 49.6 37.6 18.4 39.7 76.9 3.6 0.24 4.76 4.75

 Natural Gas ....................................... 764 49.7 37.7 18.4 39.7 76.9 3.6 0.24 4.76 4.47

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 3,497 58.4 35.3 6.5 28.6 79.5 13.6 0.23 3.88 10.04

 District Heat ....................................... 4,775 60.6 28.9 5.9 11.8 31.8 16.3 0.21 3.42 27.35

 District Chilled Water ......................... 5,901 76.7 39.4 6.0 24.0 71.9 19.5 0.25 3.31 15.93

 Propane ............................................. 828 55.8 45.5 25.4 42.1 95.0 4.0 0.27 4.87 10.14

 Other ................................................. 704 42.0 39.9 14.7 36.8 64.0 3.1 0.18 4.37 16.86

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 768 49.7 37.7 18.5 39.8 76.9 3.7 0.24 4.76 4.50

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 814 49.4 36.4 18.0 38.3 76.9 3.8 0.23 4.72 4.90

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 831 50.4 37.4 18.9 40.0 79.5 3.9 0.24 4.73 4.65

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 1,730 59.5 38.9 27.7 58.2 120.6 7.7 0.26 4.44 5.90

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 1,037 42.4 29.5 29.0 47.7 56.8 5.1 0.21 4.89 12.48

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ....................................... 3,525 54.4 33.1 13.5 40.8 86.1 14.1 0.22 4.00 8.86

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 742 52.0 40.8 19.2 39.9 77.4 3.5 0.25 4.74 4.81

 Natural Gas Main ............................ 746 54.5 43.2 20.3 41.2 78.8 3.5 0.26 4.73 4.76

 Natural Gas Secondary ................... 666 25.6 18.2 6.2 12.5 27.3 3.2 0.12 4.77 19.25

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 1,001 38.2 25.0 6.5 31.9 65.6 4.9 0.19 4.90 9.72

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... Q Q Q 1.0 7.7 227.2 Q Q Q 99.99

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 712 31.5 22.3 11.0 27.7 64.4 4.1 0.18 5.73 13.22

 Natural Gas ....................................... 746 54.5 43.2 20.3 41.2 78.8 3.5 0.26 4.73 4.76

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 278 11.8 13.4 2.3 6.5 28.6 1.9 0.08 6.95 31.97

 District Heat ....................................... 4,138 56.4 25.6 5.9 7.8 26.7 14.4 0.20 3.48 16.49

 Propane ............................................. Q Q Q 40.4 40.4 40.4 Q Q Q 99.99

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q 44.4 44.5 64.1 Q Q Q 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 275
Table CE-21. Natural Gas Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Natural Gas Consumption Natural Gas Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

per

Building

(thousand

cubic

feet)

per

Square

Foot

(cubic

feet)

per

Worker

(thousand

cubic feet)

Distribution of

Building-Level Intensities

(cubic feet/square foot)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square

Foot

(dollars)

per

Thousand

Cubic Feet

(dollars)

1.2 1.0 1.3 25th

Percentile Median

75th

Percentile 1.1 1.0 0.6

 Cooling Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,729 86.0 54.8 43.9 63.9 91.0 7.1 0.35 4.09 17.38

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 785 48.0 35.6 17.7 36.5 75.7 3.7 0.23 4.76 5.05

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 458 52.2 63.2 22.1 47.8 81.3 2.4 0.27 5.22 10.16

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 935 59.3 45.3 22.0 45.4 88.0 4.3 0.28 4.65 5.35

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 568 31.1 21.7 13.2 28.4 51.9 2.9 0.16 5.08 6.89

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 239 35.5 49.2 13.0 24.5 58.4 1.3 0.20 5.57 13.19

Cooking Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,740 59.1 38.9 28.0 66.2 135.4 7.8 0.26 4.48 6.09

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 1,687 61.1 38.9 17.7 42.6 93.5 7.2 0.26 4.26 12.11

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 490 42.6 36.6 17.2 33.9 66.2 2.5 0.22 5.08 6.45

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ Q Q Q 1.0 7.7 227.2 Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 314 22.6 33.7 10.5 25.0 55.6 1.8 0.13 5.59 11.39

 51 to 99 ............................................. 626 44.0 36.3 15.2 38.3 65.6 3.3 0.24 5.34 14.98

 100 .................................................... 873 54.6 38.2 19.9 42.2 82.9 4.0 0.25 4.61 4.54

Annual Consumption 

(hundred cubic feet)

 1,000 or Less .................................... 53 8.8 6.9 5.9 13.9 27.4 0.4 0.07 7.98 7.03

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 238 26.4 24.2 25.1 42.1 76.9 1.4 0.16 5.91 4.02

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 733 41.3 33.7 35.4 67.5 140.0 3.9 0.22 5.33 4.46

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 1,462 47.8 34.9 47.2 76.6 155.0 8.0 0.26 5.47 4.84

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 3,354 61.6 39.1 53.0 90.3 188.0 17.2 0.32 5.14 4.94

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 6,663 82.4 52.5 64.2 196.7 563.2 28.6 0.35 4.30 11.36

 Over 100,000 .................................... 26,536 119.6 78.9 83.1 130.6 196.9 88.7 0.40 3.34 8.20

Gas Transported for

the Account of Others

 Used in Building ................................ 9,348 140.0 95.6 38.2 98.4 232.6 30.0 0.45 3.21 21.72

 Not Used in Building .......................... 653 44.3 33.9 18.4 39.1 76.4 3.3 0.22 5.05 4.59

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption for

a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

276 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-22. Natural Gas Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Census Region, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Natural Gas

Consumption

(billion cubic feet)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings Using Natural Gas

(million square feet)

Natural Gas Energy

Intensity

(cubic feet/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.5 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.9

All Buildings ................................... 289 730 514 361 7,108 10,905 12,291 7,841 40.6 66.9 41.9 46.1 9.51

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................ 26 106 73 52 253 1,026 947 717 102.6 103.2 77.2 72.1 18.63

 5,001 to 10,000 .............................. 33 118 65 49 722 1,416 1,330 1,029 45.0 83.6 48.6 47.5 21.56

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................ 42 119 130 56 1,218 1,988 2,735 1,620 34.8 59.6 47.4 34.7 20.51

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................ 36 82 55 52 951 1,402 1,533 1,355 38.0 58.3 35.8 38.3 14.87

 50,001 to 100,000 .......................... 26 87 59 65 754 1,700 1,946 1,207 34.3 51.4 30.1 54.0 17.09

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................ 49 90 76 23 845 1,371 1,706 721 58.3 65.7 44.4 31.7 22.07

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................ 46 69 36 53 935 1,155 1,100 752 49.5 59.8 33.1 71.1 19.07

 Over 500,000 ................................. 30 59 21 11 1,430 848 994 440 21.2 69.7 21.5 25.6 25.14

Principal Building Activity

 Education ....................................... 49 93 43 53 1,534 1,580 1,543 1,144 32.0 59.2 27.9 46.3 16.33

 Food Sales ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Food Service ................................. Q 41 58 Q Q 406 284 Q Q 101.1 205.3 Q 31.95

 Health Care .................................... 47 77 72 55 321 416 610 412 146.4 186.1 118.7 132.8 21.82

 Lodging .......................................... Q 66 60 60 Q 699 1,081 841 Q 94.7 55.5 71.9 20.23

 Mercantile and Service ................... 42 185 123 34 1,535 2,904 2,993 1,087 27.5 63.7 41.3 31.3 21.95

 Office .............................................. 38 94 51 50 1,251 1,638 1,898 1,734 30.6 57.4 26.8 28.7 16.63

 Public Assembly ............................. Q 46 41 27 426 712 941 583 55.0 65.3 44.0 46.1 23.87

 Public Order and Safety ................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Religious Worship .......................... 6 23 9 17 303 508 582 608 20.1 46.2 15.8 28.3 25.50

 Warehouse and Storage ................ 23 44 29 Q 1,064 1,164 1,712 656 21.2 37.5 17.0 Q 20.15

 Other .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Vacant ............................................ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ............................... 21 67 Q 29 655 1,216 441 332 32.0 54.8 34.4 87.3 25.24

 1920 to 1945 .................................. 37 98 42 27 893 1,750 1,179 738 41.9 56.1 35.6 36.6 24.45

 1946 to 1959 .................................. 64 167 75 74 1,277 1,832 2,034 1,327 50.3 91.0 37.1 55.9 19.06

 1960 to 1969 .................................. 43 134 108 81 1,251 1,905 2,430 1,585 34.0 70.2 44.3 51.1 17.38

 1970 to 1979 .................................. 62 115 133 72 1,121 1,912 2,565 1,777 55.4 59.9 51.9 40.8 17.33

 1980 to 1989 .................................. 38 106 88 48 1,424 1,559 2,751 1,447 27.0 68.0 31.8 33.3 15.37

 1990 to 1992 .................................. Q 21 39 21 280 425 582 372 Q 49.7 66.3 57.6 29.61

 1993 to 1995 .................................. Q 23 Q Q Q 308 309 Q Q 75.1 48.4 Q 27.56

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD .................. Q 195 Q 37 Q 2,999 Q 385 Q 65.1 Q 97.2 20.91

 5,500-7,000 HDD ......................... 161 427 Q 86 3,225 5,992 Q 1,537 49.8 71.2 Q 56.1 18.71

 4,000-5,499 HDD ......................... 127 108 157 48 3,867 1,915 2,428 884 32.9 56.4 64.5 54.2 19.90

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q 204 158 Q Q 5,422 4,176 Q Q 37.6 37.8 11.93

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q 154 32 Q Q 4,441 859 Q Q 34.6 37.2 22.69

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .................................. 29 121 73 68 906 2,093 2,182 1,400 31.6 57.7 33.3 48.7 15.89

 5 to 9 .............................................. 17 135 42 43 623 1,520 1,284 1,055 26.5 89.0 32.9 41.1 26.02

 10 to 19 .......................................... 35 80 107 41 808 1,337 1,584 966 42.8 59.8 67.5 42.3 23.18

 20 to 49 .......................................... 63 112 104 56 1,119 1,860 2,376 1,272 56.0 60.1 43.8 43.7 16.85

 50 to 99 .......................................... 26 85 61 40 846 1,248 1,721 948 30.4 68.4 35.6 42.2 17.75

 100 to 249 ...................................... 36 78 53 49 958 1,250 1,096 982 37.8 62.1 48.0 50.4 20.78

 250 or More .................................... 84 119 75 64 1,848 1,598 2,048 1,218 45.7 74.7 36.5 52.4 16.20

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer .................................... 11 38 22 19 338 879 780 661 32.2 43.6 28.3 28.2 23.82

 40 to 48 .......................................... 47 164 79 66 1,275 2,600 2,885 1,782 37.0 63.0 27.3 36.8 17.15

 49 to 60 .......................................... 33 124 83 52 1,431 2,010 2,835 1,727 23.3 61.9 29.4 30.0 15.45

 61 to 84 .......................................... 47 126 51 48 1,447 2,302 1,914 1,385 32.2 54.7 26.7 35.0 16.00

 85 to 167 ........................................ 50 79 61 46 986 1,165 1,073 741 51.1 67.8 57.2 61.4 24.10

 Open Continuously ......................... 100 199 218 131 1,631 1,950 2,805 1,545 61.5 101.9 77.6 84.9 15.82

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 277
Table CE-22. Natural Gas Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Census Region, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Natural Gas

Consumption

(billion cubic feet)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings Using Natural Gas

(million square feet)

Natural Gas Energy

Intensity

(cubic feet/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.5 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.9

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................. 221 549 397 265 5,440 8,665 9,973 6,178 40.7 63.4 39.8 42.9 9.79

 Owner Occupied .......................... 179 470 347 216 4,285 7,126 7,857 4,687 41.7 66.0 44.1 46.2 11.19

 Nonowner Occupied ..................... 42 72 50 49 1,128 1,425 2,041 1,483 37.3 50.4 24.5 32.8 17.78

 Unoccupied .................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Government Owned ....................... 67 181 117 96 1,668 2,240 2,319 1,663 40.5 80.7 50.6 57.7 15.76

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................. 56 149 113 80 2,003 2,664 3,073 1,984 27.9 55.9 36.8 40.3 17.34

 No ................................................... 233 581 401 281 5,104 8,241 9,218 5,857 45.6 70.5 43.5 48.0 10.16

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 286 725 514 361 7,074 10,819 12,289 7,826 40.5 67.0 41.9 46.1 9.87

 Natural Gas .................................... 289 730 514 361 7,108 10,905 12,291 7,841 40.6 66.9 41.9 46.1 9.51

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 118 163 163 97 3,002 2,133 2,517 1,610 39.2 76.5 64.8 60.4 16.94

 District Heat .................................... Q 41 Q Q Q 847 Q Q Q 48.2 Q Q 39.34

 District Chilled Water ...................... Q 28 29 Q Q 441 439 Q Q 62.5 66.2 Q 33.20

 Propane .......................................... 8 33 36 9 245 610 489 221 33.6 54.6 74.2 42.8 27.40

 Other .............................................. Q 24 9 Q Q 472 381 Q Q 50.2 23.4 Q 34.38

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ......... 289 726 512 359 7,108 10,897 12,176 7,768 40.6 66.7 42.0 46.2 9.54

 Buildings with Cooling .................... 269 658 499 310 6,393 9,877 11,961 6,869 42.0 66.6 41.7 45.2 9.93

 Buildings with Water Heating ......... 284 697 491 357 6,969 10,197 11,485 7,633 40.7 68.3 42.8 46.7 9.63

 Buildings with Cooking ................... 172 334 237 206 3,589 4,241 4,876 3,262 47.9 78.8 48.6 63.3 10.75

 Buildings with Manufacturing ......... 16 54 30 9 355 911 920 356 44.0 59.4 32.1 24.0 23.94

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation .................................... 113 181 153 115 2,787 2,354 3,232 1,959 40.4 77.1 47.3 58.6 13.48

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Natural Gas .................................... 238 684 410 309 5,043 9,826 9,805 6,861 47.2 69.6 41.8 45.0 10.16

 Natural Gas Main ......................... 230 661 385 296 4,696 9,293 8,728 6,091 48.9 71.1 44.1 48.6 10.45

 Natural Gas Secondary ................ 8 23 25 13 348 533 1,077 770 23.8 44.0 23.3 16.8 28.05

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ......... 51 42 102 50 2,064 1,071 2,371 908 24.6 39.4 43.1 55.2 22.44

 Buildings without Space Heating .... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 16 27 87 40 419 694 2,898 1,416 39.1 39.4 30.0 28.3 23.94

 Natural Gas .................................... 230 661 385 296 4,696 9,293 8,728 6,091 48.9 71.1 44.1 48.6 10.45

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 13 Q Q Q 1,166 Q Q Q 11.0 Q Q Q 30.21

 District Heat .................................... 28 35 30 Q 685 785 378 Q 41.4 44.6 79.6 Q 30.39

 Propane .......................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Other .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Cooling Energy Source

 Natural Gas .................................... 44 37 Q 19 387 354 Q 326 113.1 105.4 Q 56.9 28.49

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ......... 225 621 485 292 6,007 9,523 11,713 6,543 37.4 65.2 41.4 44.6 10.26

 Buildings without Cooling ............... 20 72 16 51 714 1,028 330 972 28.3 70.0 47.9 52.3 24.45

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Natural Gas .................................... 209 581 383 301 3,848 7,261 7,767 5,983 54.3 80.0 49.3 50.3 11.01

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ......... 75 116 109 55 3,120 2,936 3,718 1,650 24.0 39.4 29.2 33.6 15.35

 Buildings without Water Heating .... Q 33 23 Q Q 709 806 Q Q 47.2 28.7 Q 33.70

Cooking Energy Source

 Natural Gas .................................... 120 269 211 180 2,914 3,506 4,167 2,609 41.3 76.9 50.6 68.8 11.95

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ......... 52 65 26 27 675 735 710 653 76.5 88.0 36.8 41.3 23.45

 Buildings without Cooking .............. 117 396 277 155 3,519 6,664 7,415 4,579 33.2 59.4 37.4 33.8 12.27

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

278 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-22. Natural Gas Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Census Region, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Natural Gas

Consumption

(billion cubic feet)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings Using Natural Gas

(million square feet)

Natural Gas Energy

Intensity

(cubic feet/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.5 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.9

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................ 11 37 20 Q 616 958 1,221 920 18.3 38.6 16.5 Q 25.97

 51 to 99 .......................................... 54 60 109 50 1,637 1,019 1,984 1,574 32.8 59.2 55.0 32.0 22.66

 100 ................................................. 224 629 383 293 4,854 8,920 8,972 5,274 46.1 70.5 42.7 55.6 9.99

Annual Consumption 

(hundred cubic feet)

 1,000 or Less ................................. 4 5 15 11 847 343 1,392 1,289 4.9 13.5 10.5 8.2 22.31

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................ 35 112 82 54 1,651 3,116 3,725 2,275 21.4 35.8 22.1 23.9 13.09

 5,001 to 10,000 .............................. 25 80 60 36 1,003 1,340 1,673 861 25.3 59.5 35.8 42.0 15.87

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................ 45 124 87 80 1,052 1,995 2,509 1,489 43.1 62.1 34.9 53.6 15.83

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................ 42 93 77 37 786 1,511 1,162 595 54.0 61.8 66.4 61.6 15.87

 50,001 to 100,000 .......................... 29 111 79 28 756 986 813 444 38.9 112.4 97.0 63.3 28.08

 Over 100,000 ................................. 107 206 114 116 1,014 1,615 1,017 889 105.2 127.5 112.1 130.0 17.18

Gas Transported for

the Account of Others

 Used in Building ............................. Q 132 40 Q Q 984 291 Q Q 134.7 136.3 Q 23.09

 Not Used in Building ....................... 235 598 475 290 6,676 9,922 12,000 7,424 35.2 60.2 39.6 39.0 9.94

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption

for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 279
Table CE-23. Natural Gas Expenditures by Census Region, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Natural Gas

Expenditures

(million dollars)

Natural Gas Expenditures

(dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

per Thousand Cubic Feet per Square Foot

NortheastMidwest South West

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

2.0 1.4 1.6 1.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.1

All Buildings ................................... 1,739 2,947 2,560 1,772 6.02 4.04 4.98 4.91 0.24 0.27 0.21 0.23 7.39

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................ 198 525 420 340 7.61 4.96 5.74 6.59 0.78 0.51 0.44 0.47 10.42

 5,001 to 10,000 .............................. 269 530 356 285 8.27 4.47 5.50 5.83 0.37 0.37 0.27 0.28 15.69

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................ 280 538 660 297 6.60 4.54 5.09 5.28 0.23 0.27 0.24 0.18 13.49

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................ 257 355 291 256 7.10 4.34 5.31 4.94 0.27 0.25 0.19 0.19 11.60

 50,001 to 100,000 .......................... 186 352 287 266 7.18 4.03 4.91 4.08 0.25 0.21 0.15 0.22 12.59

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................ 235 292 329 102 Q 3.24 4.34 4.47 0.28 0.21 0.19 0.14 17.70

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................ 190 203 141 194 4.10 2.94 3.88 3.63 0.20 0.18 0.13 0.26 17.37

 Over 500,000 ................................. 125 Q 76 32 4.12 2.56 3.57 2.83 Q 0.18 0.08 0.07 24.04

Principal Building Activity

 Education ....................................... 300 358 198 262 6.10 3.83 4.59 4.94 0.20 0.23 0.13 0.23 12.25

 Food Sales ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Food Service ................................. Q 195 308 Q Q 4.74 5.28 Q Q 0.48 1.08 Q 18.75

 Health Care .................................... 174 201 268 194 3.69 2.60 3.71 3.55 0.54 0.48 0.44 0.47 20.98

 Lodging .......................................... Q 247 314 295 Q 3.73 5.23 4.88 Q 0.35 0.29 0.35 17.90

 Mercantile and Service ................... 339 825 635 179 8.03 4.46 5.15 5.26 0.22 0.28 0.21 0.16 16.66

 Office .............................................. 244 383 287 237 6.39 4.07 5.64 4.75 0.20 0.23 0.15 0.14 12.04

 Public Assembly ............................. 135 206 207 127 Q 4.44 5.00 4.74 0.32 0.29 0.22 0.22 18.06

 Public Order and Safety ................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Religious Worship .......................... 47 108 52 96 7.69 4.62 5.67 5.56 0.15 0.21 0.09 0.16 14.77

 Warehouse and Storage ................ 151 197 168 Q 6.70 4.50 5.77 5.85 0.14 0.17 0.10 Q 12.22

 Other .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Vacant ............................................ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ............................... 142 291 95 128 6.76 4.36 6.24 4.42 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.39 15.70

 1920 to 1945 .................................. 214 408 217 128 5.71 4.15 5.18 4.72 0.24 0.23 0.18 0.17 17.13

 1946 to 1959 .................................. 393 663 385 355 6.12 3.98 5.10 4.79 0.31 0.36 0.19 0.27 14.34

 1960 to 1969 .................................. 293 530 496 431 6.88 3.97 4.61 5.31 0.23 0.28 0.20 0.27 14.41

 1970 to 1979 .................................. 304 442 602 347 4.89 3.86 4.52 4.79 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.20 14.54

 1980 to 1989 .................................. 262 422 474 239 6.81 3.98 5.41 4.95 0.18 0.27 0.17 0.16 12.26

 1990 to 1992 .................................. Q 94 217 108 Q 4.47 5.63 5.05 Q 0.22 0.37 0.29 19.37

 1993 to 1995 .................................. Q 96 Q Q Q 4.14 4.99 Q Q 0.31 0.24 Q 24.87

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD .................. Q 798 Q 148 Q 4.09 Q 3.96 Q 0.27 Q 0.39 14.92

 5,500-7,000 HDD ......................... 932 1,676 Q 299 5.80 3.93 Q 3.47 0.29 0.28 Q 0.19 12.67

 4,000-5,499 HDD ......................... 801 472 722 218 6.29 4.37 4.61 4.56 0.21 0.25 0.30 0.25 13.98

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q 1,075 938 Q Q 5.27 5.94 Q Q 0.20 0.22 9.26

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q 764 169 Q Q 4.97 5.29 Q Q 0.17 0.20 15.64

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 .................................. 223 596 419 382 7.79 4.94 5.76 5.60 0.25 0.28 0.19 0.27 9.37

 5 to 9 .............................................. 112 590 244 252 6.77 4.36 5.78 5.82 0.18 0.39 0.19 0.24 17.61

 10 to 19 .......................................... 273 357 500 233 7.89 4.47 4.68 5.71 0.34 0.27 0.32 0.24 17.79

 20 to 49 .......................................... 396 484 568 281 6.33 4.33 5.46 5.04 0.35 0.26 0.24 0.22 12.32

 50 to 99 .......................................... 173 323 311 179 6.70 3.78 5.09 4.46 0.20 0.26 0.18 0.19 12.82

 100 to 249 ...................................... 215 271 230 215 5.93 3.48 4.38 4.35 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.22 17.38

 250 or More .................................... 347 327 287 230 4.11 2.74 3.85 3.61 0.19 0.20 0.14 0.19 16.25

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer .................................... 79 183 127 110 7.26 4.77 5.76 5.87 0.23 0.21 0.16 0.17 14.31

 40 to 48 .......................................... 325 703 441 321 6.89 4.29 5.59 4.89 0.26 0.27 0.15 0.18 11.70

 49 to 60 .......................................... 235 535 438 258 7.04 4.30 5.25 4.99 0.16 0.27 0.15 0.15 12.58

 61 to 84 .......................................... 323 537 279 271 6.93 4.27 5.46 5.59 0.22 0.23 0.15 0.20 12.73

 85 to 167 ........................................ 315 349 309 241 6.25 4.42 5.04 5.30 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.33 18.96

 Open Continuously ......................... 462 639 966 571 4.60 3.22 4.44 4.35 0.28 0.33 0.34 0.37 13.74

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

280 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-23. Natural Gas Expenditures by Census Region, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Natural Gas

Expenditures

(million dollars)

Natural Gas Expenditures

(dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

per Thousand Cubic Feet per Square Foot

NortheastMidwest South West

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

2.0 1.4 1.6 1.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.1

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................. 1,369 2,303 2,055 1,337 6.19 4.19 5.18 5.04 0.25 0.27 0.21 0.22 7.76

 Owner Occupied .......................... 1,071 1,925 1,781 1,048 5.99 4.09 5.14 4.84 0.25 0.27 0.23 0.22 8.79

 Nonowner Occupied ..................... 296 347 270 288 7.03 4.83 5.40 5.92 0.26 0.24 0.13 0.19 11.10

 Unoccupied .................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Government Owned ....................... 369 644 505 435 5.47 3.56 4.31 4.53 0.22 0.29 0.22 0.26 13.00

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................. 301 563 516 385 5.39 3.78 4.56 4.81 0.15 0.21 0.17 0.19 12.71

 No ................................................... 1,438 2,383 2,045 1,388 6.17 4.10 5.10 4.93 0.28 0.29 0.22 0.24 8.04

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 1,724 2,931 2,560 1,771 6.02 4.04 4.98 4.90 0.24 0.27 0.21 0.23 7.93

 Natural Gas .................................... 1,739 2,947 2,560 1,772 6.02 4.04 4.98 4.91 0.24 0.27 0.21 0.23 7.39

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 571 500 657 372 4.86 3.06 4.02 3.82 0.19 0.23 0.26 0.23 15.83

 District Heat .................................... Q 121 Q Q Q 2.96 Q Q Q 0.14 Q Q 41.88

 District Chilled Water ...................... Q Q 102 Q Q 2.81 3.50 Q Q 0.18 0.23 Q 25.01

 Propane .......................................... 62 148 161 53 7.59 4.45 4.45 5.63 0.25 0.24 0.33 0.24 16.84

 Other .............................................. Q 91 45 Q Q 3.85 5.03 Q Q 0.19 0.12 Q 26.85

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ......... 1,739 2,931 2,546 1,756 6.02 4.04 4.97 4.89 0.24 0.27 0.21 0.23 7.42

 Buildings with Cooling .................... 1,588 2,614 2,475 1,512 5.91 3.97 4.96 4.87 0.25 0.26 0.21 0.22 7.83

 Buildings with Water Heating ......... 1,703 2,775 2,428 1,744 6.00 3.98 4.94 4.89 0.24 0.27 0.21 0.23 7.53

 Buildings with Cooking ................... 910 1,218 1,123 965 5.29 3.65 4.74 4.68 0.25 0.29 0.23 0.30 8.91

 Buildings with Manufacturing ......... 110 203 169 45 7.08 3.75 5.74 5.23 0.31 0.22 0.18 0.13 18.50

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation .................................... 563 567 657 459 5.00 3.13 4.29 4.00 0.20 0.24 0.20 0.23 11.96

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Natural Gas .................................... 1,457 2,781 2,013 1,518 6.12 4.07 4.91 4.91 0.29 0.28 0.21 0.22 7.81

 Natural Gas Main ......................... 1,407 2,694 1,889 1,447 6.13 4.08 4.91 4.89 0.30 0.29 0.22 0.24 7.89

 Natural Gas Secondary ................ 50 87 124 71 6.06 Q 4.94 5.52 0.14 0.16 0.12 0.09 20.70

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ......... 282 150 532 238 5.54 3.54 5.21 4.75 0.14 0.14 0.22 0.26 18.53

 Buildings without Space Heating .... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ 118 116 519 225 7.18 Q 5.97 5.61 0.28 0.17 0.18 0.16 15.97

 Natural Gas .................................... 1,407 2,694 1,889 1,447 6.13 4.08 4.91 4.89 0.30 0.29 0.22 0.24 7.89

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 95 Q Q Q 7.42 Q Q Q 0.08 Q Q Q 18.67

 District Heat .................................... 108 106 107 Q 3.80 3.01 3.56 Q 0.16 0.13 0.28 Q 22.98

 Propane .......................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Other .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Cooling Energy Source

 Natural Gas .................................... 191 122 Q 93 4.37 3.26 Q 5.00 0.49 0.34 Q 0.28 17.87

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ......... 1,397 2,492 2,419 1,419 6.21 4.01 4.99 4.86 0.23 0.26 0.21 0.22 8.15

 Buildings without Cooling ............... 151 333 85 260 7.46 4.62 5.37 5.12 0.21 0.32 Q 0.27 14.64

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Natural Gas .................................... 1,253 2,278 1,844 1,473 6.00 3.92 4.82 4.89 0.33 0.31 0.24 0.25 8.71

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ......... 450 498 583 271 6.00 4.30 5.37 4.89 0.14 0.17 0.16 0.16 10.89

 Buildings without Water Heating .... Q 171 133 Q Q 5.12 5.75 Q Q 0.24 0.16 Q 16.87

Cooking Energy Source

 Natural Gas .................................... 674 996 994 830 5.60 3.70 4.72 4.62 0.23 0.28 0.24 0.32 9.83

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ......... 236 222 128 135 4.57 3.43 4.91 5.03 0.35 0.30 0.18 0.21 19.96

 Buildings without Cooking .............. 829 1,728 1,438 807 7.09 4.37 5.18 5.21 0.24 0.26 0.19 0.18 9.61

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 281
Table CE-23. Natural Gas Expenditures by Census Region, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Natural Gas

Expenditures

(million dollars)

Natural Gas Expenditures

(dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

per Thousand Cubic Feet per Square Foot

NortheastMidwest South West

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

2.0 1.4 1.6 1.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.1

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................ 75 178 121 94 6.67 4.82 6.01 6.09 0.12 0.19 0.10 0.10 18.20

 51 to 99 .......................................... 413 276 506 266 7.69 4.58 4.64 5.28 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.17 17.79

 100 ................................................. 1,251 2,476 1,919 1,396 5.59 3.94 5.01 4.76 0.26 0.28 0.21 0.26 7.66

Annual Consumption 

(hundred cubic feet)

 1,000 or Less ................................. 43 29 106 93 10.27 6.32 7.26 8.81 0.05 0.09 0.08 0.07 14.55

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................ 270 576 486 344 7.65 5.16 5.89 6.33 0.16 0.18 0.13 0.15 8.17

 5,001 to 10,000 .............................. 174 369 320 209 6.86 4.63 5.33 5.77 0.17 0.28 0.19 0.24 9.98

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................ 352 565 488 436 7.75 4.56 5.59 5.47 0.33 0.28 0.19 0.29 11.60

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................ 292 409 411 172 6.87 4.38 5.33 4.68 0.37 0.27 0.35 0.29 10.80

 50,001 to 100,000 .......................... 190 419 334 119 6.48 3.78 4.23 4.24 0.25 0.42 0.41 0.27 19.12

 Over 100,000 ................................. 418 579 416 399 3.91 2.81 3.65 3.45 0.41 0.36 0.41 0.45 17.58

Gas Transported for

the Account of Others

 Used in Building ............................. Q 381 126 Q Q 2.88 3.17 Q Q 0.39 0.43 Q 32.77

 Not Used in Building ....................... 1,552 2,565 2,435 1,510 6.60 4.29 5.13 5.21 0.23 0.26 0.20 0.20 7.32

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption

for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

282 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-24. Natural Gas Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Building Size, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Natural Gas

Consumption

(billion cubic feet)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

Using Natural Gas

(million square feet)

Natural Gas Energy

Intensity

(cubic feet/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1.4 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.9

All Buildings ...................................... 521 808 565 7,440 18,410 12,296 70.0 43.9 46.0 7.75

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 26 143 70 411 3,424 1,965 62.1 41.9 35.5 15.87

 Food Sales ........................................ 6 Q Q 188 Q Q 33.0 Q Q 19.85

 Food Service .................................... 126 27 Q 698 296 Q 180.0 91.4 Q 24.00

 Health Care ....................................... Q 26 207 Q 296 1,328 Q 86.7 156.1 19.49

 Lodging ............................................. 22 108 77 259 1,444 1,125 85.9 74.8 68.2 19.39

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 182 170 33 2,559 3,696 2,265 71.1 45.9 14.6 20.82

 Office ................................................. 51 113 69 1,216 2,943 2,362 42.0 38.5 29.0 13.50

 Public Assembly ................................ 37 67 34 699 1,325 638 53.6 50.4 53.2 22.21

 Public Order and Safety .................... Q 21 Q Q 522 Q Q 40.7 Q 26.67

 Religious Worship ............................. 24 31 Q 531 1,437 Q 45.7 21.9 Q 19.80

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 14 56 33 432 2,189 1,973 31.6 25.5 16.9 18.45

 Other ................................................. Q 23 Q Q 370 Q Q 61.5 Q 47.74

 Vacant ............................................... Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 56 50 Q 868 1,337 Q 64.9 37.3 Q 16.42

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 64 89 51 1,158 2,057 1,344 55.5 43.5 37.9 18.24

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 143 156 82 1,690 3,325 1,455 84.4 46.9 56.3 18.77

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 85 152 128 1,049 3,557 2,565 80.8 42.6 50.1 14.54

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 75 160 147 1,244 3,182 2,949 60.5 50.4 49.8 16.30

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 55 138 87 976 3,610 2,595 56.0 38.4 33.6 12.74

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... 38 31 28 379 681 599 100.9 45.7 47.4 32.42

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... Q 32 16 Q 660 352 Q 47.9 46.0 24.44

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 58 104 126 975 2,923 3,210 60.0 35.7 39.2 15.25

 New England ................................... Q 32 35 Q 756 634 Q 42.1 55.7 32.25

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 54 73 91 932 2,167 2,575 58.0 33.5 35.2 15.42

 Midwest ............................................. 224 288 218 2,442 5,089 3,374 91.8 56.5 64.7 11.58

 East North Central ........................... 134 211 147 1,662 3,493 2,397 80.6 60.5 61.3 11.86

 West North Central .......................... Q 76 71 780 1,596 977 115.8 47.8 73.0 20.69

 South ................................................. 138 243 133 2,277 6,215 3,799 60.5 39.1 35.1 13.79

 South Atlantic .................................. 47 78 67 628 2,227 1,947 75.5 34.9 34.2 19.43

 East South Central .......................... 40 94 26 659 1,784 721 60.5 52.9 35.4 31.45

 West South Central ......................... 51 71 41 990 2,204 1,132 51.0 32.3 36.5 17.25

 West .................................................. 101 173 88 1,746 4,183 1,913 57.6 41.4 45.8 14.20

 Mountain ......................................... 32 88 26 632 1,528 464 50.6 57.6 55.3 25.00

 Pacific .............................................. 69 85 62 1,114 2,654 1,449 61.5 32.1 42.7 17.82

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 60 108 66 759 1,917 723 78.8 56.1 91.3 20.59

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 171 280 223 1,853 5,076 3,826 92.3 55.2 58.2 13.21

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 128 179 133 1,729 3,586 3,779 74.0 49.9 35.3 16.11

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 100 160 102 1,823 5,280 2,495 54.6 30.3 40.9 14.92

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 63 82 41 1,276 2,551 1,472 49.1 32.1 28.0 19.50

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 208 82 Q 3,865 2,575 Q 53.7 31.7 Q 11.21

 5 to 9 ................................................. 144 92 Q 1,821 2,489 Q 78.9 36.8 Q 20.20

 10 to 19 ............................................. 104 147 11 1,178 2,981 537 88.7 49.2 20.8 25.10

 20 to 49 ............................................. 62 235 38 532 5,223 872 116.2 44.9 43.3 18.75

 50 to 99 ............................................. Q 130 80 Q 2,797 1,933 Q 46.4 41.3 13.51

 100 to 249 ......................................... Q 108 107 Q 1,822 2,451 Q 59.1 43.8 16.91

 250 or More ....................................... Q 16 326 Q 523 6,188 Q 31.0 52.7 14.61

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 283
Table CE-24. Natural Gas Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Building Size, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Natural Gas

Consumption

(billion cubic feet)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

Using Natural Gas

(million square feet)

Natural Gas Energy

Intensity

(cubic feet/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1.4 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.9

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 53 34 Q 1,251 1,261 Q 42.3 26.6 Q 17.25

 40 to 48 ............................................. 138 179 39 2,130 4,814 1,598 64.6 37.2 24.2 16.44

 49 to 60 ............................................. 83 149 62 1,737 4,439 1,826 47.6 33.5 33.7 13.37

 61 to 84 ............................................. 88 120 64 1,192 3,037 2,818 74.0 39.6 22.6 13.72

 85 to 167 ........................................... 98 91 47 590 1,904 1,472 166.3 47.8 32.1 19.88

 Open Continuously ............................ 61 236 351 540 2,955 4,436 113.8 79.7 79.0 14.99

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 422 606 405 6,625 14,669 8,962 63.7 41.3 45.2 7.93

 Owner Occupied ............................. 338 506 368 5,352 11,267 7,337 63.1 44.9 50.2 8.86

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 80 99 34 1,145 3,372 1,560 69.8 29.3 21.6 16.08

 Unoccupied ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

 Government Owned .......................... 99 202 160 815 3,740 3,334 121.2 54.1 48.1 15.39

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 52 185 161 969 3,946 4,810 53.4 47.0 33.4 16.63

 No ...................................................... 469 623 404 6,471 14,464 7,486 72.5 43.1 54.0 8.19

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 521 805 561 7,436 18,374 12,199 70.0 43.8 46.0 8.20

 Natural Gas ....................................... 521 808 565 7,440 18,410 12,296 70.0 43.9 46.0 7.75

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 13 166 362 181 2,812 6,269 74.3 59.0 57.7 18.03

 District Heat ....................................... Q Q 109 Q Q 1,698 Q Q 64.5 29.69

 District Chilled Water ......................... Q 24 74 Q 395 879 Q 60.0 84.6 25.63

 Propane ............................................. 33 37 18 361 752 452 91.3 48.7 39.2 23.13

 Other ................................................. 13 25 25 210 856 419 59.8 29.3 58.9 32.36

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 516 806 565 7,359 18,353 12,238 70.0 43.9 46.2 7.79

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 435 745 556 6,253 16,907 11,940 69.5 44.1 46.6 8.32

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 473 792 563 6,419 17,686 12,179 73.7 44.8 46.3 8.08

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 177 324 449 1,448 6,250 8,271 122.2 51.8 54.3 9.59

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 12 57 39 180 1,413 949 66.0 40.2 41.3 21.02

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ....................................... 30 166 366 268 3,027 7,037 110.8 54.9 52.0 14.33

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 458 715 468 6,758 15,563 9,214 67.8 46.0 50.7 8.38

 Natural Gas Main ............................ 453 685 433 6,583 14,121 8,103 68.8 48.5 53.4 8.72

 Natural Gas Secondary ................... 5 30 34 175 1,442 1,111 29.2 21.0 31.0 24.66

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 57 91 97 601 2,790 3,023 95.5 32.5 32.2 19.28

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 56 78 37 594 2,775 2,059 94.5 28.0 18.1 21.86

 Natural Gas ....................................... 453 685 433 6,583 14,121 8,103 68.8 48.5 53.4 8.72

 Fuel Oil .............................................. Q Q Q Q 791 Q Q Q Q 38.31

 District Heat ....................................... Q 30 84 Q 543 1,433 Q 56.0 58.3 23.07

 Propane ............................................. Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

 Cooling Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... Q 28 70 Q 564 588 Q 50.3 119.8 26.24

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 420 716 486 6,090 16,344 11,352 69.0 43.8 42.8 8.61

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 86 64 Q 1,187 1,502 Q 72.7 42.3 Q 17.27

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

284 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-24. Natural Gas Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Building Size, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Natural Gas

Consumption

(billion cubic feet)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

Using Natural Gas

(million square feet)

Natural Gas Energy

Intensity

(cubic feet/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1,001 to

10,000

Square

Feet

10,001 to

100,000

Square

Feet

Over

100,000

Square

Feet

1.4 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.9

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 385 638 451 4,648 12,638 7,574 82.8 50.5 59.5 9.47

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 88 154 113 1,772 5,047 4,605 49.8 30.5 24.5 12.38

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 48 16 Q 1,021 724 Q 47.0 22.6 Q 25.84

Cooking Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 162 262 355 1,257 4,817 7,121 129.2 54.5 49.9 10.48

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 15 61 94 190 1,433 1,149 76.1 42.8 81.4 19.89

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 344 485 116 5,992 12,160 4,025 57.4 39.9 28.9 10.78

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 41 35 8 799 1,828 1,089 51.1 19.3 7.2 22.98

 51 to 99 ............................................. 81 129 64 1,390 2,602 2,221 58.3 49.5 28.6 20.37

 100 .................................................... 394 642 493 5,170 13,923 8,927 76.1 46.1 55.3 7.99

Annual Consumption 

(hundred cubic feet)

 1,000 or Less .................................... 30 4 (*) 1,952 1,614 305 15.4 2.4 0.2 18.77

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 206 76 1 4,132 5,513 1,122 49.9 13.8 1.3 10.99

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 96 103 2 732 3,313 832 131.1 31.1 2.9 13.99

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 105 218 13 474 4,556 2,015 222.0 47.9 6.6 12.15

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... Q 168 36 Q 2,156 1,810 Q 77.8 19.7 10.15

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. Q 146 66 Q 858 2,078 Q 170.4 31.6 15.51

 Over 100,000 .................................... Q 93 447 Q 400 4,134 Q 233.7 108.1 15.42

Gas Transported for

the Account of Others

 Used in Building ................................ Q 74 213 Q 509 1,566 Q 145.0 136.0 24.01

 Not Used in Building .......................... 511 735 352 7,392 17,901 10,729 69.1 41.0 32.8 8.20

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption for

a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 285
Table CE-25. Natural Gas Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Year Constructed, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Natural Gas

Consumption

(billion cubic feet)

Total Floorspace of Buildings

Using Natural Gas

(million square feet)

Natural Gas Energy

Intensity

(cubic feet/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1.1 0.8 2.0 0.9 0.6 1.3 0.8 0.7 1.6

All Buildings ...................................... 717 1,027 150 13,673 21,726 2,747 52.4 47.3 54.7 9.22

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 126 100 Q 1,476 1,318 149 85.2 75.8 208.0 18.70

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 138 115 12 2,241 1,951 305 61.4 58.9 38.9 22.19

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 130 205 11 3,135 4,158 267 41.5 49.4 42.5 20.10

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 72 131 22 1,698 3,076 467 42.4 42.5 46.6 13.24

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 93 114 30 1,886 3,115 606 49.5 36.6 48.7 16.37

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 72 144 Q 1,484 2,767 Q 48.7 52.2 Q 20.64

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 54 137 15 1,159 2,554 228 46.4 53.5 64.2 20.92

 Over 500,000 .................................... 32 81 9 593 2,787 332 54.5 29.1 25.8 23.09

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 123 102 13 2,905 2,616 279 42.4 39.2 46.2 16.68

 Food Sales ........................................ Q Q Q Q 222 Q Q 43.6 Q 59.89

 Food Service .................................... 53 73 Q 412 497 Q 128.9 146.2 Q 27.19

 Health Care ....................................... 55 185 Q 339 1,300 Q 162.0 142.0 Q 23.24

 Lodging ............................................. 64 128 15 727 1,859 242 87.8 68.9 62.0 19.54

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 168 187 29 2,777 5,043 700 60.6 37.1 41.8 23.18

 Office ................................................. 93 126 14 2,163 3,879 480 42.9 32.6 28.8 15.21

 Public Assembly ................................ 61 61 16 1,199 1,200 263 51.3 50.9 59.4 22.76

 Public Order and Safety .................... Q 18 Q Q 457 Q Q 38.5 Q 37.63

 Religious Worship ............................. 26 28 Q 883 1,042 Q 29.1 26.7 Q 23.50

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 26 68 9 1,434 2,891 270 17.8 23.5 35.0 19.47

 Other ................................................. Q 33 Q Q 456 Q Q 73.2 Q 50.38

 Vacant ............................................... Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 123 143 23 2,825 3,796 486 43.4 37.7 47.2 20.12

 New England ................................... 28 41 Q 505 854 Q 55.3 47.9 Q 41.03

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 95 102 Q 2,320 2,943 412 40.8 34.7 49.1 22.54

 Midwest ............................................. 332 354 44 4,798 5,375 733 69.1 65.9 60.3 13.83

 East North Central ........................... 217 239 36 3,562 3,443 548 60.8 69.5 65.9 14.26

 West North Central .......................... 115 115 Q 1,236 1,932 Q 93.1 59.4 Q 28.46

 South ................................................. 133 328 54 3,654 7,746 891 36.3 42.4 60.1 14.67

 South Atlantic .................................. 53 119 Q 1,397 3,027 379 38.1 39.2 Q 20.69

 East South Central .......................... 30 124 6 726 2,262 175 40.6 54.9 34.6 19.98

 West South Central ......................... 50 86 28 1,531 2,457 337 32.5 34.8 81.6 13.77

 West .................................................. 130 202 29 2,396 4,809 636 54.3 41.9 46.3 16.80

 Mountain ......................................... 71 65 Q 1,139 1,267 Q 62.5 51.6 41.2 25.78

 Pacific .............................................. 59 136 20 1,257 3,541 419 46.8 38.5 48.9 19.22

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 78 136 Q 1,127 2,015 Q 68.7 67.5 Q 20.91

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 323 310 41 4,752 5,287 715 67.9 58.6 57.5 15.04

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 165 244 31 3,561 4,838 695 46.4 50.4 44.4 21.00

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 100 231 31 2,557 6,259 782 39.0 36.9 39.5 12.66

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 52 107 27 1,676 3,327 297 30.8 32.1 92.1 20.88

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 159 121 10 3,430 2,775 376 46.4 43.5 27.7 15.06

 5 to 9 ................................................. 133 96 Q 2,231 2,123 129 59.6 45.2 64.0 23.77

 10 to 19 ............................................. 66 174 22 1,644 2,760 292 40.2 63.0 77.1 21.19

 20 to 49 ............................................. 149 147 39 2,416 3,641 570 61.5 40.3 68.0 15.47

 50 to 99 ............................................. 58 134 20 1,399 2,899 464 41.2 46.3 43.8 15.54

 100 to 249 ......................................... 69 120 28 1,361 2,483 442 50.4 48.2 62.8 20.75

 250 or More ....................................... 84 236 22 1,193 5,045 473 70.5 46.8 46.9 18.26

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

286 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-25. Natural Gas Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Year Constructed, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Natural Gas

Consumption

(billion cubic feet)

Total Floorspace of Buildings

Using Natural Gas

(million square feet)

Natural Gas Energy

Intensity

(cubic feet/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1.1 0.8 2.0 0.9 0.6 1.3 0.8 0.7 1.6

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 56 31 Q 1,438 1,108 Q 38.9 27.9 Q 22.21

 40 to 48 ............................................. 200 136 20 4,237 3,839 465 47.1 35.3 43.3 15.81

 49 to 60 ............................................. 115 158 19 2,902 4,465 636 39.8 35.5 30.4 15.10

 61 to 84 ............................................. 102 147 22 2,068 4,566 414 49.6 32.3 53.4 15.95

 85 to 167 ........................................... 86 121 Q 1,105 2,481 380 77.4 48.7 78.9 22.17

 Open Continuously ............................ 158 434 56 1,922 5,267 742 82.2 82.4 74.8 16.35

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 477 831 125 10,278 17,773 2,205 46.4 46.7 56.6 9.82

 Owner Occupied ............................. 409 690 113 8,586 13,576 1,794 47.7 50.8 62.8 10.69

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 64 137 12 1,567 4,099 411 40.6 33.4 29.8 16.82

 Unoccupied ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

 Government Owned .......................... 240 196 25 3,395 3,953 541 70.6 49.7 46.8 15.22

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 138 239 21 2,859 6,241 624 48.3 38.3 33.4 15.58

 No ...................................................... 579 788 129 10,813 15,485 2,123 53.5 50.9 60.9 9.69

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 713 1,024 149 13,605 21,679 2,724 52.4 47.3 54.9 9.58

 Natural Gas ....................................... 717 1,027 150 13,673 21,726 2,747 52.4 47.3 54.7 9.22

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 133 362 Q 2,565 5,981 716 52.0 60.6 63.4 18.91

 District Heat ....................................... Q 81 Q Q 1,151 Q Q 70.2 Q 44.78

 District Chilled Water ......................... 40 53 Q 439 725 Q 91.6 73.7 Q 29.77

 Propane ............................................. 20 58 Q 423 985 Q 48.4 58.6 Q 27.78

 Other ................................................. 17 41 Q 583 804 Q 28.9 50.7 Q 34.20

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 712 1,024 150 13,601 21,612 2,736 52.3 47.4 54.9 9.26

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 616 973 147 11,824 20,602 2,674 52.1 47.2 55.1 9.82

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 686 997 146 12,808 20,904 2,573 53.6 47.7 56.6 9.48

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 316 546 88 5,104 9,543 1,321 61.8 57.2 66.7 10.92

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 45 56 Q 973 1,388 Q 45.9 40.6 Q 23.69

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ....................................... 139 371 52 2,014 7,344 974 69.2 50.5 53.0 16.10

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 633 886 122 11,569 17,715 2,252 54.7 50.0 54.2 10.01

 Natural Gas Main ............................ 618 838 116 10,807 15,933 2,068 57.2 52.6 56.0 10.35

 Natural Gas Secondary ................... 15 48 6 762 1,781 185 20.1 27.1 33.5 25.64

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 79 138 28 2,033 3,898 484 38.8 35.5 58.1 19.98

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 34 110 27 911 4,022 494 37.7 27.3 54.7 22.91

 Natural Gas ....................................... 618 838 116 10,807 15,933 2,068 57.2 52.6 56.0 10.35

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 12 Q Q 817 Q Q Q Q Q 34.20

 District Heat ....................................... 45 64 Q 919 987 Q 49.1 64.7 Q 29.40

 Propane ............................................. Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

 Cooling Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 34 72 Q 438 762 Q 76.9 93.9 Q 32.45

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 582 901 139 11,386 19,840 2,560 51.1 45.4 54.5 10.13

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 101 55 Q 1,848 1,124 Q 54.8 48.6 Q 21.39

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 287
Table CE-25. Natural Gas Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity

 by Year Constructed, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Natural Gas

Consumption

(billion cubic feet)

Total Floorspace of Buildings

Using Natural Gas

(million square feet)

Natural Gas Energy

Intensity

(cubic feet/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1959 or

Before 1960-1989 1990-1995

1.1 0.8 2.0 0.9 0.6 1.3 0.8 0.7 1.6

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 561 797 115 9,196 13,951 1,712 61.0 57.2 67.1 10.94

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 125 199 31 3,612 6,952 860 34.6 28.7 35.7 14.17

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 31 31 Q 865 822 Q 35.6 37.2 Q 35.16

Cooking Energy Source

 Natural Gas ....................................... 246 460 75 4,151 7,938 1,106 59.2 57.9 67.6 12.39

 Other Excluding Natural Gas ............ 70 86 Q 953 1,606 Q 73.2 53.7 Q 22.86

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 401 481 62 8,569 12,182 1,426 46.9 39.5 43.5 12.70

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ Q Q Q Q Q QQQQ 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 35 45 Q 1,601 1,973 Q 22.0 22.6 Q 26.73

 51 to 99 ............................................. 86 160 28 2,206 3,529 479 39.0 45.2 58.0 22.09

 100 .................................................... 591 820 118 9,795 16,111 2,115 60.3 50.9 56.0 9.78

Annual Consumption 

(hundred cubic feet)

 1,000 or Less .................................... 16 18 Q 1,595 2,179 Q 9.8 8.1 Q 19.84

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 144 127 13 4,776 5,320 671 30.1 23.8 20.1 11.87

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 76 116 9 1,699 2,919 258 44.7 39.8 35.2 16.67

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 144 156 37 2,374 4,050 622 60.5 38.6 59.0 14.35

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 68 152 29 1,120 2,555 377 60.9 59.5 77.4 15.36

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 97 129 21 920 1,771 307 105.9 72.7 68.4 27.40

 Over 100,000 .................................... 172 330 Q 1,188 2,932 415 145.1 112.5 Q 18.68

Gas Transported for

the Account of Others

 Used in Building ................................ 105 159 Q 774 1,156 Q 135.4 137.9 Q 28.20

 Not Used in Building .......................... 612 868 117 12,898 20,570 2,554 47.5 42.2 45.9 9.32

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption for

a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

288 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-26. Total Fuel Oil Consumption and Expenditures, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Using

Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Consumption

Fuel Oil

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per Building

(thousand

square feet)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Total

(million

gallons)

Total

(million

dollars)

1.2 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.2

All Buildings ...................................... 607 14,421 24 235 1,686 1,175 10.60

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 333 946 3 44 320 275 15.80

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 96 679 7 26 191 153 24.28

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 92 1,425 15 45 323 239 23.48

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 31 1,164 38 28 201 129 11.61

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 28 1,968 71 31 223 140 12.93

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 14 2,096 145 21 153 88 12.79

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 10 2,928 298 25 176 97 16.28

 Over 500,000 .................................... 4 3,215 902 14 99 56 14.24

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 37 2,348 63 57 408 249 23.54

 Food Sales ........................................ QQQQQQ 99.99

 Food Service .................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 Health Care ....................................... 18 1,576 87 21 152 94 23.87

 Lodging ............................................. 9 847 97 Q Q Q 25.63

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 223 2,550 11 49 354 265 25.32

 Office ................................................. 97 3,554 37 28 204 154 21.43

 Public Assembly ................................ 54 1,050 20 14 99 75 26.80

 Public Order and Safety .................... Q 493 QQQQ 50.05

 Religious Worship ............................. 42 441 11 13 90 69 20.67

 Warehouse and Storage ................... Q 810 21 10 73 56 34.76

 Other ................................................. 7 375 53 Q Q Q 40.21

 Vacant ............................................... Q 244 Q 5 38 25 27.37

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 70 1,085 16 26 187 127 23.09

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 81 1,241 15 40 286 192 24.46

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 142 1,997 14 54 390 294 23.01

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 120 2,871 24 53 382 259 20.99

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 60 2,936 49 28 203 134 19.10

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 98 3,112 32 23 162 118 23.94

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... Q 607 Q 2 16 11 33.90

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... Q 572 24 8 59 39 35.48

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 282 5,423 19 168 1,200 818 11.83

 New England ................................... 106 2,002 19 79 567 374 17.72

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 176 3,421 19 88 633 444 14.34

 Midwest ............................................. 96 2,681 28 16 114 84 32.20

 East North Central ........................... Q 1,701 28 Q Q Q 44.70

 West North Central .......................... 36 980 27 4 30 Q 38.35

 South ................................................. 196 4,175 21 45 324 240 25.61

 South Atlantic .................................. 126 2,742 22 37 268 196 30.01

 East South Central .......................... Q 724 16 Q Q Q 40.10

 West South Central ......................... 24 709 30 Q Q Q 20.14

 West .................................................. 33 2,142 64 7 47 34 32.53

 Mountain ......................................... Q 419 39 Q Q Q 31.53

 Pacific .............................................. 23 1,722 76 Q Q Q 41.80

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 110 1,798 16 51 366 241 21.38

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 149 3,724 25 69 498 349 17.09

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 259 5,250 20 101 724 511 19.47

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 52 2,343 45 Q Q Q 34.59

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 38 1,307 35 5 35 Q 30.41

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 289
Table CE-26. Total Fuel Oil Consumption and Expenditures, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Using

Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Consumption

Fuel Oil

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per Building

(thousand

square feet)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Total

(million

gallons)

Total

(million

dollars)

1.2 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.2

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 324 1,674 5 59 425 338 18.79

 5 to 9 ................................................. 79 791 10 22 157 129 33.63

 10 to 19 ............................................. 94 872 9 33 236 179 26.77

 20 to 49 ............................................. 52 1,436 28 38 270 181 17.92

 50 to 99 ............................................. 21 1,652 77 28 201 114 14.97

 100 to 249 ......................................... 19 2,210 114 28 197 117 18.69

 250 or More ....................................... 18 5,787 319 28 199 117 13.45

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 116 710 6 20 146 112 31.12

 40 to 48 ............................................. 162 1,953 12 42 302 226 20.34

 49 to 60 ............................................. 138 2,790 20 58 419 300 22.48

 61 to 84 ............................................. 68 2,785 41 37 269 184 22.23

 85 to 167 ........................................... 44 1,502 34 24 171 107 22.53

 Open Continuously ............................ 80 4,682 58 53 379 245 17.42

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 509 10,617 21 166 1,189 863 12.97

 Owner Occupied ............................. 453 9,485 21 150 1,072 781 12.83

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 54 1,101 20 15 111 78 32.30

 Unoccupied ..................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 Government Owned .......................... 98 3,805 39 69 496 312 14.95

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 88 4,661 53 32 233 159 17.94

 No ...................................................... 519 9,760 19 203 1,453 1,017 11.14

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 595 14,345 24 234 1,677 1,167 11.35

 Natural Gas ....................................... 155 9,262 60 86 616 396 14.24

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 607 14,421 24 235 1,686 1,175 10.60

 District Heat ....................................... 20 2,174 110 9 62 38 28.76

 District Chilled Water ......................... Q 1,076 85 2 16 11 35.66

 Propane ............................................. 144 1,675 12 65 464 323 14.13

 Other ................................................. 64 797 13 13 95 70 32.06

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 607 14,236 23 234 1,677 1,167 10.66

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 388 12,904 33 179 1,283 876 13.49

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 504 13,959 28 222 1,588 1,096 10.50

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 122 8,018 66 105 749 481 14.99

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ 17 718 Q 15 106 65 33.92

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ....................................... 138 9,576 70 81 579 369 16.50

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 504 6,606 13 220 1,576 1,096 12.11

 Fuel Oil Main ................................... 439 4,207 10 196 1,408 983 12.72

 Fuel Oil Secondary .......................... 65 2,398 37 23 168 113 26.41

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................... 103 7,630 74 14 101 71 16.25

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... QQQQQQ 99.99

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 38 2,238 59 10 68 47 33.38

 Natural Gas ....................................... 83 5,479 66 15 108 73 17.87

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 439 4,207 10 196 1,408 983 12.72

 District Heat ....................................... 19 1,892 101 7 49 30 32.84

 Propane ............................................. QQQQQQ 99.99

 Other ................................................. QQQQQQ 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

290 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-26. Total Fuel Oil Consumption and Expenditures, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Using

Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Consumption

Fuel Oil

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per Building

(thousand

square feet)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Total

(million

gallons)

Total

(million

dollars)

1.2 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.2

Cooling Energy Source

 Fuel Oil .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q QQ

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................... 381 12,793 34 177 1,265 862 13.64

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 219 1,517 7 56 403 299 18.54

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 120 2,151 18 112 802 534 17.75

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................... 384 11,809 31 109 785 562 11.95

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 103 462 4 14 98 79 36.90

Cooking Energy Source

 Fuel Oil .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q QQ

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................... 121 7,935 65 103 734 473 14.90

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 486 6,403 13 130 937 694 13.49

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ QQQQQQ 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 93 1,003 11 13 97 79 27.79

 51 to 99 ............................................. 90 2,857 32 43 307 219 27.32

 100 .................................................... 423 10,376 25 178 1,274 868 13.15

Annual Consumption (gallons)

 1,000 or less ...................................... 332 7,978 24 17 122 113 18.59

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 217 2,687 12 68 487 389 15.24

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 29 1,068 36 28 205 153 29.48

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 20 1,015 52 41 298 188 18.24

 Over 25,000 ...................................... 9 1,674 178 81 574 331 14.88

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not

consumption for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 291
Table CE-27. Fuel Oil Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Oil Consumption Fuel Oil Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

per

Building

(gallons)

per

Square

Foot

(gallons)

per

Worker

(gallons)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square

Foot

(dollars)

per

Gallon

(dollars)

1.2 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.2 0.3

All Buildings ...................................... 2,776 0.12 73.4 1.9 0.08 0.70 8.09

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 962 0.34 197.0 0.8 0.29 0.86 10.42

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 1,997 0.28 269.6 1.6 0.23 0.80 15.12

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 3,497 0.23 294.5 2.6 0.17 0.74 20.17

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 6,531 0.17 111.7 4.2 0.11 0.64 11.12

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 8,091 0.11 82.5 5.1 0.07 0.63 18.19

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 10,563 0.07 45.4 6.1 0.04 0.57 17.89

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 17,920 0.06 33.3 9.9 0.03 0.55 25.18

 Over 500,000 .................................... 27,650 0.03 15.4 15.7 0.02 0.57 19.85

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 10,954 0.17 183.2 6.7 0.11 0.61 17.25

 Food Sales ........................................ QQQQQQ 99.99

 Food Service .................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 Health Care ....................................... Q 0.10 50.2 Q 0.06 0.62 17.76

 Lodging ............................................. QQQQQ 0.65 10.38

 Mercantile and Service ...................... 1,583 0.14 122.5 1.2 0.10 0.75 16.65

 Office ................................................. 2,113 0.06 20.3 1.6 0.04 0.76 18.49

 Public Assembly ................................ 1,844 0.09 114.7 1.4 0.07 0.76 20.69

 Public Order and Safety .................... 2,875 0.22 128.0 2.1 Q 0.74 14.87

 Religious Worship ............................. 2,172 0.21 465.5 1.7 0.16 0.76 14.24

 Warehouse and Storage ................... 1,925 0.09 100.3 1.5 0.07 0.76 24.11

 Other ................................................. QQQQQ 0.63 23.16

 Vacant ............................................... Q 0.16 Q Q 0.10 0.67 37.47

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 2,690 0.17 168.2 1.8 0.12 0.68 20.33

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 3,536 0.23 219.8 2.4 0.15 0.67 15.85

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 2,739 0.20 142.1 2.1 0.15 0.75 12.68

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 3,192 0.13 82.4 2.2 0.09 0.68 17.06

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 3,372 0.07 39.0 2.2 0.05 0.66 16.67

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... 1,665 0.05 24.7 1.2 0.04 0.72 23.32

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... Q 0.03 22.4 Q 0.02 0.70 33.69

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... 2,445 0.10 86.6 1.6 0.07 0.67 23.28

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 4,259 0.22 180.1 2.9 0.15 0.68 8.04

 New England ................................... 5,335 0.28 284.0 3.5 0.19 0.66 10.05

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 3,608 0.19 135.7 2.5 0.13 0.70 10.81

 Midwest ............................................. 1,191 0.04 25.7 0.9 0.03 0.73 24.34

 East North Central ........................... 1,406 0.05 Q 1.0 0.04 0.73 32.98

 West North Central .......................... 837 0.03 Q 0.6 Q 0.73 28.36

 South ................................................. 1,652 0.08 44.4 1.2 0.06 0.74 17.55

 South Atlantic .................................. 2,135 0.10 56.6 1.6 0.07 0.73 18.23

 East South Central .......................... 869 0.06 Q 0.7 0.05 0.84 27.80

 West South Central ......................... QQQQQ 0.65 54.07

 West .................................................. 1,417 0.02 10.4 1.0 0.02 0.71 31.52

 Mountain ......................................... 813 Q Q 0.7 Q 0.80 14.98

 Pacific .............................................. Q 0.02 Q Q 0.02 0.69 44.23

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 3,342 0.20 151.6 2.2 0.13 0.66 14.95

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 3,348 0.13 93.6 2.3 0.09 0.70 14.40

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 2,796 0.14 89.5 2.0 0.10 0.71 12.90

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... QQQQ 0.02 0.74 42.96

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... QQQQQ 0.78 68.84

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

292 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-27. Fuel Oil Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Oil Consumption Fuel Oil Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

per

Building

(gallons)

per

Square

Foot

(gallons)

per

Worker

(gallons)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square

Foot

(dollars)

per

Gallon

(dollars)

1.2 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.2 0.3

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... 1,312 0.25 643.4 1.0 0.20 0.80 11.25

 5 to 9 ................................................. 1,991 0.20 327.1 1.6 0.16 0.82 27.22

 10 to 19 ............................................. 2,506 0.27 199.0 1.9 0.20 0.76 12.85

 20 to 49 ............................................. 5,230 0.19 175.5 3.5 0.13 0.67 15.21

 50 to 99 ............................................. 9,398 0.12 141.3 5.3 0.07 0.57 18.39

 100 to 249 ......................................... 10,114 0.09 73.0 6.0 0.05 0.60 17.16

 250 or More ....................................... 10,983 0.03 13.3 6.4 0.02 0.59 17.23

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... 1,257 0.21 167.9 1.0 0.16 0.77 19.00

 40 to 48 ............................................. 1,868 0.15 116.6 1.4 0.12 0.75 15.43

 49 to 60 ............................................. 3,045 0.15 77.2 2.2 0.11 0.72 16.07

 61 to 84 ............................................. 3,967 0.10 72.5 2.7 0.07 0.69 17.95

 85 to 167 ........................................... 3,907 0.11 110.0 2.5 0.07 0.63 21.42

 Open Continuously ............................ 4,723 0.08 42.9 3.1 0.05 0.65 15.43

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 2,337 0.11 67.5 1.7 0.08 0.73 9.35

 Owner Occupied ............................. 2,367 0.11 69.8 1.7 0.08 0.73 9.52

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ 2,052 0.10 49.2 1.4 0.07 0.70 21.52

 Unoccupied ..................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 Government Owned .......................... 5,043 0.13 92.7 3.2 0.08 0.63 14.20

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 2,646 0.05 24.9 1.8 0.03 0.68 15.30

 No ...................................................... 2,798 0.15 106.8 2.0 0.10 0.70 8.37

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 2,818 0.12 73.3 2.0 0.08 0.70 8.63

 Natural Gas ....................................... 3,982 0.07 40.2 2.6 0.04 0.64 14.68

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 2,776 0.12 73.4 1.9 0.08 0.70 8.09

 District Heat ....................................... Q 0.03 Q 1.9 0.02 0.61 39.02

 District Chilled Water ......................... 1,300 0.02 7.6 0.8 0.01 0.65 34.33

 Propane ............................................. 3,232 0.28 242.3 2.2 0.19 0.70 10.04

 Other ................................................. 1,498 0.12 93.9 1.1 0.09 0.74 30.59

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 2,764 0.12 74.1 1.9 0.08 0.70 8.11

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 3,306 0.10 59.3 2.3 0.07 0.68 11.47

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 3,150 0.11 71.1 2.2 0.08 0.69 8.42

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 6,160 0.09 53.7 4.0 0.06 0.64 13.15

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ Q 0.15 70.3 Q 0.09 0.62 26.85

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ....................................... 4,211 0.06 32.1 2.7 0.04 0.64 15.65

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 3,126 0.24 192.0 2.2 0.17 0.70 7.53

 Fuel Oil Main ................................... 3,207 0.33 347.3 2.2 0.23 0.70 7.28

 Fuel Oil Secondary .......................... 2,579 0.07 40.4 1.7 0.05 0.67 18.94

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................... 987 0.01 7.0 0.7 0.01 0.70 18.25

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... QQQQQQ 99.99

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... 1,807 0.03 11.9 1.2 0.02 0.68 28.50

 Natural Gas ....................................... 1,306 0.02 12.0 0.9 0.01 0.67 16.06

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 3,207 0.33 347.3 2.2 0.23 0.70 7.28

 District Heat ....................................... 2,609 0.03 13.7 1.6 0.02 0.62 30.61

 Propane ............................................. QQQQQQ 99.99

 Other ................................................. QQQQQQ 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 293
Table CE-27. Fuel Oil Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Fuel Oil Consumption Fuel Oil Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

per

Building

(gallons)

per

Square

Foot

(gallons)

per

Worker

(gallons)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square

Foot

(dollars)

per

Gallon

(dollars)

1.2 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.2 0.3

Cooling Energy Source

 Fuel Oil .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q QQ

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................... 3,323 0.10 59.4 2.3 0.07 0.68 11.33

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 1,837 0.27 299.9 1.4 0.20 0.74 10.28

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 6,676 0.37 347.5 4.4 0.25 0.67 11.48

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................... 2,046 0.07 39.2 1.5 0.05 0.72 9.60

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... 950 0.21 Q 0.8 0.17 0.81 22.65

Cooking Energy Source

 Fuel Oil .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q QQ

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................... 6,055 0.09 52.8 3.9 0.06 0.65 13.16

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 1,928 0.15 103.9 1.4 0.11 0.74 10.33

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ QQQQQQ 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... 1,036 0.10 158.7 0.8 0.08 0.82 24.19

 51 to 99 ............................................. 3,407 0.11 75.0 2.4 0.08 0.71 20.17

 100 .................................................... 3,008 0.12 71.0 2.1 0.08 0.68 9.40

Annual Consumption (gallons)

 1,000 or less ...................................... 366 0.02 8.9 0.3 0.01 0.93 15.83

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... 2,240 0.18 106.2 1.8 0.14 0.80 8.61

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. 6,988 0.19 166.1 5.2 0.14 0.75 7.42

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 15,225 0.29 289.3 9.6 0.19 0.63 6.38

 Over 25,000 ...................................... 61,226 0.34 226.7 35.3 0.20 0.58 12.08

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not

consumption for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

294 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-28. Fuel Oil Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by

 Census Region, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Fuel Oil

Consumption

(million gallons)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

Using Fuel Oil

(million square feet)

Fuel Oil Energy

Intensity

(gallons/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

0.8 1.7 1.4 1.7 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.5 1.5 1.1 1.5

All Buildings ................................... 1,200 114 324 47 5,423 2,681 4,175 2,142 0.22 0.04 0.08 0.02 20.48

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 10,000 .............................. 317 Q 132 Q 789 Q 553 Q 0.40 Q 0.24 Q 32.59

 10,001 to 100,000 .......................... 570 Q 124 Q 1,997 816 1,171 573 0.29 Q 0.11 0.03 26.53

 Over 100,000 ................................. 313 29 69 Q 2,638 1,646 2,452 1,504 0.12 0.02 0.03 Q 24.20

Principal Building Activity

 Education ....................................... 293 Q 82 Q 1,273 430 408 Q 0.23 Q 0.20 Q 34.84

 Mercantile and Service ................... 284 20 Q Q 1,177 Q 553 Q 0.24 Q Q Q 40.63

 Office .............................................. 126 Q Q Q 983 614 1,271 686 0.13 Q 0.04 Q 34.17

 Public Assembly ............................. Q Q 18 Q Q Q 332 Q Q Q 0.06 Q 36.92

 Warehouse and Storage ................ 32 Q Q Q 374 Q Q Q 0.09 Q Q Q 51.13

 All Others ....................................... 392 42 102 Q 1,248 795 1,345 722 0.31 0.05 0.08 Q 24.19

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ............................... 173 Q Q Q 726 Q Q Q 0.24 Q Q Q 39.53

 1920 to 1945 .................................. 229 Q Q Q 706 324 Q Q 0.33 Q Q Q 42.51

 1946 to 1959 .................................. 284 15 Q Q 901 339 514 Q 0.32 Q 0.16 Q 36.87

 1960 to 1969 .................................. 258 Q 99 Q 1,105 482 938 346 0.23 Q 0.11 Q 35.01

 1970 to 1979 .................................. 126 Q 56 Q 731 600 885 719 0.17 0.03 0.06 Q 32.93

 1980 to 1989 .................................. 80 Q Q Q 858 457 1,317 480 0.09 Q Q Q 34.73

 1990 to 1992 .................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q 243 Q Q Q Q Q 57.78

 1993 to 1995 .................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD .................. 315 Q Q Q 798 930 Q Q 0.39 0.05 Q Q 28.44

 5,500-7,000 HDD ......................... 434 Q Q Q 2,055 1,366 Q 303 0.21 Q Q Q 27.45

 4,000-5,499 HDD ......................... 452 6 239 Q 2,571 385 1,832 Q 0.18 Q 0.13 0.06 27.41

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q Q Q Q Q 1,291 1,052 Q Q Q Q 31.47

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q Q Q Q Q 1,053 Q Q Q Q Q 40.82

Workers (main shift)

 Less than 10 ................................... 379 Q 122 Q 1,305 Q 560 Q 0.29 0.15 0.22 Q 27.75

 10 to 99 .......................................... 546 Q 115 Q 1,695 563 1,176 526 0.32 Q 0.10 0.06 26.74

 100 or More .................................... 275 22 87 Q 2,423 1,610 2,440 1,523 0.11 0.01 0.04 Q 25.61

Weekly Operating Hours

 48 or Fewer .................................... 264 Q 137 Q 1,123 326 972 241 0.24 Q 0.14 Q 30.42

 49 to 84 .......................................... 545 Q 90 Q 2,348 998 1,364 865 0.23 Q 0.07 Q 28.45

 85 to 168 ........................................ 391 45 97 Q 1,952 1,358 1,839 1,035 0.20 0.03 0.05 Q 25.32

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................. 842 90 234 23 3,883 1,938 3,196 1,599 0.22 0.05 0.07 0.01 23.82

 Owner Occupied .......................... 764 83 205 21 3,475 1,794 2,782 1,433 0.22 0.05 0.07 0.01 22.98

 Nonowner Occupied ..................... 73 Q Q Q 383 Q 414 Q 0.19 Q Q Q 49.52

 Unoccupied .................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Government Owned ....................... 358 Q 90 Q 1,540 743 980 542 0.23 Q 0.09 Q 25.90

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................. 166 Q 30 Q 1,337 1,082 1,371 871 0.12 Q 0.02 Q 30.11

 No ................................................... 1,034 80 294 45 4,086 1,599 2,804 1,270 0.25 0.05 0.10 0.04 22.02

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 1,192 114 323 47 5,368 2,669 4,166 2,142 0.22 0.04 0.08 0.02 21.42

 Natural Gas .................................... 464 Q 96 Q 3,002 2,133 2,517 1,610 0.15 Q 0.04 Q 25.24

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 1,200 114 324 47 5,423 2,681 4,175 2,142 0.22 0.04 0.08 0.02 20.48

 District Heat .................................... 51 Q Q Q 795 609 Q Q Q Q Q Q 51.70

 District Chilled Water ...................... Q Q Q Q Q Q 368 Q Q Q Q Q 45.19

 Propane .......................................... 325 Q Q Q 945 Q 467 Q 0.34 Q 0.21 Q 28.09

 Other .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 295
Table CE-28. Fuel Oil Consumption and Conditional Energy Intensity by

 Census Region, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Fuel Oil

Consumption

(million gallons)

Total Floorspace of

Buildings

Using Fuel Oil

(million square feet)

Fuel Oil Energy

Intensity

(gallons/sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

0.8 1.7 1.4 1.7 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.5 1.5 1.1 1.5

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ......... 1,200 114 324 Q 5,423 2,681 4,135 1,997 0.22 0.04 0.08 0.02 20.64

 Buildings with Cooling .................... 871 101 289 Q 4,415 2,517 3,978 1,993 0.20 0.04 0.07 Q 21.93

 Buildings with Water Heating ......... 1,129 106 309 43 5,238 2,599 3,996 2,127 0.22 0.04 0.08 0.02 20.80

 Buildings with Cooking ................... 529 31 161 Q 2,799 1,553 2,302 1,364 0.19 0.02 0.07 Q 23.31

 Buildings with Manufacturing ......... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation .................................... 397 38 128 Q 2,758 1,835 3,094 1,889 0.14 0.02 0.04 Q 23.22

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 1,172 97 272 Q 3,856 1,018 1,540 192 0.30 0.10 0.18 0.18 23.15

 Fuel Oil Main ................................ 1,079 Q 223 Q 3,020 Q 802 Q 0.36 Q 0.28 Q 23.88

 Fuel Oil Secondary ....................... 93 21 Q Q 836 730 738 Q 0.11 0.03 0.07 Q 31.90

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................ 28 Q 52 Q 1,567 1,663 2,595 1,805 0.02 Q 0.02 Q 30.61

 Buildings without Space Heating .... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ Q Q Q Q Q 284 1,347 313 Q 0.03 0.04 Q 33.25

 Natural Gas .................................... 42 25 36 Q 1,231 1,483 1,533 1,233 0.03 0.02 0.02 Q 28.15

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 1,079 Q 223 Q 3,020 Q 802 Q 0.36 Q 0.28 Q 23.88

 District Heat .................................... 40 Q Q Q 633 556 362 342 0.06 Q 0.02 Q 50.71

 Propane .......................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Other .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Cooling Energy Source

 Fuel Oil ........................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................ 860 101 286 Q 4,353 2,509 3,943 1,988 0.20 0.04 0.07 Q 22.07

 Buildings without Cooling ............... 329 Q Q Q 1,008 Q Q Q 0.33 Q Q Q 28.49

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 648 Q Q Q 1,668 Q Q Q 0.39 Q Q Q 23.91

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................ 481 85 209 11 3,570 2,487 3,687 2,065 0.13 0.03 0.06 Q 20.92

 Buildings without Water Heating .... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Cooking Energy Source

 Fuel Oil ........................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................ 523 31 161 Q 2,778 1,521 2,302 1,334 0.19 0.02 0.07 Q 23.15

 Buildings without Cooking .............. 672 Q 163 18 2,624 1,128 1,874 778 0.26 Q 0.09 0.02 23.29

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................ 63 Q Q Q 341 Q Q Q 0.18 Q Q Q 59.29

 51 to 99 .......................................... 247 Q Q Q 1,246 261 883 467 0.20 Q Q Q 40.00

 100 ................................................. 890 73 279 Q 3,837 2,202 2,943 1,395 0.23 0.03 0.09 0.02 23.18

Annual Consumption (gallons)

 1,000 or less ................................... 37 Q Q Q 1,525 1,934 2,770 1,748 0.02 Q 0.02 Q 31.06

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................ 348 Q Q Q 1,392 Q 678 Q 0.25 Q 0.13 Q 30.63

 5,001 to 10,000 .............................. 173 Q Q Q 731 Q Q Q 0.24 Q Q Q 39.64

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................ 219 Q Q Q 638 Q Q Q 0.34 Q Q Q 34.33

 Over 25,000 ................................... 424 Q Q Q 1,136 Q Q Q 0.37 Q Q Q 30.25

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption

for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

296 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-29. Fuel Oil Expenditures by Census Region, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Fuel Oil

Expenditures

(million dollars)

Fuel Oil Expenditures

(dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

per Gallon per Square Foot

NortheastMidwest South West

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.2 2.3 2.0 2.0 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 2.1 1.7 2.1

All Buildings ................................... 818 84 240 34 0.68 0.73 0.74 0.71 0.15 0.03 0.06 0.02 15.59

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 10,000 .............................. 260 Q Q Q 0.82 Q 0.88 Q 0.33 Q 0.21 Q 15.00

 10,001 to 100,000 .......................... 386 Q 83 Q 0.68 0.72 0.67 0.68 0.19 Q 0.07 Q 18.47

 Over 100,000 ................................. 172 17 42 Q 0.55 0.60 0.60 0.58 0.07 0.01 0.02 Q 16.98

Principal Building Activity

 Education ....................................... 180 Q 51 Q 0.61 0.63 0.62 Q 0.14 Q 0.13 Q 19.11

 Mercantile and Service ................... 204 16 Q Q 0.72 0.79 0.87 Q 0.17 Q Q Q 19.79

 Office .............................................. 93 Q Q Q 0.74 0.82 0.74 1.03 0.10 Q 0.03 Q 21.35

 Public Assembly ............................. Q Q 15 Q Q Q 0.83 Q Q Q 0.05 Q 20.11

 Warehouse and Storage ................ 21 Q Q Q 0.65 Q Q Q 0.06 Q Q Q 26.44

 All Others ....................................... 266 28 74 Q 0.68 0.66 0.72 0.75 0.21 0.04 0.05 Q 15.47

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before ............................... 118 Q Q Q 0.68 Q Q Q 0.16 Q Q Q 20.85

 1920 to 1945 .................................. 149 Q Q Q 0.65 0.82 Q Q 0.21 Q Q Q 13.75

 1946 to 1959 .................................. 218 10 61 Q 0.77 0.66 0.74 Q 0.24 Q 0.12 Q 19.08

 1960 to 1969 .................................. 173 Q 70 Q 0.67 0.68 0.71 0.52 0.16 Q 0.07 Q 22.01

 1970 to 1979 .................................. 77 Q 42 Q 0.61 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.11 0.02 0.05 Q 21.36

 1980 to 1989 .................................. 51 Q Q Q 0.63 0.73 0.81 1.03 0.06 Q Q Q 32.97

 1990 to 1992 .................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q 0.93 Q Q Q Q Q 9.46

 1993 to 1995 .................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD .................. 202 Q Q Q 0.64 0.75 Q Q 0.25 0.04 Q Q 16.73

 5,500-7,000 HDD ......................... 304 Q Q Q 0.70 0.70 Q 0.83 0.15 Q Q Q 10.97

 4,000-5,499 HDD ......................... 312 5 178 Q 0.69 0.88 0.75 0.57 0.12 Q 0.10 0.03 21.98

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q Q 2 Q Q 0.74 0.95 Q Q 0.03 Q 27.81

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................ Q Q 18 Q Q Q 0.70 Q Q Q Q Q 34.72

Workers (main shift)

 Less than 10 ................................... 298 Q 106 Q 0.79 0.77 0.87 Q 0.23 0.11 0.19 Q 12.65

 10 to 99 .......................................... 361 Q 80 Q 0.66 0.66 0.70 0.70 0.21 Q 0.07 0.04 19.63

 100 or More .................................... 158 14 53 Q 0.58 0.65 0.62 0.66 0.07 0.01 0.02 Q 19.17

Weekly Operating Hours

 48 or Fewer .................................... 194 Q 109 Q 0.73 0.75 0.80 0.73 0.17 Q 0.11 Q 23.03

 49 to 84 .......................................... 381 Q 63 Q 0.70 0.76 0.70 0.72 0.16 Q 0.05 Q 20.56

 85 to 168 ........................................ 243 32 67 Q 0.62 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.12 0.02 0.04 Q 22.57

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................. 596 Q 179 20 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.87 0.15 0.03 0.06 0.01 17.58

 Owner Occupied .......................... 546 Q 154 19 0.71 0.75 0.75 0.89 0.16 0.03 0.06 0.01 16.85

 Nonowner Occupied ..................... 46 Q Q Q 0.63 Q 0.88 Q 0.12 Q Q Q 19.56

 Unoccupied .................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Government Owned ....................... 222 Q 60 Q 0.62 0.68 0.67 0.55 0.14 Q 0.06 Q 21.30

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................. 108 Q 24 Q 0.65 0.71 0.80 0.77 0.08 Q 0.02 Q 21.03

 No ................................................... 710 59 216 32 0.69 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.17 0.04 0.08 0.02 16.77

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................ 812 84 239 34 0.68 0.73 0.74 0.71 0.15 0.03 0.06 0.02 15.98

 Natural Gas .................................... 300 Q 61 Q 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.57 0.10 Q 0.02 Q 19.70

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 818 84 240 34 0.68 0.73 0.74 0.71 0.15 0.03 0.06 0.02 15.59

 District Heat .................................... 31 Q Q Q 0.60 0.78 Q Q 0.04 Q Q Q 51.98

 District Chilled Water ...................... Q Q 3 Q Q Q 0.64 Q Q Q 0.01 Q 28.71

 Propane .......................................... 222 Q Q Q 0.68 Q 0.70 Q 0.23 Q 0.14 Q 14.77

 Other .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 297
Table CE-29. Fuel Oil Expenditures by Census Region, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Total Fuel Oil

Expenditures

(million dollars)

Fuel Oil Expenditures

(dollars)

RSE

Row

Factor

per Gallon per Square Foot

NortheastMidwest South West

NortheastMidwest South WestNortheastMidwest South West

1.2 2.3 2.0 2.0 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 2.1 1.7 2.1

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ......... 818 84 240 Q 0.68 0.73 0.74 0.64 0.15 0.03 0.06 0.01 16.09

 Buildings with Cooling .................... 577 72 209 Q 0.66 0.71 0.72 0.86 0.13 0.03 0.05 Q 21.22

 Buildings with Water Heating ......... 764 76 226 30 0.68 0.71 0.73 0.69 0.15 0.03 0.06 0.01 16.93

 Buildings with Cooking ................... 336 20 108 Q 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.59 0.12 0.01 0.05 Q 21.01

 Buildings with Manufacturing ......... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation .................................... 244 27 86 Q 0.61 0.71 0.68 0.70 0.09 0.01 0.03 Q 21.97

Space-Heating Energy Source

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 801 71 202 Q 0.68 0.73 0.74 0.62 0.21 0.07 0.13 0.11 15.33

 Fuel Oil Main ................................ 739 Q 169 Q 0.69 Q 0.76 Q 0.24 Q 0.21 Q 13.68

 Fuel Oil Secondary ....................... 61 14 Q Q 0.66 0.70 0.69 Q 0.07 0.02 0.05 Q 19.91

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................ 18 Q 37 4 0.63 0.71 0.72 0.82 0.01 Q 0.01 Q 24.54

 Buildings without Space Heating .... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................ Q Q Q Q Q 0.72 0.68 0.81 Q 0.02 0.03 Q 20.10

 Natural Gas .................................... 27 16 25 Q 0.64 0.66 0.70 0.78 0.02 0.01 0.02 Q 22.60

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 739 Q 169 Q 0.69 Q 0.76 Q 0.24 Q 0.21 Q 13.68

 District Heat .................................... 24 Q 4 Q 0.60 0.91 0.62 0.83 0.04 Q 0.01 Q 22.80

 Propane .......................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Other .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Cooling Energy Source

 Fuel Oil ........................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................ 567 72 207 Q 0.66 0.71 0.72 0.88 0.13 0.03 0.05 Q 21.11

 Buildings without Cooling ............... 241 Q Q Q 0.73 Q Q Q 0.24 Q Q Q 16.53

Water-Heating Energy Source

 Fuel Oil ........................................... 428 Q Q Q 0.66 Q Q Q 0.26 Q Q Q 14.72

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................ 336 Q 156 8 0.70 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.09 0.02 0.04 (*) 18.14

 Buildings without Water Heating .... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Cooking Energy Source

 Fuel Oil ........................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

 Other Excluding Fuel Oil ................ 333 20 108 Q 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.65 0.12 0.01 0.05 Q 21.28

 Buildings without Cooking .............. 482 Q 132 17 0.72 0.76 0.81 0.90 0.18 Q 0.07 0.02 16.14

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................ 53 Q Q Q 0.84 Q Q Q 0.15 Q Q Q 38.05

 51 to 99 .......................................... 171 Q Q Q 0.69 0.77 0.91 0.60 0.14 Q Q Q 17.53

 100 ................................................. 594 52 201 Q 0.67 0.71 0.72 0.65 0.15 0.02 0.07 0.01 17.07

Annual Consumption (gallons)

 1,000 or less ................................... 35 Q Q Q 0.95 0.90 0.93 0.91 0.02 Q 0.02 Q 17.04

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................ 276 Q Q Q 0.79 Q 0.84 Q 0.20 Q 0.11 Q 17.83

 5,001 to 10,000 .............................. 132 Q Q Q 0.77 Q Q Q 0.18 Q Q Q 18.55

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................ 139 Q Q Q 0.63 Q Q Q 0.22 Q Q Q 16.33

 Over 25,000 ................................... 236 Q Q Q 0.56 Q Q Q 0.21 Q Q Q 16.93

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not consumption

for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

298 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-30. Total District Heat Consumption and Expenditures, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Using

District Heat

District Heat

Consumption

District Heat

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per Building

(thousand

square feet)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Total

(million

dollars)

1.2 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0

All Buildings ...................................... 110 5,658 52 533 3,103 18.79

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 25 370 15 38 174 27.62

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 18 651 37 55 383 15.28

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 11 744 71 60 400 18.60

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 8 1,119 140 84 530 14.40

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 4 1,211 305 94 557 17.24

 Over 500,000 .................................... 1 1,351 918 93 521 20.25

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 36 1,077 30 91 595 25.20

 Food Sales ........................................ Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Food Service .................................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Health Care ....................................... 4 640 143 70 428 25.20

 Lodging ............................................. 11 616 Q 57 291 32.57

 Mercantile and Service ...................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Office ................................................. Q 1,532 77 75 524 25.08

 Public Assembly ................................ Q 636 Q Q Q 22.57

 Public Order and Safety .................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Religious Worship ............................. Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Warehouse and Storage ................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Vacant ............................................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. Q 556 26 31 238 38.28

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... Q 864 43 85 495 31.53

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 13 939 70 57 328 26.90

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 23 1,408 60 124 721 24.64

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 15 965 64 89 532 23.05

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... Q 508 Q Q Q 22.49

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... Q 1,768 73 135 863 29.34

 New England ................................... 2 226 104 23 131 35.27

 Middle Atlantic ................................. Q 1,542 70 112 732 35.38

 Midwest ............................................. 35 1,902 54 173 1,100 21.78

 East North Central ........................... 19 1,214 66 114 677 30.37

 West North Central .......................... 16 688 42 60 423 33.02

 South ................................................. Q 1,038 32 83 402 34.06

 South Atlantic .................................. Q 364 39 Q 215 44.53

 East South Central .......................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 West South Central ......................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 West .................................................. 18 949 Q Q Q 30.30

 Mountain ......................................... 6 Q Q Q Q 28.12

 Pacific .............................................. 12 631 52 Q Q 39.74

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 3 267 90 29 183 27.96

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 30 1,919 65 259 1,443 28.66

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 44 2,292 52 154 1,001 27.72

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 10 537 56 Q Q 26.85

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 24 643 27 Q 192 39.18

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 299
Table CE-30. Total District Heat Consumption and Expenditures, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Using

District Heat

District Heat

Consumption

District Heat

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per Building

(thousand

square feet)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Total

(million

dollars)

1.2 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 5 to 9 ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 10 to 19 ............................................. Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 20 to 49 ............................................. 16 617 38 66 391 23.58

 50 to 99 ............................................. 17 713 43 74 445 25.44

 100 to 249 ......................................... 8 886 109 66 391 20.87

 250 or More ....................................... 9 2,458 271 183 1,098 18.66

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 40 to 48 ............................................. 23 762 33 69 380 35.68

 49 to 60 ............................................. Q 970 43 81 489 27.20

 61 to 84 ............................................. 12 628 52 44 296 31.33

 85 to 167 ........................................... Q 840 Q Q Q 27.48

 Open Continuously ............................ 32 2,320 72 203 1,215 25.60

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 50 2,789 56 295 1,730 30.48

 Owner Occupied ............................. 44 2,482 57 283 1,638 31.39

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Unoccupied ..................................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Government Owned .......................... 60 2,869 48 238 1,374 22.47

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... Q 1,572 86 84 554 23.38

 No ...................................................... 92 4,086 45 449 2,550 21.05

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 110 5,646 51 532 3,100 20.15

 Natural Gas ....................................... 30 2,343 79 194 1,277 22.46

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 20 2,174 110 163 1,069 19.84

 District Heat ....................................... 110 5,658 52 533 3,103 18.79

 District Chilled Water ......................... 47 2,140 46 250 1,393 34.32

 Propane ............................................. Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 109 5,642 52 532 3,102 18.79

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 95 5,128 54 488 2,835 20.75

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 96 5,424 57 496 2,874 18.92

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 17 2,031 117 181 1,088 17.66

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Buildings with Electricity

 Generation ....................................... Q 2,434 115 188 1,302 21.48

Space-Heating Energy Source

 District Heat ....................................... 109 5,606 51 530 3,084 18.84

 District Heat Main ............................ 107 5,289 49 508 2,984 19.03

 District Heat Secondary .................. Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Other Excluding District Heat ............ Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

300 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-30. Total District Heat Consumption and Expenditures, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

All Buildings Using

District Heat

District Heat

Consumption

District Heat

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

Number of

Buildings

(thousand)

Floorspace

(million

square

feet)

Floorspace

per Building

(thousand

square feet)

Total

(trillion

Btu)

Total

(million

dollars)

1.2 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Natural Gas ....................................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Fuel Oil .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 District Heat ....................................... 107 5,289 49 508 2,984 19.03

 Propane ............................................. Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Other ................................................. Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Cooling Energy Source

 District Heat ....................................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 Other Excluding District Heat ............ 93 4,549 49 447 2,561 21.26

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 14 530 37 45 269 31.92

Water-Heating Energy Source

 District Heat ....................................... 54 3,949 74 406 2,279 19.57

 Other Excluding District Heat ............ 42 1,475 35 89 595 31.32

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

Cooking Energy Source

 District Heat ....................................... 5 591 110 76 483 20.53

 Other Excluding District Heat ............ 12 1,439 120 105 605 23.54

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 92 3,627 39 351 2,015 23.21

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 51 to 99 ............................................. 7 748 105 41 285 29.44

 100 .................................................... 101 4,828 48 488 2,798 20.12

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not

consumption for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 301
Table CE-31. District Heat Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

District Heat Consumption

District Heat

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

per

Building

(thousand

pounds)

per

Square

Foot

(pounds)

per Worker

(thousand

pounds)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square

Foot

(dollars)

per

Thousand

Pound

(dollars)

1.2 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.7

All Buildings ...................................... 4,849 94.14 51.2 28.3 0.55 5.83 18.60

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 5,001 to 10,000 ................................. QQQQQQ 99.99

 10,001 to 25,000 ............................... 1,559 103.56 68.1 7.1 0.47 4.55 34.66

 25,001 to 50,000 ............................... 3,145 84.62 58.9 21.8 0.59 6.94 24.02

 50,001 to 100,000 ............................. 5,731 81.02 41.0 38.0 0.54 6.63 26.40

 100,001 to 200,000 ........................... 10,585 75.38 43.3 66.5 0.47 6.29 16.48

 200,001 to 500,000 ........................... 23,667 77.72 53.4 140.1 0.46 5.92 16.47

 Over 500,000 .................................... 63,104 68.71 29.2 354.1 0.39 5.61 19.45

Principal Building Activity

 Education .......................................... 2,545 84.51 42.6 16.6 0.55 6.54 29.39

 Food Sales ........................................ QQQQQQ 99.99

 Food Service .................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 Health Care ....................................... 15,690 109.51 65.0 95.8 0.67 6.11 23.17

 Lodging ............................................. Q 92.63 82.0 Q 0.47 5.10 25.04

 Mercantile and Service ...................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 Office ................................................. 3,770 49.28 15.8 26.2 0.34 6.94 20.61

 Public Assembly ................................ 13,121 Q Q 67.6 Q 5.15 18.92

 Public Order and Safety .................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 Religious Worship ............................. QQQQQQ 99.99

 Warehouse and Storage ................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 Other ................................................. QQQQQQ 99.99

 Vacant ............................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .................................. 1,432 55.73 32.3 11.0 0.43 7.69 32.26

 1920 to 1945 ..................................... 4,191 98.36 39.5 24.4 0.57 5.82 31.58

 1946 to 1959 ..................................... 4,231 60.24 40.0 24.5 0.35 5.79 18.84

 1960 to 1969 ..................................... 5,308 88.27 45.2 30.8 0.51 5.81 27.02

 1970 to 1979 ..................................... 5,917 92.42 53.4 35.3 0.55 5.96 15.51

 1980 to 1989 ..................................... Q Q Q 74.1 Q Q 20.82

 1990 to 1992 ..................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 1993 to 1995 ..................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ........................................... 5,558 76.31 34.1 35.5 0.49 6.39 22.16

 New England ................................... 10,507 100.91 40.7 60.4 0.58 5.74 22.00

 Middle Atlantic ................................. 5,073 72.71 33.0 33.1 0.47 6.53 26.27

 Midwest ............................................. 4,960 91.17 64.9 31.4 0.58 6.34 18.06

 East North Central ........................... 6,149 93.69 89.3 36.6 0.56 5.95 22.77

 West North Central .......................... 3,624 86.73 42.6 25.7 0.61 7.09 22.09

 South ................................................. 2,588 80.25 48.0 12.5 0.39 4.83 21.77

 South Atlantic .................................. 5,471 139.92 74.3 23.1 0.59 4.23 26.22

 East South Central .......................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 West South Central ......................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 West .................................................. 7,651 Q Q 40.1 Q 5.24 35.12

 Mountain ......................................... 15,565 QQQQ 4.49 33.83

 Pacific .............................................. 3,646 70.65 29.2 Q Q 6.86 99.99

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ..................... 9,925 110.09 47.6 61.6 0.68 6.21 23.32

 5,500-7,000 HDD ............................ 8,724 134.98 112.6 48.6 0.75 5.57 26.62

 4,000-5,499 HDD ............................ 3,511 67.32 30.4 22.8 0.44 6.48 24.63

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 5,241 93.65 36.4 29.7 0.53 5.67 31.23

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ................... 1,676 Q Q 8.1 0.30 Q 30.24

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

302 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table CE-31. District Heat Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

District Heat Consumption

District Heat

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

per

Building

(thousand

pounds)

per

Square

Foot

(pounds)

per Worker

(thousand

pounds)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square

Foot

(dollars)

per

Thousand

Pound

(dollars)

1.2 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.7

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ..................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 5 to 9 ................................................. QQQQQQ 99.99

 10 to 19 ............................................. QQQQQQ 99.99

 20 to 49 ............................................. 4,015 106.84 143.0 23.8 0.63 5.93 24.41

 50 to 99 ............................................. 4,429 103.56 69.2 26.7 0.62 6.02 23.62

 100 to 249 ......................................... 8,144 74.51 53.1 48.2 0.44 5.92 13.60

 250 or More ....................................... 20,234 74.62 25.1 121.1 0.45 5.98 16.59

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ....................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 40 to 48 ............................................. 2,942 Q 63.4 16.2 0.50 Q 35.94

 49 to 60 ............................................. 3,565 83.27 32.5 21.6 0.50 6.05 22.67

 61 to 84 ............................................. 3,692 70.74 38.4 24.7 0.47 6.68 23.59

 85 to 167 ........................................... 12,091 Q Q 61.9 Q 5.12 12.99

 Open Continuously ............................ 6,357 87.69 47.8 38.0 0.52 5.97 17.47

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned .................... 5,936 105.65 55.0 34.9 0.62 5.87 26.66

 Owner Occupied ............................. 6,475 114.17 65.0 37.4 0.66 5.78 27.58

 Nonowner Occupied ........................ QQQQQQ 99.99

 Unoccupied ..................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 Government Owned .......................... 3,952 82.95 47.1 22.8 0.48 5.77 18.75

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes .................................................... 4,582 53.43 21.0 30.2 0.35 6.59 18.44

 No ...................................................... 4,902 109.80 70.0 27.9 0.62 5.68 21.54

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ........................................... 4,844 94.22 51.2 28.2 0.55 5.83 15.80

 Natural Gas ....................................... 6,543 83.01 39.6 43.0 0.54 6.56 19.32

 Fuel Oil .............................................. 8,229 74.76 41.0 54.1 0.49 6.58 14.15

 District Heat ....................................... 4,849 94.14 51.2 28.3 0.55 5.83 19.72

 District Chilled Water ......................... 5,366 116.82 68.0 29.9 0.65 5.57 26.77

 Propane ............................................. QQQQQQ 99.99

 Other ................................................. QQQQQQ 99.99

Energy End Uses (more than one

may apply)

 Buildings with Space Heating ............ 4,865 94.38 51.1 28.3 0.55 5.83 18.60

 Buildings with Cooling ....................... 5,111 95.11 49.9 29.7 0.55 5.81 19.87

 Buildings with Water Heating ............ 5,176 91.35 49.4 30.0 0.53 5.80 18.98

 Buildings with Cooking ...................... 10,446 89.33 40.3 62.7 0.54 6.00 16.22

 Buildings with Manufacturing ............ QQQQQQ 99.99

 Buildings with Electricity Generation 8,902 77.10 43.8 61.8 0.54 6.94 16.33

Space-Heating Energy Source

 District Heat ....................................... 4,855 94.55 51.1 28.2 0.55 5.82 18.73

 District Heat Main ............................ 4,731 95.98 51.4 27.8 0.56 5.88 19.03

 District Heat Secondary .................. QQQQQQ 99.99

 Other Excluding District Heat ............ QQQQQQ 99.99

 Buildings without Space Heating ....... QQQQQQ 99.99

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 303
Table CE-31. District Heat Consumption and Expenditure Intensities, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

District Heat Consumption

District Heat

Expenditures

RSE

Row

Factor

per

Building

(thousand

pounds)

per

Square

Foot

(pounds)

per Worker

(thousand

pounds)

per

Building

(thousand

dollars)

per

Square

Foot

(dollars)

per

Thousand

Pound

(dollars)

1.2 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.7

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ........................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 Natural Gas ....................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 Fuel Oil .............................................. QQQQQQ 99.99

 District Heat ....................................... 4,731 95.98 51.4 27.8 0.56 5.88 19.03

 Propane ............................................. QQQQQQ 99.99

 Other ................................................. QQQQQQ 99.99

Cooling Energy Source

 District Heat ....................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 Other Excluding District Heat ............ 4,790 98.34 52.3 27.4 0.56 5.72 21.84

 Buildings without Cooling .................. 3,115 84.74 Q 18.6 0.51 5.99 29.59

Water-Heating Energy Source

 District Heat ....................................... 7,586 102.89 56.9 42.6 0.58 5.61 20.12

 Other Excluding District Heat ............ 2,115 60.46 30.9 14.1 0.40 6.67 20.70

 Buildings without Water Heating ....... QQQQQQ 99.99

Cooking Energy Source

 District Heat ....................................... 14,172 128.80 66.3 90.0 0.82 6.35 23.42

 Other Excluding District Heat ............ 8,776 73.11 31.4 50.4 0.42 5.75 22.20

 Buildings without Cooking ................. 3,798 96.84 59.4 21.8 0.56 5.74 24.25

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated ........................................ QQQQQQ 99.99

 1 to 50 ............................................... QQQQQQ 99.99

 51 to 99 ............................................. 5,766 54.84 34.3 40.0 0.38 6.94 22.78

 100 .................................................... 4,813 101.13 53.2 27.6 0.58 5.73 20.36

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for the "energy end uses" represent consumption in buildings that have end use, not

consumption for a particular fuel for a particular end use. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

304 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Energy End Use Tables

(EU-1 through EU-6)
Table EU-1. Sum of Major Fuel Consumption by End Use, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

All Buildings .................................. 5,321 1,703 350 162 811 1,202 217 182 334 359 4.35

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 708 251 45 19 62 144 57 66 34 32 7.44

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 624 290 33 13 84 102 33 19 28 22 19.26

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 824 319 56 20 106 171 31 30 50 43 8.84

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 630 217 51 16 89 142 16 19 38 40 7.58

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 698 215 55 25 103 170 16 17 49 48 7.47

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 687 180 42 23 133 169 21 10 49 61 9.75

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 636 134 37 25 140 152 26 9 47 66 10.57

 Over 500,000 ................................ 514 98 32 21 95 152 19 12 37 48 12.32

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 614 254 37 13 134 122 11 8 11 22 7.84

 Food Sales .................................... 137 18 9 3 6 22 4 71 1 5 13.65

 Food Service ................................ 332 42 26 7 37 50 105 43 3 18 17.57

 Health Care ................................... 561 129 23 17 147 92 26 11 36 80 11.15

 Lodging ......................................... 461 82 29 6 186 84 24 8 14 27 11.28

 Mercantile and Service ................. 973 390 74 31 65 298 20 11 37 48 10.17

 Office ............................................ 1,019 255 95 54 91 294 11 5 159 55 8.80

 Public Assembly ........................... 449 212 25 14 69 86 11 7 10 15 21.90

 Public Order and Safety ................ 124 35 8 3 30 21 Q (*) 7 16 21.52

 Religious Worship ......................... 104 66 5 3 9 14 1 2 1 3 12.40

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 325 133 8 3 17 83 (*) 14 37 28 12.71

 Other ............................................. 173 60 9 8 15 27 Q 1 15 36 25.71

 Vacant ........................................... 51 28 1 1 6 9 Q 1 1 5 26.18

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 292 126 10 6 37 55 15 5 12 28 14.81

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 508 248 23 11 72 82 12 11 22 27 10.01

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 826 346 41 19 131 144 28 25 43 48 12.14

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 1,024 328 62 30 182 221 44 32 58 66 7.82

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 1,125 295 82 41 180 290 36 42 76 84 7.29

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 1,059 242 96 39 140 288 51 37 93 72 11.13

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 297 69 22 9 45 74 24 14 21 19 17.48

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 190 50 16 7 24 47 7 15 10 14 16.24

Floors

 One ............................................... 1,846 637 138 51 195 418 105 112 100 91 7.96

 Two ............................................... 1,122 398 80 29 154 258 34 38 65 64 8.21

 Three ............................................ 675 256 37 17 110 136 21 10 38 49 7.54

 Four to Nine .................................. 1,229 321 66 42 265 272 41 16 88 116 8.63

 Ten or More .................................. 451 92 29 22 87 118 16 6 43 38 9.15

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ...................................... 1,035 385 48 24 169 211 32 36 54 76 7.71

 New England .............................. 274 118 10 5 48 50 6 6 13 17 14.24

 Middle Atlantic ............................ 761 266 38 19 121 161 26 30 41 59 9.49

 Midwest ......................................... 1,497 668 62 35 224 270 51 34 73 80 8.22

 East North Central ...................... 987 439 41 22 155 168 42 24 45 50 7.95

 West North Central ..................... 510 229 20 14 69 102 8 10 29 30 19.78

 South ............................................ 1,684 376 176 66 219 444 84 72 122 126 6.88

 South Atlantic .............................. 772 164 83 31 88 211 44 29 62 60 9.26

 East South Central ...................... 417 120 37 13 57 104 11 18 26 30 16.49

 West South Central ..................... 494 92 56 21 74 129 29 25 34 35 11.94

 West .............................................. 1,106 275 65 37 199 277 51 40 85 77 12.72

 Mountain ..................................... 429 157 23 13 83 84 11 12 26 21 28.29

 Pacific ......................................... 677 117 42 24 117 193 40 28 59 56 8.71

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

306 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table EU-1. Sum of Major Fuel Consumption by End Use, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................. 499 241 16 9 72 90 11 12 23 24 13.87

 5,500-7,000 HDD ........................ 1,591 706 59 35 266 271 50 43 76 85 10.06

 4,000-5,499 HDD ........................ 1,407 447 82 44 202 337 49 39 94 112 10.32

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............... 1,078 214 92 39 165 292 60 50 83 83 10.26

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............... 746 95 101 35 106 212 47 37 57 56 12.01

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 789 373 35 18 112 131 13 47 27 31 14.26

 5 to 9 ............................................. 509 227 29 12 55 96 17 25 22 26 13.02

 10 to 19 ......................................... 614 227 42 14 71 127 50 25 34 24 12.46

 20 to 49 ......................................... 868 279 62 20 118 188 56 39 50 56 7.95

 50 to 99 ......................................... 630 191 47 16 113 154 20 16 37 36 7.39

 100 to 249 ..................................... 649 164 51 22 121 160 18 9 49 55 10.25

 250 or More .................................. 1,262 243 84 60 222 345 43 20 116 129 10.08

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 180 103 10 4 19 22 3 3 6 9 13.05

 40 to 48 ......................................... 879 418 57 25 71 164 14 11 81 38 9.02

 49 to 60 ......................................... 937 360 63 36 82 224 10 14 92 56 9.98

 61 to 84 ......................................... 796 248 63 27 86 219 42 26 41 44 7.22

 85 to 167 ....................................... 831 211 55 22 127 198 73 73 29 42 14.55

 Open Continuously ....................... 1,698 363 103 48 426 374 75 54 86 169 7.82

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 3,950 1,206 275 120 572 908 189 160 256 264 4.83

 Owner Occupied ......................... 3,287 1,023 218 97 514 718 161 136 198 220 5.38

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 647 176 57 22 55 186 28 24 57 42 8.98

 Unoccupied ................................. 16 7 Q (*) Q Q Q (*) (*) 2 44.78

 Government Owned ...................... 1,372 498 75 42 239 294 28 22 78 94 9.53

 Federal ........................................ 266 77 13 12 34 72 3 3 26 25 26.79

 State ........................................... 438 135 24 14 93 96 9 6 25 35 17.00

 Local ........................................... 668 286 38 16 112 126 16 13 27 34 12.58

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 1,120 325 84 41 143 290 36 19 86 95 9.94

 No ................................................. 4,202 1,378 267 120 668 911 181 162 248 264 5.11

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 5,312 1,696 350 162 809 1,202 217 182 334 358 4.37

 Natural Gas ................................... 3,931 1,314 238 109 631 816 209 117 215 282 4.65

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 1,732 488 98 60 334 379 59 28 116 169 6.63

 District Heat .................................. 1,051 364 28 31 235 189 21 12 62 108 17.05

 District Chilled Water .................... 542 172 4 20 119 102 12 6 33 73 21.54

 Propane ........................................ 392 107 30 13 58 94 10 25 20 36 12.76

 Other ............................................. 259 106 11 5 Q 42 7 4 10 Q 40.79

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 1,908 431 177 68 260 518 94 78 147 135 5.99

 Natural Gas ................................... 3,095 1,162 187 84 459 643 131 93 174 161 4.97

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 722 287 31 18 137 134 17 11 37 50 14.19

 District Heat .................................. 1,036 364 28 31 231 187 20 12 61 101 12.91

 Propane ........................................ 129 20 11 5 17 37 3 16 8 13 18.99

 Other ............................................. 77 20 5 2 11 16 3 2 3 Q 16.02

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 307
Table EU-1. Sum of Major Fuel Consumption by End Use, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ...................................... 1,006 115 128 43 117 318 64 54 93 73 7.38

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,839 1,094 165 76 411 584 122 87 156 145 5.55

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 305 151 12 5 55 46 5 5 11 15 11.86

 District Heat .................................. 977 339 27 30 216 179 17 11 59 98 14.08

 Propane ........................................ 71 2 8 3 3 26 Q 13 5 9 27.39

 Other ............................................. 16 3 Q 1 2 5 (*) Q 1 1 28.43

Cooling Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 4,532 1,345 345 144 673 1,059 207 164 295 297 4.22

 Natural Gas ................................... 220 68 11 7 33 47 8 4 12 30 31.72

 District Chilled Water .................... 542 172 4 20 119 102 12 6 33 73 21.54

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 1,657 483 158 66 73 500 54 70 144 109 6.42

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,769 901 168 71 539 551 152 95 137 155 5.46

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 203 70 10 3 66 28 3 4 7 12 14.83

 District Heat .................................. 762 232 21 22 204 130 17 9 42 83 14.12

 Propane ........................................ 75 12 9 3 5 24 Q Q 3 8 22.04

Cooking Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 1,496 324 109 50 253 387 108 80 79 107 6.75

 Natural Gas ................................... 1,698 375 107 46 351 348 206 73 68 124 6.11

 Propane ........................................ 125 25 14 5 14 35 4 15 4 10 22.10

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 74 0 7 2 5 31 Q 8 7 10 19.70

 1 to 50 ........................................... 247 86 16 7 15 63 9 14 20 18 11.59

 51 to 99 ......................................... 805 235 60 27 110 207 34 31 53 45 10.17

 100 ................................................ 4,195 1,382 267 125 681 900 171 128 254 286 4.42

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 399 212 0 4 60 70 5 10 17 20 13.13

 1 to 50 ........................................... 1,044 528 42 15 140 177 15 23 45 59 9.62

 51 to 99 ......................................... 1,360 337 102 50 225 348 63 44 92 100 6.15

 100 ................................................ 2,519 627 206 93 387 607 134 105 180 179 7.08

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ........................................... 308 149 15 7 39 43 6 13 15 21 8.84

 51 to 99 ......................................... 884 287 53 27 144 186 33 26 59 70 7.15

 100 ................................................ 4,103 1,249 281 129 625 972 178 143 259 266 5.13

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 26 18 Q (*) 3 (*) Q Q 1 2 34.18

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 753 366 41 21 59 140 10 19 50 46 9.36

 1 to 50 ........................................... 2,639 924 186 84 298 611 122 96 186 131 6.42

 51 to 100 ....................................... 208 33 19 9 26 76 10 13 Q 12 21.04

 Never Closed ................................ 1,696 362 103 48 425 374 75 54 86 169 8.55

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 26 18 Q (*) Q (*) Q Q 1 2 41.64

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 500 87 53 17 93 135 18 14 43 40 7.83

 Furnaces ....................................... 1,151 480 68 30 110 242 47 64 56 53 7.41

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 1,469 521 91 42 199 339 37 49 96 95 8.21

 District Heat .................................. 1,063 364 29 32 232 197 23 13 64 108 12.73

 Boilers ........................................... 1,891 673 108 51 370 376 60 26 107 119 5.84

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 1,464 341 136 47 184 392 103 74 100 86 5.44

 Other ............................................. 670 136 52 30 99 202 22 15 58 56 11.56

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

308 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table EU-1. Sum of Major Fuel Consumption by End Use, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central A/C ....... 946 314 67 26 141 192 53 42 50 59 10.36

 Heat Pumps .................................. 599 112 62 21 101 162 22 20 53 46 8.23

 Individual A/C ................................ 1,200 450 68 21 244 206 49 30 49 82 8.01

 District Chilled Water .................... 542 172 4 20 119 102 12 6 33 73 21.54

 Central Chillers ............................. 1,473 320 110 63 290 376 50 21 116 124 7.35

 Packaged A/C Units ...................... 2,584 692 209 85 344 656 137 110 179 171 5.09

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 252 53 16 8 53 56 21 13 16 17 15.64

 Other ............................................. 105 27 6 4 13 30 4 5 9 8 20.45

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 3,513 1,081 226 104 630 771 166 105 196 233 5.03

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 5,202 1,647 344 160 795 1,180 215 178 330 352 4.34

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 1,746 427 119 61 325 424 81 44 118 147 7.76

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 1,673 502 105 52 284 412 58 40 102 119 6.73

 Halogen ........................................ 1,097 323 68 36 198 255 43 24 68 80 11.17

 Other ............................................. 48 7 5 3 6 17 1 Q 3 5 32.02

Water-Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Centralized System ....................... 3,445 1,134 205 99 595 702 152 130 200 226 5.37

 Distributed System ........................ 1,233 335 109 44 124 352 48 35 94 93 5.36

 Combination of Centralized

 and Distributed System ................ 412 112 23 13 92 95 17 9 24 27 12.04

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None ............................................. 666 300 33 15 92 107 32 34 17 37 11.25

 1 to 4 ............................................. 922 342 56 22 107 181 69 66 32 48 5.55

 5 to 9 ............................................. 522 195 37 11 64 111 27 24 26 27 14.30

 10 to 19 ......................................... 560 194 37 12 100 123 15 14 36 28 17.56

 20 to 49 ......................................... 646 201 50 17 107 152 18 15 42 43 8.50

 50 to 99 ......................................... 486 138 38 14 79 122 13 7 36 40 9.74

 100 to 249 ..................................... 585 145 42 23 109 151 16 12 43 45 9.14

 250 or More .................................. 934 188 59 48 154 255 27 11 102 92 12.76

Commercial Refrigeration

Equipment (more than one may

apply)

 Any Equipment ............................. 2,706 604 191 85 473 642 210 155 132 214 4.44

 Walk-in Units ................................. 2,172 427 156 69 387 526 187 138 106 176 5.25

 Cases and Cabinets ..................... 2,372 526 170 75 417 563 191 136 109 184 4.99

 None ............................................. 2,615 1,099 160 76 338 560 8 26 202 144 6.80

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one may

apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 4,578 1,416 307 141 720 1,040 189 160 295 309 4.94

 Wall Insulation .............................. 3,085 852 221 98 510 719 138 112 215 218 5.63

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 3,074 949 191 91 521 673 147 91 199 210 5.26

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 2,590 658 188 98 409 642 123 76 201 195 7.07

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 3,772 1,110 254 122 615 862 164 96 265 283 5.09

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 1,726 380 114 71 325 437 78 36 139 146 7.75

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 2,110 549 140 75 381 494 98 52 155 167 7.24

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 4,512 1,367 303 141 734 1,033 188 130 297 319 4.53

 Other Energy Efficient Equipment 776 191 52 29 139 186 32 20 58 68 8.64

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 309
Table EU-1. Sum of Major Fuel Consumption by End Use, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Sum of Major Fuel Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 1,934 566 127 63 310 467 82 53 127 140 8.31

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 3,120 871 213 106 507 754 125 97 221 226 5.06

 Natural Lighting Control Sensors .. 753 223 53 22 130 180 28 22 40 55 14.14

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 722 175 44 26 131 169 34 19 58 65 9.29

 Time Clock .................................... 1,366 296 113 54 219 386 55 41 105 97 7.61

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 1,642 431 110 60 290 383 94 33 115 125 7.63

 Other ............................................. 332 86 24 12 52 87 9 9 28 24 12.64

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 3,023 1,138 203 95 339 682 123 88 201 153 5.84

 Cooling .......................................... 2,851 1,007 212 95 314 666 122 87 200 147 6.36

 Lighting ......................................... 3,550 1,312 243 112 376 815 140 120 246 185 5.55

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

NF = No applicable RSE column factor.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations

and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for types of equipment represent consumption in buildings which have the equipment, not the consumption by the

specific piece of equipment. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

310 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table EU-2. Energy End-Use Intensities for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu per sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

All Buildings .................................. 90.5 29.0 6.0 2.8 13.8 20.4 3.7 3.1 5.7 6.1 3.79

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 111.7 39.5 7.0 2.9 9.7 22.7 8.9 10.4 5.4 5.1 7.03

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 82.8 38.5 4.4 1.7 11.1 13.6 4.3 2.5 3.8 2.9 17.60

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 70.9 27.4 4.8 1.7 9.1 14.7 2.6 2.5 4.3 3.7 9.50

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 82.0 28.2 6.7 2.1 11.6 18.5 2.1 2.5 5.0 5.2 4.89

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 87.6 27.0 7.0 3.2 12.9 21.3 2.0 2.1 6.1 6.0 5.96

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 101.4 26.6 6.2 3.3 19.6 25.0 3.1 1.4 7.2 8.9 8.53

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 114.6 24.0 6.7 4.5 25.2 27.4 4.6 1.6 8.5 11.9 8.15

 Over 500,000 ................................ 96.8 18.5 6.0 3.9 18.0 28.6 3.5 2.2 7.0 9.1 12.38

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 79.3 32.8 4.8 1.6 17.4 15.8 1.4 1.0 1.5 2.9 5.72

 Food Sales .................................... 213.5 27.5 13.4 4.4 9.1 33.9 5.6 110.9 1.3 7.4 10.26

 Food Service ................................ 245.5 30.9 19.5 5.3 27.5 37.0 77.5 31.6 2.6 13.7 13.47

 Health Care ................................... 240.4 55.2 9.9 7.2 63.0 39.3 11.2 4.7 15.5 34.4 10.08

 Lodging ......................................... 127.3 22.7 8.1 1.7 51.4 23.2 6.6 2.3 3.8 7.5 7.33

 Mercantile and Service ................. 76.4 30.6 5.8 2.5 5.1 23.4 1.5 0.9 2.9 3.7 10.17

 Office ............................................ 97.2 24.3 9.1 5.2 8.7 28.1 1.1 0.4 15.1 5.2 6.03

 Public Assembly ........................... 113.7 53.6 6.3 3.5 17.5 21.9 2.8 1.8 2.4 3.8 20.97

 Public Order and Safety ................ 97.2 27.8 6.1 2.3 23.4 16.4 Q 0.2 5.8 12.7 18.20

 Religious Worship ......................... 37.4 23.7 1.9 0.9 3.2 5.0 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.1 12.45

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 38.3 15.7 0.9 0.3 2.0 9.8 (*) 1.7 4.4 3.4 8.57

 Other ............................................. 172.2 59.6 9.3 8.3 15.3 26.7 Q 0.7 15.2 35.9 15.83

 Vacant ........................................... 21.5 11.9 0.6 0.3 2.4 3.6 Q 0.2 0.5 1.9 28.33

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 79.4 34.2 2.6 1.6 10.0 14.9 4.0 1.3 3.2 7.5 15.88

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 75.7 37.0 3.4 1.6 10.7 12.3 1.8 1.6 3.3 4.1 8.58

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 88.9 37.2 4.4 2.1 14.1 15.5 3.0 2.7 4.6 5.2 9.11

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 94.3 30.2 5.7 2.7 16.8 20.4 4.0 3.0 5.3 6.1 6.17

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 99.3 26.0 7.2 3.6 15.8 25.6 3.2 3.7 6.7 7.5 8.05

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 86.5 19.8 7.8 3.2 11.5 23.5 4.2 3.0 7.6 5.9 9.10

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 114.6 26.6 8.4 3.5 17.2 28.7 9.3 5.6 7.9 7.4 13.76

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 92.2 24.3 7.9 3.2 11.7 22.7 3.3 7.4 4.9 6.8 14.86

Floors

 One ............................................... 75.2 26.0 5.6 2.1 7.9 17.0 4.3 4.6 4.1 3.7 7.30

 Two ............................................... 79.4 28.2 5.7 2.1 10.9 18.3 2.4 2.7 4.6 4.6 6.38

 Three ............................................ 92.0 34.8 5.1 2.3 15.0 18.6 2.8 1.4 5.2 6.7 6.72

 Four to Nine .................................. 139.8 36.5 7.5 4.8 30.2 31.0 4.7 1.8 10.0 13.2 7.24

 Ten or More .................................. 113.4 23.1 7.3 5.6 21.8 29.6 4.1 1.4 10.8 9.6 10.06

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ...................................... 87.1 32.4 4.0 2.0 14.2 17.7 2.7 3.0 4.5 6.4 8.44

 New England .............................. 87.3 37.7 3.3 1.6 15.2 16.0 1.9 1.9 4.1 5.5 10.89

 Middle Atlantic ............................ 87.1 30.4 4.3 2.1 13.9 18.4 3.0 3.4 4.6 6.7 9.46

 Midwest ......................................... 104.5 46.7 4.3 2.5 15.6 18.8 3.5 2.4 5.1 5.6 7.54

 East North Central ...................... 102.2 45.5 4.3 2.2 16.0 17.4 4.4 2.5 4.6 5.2 7.07

 West North Central ..................... 109.3 49.1 4.3 3.0 14.8 21.8 1.8 2.1 6.1 6.3 17.03

 South ............................................ 80.8 18.0 8.4 3.2 10.5 21.3 4.0 3.4 5.9 6.0 5.47

 South Atlantic .............................. 81.5 17.3 8.8 3.3 9.3 22.2 4.6 3.0 6.6 6.4 6.80

 East South Central ...................... 84.8 24.4 7.5 2.7 11.7 21.2 2.2 3.7 5.3 6.2 15.33

 West South Central ..................... 76.7 14.2 8.7 3.3 11.4 20.1 4.5 3.8 5.2 5.4 10.64

 West .............................................. 94.2 23.4 5.5 3.1 17.0 23.6 4.3 3.4 7.2 6.5 11.61

 Mountain ..................................... 111.3 40.8 5.9 3.3 21.4 21.7 2.8 3.2 6.8 5.4 21.62

 Pacific ......................................... 85.9 14.9 5.4 3.1 14.8 24.5 5.1 3.6 7.5 7.1 10.86

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 311
Table EU-2. Energy End-Use Intensities for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu per sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................. 97.8 47.3 3.1 1.8 14.2 17.7 2.2 2.3 4.6 4.6 10.85

 5,500-7,000 HDD ........................ 109.0 48.4 4.1 2.4 18.2 18.6 3.4 3.0 5.2 5.8 8.23

 4,000-5,499 HDD ........................ 92.8 29.5 5.4 2.9 13.3 22.2 3.3 2.6 6.2 7.4 8.87

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............... 79.9 15.9 6.8 2.9 12.3 21.6 4.4 3.7 6.2 6.1 6.26

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............... 71.6 9.1 9.7 3.3 10.2 20.3 4.6 3.6 5.5 5.3 10.61

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 56.8 26.9 2.5 1.3 8.1 9.5 0.9 3.4 1.9 2.3 13.20

 5 to 9 ............................................. 80.8 36.1 4.6 1.8 8.8 15.3 2.8 3.9 3.5 4.1 11.91

 10 to 19 ......................................... 86.5 31.9 5.9 2.0 9.9 17.9 7.0 3.5 4.7 3.4 12.16

 20 to 49 ......................................... 95.1 30.5 6.8 2.2 12.9 20.6 6.1 4.3 5.4 6.2 6.91

 50 to 99 ......................................... 90.9 27.6 6.8 2.3 16.2 22.3 2.9 2.3 5.3 5.2 6.35

 100 to 249 ..................................... 108.3 27.4 8.5 3.6 20.2 26.7 3.0 1.5 8.1 9.2 6.37

 250 or More .................................. 133.7 25.7 8.9 6.3 23.5 36.5 4.6 2.2 12.3 13.7 8.52

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 29.3 16.8 1.6 0.7 3.0 3.6 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.5 12.10

 40 to 48 ......................................... 66.4 31.6 4.3 1.9 5.3 12.4 1.1 0.9 6.1 2.9 8.20

 49 to 60 ......................................... 76.6 29.4 5.1 2.9 6.7 18.3 0.8 1.1 7.5 4.6 7.91

 61 to 84 ......................................... 79.2 24.7 6.3 2.7 8.6 21.8 4.1 2.6 4.1 4.3 5.45

 85 to 167 ....................................... 134.0 34.0 8.9 3.6 20.5 32.0 11.8 11.8 4.6 6.8 15.03

 Open Continuously ....................... 155.7 33.2 9.5 4.4 39.1 34.3 6.9 4.9 7.9 15.5 5.89

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 84.6 25.8 5.9 2.6 12.2 19.4 4.0 3.4 5.5 5.7 3.57

 Owner Occupied ......................... 92.4 28.7 6.1 2.7 14.5 20.2 4.5 3.8 5.6 6.2 4.30

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 66.7 18.1 5.9 2.3 5.7 19.2 2.9 2.5 5.9 4.4 6.70

 Unoccupied ................................. 11.0 5.2 Q 0.1 Q Q Q 0.1 0.2 1.1 48.88

 Government Owned ...................... 113.6 41.2 6.2 3.5 19.8 24.3 2.3 1.8 6.5 7.8 10.17

 Federal ........................................ 151.8 43.9 7.4 6.9 19.5 41.2 1.7 1.7 14.9 14.5 23.55

 State ........................................... 153.6 47.3 8.5 4.9 32.6 33.7 3.3 2.0 8.6 12.2 12.54

 Local ........................................... 89.4 38.2 5.1 2.2 15.0 16.8 2.1 1.8 3.7 4.6 11.30

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 70.7 20.5 5.3 2.6 9.0 18.3 2.3 1.2 5.4 6.0 7.76

 No ................................................. 97.9 32.1 6.2 2.8 15.6 21.2 4.2 3.8 5.8 6.1 4.40

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 93.1 29.7 6.1 2.8 14.2 21.1 3.8 3.2 5.8 6.3 3.81

 Natural Gas ................................... 103.0 34.5 6.2 2.9 16.5 21.4 5.5 3.1 5.6 7.4 3.82

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 120.1 33.9 6.8 4.1 23.1 26.3 4.1 2.0 8.1 11.7 4.90

 District Heat .................................. 185.8 64.4 5.0 5.6 41.6 33.4 3.6 2.1 10.9 19.1 18.90

 District Chilled Water .................... 214.8 68.0 1.6 7.9 47.4 40.3 4.8 2.5 13.3 29.1 18.65

 Propane ........................................ 73.4 20.0 5.7 2.4 10.9 17.5 1.9 4.6 3.8 6.7 9.70

 Other ............................................. 110.7 45.5 4.8 2.3 Q 18.0 2.9 1.6 4.2 Q 39.41

Space-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 86.1 19.5 8.0 3.1 11.7 23.4 4.3 3.5 6.6 6.1 5.43

 Natural Gas ................................... 98.2 36.8 5.9 2.7 14.5 20.4 4.2 3.0 5.5 5.1 4.17

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 109.3 43.4 4.7 2.7 20.7 20.3 2.6 1.6 5.6 7.6 11.72

 District Heat .................................. 184.8 64.9 5.0 5.6 41.1 33.4 3.5 2.1 10.9 18.1 13.55

 Propane ........................................ 63.8 9.7 5.6 2.3 8.6 18.2 1.5 7.7 3.8 6.5 17.87

 Other ............................................. 72.9 19.3 4.3 2.1 10.8 15.2 2.6 2.2 3.3 Q 11.81

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

312 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table EU-2. Energy End-Use Intensities for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu per sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Primary Space-Heating

Energy Source

 Electricity ...................................... 74.5 8.5 9.5 3.2 8.7 23.5 4.8 4.0 6.9 5.4 7.54

 Natural Gas ................................... 98.5 38.0 5.7 2.6 14.3 20.3 4.2 3.0 5.4 5.0 4.54

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 72.6 35.9 2.8 1.2 13.2 10.9 1.2 1.2 2.6 3.7 6.76

 District Heat .................................. 184.7 64.1 5.0 5.6 40.8 33.8 3.3 2.1 11.1 18.5 14.79

 Propane ........................................ 45.9 Q 4.9 2.1 2.2 16.9 Q 8.6 3.2 5.6 27.72

 Other ............................................. 31.5 5.6 Q 1.3 4.0 10.3 0.8 1.8 1.4 2.5 23.14

Cooling Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 94.9 28.2 7.2 3.0 14.1 22.2 4.3 3.4 6.2 6.2 3.90

 Natural Gas ................................... 167.3 51.4 8.1 5.3 25.1 36.1 6.3 2.7 9.2 23.0 23.49

 District Chilled Water .................... 214.8 68.0 1.6 7.9 47.4 40.3 4.8 2.5 13.3 29.1 18.65

Water-Heating Energy Sources

(more than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 71.9 20.9 6.8 2.9 3.2 21.7 2.3 3.0 6.3 4.7 5.79

 Natural Gas ................................... 111.4 36.2 6.7 2.9 21.7 22.2 6.1 3.8 5.5 6.2 4.05

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 94.2 32.6 4.5 1.3 30.9 12.9 1.5 1.7 3.0 5.7 10.19

 District Heat .................................. 192.9 58.7 5.3 5.6 51.7 32.9 4.4 2.3 10.7 21.1 16.76

 Propane ........................................ 73.6 11.4 8.6 2.8 4.6 23.0 Q Q 2.7 7.9 19.10

Cooking Energy Sources (more

than one may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 122.1 26.4 8.9 4.1 20.7 31.6 8.8 6.5 6.4 8.7 7.05

 Natural Gas ................................... 128.7 28.4 8.1 3.5 26.6 26.4 15.6 5.6 5.1 9.4 6.13

 Propane ........................................ 84.3 16.8 9.7 3.1 9.7 23.4 2.5 9.8 2.6 6.6 18.43

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 16.8 0.0 1.7 0.6 Q 7.0 Q 1.8 1.6 2.3 19.48

 1 to 50 ........................................... 39.7 13.8 2.6 1.1 2.4 10.1 1.4 2.3 3.2 2.8 10.16

 51 to 99 ......................................... 90.7 26.5 6.8 3.1 12.4 23.3 3.9 3.5 6.0 5.1 11.60

 100 ................................................ 106.9 35.2 6.8 3.2 17.4 22.9 4.4 3.3 6.5 7.3 4.40

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 45.1 24.0 0.0 0.5 6.8 7.9 0.6 1.1 1.9 2.3 9.73

 1 to 50 ........................................... 69.5 35.1 2.8 1.0 9.3 11.8 1.0 1.5 3.0 3.9 8.40

 51 to 99 ......................................... 108.4 26.8 8.1 4.0 17.9 27.7 5.0 3.5 7.3 8.0 6.52

 100 ................................................ 112.6 28.0 9.2 4.2 17.3 27.2 6.0 4.7 8.0 8.0 6.00

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ........................................... 51.2 24.9 2.5 1.1 6.4 7.2 1.0 2.1 2.5 3.5 7.73

 51 to 99 ......................................... 91.2 29.6 5.5 2.7 14.9 19.2 3.4 2.6 6.1 7.2 6.36

 100 ................................................ 101.3 30.8 6.9 3.2 15.4 24.0 4.4 3.5 6.4 6.6 4.53

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 10.8 7.5 Q 0.1 1.3 0.2 Q Q 0.3 0.6 37.57

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 57.4 27.9 3.2 1.6 4.5 10.7 0.8 1.4 3.9 3.5 7.43

 1 to 50 ........................................... 85.9 30.1 6.1 2.7 9.7 19.9 4.0 3.1 6.1 4.3 5.12

 51 to 100 ....................................... 108.6 17.5 10.1 4.5 13.5 39.9 5.0 6.5 Q 6.1 21.00

 Never Closed ................................ 158.9 33.9 9.7 4.5 39.8 35.0 7.0 5.0 8.0 15.8 5.94

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... 10.8 7.5 Q 0.1 Q 0.2 Q Q 0.3 0.6 48.80

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 85.6 14.9 9.0 2.9 15.9 23.1 3.1 2.4 7.3 6.9 5.76

 Furnaces ....................................... 77.1 32.2 4.6 2.0 7.4 16.2 3.2 4.3 3.7 3.5 7.00

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 87.4 31.0 5.4 2.5 11.8 20.2 2.2 2.9 5.7 5.6 7.28

 District Heat .................................. 179.9 61.6 4.9 5.5 39.2 33.3 3.9 2.1 10.8 18.3 13.51

 Boilers ........................................... 112.9 40.2 6.4 3.1 22.1 22.4 3.6 1.6 6.4 7.1 5.14

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 86.7 20.2 8.1 2.8 10.9 23.2 6.1 4.4 5.9 5.1 4.82

 Other ............................................. 107.2 21.7 8.3 4.8 15.8 32.3 3.6 2.5 9.3 8.9 11.41

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 313
Table EU-2. Energy End-Use Intensities for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu per sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central A/C ....... 102.4 34.0 7.2 2.8 15.3 20.8 5.8 4.6 5.4 6.4 9.15

 Heat Pumps .................................. 86.5 16.1 9.0 3.0 14.6 23.4 3.2 2.8 7.6 6.6 5.41

 Individual A/C ................................ 96.1 36.0 5.5 1.7 19.5 16.5 3.9 2.4 3.9 6.6 6.24

 District Chilled Water .................... 214.8 68.0 1.6 7.9 47.4 40.3 4.8 2.5 13.3 29.1 18.65

 Central Chillers ............................. 133.1 29.0 10.0 5.7 26.2 34.0 4.6 1.9 10.5 11.2 6.46

 Packaged A/C Units ...................... 97.0 26.0 7.9 3.2 12.9 24.6 5.1 4.1 6.7 6.4 4.20

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 102.8 21.6 6.5 3.4 21.4 22.7 8.6 5.2 6.4 6.9 14.28

 Other ............................................. 111.2 28.3 5.9 3.8 14.2 31.8 4.5 4.9 9.5 8.3 15.16

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 98.4 30.3 6.3 2.9 17.7 21.6 4.7 2.9 5.5 6.5 4.46

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 96.4 30.5 6.4 3.0 14.7 21.9 4.0 3.3 6.1 6.5 3.71

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 122.3 29.9 8.4 4.3 22.8 29.7 5.7 3.1 8.3 10.3 6.72

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 102.9 30.9 6.5 3.2 17.5 25.3 3.6 2.4 6.3 7.3 6.94

 Halogen ........................................ 113.5 33.4 7.1 3.8 20.5 26.4 4.5 2.5 7.0 8.3 8.63

 Other ............................................. 86.6 12.4 8.9 4.7 11.1 31.2 2.6 Q 5.4 8.3 33.67

Water-Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Centralized System ....................... 108.8 35.8 6.5 3.1 18.8 22.2 4.8 4.1 6.3 7.1 5.12

 Distributed System ........................ 74.7 20.3 6.6 2.6 7.5 21.4 2.9 2.1 5.7 5.6 4.69

 Combination of Centralized

 and Distributed System ................ 120.8 32.9 6.8 3.8 27.0 27.8 4.9 2.7 7.0 7.9 10.34

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None ............................................. 53.0 23.9 2.6 1.2 7.3 8.5 2.5 2.7 1.3 3.0 10.20

 1 to 4 ............................................. 80.9 30.0 4.9 1.9 9.4 15.9 6.1 5.8 2.8 4.2 6.57

 5 to 9 ............................................. 97.2 36.3 6.8 2.1 11.8 20.7 5.1 4.4 4.9 5.1 12.27

 10 to 19 ......................................... 94.1 32.7 6.3 2.0 16.9 20.7 2.5 2.4 6.0 4.7 17.57

 20 to 49 ......................................... 91.6 28.5 7.1 2.5 15.2 21.6 2.6 2.1 5.9 6.0 7.47

 50 to 99 ......................................... 98.4 28.0 7.6 2.9 15.9 24.6 2.6 1.4 7.2 8.0 7.47

 100 to 249 ..................................... 112.7 27.9 8.0 4.4 20.9 29.2 3.1 2.3 8.3 8.6 8.58

 250 or More .................................. 148.2 29.8 9.3 7.6 24.4 40.4 4.2 1.7 16.2 14.5 10.32

Commercial Refrigeration

Equipment (more than one may

apply)

 Any Equipment ............................. 122.0 27.2 8.6 3.9 21.3 28.9 9.5 7.0 6.0 9.7 4.78

 Walk-in Units ................................. 133.7 26.3 9.6 4.3 23.8 32.4 11.5 8.5 6.5 10.8 5.29

 Cases and Cabinets ..................... 124.0 27.5 8.9 3.9 21.8 29.5 10.0 7.1 5.7 9.6 5.31

 None ............................................. 71.5 30.0 4.4 2.1 9.2 15.3 0.2 0.7 5.5 3.9 5.56

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one may

apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 98.8 30.5 6.6 3.0 15.5 22.4 4.1 3.5 6.4 6.7 4.37

 Wall Insulation .............................. 97.3 26.9 7.0 3.1 16.1 22.7 4.4 3.5 6.8 6.9 4.88

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 106.5 32.9 6.6 3.2 18.1 23.3 5.1 3.2 6.9 7.3 4.84

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 106.8 27.1 7.8 4.0 16.9 26.5 5.1 3.1 8.3 8.0 5.49

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 101.4 29.8 6.8 3.3 16.5 23.2 4.4 2.6 7.1 7.6 4.96

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 128.1 28.2 8.5 5.3 24.1 32.4 5.8 2.7 10.3 10.9 6.91

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 127.5 33.2 8.5 4.6 23.0 29.8 5.9 3.1 9.4 10.1 5.71

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 104.6 31.7 7.0 3.3 17.0 23.9 4.4 3.0 6.9 7.4 4.04

 Other Energy Efficient Equipment 120.2 29.6 8.1 4.5 21.6 28.9 4.9 3.1 9.0 10.5 8.33

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

314 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table EU-2. Energy End-Use Intensities for Sum of Major Fuels, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Energy Intensity for Sum of Major Fuels

(thousand Btu per sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 108.2 31.7 7.1 3.5 17.4 26.1 4.6 2.9 7.1 7.8 6.58

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 109.9 30.7 7.5 3.7 17.9 26.6 4.4 3.4 7.8 8.0 4.40

 Natural Lighting Control Sensors .. 117.1 34.6 8.2 3.4 20.3 28.0 4.4 3.4 6.2 8.6 12.95

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 121.1 29.5 7.4 4.4 21.9 28.3 5.7 3.3 9.7 10.9 8.25

 Time Clock .................................... 103.0 22.3 8.5 4.1 16.5 29.1 4.2 3.1 7.9 7.3 6.71

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 125.7 33.0 8.4 4.6 22.2 29.4 7.2 2.5 8.8 9.6 5.73

 Other ............................................. 116.9 30.4 8.4 4.3 18.3 30.6 3.3 3.1 10.0 8.4 8.97

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 78.9 29.7 5.3 2.5 8.8 17.8 3.2 2.3 5.2 4.0 5.33

 Cooling .......................................... 80.1 28.3 6.0 2.7 8.8 18.7 3.4 2.4 5.6 4.1 5.70

 Lighting ......................................... 79.0 29.2 5.4 2.5 8.4 18.1 3.1 2.7 5.5 4.1 4.75

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

NF = No applicable RSE column factor.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations

and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for types of equipment represent consumption in buildings which have the equipment, not the consumption by the

specific piece of equipment. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 315
Table EU-3. Electricity Consumption by End Use, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Electricity Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

All Buildings .................................. 2,608 111 340 162 47 1,202 19 182 334 210 4.35

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 380 30 44 19 13 144 6 66 34 24 7.73

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 238 18 32 13 7 102 2 19 28 16 10.20

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 384 21 56 20 7 171 2 30 50 28 7.59

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 316 16 51 16 6 142 1 19 38 25 8.80

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 363 8 55 25 5 170 2 17 49 34 8.85

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 337 9 41 23 3 169 2 10 49 32 10.14

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 307 6 34 25 3 152 2 9 47 28 14.62

 Over 500,000 ................................ 282 4 28 21 2 152 2 12 37 23 12.64

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 221 14 36 13 6 122 2 8 11 8 7.42

 Food Sales .................................... 119 Q 9 3 2 22 1 71 1 4 13.34

 Food Service ................................ 166 5 26 7 5 50 8 43 3 18 19.56

 Health Care ................................... 211 3 21 17 2 92 1 11 36 28 10.01

 Lodging ......................................... 187 11 29 6 12 84 2 8 14 20 9.81

 Mercantile and Service ................. 508 25 73 31 7 298 3 11 37 23 8.72

 Office ............................................ 676 21 92 54 6 294 1 5 159 44 9.81

 Public Assembly ........................... 170 11 24 14 3 86 2 7 10 13 13.06

 Public Order and Safety ................ 49 (*) 8 3 Q 21 (*) (*) 7 9 29.62

 Religious Worship ......................... 33 4 5 3 1 14 (*) 2 1 3 9.65

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 176 7 8 3 1 83 (*) 14 37 22 13.00

 Other ............................................. 75 2 9 8 (*) 27 Q 1 15 13 23.83

 Vacant ........................................... 18 1 1 1 (*) 9 Q 1 1 4 22.84

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 99 2 9 6 2 55 1 5 12 7 20.83

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 173 7 22 11 3 82 1 11 22 14 9.56

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 325 17 40 19 7 144 2 25 43 27 10.11

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 472 19 60 30 10 221 2 32 58 39 8.62

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 615 25 78 41 11 290 4 42 76 49 6.79

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 648 27 95 39 11 288 5 37 93 52 7.40

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 163 6 21 9 2 74 2 14 21 14 14.88

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 113 Q 15 7 2 47 1 15 10 8 18.67

Floors

 One ............................................... 980 61 138 51 21 418 10 112 100 70 6.10

 Two ............................................... 549 23 79 29 12 258 3 38 65 41 6.67

 Three ............................................ 283 11 37 17 6 136 2 10 38 25 8.61

 Four to Nine .................................. 552 10 61 42 6 272 3 16 88 53 12.04

 Ten or More .................................. 244 7 25 22 1 118 1 6 43 22 9.91

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ...................................... 436 18 44 24 9 211 3 36 54 37 6.59

 New England .............................. 99 2 10 5 3 50 1 6 13 8 9.76

 Middle Atlantic ............................ 338 16 34 19 6 161 Q 30 41 29 8.54

 Midwest ......................................... 558 23 60 35 10 270 4 34 73 48 8.97

 East North Central ...................... 356 15 40 22 8 168 4 24 45 31 10.79

 West North Central ..................... 202 8 20 14 3 102 Q 10 29 16 15.62

 South ............................................ 1,027 43 172 66 19 444 7 72 122 82 6.70

 South Atlantic .............................. 487 21 80 31 10 211 3 29 62 40 9.29

 East South Central ...................... 238 15 37 13 5 104 2 18 26 18 11.55

 West South Central ..................... 302 7 56 21 4 129 2 25 34 24 15.05

 West .............................................. 587 28 64 37 8 277 4 40 85 44 8.63

 Mountain ..................................... 182 7 23 13 3 84 1 12 26 13 19.53

 Pacific ......................................... 405 20 42 24 5 193 3 28 59 31 9.97

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

316 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table EU-3. Electricity Consumption by End Use, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Electricity Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................. 178 9 16 9 3 90 1 12 23 15 14.01

 5,500-7,000 HDD ........................ 571 26 56 35 8 271 5 43 76 50 8.34

 4,000-5,499 HDD ........................ 700 33 77 44 14 337 5 39 94 56 9.38

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............... 648 25 91 39 11 292 5 50 83 52 11.34

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............... 511 18 101 35 11 212 3 37 57 38 10.74

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 327 30 35 18 11 131 1 47 27 25 8.06

 5 to 9 ............................................. 224 16 28 12 7 96 2 25 22 16 8.52

 10 to 19 ......................................... 293 17 42 14 8 127 4 25 34 22 11.24

 20 to 49 ......................................... 422 19 62 20 8 188 4 39 50 32 8.54

 50 to 99 ......................................... 310 9 47 16 3 154 2 16 37 25 7.45

 100 to 249 ..................................... 333 8 49 22 5 160 1 9 49 30 11.40

 250 or More .................................. 699 13 77 60 6 345 3 20 116 59 12.09

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 61 6 10 4 2 22 (*) 3 6 7 12.19

 40 to 48 ......................................... 403 27 56 25 6 164 1 11 81 31 7.24

 49 to 60 ......................................... 497 24 62 36 6 224 1 14 92 38 11.20

 61 to 84 ......................................... 435 20 61 27 7 219 3 26 41 30 7.95

 85 to 167 ....................................... 435 12 55 22 7 198 8 73 29 31 9.13

 Open Continuously ....................... 777 22 97 48 18 374 5 54 86 73 8.05

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 2,018 92 268 120 38 908 15 160 256 162 4.74

 Owner Occupied ......................... 1,609 72 212 97 31 718 13 136 198 131 4.95

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 403 20 55 22 7 186 2 24 57 30 8.79

 Unoccupied ................................. 6 Q Q (*) Q Q Q (*) (*) 2 41.76

 Government Owned ...................... 590 20 73 42 9 294 4 22 78 48 12.16

 Federal ........................................ 143 2 13 12 Q 72 Q 3 26 13 27.25

 State ........................................... 191 Q 23 14 3 96 1 6 25 15 24.88

 Local ........................................... 256 10 37 16 5 126 2 13 27 20 9.52

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 595 19 79 41 7 290 2 19 86 51 9.25

 No ................................................. 2,013 92 262 120 40 911 16 162 248 160 4.76

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 2,608 111 340 162 47 1,202 19 182 334 210 4.35

 Natural Gas ................................... 1,704 43 229 109 21 816 11 117 215 143 5.09

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 778 15 92 60 10 379 4 28 116 74 8.00

 District Heat .................................. 364 2 25 31 5 189 2 12 62 36 17.29

 District Chilled Water .................... 188 1 4 20 2 102 1 6 33 19 15.09

 Propane ........................................ 224 11 30 13 7 94 4 25 20 21 14.48

 Other ............................................. 83 2 11 5 2 42 1 4 10 7 19.91

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 64 0 7 2 1 31 (*) 8 7 7 18.87

 1 to 50 ........................................... 145 10 16 7 2 63 1 14 20 13 12.55

 51 to 99 ......................................... 440 22 59 27 8 207 2 31 53 30 10.42

 100 ................................................ 1,959 80 259 125 36 900 15 128 254 160 4.00

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 135 14 0 4 5 70 1 10 17 13 18.42

 1 to 50 ........................................... 358 20 41 15 5 177 2 23 45 29 7.31

 51 to 99 ......................................... 727 22 98 50 10 348 5 44 92 60 7.78

 100 ................................................ 1,388 56 201 93 26 607 12 105 180 107 5.82

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 317
Table EU-3. Electricity Consumption by End Use, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Electricity Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ........................................... 125 13 15 7 3 43 1 13 15 16 15.29

 51 to 99 ......................................... 412 17 53 27 7 186 2 26 59 36 8.19

 100 ................................................ 2,066 81 272 129 36 972 16 143 259 157 5.06

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... Q Q Q (*) Q (*) Q Q 1 1 99.99

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 340 30 40 21 7 140 2 19 50 30 9.79

 1 to 50 ........................................... 1,346 55 183 84 20 611 11 96 186 99 5.26

 51 to 100 ....................................... 141 4 19 9 1 76 1 13 Q 7 30.61

 Never Closed ................................ 776 22 97 48 18 374 5 54 86 73 8.06

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... Q Q Q (*) Q (*) Q Q 1 1 99.99

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 320 23 52 17 8 135 2 14 43 26 9.37

 Furnaces ....................................... 540 23 68 30 10 242 6 64 56 41 7.69

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 739 48 88 42 14 339 5 49 96 58 7.75

 District Heat .................................. 378 2 26 32 5 197 2 13 64 37 11.52

 Boilers ........................................... 761 17 102 51 9 376 4 26 107 69 6.35

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 878 42 135 47 15 392 7 74 100 65 6.38

 Other ............................................. 415 18 51 30 5 202 2 15 58 33 12.68

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central A/C ....... 431 11 65 26 7 192 3 42 50 32 9.08

 Heat Pumps .................................. 387 26 62 21 9 162 3 20 53 31 9.41

 Individual A/C ................................ 450 21 66 21 12 206 4 30 49 40 7.61

 District Chilled Water .................... 188 1 4 20 2 102 1 6 33 19 15.09

 Central Chillers ............................. 778 18 102 63 8 376 4 21 116 69 9.02

 Packaged A/C Units ...................... 1,432 54 205 85 21 656 12 110 179 109 5.59

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 126 4 16 8 1 56 1 13 16 11 17.32

 Other ............................................. 59 1 6 4 1 30 (*) 5 9 4 21.26

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 1,631 62 219 104 29 771 12 105 196 134 4.74

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 2,559 108 334 160 45 1,180 18 178 330 205 4.38

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 878 23 113 61 12 424 8 44 118 75 7.09

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 813 24 100 52 9 412 5 40 102 69 6.24

 Halogen ........................................ 521 16 66 36 7 255 4 24 68 45 8.64

 Other ............................................. 32 1 5 3 Q 17 (*) Q 3 2 29.11

Water-Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Centralized System ....................... 1,564 64 198 99 26 702 13 130 200 130 4.96

 Distributed System ........................ 743 35 107 44 18 352 4 35 94 55 6.20

 Combination of Centralized

 and Distributed System ................ 188 6 23 13 2 95 1 9 24 15 11.71

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None ............................................. 260 19 33 15 8 107 2 34 17 26 9.08

 1 to 4 ............................................. 439 31 56 22 11 181 5 66 32 36 6.70

 5 to 9 ............................................. 254 14 36 11 7 111 4 24 26 20 10.06

 10 to 19 ......................................... 260 14 37 12 4 123 1 14 36 19 10.78

 20 to 49 ......................................... 317 10 49 17 6 152 2 15 42 24 8.45

 50 to 99 ......................................... 247 6 36 14 3 122 1 7 36 22 10.31

 100 to 249 ..................................... 307 9 40 23 3 151 1 12 43 26 10.27

 250 or More .................................. 523 10 54 48 4 255 3 11 102 37 14.91

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

318 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table EU-3. Electricity Consumption by End Use, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Electricity Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Commercial Refrigeration

Equipment (more than one may

apply)

 Any Equipment ............................. 1,407 50 185 85 25 642 17 155 132 116 5.23

 Walk-in Units ................................. 1,159 37 150 69 20 526 15 138 106 97 6.10

 Cases and Cabinets ..................... 1,230 46 164 75 22 563 16 136 109 98 5.78

 None ............................................. 1,201 62 155 76 22 560 1 26 202 94 5.24

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one may

apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 2,269 91 298 141 41 1,040 17 160 295 183 4.86

 Wall Insulation .............................. 1,601 61 215 98 32 719 14 112 215 134 5.90

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 1,464 58 185 91 29 673 12 91 199 124 5.17

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 1,392 50 183 98 20 642 9 76 201 112 7.12

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 1,858 73 245 122 32 862 12 96 265 150 4.97

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 912 25 109 71 10 437 5 36 139 78 9.54

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 1,051 30 133 75 14 494 9 52 155 90 7.76

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 2,210 77 293 141 38 1,033 16 130 297 182 4.87

 Other Energy Efficient Equipment 394 11 49 29 4 186 2 20 58 34 11.33

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 963 28 123 63 15 467 8 53 127 81 8.18

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 1,612 61 205 106 25 754 12 97 221 131 5.67

 Natural Lighting Control Sensors .. 364 12 51 22 5 180 2 22 40 30 10.81

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 358 7 41 26 4 169 2 19 58 31 9.26

 Time Clock .................................... 788 21 109 54 8 386 4 41 105 60 8.37

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 809 23 106 60 11 383 6 33 115 71 8.00

 Other ............................................. 183 5 24 12 2 87 1 9 28 15 11.59

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 1,483 73 200 95 24 682 12 88 201 107 4.77

 Cooling .......................................... 1,457 62 209 95 23 666 12 87 200 104 5.77

 Lighting ......................................... 1,797 88 240 112 28 815 14 120 246 134 4.84

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

NF = No applicable RSE column factor.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations

and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for types of equipment represent consumption in buildings which have the equipment, not the consumption by the

specific piece of equipment. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 319
Table EU-4. Energy End-Use Intensities for Electricity, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Energy Intensity for Electricity

(thousand Btu per sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

All Buildings .................................. 45.7 2.0 6.0 2.8 0.8 21.1 0.3 3.2 5.8 3.7 3.82

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 63.9 5.0 7.4 3.1 2.1 24.2 1.1 11.1 5.7 4.1 7.20

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 33.7 2.6 4.6 1.8 1.0 14.5 0.2 2.7 4.0 2.2 6.73

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 34.0 1.9 4.9 1.8 0.6 15.1 0.2 2.6 4.5 2.4 7.29

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 41.4 2.0 6.6 2.1 0.8 18.6 0.2 2.6 5.0 3.3 5.86

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 46.0 1.0 6.9 3.2 0.6 21.5 0.2 2.1 6.2 4.2 7.07

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 51.0 1.3 6.2 3.4 0.4 25.6 0.2 1.5 7.4 4.9 7.56

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 55.3 1.1 6.1 4.5 0.5 27.4 0.3 1.6 8.5 5.1 13.10

 Over 500,000 ................................ 55.6 0.8 5.5 4.1 0.5 30.0 0.4 2.3 7.4 4.6 8.98

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 28.7 1.8 4.7 1.6 0.8 15.9 0.2 1.0 1.5 1.0 5.34

 Food Sales .................................... 184.7 Q 13.4 4.4 2.5 33.9 0.9 110.9 1.3 6.1 10.73

 Food Service ................................ 122.8 3.6 19.4 5.3 3.6 37.0 6.2 31.6 2.6 13.5 14.45

 Health Care ................................... 90.4 1.4 9.2 7.2 0.9 39.3 0.3 4.7 15.5 12.0 6.13

 Lodging ......................................... 52.0 3.2 8.0 1.7 3.4 23.3 0.5 2.3 3.8 5.7 6.32

 Mercantile and Service ................. 40.2 2.0 5.8 2.5 0.5 23.6 0.2 0.9 2.9 1.9 6.93

 Office ............................................ 64.5 2.0 8.8 5.2 0.6 28.1 0.1 0.4 15.2 4.2 7.53

 Public Assembly ........................... 43.3 2.7 6.1 3.5 0.9 22.0 0.4 1.8 2.5 3.3 9.05

 Public Order and Safety ................ 38.5 0.2 6.1 2.3 Q 16.4 (*) 0.2 5.8 7.2 26.89

 Religious Worship ......................... 11.7 1.3 1.9 0.9 0.4 5.0 0.2 0.6 0.4 1.0 7.83

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 22.0 0.8 1.0 0.3 0.2 10.4 (*) 1.8 4.7 2.7 7.29

 Other ............................................. 75.5 2.2 8.6 8.4 0.2 26.8 Q 0.7 15.3 13.3 12.00

 Vacant ........................................... 13.2 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.1 6.3 Q 0.4 0.9 3.0 19.42

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 28.2 0.7 2.7 1.7 0.6 15.5 0.3 1.4 3.3 2.1 24.47

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 28.0 1.2 3.6 1.7 0.4 13.3 0.2 1.8 3.6 2.3 7.60

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 35.6 1.9 4.4 2.1 0.8 15.8 0.2 2.7 4.7 2.9 6.83

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 44.3 1.8 5.7 2.8 0.9 20.8 0.2 3.0 5.4 3.6 6.37

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 54.7 2.2 6.9 3.7 0.9 25.8 0.4 3.7 6.7 4.3 8.29

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 54.4 2.3 8.0 3.3 0.9 24.2 0.4 3.1 7.8 4.4 5.85

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 64.1 2.2 8.2 3.5 0.8 29.2 0.8 5.7 8.1 5.6 8.89

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 59.6 Q 8.1 3.4 1.0 24.5 0.6 8.0 5.3 4.1 16.34

Floors

 One ............................................... 42.0 2.6 5.9 2.2 0.9 17.9 0.4 4.8 4.3 3.0 5.30

 Two ............................................... 39.4 1.7 5.7 2.1 0.9 18.5 0.2 2.7 4.6 2.9 3.93

 Three ............................................ 39.2 1.6 5.1 2.3 0.9 18.9 0.2 1.4 5.3 3.5 6.05

 Four to Nine .................................. 63.3 1.1 7.0 4.9 0.7 31.2 0.3 1.8 10.1 6.1 10.62

 Ten or More .................................. 63.0 1.7 6.5 5.7 0.4 30.3 0.3 1.5 11.1 5.6 4.73

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ...................................... 38.1 1.6 3.8 2.1 0.7 18.4 0.3 3.2 4.7 3.2 7.28

 New England .............................. 32.1 0.8 3.1 1.6 1.0 16.4 0.3 1.9 4.2 2.7 6.27

 Middle Atlantic ............................ 40.3 1.9 4.1 2.2 0.7 19.2 Q 3.6 4.8 3.4 9.90

 Midwest ......................................... 40.2 1.6 4.3 2.6 0.8 19.4 0.3 2.4 5.3 3.4 6.67

 East North Central ...................... 37.8 1.5 4.3 2.3 0.8 17.8 0.4 2.6 4.7 3.3 7.74

 West North Central ..................... 45.2 1.8 4.5 3.1 0.7 22.8 0.2 2.2 6.4 3.6 11.34

 South ............................................ 50.9 2.1 8.5 3.3 1.0 22.0 0.3 3.5 6.1 4.1 4.99

 South Atlantic .............................. 52.4 2.2 8.6 3.4 1.1 22.6 0.3 3.1 6.7 4.3 5.56

 East South Central ...................... 50.9 3.2 7.8 2.8 1.0 22.4 0.4 3.9 5.6 3.8 9.93

 West South Central ..................... 48.8 1.2 9.0 3.4 0.7 20.9 0.3 4.0 5.4 3.9 12.29

 West .............................................. 50.6 2.4 5.5 3.2 0.7 23.9 0.3 3.5 7.3 3.8 10.06

 Mountain ..................................... 47.6 1.9 5.9 3.3 0.7 21.9 0.3 3.2 6.8 3.5 14.91

 Pacific ......................................... 52.2 2.6 5.4 3.1 0.7 24.9 0.4 3.6 7.6 4.0 13.58

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

320 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table EU-4. Energy End-Use Intensities for Electricity, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Energy Intensity for Electricity

(thousand Btu per sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................. 36.2 1.8 3.2 1.9 0.7 18.3 0.2 2.4 4.7 3.0 11.93

 5,500-7,000 HDD ........................ 39.8 1.8 3.9 2.5 0.6 18.9 0.3 3.0 5.3 3.5 6.62

 4,000-5,499 HDD ........................ 48.1 2.3 5.3 3.0 0.9 23.1 0.3 2.7 6.4 3.8 9.52

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............... 48.8 1.9 6.8 2.9 0.8 22.0 0.4 3.8 6.3 3.9 5.89

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............... 51.3 1.8 10.1 3.5 1.1 21.3 0.3 3.8 5.8 3.8 7.98

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 26.5 2.4 2.8 1.5 0.9 10.6 0.1 3.8 2.2 2.0 7.71

 5 to 9 ............................................. 35.7 2.5 4.5 1.8 1.1 15.3 0.4 3.9 3.5 2.6 8.68

 10 to 19 ......................................... 41.2 2.4 5.9 2.0 1.1 17.9 0.6 3.5 4.7 3.0 9.79

 20 to 49 ......................................... 46.3 2.1 6.8 2.2 0.8 20.6 0.4 4.3 5.5 3.6 7.75

 50 to 99 ......................................... 45.2 1.4 6.8 2.4 0.5 22.5 0.3 2.3 5.4 3.7 5.67

 100 to 249 ..................................... 55.8 1.4 8.2 3.6 0.8 26.8 0.2 1.5 8.1 5.1 7.26

 250 or More .................................. 74.2 1.3 8.2 6.3 0.6 36.6 0.4 2.2 12.3 6.3 8.89

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 12.4 1.3 2.0 0.9 0.3 4.4 (*) 0.7 1.2 1.5 9.37

 40 to 48 ......................................... 30.7 2.1 4.3 1.9 0.5 12.5 0.1 0.9 6.1 2.4 6.40

 49 to 60 ......................................... 41.0 2.0 5.1 2.9 0.5 18.5 0.1 1.1 7.6 3.1 10.56

 61 to 84 ......................................... 43.4 2.0 6.1 2.7 0.7 21.9 0.3 2.6 4.1 3.0 5.42

 85 to 167 ....................................... 70.6 1.9 8.9 3.6 1.2 32.2 1.3 11.9 4.7 5.0 6.44

 Open Continuously ....................... 72.7 2.0 9.1 4.5 1.7 35.0 0.4 5.0 8.0 6.8 5.76

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 44.6 2.0 5.9 2.6 0.8 20.1 0.3 3.5 5.7 3.6 3.48

 Owner Occupied ......................... 45.8 2.0 6.0 2.8 0.9 20.5 0.4 3.9 5.6 3.7 3.96

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 42.3 2.1 5.8 2.3 0.7 19.6 0.2 2.5 6.0 3.1 7.18

 Unoccupied ................................. 9.7 Q 0.9 0.3 Q 4.6 Q 0.3 0.5 2.5 33.46

 Government Owned ...................... 49.8 1.7 6.1 3.6 0.8 24.8 0.3 1.8 6.6 4.1 12.55

 Federal ........................................ 85.3 1.2 7.5 7.2 0.7 43.1 Q 1.8 15.6 7.6 20.88

 State ........................................... 68.1 Q 8.1 5.0 1.0 34.2 0.3 2.0 8.8 5.4 21.16

 Local ........................................... 34.8 1.3 5.1 2.2 0.7 17.1 0.2 1.8 3.7 2.8 5.93

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 40.6 1.3 5.4 2.8 0.5 19.8 0.2 1.3 5.9 3.5 5.24

 No ................................................. 47.4 2.2 6.2 2.8 0.9 21.5 0.4 3.8 5.8 3.8 4.14

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 45.7 2.0 6.0 2.8 0.8 21.1 0.3 3.2 5.8 3.7 3.82

 Natural Gas ................................... 44.8 1.1 6.0 2.9 0.6 21.5 0.3 3.1 5.7 3.8 4.16

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 54.3 1.1 6.4 4.2 0.7 26.5 0.3 2.0 8.1 5.1 5.41

 District Heat .................................. 64.5 0.3 4.5 5.6 0.9 33.5 0.3 2.1 10.9 6.3 11.84

 District Chilled Water .................... 74.6 0.3 1.5 7.9 0.8 40.3 0.4 2.5 13.3 7.6 12.62

 Propane ........................................ 41.9 2.1 5.7 2.4 1.2 17.5 0.8 4.6 3.8 3.8 10.61

 Other ............................................. 37.2 0.9 4.9 2.4 0.8 18.8 0.3 1.7 4.4 2.9 16.29

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated .................................... 21.7 0.0 2.5 0.8 0.3 10.5 0.1 2.7 2.3 2.4 17.64

 1 to 50 ........................................... 23.5 1.6 2.5 1.1 0.4 10.3 0.1 2.3 3.2 2.1 9.61

 51 to 99 ......................................... 49.7 2.5 6.6 3.1 0.9 23.4 0.3 3.5 6.0 3.4 12.48

 100 ................................................ 50.1 2.0 6.6 3.2 0.9 23.0 0.4 3.3 6.5 4.1 3.42

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 18.5 1.9 0.0 0.6 0.7 9.6 0.1 1.4 2.4 1.8 12.71

 1 to 50 ........................................... 24.0 1.3 2.8 1.0 0.3 11.8 0.1 1.5 3.0 2.0 4.30

 51 to 99 ......................................... 58.0 1.7 7.8 4.0 0.8 27.7 0.4 3.5 7.3 4.8 7.57

 100 ................................................ 62.2 2.5 9.0 4.2 1.2 27.2 0.5 4.7 8.0 4.8 3.97

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 321
Table EU-4. Energy End-Use Intensities for Electricity, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Energy Intensity for Electricity

(thousand Btu per sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 99.99

 1 to 50 ........................................... 20.7 2.2 2.5 1.1 0.4 7.2 0.1 2.1 2.5 2.6 12.46

 51 to 99 ......................................... 42.5 1.7 5.4 2.7 0.8 19.2 0.2 2.6 6.1 3.7 6.00

 100 ................................................ 51.0 2.0 6.7 3.2 0.9 24.0 0.4 3.5 6.4 3.9 4.47

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... Q Q Q 0.2 Q 0.6 Q Q 0.9 2.0 99.99

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 25.9 2.3 3.1 1.6 0.5 10.7 0.1 1.4 3.9 2.3 6.51

 1 to 50 ........................................... 43.8 1.8 6.0 2.7 0.7 19.9 0.4 3.1 6.1 3.2 4.13

 51 to 100 ....................................... 73.5 2.2 10.1 4.5 0.7 39.9 0.6 6.5 Q 3.5 29.35

 Never Closed ................................ 72.7 2.1 9.1 4.5 1.7 35.0 0.4 5.0 8.0 6.9 5.76

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... Q Q Q 0.2 Q 0.6 Q Q 0.9 2.0 99.99

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 54.9 3.9 9.0 2.9 1.4 23.2 0.3 2.4 7.4 4.4 6.31

 Furnaces ....................................... 36.3 1.6 4.5 2.0 0.7 16.3 0.4 4.3 3.8 2.8 7.13

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 44.3 2.9 5.3 2.5 0.8 20.3 0.3 3.0 5.7 3.5 7.57

 District Heat .................................. 64.1 0.3 4.4 5.5 0.8 33.4 0.3 2.1 10.8 6.2 9.02

 Boilers ........................................... 45.7 1.0 6.1 3.1 0.5 22.6 0.2 1.6 6.4 4.1 4.34

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 52.0 2.5 8.0 2.8 0.9 23.3 0.4 4.4 5.9 3.8 4.46

 Other ............................................. 66.5 2.9 8.1 4.8 0.8 32.3 0.3 2.5 9.4 5.3 11.38

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central A/C ....... 46.8 1.2 7.1 2.8 0.8 20.9 0.4 4.6 5.4 3.4 7.58

 Heat Pumps .................................. 56.0 3.8 9.0 3.0 1.3 23.4 0.5 2.8 7.6 4.4 5.96

 Individual A/C ................................ 36.3 1.7 5.4 1.7 0.9 16.6 0.3 2.4 4.0 3.2 5.28

 District Chilled Water .................... 74.6 0.3 1.5 7.9 0.8 40.3 0.4 2.5 13.3 7.6 12.62

 Central Chillers ............................. 70.4 1.6 9.2 5.7 0.8 34.0 0.3 1.9 10.5 6.3 7.79

 Packaged A/C Units ...................... 54.0 2.0 7.7 3.2 0.8 24.7 0.4 4.1 6.7 4.1 3.99

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 51.5 1.5 6.5 3.4 0.5 22.8 0.5 5.3 6.4 4.6 14.76

 Other ............................................. 62.0 1.0 5.9 3.8 0.6 31.8 0.5 4.9 9.5 4.1 16.95

Lighting Equipment Types

(more than one may apply)

 Incandescent ................................ 45.7 1.7 6.1 2.9 0.8 21.6 0.3 2.9 5.5 3.7 3.86

 Standard Fluorescent ................... 47.4 2.0 6.2 3.0 0.8 21.9 0.3 3.3 6.1 3.8 3.82

 Compact Fluorescent .................... 61.5 1.6 7.9 4.3 0.8 29.7 0.5 3.1 8.3 5.3 5.23

 High-Intensity Discharge ............... 50.0 1.5 6.2 3.2 0.6 25.3 0.3 2.4 6.3 4.2 5.67

 Halogen ........................................ 54.0 1.7 6.8 3.8 0.7 26.4 0.4 2.5 7.0 4.7 4.40

 Other ............................................. 58.2 1.3 8.6 4.7 0.5 31.2 0.4 2.0 5.4 4.1 8.61

Water-Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Centralized System ....................... 49.6 2.0 6.3 3.2 0.8 22.3 0.4 4.1 6.4 4.1 4.83

 Distributed System ........................ 45.2 2.1 6.5 2.7 1.1 21.4 0.2 2.1 5.7 3.3 4.45

 Combination of Centralized

 and Distributed System ................ 55.2 1.8 6.6 3.8 0.6 27.8 0.4 2.7 7.0 4.4 8.17

Personal Computers and/or

Computer Terminals

 None ............................................. 23.6 1.7 3.0 1.4 0.7 9.7 0.2 3.1 1.5 2.4 7.46

 1 to 4 ............................................. 38.5 2.7 4.9 1.9 1.0 15.9 0.4 5.8 2.8 3.1 7.26

 5 to 9 ............................................. 47.5 2.6 6.7 2.1 1.3 20.8 0.7 4.4 4.9 3.8 7.08

 10 to 19 ......................................... 43.9 2.3 6.3 2.0 0.7 20.8 0.2 2.4 6.1 3.2 6.59

 20 to 49 ......................................... 45.4 1.4 7.1 2.5 0.8 21.8 0.2 2.1 6.0 3.5 5.43

 50 to 99 ......................................... 50.2 1.3 7.3 2.9 0.7 24.7 0.2 1.4 7.3 4.5 7.35

 100 to 249 ..................................... 59.2 1.7 7.6 4.4 0.6 29.2 0.2 2.3 8.3 4.9 6.18

 250 or More .................................. 83.1 1.6 8.6 7.6 0.7 40.5 0.4 1.7 16.3 5.9 11.74

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

322 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table EU-4. Energy End-Use Intensities for Electricity, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Energy Intensity for Electricity

(thousand Btu per sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating Cooling

VentilationWater

Heating Lighting Cooking

Refrigeration

Office

Equipment Other

1.0 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF

Commercial Refrigeration

Equipment (more than one may

apply)

 Any Equipment ............................. 63.8 2.3 8.4 3.9 1.1 29.1 0.8 7.0 6.0 5.3 4.64

 Walk-in Units ................................. 71.8 2.3 9.3 4.3 1.2 32.6 1.0 8.5 6.6 6.0 4.99

 Cases and Cabinets ..................... 64.7 2.4 8.6 3.9 1.2 29.6 0.9 7.2 5.8 5.2 5.03

 None ............................................. 34.3 1.8 4.4 2.2 0.6 16.0 (*) 0.8 5.8 2.7 3.97

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one may

apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 49.4 2.0 6.5 3.1 0.9 22.7 0.4 3.5 6.4 4.0 4.12

 Wall Insulation .............................. 50.8 1.9 6.8 3.1 1.0 22.8 0.4 3.6 6.8 4.3 3.96

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 51.2 2.0 6.5 3.2 1.0 23.5 0.4 3.2 6.9 4.3 4.25

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 57.6 2.1 7.6 4.0 0.8 26.6 0.4 3.1 8.3 4.6 5.83

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 50.2 2.0 6.6 3.3 0.9 23.3 0.3 2.6 7.2 4.1 4.60

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 67.8 1.9 8.1 5.3 0.8 32.5 0.4 2.7 10.4 5.8 8.07

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 63.8 1.8 8.1 4.6 0.8 30.0 0.5 3.2 9.4 5.4 6.48

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 51.4 1.8 6.8 3.3 0.9 24.0 0.4 3.0 6.9 4.2 4.39

 Other Energy Efficient Equipment 61.1 1.8 7.6 4.5 0.7 28.9 0.3 3.1 9.0 5.3 12.12

Lighting Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Specular Reflectors ...................... 53.9 1.6 6.9 3.5 0.8 26.1 0.4 2.9 7.1 4.5 5.00

 Energy-Efficient Ballasts ............... 56.8 2.1 7.2 3.7 0.9 26.6 0.4 3.4 7.8 4.6 4.61

 Natural Lighting Control Sensors .. 56.7 1.9 8.0 3.4 0.8 28.0 0.3 3.4 6.2 4.6 6.46

 Occupancy Sensors ...................... 60.1 1.2 6.9 4.4 0.7 28.3 0.3 3.3 9.7 5.2 5.50

 Time Clock .................................... 59.4 1.6 8.2 4.1 0.6 29.1 0.3 3.1 7.9 4.5 6.88

 Manual Dimmer Switches ............. 62.0 1.8 8.1 4.6 0.8 29.4 0.4 2.5 8.8 5.5 5.92

 Other ............................................. 64.4 1.7 8.3 4.3 0.6 30.6 0.4 3.1 10.0 5.3 8.68

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 38.8 1.9 5.2 2.5 0.6 17.9 0.3 2.3 5.3 2.8 4.81

 Cooling .......................................... 41.1 1.7 5.9 2.7 0.6 18.8 0.3 2.4 5.6 2.9 5.60

 Lighting ......................................... 40.0 2.0 5.3 2.5 0.6 18.1 0.3 2.7 5.5 3.0 4.50

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

NF = No applicable RSE column factor.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of abbreviations

and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for types of equipment represent consumption in buildings which have the equipment, not the consumption by the

specific piece of equipment. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 323
Table EU-5. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Natural Gas Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating

Water

Heating Cooking Othera 

1.0 NF NF NF NF

All Buildings .................................. 1,946 1,092 521 198 135 5.41

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 264 167 39 50 Q 11.73

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 272 193 44 31 Q 20.13

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 356 239 75 28 14 14.79

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 231 139 65 15 Q 9.61

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 243 146 70 14 13 9.89

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 244 107 94 19 24 14.55

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 211 65 85 24 36 11.57

 Over 500,000 ................................ 125 37 49 16 23 14.35

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 245 148 73 9 16 10.38

 Food Sales .................................... 18 10 4 3 1 37.47

 Food Service ................................ 158 33 28 96 Q 20.37

 Health Care ................................... 258 79 105 25 49 14.80

 Lodging ......................................... 213 38 145 22 7 12.94

 Mercantile and Service ................. 395 315 44 17 19 16.62

 Office ............................................ 239 160 59 10 10 10.23

 Public Assembly ........................... 142 106 25 9 Q 15.78

 Public Order and Safety ................ 33 15 11 Q Q 18.94

 Religious Worship ......................... 57 50 7 1 Q 16.29

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 106 93 8 (*) Q 12.92

 Other ............................................. 55 25 8 Q 22 29.01

 Vacant ........................................... 26 21 5 Q Q 41.08

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 135 82 22 14 Q 15.06

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 210 150 39 11 11 12.89

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 391 255 88 26 21 17.85

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 375 188 123 41 23 9.91

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 393 214 110 32 37 13.45

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 288 137 89 46 16 8.52

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 100 40 33 22 Q 28.03

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 54 27 17 6 4 20.41

Floors

 One ............................................... 654 429 115 95 16 9.58

 Two ............................................... 481 305 125 31 20 12.79

 Three ............................................ 284 173 68 19 24 10.04

 Four to Nine .................................. 411 147 164 38 60 8.83

 Ten or More .................................. 117 38 48 15 16 14.84

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ...................................... 297 163 73 29 32 14.36

 New England .............................. 74 41 21 5 6 31.87

 Middle Atlantic ............................ 223 122 51 24 26 14.01

 Midwest ......................................... 750 519 153 46 31 10.47

 East North Central ...................... 505 340 109 39 18 8.45

 West North Central ..................... 244 179 45 7 Q 25.91

 South ............................................ 528 250 163 77 39 11.96

 South Atlantic .............................. 197 82 57 41 18 14.95

 East South Central ...................... 164 95 49 9 12 30.06

 West South Central ..................... 167 73 57 27 10 10.76

 West .............................................. 371 160 132 47 31 10.87

 Mountain ..................................... 150 93 40 10 8 18.72

 Pacific ......................................... 221 68 93 37 24 12.86

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

324 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table EU-5. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Natural Gas Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating

Water

Heating Cooking Othera 

1.0 NF NF NF NF

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................. 240 175 49 10 Q 17.21

 5,500-7,000 HDD ........................ 692 464 148 44 35 11.47

 4,000-5,499 HDD ........................ 452 247 110 44 50 18.53

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............... 372 150 137 55 29 10.98

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............... 191 56 76 45 14 18.42

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 298 221 60 11 Q 8.49

 5 to 9 ............................................. 244 182 37 15 9 21.85

 10 to 19 ......................................... 269 172 49 45 3 21.42

 20 to 49 ......................................... 343 188 83 52 20 10.13

 50 to 99 ......................................... 218 111 81 18 8 10.28

 100 to 249 ..................................... 222 107 76 17 23 12.45

 250 or More .................................. 352 110 135 39 67 8.87

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 92 78 11 3 Q 17.48

 40 to 48 ......................................... 365 296 50 13 6 14.24

 49 to 60 ......................................... 301 227 50 9 15 10.97

 61 to 84 ......................................... 279 173 55 38 13 11.27

 85 to 167 ....................................... 243 113 56 65 9 14.42

 Open Continuously ....................... 665 206 300 70 90 10.58

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 1,472 810 396 174 92 5.79

 Owner Occupied ......................... 1,245 663 353 148 81 6.90

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 218 141 40 26 Q 11.16

 Unoccupied ................................. QQQQQ 99.99

 Government Owned ...................... 474 282 125 24 43 12.84

 Federal ........................................ 42 19 10 2 Q 31.53

 State ........................................... 121 52 40 8 20 20.76

 Local ........................................... 311 212 75 14 11 18.40

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 409 229 103 34 43 16.75

 No ................................................. 1,537 863 418 164 92 6.09

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 1,938 1,087 519 198 135 5.74

 Natural Gas ................................... 1,946 1,092 521 198 135 5.41

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 556 217 204 55 80 9.64

 District Heat .................................. 146 Q 40 18 Q 25.92

 District Chilled Water .................... 101 15 24 11 52 19.60

 Propane ........................................ 90 49 25 6 10 18.74

 Other ............................................. 64 30 17 6 Q 23.09

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated .................................... QQQQQ 99.99

 1 to 50 ........................................... 86 64 11 8 Q 17.66

 51 to 99 ......................................... 281 163 72 32 14 18.46

 100 ................................................ 1,570 866 435 155 115 5.79

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 163 123 30 5 Q 13.84

 1 to 50 ........................................... 515 400 81 13 21 14.16

 51 to 99 ......................................... 463 210 155 59 39 9.27

 100 ................................................ 804 360 254 121 69 6.78

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 325
Table EU-5. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Natural Gas Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating

Water

Heating Cooking Othera 

1.0 NF NF NF NF

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. QQQQQ 99.99

 1 to 50 ........................................... 136 100 26 5 Q 11.34

 51 to 99 ......................................... 345 195 89 30 32 10.43

 100 ................................................ 1,448 784 403 162 99 6.11

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... QQQQQ 99.99

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 302 246 34 8 12 10.69

 1 to 50 ........................................... 909 604 166 111 28 8.07

 51 to 100 ....................................... 56 23 20 8 Q 21.77

 Never Closed ................................ 663 205 299 70 90 11.36

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... QQQQQ 99.99

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 142 39 75 16 12 14.38

 Furnaces ....................................... 548 408 89 41 10 9.99

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 609 398 147 33 32 12.37

 District Heat .................................. 146 19 37 21 68 17.39

 Boilers ........................................... 938 530 306 56 46 6.95

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 544 273 157 96 18 6.87

 Other ............................................. 166 69 60 20 18 13.91

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central A/C ....... 417 243 101 49 23 15.95

 Heat Pumps .................................. 161 52 78 19 12 13.68

 Individual A/C ................................ 553 307 168 45 33 11.52

 District Chilled Water .................... 101 15 24 11 52 19.60

 Central Chillers ............................. 502 198 203 46 54 8.60

 Packaged A/C Units ...................... 929 492 256 125 57 6.16

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 117 44 48 20 5 18.16

 Other ............................................. 31 17 7 Q Q 28.00

Water-Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Centralized System ....................... 1,353 746 378 138 90 7.01

 Distributed System ........................ 379 217 85 44 32 8.24

 Combination of Centralized

 and Distributed System ................ 146 63 57 15 11 16.86

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one may

apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 1,660 918 458 171 113 6.23

 Wall Insulation .............................. 1,055 532 324 124 75 5.68

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 1,166 609 343 135 79 6.11

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 840 384 265 113 77 6.31

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 1,348 676 395 152 125 6.21

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 564 220 208 72 63 6.75

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 698 309 227 89 74 4.91

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 1,593 839 458 171 124 5.56

 Other Energy Efficient Equipment 263 112 89 29 33 13.02

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

326 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table EU-5. Natural Gas Consumption by End Use, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Natural Gas Consumption

(trillion Btu)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating

Water

Heating Cooking Othera 

1.0 NF NF NF NF

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 1,097 758 188 111 40 7.30

 Cooling .......................................... 1,009 682 180 110 37 8.17

 Lighting ......................................... 1,248 864 214 126 44 6.81

a Includes cooling.

(*) = Value rounds to zero in the units displayed.

NF = No applicable RSE column factor.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for types of equipment represent consumption in buildings which have the equipment, not the

consumption by the specific piece of equipment. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 327
Table EU-6. Energy End-Use Intensities for Natural Gas, 1995

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Energy Intensity for Natural Gas

(thousand Btu per sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating

Water

Heating Cooking Othera 

1.0 NF NF NF NF

All Buildings .................................. 51.0 28.6 13.7 5.2 3.5 4.77

Building Floorspace (square feet)

 1,001 to 5,000 ............................... 89.6 56.9 13.3 17.0 Q 8.73

 5,001 to 10,000 ............................. 60.4 42.9 9.8 6.9 Q 17.62

 10,001 to 25,000 ........................... 47.1 31.6 9.9 3.8 1.9 13.54

 25,001 to 50,000 ........................... 44.0 26.5 12.3 2.8 Q 6.04

 50,001 to 100,000 ......................... 43.4 26.0 12.5 2.5 2.4 7.70

 100,001 to 200,000 ....................... 52.6 23.0 20.2 4.2 5.3 11.96

 200,001 to 500,000 ....................... 53.5 16.5 21.6 6.1 9.2 8.88

 Over 500,000 ................................ 33.8 9.9 13.2 4.4 6.3 14.60

Principal Building Activity

 Education ...................................... 42.3 25.5 12.5 1.6 2.7 7.05

 Food Sales .................................... 43.7 24.3 9.9 7.5 1.9 28.48

 Food Service ................................ 157.7 33.4 27.7 96.2 Q 13.57

 Health Care ................................... 146.9 45.1 59.6 14.4 27.7 11.18

 Lodging ......................................... 75.2 13.5 51.4 7.9 2.4 9.64

 Mercantile and Service ................. 46.4 36.9 5.2 2.0 2.3 15.62

 Office ............................................ 36.7 24.5 9.0 1.6 1.6 8.39

 Public Assembly ........................... 53.3 39.7 9.4 3.5 Q 11.71

 Public Order and Safety ................ 44.7 20.1 15.4 Q Q 17.01

 Religious Worship ......................... 28.7 24.8 3.4 0.5 Q 14.90

 Warehouse and Storage ............... 23.0 20.3 1.7 0.1 1.0 7.80

 Other ............................................. 84.6 37.7 11.7 Q 33.5 19.25

 Vacant ........................................... 39.8 31.9 7.0 Q Q 38.45

Year Constructed

 1919 or Before .............................. 51.2 30.9 8.4 5.2 Q 11.93

 1920 to 1945 ................................. 46.1 32.8 8.5 2.5 2.4 9.16

 1946 to 1959 ................................. 60.4 39.4 13.6 4.0 3.3 13.48

 1960 to 1969 ................................. 52.2 26.2 17.2 5.8 3.2 9.06

 1970 to 1979 ................................. 53.2 29.0 14.9 4.3 5.0 14.06

 1980 to 1989 ................................. 40.1 19.1 12.4 6.4 2.2 6.58

 1990 to 1992 ................................. 60.5 24.0 20.1 13.3 Q 24.62

 1993 to 1995 ................................. 49.5 24.9 15.3 5.1 4.1 12.91

Floors

 One ............................................... 46.5 30.4 8.2 6.7 1.1 7.69

 Two ............................................... 48.9 31.0 12.7 3.2 2.0 10.63

 Three ............................................ 51.2 31.3 12.3 3.4 4.2 7.33

 Four to Nine .................................. 67.0 24.1 26.8 6.3 9.8 7.74

 Ten or More .................................. 45.6 14.8 18.7 6.0 6.1 16.11

Census Region and Division

 Northeast ...................................... 41.7 22.9 10.2 4.0 4.6 9.43

 New England .............................. 51.3 28.7 14.8 3.5 4.3 19.47

 Middle Atlantic ............................ 39.3 21.5 9.1 4.1 4.6 7.93

 Midwest ......................................... 68.8 47.6 14.1 4.2 2.9 8.52

 East North Central ...................... 66.9 45.0 14.4 5.1 2.4 6.72

 West North Central ..................... 72.9 53.4 13.4 2.2 Q 20.36

 South ............................................ 43.0 20.3 13.2 6.2 3.2 9.97

 South Atlantic .............................. 41.0 17.0 11.8 8.5 3.7 9.44

 East South Central ...................... 51.9 30.1 15.4 2.8 3.6 29.03

 West South Central ..................... 38.7 16.8 13.2 6.3 2.3 8.72

 West .............................................. 47.3 20.5 16.9 6.0 4.0 7.15

 Mountain ..................................... 57.0 35.4 15.1 3.7 2.9 17.03

 Pacific ......................................... 42.4 12.9 17.8 7.1 4.6 9.84

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

328 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table EU-6. Energy End-Use Intensities for Natural Gas, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Energy Intensity for Natural Gas

(thousand Btu per sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating

Water

Heating Cooking Othera 

1.0 NF NF NF NF

Climate Zone: 45-Year Average

 Fewer than 2,000 CDD and --

 More than 7,000 HDD ................. 70.5 51.4 14.5 2.8 Q 10.25

 5,500-7,000 HDD ........................ 64.3 43.1 13.8 4.1 3.2 10.23

 4,000-5,499 HDD ........................ 49.7 27.2 12.1 4.9 5.5 11.48

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............... 38.7 15.7 14.3 5.7 3.1 5.37

 More than 2,000 CDD and --

 Fewer than 4,000 HDD ............... 36.0 10.5 14.4 8.5 2.6 9.81

Workers (main shift)

 Fewer than 5 ................................. 45.3 33.6 9.1 1.7 Q 7.14

 5 to 9 ............................................. 54.4 40.7 8.2 3.4 2.1 20.19

 10 to 19 ......................................... 57.4 36.7 10.4 9.7 0.6 20.59

 20 to 49 ......................................... 51.8 28.4 12.5 7.8 3.0 7.39

 50 to 99 ......................................... 45.8 23.3 17.1 3.8 1.6 8.52

 100 to 249 ..................................... 51.7 24.9 17.6 3.9 5.3 10.45

 250 or More .................................. 52.4 16.4 20.1 5.9 10.0 8.42

Weekly Operating Hours

 39 or Fewer ................................... 34.7 29.2 4.2 1.0 Q 10.91

 40 to 48 ......................................... 42.8 34.6 5.9 1.6 0.7 11.58

 49 to 60 ......................................... 37.6 28.4 6.2 1.1 1.9 6.56

 61 to 84 ......................................... 39.6 24.6 7.8 5.4 1.9 6.79

 85 to 167 ....................................... 61.2 28.4 14.1 16.4 2.3 10.68

 Open Continuously ....................... 83.9 26.0 37.8 8.8 11.3 9.44

Ownership and Occupancy

 Nongovernment Owned ................ 48.6 26.8 13.1 5.7 3.0 4.86

 Owner Occupied ......................... 52.0 27.7 14.7 6.2 3.4 5.71

 Nonowner Occupied ................... 35.9 23.3 6.6 4.3 Q 8.14

 Unoccupied ................................. QQQQQ 99.99

 Government Owned ...................... 60.1 35.7 15.8 3.1 5.4 12.12

 Federal ........................................ 59.6 26.1 14.5 2.6 Q 22.45

 State ........................................... 71.1 30.6 23.6 4.9 12.0 16.57

 Local ........................................... 56.7 38.6 13.6 2.6 2.0 16.12

Space in Building Vacant for at

Least Three Consecutive Months

 Yes ................................................ 42.0 23.6 10.5 3.5 4.4 14.09

 No ................................................. 54.1 30.4 14.7 5.8 3.2 4.65

Energy Sources (more than one

may apply)

 Electricity ...................................... 51.0 28.6 13.6 5.2 3.5 5.09

 Natural Gas ................................... 51.0 28.6 13.7 5.2 3.5 4.77

 Fuel Oil ......................................... 60.0 23.5 22.0 5.9 8.6 9.77

 District Heat .................................. 62.2 Q 17.1 7.9 Q 26.34

 District Chilled Water .................... 78.8 11.6 18.5 8.6 40.1 14.56

 Propane ........................................ 57.3 31.1 16.2 3.7 6.3 8.68

 Other ............................................. 43.1 20.2 11.2 4.0 Q 17.38

Percent of Floorspace Heated

 Not Heated .................................... QQQQQ 99.99

 1 to 50 ........................................... 23.2 17.1 2.9 2.3 Q 16.33

 51 to 99 ......................................... 45.2 26.2 11.5 5.1 2.3 16.43

 100 ................................................ 56.0 30.9 15.5 5.5 4.1 5.14

Percent of Floorspace Cooled

 Not Cooled .................................... 53.6 40.2 9.8 1.6 Q 10.87

 1 to 50 ........................................... 47.6 36.9 7.5 1.2 1.9 12.43

 51 to 99 ......................................... 49.4 22.4 16.6 6.3 4.2 7.25

 100 ................................................ 54.0 24.2 17.1 8.1 4.6 5.43

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 329
Table EU-6. Energy End-Use Intensities for Natural Gas, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Energy Intensity for Natural Gas

(thousand Btu per sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating

Water

Heating Cooking Othera 

1.0 NF NF NF NF

Percent Lit when Open

 Zero .............................................. QQQQQ 99.99

 1 to 50 ........................................... 36.5 26.8 7.1 1.4 Q 9.15

 51 to 99 ......................................... 50.3 28.3 12.9 4.4 4.6 8.71

 100 ................................................ 53.4 28.9 14.9 6.0 3.6 5.97

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... QQQQQ 99.99

Percent Lit when Closed

 Zero .............................................. 41.1 33.6 4.7 1.1 1.7 7.49

 1 to 50 ........................................... 43.1 28.6 7.9 5.3 1.3 6.68

 51 to 100 ....................................... 40.8 16.8 14.3 6.2 Q 13.98

 Never Closed ................................ 83.8 26.0 37.7 8.8 11.3 9.98

 Building Not in Use/

 Electricity Not Used ..................... QQQQQ 99.99

Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Heat Pumps .................................. 47.5 13.0 25.1 5.4 3.9 11.27

 Furnaces ....................................... 46.0 34.2 7.5 3.5 0.8 10.21

 Individual Space Heaters .............. 47.8 31.2 11.5 2.6 2.5 10.59

 District Heat .................................. 60.0 7.8 15.4 8.6 28.2 14.75

 Boilers ........................................... 65.8 37.2 21.5 3.9 3.2 6.67

 Packaged Heating Units ............... 42.1 21.1 12.2 7.4 1.4 5.52

 Other ............................................. 40.8 16.9 14.7 4.9 4.3 13.81

Cooling Equipment (more than

one may apply)

 Residential-Type Central A/C ....... 60.0 34.9 14.6 7.1 3.3 12.65

 Heat Pumps .................................. 44.3 14.2 21.5 5.2 3.4 9.76

 Individual A/C ................................ 60.1 33.4 18.2 4.9 3.6 9.86

 District Chilled Water .................... 78.8 11.6 18.5 8.6 40.1 14.56

 Central Chillers ............................. 60.4 23.8 24.5 5.6 6.5 6.77

 Packaged A/C Units ...................... 46.2 24.4 12.7 6.2 2.8 5.54

 Swamp Coolers ............................ 61.8 23.1 25.5 10.6 2.7 13.67

 Other ............................................. 40.5 22.1 9.3 Q 4.1 20.39

Water-Heating Equipment (more

than one may apply)

 Centralized System ....................... 59.8 33.0 16.7 6.1 4.0 6.63

 Distributed System ........................ 34.3 19.6 7.7 4.0 2.9 5.81

 Combination of Centralized

 and Distributed System ................ 56.2 24.3 22.0 5.8 4.1 14.10

Building Shell Conservation

Features (more than one may

apply)

 Roof or Ceiling Insulation .............. 53.0 29.3 14.6 5.5 3.6 5.67

 Wall Insulation .............................. 49.6 25.0 15.2 5.8 3.5 5.09

 Storm or Multiple Glazing ............. 57.9 30.3 17.1 6.7 3.9 6.29

 Tinted, Reflective or

 Shading Glass ............................. 49.8 22.8 15.7 6.7 4.6 4.72

 Exterior or Interior

 Shading or Awnings ..................... 52.0 26.1 15.2 5.9 4.8 5.27

HVAC Conservation Features

(more than one may apply)

 Variable Air-Volume System ......... 59.7 23.3 22.0 7.6 6.7 6.52

 Economizer Cycle ......................... 56.9 25.1 18.5 7.2 6.0 5.77

 HVAC Maintenance ...................... 53.1 28.0 15.3 5.7 4.1 4.93

 Other Energy Efficient Equipment 54.6 23.2 18.5 6.1 6.8 8.52

See footnotes at end of table.

Energy Information Administration

330 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Table EU-6. Energy End-Use Intensities for Natural Gas, 1995 (Continued)

Building

Characteristics

 RSE Column Factor:

Energy Intensity for Natural Gas

(thousand Btu per sq. ft.)

RSE

Row

Factor

Total

Space

Heating

Water

Heating Cooking Othera 

1.0 NF NF NF NF

Off-Hour Equipment

Reduction (more than one

may apply)

 Heating ......................................... 41.4 28.6 7.1 4.2 1.5 5.23

 Cooling .......................................... 41.0 27.7 7.3 4.5 1.5 6.27

 Lighting ......................................... 42.4 29.3 7.3 4.3 1.5 4.88

a Includes cooling.

NF = No applicable RSE column factor.

Q = Data withheld because the Relative Standard Error (RSE) was greater than 50 percent, or data were reported for fewer than 20 buildings.

Notes: • To obtain the RSE percentage for any table cell, multiply the corresponding RSE column and RSE row factors. • See Glossary for explanation of

abbreviations and definitions of terms used in this report. • Statistics for types of equipment represent consumption in buildings which have the equipment, not the

consumption by the specific piece of equipment. • Because of rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Forms EIA-871A through F of the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 331
Appendix A

How the Survey Was Conducted

Introduction

The Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) is conducted by the Energy Information

Administration (EIA) to provide basic statistical information on energy consumption and expenditures for

U.S. commercial buildings and data on energy-related

characteristics of these buildings. To obtain this information, a survey is conducted, which is based upon a

sample of commercial buildings selected according to

the sample design requirements described in this appendix. A “building” as opposed to an “establishment”

is the basic unit for the CBECS because a building is

the energy-consuming unit.

This is the sixth in a series of surveys covering the

commercial sector. The first survey was conducted in

1979; surveys were then conducted on a triennial basis

beginning in 1983 until 1995. Future CBECS will be

conducted on a quadrennial basis, with the next

CBECS scheduled for 1999.

The CBECS is conducted in two major data-collection

stages: a Building Characteristics Survey and an Energy Suppliers Survey. The first stage is a Building

Characteristics Survey that collects information about

selected commercial buildings through voluntary personal interviews with the buildings’ owners, managers,

or tenants. In 1995, the data were collected by using

Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)

techniques. An authorization form signed by the respondent is used to secure the release of the building’s

energy consumption and expenditures records from the

energy supplier. These energy consumption and expenditures data are collected during the Energy Suppliers Survey, which is the second stage.

The Energy Suppliers Survey obtains data about the

building’s actual consumption of energy and associated expenditures for that energy from records maintained by energy suppliers. The information is

obtained by means of a mail survey conducted under

EIA’s mandatory data collection authority. Additionally, the CBECS asked energy suppliers about any

demand-side management programs they may have

provided to the building. Under EIA’s direction, a survey research firm conducted both the personal interviews for the Building Characteristics Survey and the

mail survey for the Energy Suppliers Survey.

This appendix discusses in greater detail how the

CBECS is conducted. It describes the sample design,

the survey forms, response rates, data collection and

data processing procedures, and the data preparation

for the statistical reports based on the survey results.

Target Population

The target population for CBECS consisted of all commercial buildings in the United States larger than 1,000

square feet, with the exception of commercial buildings located on manufacturing sites. To be eligible for

the survey, a building had to satisfy three criteria: (1) it

had to meet the survey’s definition of a building, (2) it

had to be used primarily for some commercial purpose,

and (3) it had to measure 1,001 square feet or more.

A building is defined by CBECS as a structure totally

enclosed by walls that extend from the foundation to

the roof and is intended for human access. To be used

primarily for some commercial purpose, the building

must have more than 50 percent of its floorspace devoted to activities that are neither residential, industrial, nor agricultural. The 1995 CBECS estimated that

there were 4,579 thousand buildings in the target population.

Sample Design

The sample design for the CBECS is a multistage area

probability cluster sample design supplemented by a

list sample of “large” buildings, recently constructed

buildings, and “special” buildings (Federal Government buildings and post offices, hospitals, colleges,

and universities). The area sample portion of the deEnergy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 333
sign is a sample from the broad spectrum of commercial buildings. The supplemental list sample provides

an oversample of “large” buildings and “special”

buildings. Similarly, for recently constructed buildings, the area sample is used to provide a sample from

the broad spectrum of new buildings and the supplemental list sample provides an oversample of “large”

new buildings.

Multistage Area Probability Sample

The area component of the CBECS sample used a

four-stage cluster sampling design that selected primary sampling units (PSU’s), secondary sampling

units (SSU’s), segments, and, ultimately, buildings.

The first three of these stages involved sampling progressively smaller geographic areas. For the 1995

CBECS, the same PSU’s, SSU’s, and segments that

were selected for the 1986 CBECS were reused. For

the fourth stage of sampling, the 1995 selection of

buildings was executed by using procedures to update

the 1986 CBECS building lists to include new construction in the sampled segments.

Supplementary List Sample from Lists

of Large and Specialized Buildings

To ensure adequate coverage of buildings that were

significant energy users, the multistage area probability sample was supplemented within each selected

PSU by a sample from a list of “large” buildings

(buildings over 250,000 square feet) or facilities. In addition, to improve the precision of energy consumption

estimates for certain types of buildings, a supplementary sample was drawn from several lists of special

buildings. These list frame files differ from the area

segment listings in that the list files are primarily facility or construction-project based as opposed to building based.

Desired Sampling Results

The goal of the 1995 CBECS sampling procedures

(both the area sample and the supplemental list sample)

was to achieve completed interviews for 5,500 buildings — 4,450 buildings from the area sample and 1,050

buildings from the supplemental list sample.

Actual Sample Selected

In order to achieve the 1995 CBECS goal for number

of respondents, a sample of 8,074 potential cases was

selected, consisting of 6,633 buildings from the area

sample frame and 1,441 buildings from the supplemental list sample frames consisting of large buildings

and special buildings. Of these 8,074 buildings, 6,590

buildings were found eligible for interviewing. The

three primary eligibility criteria, building definition,

building use, and building size are described in the

“Determining Building Eligibility” section below.

Other reasons for sample building listings to be classified as ineligible included duplication of buildings, demolished buildings, buildings under construction, or

commercial buildings on industrial facilities.

Response Rates

Of the 6,590 eligible buildings, interviews were completed for 87.5 percent, or 5,766 buildings (4,728

buildings from the area sample and 1,038 buildings

from the supplemental list sample). Of the 5,766

CBECS respondents, 5,668 reported some energy use

in the building. For 92.6 percent, or 5,250, of these

buildings, an authorization form was obtained which

allowed the survey contractor to contact the energy

suppliers for release of the energy billing data for the

building.

Building Characteristics

Survey

This section describes how the building characteristics

survey is conducted. It includes information about

what constitutes a commercial building for the

CBECS, how the questionnaire is designed, the type of

interviewer training that occurs, how the data are collected (including procedures to minimize nonresponse), and what the data edit specifications are.

Determining Building Eligibility

Determining building eligibility was a three-step process. The first step occurred during the development of

the area and supplemental sample listings. The second

step occurred when the interviewer observed the building, and the third step occurred during the interview of

the building owner or manager. While criterion one,

the definition of a building, can be determined during

the first and second steps, criteria two and three are

based more on lister or interviewer judgment and could

result in exclusion of eligible buildings or the inclusion

of ineligible buildings during those steps. The third

step is crucial in identifying ineligible buildings. Once

the interviewer begins the interview, initial screening

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334 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
questions instruct the interviewer to terminate the interview if criterion two or three is not met.

Criterion 1: Building Definition: The definition of a

building was the same one used in previous CBECS: a

structure totally enclosed by walls that extend from the

foundation to the roof and intended for human access.

Thus, structures such as water, radio, and television

towers were excluded from the survey. Also excluded

were (1) parking garages and partially open structures,

such as lumber yards; (2) enclosed structures that people usually do not enter or are not buildings, such as

pumping stations, cooling towers, oil tanks, statues,

and monuments; and (3) dilapidated or incomplete

buildings missing a roof or a wall. There is one exception to the building definition criterion: a structure

built on pillars so that the first fully enclosed level is

elevated. These were included because such buildings

fall short of meeting the definition due only to the technical shortcoming of being raised from the foundation.

They are totally enclosed, are used for common commercial purposes, and use energy in much the same

way as buildings that sit directly on a foundation.

Criterion 2: Building Use: The second criterion was

that a building had to be used primarily for some commercial purpose; that is, more than 50 percent of the

building’s floorspace must have been devoted to activities that were neither residential, industrial, nor agricultural. The primary use of the sampled building

governed whether the building was included in the

CBECS. In 1995, there was one exception to this criterion: commercial buildings on manufacturing sites

were considered out of scope. (In previous CBECS, if

a commercial building (e.g., an office building), was

located on a manufacturing site, it would have been

considered in scope).

Examples of nonresidential buildings that were not included in the CBECS samples are:

• Farm buildings, such as barns, unless space is

used for retail sales to the general public

• Industrial or manufacturing buildings that involve

the processing or procurement of goods, merchandise, or food

• Buildings on most military bases

• Buildings where access is restricted for national

security reasons

• Single-family detached dwellings that are primarily residential, even if the occupants use part of the

dwelling for business purposes

• Mobile homes that are not placed on a permanent

foundation (even if the mobile home is used for

nonresidential purposes).

During the interviewing stage, interviewers were instructed not to begin interviews at buildings where they

observed that 75 percent or more of the floorspace was

used for residential, industrial, or agricultural purposes. Once the interview began, screening questions

instructed the interviewer to terminate the interview if

the respondent indicated that 50 percent or more of the

square footage was used for residential, industrial, or

agricultural purposes.

Criterion 3: Building Size: The third criterion was

that a commercial building had to measure more than

1,000 square feet (about twice the size of a two-car garage) to be considered in scope for the 1995 CBECS.

This building size criterion was met in two successive

size cutoffs, which were enacted during the listing and

interviewing processes. During the listing stage, buildings judged to be less than 500 square feet were not

listed. Interviewers did not begin interviews when they

observed a building to be 500 square feet or less. Then

during the interviewing stage, interviewers asked

screening questions designed to terminate the interview when the square footage was reported to be 1,000

square feet or less.

Data Collection

Data collection encompasses several phases, including: (1) designing the questionnaire, (2) training supervisors and interviewers, (3) collecting data, (4)

minimizing nonresponse, and (5) processing the data.

A survey contractor performed the data collection under the direction of EIA.

Designing the Building

Characteristics Survey

Questionnaire

Questionnaire design work for the 1995 CBECS was

conducted by EIA. Although a set of core questions remained the same or very similar to those used in previous surveys, the 1995 Building Questionnaire was

redesigned to improve data quality and to allow the

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A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 335
data to be collected by use of Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) techniques.

Use of CAPI: Increasingly, in an effort to provide

more timely data and to enhance the quality of data,

surveys are conducted by using Computer-Assisted Interviewing (CAI) systems. Because of the complexity

of the CBECS, a personal interview with a building respondent is the most preferable method of collecting

information about a particular building. Thus, using

CAPI was the most logical CAI method for CBECS.

Interviewers were provided laptop computers that had

been preloaded with questionnaires for the buildings

they were to interview.

The CBECS questionnaire requires the interviewer to

ask specific follow-up questions based on the responses to previous questions. Therefore, a major

benefit of converting to CAPI from a paper and pencil

questionnaire was the ability to build edits into the

questionnaire that would reduce the need for the interviewer to decide which of the follow-up questions to

ask the respondents. This, in turn, reduced the number

of skip pattern errors that needed correcting during the

post-interview edit phase and the number of item nonresponses. Additionally, these built-in edits alerted the

interviewer to data inconsistencies that might occur

when the respondent selected an answer that was technically incorrect or incompatible with a previous answer. For example, if the respondent reported the

presence of heating equipment types that were unlikely

for a given energy source, CAPI alerted the interviewer

to this inconsistency and provided directions, via data

screen messages, on how to resolve the inconsistency.

(See “CAPI Edits During Interviewing” in this appendix for other types of edits.)

CAPI also allows the interviewers to transmit data for

completed cases electronically from the field to the

home office so that data processing can start immediately. This capability allows processing to proceed

more smoothly and ultimately results in faster dissemination of the data to CBECS customers.

Training Supervisors and

Interviewers

The CBECS building questionnaire is a complex instrument designed to collect data during a personal interview at the building site. Well-trained interviewers

are imperative to the collection of technical information. Training for the 1995 CBECS included three inperson training sessions: one session for the interviewer trainers, monitors, and regional supervisors and

two sessions for the interviewers. Because the 1995

CBECS was collected for the first time by using CAPI,

all interviewers were trained in the general use of the

computer and in interviewing and administering the

CAPI questionnaire. Training sessions included lectures, interviewers slide presentations, and small group

sessions where the interviewers practiced administering the questionnaire by using laptop computers. EIA

personnel participated in all training sessions, providing an overview of the CBECS and a presentation on

the key 1995 CBECS energy concepts.

Prior to interviewer training, all prospective interviewers received the CBECS Training Video, a CBECS Interviewer’s Manual, a CBECS Computer Assisted

Personal Interviewing (CAPI) Reference Guide, a

home-study exercise to be completed prior to training,

and a training agenda. The CBECS Training Video included: (1) concepts of sampling, (2) the CBECS definition of a building and the eligibility criteria, (3)

information on how to determine the boundaries of a

building, and (4) the area sample listing materials. The

video was used to familiarize the interviewer with

these materials prior to the in-person interviewer training. The CBECS Interviewer’s Manual included instructions for locating sampled buildings and

conducting interviews, as well as describing administrative and reporting procedures. The CBECS Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)

Reference Guide described the care and operation of

the computer hardware for the 1995 CBECS and the

Case Management and Interviewing System that was

loaded onto the laptops. Home-study exercises were

related directly to materials covered in the video.

Interviewers who had not previously worked for the

survey contractor received the General Interviewing

Techniques Manual and a home study guide with exercises to be completed prior to training. Interviewers

with no prior experience with CAPI participated in a

3-4 hour hands-on, self-paced instruction program on

how to use the laptop computer.

During the training, all interviewers received (1)

question-by-question specifications that described the

intent of each question, the definitions of terms used in

the survey, and how to ask each question and (2) Hand

Cards that were to be used during the interview. By the

conclusion of the training session, all interviewers had

completed four scripted practice interviews that covered various types of situations they might encounter in

the field.

Energy Information Administration

336 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Because the feedback EIA received from energy suppliers indicated that the primary reason for delays in

processing the Energy Suppliers Survey was missing

account numbers, special emphasis was placed on obtaining account numbers. The importance of this was

stressed, along with the importance of obtaining signed

authorization forms from the respondent. These forms

are used to secure the release of the buildings’ energy

consumption and expenditures records from the energy

supplier. With the 1995 survey, account numbers were

added as a data item collected during the interview

rather than in conjunction with preparing the authorization form.

The 1995 CBECS interviewing training sessions included a formalized evaluation process. Based on the

results of a key concepts quiz/test and an evaluation by

trainers and/or supervisors, the interviewer trainees

were considered either to have successfully completed

training, were placed on probation, or were released

from the study.

Collecting the Data

Initial contacts with the building representatives were

made through an introductory letter mailed to them at

each building or facility in the survey sample. The letter, signed by a representative of EIA, was addressed

to the building owner or manager. The letter explained

that the building had been selected for the survey, introduced the survey contractor, assured the building

manager that the data would remain confidential, and

discussed the uses and needs for the CBECS data in

setting national energy policies. To protect confidentiality, the letter was addressed by the survey contractor

after it was signed at EIA.

A worksheet was attached to the letter that listed several pieces of information that the respondent should

have ready for the interviewer. This information included square footage of the building, year constructed, energy sources used, types of heating and

cooling equipment, number of workers, energy billing

account numbers, and names and addresses of the energy suppliers. The worksheet alerted the respondent

to questions that might be difficult to answer “on-thespot” and which, if gathered prior to data collection,

could reduce the length of the interview or the need for

callbacks. Additionally, 989 buildings selected in 1995

that were from the 1992 CBECS and 21 buildings from

the 1993 Federal Buildings Supplemental Survey were

sent information that they had previously reported during those two surveys.

Data collection began August 28, 1995, and ended December 8, 1995. The data were collected by the survey

contractor’s field staff. This staff consisted of 149 interviewers under the supervision of seven regional supervisors and their assistants and a central office staff

consisting of a project manager, a field director, and a

subsampling assistant.

Interviewers: Prior to beginning the interview, the interviewer observed the outside of the building to ascertain if the structure met the size and building-use

eligibility requirements of the survey. If the building

failed to meet any one of the definitional criteria, the

building was classified as ineligible and no interview

was conducted. (See “Determining Building Eligibility” section of this appendix for an explanation of these

criteria.)

During the initial visit to the sampled buildings, the interviewers identified and attempted to schedule an interview with a knowledgeable respondent who met the

survey criteria for a building representative. The respondent could be the owner of the building, a tenant,

a hired building manager or engineer, or a spokesperson for a management company.

The Interview: Each interview began with a series of

screening questions designed to verify the building’s

address and eligibility for the survey. Respondents

were asked about the building as a whole rather than individual establishments located within the building.

The completed building interview lasted an average of

40 minutes. This included the time for the interviewer

to record the results of the screening, to ask all questions on the building characteristics questionnaire, and

to obtain a signed authorization form from the respondent for the release of energy billing data from the energy supplier to the building. It did not include the

observation time prior to the interview to determine if

the building was eligible or the time needed to obtain a

signed authorization form from someone other than the

building respondent in those cases when the building

respondent did not have the authority to sign the form.

The average time to obtain each completed interview,

including interviewer preparation, travel, callbacks, interviewing, and transmitting the completed interviews

to the home office, was 6 hours and 54 minutes. Each

interviewer conducted an average of 53 interviews: 5

interviewers each completed 10 or fewer interviews,

while 6 interviewer each completed more than 70.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 337
Interviewer Supervision: Procedures were taken to

ensure that the interviews were conducted as intended.

Ten percent of each interviewer’s cases were preselected for validation to verify that the interview had

been conducted and that it had been conducted at the

correct building according to specified procedures.

This validation occurred by telephone at the survey

contractor’s home office. If a disproportionate percentage of an interviewer’s validation cases were classified

as ineligibles or nonrespondents, additional cases were

selected as needed to ensure 10 percent coverage of responding cases for each interviewer. Interviewers were

informed that a sample of their work would be validated, but they were not informed which completed interviews would be checked. If a field supervisor was

concerned about a particular interviewer, he or she

conducted discretionary validations.

Minimizing Nonresponse

Several approaches were employed in an effort to

minimize nonresponse, including: advance mailings to

building owners or managers (see ‘Data Collection’ in

this appendix); in-person visits; telephone callbacks;

establishment of a toll-free “hot-line” number to address respondents’ concerns or questions; personalized

letters to documented refusals; and provision of additional field staff in several Metropolitan Statistical Areas to help those who still had problem cases. These

approaches dealt with the three categories of nonresponse for CBECS: (1) refusals, (2) cases where the

knowledgeable respondent was located outside of the

sample PSU’s, and (3) cases where the respondent was

unavailable during the field data collection period.

An additional type of nonresponse conversion dealt

with respondents who declined to sign the authorization forms that would allow their energy suppliers to

release the building’s energy consumption records and

information on demand-side management program

participation. Personalized written requests for signed

authorization forms were mailed for all buildings for

which energy usage had been reported and a signed

form had not been obtained by an interviewer. Such requests were mailed to 219 buildings interviewed by

field staff. A total of 24 signed authorization forms

were received by mail.

Processing the Data

The initial processing of the CBECS data occurred at

the survey contractor’s home office and included receipt of the CBECS questionnaires as they were transmitted from the field, editing the questionnaires,

calculating the survey weights for each building, and

masking the data for confidentiality before it was transmitted to EIA. Final data preparation occurred at EIA

and consisted of checking the data for internal consistency, checking the data against data from previous

surveys, conducting imputation procedures for missing

data, and preparing cross-tabulations for release to the

public.

Data Editing: Data editing for the 1995 CBECS

Building Characteristics Survey occurred at several

points during data collection and processing. Initial editing occurred during the Computer-Assisted Personal

Interviewing (CAPI) interview. Additional editing occurred upon receipt of the questionnaire for data processing and during data entry. The final data editing

occurred during review of data frequencies and crosstabulations.

CAPI Edits During Interview: Data collection using

CAPI techniques allows for some data editing to occur

during the interview, thus ensuring a higher quality of

data, as well as reducing the time required for postinterview editing. Higher quality of data was achieved

through building procedures to control the skip patterns and to prohibit the entry of ineligible codes directly into the CAPI questionnaire. CAPI edits that

occurred during the interview included:

• Arithmetic checks for items that were required

to total 100 (or more), with corrections required

before the interviewer could proceed;

• Double entry of square footage and energy account numbers, with reconciliation of inconsistencies before the interviewer could proceed;

• Verification of the response when an openended numeric response fell outside of a preset

range;

• Inter-item consistency checks that prompted interviewers to confirm that the responses were

being reported and recorded as intended.

Data Editing at Home Office: Completed questionnaires were transmitted electronically to the survey

contractor’s home office and the hard-copy materials

were mailed. Clerks reviewed the hard-copy materials

to locate a signed authorization form and any hardcopy listings of account numbers and supplier customer lists used to supplement CAPI. Linkage of the

Energy Information Administration

338 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
building with the energy supplier was completed as

part of the processing of building survey data.

Edits at this stage were of three types: (1) missing data

checks, (2) automated logic checks that verified compliance with codes and skip patterns as specified in the

codebook, and (3) inter-item consistency checks.

The survey contractor took several steps to resolve inconsistencies or ambiguities in the data. First, the contractor reviewed other parts of the questionnaire for

explanations that might help solve the problem. Several open-ended questions were included in the questionnaire that allowed the respondent to either describe

or include additional information about a particular

item. Also, the interviewers had been asked to write

comments in the “comment boxes” explaining unusual

circumstances. These open-ended questions and notes

were relied upon extensively in the resolution process

and were very helpful in explaining some of the inconsistencies. Second, in some hard-to-resolve cases, EIA

personnel provided technical guidance on how to reconcile some questionnaire responses. Finally, when

these efforts failed to resolve a problem, especially

when the energy sources or heating and cooling equipment were involved, the survey contractor contacted

the respondent by telephone for clarification.

Overall, telephone contacts to clarify both questionable or missing information were completed for the respondents of 602 buildings, 10 percent of all

completed cases. All changes made to any questionnaire response as a result of these reviews were carefully documented and explained on an error-resolution

sheet attached to the questionnaire.

As the last step prior to the delivery of the draft data

tape to EIA, the contractor produced data frequencies

and cross-tabulations. These were reviewed to reveal

any outlying values and inconsistencies that the edits

may not have identified. Inconsistencies were corrected by the contractor before data tapes were transmitted to EIA.

Using EIA’s review of the initial draft data tape, the

survey contractor provided EIA with a second draft

data tape that included the survey weights for each observation. These data were reviewed by EIA and provided the basis for the final masked data tape.

Energy Suppliers Survey

This section describes how the Energy Suppliers Survey portion of the CBECS is conducted. It contains information about the data collection instruments, how

the data are collected, and procedures used to adjust for

nonresponse and weather.

During the Building Characteristics Survey, each respondent was asked to provide the name, address, and

account numbers for all suppliers of energy to the

building. In addition, respondents were asked to sign

an authorization form that gave permission to the suppliers to release the building’s monthly billing data to

EIA. EIA’s survey contractor sent copies of this form

to the suppliers to secure the release of the buildings’

billing records, as well as the buildings’ participation

in any demand-side management programs, if programs were available from the energy supplier. Attempts were made to contact all suppliers of electricity,

natural gas (including suppliers of natural gas transported for the account of others), fuel oil, district

sources (steam, hot water, and chilled water) that were

identified during the Building Characteristics Survey.

Data Collection Instruments

Consumption and Expenditures Forms: Each supplier of electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, or district

sources to a sampled building was asked to provide

consumption and expenditures data on a mailed survey

form. Because there were minor differences in data

items by energy source, there were corresponding

variations in the reporting forms as well. For example,

the electricity forms requested kilowatt (kW) demand;

the natural gas forms included transportation gas, as

well as provision for reporting variable units of measures (such as therms, cubic feet, or 1,000 cubic feet);

the fuel oil forms requested information about the type

of fuel oil used; and the district heating forms asked for

information concerning the entire district or system.

Despite the above-mentioned differences, the forms

for the different fuels were similar in terms of the data

requested. In each case, the supplier was asked to report the following data: (1) quantity of specific energy

source consumed or delivered; (2) total cost; (3) unit of

measure; (4) dates of deliveries or consumption; and

(5) number of customers included in both the consumption and cost data reported on the form.

Suppliers were not required to transcribe data onto the

survey forms. Responses were accepted in any format

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A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 339
(including computer printouts), as long as the necessary information was provided. Additionally, electric,

natural gas, and fuel oil suppliers could submit their

data on a formatted computer diskette provided by

EIA. Response to the forms was mandatory for the supplier.

The data were requested for a 14-month period between December 1, 1994, and January 31, 1996, in order to ensure that data would cover a full calendar year

no matter what the actual billing period had been. For

example, if the billing period began on the 10th of each

month, the first bill would be from December 10

through January 9. The bills were then prorated (annualized) to obtain data for the calendar year. (See Appendix B, “Nonsampling and Sampling Errors,” for

details on the annualization procedures.)

Demand-Side Management (DSM) Forms: An additional form was inserted in the electricity and natural

gas usage forms to collect data about the building’s

participation in utility-offered energy-savings programs. Both forms collected essentially the same type

of information, although each was tailored to the particular energy source, either electricity or natural gas.

For example, the electricity suppliers were asked about

DSM programs, such as lighting, energy-efficient motors, metered peak demand, time-of-day pricing, and

standby electricity generation. The natural gas form

asked about DSM programs but did not include those

measures that were not applicable to natural gas suppliers, such as peak demand or time-of-day pricing. (The

energy supplier forms are available from EIA upon request.)

Data Collection

Advance Mailings: An initial letter from EIA was

mailed in September 1995 to electricity and natural gas

utility companies that served buildings surveyed in the

1992 CBECS, explaining the survey and requesting a

contact person be designated for the 1995 survey. A

second letter from EIA, which included a copy of the

1992 CBECS executive summary from the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption and Expenditures

1992, was mailed in November 1995 to companies that

had not responded to the earlier request for information.

Survey Mailings: For the 5,766 buildings for which

responses had been obtained in the Building Characteristics Survey, a total of 11,091 energy suppliers forms

were mailed to 1,218 suppliers of energy. Of these suppliers, 518 (43 percent) were electricity and natural gas

suppliers (including suppliers of gas transported for the

account of others), 415 (34 percent) were fuel oil suppliers, and the remaining 285 (23 percent) were district

heating suppliers.

The initial mailing of the survey forms to the energy

suppliers occurred in early February 1996, with a due

date of March 1, 1996, for the forms. Reminder letters

to suppliers who had not returned the forms were sent

shortly after the due date, with a second written request

to nonrespondents in May 1996. Survey closeout was

September 5, 1996 (the closeout date was extended by

3 weeks to accommodate several late-responding suppliers.)

Minimizing Nonresponse

Extensive efforts were used to obtain usable energy

supplier data. Letters and telephone prompts were

made to the energy suppliers throughout the data collection period to remind the suppliers to provide the

data within the required time period. In addition, a

toll-free telephone hot-line number was provided to all

suppliers, both in the cover letter accompanying the

survey forms and on the face of each survey form. Suppliers were encouraged to call this number if they had

any questions. Hot-line staff were knowledgeable regarding the most frequent technical problems encountered by suppliers and the instructions to be given to

suppliers calling with these questions.

Electricity, Natural Gas, and Purchased District

Heat Suppliers: The nonresponse effort for the suppliers of electricity, natural gas, and purchased district

heat began with a personalized reminder letter to all

companies that had not returned any survey forms as of

the March 1, 1996, date. Another nonresponse conversion letter was mailed May 1, 1996, to companies that

had returned some but not all of their forms, as well as

to companies that had not responded at all. Beginning

May 23, 1996, nonrespondents were then telephoned

and asked for the expected forms’ completion date.

These calls resulted in 128 requests for more forms.

The companies were called again if that date arrived

and they still had not responded. The nonresponse procedure was followed both for complete nonresponse by

an energy supplier and for incomplete or missing

buildings within a supplier’s response.

Fuel Oil and Nonpurchased District Heat Suppliers: On March 6, 1996, a reminder letter was sent to

Energy Information Administration

340 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
each fuel oil supplier and each supplier of nonpurchased district heat that had not returned all forms.

This was followed in April by a remailing of the entire

packages of survey forms to those companies that had

not yet responded. Telephone nonresponse conversion

calls began on June 5, 1996, after a third letter was sent

in May alerting the respondent to the telephone calls.

The telephone calls resulted in numerous requests for

additional survey forms, which were mailed in midJune to 57 companies. When possible, the telephone

interviewers attempted to obtain data over the telephone if a limited number of survey forms was missing.

Energy Suppliers Survey Response Rates: The overall response rate for the 1995 Energy Suppliers Survey

was 84.9 percent (Table A1). The response rate is defined as:

Usable Records

All Records Minus Out-of-Scope Records

Each record corresponds to a single energy supplier for

a particular energy source to a particular building. For

example, a building with one electricity supplier, two

fuel oil suppliers, and no other energy suppliers would

have a total of three energy supplier records, one for

electricity and two for fuel oil. Records were initially

created on the basis of the Building Characteristics

Survey respondents’ reports of the names and addresses of their energy suppliers. A record was declared out-of-scope if it turned out to correspond to a

supplier that did not actually serve the building during

calendar year 1995.

Response rates for natural gas that was not identified as

gas transported for the account of others and for electricity were 86.5 and 89.1 percent, respectively, which

were similar to results obtained in previous CBECS.

The response rate for the suppliers of gas transported

for the account of others was 79.1 percent. The

response rate for fuel oil was 77.7 percent and the rates

for steam and hot water (district sources) were 62.3

percent and 25.7 percent, respectively.

Of the forms mailed, 1,516 (about 14 percent) were

classified as nonresponse. This category included refusals, inability to respond within the data collection

period, and inability to locate the correct account for

the building.

Data Editing

As the suppliers’ forms were received, they were

screened for accuracy and completeness. The forms

were then keyed and edited. (In 1995, for the first time,

PC-based key entry was used for the suppliers survey

forms.) The Energy Suppliers Survey used an extensive program of automated machine edits, including:

(1) Basic Energy Range and Skip Checks. The

EIA specified ranges and values to be used for the technical edits. These values were based on previous

CBECS responses and on knowledge of utility rates

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 341

Survey Category Electricity

Natural

Gas

Transported

Gas(a) Fuel Oil Steam Hot Water Total

Total Mailed Out ........... 5486 3684 338 869 518 196 11091

Out of Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 302 42 162 27 29 768

Nonresponse . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 448 56 158 185 124 1516

Complete: Usable Records ...... 4705 2924 234 549 306 43 8761

Complete: Unusable Records(b) . . . 30 10 6 0 0 0 46

Response Rate(c) (Percent) ..... 89.1 86.5 79.1 77.7 62.3 25.7 84.9

a Transported gas is natural gas purchased from a source other than the local utility company but delivered to the building by the local utility.

Transported gas is also called gas transported for the account of others. b An unusable record contains all of the information requested on the survey form, but either does not cover all of the building’s square

footage or includes more square footage than is in the building, as defined by CBECS, and information is not available for calculating a

disaggregation or aggregation factor. c

A response rate is calculated by dividing the complete usable record by the difference of total mailed out minus out of scope and multiplying

the result by 100.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.

Table A1. Response Rates for Energy Suppliers Survey by Energy Source, 1995
and practices. The first edits were range and basic logic

checks.

(2) Consistency Checks Among Data Items. Edit

failures at these levels were most often due to coding or

data entry error. If the causes of the error were not apparent to the technical reviewer, it was referred to supervisory staff for resolution.

(3) Technical Edits. EIA specified a series of sophisticated edit checks to ensure that, to the extent possible, errors of the following types were detected and

corrected: a too-long or too-short billing period; a consumption ratio that indicated there was extreme variability across the periods; a failure to report

expenditures despite the presence of consumption, and

vice versa; reported expenditures that were out of

range for the consumption amount, for the price per

unit of consumption based on known market prices, or

for the metered demand.

Data Adjustments: Adjustments for unit nonresponse

were performed in conjunction with weighting of the

sample, as described in the “Unit Nonresponse Adjustments” in Appendix B. Cases missing all or part of calendar year 1995 consumption or expenditures were

considered as a particular kind of item nonresponse.

Adjustments for these cases were made as described

under “Annual Consumption and Expenditures” in Appendix B.

Weather Data: A file of heating and cooling degreedays for each of the billing periods reported by each

building supplier was created in the following manner:

• A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) division code was assigned to

each building in the CBECS sample. Working

with NOAA division maps and building address

information, EIA assigned one of 356 division

codes to each building.

• A file of NOAA data covering the 27-month period from January 1994 to March 1996 (the

most recent information available at the time)

was used to compute the average daily temperature for each day in the 27-month period for

each weather division.

• Daily heating and cooling degree-day averages

were computed for each of 10 base temperatures

(degrees Fahrenheit): 50, 55, 57, 60, 65, 68, 70,

73, 75, and 80. Only base temperature 65 degrees Fahrenheit is covered in this report.

• Degree-day totals were constructed for each

billing period, or gap between billing periods,

for each energy supplier for each building. In

addition, degree-day totals were constructed for

each of the 12 calendar months of 1995 for each

sampled building, whether or not the building

had any energy supplied in 1995.

• As part of the annualization and imputation procedures described in Appendix B, “Nonsampling and Sampling Errors,” billing period dates

were imputed. The edited dates were used for

the final degree-day computations.

Data Preparation for Report

After receiving the CBECS data tapes from the survey

contractor, EIA data analysts reviewed and processed

the data to prepare them for the final data tape. Crosstabulations were run to check for internal consistency

of the data, and the 1995 CBECS data were compared

with data from previous CBECS. Commercial buildings’ consumption and expenditure data are complex

and interrelated. The EIA review was extensive and

paid special attention to the issues of peak electricity

demand, gas transported for the account of others, and

incomplete data for buildings. Questions concerning

data accuracy or outlier values were referred to the survey contractor for verification. EIA staff reviewed the

data questionnaires at the survey contractor’s site, and

EIA’s staff judgment was the final authority on some

of the data items.

The sections above on data editing, data adjustments,

and weather data provide details on the work undertaken to prepare the data for this report. In addition, if

retrieval of missing data for one or more items failed,

or if retrieval was not performed because the item was

not a key item, data values were supplied by imputation. Additionally, the consumption and expenditures

data were annualized; that is, they were adjusted by

proration methods to estimates for calendar year 1995,

when the reported data spanned a longer, shorter, or

offset time period. When consumption or expenditures

data were completely missing, the annual amounts

were imputed by regression. (See Appendix B for a

discussion of the separate imputation and annualization procedures used for the building characteristics

and the energy consumption and expenditures.)

Energy Information Administration

342 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Once the annualized consumption and expenditures

were computed or imputed for each building, statistical

tables of aggregated data were then produced and analyzed. The report text was based on these tables, which

are presented both in the text and in the “Detailed Tables” section of this report.

Public-use data are available in 21 micro data files in

both ASCII and dBASE format. These micro data files

contain the building characteristics data, energy consumption and expenditures data, and modeled energy

end use data. They can be accessed from the World

Wide Web at the URL http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/

cbecs/contents.html (The files are listed under Data:

Micro-Data Files.)

Confidentiality of Information

EIA does not receive or take possession of the names or

addresses of individual respondents or any other individually identifiable energy data that could be specifically linked with an individual sample building or

building respondent. All names and addresses are

maintained by the survey contractor for survey verification purposes only. Geographic identifiers and

NOAA Weather Division identifiers are not included

on any data files delivered to EIA. Geographic location

information is provided to EIA at the Census division

level. In addition, building characteristics, such as

number of floors, building square footage, and number

of workers in the building, that could uniquely identify

a particular responding building, are masked on data

files provided to EIA, as well as on all public-use data

files.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 343
Appendix B

Nonsampling and Sampling Errors

Introduction

All of the statistics published in this report are estimates of population values, such as the total floorspace

of commercial buildings in the United States. These estimates are based on reported data from representatives

of a randomly chosen subset of the entire population of

commercial buildings. As a result, the estimates always differ from the true population values.

The differences between the estimated values and the

actual population values are due to two types of errors,

sampling errors and nonsampling errors.

• Sampling errors are errors that are random differences between the survey estimate and the population value that occur because the survey estimate

is calculated from a randomly chosen subset of the

entire population. The sampling error, averaged

over all possible samples, would be zero, but since

there is only one sample for the 1995 CBECS, the

sampling error is nonzero and unknown for the

particular sample chosen. However, the sample

design permits sampling errors to be estimated.

“Estimation of Standard Errors” in this appendix

describes how the sampling error is estimated and

presented for statistics given in this report.

• Nonsampling errors are related to sources of variability that originate apart from the sampling process and are expected to occur in all possible

samples or in the average of all estimates from all

possible samples.

The first two sections, “Data Collection Problems” and

“Nonresponse,” following this introduction describe

some of the sources of nonsampling error in the Building Characteristics Survey and how that portion of the

CBECS is designed and conducted to minimize such

errors. Nonsampling errors can result from (1) inaccuracy in data collection due to questionnaire design errors, interviewer error, respondent misunderstanding,

and data processing errors; (2) nonresponse for an entire sampled building (unit nonresponse); and (3) nonresponse on a particular question from a responding

building (item nonresponse). The section “Data Collection Problems” addresses some of the difficulties

encountered in trying to obtain meaningful energy data

on questionnaire items in the 1995 survey. The section

“Nonresponse” presents survey design and data collection procedures used to minimize unit and item nonresponse in both the Building Characteristics Survey and

the Energy Suppliers Survey.

The energy consumption and expenditures data that are

featured in this report were based on monthly billing

records submitted by the buildings’ energy suppliers.

The section “Annual Consumption and Expenditures”

provides a detailed explanation of the procedures used

to obtain annual consumption and expenditure estimates from the bills, as well as the procedures used to

handle partial or completely missing data. The peak

electricity demand estimates in this report were also

based on the monthly billing data, as described in the

section “Annual Peak Electricity Demand.”

The section titled “Additional Data Notes” discusses

reconciliation of building and supplier reports on the

types of energy sources use, attempts to collect natural

gas expenditures from both the local natural gas suppliers and non-local natural gas suppliers, and account

classification issues that relate to the discrepancies between two sources of EIA estimates of the amount of

energy used in the commercial building sector. The

section “Energy End-Use Estimates” briefly discusses

the estimation of energy end-use intensities. The final

section in this appendix discusses the estimation of

standard errors.

Data Collection Problems

Most unit nonresponse cases occurred because an appropriate respondent was unavailable or declined to

participate in the survey. Item nonresponse resulted

when the building respondent did not know, or, less

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 345
frequently, refused to give the answer to a particular

question.

Even though the interviewer was instructed to conduct

the interview with the person most knowledgeable

about the building, there was a great deal of variation in

how much CBECS respondents knew about their

buildings. Some respondents did not know some of the

information requested; some were able to provide certain information only if the questions were expressed

in the particular terms they understood. This presented

a special challenge to the CBECS questionnaire designerswith such a diverse population of respondents, it is difficult to construct standard wording for

energy concepts that would be understood by all respondents. Thus, a certain amount of respondent error

can be expected. Additionally, even when a question is

worded clearly and the respondent understands the

question and has the required knowledge, simple clerical errors (possibly the fault of the questionnaire layout) can sometimes lead to inaccuracies in the data.

Unlike the sampling error, the magnitude of nonsampling error cannot easily be estimated from the sample

data. For this reason, avoiding biases at the outset is a

primary objective of all stages of survey design and

field procedures. The wording and format of survey

questionnaires; the procedures used to select and train

interviewers; and the quality control built into the data

collection, receipt, and processing operations were all

designed to minimize these sources of error. For a discussion of the questionnaire design, interviewer training, and data control, see Appendix A, “How the

Survey Was Conducted.”

Following is a summary of some of the most significant difficulties that EIA staff has identified with the

survey responses. The extent of these comments

should not be viewed as a failure of the questionnaire

or the interview process; the data collection process

worked well. Rather, these comments indicate areas

that require further refinements to improve overall data

quality.

Principal Building Activity. The principal building

activity refers to the primary function or activity that

occupies the most floorspace in the building sampled.

In some cases, particularly if the sampled building was

one of a number of buildings on a facility, the respondent reported the overall function of the facility or establishment to which the building belonged. In

CBECS, for instance, a library is classified as a public

assembly building, but a library on a university campus

may have been reported as an education building (academic or technical instruction). To help alleviate this

confusion, the 1995 CBECS asked a separate question

for the overall facility activity for those buildings identified as being part of a facility. The principal activities

of respondent buildings were checked against other

available information, including the facility activity,

interviewer observations, the building’s name, and recoded if an obvious assignment error was made.

Another difficulty with identifying principal building

activities is that buildings with the same title may, in

fact, have different primary functions. For example,

space in a building referred to as a “courthouse” can be

devoted primarily to office activities (office), to jail

cells (public order and safety), or to hearing rooms

(public assembly).

For some buildings, no one activity occupied 50 percent or more of the floorspace, but the activity occupying more space than any other was either industrial or

residential. For example, it is possible for a building to

have 30 percent of the floorspace devoted to assembly,

30 percent to food sales, and 40 percent to residential.

Since more than 50 percent of the floorspace was occupied by commercial activity, these buildings were retained in the sample as commercial buildings but were

included in the “Other” category.

Number of Workers. The CBECS collects data on the

number of people who work in commercial buildings.

Included in this number are volunteer workers, but not

clients, students, or employees who work away from

the building. In 1995, the number of people working

during the main shift was requested. In the 1995

CBECS, if a building was not in use during the previous 12 months, it was still included in the “less-thanfive” category of number of workers.

Heating and Cooling. The phrasing of questions on

heating and cooling equipment has presented difficulties in every CBECS conducted thus far and, unfortunately, illustrates difficulties both in question wording

and in respondent knowledge. Commercial buildings’

heating and cooling systems vary greatly in design and

complexity. The CBECS questionnaire designers try to

formulate a few questions that could broadly characterize a building’s heating and cooling system.

In previous CBECS, some building respondents (especially those from larger buildings) found the questions

to be too general to adequately describe their buildings’ systems. Other building respondents lacked even

the rudimentary knowledge of their buildings’ systems

Energy Information Administration

346 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
required by the questionnaire. To alleviate some of the

problems encountered in earlier CBECS in which inconsistencies appeared between types of equipment,

fuel sources, and the distribution system, the 1995

CBECS questionnaire limited the respondents’ choices

in such a way that only answers to sensible combinations of heating or cooling equipment with distribution

equipment could appear.

Additionally, a general question asked the respondent

to describe the heating and cooling system. This verbatim description was not coded on the computer file but

was of immeasurable value in deciphering the respondents’ intentions. In particular, the question of whether

the buildings uses “heat pumps” elicited some surprising responses at some of the interviewed buildings.

Several respondents indicated that they used a heat

pump for heating but not cooling, or vice versa. After

review of the verbatim description and callbacks to the

respondents, corrections were made in cases where this

information was in error. However, there were 212

cases where the heat pumps did indeed have a single

use.

Electricity Generation or Cogeneration. A series of

questions was asked about the buildings’ electricity

generating systems and the sources of electricity. Respondents were asked whether the building could generate electric power and, if yes, what was the primary

use of the generators. Of the 5,656 buildings that use

electricity, approximately 1,257 reported that they had

the capability to generate electric power. Of these, 87

percent use the generators for emergency backup use

only.

Respondents reporting that their buildings could generate electricity but that the primary use was for something other than emergency backup were then asked

whether the electric power generating system was also

a cogeneration system. Because the number of sampled buildings that had a cogeneration system was less

than 20, the data were not published.

Two new questions were asked in 1995 in an attempt to

gather information about different purchasing arrangements of electricity. With the probability of deregulation in the electric utility sector, increasing numbers of

consumers will be able to purchase their electricity

from nonutility sources, similar to purchasing natural

gas from independent suppliers. Respondents were

asked if any of the electricity used in the building was

obtained from a nonutility, non-in-house source, such

as an independent power producer, and, if yes, how

much of the electricity used was obtained from this

source. While the vast majority of buildings purchased

all of their electricity from a local utility, there were 26

sampled buildings that obtained some of the electricity

used from a nonutility, non-in-house source. After

these 26 buildings were examined, it was determined

that most of these buildings were on facilities with central heating plants or had the capability of generating

electricity themselves. It appears that the respondents

might have confused nonutility source of electricity

with the ability to generate electricity on the facility or

in-house.

Gas Transported for the Account of Others. The respondents to the 1995 CBECS were asked whether the

building bought or contracted for natural gas from

someone other than the local distribution company and

the name and address of the company or broker from

whom the direct purchase gas was bought or contracted. This purchasing arrangement is known as “gas

transported for the account of others.” It is also known

as “direct purchase gas” or “spot market gas.”

This general question, plus several other specific,

price-related questions were first asked during the

building characteristics portion of the survey in the

1992 CBECS. (Prior to 1992, this information was

asked only of the energy suppliers. Although suppliers

could provide the volume of natural gas delivered, they

could not, in many cases, report the expenditures since

they did not know the purchase price of the transported

gas.) It was believed that the building respondent

would be better able to provide information about

whether they purchased natural gas under this arrangement, who the suppliers were, and what were the wellhead costs, city gate price, local distribution company

(LDC) charge, and other costs associated with gas

transported for the account of others. This, however,

proved to be another area where the building respondents had difficulty providing information. Therefore,

based on the 1992 CBECS experience, where only 18

percent of the building respondents could report one or

more of the costs associated with the purchase, the cost

questions were eliminated in 1995 from the building

characteristics questionnaire.

It appears that CBECS respondents, the people who are

supposed to be most knowledgeable about the energyusing systems of the buildings, are not the most knowledgeable about billing arrangements. In future

CBECS, it may be necessary to target the person most

knowledgeable about billing with a separate data colEnergy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 347
lection effort in order to make reliable estimates about

gas transported for the account of others.

Renewable Energy Source: The CBECS attempted to

collect information on the use of renewable energy

sources by including wood and solar thermal panels in

the list of possible energy sources that were used to

supply energy to the building. In 1995, wood was used

in about 3 percent of the buildings as an energy source.

Data on the use of solar panels could not be published

because either the number of buildings reporting the

use was too small or the relative standard error (RSE)

was greater than 50 percent.

Additional questions were asked about the use of the

renewable energy features and the sponsors to each

one. The energy features included passive solar features, photovoltaic (PV) arrays, geothermal or ground

source heat pumps, wind generation, and well water for

cooling. The sponsors included utilities, the Federal

Government, in-house or self-sponsored, third party,

or other. With the exception of passive solar features

(which included trees that could be used for shade),

fewer than 20 buildings of the 5,766 sampled responded to each of the renewable energy features.

Therefore, these data were not imputed or published.

Nonresponse

Unit Nonresponse

The response rate for the Building Characteristics Survey portion of the 1995 CBECS was 87.5 percent.

That is, of the 6,590 buildings eligible for interview,

12.5 percent did not participate in the Building Characteristics Survey. The unit response rate for the Energy

Suppliers Survey was 84.9 percent. This response rate

for that portion of the CBECS varied by energy source.

(See the section “Energy Suppliers Survey Response

Rates” in Appendix A for more discussion on the nonresponse rate by energy source.)

Weight adjustment was the method used to reduce unit

nonresponse bias in the survey statistics. The CBECS

sample was designed so that survey responses could be

used to estimate characteristics of the entire stock of

commercial buildings in the United States. The method

of estimation used was to calculate basic sampling

weights (base weights) that related the sampled buildings to the entire stock of commercial buildings. In statistical terms, a base weight is the reciprocal of the

probability of selecting a building into the sample. A

base weight can be explained as the number of actual

buildings represented by a sampled building: a sampled building that has a base weight of 1,000 represents

itself and 999 similar (but unsampled) buildings in the

total stock of buildings.

To reduce the bias from unit nonresponse in the survey

statistics, the base weights of respondent buildings

were adjusted upward, so that the respondent buildings

would represent not only the unsampled buildings they

were designed to represent, but also nonrespondent

buildings and the unsampled buildings they were designed to represent. The base weights of respondent

buildings were multiplied by an adjustment factor A,

defined as the sum of the base weights over all buildings selected for the sample divided by the corresponding sum over all respondent buildings. Respondent

weights remained nonzero after weight adjustment.

Nonrespondent weights were set to zero because they

were accounted for by the upward adjustment of respondent weights.

Unit nonrespondents tended to fall into certain categories. For example, nonresponse tended to be lower in

the Northeast than in the Midwest (11.9 percent and

14.8 percent, respectively). To reduce nonresponse

bias as much as possible, adjustment factors were computed independently within 38 subgroups according to

characteristics known from the sampling stage for both

responding and nonresponding buildings. These characteristics included the general building activity, the

rough size of the building, Census region, and metropolitan versus nonmetropolitan location.

Item Nonresponse

Table B1 contains item nonresponse rates for some of

the building characteristics presented in this report.

“Eligible” in this context refers to interviewed buildings to which the question item applied; certain sequences of responses to previous questions would

make some question items not applicable for some respondents.

Nonresponses to several items in otherwise completed

the Building Characteristics Survey questionnaires

were treated by a technique known as “hot-deck imputation.” In hot-decking, when a certain response is

missing for a given building, another building, called a

“donor,” is randomly chosen to furnish its reported

value for that missing item. That value is then assigned

to the building with item nonresponse (the nonrespondent, or “receiver”).

Energy Information Administration

348 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 349

Building Characteristics

Eligible

Buildings

Number

Missing

Percent

Nonresponse

Square footage ........................ 5766 722 12.52

Square footage category ................... 5766 9 0.16

Year construction was completed .............. 5766 777 13.48

Year of construction category ................ 5766 1 0.02

Multibuilding facility or complex ............... 5766 1 0.02

Number of businesses/organizations ............ 5766 66 1.14

Number of businesses/organizations category ...... 5766 8 0.14

Owned by government agency ................ 5766 7 0.12

Occupant status........................ 5653 29 0.51

Space vacant for at least 3 months ............. 5766 13 0.23

Months in use out of past 12 months ............ 5766 2 0.03

Total weekly hours open ................... 5646 127 2.25

Total weekly hours open category .............. 5646 6 0.11

Number of workers (main shift) ............... 5646 667 11.81

Number of workers category (main shift) .......... 5646 42 0.74

Wall construction material .................. 5766 2 0.03

Roof construction material .................. 5766 53 0.92

Exterior wall insulation .................... 5766 252 4.37

Roof or ceiling insulation................... 5766 164 2.84

Storm windows or doors ................... 5766 26 0.45

Tinted or reflective glass ................... 5766 16 0.28

Shadings or awnings ..................... 5766 8 0.14

Energy management and control system .......... 5766 56 0.97

Variable air volume (VAV) system .............. 5463 149 2.73

Economizer cycle ....................... 5463 71 1.30

Regular preventive maintenance program ......... 5463 32 0.59

PCS/computer terminals in building ............. 5766 14 0.24

Commercial refrigerator/freezer equipment present .... 5766 10 0.17

Percent heated in 1995 .................... 5369 46 0.86

Energy used for main heating ................ 5766 6 0.10

Main equipment for heating ................. 5369 339 6.31

Percent cooled in 1995 .................... 4947 29 0.59

Main cooling equipment ................... 4947 222 4.49

Type of water heating system ................ 5108 48 0.94

Percent lit during operating hours .............. 5593 34 0.61

Percent lit during off-hours.................. 4506 17 0.38

Reduction in lighting during off-hours ........... 4662 352 7.55

Building uses transportation gas .............. 3689 108 2.93

Table B1. Item Nonresponse Percentages for Selected Building Characteristics, 1995

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.
To serve as a donor, a building had to be similar to the

nonrespondent in characteristics correlated with the

missing item. This procedure was used to reduce the

bias caused by different nonresponse rates for a particular item among different types of buildings. Which

characteristics were used to define “similar” depended

on the nature of the item to be imputed. The most frequently used characteristics were principal building

activity, floorspace category, year constructed category, and Census region. Other characteristics (such as

type of heating fuel and type of heating and cooling

equipment) were used for specific items. To hot-deck

values for a particular item, all buildings were first

grouped according to the values of the matching characteristics specified for that item. Within each group

defined by the matching variables, donor buildings

were assigned randomly to receiver buildings.

As was done in previous surveys, the 1995 CBECS

used a vector hot-deck procedure. With this procedure,

the building that donated a particular item to a receiver

also donated certain related items if any of these were

missing. Thus, a vector of values, rather than a single

value, is copied from the donor to the receiver. This

procedure helps to keep the hot-decked values internally consistent, avoiding the generation of implausible combinations of building characteristics.

Annual Consumption and

Expenditures

The estimates of energy consumption and expenditures

in commercial buildings are for calendar year 1995.

These estimates were computed from the annual consumption and expenditures determined for each building in the CBECS sample. However, these “annual”

values were not obtained directly from the suppliers for

the buildings. Rather, energy suppliers provided

monthly billing data that were used to calculate calendar year consumption and expenditures for each building, according to the procedures described in this

section. Also described in this section are the imputation procedures used in cases where the energy supplier survey data were unavailable or inadequate.

To ensure that the energy consumption for calendar

year 1995 would be completely accounted for, the data

requested from suppliers were bills covering the period

from December 1994 through January 1996. These

bills formed the basis for the annual energy consumption and expenditures estimates.

Billing Data: Ideal and Reality

The basic consumption and expenditures data were reported for each building by billing period. Ideally, the

data for each continuous-delivery energy source (electricity, natural gas, and district heating) used in each

sampled building should have been in the form of complete records for every billing period that fell within

calendar year 1995, providing complete coverage for

1995 and covering exactly the energy consumed within

the sampled building. The data for the discretedelivery energy source (fuel oil) should have been in

the form of complete data records for all deliveries during 1995. For both continuous- and discrete-delivery

energy sources, the delivered energy source should

have been used entirely within the sampled building.

In practice, though, the billing data often covered more

or less square footage than just the sampled building’s

square footage, or did not match the target time frame,

calendar year 1995. There were several common types

of discrepancies between the bill coverage and the

ideal of a single building and fixed time frame.

• Bill coverage included days in 1994 and 1996,

as well as in calendar year 1995. This was the

typical situation for a complete billing record.

Rarely would one billing period begin on January 1 and another end on December 31, 1995.

• Bill coverage spanned at least a 1-year period,

but did not include all of 1995. In most such

cases, the time frame covered by the bills extended from the middle of 1995 into the middle

of 1996. Many energy suppliers maintain accessible billing records only for the most recent 13

months. Thus, at the time of reporting, the data

available did not cover the beginning of 1995.

• Bill coverage spanned less than a 1-year period.

• Bill coverage was for several sampled buildings

combined. This occurred when no authorization

form was obtained to authorize the supplier to

provide data for individual buildings. In such

cases, the supplier reported only annual totals

for a group of sampled buildings summed together.

• Bill coverage included nonsampled buildings or

equipment outside the sampled buildings, as

well as the one sampled building.

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350 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
• Bill coverage excluded some of the building’s occupants or tenants. This undercoverage occurred

when the energy supplier had several customers in

a sampled building and was unable to identify all

of them on the basis of the information provided

by the Building Characteristics Survey respondent. In a few cases, energy suppliers were unwilling to release information on all customers in a

building, even in aggregate form, without having

a separate authorization from each.

• The problem of determining bill coverage was

compounded by incomplete dates. In the most

common case, the billing period date included a

month and year, but not the day of the month.

To reconcile the discrepancies between the ideal billing data and what could actually be obtained, the following six processing steps were taken:

1. Each set of bills from a particular energy supplier for a particular building was classified according to the extent of coverage in terms of both

building and time frame.

2. Billing dates for all energy bills were completed.

3. Bills with full-year time-frame coverage were

annualized.

4. Bills with part-year time-frame coverage were

annualized.

5. Annualized bills were adjusted for building

overcoverage and undercoverage.

6. Annual energy consumption and expenditures

for buildings with completely missing data were

imputed.

Each of these processing steps is explained below.

Step 1. Classifying Coverage of

Building and Time Frame

This classification was performed by the CBECS contractor as part of the data collection record keeping. To

track responses to the mailed Energy Suppliers Survey,

a determination had to be made as to whether a response received represented complete data for a building. In many cases, follow-up letters converted initial

responses from partial to complete, or more nearly

complete. In other cases, the incomplete response was

all that could be obtained.

Determining Time Frame. An important aspect of the

time-frame classification was determining why data

were missing for part of calendar year 1995. The main

question was whether consumption had actually taken

place during the entire year or was actually zero during

the unreported time.

If consumption occurred through the entire year, data

might be missing for several reasons. For example, the

supplier’s active records might not go back far enough

or the data may simply have been lost from the supplier’s record, even though in general these records did

go back to the beginning of 1995.

A more complicated situation occurred when a new

customer occupied a building in the middle of the target year. The data provided for this customer, for

which the authorization form was signed, would be

complete, but the data for the previous occupant, who

consumed energy in the first part of the year, would be

missing. In a case where part of the year’s consumption

data were missing, annual consumption would be understated if the reported 1995 data were treated as complete, rather than being inflated to account for the

missing period.

The opposite situation could occur if a customer first

occupied the building in the middle of the year, with no

previous customer occupying the building. In this case,

with no consumption during the first part of the year,

annual consumption would be overstated if the reported data were annualized as if consumption occurred year round.

A special set of questions on the Energy Suppliers Survey forms was designed to determine if any change in

customers had occurred during the target year and, if

so, how these customers were covered in the reported

data. However, most suppliers did not answer these

questions. As a general rule, data were treated as complete if they covered a full year, whether calendar 1995

or not. Part-year data were treated as incomplete, unless the supplier specifically indicated otherwise.

Particularly complicated were some electricity and

natural gas cases where individual records were provided for each customer in a building with several customers. In most such cases, bills for all the customers

covered the same time frame. Sometimes, though, different customers’ records covered different time

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A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 351
frames. In these cases, it was assumed that the data

were complete for each customer, but the customers

began or ended service at different times during the

year. Aggregate consumption and expenditures were

therefore computed for each time period by summing

whichever customers had consumption during that period. If consumption was present for a particular customer in a particular period but expenditures were

missing (or vice versa), aggregate expenditures (or

consumption) were left as missing.

Determining Building Coverage. Building coverage

was determined from information obtained from both

the Building Characteristics Survey respondent and the

energy suppliers. Two types of problems could arise:

(1) the energy bills covered more buildings than just

the sampled building or (2) the energy bills omitted

some of the building’s occupants. In the first case, if

the Building Characteristics Survey respondent indicated that a particular supplier’s bill covered several

buildings, the total square footage of buildings on that

bill was requested. Then a disaggregation factor was

computed as the ratio of the sampled building’s square

footage to this total square footage. This factor allowed

the total reported consumption to be adjusted downward to cover only the sampled building. In the second

case, when the billing data omitted some customers in

a building, an aggregation factor was computed. This

factor was usually the ratio of the number of customers

in the building to the number reported. Where more detailed information was available, the aggregation factor was the ratio of the total building floorspace to the

floorspace occupied by the reported customers. For

those cases, the reported consumption of only a portion

of the building was adjusted upward to represent consumption in the building as a whole.

Step 2. Assigning Billing Dates

Virtually all missing billing dates were one of two

types. The first type of dates that were incomplete had

the month and year entered, but the day was missing

for the beginning and ending dates of all billing periods

on a record. These cases were imputed by assigning

“16” to each beginning date and ”15” to each ending

date.

The second type of incomplete dates were missing the

day of the month for some, but not all, billing periods.

For each case of this second type, the billing periods affected were either bounded (surrounded by billing periods with known beginning and ending dates) or

unbounded (either at the beginning or end of the set of

billing periods). Any set of consecutive bounded billing periods with missing dates was assigned billing

dates that would make all billing periods in the set have

as close to the same number of days as possible. Unbounded billing periods were assigned beginning

and/or ending dates as needed so that the number of

days in each unbounded period was the same as the median number of days in billing periods of known

length.

Step 3. Annualizing Full-Year Data

One of the main reasons that the CBECS requested energy supplier data from December 1994 through January 1996 was to assure that 1995 consumption would

be completely accounted for in the case of a complete

response. However, unless a billing period happened to

end on December 31, 1994, or December 31, 1995,

consumption as reported by the energy suppliers ran

over from the target period of calendar 1995, forward

into 1996 and backward into 1994. In general, then,

procedures were required to trim away these excess

data. For this trimming, different procedures were used

for continuous- and discrete-delivery energy sources.

Continuous-Delivery Energy Sources (electricity,

natural gas, and district sources). Consumption and

expenditures for a billing period extending into 1996

were adjusted by splitting the overlapping period into

two subperiods, one running from the beginning date

through December 31, the other from January 1

through the billing or meter reading date. Consumption

and expenditures were prorated according to the

number of days in each subperiod, and the consumption and expenditures for the subperiod that fell in 1995

were included in the total expenditures and consumption for 1995. An analogous procedure was used for a

billing period extending into 1994. The assumption

that the use of continuous-delivery energy sources took

place at a constant rate throughout the billing period

may be incorrect for any particular building. However,

the procedure should yield approximately unbiased

overall estimates.

Discrete-Delivery Energy Source (fuel oil). Billing

periods extending outside 1995 did not affect the

discrete-delivery energy source (fuel oil) because, for

this energy source, all deliveries during 1995 were accumulated. For fuel oil, the ending dates on the bills

were used to determine which bills were for deliveries

during 1995. No attempt was made to prorate bills,

since there was no necessary connection between billEnergy Information Administration

352 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
ing dates and consumption, as was the case for

continuous-delivery energy sources.

For both continuous- and discrete-delivery cases

where the billing time frame covered a full year but

was shifted so that either the beginning or the end of

1995 was not included, a similar procedure was used.

In these cases, the data were annualized to a 1-year period within the reported time frame, overlapping as

much as possible with 1995.

Step 4. Annualizing Part-Year Data

The annualization procedures for cases that had partial

billing data, but less than a full year’s data, were also

different for continuous- and discrete-delivery energy

sources.

Continuous-Delivery Energy Sources. The number

of reported days of consumption was at least as large as

the number of reported days of expenditures for almost

all sets of bills. Expenditures were annualized by using

the partial expenditures data and the annualized consumption data.

The part-year annualization method for the consumption of continuous-delivery energy sources depended

on the number of days of reported consumption. If at

least 331 days were reported, then consumption for the

missing portion of the year was imputed by computing

the average consumption per day for the adjacent billing period(s), then multiplying by the number of days

of missing data. In certain cases, at least 331 days of

consumption were reported, but 365 days of expenditures were reported. In these cases, the missing consumption was computed by using the average price for

billing periods in which both consumption and expenditures were reported. Summing all reported and imputed consumption then yielded the total annual

consumption.

Expenditure imputations were performed after completion of all imputations for partially missing consumption since (1) consumption data were usually

more complete than expenditures data, and (2) given a

value for consumption, the expenditures could be estimated without a great deal of difficulty.

As was true for consumption, the imputation procedure

for missing continuous-delivery expenditures was determined by the number of days of reported data. If 30

or fewer days of expenditures were reported, then the

expenditures were treated as completely missing. Otherwise, expenditures were imputed that were based on

average prices within the set of bills for a given building. Using bills where both consumption and expenditures were reported, the consumption and the

expenditures were summed. The average price was

then calculated as the sum of the expenditures divided

by the sum of the consumption. This average price was

multiplied by the reported (or imputed) consumption to

obtain the estimated expenditures.

Discrete-Delivery Energy Source. The billing dates

for fuel oil, a discrete-delivery energy source, are not

linked to the time of consumption. Thus, the annualized data represent the total deliveries of fuel oil during

the year. Furthermore, unlike continuous-delivery

bills, discrete-delivery bills tend to be irregularly

spaced. Gaps between bills could represent either

missing data or periods during which no deliveries

were required. The completeness of a set of bills was

determined by relying on reports of suppliers. A set of

bills was treated as complete if the supplier stated that

the bills were complete for the year, and treated as

missing otherwise, even if a partial set of bills was

available.

Buildings rarely had more than one supplier for a

continuous-delivery energy source, such as electricity,

but multiple suppliers for fuel oil occurred frequently.

If data for one or more of several suppliers were missing, even though responding suppliers had reported all

their 1995 deliveries, these buildings were also treated

as if no data were available.

Imputations for both deliveries and expenditures made

use of the observed price(s). An average price, Px, for

each set of bills, was computed by using the data from

billing periods in which both consumption and expenditures were reported. If expenditures were missing,

the expenditures were imputed as Px times the quantity

delivered. For missing deliveries, the reported expenditures were divided by Px to impute the amount delivered.

Step 5. Adjusting for Building

Overcoverage and Undercoverage

The annualization procedures for full- and part-year

data were adjusted for inconsistent time-frame coverage. After the nonmissing consumption and expenditures data were annualized, the annual values were

adjusted for building coverage. Where data were requested from the supplier for a single sampled building, but were provided only for a group of buildings,

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A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 353
including the sampled one, or were provided only for a

portion of the building, the coverage adjustment was a

simple multiplication of the annualized consumption

and expenditures by the disaggregation or aggregation

factor. As described under Step 1 above, this factor was

computed by the survey contractor directly on the basis

of information received on the building or suppliers

survey.

Step 6. Imputing for Completely

Missing Consumption and

Expenditures

In a significant fraction of cases, the energy supplier

did not provide the consumption or expenditures data

for some or all billing periods or deliveries in 1995.

Reasons for missing data included energy supplier refusal; archived, lost, or destroyed billing records; and

authorization form refusal on the part of the building

respondent. In other cases, the energy supplier provided data, but either the building data were combined

with those of nonsampled buildings and could not be

disaggregated or the consumption or expenditures, or

both, were incomplete enough to be treated as missing.

The general approach taken to the problem of imputing

annual consumption or expenditures was to annualize

the complete or partial sets of bills first, then to use

these annualized bills in regression equations to develop imputed values for the data that were totally

missing. The regression imputation approach was chosen because data from the Building Characteristics

Survey were already available for all of the buildings

lacking energy supplier data. The first step was the estimation of missing consumption that was based on

characteristics of buildings. After the consumption had

been imputed, missing expenditures were estimated

that were based on the reported or imputed consumption.

Completely Missing Consumption. Each of the energy sources presented in this report was imputed separately, although the overall methodology was similar

for all. The consumption imputation method is, therefore, described in general terms, referring to individual

energy sources only where necessary. The regression

equations were developed primarily to serve as adequate predictors of building consumption based on

building characteristics.

The data used to specify regression equations and estimate the regression parameters used for consumption

imputation had to meet several criteria. Only cases

with essentially complete consumption data were used.

For continuous-delivery energy sources, “essentially

complete data” included buildings with 331 to 365

days of reported consumption; for discrete-delivery

energy sources, only buildings with completely reported deliveries were included. In addition, cases

were not used to estimate regression parameters if the

information received from the energy supplier included too much data from unsampled buildings (before disaggregation) or the data reported from the

building respondent were missing key regressor variables.

The development of regression equations began by an

examination of the distributions of the dependent variable, consumption. Previous experience showed that

the error term associated with the regression procedure

is highly skewed in the positive direction. Consequently, the regression procedures used for the 1995

CBECS minimized the sum of squares of the difference between the log of the actual consumption and the

log of the predicted consumption rather than the sum of

squares of the difference between the actual consumption and the predicted consumption. Accordingly, the

imputed consumption values were calculated by using

parameter values estimated in two stages: the initial regression of consumption on building characteristics,

and a bias correction. The bias correction coefficient

was estimated by (1) summing the total actual consumption of cases used to estimate the regression parameters, (2) summing the total of the predicted values

for these same cases, and (3) dividing the sum of the

actual values (1) by the sum of the predicted values (2).

Completely Missing Expenditures. Similar to consumption imputations, expenditure imputations were

performed separately for each of the four major fuels,

although the overall methodologies for each fuel were

similar. Again, the imputations are described in general terms, referring to individual energy sources only

where necessary.

Energy supplier rate schedules are usually structured

so that the price per unit of energy is lower as consumption increases. The rate schedule is usually a step

function with the definition of steps and rates varying

by energy supplier and by rate class. For the CBECS,

rate schedules were not collected for the sampled

buildings, but many suppliers did submit an overall

rate schedule for their commercial customers. This was

useful in estimating expenditures. In cases where rate

schedules were not supplied, a statistical procedure

Energy Information Administration

354 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
was needed to relate the expenditures to the consumption for imputation purposes.

As with the consumption imputations, the data used to

specify the form and estimate the parameters of the expenditure imputation equations had to meet two criteria. First, only cases with essentially complete

consumption and expenditures were used. For

continuous-delivery energy sources, “essentially complete data” included buildings with 331 to 365 days of

reported data for both consumption and expenditures;

for discrete-delivery energy sources, only buildings

with completely reported deliveries and expenditures

were included. In addition, cases were not used to estimate regressor parameters if the information received

from the supplier included too much data from unsampled buildings before disaggregation.

Once cases with complete expenditures data were chosen, they were used to develop an ordinary least

squares regression equation to relate expenditures to

consumption and to the fuel price for commercial customers. The independent variables were chosen to

mimic a decreasing block rate structure. The resulting

fitted equation was used to impute for cases where expenditures were missing.

Annual Peak Electricity

Demand

Peak electricity demand data were requested for the

same billing periods for which electricity consumption

and expenditures were reported. Ideally, the metered

demand represented the maximum consumption rate

(in kilowatts) during the billing period. However, two

special data problems affect the availability of peak

electricity demand data.

First, although virtually all electricity consumption is

metered, peak electricity demand is metered where it is

economical to do so. In general, peak demand meters

are installed only for larger consumers of electricity.

Second, in multicustomer buildings, each customer

with a demand meter has its own peak demand. Since

these peaks would rarely be coincident, the building

peak cannot be taken as the sum of individual peaks.

However, the overall building peak must be greater

than or equal to the maximum customer peak.

Following Step 2 described in the section “Annual

Consumption and Expenditures,” the peak electricity

demand data was processed in three additional steps:

1. Using the billing data, each building was classified as either demand-metered or not demandmetered: For the 1995 CBECS, a building was considered to be demand-metered if the billing data for any

account within the building showed metered peak demand. (The 1989 CBECS obtained demand-metered

information from both the building respondent and the

energy supplier. However, there was considerable discrepancy between the two sources of data. As a result

of the building respondent to adequately provide

demand-metered data, subsequent CBECS obtained

this information only from the energy supplier.)

2. The annual peak demand, the season of the

peak, and the annual load factor were determined

for each building: For single-account buildings that

were determined to be demand-metered, the annual

peak demand was taken as the maximum of the billing

period peaks. For the few buildings that had part-year

electricity billing data, the annual peak was taken as

the maximum of the peaks in the reported billing periods. This approach results in a slight understatement of

the annual peak, because the actual peak may have occurred during one of the unreported periods. However,

since the number of buildings involved was relatively

small, the difference between the part-year and fullyear maxima would be small in most cases.

In multicustomer buildings, the overall building peak

demand was not available. However, the overall peak

had to be at least as high as the highest peak reported

for any single customer. In buildings where one customer’s peak was substantially larger than that of any

other customer, that customer’s peak would have been

close to the overall peak. Therefore, in processing bills

from multicustomer buildings, the peak demand for

any single customer was designated as a “partial peak”

(associated with part of the building electricity consumption), although the overall building peak was still

treated as missing.

Before assigning the peak to a season, the month of the

peak was found. Since the exact time of the billing period peak was unknown, the peak was taken to have occurred in whichever month contained the most days in

the billing period during which the peak occurred.

Peaks occurring November through April were classified as winter peaks, while those occurring May

through October were classified as summer peaks.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 355
The annual load factor was then calculated, using previously calculated annual electricity consumption, as

follows:

As an edit, the annual load factor was calculated by using the partial peak, and the partial peak was set to

missing if the load factor was less than .10 or greater

than 1.

3. Peak demand and season of peak were imputed

for demand-metered buildings missing these data:

Although any electricity consumer has a peak demand,

three types of buildings were missing peak demand: (1)

buildings determined to be not demand-metered; (2)

buildings with completely missing supplier data; (3)

multicustomer buildings, and other buildings with partial peaks. No attempt was made to impute for the first

type of missing demand, mainly because buildings

without demand-metering tended to be smaller than the

demand-metered buildings, so that imputation would

involve extrapolation beyond the range of the reported

data. Accordingly, tables dealing with peak electricity

demand have been limited to buildings with (reported

or imputed) demand-metering. Once the decision was

made to exclude buildings that had not been demandmetered, imputation became a two-step process. First,

it was necessary to impute whether the building with

missing data was demand-metered. If the building was

imputed to be a demand-metered building, then the

peak and season of the peak were imputed.

Imputation of the demand-metering attribute made use

of the relationship observed within suppliers between

the presence of demand-metering and annual electricity consumption. For those buildings with reported

data, the probability of being a demand-metered building was estimated as a logistic function of the annual

consumption. The parameters estimated from the reported data regression were used to estimate probabilities for each unclassified building, and a uniform

random number was generated. If the random number

was less than or equal to the estimated probability, then

the building was imputed to be demand-metered. For

buildings imputed to be demand-metered, the season

of peak demand was imputed by hot-decking, the same

method used to impute missing items from the Building Characteristics Survey.

Finally, annual load factors were imputed for each

building imputed to be demand-metered. Values were

imputed by using parameters estimated from a linear

regression of the logistic transformation of the annual

load factor on various building characteristics (such as

weekly operating hours, end uses of electricity, and

percent of floorspace heated). Separate imputation

equations were estimated for each of nine principal

building activities. The imputed annual peak demand

was then calculated by solving the load factor equation

for the annual peak.

Load factors were imputed, and peak demand values

calculated, for multiple-account buildings that had partial peaks. If the partial peak was less than the imputed

peak, then the imputed peak was treated as the buildings’ annual peak demand; otherwise, the partial peak

was used.

Load factors and peak intensities were computed for

each building reported or imputed to have metered demand. Also of interest are the analogous ratios over a

utility service region, or other large area. The ratio of a

region’s consumption to the annual peak for the region

as a whole would represent the average utilization of

the region’s generating capacity. The ratio of the region’s annual peak to the total floorspace in the region

would represent the average capacity requirement per

square foot. However, the regional peak cannot be determined from the individual annual (or even monthly)

peaks alone, since these peaks are not coincident. That

is, the individual peaks occur at different times, so that

the sum of the individual peaks can be considerably

greater than the overall regional peak.

Additional Data Notes

Energy Sources Used3⁄4Building and

Supplier Survey Estimates

As explained in Appendix A, “How the Survey Was

Conducted,” the CBECS was conducted in two stages.

During the first stage, the building representative was

asked which energy sources were used in the building

during 1995. In the second stage, the energy suppliers,

identified by the building representative during the

first stage, were asked to provide consumption and expenditures data. In some cases, contacts with the energy suppliers revealed inaccuracies in the Building

Characteristics Survey response as to which energy

sources had been used in the building. All statistics in

this report on energy sources used are based on the fiEnergy Information Administration

356 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

annual load factor ' annual consumption

365 × 24 × peak annual demand .
nal determination made during the Energy Suppliers

Survey.

When a supplier reported that a particular building was

not a customer during 1995, calls were made to the

building respondent to determine the reason for the discrepancy. In some cases, a different supplier was identified for the same energy source. In others, it turned

out that the energy source had not actually been used;

in some of these cases, a different energy source was

identified instead. For example, natural gas may have

been reported originally, but the callback determined

that natural gas was consumed only in a central plant

outside the sampled building, while the building itself

used district steam, which had not been reported originally. In this case, natural gas would be coded as “not

used in the building,” and district steam would be

added as “used in the building.” The net discrepancies

between the Building Characteristics Survey and Energy Suppliers Survey estimates for the use of each energy source were small for both the building counts and

the floorspace totals.

The Energy Suppliers Survey was able to correct the

energy sources used only in cases where a supplier had

been misreported as supplying a particular building

with an energy source. If the Building Characteristics

Survey respondent happened to omit an energy supplier, but reported all the other supplier data correctly,

the omitted supplier would not have been discovered.

However, the number of such cases was probably quite

small.

In some cases, a supplier reported that a particular

building had been a customer for a given energy

source, but not during calendar year 1995. For

continuous-delivery energy sources (electricity, natural gas, and district heating ), the building was classified as not using the energy source. For the

discrete-delivery energy source fuel oil, though, the

building was classed as using the energy source, but

with zero consumption and expenditures for 1995.

Thus, for example, those buildings whose respondents

reported that fuel oil was used during 1995, but which

received no fuel oil deliveries in that year, were included in the count of buildings and floorspace using

fuel oil, though they did not contribute to the fuel oil

delivery total.

The revised information on the type of energy sources

that were used in the building had an impact on the energy end-use data also. The Building Characteristics

Survey data on the type of energy sources that were

used for a particular end use were collected in concert

with the data on energy sources used. Edit checks on

the Building Characteristics Survey data assured consistency between energy sources reported for end uses

and energy sources reported at all. However, when the

information on energy sources used “at all” was revised during the Energy Suppliers Survey, no new information was obtained on energy sources used for

particular end uses. As a result, some energy sources

were dropped from a building’s list of energy sources

used, even though these energy sources had end uses

reported. Conversely, no associated end uses were

coded for energy sources that were added for a building. For any energy source whose use was changed

from “yes” to “no” for a particular building, the use of

that energy source for any given end use was also

changed to “no.” However, the end use was still treated

as having been performed in the building. That is, it

was assumed that the building respondent correctly reported which end uses were performed, even if the energy source used for the end use had been incorrectly

reported. This approach left some buildings identified

as having a particular end use, but with no energy

source indicated for that use.

All building characteristics tables for the 1995 CBECS

on the Internet, as well as the Public Use Micro-Data,

have been updated to reflect the latest supplier information on the types of fuels used.

Gas Transported for the Account of

Others

The 1995 CBECS collected data on natural gas transported for the account of others (also referred to as “direct purchase gas,” “spot market gas,” or

“transportation gas”) from both the building respondent and the natural gas suppliers—both utility suppliers and non-utility suppliers. Gas transported for the

account of others is a type of purchasing arrangement

where large natural gas users purchase their natural gas

directly from a source other than the local distribution

company (LDC) or utility. The LDC then delivers the

gas to the building via the local pipelines.

The natural gas survey form requested (1) the volume

of natural gas and expenditures for that gas purchased

from the LDC; (2) the volume of natural gas purchased

from a source other than the LDC; (3) delivery charges

for gas purchased from other than the LDC; and (4) total charges for this gas.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 357
Since local distribution companies know the total volume of natural gas delivered, the total consumption

data seem complete. (If natural gas consumption was

completely missing, then the volume was imputed as

described in Step 6 of “Annual Consumption and Expenditures”). The allocation of consumption between

transported gas and local utility-owned gas was then

imputed by hot-decking the proportion of gas that was

transported gas. This method allowed imputed buildings to have both transported and local utility gas, as

might happen if (1) building demand exceeded the direct purchase contract amount or (2) the building

switched to or from a direct purchase contract during

the year.

Estimating consumption and expenditures could become complicated because frequently the LDC filled

out the gas transported for the account of others portion

of the supplier form since they knew that the gas being

provided was transportation gas. Conversely, transportation gas companies, which provide only transported

gas, did not always fill in the form correctly. They often filled in the first available space, which was intended for utility gas only. Similar confusion occurred

when filling in transported gas expenditures: the LDC

would be expected to fill out the transport charges column but, because this was the only expense collected

by the LDC, they sometimes recorded it in the “total”

column. Finally, since the same volume of gas was reported by the LDC and the transportation gas company, double reporting of volumes sometimes

occurred. All these problems were identified by visual

inspection of the appropriate records.

CBECS Coverage Related to EIA

Supply Surveys

The primary purpose of the CBECS is to collect accurate statistics of energy consumption by individual

buildings. The statistics are totaled and presented by

building characteristic. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) also collects data on total energy

supply (sales). For the information on sales totals, a

different reporting system is used for each fuel and the

boundaries between the different sectors (e.g., residential, commercial, industrial) are drawn differently for

each fuel. This appendix provides (1) background on

the issue of consumption versus supply coverage, and

(2) an analysis of the account classification as reported

in the 1995 CBECS Energy Suppliers Survey.

Background: EIA sales data on the different fuels are

compiled in individual fuel reports. Annual electricity

sales data are currently collected on Form EIA-861,

“Annual Electric Utility Report,” which is sent to all

electric utilities in the United States. Supply data for

natural gas are collected on Form EIA-176, “Annual

Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply and

Disposition.” This form must be submitted by all gas

pipeline companies and other plant operators that deliver gas directly to consumers. Fuel oil and kerosene

sales are collected on Form EIA-821, “Annual Fuel Oil

and Kerosene Sales Report.” The supply data are compiled and summarized at the national level, as well as

the State level, in several EIA reports, including the

State Energy Data Report (SEDR) and the Monthly

Energy Review (MER). When the CBECS totals are

compared with the national commercial sales totals reported in the SEDR or MER, only electricity, natural

gas, and fuel oil can be compared directly. CBECS

does not collect data on coal consumption, and sales

data for district heating are not collected by EIA.

Differences between CBECS totals and sales totals can

result from either (a) consumption that is included in

the CBECS but not in the sales totals and, conversely,

(b) consumption that is included in commercial sales

totals but is not considered commercial in CBECS and,

therefore, is excluded from CBECS totals. A principal

reason that a component of consumption may be in the

CBECS totals but not in the sales totals, or vice versa,

is the differences in how buildings are classified for

CBECS and how customer accounts are classified in

the sales reporting system. Each energy supplier has its

own system of classifying accounts. When reporting

sales totals to EIA by end-use sector, the supplier uses

EIA guidelines, as well as the supplier’s own account

classification, to determine whether a particular account belongs in the residential, commercial, industrial, or transportation sector.

There are several general differences between the

CBECS and the energy suppliers as to how each defines which buildings or accounts are commercial.

1. CBECS covers consumption only in buildings.

Commercial accounts are not necessarily associated only with buildings, but may also be associated with unenclosed equipment or outdoor

lighting. This outdoor lighting is included in commercial sales data reported in the SEDR but is not

included in the commercial sales data reported in

the MER.

2. CBECS covers consumption for the entire building whose principal activity is commercial, i.e.,

Energy Information Administration

358 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
nonindustrial or nonresidential; CBECS covers no

consumption in other buildings. As a result, consumption for commercial activity in noncommercial buildings is not included in CBECS, whereas

consumption for noncommercial activity in a commercial building is included. For example, in the

first case, if the building’s principal activity is

manufacturing but there is a small office in the

building, the energy associated with the office

space would not be included in the CBECS. In the

second case, if the building’s principal activity is

retail but there is a small portion of the building devoted to manufacturing, the energy associated with

the manufacturing would be included and reported

as commercial in CBECS. While energy suppliers

may have several accounts within a building and

those accounts could be classified as commercial

or noncommercial sales, energy consumed in the

CBECS buildings is classified as commercial.

3. The activities included as commercial differ between the CBECS and the supply-side reporting

systems. On the supply side, as noted, the definitions also differ among fuels.

To help understand the relationship between CBECS

consumption totals and EIA’s commercial sales totals,

the CBECS Energy Suppliers Survey collected information from the suppliers on how they classified each

of the accounts for the CBECS sample.

The 1995 CBECS energy suppliers’ account classification information showed the amount of consumption in

commercial buildings that is likely to be excluded from

commercial sales totals. Accounts classified by the energy supplier as residential or industrial are ordinarily

included in EIA’s sales totals for those sectors, not in

commercial sales, as reported in the CBECS. Accounts

classified by the supplier as commercial, school, government, or institutional are ordinarily included in

EIA’s commercial sales total: accounts with hybrid or

combination classifications, however, are probably included partly in commercial and partly in noncommercial totals.

Table B2 shows the number of buildings, total floorspace, and energy consumption by the CBECS suppliers’ account classification for 1995 CBECS buildings.

The shaded area indicates agreement between the

CBECS definition of a building and the energy suppliers’ classification of their accounts for the CBECS

buildings, as reported in the Energy Suppliers Survey

portion of the CBECS. Since the SEDR and MER are

based on data from the energy suppliers, the unshaded

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 359

Energy Suppliers Accounnt Classification

Number of

Buildings

(thousand) Percent

Square Feet

(million) Percent

Consumption

(trillion Btu) Percent

Electricity Suppliers

All Commercial Buildings Using Electricity ................ 4,343 100 57,076 100 2,608 100

Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 1 336 1 5 0

Commercial ................................ 3,860 89 48,131 84 2,133 82

Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 1 2,238 4 115 4

Mixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 8 6,371 11 355 14

Natural Gas Suppliers

All Commercial Buildings Using Natural Gas ............... 2,478 100 38,145 100 1,946 100

Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3 273 1 19 1

Commercial ................................ 2,094 85 32,516 85 1,523 78

Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1 530 1 28 1

Mixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 11 4,826 13 375 19

Fuel Oil Suppliers

All Commercial Buildings Using Fuel Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 100 14,421 100 235 100

Residential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4 265 2 11 5

Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 82 11,994 83 188 80

Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 565 4 8 3

Mixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 11 1,497 10 27 11

Not Classified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1 100 1 1 0

Table B2. Energy Suppliers’ Account Classification of Commercial Buildings, 1995

Note: Due to rounding, data may not sum to totals.

Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey.
areas could potentially be classified by SEDR or MER

as either residential, industrial, or other. However, they

are included in the CBECS totals for commercial

buildings.

Electricity: In 1995, about 82 percent of the 2.6 quadrillion Btu of electricity consumed in commercial

buildings was classified by both CBECS and the electricity suppliers as commercial. This represented about

84 percent of total floorspace in buildings supplied

with electricity. About 4 percent of the 1995 CBECS

electricity consumption estimate and 5 percent of the

floorspace were classified by the suppliers as either

residential or industrial accounts. The remaining 14

percent of electricity consumption and 11 percent of

floorspace were classified as mixed noncommercial/commercial by the supplier.

Natural gas: For buildings supplied with natural gas,

about 78 percent of the 1.9 quadrillion Btu of natural

gas consumed and about 85 percent of the floorspace

was classified by both CBECS and the natural gas suppliers as commercial. About 1 percent of the natural

gas consumed was consumed in buildings classified as

industrial by the supplier. This represented about 1 percent of the floorspace in buildings that use natural gas.

An additional 1 percent of the natural gas consumption

and 1 percent of the floorspace were classified as residential accounts. The remaining 19 percent of consumption and 13 percent of floorspace were classified

by the supplier as mixed noncommercial/commercial

accounts.

Fuel oil: About 80 percent of the 0.2 quadrillion Btu of

fuel oil consumed and 83 percent of the floorspace in

buildings supplied with fuel oil in 1995 were classified

by both the CBECS and the suppliers as commercial

accounts. Energy suppliers classified about 8 percent

of the consumption and 6 percent of the floorspace as

either industrial or residential accounts. The remaining

11 percent of fuel oil consumed and 10 percent of

floorspace were in buildings with mixed account classifications.

Therefore, about 18 percent of the CBECS electricity

consumption, 22 percent of the CBECS natural gas

consumption, and 20 percent of the CBECS fuel oil

consumption are potentially excluded from the 1995

commercial sales because of differences in account

classifications between the energy suppliers and the

CBECS.

Energy End-Use Intensities

The 1995 energy end-use tables provide estimates of

the amount of natural gas and electricity used specifically for nine end uses: space heating, cooling, ventilation, water heating, lighting, cooking, refrigeration,

office equipment, and other.

The end-use estimates were calculated by using two

main sources of data: (1) survey data collected by the

CBECS and (2) building energy simulations provided

by the Facility Energy Decision Screening (FEDS)

system. The CBECS provided data on building characteristics and total energy consumption (i.e., for all end

uses) for a national sample of commercial buildings.

Using data collected by the CBECS, the FEDS engineering modules were used to produce estimates of energy consumption by end use. The FEDS engineering

estimates were then statistically adjusted to match the

CBECS total energy consumption.

This section briefly describes the FEDS load estimation methodology, the statistical adjustment procedure,

and the remaining steps necessary to produce the final

end-use estimates.

The Facility Energy Decision Screening Engineering Estimates: The energy consumption data provided

by energy suppliers cover all end uses performed

within commercial buildings. Total energy consumption can be disaggregated into end-use consumption by

several approaches: engineering simulations, statistical modeling, or a hybrid approach known as a statistically adjusted engineering (SAE) approach. The

CBECS end-use estimates were developed by using

the SAE approach, with the FEDS system providing

the initial engineering estimates.

The FEDS software was developed for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Federal Energy Management

Program and the U.S. Army Construction Engineering

Research Laboratory as a tool for screening groups of

buildings on Federal facilities (such as Army bases) for

energy efficiency retrofits. The engineering modules,

which estimate the energy load to be subjected to retrofit optimization, are one in a series of well-known

building energy simulations which include DOE-2 and

ASEAM. The FEDS uses high-level installation information (number, age, size, and types of buildings and

energy systems), an internal data base of typical

energy-system configurations and performance data,

and sophisticated energy simulation and optimization

Energy Information Administration

360 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
models to estimate the net present value of potential

energy retrofits in Federal installations.

The FEDS engineering models are designed to produce

estimates for five end uses: space heating, cooling,

ventilation, lighting, and water heating. Two other end

uses, cooking and refrigeration, are also calculated internally by the model, although they are not part of the

normal FEDS output. These seven end uses, plus an

“other” end use, represent the FEDS accounting for total building end use. Estimates for office equipment

energy use were not provided by the FEDS model.

Estimates for the first five end uses are based on detailed building engineering simulations. Estimates for

the latter two rely on parameters developed in the Regional End-Use Monitoring Program (REMP), formerly known as the End-Use Load and Consumer

Assessment Program (ELCAP) study. REMP was a

large end-use monitoring project sponsored by the

Bonneville Power Administration. As it was designed

to be used in facilities, only a general description of a

building need be input for the building energy loads to

be estimated interactively, relying on an extensive series of internal default values. Some of these defaults

were based on data from prior CBECS, but many were

based on the REMP study. For use with the CBECS,

the FEDS interface was changed from interactive to

batch, with the CBECS survey data supplying as many

values as possible.

Besides values relating to the building characteristics,

the engineering estimates also required hourly weather

profiles. For each calendar month, the average temperature, humidity, and cloudiness during each hour of

the day were calculated and input to the model.

Statistically Adjusted Engineering Estimates: The

FEDS estimates were based on building characteristics

and weather only. At the statistically adjusted engineering (SAE) stage, the engineering estimates were

modified to match the observed CBECS consumption

data. The basic idea behind the SAE method is simple.

Let euibfu be the end-use consumption per square foot

estimated by the FEDS model for building b, fuel f, and

end use u, and let euibf be the total energy consumption

(from the CBECS Energy Suppliers Survey) per square

foot for building b and fuel f. Then a set of coefficients

afu can be estimated statistically, i.e., by multiple regression, such that

eui a eui bf fu bfu

u

$ = ∑ .

The coefficients adjust the FEDS engineering estimates upward or downward to match the reported energy use. The eûibf are referred to as SAE estimates. If

each estimated value of afu is equal to one, the eui’s are

the same as those calculated in the engineering model.

A value other than one can reflect a variety of factors.

The FEDS model assumed values for a number of engineering variables on the basis of a typical or average

building. If the characteristics within the sample buildings differ on average from the assumed values, then

the actual eui’s will diverge from the engineering eui’s.

The basic SAE equation stated above assumes that

there is a constant bias in the engineering estimates.

However, the assumption of constant bias may be inappropriate. The bias may vary along a number of dimensions. Building type, building age, occupant density,

and the presence of energy-intensive activities within

the building were some of the variables examined to

explore the patterns of bias. A nonlinear SAE equation

was developed to incorporate these items. The nonlinear framework allowed greater flexibility in the way

that variables, such as building age and employment

density, could interact with the engineering estimates

of end-use consumption. The SAE equations were estimated separately for electricity, natural gas, fuel oil,

and district heat.

The Final End-Use Estimates: Because the SAE procedure calibrated the engineering estimates to the reported data for aggregates of buildings, SAE estimates

for individual buildings could still vary from the values

on the CBECS Master File. For the final end-use estimates, the value on the CBECS Master File (whether

reported or imputed) was prorated in proportion to the

SAE estimates.

The office equipment estimate was also made after the

SAE estimation by using both REMP estimates and estimates from Arthur D. Little Inc. (ADL). The REMP

database contains estimates for subcomponents of

“other” end-use consumption and was used to estimate

the office equipment share of the “other” end-use energy consumption for the 1989 and 1992 CBECS. Included in office equipment were large computer

equipment (if the CBECS data indicated the presence

of a computer area with a separate air-conditioning

system), personal computer equipment, and general office equipment (typewriters, copiers, cash registers,

etc.). For the 1995 CBECS, the REMP computer energy consumption estimates were replaced with the

more recent ADL estimates before calculating the office equipment share was calculated.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 361
Estimation of Standard Errors

Sampling error, as described in the introduction to this

appendix, is the difference between the survey estimate

and the true population value due to the use of a random sample to estimate the population. This difference

arises because a random subset, rather than the whole

population, is observed. The typical magnitude of the

sampling error is measured by the standard error of the

estimate. The standard error is the root-mean-square

difference between the estimate based on a particular

sample and the value that would be obtained by averaging estimates over all possible samples.

If the estimates are unbiased, meaning there is no systematic error, this average over all possible samples is

the true population value. In this case, the standard error is simply the root-mean-square difference between

the survey estimate and the true population value. If

systematic error is present, however, this bias is not included in the error measured by the standard error.

Thus, the standard error tends to understate the total estimation error if there are non-negligible biases.

In principle, random errors can be attributed to the estimate by sources other than the sampling process. Such

additional sources of random error include random errors by respondents and data entry staff and random

unit nonresponse. To recognize these additional

sources of variation, the definition of the sampling process can be expanded to include not just the selection of

buildings but all steps required to obtain a set of responses. Under this expanded definition, all random

errors can be regarded as sampling errors. The procedures designed to estimate the sampling error for

CBECS incorporate all random components of the estimation process.

Jackknife Replication: Throughout this report, standard errors are given as percents of their estimated values, that is, as relative standard errors (RSE’s).

Computations of standard errors are more conveniently described, however, in terms of the estimation

variance, which is the square of the standard error.

For some types of surveys, a convenient algebraic formula for computing variances can be obtained. The

CBECS used a list-supplemented, multistage area sample design (See Appendix A, “How the Survey Was

Conducted”) of such complexity that it is virtually impossible to construct an exact algebraic expression for

estimating variances. In particular, convenient formulas based on an assumption of simple random sampling, typical of most standard statistical packages, are

entirely inappropriate for the CBECS estimates. Such

formulas tend to give severely understated standard errors, making the estimates appear much more accurate

than is the case.

The method used to estimate sampling variances for

this survey was a jackknife replication method. The

idea behind replication methods is to form several

pseudoreplicates of the sample by selecting subsets of

the full sample. The subsets are selected in such a way

that the observed variance of estimates based on the

different pseudoreplicates estimates the sampling variance in the overall estimate.

The kth jackknife pseudoreplicate sample set is obtained by deleting all observations from one of the

members in the kth group and multiplying the weights

on all cases in the other group members by 2 if there are

2 members in the group and by 1.5 if there are 3 members in the group. Observations in all other groups are

unaffected. The kth pseudoestimate is then obtained

from this pseudoreplicate sample by following all the

steps used to construct the full-sample estimate.

The variances are estimated from the pseudoestimates

in the following way. Let X′ be a survey estimate

(based on the full sample) of characteristic X for a certain category of buildings. For example, X may be the

total square footage of buildings using natural gas in

the Midwest. Let Xk′ be the pseudoestimate of X based

on the kth pseudoreplicate sample. The estimated variance of the full-sample estimate X′ is then given by:

S XX X k

k

¢

=

= ′ ∑ − ′ 2 2

1

44

( ) .

The standard error of X′ is given by:

S S X X ¢ ¢ = 2

The relative standard error (percent) of X′ is obtained

from this standard error as:

RSE

S

X X

X

¢

¢ = ′





 



 × 100

Generalized Variances: For every estimate in this report, the RSE was computed by the methods described

above. This was the RSE used for any statistical tests or

confidence intervals given in the text or to determine if

the estimate had too much variation to publish (an RSE

greater than 50 percent).

Energy Information Administration

362 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Space limitations prevent publishing the complete set

of RSE’s with this document. Instead, a generalized

variance technique is provided by which the reader can

compute an approximate RSE for each of the estimates

in the main summary tables. For an estimate in the ith

row and jth column of a particular table, the approximate RSE is given by the simple formula:

RSE R C ij i j , =

where Ri is the RSE row factor given in the last column

of row i, and Cj is the RSE column factor given at the

top of column j.

The use of the row and column RSE factors is illustrated in the “Detailed Tables” section of this report..

Derivation of Row and Column Factors: The row and

column factors are determined from a two-factor

analysis of the table of RSEs on the basis of the model

log( ) RSE m a b ij i j , =+ +

Least-squares estimates for this model are given by:

m RSE = log( )

a RSE RSE i i = − log( ) log( )

b RSE RSE j j = − log( ) log( )

Where log( ) RSE is the mean of log( ) RSEi j , over all

rows i and columns j, log( ) RSEi is the mean for a particular row i, and log( ) RSE j is the mean for all rows i

for a particular column j. The row and column RSE

factors are then computed as

R m a RSE ii i = += - - log ( ) log (log( )) 1 1

C b RSE RSE jj j == − - - log ( ) log (log( ) log( )) 1 1

The RSE row factor, Ri, is thus the geometric mean of

the RSEs in row i, and the RSE column factor, Cj, is an

adjustment factor with geometric mean equal to 1.0.

For a few table cells, there were no sample cases,

hence, no estimate and no RSE. As a result, some of the

arrays of direct estimates RSEi,j had a few missing values. In such cases, the formulas given above for row

and column factors still apply, but only after appropriate estimates have been substituted for the missing values. In cases where a statistic was not publishable

because of a large RSE or small cell sample size, the

value of RSEi,j was set to missing and an appropriate

estimate substituted so that the computed row and column factors are based only on statistics where the RSE

is small enough to allow publication. Additionally,

RSE column factors are not included for the median

statistics found in Detailed Tables BC-2 and CE-19, or

for all data in Detailed Tables EU-1 through EU-7.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 363
Ap pen dix C

De scrip tion of Build ing Types

In the Com mer cial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion

Sur vey (CBECS), build ings were clas si fied ac cord ing

to prin ci pal ac tiv ity, which was the pri mary busi ness,

com merce, or func tion car ried on within each build ing.

Build ings used for more than one of the ac tivi ties described be low were as signed to the ac tiv ity oc cu py ing

the most floor space at the time of the in ter view. Thus,

a build ing as signed to a par ticu lar prin ci pal ac tiv ity

cate gory may have been used for other ac tivi ties in a

por tion of its space or at some time dur ing the year.

Each of the prin ci pal ac tiv ity cate go ries is listed al phabeti cally and de scribed be low. Lists of spe cific types

of build ings in cluded in each cate gory are pre sented

for clari fi ca tion but are not in tended to be ex haus tive.

1. Ag ri cul tural: See Other.

2. Edu ca tion: re fers to build ings used for aca demic

or tech ni cal class room in struc tion. This cate gory includes the fol low ing:

Schools: 

Pre school

Ele men tary

Jun ior high

Sen ior high

Col lege or uni ver sity class rooms/Labo ra to ries

Vo ca tional school

Other ac tivi ties that oc cur on school cam puses are re -

ported sepa rately:

Ad min istra tion (see Of fice/Pro fes sional)

Audi to rium (see Pub lic As sem bly)

Dor mi tory (see Lodg ing)

Gym na sium (see Pub lic As sem bly)

In fir mary (see Health Care)

Li brary (see Pub lic As sem bly)

Mu seum (see Pub lic As sem bly)

School for the Men tally Re tarded (see Health

 Care)

Sta dium (see Pub lic As sem bly)

Stu dent Un ion (see Pub lic As sem bly).

3. En closed Shop ping Cen ter/Mall: See Mer cantile and Serv ice.

4. Food Sales: re fers to build ings used for re tail or

whole sale sale of food. This cate gory in cludes the fol -

low ing:

Con ven ience store or mar ket

Farm er’s mar ket, Fruit/Vege ta ble mar ket

Gro cery store/Su per mar ket

Meat/Sea food store

Re tail bak ery

Spe cialty food store.

5. Food Serv ice: re fers to build ings used for prepara tion and sale of food and bev er ages for con sump tion.

This cate gory in cludes the fol low ing:

Prepared- Meal Serv ices:

Cafe te ria

Carry- out Serv ice:

Ca terer

Fast- food es tab lish ment

Pizza par lor 

Sand wich shop 

Full- Service Res tau rant:

Bar

Bar and grill

Cof fee shop

Diner

Full- menu- service es tab lish ment.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 365
6. Health Care: re fers to build ings used as di ag nostic and treat ment fa cili ties for both in pa tient and out patient care. In the ta bles of this re port, in pa tient and

out pa tient build ings are com bined in the “Health Care”

Prin ci pal Build ing Ac tiv ity cate gory. Ex cluded from

this group are skilled nurs ing or other resi den tial care

fa cili ties (nurs ing homes).

In pa tient fa cili ties treat the men tally or physi cally ill.

Build ings for over night care are in this group ing. This

cate gory in cludes the fol low ing:

Medi cal Care Hos pi tal:

Chronic dis ease

Ear, eye, nose, and throat

Gen eral medi cal and sur gi cal

Ma ter nity

Medi cal in fir mary (con nected with an in sti tu tion)

Or tho pe dic

Tu ber cu lo sis/other res pi ra tory dis ease

Men tal Fa cil ity:

Men tal re tar da tion/schools for the men tally

 re tarded

Psy chi at ric 

Re ha bili ta tion Fa cil ity:

Al co hol ism 

Sub stance abuse/nar cot ics/drug ad dic tion

Physi cal ther apy.

Out pa tient care may be medi cal, den tal, or psy chi at ric

and in volves di ag no sis and treat ment in which serv ices 

are not re quired over night. Build ings used for vet erinary prac tices also fall into this cate gory. This cate gory

in cludes the fol low ing:

Den tal Clinic

Medi cal Clinic:

Abor tion/birth con trol

Ear, eye, nose, and throat

Emer gency walk- in

Gen eral

Men tal health/psy chi at ric clinic

Vet eri nary Fa cili ties.

7. Hos pi tal/In pa tient Health Serv ices: See Health

Care.

8. Ho tel/Mo tel/Dorm, Etc.: See Lodg ing.

9. In dus trial/Manu fac tur ing: See Other.

10. Labo ra tory: See Other.

11. Lodg ing: re fers to build ings used to of fer mul ti ple

ac com mo da tions for short- term or long- term resi dents,

in clud ing nurs ing homes. In the ta bles of this re port,

skilled nurs ing and other resi den tial care fa cili ties are

in cluded in the “Lodg ing” Prin ci pal Build ing Ac tiv ity

cate gory.

Ho tel/Mo tel/Dorm, Etc.

Short- Term Resi dence:

Con ven tion ho tel

Ho tel

Inn

Mo tel

Shel ter home

Tour ist home

Long- Term Resi dence:

Board ing house

Con vent/mon as tery

Ex tended Stay Ho tels

Dor mi tory/so ror ity/fra ter nity

Or phan age

Assisted- living elder care fa cili ties (lim ited medi cal

fa cili ties)

Skilled Nurs ing/Other Resi den tial Care re fers to buildings used as fa cili ties which of fer 24- hour nursing/medi cal care. This cate gory in cludes the fol low ing:

Homes for the aged

Nurs ing homes.

12. Mer can tile and Serv ice: re fers to build ings used

for sales and dis plays of goods or serv ices (ex clud ing

food). This cate gory in cludes shop ping malls and strip

cen ters, as well as re tail and serv ice as out lined be low.

Re tail (other than shop ping mall or strip cen ter):

Auto mo bile deal ers

Build ing ma te ri als, gar den sup ply stores, hard ware

De part ment stores

Drug stores

Fur ni ture, home equip ment stores and home

 furnish ings

Liq uor stores

Whole sale goods (ex cept food)

Serv ice (other than food serv ice):

Dry cleaner/car wash/laun dry

Energy Information Administration

366 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Gaso line sta tions

Mo tor ve hi cle re pair/serv ice/main te nance

Multis erv ice es tab lish ments

Per sonal serv ice

Post of fice.

13. Non re frig er ated Ware house or Stor age: See

Ware house and Stor age.

14. Of fice: re fers to build ings used for gen eral of fice

space, pro fes sional of fices, and ad min is tra tive of fices.

This cate gory in cludes the fol low ing:

Data Proc ess ing:

Com puter cen ter

Data en try/key punch

Fi nan cial Of fice Build ing:

Bank

Bro ker age firm

In sur ance

Real es tate

Se cu ri ties

Pro fes sional Of fice Build ing:

Ad min istra tion of an in sti tu tion

Con sult ing

Cor po rate

En gi neer ing

Law

Man age ment

Medi cal

Mixed pro fes sional.

15. Other: re fers to build ings used for ac tivi ties that

do not fit into any of the spe cifi cally named cate go ries.

In the ta bles of this re port, this cate gory in cludes labora to ries and build ings iden ti fied as hav ing sev eral

com mer cial ac tivi ties that, to gether, rep re sent 50 percent or more of the floor space, but whose larg est sin gle

ac tiv ity is ag ri cul tural, in dus trial/manu fac tur ing, or

resi den tial. This cate gory in cludes the fol low ing:

Cre ma to rium

Han gar

Pub lic restrooms/show ers

Tele phone ex change

Green house with re tail sales of plants

Manu fac tur ing with re tail sales of prod ucts

Print ing plant with re tail sales.

Labo ra tory re fers to build ings used for ac tivi ties which

util ize equip ment for ex peri men tal test ing or for analysis. This cate gory in cludes the fol low ing:

Me chani cal/elec tri cal labo ra tory

Medi cal/den tal labo ra tory

Ag ri cul tural labo ra tory.

16. Out pa tient Health Serv ices/Clinic: See Health

Care.

17. Pub lic As sem bly: re fers to build ings in which

peo ple gather for so cial or rec rea tional ac tivi ties

whether in pri vate or non pri vate meet ing halls. This

cate gory in cludes the fol low ing:

 En ter tain ment Build ing:

Ar chive/art gal lery/ex hibit hall/li brary/mu seum

Coli seum/arena (en closed)

Con cert hall

Ob ser va tory/plane tar ium

Night club 

Ra dio/TV sta tion or stu dio

Thea ter/movie house/cin ema

Rec rea tional Fa cil ity:

Amuse ment ar cade

Bowl ing al ley

Com mu nity cen ters

Gym na sium/YMCA or YWCA/in door racket

 sports, rec rea tion cen ter/ath letic fa cil ity

In door pool 

Pool room

Skat ing rink 

So cial/pub lic/civic as sem bly:

As sem bly hall 

Audi to rium

Con ven tion hall

Fu neral home

Lec ture hall

Lodge hall 

Meet ing hall

Stu dent un ion 

Town hall

Other En closed As sem bly Build ing: 

Ar mory

Pas sen ger ter mi nal

Sta dium.

18. Pub lic Or der and Safety: re fers to build ings

used for the pres er va tion of law and or der or pub lic

safety. This cate gory in cludes the fol low ing:

Court house

Fire sta tion

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 367
Jail

Peni ten tiary/Prison

Po lice sta tion

Re for ma tory

Sher iff’s of fice.

19. Re frig er ated Ware house or Stor age: See

Ware house and Stor age.

20. Re lig ious Wor ship: re fers to build ings in which

peo ple gather for re lig ious ac tivi ties. This cate gory includes the fol low ing:

Chapel 

Church

Mosque

Syna gogue

Tem ple.

21. Resi den tial: See Other.

22. Re tail (other than shop ping mall or strip center): See Mer can tile and Serv ice.

23. Serv ice (other than food serv ice): See Mer cantile and Serv ice.

24. Skilled Nurs ing/Other Resi den tial Care: See

Lodg ing.

25. Strip Shop ping Cen ter: See Mer can tile and

Serv ice.

26. Ware house and Stor age: re fers to build ings used

to store goods, manu fac tured prod ucts, mer chan dise,

or raw ma te ri als. In the ta bles of this re port, both re friger ated and non- refrigerated ware house and stor age are

in cluded in the “Ware house” Prin ci pal Build ing Ac tivity cate gory.

Re frig er ated Stor age re fers to build ings spe cifi cally

de signed to store per ish able goods or mer chan dise under re frig era tion. In cludes “cold stor age” fa cili ties,

which store prod ucts at tem pera tures be tween 0 degrees Fahr en heit and 50 de grees Fahr en heit and

“freezer” fa cili ties, which store prod ucts at tem peratures be tween 0 de grees Fahr en heit and 20 de grees

Fahr en heit.

This cate gory in cludes the fol low ing:

Cheese ware house

Cold stor age

Fur stor age.

Non re frig er ated Ware house re fers to build ings spe cifically de signed to store per ish able goods or mer chandise with out re frig era tion.

27. Va cant: re fers to com mer cial build ings in which

more floor space was va cant than was used for any single com mer cial ac tiv ity (as de fined above) at the time

of in ter view. Thus a va cant build ing may have some

oc cu pied floor space. Va cant space does not in clude

space be ing main tained and ready for use.

Energy Information Administration

368 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Ap pen dix D

U.S. Cli mate Zones and

Cen sus Re gions and Di vi sions Maps

U.S.Cli mate Zones

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 369
U.S. Cen sus Re gions and Divisions

Energy Information Administration

370 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1996 (Washington, D.C.,

October 1996), Figure 1.
Ap pen dix E

Met ric Con ver sion Fac tors

Data in the En ergy In for ma tion Ad min istra tion pub li ca tions are ex pressed in units, such as Brit ish ther mal units, barrels, cu bic feet, and short tons, that his tori cally have been used in the United States. How ever, be cause U.S. ac tivi ties

in volve for eign na tions, most of which use met ric units of meas ure, the United States is com mit ted to mak ing the

tran si tion to the met ric sys tem. The met ric con ver sion fac tors pre sented in Ta ble E1 can be used to cal cu late the

metric- unit equiva lents of val ues ex pressed in U.S. units. For ex am ple, 500 short tons are the equiva lent of 453.6

met ric tons (500 short tons x 0.9071847 met ric tons/short tons=453.6 met ric tons).

Ta ble E1. Met ric Con ver sion Fac tors

Type of Unit U.S. Unit Conversion Factor Metric Unit

Mass Short Tons

Short Tons Uranium Oxide (U308)

Short Tons Uranium Fluoride (UF6)

Long Tons

Pounds(lb)

Pounds Uranium Oxide(lb U3O8)

Ounces, Avoirdupois(oz)

X 0.907 184 7

X 0.769

X 0.613

X 1.016

X 0.453 592 37a

X 0.384 645b

X 28.349 52

= Metric Tons (t)

= Metric Tons Uranium (U)

= Metric Tons Uranium (U)

= Metric Tons(t)

= Kilograms(kg)

= Kilograms (Kg)

= Grams(g)

Volume Barrels of Oil(bbl)

Cubic Yards(yd

3

)

Cubic Feet(ft

3

)

U.S. Gallons(gal)

Ounces, Fluid(fl oz)

Cubic Inches(in

3

)

X 0.158 987 3

X 0.765 555

X 0.028 316 85

X 3.785 412

X 29.573 53

X 16.387 06

= Cubic Meters (m

3

)

= Cubic Meters (m

3

)

= Cubic Meters (m

3

)

= Liter (L)

= Milliliters (ml)

= Milliliters (ml)

Length Miles (mi)

Yards (yd)

Feet (ft)

Inches (in)

X 1,609,344a

X 0.914 4a

X 0.304 8a

X 2.54a

= Kilometers (km)

= Meters (m)

= Meters (m)

= Centimeters (cm)

Area Acres

Square Miles (mi

2

)

Square Yards (yd2)

Square Feet (ft

2

)

Square Inches (in

2

)

X 0.404 69

X 2,589,988

X 0.836 127 4

X 0.092 903 04

a

X 6.456 16a

= Hectares (ha)

= Square Kilometers (km

2

)

= Square Meters (m

2

)

= Square Meters (m

2

)

= Square Centimeters (cm

2

)

Temperature Degrees Fahrenheit

c

 (oF) X 5/9 (after subtracting 32)

a

= Degrees Celsius (oC)

Energy British thermal units (Btu)

Calories (cal)

Kilowatthours (kWh)

X 1,055.056

X 4.186 8

X 3.6

= Joules (J)

= Joules (J)

= Megajoules (MJ)

 

aExact Conversion.

 

bCalculated by the Energy Information Administration.

 

c

To convert degrees Celsius (

oC) to degrees Fahrenheit (o

F), multiply by 9/5, then add 32.

 Sources: General Services Administration, Federal Standard 376B, Preferred Metric Units for General Use by the Federal Government

(Washington, DC, January 27, 1993), pp. 9-11, 13, and 16. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publications 330, 811, and

814. American National Standards Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, ANS/EEE Std.268-1982, pp. 28 and 29. Energy

Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review August 1993, Appendix B, p. 161.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 371
.
Ap pen dix F

Re lated EIA Pub li ca tions on En ergy Con sump tion

For in for ma tion on how to ob tain the cur rent pub li cations, see the in side cover of this re port. For in for mation on later pub li ca tions, con tact the Na tional En ergy

In for ma tion Cen ter on (202) 586-8800. You can also

go to our web site at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/

con sump tion to ac cess re ports on the com mer cial,

manu fac tur ing, resi den tial, and resi den tial trans por tation sec tors.

In ad di tion to the re ports listed be low, public- use data

for the last two sur vey cy cles for each sec tor can also

be ac cessed via our Web page. To ob tain public- use

data for ear lier years, con tact the sur vey man ager for

that sec tor at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/con sumption/con tacts.html.

Com mer cial Sec tor

Note: The name of the Non resi den tial Build ings En -

ergy Con sump tion Sur vey was changed to the Commer cial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey,

be gin ning with the 1989 sur vey. The sur vey name was

also dropped from the re port ti tle at that time and subse quently.

Char ac ter is tics of Build ings

Com mer cial Build ings Char ac ter is tics 1995; August

1997, DOE/EIA-E-0109, Elec tronic Only. This re port

can be ac cessed at www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/

cb951a.html.

Com mer cial Build ings Char ac ter is tics 1992; April

1994, DOE/EIA-0246(92).

“Com mer cial Build ings Char ac ter is tics 1992,”

Monthly En ergy Re view, Janu ary 1994, DOE/

EIA-0035(94/01).

Com mer cial Build ings Char ac ter is tics 1989; June

1991, DOE/EIA-0246(89).

Non resi den tial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Survey: Char ac ter is tics of Com mer cial Build ings, 1986;

Sep tem ber 1988, DOE/EIA-0246(86).

Non resi den tial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Sur -

vey: Char ac ter is tics of Com mer cial Build ings, 1983;

July 1985, DOE/EIA-0246(83).

Non resi den tial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Sur -

vey: Char ac ter is tics of Com mer cial Build ings, 1983;

A Sup ple men tal Ref er ence, DOE/EIA-M008.

Non resi den tial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Sur -

vey: Fuel Char ac ter is tics and Con ser va tion Prac tices;

June 1981, DOE/EIA-0278.

Non resi den tial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Survey: Build ing Char ac ter is tics; March 1981, DOE/

EIA-0246. 

Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures

Com mer cial Build ings Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures

1995; Feb ru ary 1998, DOE/EIA-E0318(95) Elec -

tronic Only. This re port can be ac cessed at

www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/toc_ce.html. Com mercial Build ings Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures 1992;

April 1995, DOE/EIA-0318(92).

Com mer cial Build ings Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures

1992; April 1995, DOE/EIA-0318(92).

Com mer cial Build ings Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures

1989; April 1992, DOE/EIA-0318(89).

Non resi den tial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Survey: Com mer cial Build ings Con sump tion and Ex pendi tures 1986; May 1989, DOE/EIA-0318(86).

Non resi den tial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Survey: Com mer cial Build ings, Con sump tion and Ex pendi tures 1983; Sep tem ber 1986, DOE/EIA-0318(83).

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 373
Non resi den tial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Survey: 1979 Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures, Part 1:

Natu ral Gas and Elec tric ity; March 1983,

DOE/EIA-0318/1.

Non resi den tial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Survey: 1979 Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures, Part 2:

Steam, Coal, Fuel Oil, LPG, and To tal Fu els; De cember 1983, DOE/EIA-0318(79)/2.

Other Pub li ca tions on the Com mer cial 

Sec tor

En ergy End- Use In ten si ties in Com mer cial Build ings

(1995 data), Feb ru ary 1995, DOE/EIA-E0555(95) tables only in elec tronic form. This prod uct can be accessed at www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbec- eu3.html

En ergy End- Use In ten si ties in Com mer cial Build ings

(1992 data), Feb ru ary 1995, DOE/EIA-E0555(92) tables only in elec tronic form. This prod uct can be accessed at www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs1d.html.

Serv ice Re port: Fed eral Build ings Sup ple men tal Survey 1993, No vem ber 1995, SR/EMEU/95-02.

En ergy Con sump tion Se ries— En ergy End- Use In tensi ties in Com mer cial Build ings, Sep tem ber 1994,

DOE/EIA-0555(94)/2.

“As sess ment of En ergy Use in Mul ti build ing Fa cilities,” Monthly En ergy Re view, De cem ber 1993,

DOE/EIA-0035(93/12).

En ergy Con sump tion Se ries—As sess ment of En ergy

Use in Mul ti build ing Fa cili ties, August 1993,

DOE/EIA-0555(93)/1.

En ergy Con sump tion Se ries—User- Needs Study for

the 1992 Com mer cial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion

Sur vey, Sep tem ber 1992, DOE/EIA-0555(92)/4.

En ergy Con sump tion Se ries—Light ing in Com mer cial

Build ings; March 1992, DOE/EIA-0555(92)/1.

In dus trial Sec tor

Manu fac tur ing Con sump tion of En ergy 1994, De cem -

ber 1997, DOE/EIA-0512(91).

Changes in En ergy In ten sity in the Manu fac tur ing Sector 1985-1991, Sep tem ber 1995, DOE/EIA-0552

(85-91).

Manu fac tur ing Con sump tion of En ergy 1991, De cem -

ber 1994, DOE/EIA-0512(91).

“En ergy Pre view: Manu fac tur ing En ergy Con sumption Sur vey Pre limi nary Es ti mates, 1991,” Monthly

En ergy Re view, Sep tem ber 1993, DOE/EIA-0035

(93/01).

“En ergy Ef fi ciency in the Manu fac tur ing Sec tor,”

Monthly En ergy Re view, De cem ber 1992.

Manu fac tur ing En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey:

Changes in En ergy In ten sity in the Manu fac tur ing Sector 1980-1988, De cem ber 1991, DOE/EIA-0552

(80-88).

Manu fac tur ing En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Manufac tur ing Fuel- Switching Ca pa bil ity 1988, Sep tem ber

1991, DOE/EIA-0515(88).

Manu fac tur ing En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Consump tion of En ergy, 1988, May 1991, DOE/EIA0512(88).

Manu fac tur ing En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: En ergy

Ef fi ciency in Manu fac tur ing, 1985; Janu ary 1990,

DOE/EIA-0516(85).

Manu fac tur ing En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Fuel-

 Switching Ca pa bil ity, 1985, De cem ber 1988, DOE/

EIA-0515(85).

Manu fac tur ing En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Methodo logi cal Re port, 1985, No vem ber 1988, DOE/

EIA0514(85).

Manu fac tur ing En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Consump tion of En ergy, 1985, No vem ber 1988, DOE/

EIA-0512(85).

“Manu fac tur ing Sec tor En ergy Con sump tion 1985

Pro vi sional Es ti mates,” Monthly En ergy Re view,Janu -

ary 1987, DOE/EIA-0035 (87/01).

Re port on the 1980 Manu fac tur ing In dus tries’ En ergy

Con sump tion Study and Sur vey of Large Com bus tors,

Feb ru ary 1983, DOE/EIA-0358.

Energy Information Administration

374 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
In dus trial En ergy Con sump tion, Sur vey of Large Com -

bus tors: Re port on Al ter nate Fuel- Burning Ca pa bilities of Large Boil ers in 1979, Feb ru ary 1982,

DOE/EIA-0304, GP.

Meth odo logi cal Re port of the 1980 Manu fac tur ing Indus tries Sur vey of Large Com bus tors (EIA-463),

March 1982, DOE/EIA-0306.

Other Pub li ca tions on the In dus try

Sec tor

En ergy Con sump tion Se ries—De rived An nual Es timates of Manu fac tur ing En ergy Con sump tion

1974-1988, August 1992, DOE/EIA-0555(92)/3.

En ergy Con sump tion Se ries—De vel op ment of the

1991 Manu fac tur ing En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey,

May 1992, DOE/EIA-0555(92)/2.

Resi den tial Sec tor

Hous ing Char ac ter is tics

Note: The sur vey name was dropped from the be ginning of the re port ti tle start ing with the 1987 data reports.

Hous ing Char ac ter is tics, 1997, May 1998, DOE/

EIA-E0314(97)—com ing in elec tronic form the end of

August 1998.Pres ently, the ta bles only are available

and can be ac cessed elec troni cally at

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/ 97tblhp.html.

Hous ing Char ac ter is tics, 1993, June 1995, DOE/

EIA-0314(93).

Hous ing Char ac ter is tics 1990; May 1992, DOE/

EIA-0314(90), Hous ing Char ac ter is tics 1987; May

1989, DOE/EIA-0314(87).

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Hous ing

Char ac ter is tics 1984, Oc to ber 1986, DOE/EIA-0314

(84).

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Hous ing

Char ac ter is tics, 1982, August 1984, DOE/EIA-0314

(82).

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey Hous ing

Char ac ter is tics, 1981, August 1983, DOE/EIA-0314

(81).

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Hous ing

Char ac ter is tics, 1980, June 1982, DOE/EIA-0314.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Char ac ter istics of the Hous ing Stock and House holds, 1978, Feb -

ru ary 1980, DOE/EIA-0207/2.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Con ser vation, Feb ru ary 1980, DOE/EIA-0207/3.

Pre limi nary Con ser va tion Ta bles from the Na tional

In terim En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey, August

1979,DOE/EIA-0193/P.

Char ac ter is tics of the Hous ing Stock and House holds:

Pre limi nary Find ings from the Na tional In terim Energy Con sump tion Sur vey, Oc to ber 1979, DOE/EIA0199/P.

Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures

Note: The sur vey name was dropped from the be ginning of the re port ti tle start ing with the 1987 data reports. The ti tles were changed to House hold En ergy

Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures 1987, Part 1: Na tional

and Part 2: Re gional.

House hold En ergy Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures

1993, Oc to ber 1995, DOE/EIA-0321(93).

“House hold En ergy Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures

1990,” Monthly En ergy Re view, August 1993, DOE/

EIA-0035(93/08).

House hold En ergy Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures

1990, Feb ru ary 1993, DOE/EIA-0321/1(90).

House hold En ergy Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures

1990\S, DOE/EIA-0321/2(90).

House hold En ergy Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures

1987, Part 1: Na tional Data, Oc to ber 1989,

DOE/EIA-0321/1(87). Note: En ergy end- use data are

in cluded in this re port.

House hold En ergy Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures

1987, Part 2: Re gional Data, DOE/EIA-0321/2(87).

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Con sumption and Ex pen di tures, April 1984 Through March

1985, Part 1: Na tional Data, March 1987,

DOE/EIA-0321/1(84).

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 375
Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Con sumption and Ex pen di tures, April 1984 Through March

1985, Part 2: Re gional Data, May 1987, DOE/

EIA-0321/2 (84). Note: En ergy end- use data are included in this re port.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Con sumption and Ex pen di tures, April 1982 Through March

1983, Part 1: Na tional Data, No vem ber 1984, DOE/

EIA-0321/1(82).

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Con sumption and Ex pen di tures, April 1982 Through March

1983, Part 2: Re gional Data, De cem ber 1984, DOE/

EIA-0321/2(82).

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Con sumption and Ex pen di tures, April 1981 Through March

1982, Part 1: Na tional Data, Sep tem ber 1983,

DOE/EIA-0321/1(81). Resi den tial En ergy Con sumption Sur vey: Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures, April

1981 Through March 1982, Part 2: Re gional Data,

Oc to ber 1983, DOE/EIA-0321/2(81).

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Con sumption and Ex pen di tures, April 1980 Through March

1981, Part 1: Na tional Data, Sep tem ber 1982, DOE/

EIA-0321/1(80).

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Con sumption and Ex pen di tures, April 1980 Through March

1981, Part 2: Re gional Data, June 1983,

DOE/EIA-0321/2(80).

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: 1979-1980

Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures, Part 1: Na tional Data

(In clud ing Con ser va tion), April 1981, DOE/EIA0262/1.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: 1979-1980

Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures, Part II: Re gional

Data, May 1981, DOE/EIA-0262/2.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Con sumption and Ex pen di tures, April 1978 Through March

1979, July 1980, DOE/EIA-0207/5.

Single- Family House holds: Fuel Oil In ven to ries and

Ex pen di tures: Na tional In terim En ergy Con sump tion

Sur vey, De cem ber 1979, DOE/EIA-0207/1.

Other Pub li ca tions on the Resi den tial

Sec tor

En ergy Con sump tion Se ries—Resi den tial En ergy

Con sump tion Sur vey Qual ity Pro file, March 1996,

DOE/EIA-0555(96)/1.

En ergy Con sump tion Se ries—Sam ple De sign for the

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey, August

1994, DOE/EIA-0555(94)/1.

En ergy Con sump tion Se ries—User- Needs Study of the

1993 Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey, Septem ber 1993, DOE/EIA-0555(93)/2.

“End- Use Con sump tion of Resi den tial En ergy”

Monthly En ergy Re view, July 1987, DOE/EIA0035(87/07). 

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Trends in

Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures 1978-1984, June

1987, DOE/EIA-0482.

Resi den tial Con ser va tion Meas ures, July 1986,

SR/EEUD/86/01.

An Eco nomic Evalua tion of En ergy Con ser va tion and

Re new able En ergy Tax Cred its,Oc to ber 1985, Serv ice

Re port.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures by

End Use for 1978, 1980, and 1981; De cem ber 1984,

DOE/EIA-0458.

Wea theri za tion Pro gram Evalua tion, SR-EEUD84-1, August 1984 (avail able from the Of fice of the

As sis tant Sec re tary for Con ser va tion and Re new able

En ergy, De part ment of En ergy).

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Re gres sion

Analy sis of En ergy Con sump tion by End Use, Oc to ber

1983, DOE/EIA-0431.

Na tional In terim En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Explor ing the Vari abil ity In En ergy Con sump tion, July

1981, DOE/EIA-0272.

Na tional In terim En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Explor ing the Vari abil ity in En ergy Con sump tion—A

Sup ple ment, Oc to ber 1981, DOE/EIA-0272/S.

Energy Information Administration

376 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Resi den tial Trans por ta tion

Sec tor

Note: The sur vey name was dropped from the be ginning of the re port ti tle start ing with the 1988 data report, and the re port ti tle changed to House hold

Ve hi cles En ergy Con sump tion 1988.

House hold Ve hi cles En ergy Con sump tion 1994,

August 1997, DOE/EIA-0464(94).

House hold Ve hi cles En ergy Con sump tion 1991, De -

cem ber 1993, DOE/EIA-0464(91).

“En ergy Pre view: Resi den tial Trans por ta tion En ergy

Con sump tion Sur vey Pre limi nary Es ti mates, 1991,”

Monthly En ergy Re view, Janu ary 1993, DOE/

EIA-0035(93/01).

House hold Ve hi cles En ergy Con sump tion 1988, Febru ary 1990, DOE/EIA-0464(88).

Resi den tial Trans por ta tion En ergy Con sump tion Survey: Con sump tion Pat terns of House hold Ve hi cles

1985, April 1987, DOE/EIA-0464(85).

Resi den tial Trans por ta tion En ergy Con sump tion Survey: Con sump tion Pat terns of House hold Ve hi cles,

1983, Janu ary 1985, DOE/EIA-0464(83).

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Con sumption Pat terns of House hold Ve hi cles, Sup ple ment:

Janu ary 1981 to Sep tem ber 1981, Feb ru ary 1983,

DOE/EIA-0328.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Con sumption Pat terns of House hold Ve hi cles, June 1979 to Decem ber 1980, April 1982, DOE/EIA-0319.

Cross- Sector

En ergy Con sump tion Meas ur ing En ergy Ef fi ciency in

the United States’ Econ omy: A Be gin ning, Oc to ber

1995, DOE/EIA-0555(95)/2.

En ergy Con sump tion Series- Buildings and En ergy in

the 1980’s, June 1995, DOE/EIA-0555(95)/1.

En ergy Con sump tion by End- Use Sec tor: A Com parison of Meas ures by Con sump tion and Sup ply Sur veys;

April 6, 1990, DOE/EIA-0533.

Natu ral Gas: Use and Ex pen di tures; April 1983,

DOE/EIA-0382.

Public- Use Data 

Note: Mi cro data in volv ing the last two sur vey cy cles

for the vari ous sec tor can be found on the Con sumption Homepage at www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/

page1.html. Call the Na tional En ergy In for ma tion

Cen ter on (202) 586-8800 re gard ing public- use data

for the later sur vey years, such as those be low.

Resi den tial and Resi den tial

Trans por ta tion Sec tors

 Resi den tial Trans por ta tion En ergy Con sump tion Survey, 1988, Or der No. PB90-501461.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: 1987 and

Resi den tial Trans por ta tion En ergy Con sump tion Survey, 1988, Or der No. PB90-501461.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: 1984 and

Resi den tial Trans por ta tion En ergy Con sump tion Survey, 1985, Or der No. PB87-186540.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: 1982 and

Resi den tial Trans por ta tion En ergy Con sump tion Survey, 1983, Or der No. PB85-221760.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Con sumption and Ex pen di tures, 1980-1981; Monthly Bill ing

Data, Or der No. PB84-166230.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Hous ing

Char ac ter is tics, 1981; Con sump tion and Ex pen ditures, 1981-1982, Monthly Bill ing Data; Or der No.

PB84-120476.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: Hous ing

Char ac ter is tics, An nu al ized Con sump tion and Ex pendi tures, 1980-1981, Or der No. PB83-199554.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: House hold

Trans por ta tion Panel Monthly Gas Pur chases and Vehi cle and House hold Char ac ter is tics, 6/79-9/81, Or der

No. PB84-162452.

Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: House hold

Screener Sur vey, 1979-1980, Or der No. PB82-114877.

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 377
Resi den tial En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey: House hold

Monthly En ergy Con sump tion and Ex pen di tures,

1978-1979, Or der No. PB82-114901.

Na tional In terim En ergy Con sump tion Sur vey (Resi -

den tial), 1978, Or der No. PB81-108714.

Com mer cial Sec tor

Non resi den tial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Survey: 1986 Data, Or der No. PB90-500034.

Non resi den tial Build ings En ergy Con sump tion Survey: 1979 and 1983 Data, Or der No. PB88-245162. 

Note: The En ergy In for ma tion Ad min istra tion also pub lishes an nu ally the State En ergy Data Re port, Con sump tion

Es ti mates, DOE/EIA-0214; the State En ergy Price and Ex pen di tures Re port, DOE/EIA-0376; and the Monthly Energy Re view, DOE/EIA-0035. These re ports con tain an nual and monthly con sump tion in for ma tion de rived from

EIA sup ply sur veys.

Energy Information Administration

378 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Glos sary

Ac count Clas si fi ca tion: The method in which sup pliers of elec tric ity, natu ral gas, or fuel oil clas sify and bill

their cus tom ers. Com monly used ac count clas si fi cations are “Com mer cial,” “In dus trial,” and “Resi dential.” Sup pli ers’ defi ni tions of these terms vary from

sup plier to sup plier and from the defi ni tions used in

CBECS. In ad di tion, the same cus tomer may be clas sified dif fer ently by each of its en ergy sup pli ers. 

Ac tivi ties with Large Amounts of Hot Wa ter: An

energy- related space func tion within a build ing that requires large amounts of hot wa ter for other than space

heat ing. Ex am ples of these ac tivi ties are com mer cial

laun dry rooms, heated swim ming pools, spas, sau nas

and steam rooms.

Ag ri cul tural: Ac tivi ties in volv ing the pro duc tion,

proc ess ing, sale, stor age, or hous ing of ag ri cul tural

prod ucts, in clud ing live stock. Build ings that con tained

com mer cial ac tivi ties but had 50 per cent or more of the

floor space de voted to ag ri cul tural ac tivi ties were consid ered out of scope, as were farms and farm build ings,

which are over whelm ingly resi den tial and ag ri cul tural.

(See Com mer cial Build ing and Prin ci pal Build ing

Ac tiv ity.)

Air- Handling Unit: A type of heat ing and/or cool ing

dis tri bu tion equip ment that chan nels warm or cool air

to dif fer ent parts of a build ing. This pro cess of channel ing the con di tioned air of ten in volves draw ing air

over heat ing or cool ing coils and forc ing it from a central lo ca tion through ducts or air- handling units. Air-

 handling units are hid den in the walls or ceil ings,

where they use steam or hot wa ter to heat or chill wa ter

to cool the air in side the duct work.

Authori za tion Form: A form signed by the build ing

re spon dent, author iz ing en ergy sup pli ers that serve the

build ing to re lease in for ma tion on the amounts and

costs of en ergy con sumed in the build ing and the partici pa tion by the build ing in Demand- Side

Management pro grams dur ing a speci fied pe riod. (See

En ergy Sup plier.)

Bar rel: A volu met ric unit of meas ure for crude oil and

pe tro leum prod ucts equiva lent to 42 U.S. gal lons.

Base board: A type of heat ing dis tri bu tion equip ment

in which ei ther elec tric re sis tance coils or finned tubes

car ry ing steam or hot wa ter are mounted be hind shallow pan els along the bot tom of a wall. Base board heating dis tri bu tion equip ment re lies on pas sive

con vec tion to dis trib ute heated air in the space. Elec tric

base boards are an ex am ple of an In di vid ual Space

Heater. (See Elec tric Base board and In di vid ual

Space Heater.)

Boiler: A type of space- heating equip ment con sist ing

of a ves sel or tank where heat pro duced from the combus tion of such fu els as natu ral gas, fuel oil, or coal is

used to gen er ate hot wa ter or steam. Many build ings

have their own boil ers, while other build ings have

steam or hot wa ter piped in from a cen tral plant. For

this sur vey, only boil ers in side the build ing (or serv ing

only that par ticu lar build ing) are counted as part of the

build ing’s heat ing sys tem. Steam or hot wa ter piped

into a build ing from a cen tral plant is con sid ered district heat.

Btu (Brit ish Ther mal Unit): A unit of en ergy consumed by or de liv ered to a build ing. A Btu is de fined as

the amount of en ergy re quired to in crease the tem perature of 1 pound of wa ter by 1 de gree Fahr en heit, at normal at mos pheric pres sure. En ergy con sump tion is

ex pressed in Btu to al low for con sump tion com parisons among fu els that are meas ured in dif fer ent units.

(See Btu Con ver sion Fac tors and Met ric Con version Fac tors.) 

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 379
Btu Con ver sion Fac tors: The Btu con ver sion fac tors

used for this sur vey are shown in the above ta ble.

Build ing: A struc ture to tally en closed by walls ex tending from the foun da tion to the roof, con tain ing over

1,000 square feet of floor space and in tended for hu man

oc cu pancy. In cluded in the sur vey as a spe cific ex ception were struc tures erected on pil lars to ele vate the

first fully en closed level but leav ing the sides at ground

level open. Ex cluded from the sur vey as non build ings

were the fol low ing: struc tures (other than the ex ception just noted) that were not to tally en closed by walls

and a roof (such as oil re fin er ies, steel mills, and wa ter

tow ers), street lights, pumps, bill boards, bridges,

swim ming pools, oil stor age tanks, con struc tion sites,

and mo bile homes and trail ers, even if they housed

com mer cial ac tiv ity. The 1995 CBECS ex cluded parking ga rages and com mer cial build ings on manu fac turing sites. These build ings were in cluded in pre vi ous

CBECS. (See Com mer cial Build ing.)

Build ing Floor space: See Floor space.

Build ing Shell (En ve lope): The ther mal en ve lope of

the build ing, that is, the roof, ex te rior walls, and bot -

tom floors that en close con di tioned space through

which ther mal en ergy may be trans ferred to or from the

ex te rior.

Build ing Shell Con ser va tion Fea tures: Fea tures de -

signed to re duce the en ergy loss or gain through the

shell or en ve lope of the build ing. (See In su la tion,

Storms or Mul ti ple Glaz ing, Tinted or Re flec tive

Glass or Shad ing Film, and Ex te rior or In te rior

Shad ings or Awn ings.)

Built- Up Roof: A roof cov er ing con sist ing of sev eral

suc ces sive lay ers (each of which is called a “ply”), usually of roof ing felt, with mop ping of hot as phalt between lay ers and topped by a mineral- surfaced layer or

by gravel em bed ded in a heavy coat of as phalt.

Cases or Cabi nets: Re frig era tion in open or closed

units for the pur pose of sell ing, dis play ing, or stor ing

per ish able ma te ri als. “Open” re fers to cases or cabi nets

with no cov ers or with flexi ble cov ers made of plas tic

or some other ma te rial, hung in strips or cur tains to

stop the flow of warm air into the re frig er ated space.

“Closed” re fers to units with doors that shut.

CDD: See Cool ing Degree- Days (CDD).

Cen sus Re gion and Di vi sion: A geo graphic area consist ing of sev eral States de fined by the U.S. De partment of Com merce, Bu reau of the Cen sus. See ta ble on

next page.

Cen tral Chil ler: A type of cool ing equip ment that is

cen trally lo cated and that pro duces chilled wa ter in order to cool air. The chilled wa ter or cold air is then distrib uted through out the build ing by use of pipes or air

ducts, or both. These sys tems are also com monly

known as “chillers,” “cen trifu gal chillers,” “re cip rocat ing chillers” or “ab sorp tion chillers.” Chillers are

gen er ally lo cated in, or just out side, the build ing they

serve. Chillers lo cated at cen tral plants are in cluded

un der Dis trict Chilled Wa ter.

Cen tral Physi cal Plant: A plant that is owned by, and

on the grounds of, a mul ti build ing fa cil ity that pro vides

dis trict heat ing, dis trict cool ing, or elec tric ity to one or

more build ings on the same fa cil ity. The cen tral physical plant may be by it self in a sepa rate build ing or may

be lo cated in a build ing where other ac tivi ties oc cur.

(See Mul ti build ing Fa cil ity, Dis trict Heat, or Dis -

trict Chilled Wa ter.)

Energy Information Administration

380 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures

Energy Source Btu Equivalent Unit

Electricity 3,412 kilowatthour

Natural Gas 1,027 cubic foot

Distillate Fuel Oils (Nos. 1, 2, and 4) 138,690 gallon

Residual Fuel Oils (Nos. 5 and 6) 149,690 gallon

Note: A Btu of district hot water has been converted into equivalent pounds of steam by use of the conversion 1,000 Btu hot water≅1

pound steam.

Sources: Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Annual (1992), p. 238, nor natural gas; Monthly Energy Review (October

1997), pp.145-149, for electricity, distillate, residual, and kerosene; and Methodological Issues In the Nonresidential Buildings Energy

Consumption Survey (September 1983), pp. 173-175, nor district steam.
Cen tral ized Water- Heating Sys tem: A type of

water- heating equip ment that heats and stores wa ter

for pur poses other than space heat ing which pro vides

hot wa ter from a sin gle lo ca tion for dis tri bu tion

through out a build ing. A residential- type tank wa ter

heater is a good ex am ple of a cen tral ized wa ter heater.

Cli mate Zone: One of five cli mati cally dis tinct ar eas,

de fined by long- term weather con di tions af fect ing the

heat ing and cool ing loads in build ings. The zones were

de ter mined ac cord ing to the 45- year av er age

(1931-1975) of the an nual heat ing and cool ing

degree- days (base 65 de grees Fahr en heit). An in di vidual build ing was as signed to a cli mate zone ac cord ing

to the 45- year av er age an nual degree- days for its National Oce anic and At mos pheric Ad min istra tion

(NOAA) Di vi sion. The cli mate zones are de fined below. (See Heat ing Degree- Days (HDD) and Cool ing

Degree- Days (CDD).)

Coal: A black or brownish- black solid, com bus ti ble

sub stance formed by the par tial de com po si tion of

vege ta ble mat ter with out ac cess to air. The term includes an thra cite, bi tu mi nous, and sub bi tu mi nous coal,

as well as the de riva tive of coal (formed by de struc tive

dis til la tion or im per fect com bus tion) known as coke.

Data on the use of coal were col lected but no con sumption and ex pen di ture data were col lected. Coal is included in the “Other” cate gory for the en ergy sources,

main space- heating en ergy sources, and space- heating

en ergy sources cate go ries. (See En ergy Source.)

Co genera tion: The se quen tial or si mul ta ne ous process in which use ful heat/steam is gen er ated, used in a

va ri ety of pro cess ap pli ca tions, and then di rected into a

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 381

Re gion Division States

Northeast New England Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode

Island, and Vermont

Middle Atlantic New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania

Midwest East North Central Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin

West North Central Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and

South Dakota

South South Atlantic Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland,

North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia

East South Central Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee

West South Central Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas

West Mountain Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah,

and Wyoming

Pacific Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington

Climate Zone Average Annual Cooling Degree-Days Average Annual Heating Degree-Days

1 Fewer than 2,000 More than 7,000

2 Fewer than 2,000 5,500 to 7,000

3 Fewer than 2,000 4,000 to 5,499

4 Fewer than 2,000 Fewer than 4,000

5 2,000 or More Fewer than 4,000
tur bine to gen er ate elec tric ity and/or me chani cal work

from the use ful ther mal en ergy still avail able for use.

This pro cess of elec tric gen era tion may be elec tri cally

in ter con nected with an elec tric util ity and grid, to deliver elec tric ity to the grid as well as re ceive it from the

grid. Nei ther gen era tion of elec tric ity with out use of

the by prod uct heat, nor waste- heat re cov ery from processes other than elec tric ity gen era tion is in cluded in

the defi ni tion of co genera tion. (See Elec tric ity Genera tion.)

Com mer cial: Nei ther resi den tial, manu fac tur ing/indus trial, nor ag ri cul tural. (See Resi den tial, Manu factur ing/ In dus trial, Ag ri cul tural, and Com mer cial

Build ing.)

Com mer cial Build ing: A build ing with more than 50

per cent of its floor space used for com mer cial ac tivities. Com mer cial build ings in clude, but are not lim ited

to, the fol low ing: stores, of fices, schools, churches,

gym na si ums, li brar ies, mu se ums, hos pi tals, clin ics,

ware houses, and jails. Gov ern ment build ings were included ex cept for build ings on sites with re stricted access, such as some mili tary bases. Ag ri cul tural

build ings, park ing ga rages, resi dences, and manu factur ing/in dus trial build ings were ex cluded from the survey. In 1995, com mer cial build ings on manu fac tur ing

sites were also ex cluded. For a list of build ing types,

see Ap pen dix C, “De scrip tion of Build ing Types.”

(See Build ing, Com mer cial, Resi den tial, Manu factur ing/In dus trial, Ag ri cul tural, and Prin ci pal

Build ing Ac tiv ity.)

Com mer cial Food Prepa ra tion: An energy- related

func tion that has space spe cifi cally de signed and

equipped to meet the needs for pre par ing and serv ing

food com mer cially. This in cludes kitch ens in res taurants, din ers, and other com mer cial in sti tu tions, such

as schools. The term “com mer cial” also in cludes what

is some times clas si fied as “in sti tu tional”—that is, food

prepa ra tion and serv ing ar eas in schools, hos pi tals,

pris ons, shel ters, churches, and nurs ing homes. This

cate gory in cludes cafe te rias where food is brought in

and kept warm with steam ta bles or other warm ing devices un til it is served. It does not in clude em ployee or

stu dent “lounge” ar eas with mi cro waves or other food

prepa ra tion equip ment and/or vend ing ma chines.

Com mer cial Re frig era tion/Freezer Equip ment: Refrig era tion equip ment is de signed to main tain the

stored items be low room tem pera ture but above the

freez ing point of wa ter. Freezer equip ment is de signed

to keep its con tents be low the freez ing point of wa ter

(32 de grees Fahr en heit). This cate gory in cludes: commer cial re frig era tion/freezer units for the sale or storage of per ish able ma te ri als; resi den tial-type

re frig era tors/freez ers that are a nec es sary part of the

build ing’s prin ci pal ac tiv ity; or any other com mer cial

re frig era tion equip ment, ex clud ing air con di tion ing.

Data are col lected on re frig era tion/freezer equip ment

in side and/or ad ja cent to a build ing. (See Cases or

Cabi nets and Walk- in Re frig era tion Units.)

Com pact Fluo res cent Light Bulb: A light bulb designed to re place screw- in in can des cent light bulbs;

they are of ten found in ta ble lamps, wall sconces, and

hall and ceil ing fix tures of com mer cial build ings with

resi den tial type lights. They com bine the ef fi ciency of

fluo res cent light ing with the con ven ience of stan dard

in can des cent bulbs. Light is pro duced the same way as

with other fluo res cent lamps. Com pact fluo res cent

bulbs have ei ther elec tronic or mag netic bal lasts.

Com puter Room with Sepa rate Air- Conditioning

Sys tem: An energy- related func tion that has space specifi cally de signed and equipped to meet the needs of

com puter equip ment. The air- conditioning sys tem for

this area con trols the tem pera ture and/or hu mid ity and

is sepa rate from that used to con trol the en vi ron ment in

other parts of the build ing. The space is usu ally separated by walls and doors. Some times such rooms have

raised floors with ven ti la tion equip ment lo cated un der

the floor.

Com puter Ter mi nal: Elec tronic equip ment which

con sists of a com puter screen (moni tor) or ter mi nal and

a data en try de vice, such as a key board. Ter mi nals used

in of fices usu ally look like per sonal com put ers (PC’s)

with out the box or cen tral proc ess ing unit (CPU) case.

The “CPU” for the ter mi nal is the main frame com puter

lo cated in a cen tral place. (See Per sonal Com puter.)

Con crete Pan els: A wall con struc tion panel made of

con crete which is ei ther pre fab ri cated in a fac tory or

poured at the site and then hoisted onto the struc ture.

(See Pre cast Con crete Panel.)

Con crete Roof: A poured con crete roof, of ten in -

tended to bear the load of a park ing ga rage that oc cupies the roof area of a build ing.

Con di tional En ergy In ten sity: To tal con sump tion of

a par ticu lar en ergy source(s) or fuel(s) di vided by the

to tal floor space of build ings that use the en ergy

source(s) or fuel(s), i.e., the ra tio of con sump tion to enEnergy Information Administration

382 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
ergy source- specific floor space. This meas ure is used

in the fuel- specific de tailed ta bles.

Con sump tion: The amount of en ergy used in, or de livered to, a build ing dur ing a given pe riod of time. Unless oth er wise noted, all con sump tion sta tis tics are site

en ergy con sump tion, which in cludes elec tric util ity

sales to com mer cial build ings but ex cludes elec tri cal

sys tem and dis trict heat en ergy losses. Sta tis tics pre -

sented are on an an nual ba sis for the 365- day pe riod of

cal en dar year 1995. Site con sump tion is the amount of

en ergy de liv ered to the site (build ing); no ad just ment is 

made for the fu els con sumed to pro duce elec tric ity or

dis trict sources. Site con sump tion is also re ferred to as

net en ergy. Pri mary con sump tion is the amount of site

con sump tion plus losses that oc cur in the elec tric ity

gen era tion pro cess.

Data on en ergy con sump tion were not col lected by end

uses sepa rately. For ex am ple, al though it might be

known that elec tric ity was used in some build ings for

heat ing, the con sump tion of elec tric ity re ported for

those build ings would typi cally in clude other uses of

elec tric ity as well (such as light ing and wa ter heat ing).

To tal con sump tion is re ported as well as “Con sumption per Square Foot”the ag gre gate ra tio of to tal consump tion for a par ticu lar set of build ings to the to tal

floor space of those build ings; and “Con sump tion per

Worker”the ag gre gate ra tio of to tal con sump tion to

to tal number of work ers (main shift). (See Btu, Con -

ver sion Losses, En ergy Sup plier, Ex pen di tures,

Floor space, and Work ers(Main Shift).) 

Con ver sion Fac tors: See Btu Con ver sion Fac tors

and Met ric Con ver sion Fac tors.

Con ver sion Losses: The amount of en ergy lost dur ing

gen era tion, trans mis sion, and dis tri bu tion of en ergy

sources, par ticu larly elec tric ity, in clud ing plant and

unaccounted- for uses. (See Site Elec tric ity and Pri -

mary Elec tric ity.)

Cook ing: As an en ergy end use, the use of en ergy for

com mer cial or in sti tu tional food prepa ra tion. Spe cifically, cook ing that took place in a kitchen fa cil ity that

was not part of a resi dence. It does not in clude employee lounge ar eas that are equipped with mi crowaves, other food prepa ra tion equip ment, and/or

vend ing ma chines. (See En ergy End Use.)

Cool ing: As an en ergy end use, the con di tion ing of air

in a room for hu man com fort by a re frig era tion unit

(such as an air con di tioner or heat pump) or by a cen tral

cool ing or dis trict cool ing sys tem that cir cu lates

chilled wa ter. Ex cluded is the use of fans or blow ers by

them selves, with out chilled air or wa ter. (See En ergy

End Use.)

Cool ing Degree- Days (CDD): A meas ure of how hot a

lo ca tion was over a pe riod of time, rela tive to a base

tem pera ture. In this re port, the base tem pera ture is 65

de grees Fahr en heit, and the pe riod of time is one year.

The cool ing degree- day is the dif fer ence be tween that

day’s av er age tem pera ture and 65 de grees if the daily

av er age is greater than 65; it is zero if the daily av er age

tem pera ture is less than or equal to 65. Cool ing

degree- days for a year are the sum of the daily cool ing

degree- days for that year.

Cool ing Dis tri bu tion Equip ment: The part of a cooling sys tem that dis trib utes con di tioned wa ter and/or air

through out a build ing by means of pipes, ducts, or fans. 

Of ten the dis tri bu tion serves both heat ing and cool ing.

(See Duct, In di vid ual Air Con di tioner, and Fan-

 Coil Unit.)

Cool ing Equip ment: The equip ment used for cool ing

room air in a build ing for hu man com fort. (See Resi -

den tial- Type Cen tral Air Con di tioner, Heat Pump,

In di vid ual Air Con di tioner, Cen tral Chil ler, District Chilled Wa ter, Pack aged Unit, and Evapo rative Cooler [Swamp Cooler].)

Cu bic Foot (cf): As a natu ral gas meas ure, the vol ume

of gas con tained in a cube with an edge that is 1 foot

long at stan dard tem pera ture and pres sure (60 de grees

Fahr en heit and 14.73 pounds stan dard per square

inch.) The ther mal con tent var ies by the com po si tion

of the gas. (See Natu ral Gas and Btu Con ver sion

Fac tors.)

Degree- Days 45- Year Av er age: The av er age of the

to tal an nual heat ing and cool ing degree- days (base, 65

De grees Fahr en heit) in each NOAA Di vi sion, for the

45 years, 1931 through 1975. Com puted from the Di vision’s daily tem pera ture av er ages for each year in

ques tion and used to as sign in di vid ual build ings to climate zones. (See NOAA Di vi sion and Cli mate Zone.)

De mand: The rate of en ergy con sump tion per unit of

time. The term is most com monly ap plied to elec tricity, for which de mand is typi cally meas ured in watts

(W) or kilo watts (kW). (See Peak De mand.)

Demand- Metered: Hav ing a me ter to meas ure peak

de mand (in ad di tion to to tal con sump tion) dur ing a

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A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 383
bill ing pe riod. The 1995 CBECS col lected data on metered de mand only for elec tric ity. De mand is not usually me tered for other en ergy sources. (See Peak

De mand.)

Dis trib uted Water- Heating Sys tem: A type of sys -

tem for heat ing wa ter for pur poses other than space-

 heating which is lo cated at more than one place within

a build ing. Of ten called a “point- of- use” wa ter heat ing

sys tem, the wa ter heater is lo cated at the fau cet and

heats wa ter only as re quired for im me di ate use. Because wa ter is not heated un til it is re quired, this equipment is more en ergy ef fi cient.

Dis trict Chilled Wa ter: Wa ter chilled out side of a

build ing in a cen tral plant and piped into the build ing

as an en ergy source for cool ing. Chilled wa ter may be

pur chased from a util ity or pro vided by a cen tral physical plant in a sepa rate build ing that is part of the same

mul ti build ing fa cil ity (for ex am ple, a hos pi tal com plex

or uni ver sity). (See En ergy Source.)

Dis trict Heat: Steam or hot wa ter pro duced out side of

a build ing in a cen tral plant and piped into the build ing

as an en ergy source for space heat ing or an other end

use. The dis trict heat may be pur chased from a util ity

or pro vided by a cen tral physi cal plant in a sepa rate

build ing that is part of the same mul ti build ing fa cil ity

(for ex am ple, a hos pi tal com plex or uni ver sity.) Dis -

trict heat in cludes dis trict steam and/or dis trict hot wa -

ter. (See En ergy Source.)

Dis trict Hot Wa ter: Dis trict heat in the form of hot

wa ter. (See Dis trict Heat.)

Dis trict Steam: Dis trict heat in the form of steam. (See

Dis trict Heat.)

Duct: A type of heat ing and/or cool ing dis tri bu tion

equip ment that is a pas sage way made of sheet metal or

other suit able ma te rial to con vey air from the heat ing,

ven ti lat ing, and cool ing sys tems to and from the point

of use. (See Air- Handling Unit.) 

Econo mizer Cy cle: A heat ing, ven ti la tion, and air-

 conditioning (HVAC) con ser va tion fea ture con sist ing

of in door and out door tem pera ture and hu mid ity sensors, damp ers, mo tors, and mo tor con trols for the venti la tion sys tem to re duce the air- conditioning load.

Wher ever the tem pera ture and hu mid ity of the out door

air are more fa vor able (lower heat con tent) than the

tem pera ture and hu mid ity of the re turn air, more outdoor air is brought into the build ing.

Elec tric Base board: An in di vid ual space heater with

elec tric re sis tance coils mounted be hind shal low panels along the bot tom of a wall. Elec tric base boards rely

on pas sive con vec tion to dis trib ute heated air to the

space. (See In di vid ual Space Heater and Base -

board.)

Elec tric ity: Elec tric en ergy sup plied to a build ing by a

cen tral util ity via power lines or from a cen tral physi cal

plant in a sepa rate build ing that is part of the same multi build ing fa cil ity. Elec tric power gen er ated within a

build ing for ex clu sive use in that build ing is spe cifically ex cluded from the defi ni tion of elec tric ity as an

en ergy source. (See En ergy Source.)

Elec tric ity Gen era tion: As an en ergy end use, the onsite pro duc tion of elec tric ity by means of elec tric ity

gen era tors on ei ther a regu lar or emer gency ba sis. (See

En ergy End Use and Elec tric ity.)

EMCS: See En ergy Man age ment and Con trol System (EMCS).

En ergy Audit: An en ergy man age ment prac tice consist ing of an evalua tion to pro vide in for ma tion on the

physi cal and op er at ing char ac ter is tics of a build ing and

its en ergy uses and pro cesses. The en ergy audit is conducted at the prem ise or fa cil ity by trained audi tors.

Audit serv ices vary from sim ple walk- throughs to

build ing man age ment train ing pro grams and site-

 specific pro cess and ef fi ciency evalua tions. Audits can

be ini ti ated or spon sored and per formed by a lo cal utility; a Fed eral, State or lo cal gov ern ment; a build ing

owner; or an en ergy serv ice con trac tor.

En ergy Con ser va tion Fea tures: This cate gory includes build ing shell con ser va tion fea tures, HVAC

con ser va tion fea tures, and light ing con ser va tion features in cor po rated by a build ing. (See Build ing Shell

Con ser va tion Fea tures, HVAC Con ser va tion Features, and Light ing Con ser va tion Fea tures.)

Energy- Efficient Bal lasts: A light ing con ser va tion

fea ture con sist ing of an energy- efficient ver sion of a

con ven tional elec tro mag netic bal last. The bal last is the

trans former for fluo res cent and high- intensity discharge (HID) lamps and pro vides the nec es sary current, volt age, and wave- form con di tions to op er ate the

lamp. An energy- efficient bal last re quires lower power

in put than a con ven tional bal last to op er ate HID and

fluo res cent lamps.

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384 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
En ergy End Use: A use for which en ergy is con sumed

in a build ing. In for ma tion on six spe cific end uses was

col lected in this sur vey (cook ing, cool ing, elec tric ity

gen era tion, manu fac tur ing, space heat ing, and water

heat ing). End- use es ti mates for eight end uses and an

“other” cate gory are pro vided in this re port (cook ing,

cool ing, light ing, office equip ment, refrig era tion,

space heat ing, ven ti la tion, and water heat ing). (See

Cook ing, Cool ing, Elec tric ity Gen era tion, Light ing,

Manu fac tur ing, Of fice Equip ment, Re frig era tion,

Space Heat ing, and Wa ter Heat ing.)

En ergy In ten sity: The ra tio of con sump tion to unit of

meas ure ment (floor space, number of work ers, etc.)

En ergy in ten sity is usu ally given on an ag gre gate ba sis,

as the ra tio of the to tal con sump tion for a set of build -

ings to the to tal floor space in those build ings. Con ditional en ergy in ten sity and gross en ergy in ten sity are

pre sented. The en ergy in ten sity can also be com puted

for in di vid ual build ings. (See Con di tional En ergy Inten sity and Gross En ergy In ten sity.)

En ergy Man age ment and Con trol Sys tem (EMCS):

An en ergy man age ment fea ture that uses mini/mi crocom put ers, in stru men ta tion, con trol equip ment, and

soft ware to man age a build ing’s use of en ergy for heating, ven ti la tion, air con di tion ing, light ing, and/or

business- related pro cesses. These sys tems can also

man age fire con trol, safety, and se cu rity. Not in cluded

as an EMCS are time- clock ther mo stats.

Energy- Related Space Func tions: The use of space

in the build ing for one or more of three spe cific functions: com mer cial food prepa ra tion, com puter rooms

with sepa rate air con di tion ing sys tems, and ac tivi ties

re quir ing large amounts of hot wa ter. (See Com mer -

cial Food Prepa ra tion, Com puter Room with Separate Air- Conditioning Sys tem, and Ac tivi ties with

Large Amounts of Hot Wa ter.)

En ergy Source: A type of en ergy or fuel con sumed in

a build ing. In this sur vey, in for ma tion about the use of

elec tric ity, natu ral gas, fuel oil, dis trict heat, dis trict

chilled wa ter, pro pane, wood, coal, and so lar ther mal

pan els in com mer cial build ings was ob tained from the

build ing re spon dent. In most ta bles, wood, coal, and

so lar ther mal pan els are in cluded in “Other” in the Energy Sources cate gory. (See Elec tric ity, Natu ral Gas,

Fuel Oil, Dis trict Heat, Dis trict Chilled Wa ter, Liq -

ue fied Pe tro leum Gas [LPG], Pro pane, Wood, Coal

and So lar Ther mal Pan els.)

En ergy Source- Specific Floor space: To tal floorspace of those build ings that use a par ticu lar fuel. (See

Con di tional En ergy In ten sity.)

En ergy Sup plier: Fuel com pa nies sup ply ing elec tric -

ity, natu ral gas, fuel oil, or other sources of en ergy to a

build ing. In the 1995 CBECS, only sup pli ers of electric ity, natu ral gas, fuel oil, and dis trict heat were sent

the En ergy Sup plier Sur vey forms. (See En ergy

Source.)

Es tab lish ment: As de fined by the Stan dard In dus trial

Clas si fi ca tion Man ual de vel oped by the U.S. Of fice of

Man age ment and Budget, “an eco nomic unit, gen erally at a sin gle physi cal lo ca tion where busi ness is conducted or where serv ices or in dus trial op era tions are

per formed.” How ever, “es tab lish ment” is not syn onymous with “build ing.” In this sur vey, re spon dents

were asked how many es tab lish ments or or gani za tions

oc cupy the build ing — i.e., hold or lease space in it on a

full- time ba sis.

Evapo ra tive Cooler (Swamp Cooler): A type of

cool ing equip ment that turns air into moist, cool air by

satu rat ing the air with wa ter va por. It does not cool air

by use of a re frig era tion unit. This type of equip ment is

com monly used in warm, dry cli mates.

Ex pen di tures: Funds spent for the en ergy con sumed

in, or de liv ered to, a build ing dur ing a given pe riod of

time. All ex pen di ture sta tis tics are pre sented on an an -

nual ba sis for cal en dar year 1995. The to tal dol lar

amount in cludes State and lo cal taxes, fuel ad just ment

charges, sys tem charges, and de mand charges. The total dol lar amount ex cludes mer chan dise, re pair

charges, and serv ice charges. Data on en ergy ex pen ditures were not col lected by end uses sepa rately. For exam ple, al though it might be known that elec tric ity was

used in some build ings for heat ing, the ex pen di tures

for elec tric ity re ported for those build ings would typically in clude other uses of elec tric ity as well (such as

light ing and wa ter heat ing). To tal ex pen di tures were

re ported as well as “Ex pen di tures per Mil lion

Btu”the ag gre gate ra tio of a group of build ings’ to tal

ex pen di tures for a given fuel to the to tal con sump tion

of that fuel and “Ex pen di tures per Square Foot”the

ag gre gate ra tio of a group of build ings’ to tal ex pen ditures for a given fuel to the to tal floor space in those

build ings. (See Con sump tion.)

Ex te rior or In te rior Shad ings or Awn ings: A building shell con ser va tion fea ture de signed to re duce the

trans mis sion of light into a build ing. Ex te rior shad ings

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A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 385
or awn ings in clude any type of shad ing (in clud ing archi tec tural) or awn ing on the out side of the build ing

de signed to limit so lar pene tra tion. In te rior shad ings

are drapes, hori zon tal or ver ti cal shades, mini blinds,

or any other means of cov er ing a win dow from the in -

side to limit the amount of so lar or ther mal pene tra tion.

Fan- Coil Unit: A type of heat ing and/or cool ing dis tribu tion equip ment that cir cu lates hot or chilled wa ter

with fans but with out ducts. Fan- coil units have ther -

mo stati cally con trolled built- in fans that draw air from

a room and then carry the air across finned tubes con -

tain ing hot wa ter, steam, or chilled wa ter. The hot water, steam, or chilled wa ter can be pro duced by

equip ment within the build ing or can be piped into the

build ing as part of a dis trict heat ing or cool ing sys tem.

(See Space Heat ing and Cool ing.)

Floors: The number of lev els in the tall est sec tion of a

build ing that are ac tu ally con sid ered a part of the building, in clud ing park ing ar eas, base ments, or other floors

be low ground level.

Floor space: All the area en closed by the ex te rior walls

of a build ing, in clud ing in door park ing fa cili ties, base -

ments, hall ways, lob bies, stair ways, and ele va tor

shafts. For ag gre gate floor space sta tis tics, floor space

was summed or ag gre gated over all build ings in a category (such as all of fice build ings in the United States).

(See Square Foot age.)

Fluo res cent Light Bulb: Usu ally a long, nar row,

white tube made of glass, coated on the in side with

fluo res cent ma te rial that is con nected to an elec tric fix -

ture at both ends of the light bulb; the may also be circu lar or U- shaped. The light bulb pro duces light by

pass ing elec tric ity through mer cury va por, caus ing the

fluo res cent coat ing to glow, or fluo resce. Ex cluded are

com pact fluo res cent light bulbs, which are listed in a

sepa rate cate gory . Fluo res cent light bulbs are in cluded

in Stan dard Fluo res cent in the Light ing Equip ment

cate gory.

Forced Air through Vents: See Air- Handling Unit.

Fuel Oil: A liq uid pe tro leum prod uct used as an en ergy

source that is less vola tile than gaso line. Fuel oil includes dis til late fuel oil (Nos. 1, 2, and 4), re sid ual fuel

oil (Nos. 5 and 6), and kero sene. (See En ergy Source.)

Fur nace: A type of space- heating equip ment with an

en closed cham ber where fuel is burned or elec tri cal resis tance is used to heat air di rectly with out steam or hot

wa ter. The heated air is then dis trib uted through out a

build ing, typi cally by air ducts.

Gal lon: A volu met ric meas ure equal to 4 quarts (231

cu bic inches) used to meas ure fuel oil. One bar rel

equals 42 gal lons.

Gas Trans ported for the Ac count of Oth ers: Natu ral

gas physi cally de liv ered to a build ing by a lo cal util ity,

but not purchased from that util ity. A sepa rate trans action is made to pur chase the vol ume of gas and the utility is paid for the use of its pipe line to de liver the gas.

In cluded are quan ti ties cov ered by long- term con tracts

and quan ti ties in volved in short- term or spot- market

sales. Also called “Direct- Purchase Gas,” “Spot- Market Gas,” “Spot Gas,” “Trans ported Gas,” and “Self-

 Help Gas.”

Geo ther mal Heat Pump: A re new able en ergy fea ture

that uses the natu ral heat stor age abil ity of the earth

and/or the ground wa ter to heat and/or cool a build ing.

The earth has the abil ity to ab sorb and store heat en ergy

from the sun. To use that stored en ergy, heat is extracted from the earth through a liq uid me dium

(ground wa ter or an anti- freeze so lu tion) and is pumped

to the heat pump or heat ex changer. There, the heat is

used to heat the build ing. In the sum mer, the pro cess is

re versed and in door heat is ex tracted from the build ing

and trans ferred to the earth through the liq uid. The geother mal heat pump is more ef fi cient than an air- source

heat pump.

Gov ern ment Owned: A build ing owned by a Fed eral,

State, or lo cal gov ern ment agency. The build ing may

be oc cu pied by agen cies of more than one gov ern ment

and may also be shared with non gov ern ment es tab lishments.

Gross En ergy In ten sity: To tal con sump tion of a particu lar en ergy source(s) or fuel(s) by a group of buildings, di vided by the to tal floor space of those build ings,

in clud ing build ings and floor space where the en ergy

source or fuel is not used, i.e., the ra tio of con sump tion

to gross floor space. (See Con di tional En ergy In tensity.)

Gross Floor space: To tal floor space of a group of

build ings, re gard less of which end uses are pres ent or

which en ergy sources or fu els are used within the

build ings. (See En ergy Source- Specific Floor space

and Gross En ergy In ten sity.)

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386 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
Ground Source Heat Pump: See Geo ther mal Heat

Pump.

Halo gen Light Bulb: A type of in can des cent light

bulb that lasts much longer and is more ef fi cient than a

stan dard in can des cent light bulb. The light bulb uses a

halo gen gas, usu ally io dine or bro mine, that causes the

evapo rat ing tung sten to be re de pos ited on the fila ment,

thus pro long ing its life.

Heat ing Degree- Days (HDD): A meas ure of how cold

a lo ca tion was over a pe riod of time, rela tive to a base

tem pera ture. In this re port, the base tem pera ture used is

65 de grees Fahr en heit, and the pe riod of time is one

year. The heat ing degree- day is the dif fer ence be tween

that day’s av er age tem pera ture and 65 de grees if the

daily av er age is less than 65; it is zero if the daily av erage tem pera ture is greater than or equal to 65. Heat ing

degree- days for a year are the sum of the daily heat ing

degree- days for days that year.

Heat ing Dis tri bu tion Equip ment: The part of a heating sys tem that dis trib utes con di tioned wa ter and/or air

through out a build ing by means of pipes, ducts, or fans. 

Of ten the dis tri bu tion equip ment serves both heat ing

and cool ing. (See Ra dia tor, Base board, Duct, In divid ual Space Heater, and Fan- Coil Unit.)

Heat ing Equip ment: The equip ment used for heat ing

am bi ent air in a build ing, such as a heat pump, fur nace,

boiler, packaged- heating unit, in di vid ual space heater,

and dis trict steam or hot wa ter piped in from out side

the build ing. (See Boiler, Fur nace, Heat Pump, In divid ual Space Heater, and Pack aged Unit. )

Heat ing, Ven ti la tion, and Air Con di tion ing

(HVAC): The sys tem or sys tems that con di tion air in a

build ing.

Heat Pump: A type of heat ing and/or cool ing equipment that draws heat into a build ing from out side and,

dur ing the cool ing sea son, ejects heat from the build ing

to the out side. Heat pumps are vapor- compression re -

frig era tion sys tems whose in door/out door coils are

used re versi bly as con dens ers or evapo ra tors, de pending on the need for heat ing or cool ing.

High- Intensity Dis charge (HID) Light Bulb: A lamp

bulb that pro duces light by pass ing elec tric ity through

gas, which causes the gas to glow. Ex am ples of HID

lamps are mer cury va por lamps, metal hal ide lamps,

and high- and low- pressure so dium lamps. HID lamps

have an ex tremely long life and emit many more lumens per fix ture than do fluo res cent lights.

HVAC: See Heat ing, Ven ti la tion, and Air Con dition ing (HVAC). 

HVAC Con ser va tion Fea tures: A build ing fea ture

de signed to re duce the amount of en ergy con sumed by

the heat ing, cool ing, and ven ti lat ing equip ment. This

cate gory in cludes the pres ence of a vari able air- volume

(VAV) sys tem, an econo mizer cy cle, and HVAC

main te nance pro grams. (See Vari able Air- Volume

(VAV) Sys tem, Econo mizer Cy cle, and HVAC

Main te nance.)

HVAC Main te nance: An HVAC con ser va tion fea ture

con sist ing of a pro gram of rou tine in spec tion and service for heat ing and/or cool ing equip ment. The in spection is per formed on a regu lar ba sis, even if there are no

ap par ent prob lems.

Im pu ta tion: A sta tis ti cal method used to gen er ate val -

ues for miss ing items, de signed to mini mize the bias of

es ti mates based on the re sult ing data set. In this sur vey,

miss ing re sponses were gen er ated by us ing a Hot- Deck 

im pu ta tion pro ce dure which used a ran dom re sam pling

from non miss ing cases to gen er ate val ues for miss ing

cases. 

In can des cent Light Bulb: A light bulb that pro duces a

soft warm light by elec tri cally heat ing a tung sten filament so that it glows. Be cause so much of the en ergy is

lost as heat, these are highly in ef fi cient sources of light. 

In cluded in this cate gory are the fa mil iar type of light

bulbs which screw into sock ets, as well as energy-

 efficient in can des cent bulbs, such as Re flec tor or R-

 Lamps (ac cent and task light ing), Para bolic Alu minized Re flec tor (PAR) lamps (flood and spot light ing),

and El lip soi dal Re flec tor (ER) lamps (re cessed lighting). 

In di vid ual Air Con di tioner: A type of cool ing equipment in stalled in ei ther walls or win dows (with heat-

 radiating con dens ers ex posed to the out door air).

These self- contained units are char ac ter ized by a lack

of pipes or duct work for dis trib ut ing the cool air; the

units con di tion only air in the room or ar eas where they

are lo cated.

In di vid ual Space Heater: A type of space heat ing

equip ment that is a free- standing or a self- contained

unit that gen er ates and de liv ers heat to a lo cal zone

within the build ing. The heater may be per ma nently

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 387
mounted in a wall or floor or may be port able. Ex amples of in di vid ual space heat ers in clude elec tric base -

boards, elec tric ra di ant or quartz heat ers, heat ing

pan els, gas- or kerosene- fired unit heat ers, wood

stoves, and in fra red ra di ant heat ers. These heat ers are

char ac ter ized by a lack of pipes or duct work for distrib ut ing hot wa ter, steam, or warm air through a building.

In su la tion: A build ing shell con ser va tion fea ture consist ing of ma te rial placed be tween the in te rior of a

build ing (in the roof be low the wa ter proof ing layer or

in the ceil ing of the top floor in the build ing or be tween

the ex te rior and in te rior walls of a build ing) and the

out door en vi ron ment to re duce the rate of heat loss to

the en vi ron ment or heat gain from the en vi ron ment.

Ex am ples in clude glass- wool fill and foam board.

In ten sity: The amount of a quan tity per unit of measure ment (floor space, number of work ers, etc.) This is a

method of ad just ing ei ther the amount of en ergy con -

sumed or ex pen di tures spent, for the ef fects of vari ous

build ing char ac ter is tics, such as size of the build ing,

number of work ers, or number of op er at ing hours, to

fa cili tate com pari sons of en ergy across time, fu els, and

build ings. (See Con di tional En ergy In ten sity, En -

ergy In ten sity, Ex pen di tures, Gross En ergy In tensity, and Peak In ten sity.)

Kero sene: A pe tro leum dis til late with prop er ties similar to those of No. 1 fuel oil; used pri mar ily in space

heat ers, cook ing stoves, and wa ter heat ers. In this report, no dis tinc tion is made be tween kero sene and fuel

oil. (See Fuel Oil.)

Kilo wat thour (kWh): A unit of work or en ergy, measured as 1 kilo watt (1,000 watts) of power ex pended for

1 hour. One kWh is equiva lent to 3,412 Btu. (See Btu.)

Light ing: The il lu mi na tion of the in te rior of a build ing

by use of ar ti fi cial sources of light. End- use es ti mates

are pro vided for light ing and eight other end- uses. (See

En ergy End Use.)

Light ing Con ser va tion Fea tures: A build ing fea ture

or prac tice de signed to re duce the amount of en ergy

con sumed by the light ing sys tem. Light ing Con ser vation Fea tures in clude natu ral light ing con trol sen sors,

man ual dim mer switches, oc cu pancy sen sors, specu lar

re flec tors, time clocks or timed switches, and energy-

 efficient bal lasts. (See Natu ral Light ing Con trol Sensors, Man ual Dim mer Switches, Oc cu pancy Sensors, Specu lar Re flec tors, Time Clocks or Timed

Switches, and Energy- Efficient Bal lasts. )

Light ing Equip ment: Light bulbs used to light a

build ing’s in te rior. (See In can des cent Light Bulb,

Stan dard Fluo res cent Light Bulb, Com pact Fluores cent Light Bulb, High- Intensity Dis charge (HID)

Light Bulb, and Halo gen Light Bulb.)

Liq ue fied Pe tro leum Gas (LPG): Any fuel gas supplied to a build ing in liq uid form. Pro pane is the usual

LPG, but gases such as bu tane, pro pyl ene, bu ty lene,

and eth ane are also LPG. For this re port, any LPG reported was as sumed to be pro pane. (See En ergy

Source, Pro pane, and Natu ral Gas.)

Load Fac tor: The ra tio of av er age de mand to peak demand, usu ally com puted only for elec tric ity de mand.

In this re port, load fac tors were de ter mined on an annual ba sis, for cal en dar year 1995, as

 Load Fac tor = An nual Con sump tion (kWh)/(366 x 24 Hours)

 An nual Peak De mand (kW)

Load Fac tors were com puted only for in di vid ual buildings, not for ag gre gates, since ag gre gate peak de mand

could not be mean ing fully de ter mined. (See Peak Demand.)

LPG: See Liq ue fied Pe tro leum Gas (LPG).

Ma jor Fu els: The en ergy sources or fu els for which

con sump tion and ex pen di tures data were col lected in

the 1995 CBECS. These fu els or en ergy sources are:

elec tric ity, fuel oil, natu ral gas, dis trict steam, dis trict

hot wa ter, and dis trict chilled wa ter. Dis trict chilled

wa ter is not in cluded in any to tals for the sum of ma jor

en ergy sources or fu els. (See En ergy Source.)

Man ual Dim mer Switches: A light ing con ser va tion

fea ture that changes the level of light in a build ing.

These are like residential- style dim mer switches,

which are not com monly used with fluo res cent or HID

lamps. 

Manu fac tur ing: As an en ergy end use, any of the

energy- using op era tions re quired for manu fac turing/in dus trial pro cesses. (See En ergy End Use and

Manu fac tur ing/In dus trial.)

Manu fac tur ing/In dus trial: Ac tivi ties in volv ing the

proc ess ing or pro cure ment of goods, mer chan dise, raw

ma te ri als, or food. Manu fac tur ing/in dus trial build ings

Energy Information Administration

388 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
were out of scope for the CBECS and were not listed.

Un like pre vi ous CBECS, the 1995 CBECS ex cluded

com mer cial build ings that were lo cated on manu factur ing sites (such as of fices on manu fac tur ing sites).

(See Prin ci pal Build ing Ac tiv ity.)

Ma sonry: A gen eral term cov er ing wall con struc tion

and the use of ma sonry ma te ri als, such as brick, concrete block, stone, and tile that are set in mor tar; also

in cluded is stucco. This cate gory does not in clude concrete pan els since con crete pan els rep re sent a dif fer ent

method of con struct ing build ings. Con crete pan els are

re ported sepa rately.

Mean: The sim ple av er age for a popu la tion char ac teris tic is the sum of all the val ues in a popu la tion di vided

by the size of the popu la tion. For this re port, popu lation means are es ti mated by com put ing the weighted

sum of the sam ple val ues, then di vid ing by the sum of

the sam ple weights. For ex am ple, “Mean Hours per

Week” is the weighted sum of the number of op er at ing

hours di vided by the weighted sum of the number of

build ings; “Mean Square Feet per Build ing” is the

weighted sum of the to tal square feet di vided by the

weighted sum of the number of build ings; and “Mean

Square Feet per Worker” is the weighted sum of the total square feet di vided by the weighted sum of the to tal

number of main shift work ers. (See Weight.)

Me dian: The mid dle value of the popu la tion char ac teris tic. Half the popu la tion has a value above the me dian

and half has a value be low. The me dian is dif fer ent

from the mean in that the me dian is not in flu enced

much by ex tremes in the sam ple. An es ti mate of the

mean square feet per build ing would be af fected by the

in clu sion of some very large build ings and would not

ex press square foot age for a “typi cal” build ing. In contrast, the me dian square feet would not be so af fected.

For ex am ple, “Me dian Age of the Build ing” is the middle age of all CBECS build ings; “Me dian Hours per

Week” is the mid dle number of op er at ing hours of all

CBECS build ings; “Me dian Square Feet per Build ing”

is the mid dle size (in square feet) of all CBECS buildings; and “Me dian Square Feet per Worker” is the middle amount of the floor space per worker of all CBECS

build ings.

Metal Pan els: An ex te rior wall con struc tion ma te rial

made of alu mi num or gal va nized steel pan els fab ricated in fac to ries and fas tened to the frame of the building to form out side walls. Pre- engineered metal

build ings are also in cluded in this cate gory.

Metal Sur fac ing: Light- gauge metal sheets used for

roof ing.

Met ric Con ver sion Fac tors: Es ti mates are pre sented

in cus tom ary U.S. units. Floor space es ti mates may be

con verted to met ric units by us ing the re la tion ship: 1

square foot is ap proxi mately equal to 0.0929 square

me ters. En ergy es ti mates may be con verted to met ric

units by us ing the re la tion ship: 1 Btu is ap proxi mately

equal to 1,055 joules; one kilo wat thour is ex actly equal

to 3,600,000 joules; and one gi ga joule (10

9

 joules) is

ap proxi mately 278 kilo wat thours (kWh).

Met ro poli tan: Build ings lo cated within an MSA, as

de fined by the U.S. Of fice of Man age ment and Budget.

(See Met ro poli tan Sta tis ti cal Area (MSA).)

Met ro poli tan Sta tis ti cal Area (MSA): As de fined by

the U.S. Of fice of Man age ment and Budget: “a county

or group of con tigu ous coun ties that con tain (1) at least

one city of 50,000 in habi tants or more (or “twin cit ies”

with a com bined popu la tion of at least 50,000), or (2)

an ur ban ized area of at least 50,000 in habi tants and a

to tal MSA popu la tion of at least 100,000 (75,000 in

New Eng land).” The con tigu ous coun ties are in cluded

in an MSA if, ac cord ing to cer tain cri te ria, they are essen tially met ro poli tan in char ac ter and are so cially and

eco nomi cally in te grated with the cen tral city. In New

Eng land, MSA’s con sist of towns and cit ies, rather

than coun ties.

More than One May Ap ply: A row stub ac com pa nied

by this phrase in di cates over lap ping cate go ries, so that

a par ticu lar build ing may be rep re sented in more than

one line un der this stub. In gen eral, row stubs with out

this des ig na tion are ex clu sive—that is, they di vide the

popu la tion of build ings into dis tinct groups, so that a

par ticu lar build ing is rep re sented in no more than one

line un der this stub.

Mul ti build ing Fa cil ity: A group of two or more buildings on the same site owned or op er ated by a sin gle organi za tion, busi ness, or in di vid ual. Ex am ples in clude

uni ver sity cam puses and hos pi tal com plexes.

Mul ti stage Area Prob abil ity Sam ple: A sam ple design exe cuted in stages with geo graphic “clus ters” of

sam pling units se lected at each stage.

Natu ral Gas: Hy dro car bon gas (mostly meth ane) supplied as an en ergy source to in di vid ual build ings by

pipe lines from a cen tral util ity com pany. Natu ral gas

does not re fer to liq ue fied pe tro leum gas (LPG) or to

Energy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 389
pri vately owned gas wells op er ated by a build ing

owner. (See En ergy Source, Liq ue fied Pe tro leum

Gas (LPG), and Pro pane.)

Natu ral Light ing Con trol Sen sors: A light ing conser va tion fea ture that takes ad van tage of sun light to cut 

the amount of elec tric light ing used in a build ing by

vary ing out put of the light ing sys tem in re sponse to

varia tions in avail able day light. They are some times

re ferred to as “day light ing con trols” or “pho to cells.”

NOAA Di vi sion: One of the 356 weather di vi sions

des ig nated by the Na tional Oce anic and At mos pheric

Ad min istra tion (NOAA), en com pass ing the 50 con -

tigu ous United States and the Dis trict of Co lum bia.

These di vi sions usu ally fol low county bor ders to encom pass coun ties with simi lar weather con di tions.

How ever, the NOAA di vi sion does not fol low county

bor ders when weather con di tions vary con sid era bly

within a county, as is likely to be the case when a

county bor ders the ocean or con tains high moun tains.

A State con tains an av er age of seven NOAA di vi sions;

a NOAA di vi sion con tains an av er age of nine coun ties.

(See Cli mate Zone.)

Non gov ern ment Owned: Owned by an in di vid ual or a 

group, such as a pri vate busi ness, a non profit or gani zation, a privately- owned util ity com pany; or a church,

syna gogue, or other re lig ious or gani za tion. The building may be oc cu pied by more than one agency and may

be owner oc cu pied, non owner oc cu pied or un oc cupied.

Non metro poli tan: Build ings not lo cated within an

MSA as de fined by the U.S. Of fice of Man age ment and

Budget. (See Met ro poli tan Sta tis ti cal Area (MSA).)

Non owner Oc cu pied: Re fers to a build ing that ac tually “does not have the owner or the own ers’ busi ness

lo cated at the site.” (If both the owner and other ten ants

are in a build ing, the build ing would be clas si fied as

owner oc cu pied. Just be cause some one else is there, in

and of it self, does not mean the build ing is non owner

oc cu pied.)

Oc cu pancy Sen sors: A light ing con ser va tion fea ture

that uses mo tion or sound to switch lights on or off;

also known as “ul tra sonic switch ing.” When move -

ment is de tected, the lights turn on and re main on as

long as there is move ment in the room. Oc cu pancy sen -

sors that de tect sound work like ul tra sonic switch ing;

when sound is de tected, the lights turn on. In this report, oc cu pancy sen sors re fer to de tect ing move ment,

not sound.

Off- Hours Equip ment Re duc tion: A method of conserv ing en ergy by chang ing the tem pera ture set ting or

re duc ing the use of heat ing, cool ing, or light ing equipment ei ther manu ally or auto mati cally when the building is closed.

Of fice Equip ment: A class of energy- using equip -

ment in clud ing type writ ers, copi ers, cash reg is ters,

com puter ter mi nals, per sonal com put ers, print ers,

main frame com puter sys tems, and other mis cel la ne ous

of fice equip ment. End- use es ti mates are pro vided for

of fice equip ment and eight other end- uses. (See En -

ergy End Use.)

Owner Oc cu pied: Re fers to a build ing that has the

owner or the own er’s busi ness rep re sented at the site.

Own er ship and Oc cu pancy: Own er ship re fers to the

in di vid ual, agency, or or gani za tion that owns the

build ing. Build ing own er ship is grouped into Gov ernment own er ship (Fed eral, State, or lo cal) and Non govern ment own er ship (a pri vate busi ness or non profit

or gani za tion owned by a group or an in di vid ual). Occu pancy re fers to the in di vid ual, agency, or or gani zation that leases or holds the space on a full- time ba sis.

(See Owner Oc cu pied and Non owner Oc cu pied.)

Pack aged Air- Conditioning Unit: See Pack aged

Unit.

Packaged- Heating Unit: See Pack aged Unit.

Pack aged Unit: A type of heat ing and/or cool ing

equip ment that is as sem bled at a fac tory and in stalled

as a self- contained unit. Pack aged units are in con trast

to engineer- specified units built up from in di vid ual

com po nents for use in a given build ing. Some types of

elec tric pack aged units are also called “Di rect Ex pansion,” or DX, units.

Pas sive So lar Fea tures: A re new able en ergy fea ture

with a de lib er ate ap proach to de sign ing build ings to

make use of natu ral ways to heat build ings in the win ter

and keep them cool in the sum mer. No ex ter nal mechani cal power is used to move the col lected so lar heat.

Pas sive so lar de sign fea tures in clude struc tur ing the

build ing on the lot so that large win dow ar eas face

south to cap ture sun light dur ing the win ter months;

build ing “over hangs” on the south- facing win dows to

keep the sun from over heat ing the build ing dur ing the

Energy Information Administration

390 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
sum mer; us ing cer tain types of build ing ma te rial to absorb heat dur ing the day and re lease heat at night; and

plant ing trees and vege ta tion to mini mize heat gain in

the build ing in the sum mer.

Peak De mand: The maxi mum rate of en ergy consump tion per unit of time over a pe riod of meas urement (also called “peak load”). Peak de mand

(pre sented only for elec tric ity) was de ter mined on an

an nual ba sis for cal en dar year 1995 and was com puted

only for in di vid ual build ings, not for ag gre gates, since

ag gre gate peak de mand could not be mean ing fully de -

ter mined. (See De mand.)

Peak In ten sity: The ra tio of peak de mand to floorspace, usu ally de ter mined only for elec tric ity. Peak inten sity was com puted only for in di vid ual build ings,

not for ag gre gates, since ag gre gate peak de mand could

not be mean ing fully de ter mined. (See Peak De mand.)

Peak Load: See Peak De mand.

Per cent Lit When Closed: The per cent age of a building’s square foot age that is lit elec tri cally dur ing all

hours other than the usual op er at ing hours.

Per cent Lit When Open: The per cent age of a building’s square foot age that is lit elec tri cally dur ing usual

op er at ing hours.

Per cent of Floor space Cooled: The per cent age of a

build ing’s square foot age that is cooled to meet the

com fort re quire ments of the oc cu pants.

Per cent of Floor space Heated: The per cent age of a

build ing’s square foot age de signed to be heated to at

least 50 de grees Fahr en heit.

Per sonal Com puter (PC): A self- contained elec tronic

sys tem with all the com po nents nec es sary to per form

com put er ized func tions in clud ing a screen (moni tor),

key board and/or mouse, and a cen tral proc ess ing unit.

(See Com puter Ter mi nal.)

Pho to vol taic (PV) Ar rays: A re new able en ergy feature that is a de vice that pro duces elec tri cal cur rent by

con vert ing light or simi lar ra dia tion.

Pre cast Con crete Panel: A wall con struc tion ma te rial

usu ally made in fac to ries and de liv ered to the con struction site, where they are hoisted onto the struc ture.

Some times con crete pan els are poured at the site and

then hoisted on the struc ture. The pan els are ei ther

solid or in su lated. They can have plain, col ored, or textured fin ish ing. Pre- cast con crete pan els are in cluded

in Con crete Pan els in the Pre domi nant Ex te rior

Wall Ma te rial cate gory.

Pre domi nant Ex te rior Wall Ma te rial: The ma jor

type of ex te rior wall con struc tion ma te rial used in a

build ing. (See Ma sonry, Sid ing, Shin gles, Metal

Pan els, Con crete Pan els, and Win dow or Vi sion

Glass.)

Pre domi nant Roof Ma te rial: The ma te rial used the

most for the roof of a build ing. See Built- Up Roof,

Shakes, Shin gles, Metal Sur fac ing, Syn thetic or

Rub ber Roof ing, Wooden Ma te ri als, Slate or Tile

Shin gles, and Con crete Roof.

Pri mary Elec tric ity: The amount of elec tric ity de livered to com mer cial build ings ad justed to ac count for

the fu els used to pro duce the elec tric ity. That is, site

elec tric ity plus the con ver sion losses in the gen era tion

pro cess at the util ity plant. (See Con ver sion Losses,

Elec tric ity and Site Elec tric ity.)

Pri mary Sam pling Unit (PSU): A sam pling unit se -

lected at the first stage in a mul ti stage area prob abil ity

sam ple. A PSU typi cally con sists of one to sev eral contigu ous coun ties—for ex am ple, an MSA with surround ing sub ur ban coun ties.

Pri mary Space- Heating En ergy Source: The en ergy

source used to heat most of the heated floor space in a

build ing most of the time.

Prin ci pal Build ing Ac tiv ity: The ac tiv ity or func tion

oc cu py ing the most floor space in a build ing. The catego ries were de signed to group build ings that have similar pat terns of en ergy con sump tion. Ex am ples of

vari ous types of prin ci pal ac tiv ity in clude of fice,

health care, lodg ing, and mer can tile and serv ice. (See

the sec tion on De scrip tion of Build ing Types.)

Pro pane: A gase ous pe tro leum prod uct that liq ue fies

un der pres sure. Pro pane is the ma jor com po nent of lique fied pe tro leum gas, or LPG. Any LPG re ported in the

CBECS was as sumed to be pro pane. (See Liq ue fied

Pe tro leum Gas (LPG).)

Ra dia tor: A type of heat ing dis tri bu tion equip ment

that is usu ally visi bly ex posed within the room or space

to be heated. It trans fers heat from steam or hot wa ter

by ra dia tion to ob jects within visi ble range and by conduc tion to the sur round ing air, which, in turn, is cir cuEnergy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 391
lated by natu ral con vec tion. Typi cally, a ra dia tor is a

free stand ing, cast- iron fix ture.

Re frig era tion Equip ment: See Com mer cial Re frigera tion/Freezer Equip ment.

Re heat ing Coils: A part of some air- conditioning systems, they are elec tric coils in air ducts used pri mar ily

to raise the tem pera ture of cir cu lated air af ter it was

over cooled to re move mois ture. Some build ings re port

re heat ing coils as their sole heat ing source. (See Air-

 Handling Unit, Cool ing, and Space Heat ing.)

Resi den tial: Ac tivi ties re lated to use as a dwell ing for

one or more house holds. Build ings that con tained

com mer cial ac tivi ties but had 50 per cent or more of

their floor space de voted to resi den tial ac tivi ties were

con sid ered out- of- scope. (See Prin ci pal Build ing Activ ity and Com mer cial Build ing.)

Residential- Type Cen tral Air Con di tioner: A type

of cool ing equip ment in which there are four ba sic

parts: (1) a con dens ing unit, (2) a cool ing coil, (3)

duct work, and (4) a con trol mecha nism, such as a thermo stat. There are two ba sic con figu ra tions of resi dential cen tral sys tems: (1) a “split sys tem,” where the

con dens ing unit is lo cated out side and the other compo nents are in side, and (2) a packaged- terminal air-

 conditioning (PTAC) unit that both heats and cools or

cools only. This sys tem con tains all four com po nents

en cased in one unit and is usu ally found in a “util ity

closet.” If the resi den tial type is a “PTAC,” it is consid ered a “Pack aged air- conditioning unit.”

Roof or Ceil ing In su la tion: See In su la tion.

RSE Col umn Fac tor: An ad just ment fac tor that appears above each col umn of the de tailed ta bles and is

used to com pute RSE’s. The col umn fac tor is equal to

the geo met ric mean of the RSE’s in a par ticu lar col umn

of the main ta bles. (See RSE or Rela tive Stan dard

Er ror and RSE Row Fac tor.)

RSE or Rela tive Stan dard Er ror: A meas ure of the

re li abil ity or pre ci sion of a sur vey sta tis tic. Vari abil ity

oc curs in sur vey sta tis tics be cause the dif fer ent samples that could be drawn would each pro duce dif fer ent

val ues for the sur vey sta tis tics. The RSE is de fined as

the stan dard er ror (the square root of the vari ance) of a

sur vey es ti mate, di vided by the sur vey es ti mate and

mul ti plied by 100. For ex am ple, an RSE of 10 per cent

means that the stan dard er ror is one- tenth as large as

the sur vey es ti mate. For a sur vey es ti mate in a par ticular row and col umn of a ta ble (that is, a par ticu lar

“cell”), the ap proxi mate RSE is ob tained by mul ti plying the RSE row fac tor by the RSE col umn fac tor for

that cell.

RSE Row Fac tor: An ad just ment fac tor that ap pears

to the right of each row of the de tailed ta bles and is

used to com pute RSE’s. The row fac tor is equal to the

geo met ric mean of the RSE’s in a par ticu lar row of the

main ta bles. (See RSE or Rela tive Stan dard Er ror

and RSE Col umn Fac tor.)

Sec on dary Heat ing Fuel: Fu els used in sec on dary

space- heating equip ment. When the build ing does not

use a sec on dary space- heating equip ment, the sec ondary space- heating fuel that is used in the main space-

 heating equip ment is not in cluded in the tabu la tions.

This oc curs when, for ex am ple, wood and coal are both

used in a fur nace but wood is named the main space-

 heating fuel. Coal, in this case, is not tabu lated.

Shakes: Flat pieces of weath er proof ma te rial laid with

oth ers in a se ries of over lap ping rows as cov er ing for

roofs and some times the sides of build ings. Shakes are

simi lar to wood shin gles, but, in stead of hav ing a cut

and smoothly planed sur face, shakes have tex tured

grooves and a rough or “split” rus tic ap pear ance.

Shin gles: Flat pieces of weath er proof ma te rial laid

with oth ers in a se ries of over lap ping rows as cov er ing

for roofs and some times the walls of build ings. Shingles are manu fac tured in a va ri ety of ma te ri als, in cluding fi ber glass, plas tic, baked clay, tile, as bes tos,

as phalt, alu mi num, and wood. Wood Shin gles are in -

cluded in “ Wooden” in the Pre domi nant Roof Ma terial cate gory.

Sid ing: An ex te rior wall cov er ing ma te rial made of

wood, plas tic (in clud ing vi nyl), or metal. The structural walls may be ma sonry or wood. Sid ing is gen erally pro duced in the shape of boards and ap plied to the

out side of a build ing in over lap ping rows.

Site Elec tric ity: The amount of elec tric ity de liv ered to

com mer cial build ings. (See Con ver sion Losses, Electric ity and Pri mary Elec tric ity.)

Slate or Tile Shin gles: A type of roof ing ma te rial.

Tile re fers to any thin, square, or rec tan gu lar piece of

baked clay, stone, or con crete used as a roof ing ma terial. Slate re fers to a par ticu lar stone used for roof ing.

Energy Information Administration

392 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures
So lar Ther mal Pan els: A sys tem that ac tively con centrates ther mal en ergy from the sun by means of so lar

col lec tor pan els. The pan els typi cally con sist of flat,

sun- oriented boxes with trans par ent cov ers, con tain ing

wa ter tubes or air baf fles un der a black ened heat absorb ent panel. The en ergy is usu ally used for space

heat ing, wa ter heat ing, and for heat ing swim ming

pools. Pas sive col lec tion of so lar ther mal en ergy is not

in cluded in this defi ni tion. (See En ergy Source.)

Space Heat ing: As an en ergy end use, the use of mechani cal equip ment (in clud ing wood stoves and ac tive

so lar heat ing de vices) to heat all, or part, of a build ing

to at least 50 de grees Fahr en heit. (See En ergy End

Use.)

Space in Build ing Va cant for at Least Three Con -

secu tive Months: See Va cant.

Specu lar Re flec tors: A light ing con ser va tion fea ture

that is the mirror- like back ing of a fluo res cent light ing

fix ture de signed spe cifi cally to re flect light into the

room. The ma te ri als and shape of the re flec tor are designed to re duce ab sorp tion of light within the fix ture,

while de liv er ing light in the de sired an gu lar pat tern.

The most com mon ma te ri als used are sil ver (high est

re flec tiv ity) and alu mi num (low est cost).

Square Foot age: Floor space, in units of square feet.

One square foot is ap proxi mately equal to 0.0929

square me ters. (See Floor space.)

Stan dard Er ror: A meas ure of the pre ci sion of an es timate, equal to the square root of the vari ance. (See

Vari ance and RSE or Rela tive Stan dard Er ror.)

Stan dard Fluo res cent Light Bulb: See Fluo res cent

Light Bulb.

Storms or Mul ti ple Glaz ing: A build ing shell con serva tion fea ture con sist ing of storm win dows, storm

doors, or dou ble- or triple- pane glass that are placed on

the ex te rior of the build ing to re duce the rate of heat

loss. For Storm Doors, the fea ture con sists of a sec ond

door in stalled out side or in side a prime door cre at ing

an in su lat ing air space. In cluded are slid ing glass doors

made of dou ble glass or of in su lat ing glass, such as

ther mo pane, dou ble- or triple- pane glass as well as

slid ing glass doors with glass or plexi glas in stalled outside or in side of the door. For Storm Win dows, the

fea ture con sists of a win dow or glaz ing ma te rial placed

out side or in side a win dow cre at ing an in su lat ing air

space. Win dows with dou ble glass or ther mo panes are

con sid ered storm win dows as well as win dows with

glass or plexi glas placed on the out side or in side of the

win dow. Plas tic ma te rial(s) over win dows or doors are

counted only if they can be used year af ter year.

Sum mer and Win ter Peak ing: Hav ing the an nual

peak de mand reached both dur ing the sum mer months

(May through Oc to ber) and dur ing the win ter months

(No vem ber through April). (See Peak De mand.)

Sum mer Peak ing: Hav ing the an nual peak de mand

dur ing the sum merMay through Oc to ber. (See Peak

De mand.)

Swamp Cooler: See Evapo ra tive Cooler (Swamp

Cooler).

Syn thetic or Rub ber Roof ing: A layer of heavy gauge

plas tic or rub ber used for roof ing.

Time Clocks or Timed Switches: A light ing con serva tion fea ture which has auto matic con trols that turn

lights off and on at pre de ter mined times.

Tinted or Re flec tive Glass, or Shad ing Film: A

build ing shell con ser va tion fea ture con sist ing of tinted

or re flec tive glass or shad ing films in stalled on the exte rior glaz ing of a build ing to re duce the rate of so lar

pene tra tion into the build ing.

Tril lion Btu: Equiva lent to 1,000,000,000,000 (or

1012) Btu. (See Btu.)

Va cant: A build ing was con sid ered va cant if 50 percent or more of the floor space was not oc cu pied by any

ten ant or es tab lish ment at the time of the in ter view. A

va cant build ing may con tain oc cu pants who are us ing

up to 50 per cent of the floor space. For all build ings,

data were col lected on whether the build ing had any

floor space that was va cant for three or more con secutive months and on the number of months the build ing

was in use. (See Prin ci pal Build ing Ac tiv ity.)

Vari able Air- Volume (VAV) Sys tem: An HVAC

con ser va tion fea ture usu ally re ferred to as “VAV” that

sup plies vary ing quan ti ties of con di tioned (heated or

cooled) air to dif fer ent parts of a build ing ac cord ing to

the heat ing and cool ing needs of those spe cific ar eas.

Vari ance: A meas ure of the vari abil ity of a set of ob -

ser va tions that are sub ject to some chance varia tion,

equal to the ex pected squared dif fer ence be tween a single ob ser va tion and the av er age of all pos si ble ob ser vaEnergy Information Administration

A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures 393
tions ob tained in the same man ner. The vari ance is the

square of the stan dard er ror of es ti mates. The vari ance

in di cates the likely dif fer ence be tween the value computed from the CBECS sam ple and the av er age of the

val ues that could have been com puted from all pos si ble

sam ples that might have been ob tained by the same

sam ple se lec tion pro cess. (See Stan dard Er ror.)

Ven ti la tion: The cir cu la tion of air through a build ing

to pro vide fresh air to the oc cu pants and to de liver heating and cool ing to the oc cu pied spaces. End- use es timates are pro vided for ven ti la tion and eight other end

uses. (See En ergy End Use.)

Walk- In Re frig era tion Units: Re frig era tion/freezer

units (within a build ing) that are large enough to walk

into. They may be port able or per ma nent, such as a

meat stor age locker in a butcher store. Walk- in units

may or may not have a door, plas tic strips, or other

flexi ble cov ers.

Wall In su la tion: See In su la tion.

Wa ter Heat ing: As an en ergy end use, the use of en -

ergy to heat wa ter for pur poses other than space heating. (See En ergy End Use.)

Water- Heating Equip ment: Auto mati cally con -

trolled, ther mally in su lated equip ment de signed for

heat ing wa ter at tem pera tures less than 180 de grees

Fahr en heit for other than space heat ing pur poses. This

sur vey col lected data to dis tin guish be tween two types

of wa ter heat ing equip ment: cen tral ized and dis tributed. (See Cen tral ized Water- Heating Sys tem and

Dis trib uted Water- Heating Sys tem.)

Weekly Op er at ing Hours: The number of hours per

week that a build ing is used, ex clud ing hours when the

build ing is oc cu pied only by main te nance, se cu rity, or

other sup port per son nel. For build ings with a sched ule

that var ied dur ing the year, “Weekly Op er at ing Hours” 

re fer to the to tal weekly hours for the sched ule most often fol lowed. If op er at ing hours var ied through out a

build ing, the usual op er at ing hours of the larg est busi -

ness in the build ing (based on floor space) de ter mined

the op er at ing hours for the build ing.

Weight: The number of build ings in the United States

that a par ticu lar sam ple build ing rep re sents. To es timate the to tal value of an at trib ute (such as square footage) in the U.S. com mer cial build ings popu la tion as a

whole, each sam ple build ing’s value is mul ti plied by

the build ing’s weight. Sum ming (ag gre gat ing) the

weighted sam ple val ues pro vides an es ti mate of the national to tal.

Well Wa ter for Cool ing: A re new able en ergy fea ture

for cool ing that uses wa ter from a well drilled spe cifically for that pur pose. The tem pera ture of the ground

wa ter re mains rela tively con stant and pro vides a means

of ob tain ing 55- degree Fahr en heit wa ter with no me -

chani cal cool ing. Usu ally it is used for heat re jec tions

in a wa ter source heat pump.

Wind Gen era tion: A re new able en ergy fea ture that

con verts wind en ergy into me chani cal en ergy. The mechani cal en ergy is then used to gen er ate elec tric ity.

Wind en ergy gen era tors are dis tin guished by a pro peller which ro tates with the wind and a tall tower on

which the pro pel ler and gen era tor are mounted.

Win dow or Vi sion Glass: An ex te rior wall con struction ma te rial made of glass that can be seen through

from the in side of the build ing, like the glass found in

win dows. Walls that are glass- covered or con structed

of non- transparent ma te rial are ex cluded from this

cate gory.

Win ter Peak ing: Hav ing the an nual peak de mand during the win terNo vem ber through April. (See Peak

De mand.) 

Wood: As an en ergy source, wood logs, chips, or wood

prod ucts that are used as fuel. (See En ergy Source.)

Wooden Ma te ri als: Wood shin gles, wood shakes, or

other wooden ma te ri als used as roof ing ma te ri als or

ex te rior wall ma te ri als. Wooden ma te ri als are in cluded

in Sid ing or Shin gles in the Pre domi nant Ex te rior

Wall Ma te rial cate gory.

Work ers (Main Shift): The number of peo ple work -

ing in a build ing dur ing the main shift on a typi cal

work day dur ing the year. The main shift is the time

when most peo ple are in the build ing. In cluded in this

defi ni tion are self- employed work ers and vol un teers.

Ex cluded are cus tom ers, pa tients, and stu dents, un less

they are work ing for es tab lish ments in the build ing.

Also ex cluded are em ploy ees who work out of the of -

fice, such as sales peo ple who re port into the of fice, deliv ery peo ple with routes, and mes sen gers.

Year Con structed: The year in which the ma jor part

or the larg est por tion of a build ing was con structed.

Energy Information Administration

394 A Look at Commercial Buildings in 1995: Characteristics, Energy Consumption, and Energy Expenditures