# Global Mitigation of Non-CO 2 

# Greenhouse Gases United States Environmental Office of Atmospheric Programs (6207J) EPA 430-R-06-005 Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 June 2006

### How to obtain copies You can electronically download this document from the U.S. EPA’s Web site at < http:/www.epa.gov/nonco2/econinv/international.html >. To obtain additional copies of this report, call the National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) at 1 - (800) 490-9198.

For further information The results presented in this report can be downloaded in spreadsheet format from the U.S. EPA’s Web site at

< http:/www.epa.gov/nonco2/econ-inv/international.html >. For additional information, contact Christa Clapp, (202) 343-9807, clapp.christa@epa.gov, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Peer reviewed document This report has undergone an external peer review consistent with the guidelines of the U.S. EPA Peer Review Policy. Comments were received from experts in the private sector, academia, nongovernmental organizations, and other government agencies. See the Acknowledgments section for a list of reviewers. A copy of the EPA Peer Review guidelines can be downloaded from the following Web page at < http://epa.gov/osa/spc/2peerrev.htm >.

# Global Mitigation of Non-CO 2 

# Greenhouse Gases

June 2006

United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Atmospheric Programs (6207J)
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20460

### Acknowledgments

**This report was prepared under a contract between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and RTI International (RTI). Casey Delhotal directed the preliminary**  **version of the report. Christa Clapp edited and directed completion of the report. Lead authors include Mike Gallaher of RTI (Energy and Waste), Deborah Ottinger of USEPA**  **(Industrial Fluorinated Gases), Dave Godwin of USEPA (Ozone-Depleting Substitutes), and Benjamin DeAngelo of USEPA (Agriculture). We thank USEPA reviewers Francisco**  **de la Chesnaye, Dina Kruger, Brian Guzzone, Reid Harvey, Kurt Roos, and Tom Wirth.**

**Other significant contributors and co-authors include Steven Rose of USEPA, Robert Beach of RTI, Jochen Harnisch and Sina Wartmann of Ecofys, William Salas of Applied**  **GeoSolutions, Changsheng Li of University of New Hampshire, Stephen Del Grosso of Colorado State University, and Timothy Sulser of International Food Policy Research** 

**Institute.**

**The staff at RTI assisted in compiling and finalizing the report. The staff at ICF Consulting and RTI prepared many of the individual analyses. Special recognition goes to Mike**  **Gallaher and Jeffrey Petrusa at RTI and Marian Van Pelt at ICF Consulting.**

**We also thank the following external reviewers: Paul Ashford (Caleb Group), Ward Atkinson (SAE, retired), Dave Bateman (DuPont Fluoroproducts), Steven H. Bernhardt**  **(Honeywell Fluorine Products), Donald Bivens (DuPont Fluoroproducts), Eric Campbell (DILO Company, Inc.), Nick Campbell (Arkema), Jim Crawford (The Trane Company),**  **David Crawley (Eurelectric), Hugh Crowther (McQuay International), William Dietrich (York), Tony Digmanese (York), Maureen Hardwick (International Pharmaceutical Aerosol**  **Consortium), Jochen Harnisch (Ecofys), Susan Herrenbruck (Extruded Polystyrene Foam Association), Kenneth Hickman (York, retired), William Hill (General Motors), Mark**  **Hudgins (Environmental Control Systems, Inc.), Andy S. Kydes (Energy Information Administration), Dick LaLumondier (NEMA), Stefan Lechtenböhmer (Wuppertal Institute**  **for Climate, Environment, Energy), Jan Lewandrowski (USDA Office of the Chief Economist), Lin Erda (Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences), Jerry Marks (Jerry**  **Marks & Associates), Archie McCulloch (Marbury Technical Consulting and University of Bristol, UK), Abid Merchant (DuPont), John Mutton (The Dow Chemical Company),**  **Enrique Otegui (Capiel), John Owens (3M), Friedrich Plöger (Siemens), G. Philip Robertson (Michigan State University), J. Patrick Rynd (Owens Corning), Keith Smith**  **(University of Edinburgh), Pete Smith (University of Aberdeen), Eugene Smithart (Danfoss Turbocor), Jerry Triplett (Partnership for Energy and Environmental Reform),**  **Tom Tripp (US Magnesium), Dan Verdonik (Hughes Associates, Inc.), William Walter (Carrier Corporation), Thomas E. Werkema (Arkema), Kert Werner (3M), J. Jason West**  **(Princeton University), Robert Wickham (Wickham Associates), and Li Yue (Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences). Although these individuals participated in the review**  **of this analysis, their efforts do not constitute an endorsement of the report’s results or of any USEPA policies and programs.** Non-CO2_Cover_FINALrev.indd 8 8/18/06 10:27:04 AMVII 

# Contents

Section Page

Executive Summary............................................................................................................. ........ES-1



### I. Technical Summary

I.1 Overview....................................................................................................................... ....................I-1

I.2 Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gases..........................................................................................................I-1

I.2.1 Methane (CH 4 ) .............................................................................................................................. .. I-2

I.2.2 Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) ...................................................................................................................... I-3

I.2.3 High-GWP Gases................................................................................................................. ........... I-4

I.2.3.1 HFCs ........................................................................................................................... .... I-4

I.2.3.2 PFCs........................................................................................................................... ..... I-4

I.2.3.3 Sulfur Hexaflouride (SF 6 )............................................................................................. I-4

I.2.4 Use of GWPs in this Report..................................................................................................... ...... I-5

I.3 Methodol ogy .................................................................................................................... ................I-5

I.3.1 Baseline Emissions for Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gases................................................................. I-6

I.3.1.1 Baseline Emission s for Agriculture ............................................................................ I-7

I.3.1.2 Baseline Emissions for Fluorinated Gases................................................................. I-7

I.3.2 Mitigation Option Analysis Methodology.................................................................................. I-8

I.3.2.1 Technical Characteristics of Abatement Options ..................................................... I-9

I.3.2.2 Economic Characteristics of Abatement Options................................................... I-11

I.3.3 Marginal Abatement Curves...................................................................................................... . I-13

I.3.4 Methodological Enhancements from Energy Modeling Forum Study ................................. I-15

I.4 Aggregate Results.............................................................................................................. ...........I-16

I.4.1 Baselines...................................................................................................................... ................... I-16

I.4.1.1 By Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gas ................................................................................... I-16

I.4.1.2 By Major Emitting Sectors and Countries ............................................................... I-17

I.4.2 Global MACs.................................................................................................................... ............. I-19

I.5 Limitations and Applications of MACs........................................................................................I-2 1

I.5.1 Limitations and Uncertainties.................................................................................................. ... I-21

I.5.1.1 Exclusion of Transaction Costs ................................................................................. I-22

I.5.1.2 Static Approach to Abatement Assessment ............................................................ I-22

I.5.1.3 Limited Use of Regional Data ................................................................................... I-22

I.5.1.4 Exclusion of Indirect Emissions Reductions ........................................................... I-22VIII 

## Section Page

I.5.2 Practical Applications of MACs in Economic Models............................................................. I-22

I.6 References ..................................................................................................................... ................I-23

Appendix A: Additional Information to Technical Summary ....................................................................... A-1



### II. Energy

II.1 Coal Mining Sector ............................................................................................................. ............II-1

II.1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... .................II-1

II.1.2 Baseline Emissi ons Estimates................................................................................................... ....II-2

II.1.2.1 Activity Data.................................................................................................................I I-3

II.1.2.2 Emissions Factors and Related Assumptions ..........................................................II-4

II.1.2.3 Emissions Estimates and Related Assumptions ......................................................II-5

II.1.3 Cost of CH 4 Emissions Reductions from Coal Mining.............................................................II-6

II.1.3.1 Abatement Option Opportunities .............................................................................II-6

II.1.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ .....................II-9

II.1.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs..............................................................................................II-9

II.1.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations..................................................................................II-11

II.1.5 Summary........................................................................................................................ ...............II-12

II.1.6 References ..................................................................................................................... ................II-12

II.2 Natural Gas Sector ............................................................................................................. ..........II-15

II.2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... ...............II-15

II.2.2 Baseline Emissi ons Estimates................................................................................................... ..II-17

II.2.2.1 Activity Da ta...............................................................................................................II- 17

II.2.2.2 Emissions Factors and Related Assumptions ........................................................II-19

II.2.2.3 Emissions Estimates and Related Assumptions ....................................................II-22

II.2.3 Cost of CH 4 Emissions Reductions from Natural Gas Systems ............................................II-23

II.2.3.1 Abatement Option Opportunities ...........................................................................II-24

II.2.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ ...................II-26

II.2.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs............................................................................................II-26

II.2.5 Summary........................................................................................................................ ...............II-30

II.2.6 References ..................................................................................................................... ................II-30

II.3 Oil Sector..................................................................................................................... ..................II-31

II.3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... ...............II-31IX 

## Section Page

II.3.1.1 Emissions from Productio n Field Operations........................................................II-32

II.3.1.2 Emissions from Crude Oil Transporta tion.............................................................II-32

II.3.1.3 Emissions from Crud e Oil Refining ........................................................................II-32

II.3.1.4 Abatement Options....................................................................................................II -32

II.3.2 Baseline Emissions Estimates............................................................................................. ........II-33
II.3.2.1 Activity Factors ....................................................................................................... ...II-33

II.3.2.2 Emissions Factors and Related Assu mptions ........................................................II-33

II.3.2.3 Emissions Estimates and Related Assumptions ....................................................II-37

II.3.3 The Cost of CH 4 Emissions Reductions from Oil....................................................................II-37
II.3.3.1 Abatement Option Opportunities ...........................................................................II-37

II.3.4 Results .................................................................................................................. .........................II-40

II.3.4.1 Data Table s and Graphs............................................................................................II-40

II.3.5 Uncertainties and Limitations............................................................................................ ........II-40 II.3.6 Summary.................................................................................................................. .....................II-42

II.3.7 References ............................................................................................................... ......................II-42

Appendixes B: Coal Mining Sector--Incorporating Te chnology Change to MAC Analysis.......................... B-1 C: Natural Gas Sector--Incorporating Te chnology Change to MAC Analysis...........................C-1 D: Supporting Materials for Analys is of Oil Systems................................................................... D-1



### III. Waste

III.1 Landfill Sector ........................................................................................................... ....................III-1

III.1.1 Introduc tion............................................................................................................ ...................... III-1

III.1.2 Baseline Emissions Estimates............................................................................................ ......... III-2
III.1.2.1 Activity Da ta.......................................................................................................... ..... III-3

III.1.2.2 Emissions Factors and Re lated Assumptions ........................................................ III-3

III.1.2.3 Emissions Estimates and Re lated Assumptions .................................................... III-4

III.1.3 Cost of Emissions Reductio ns from Landfills.......................................................................... III -7 III.1.3.1 Abatement Option O pportunities ........................................................................... III-7

III.1.4 Res ults ................................................................................................................. .......................... III-9

III.1.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs............................................................................................ III- 9

III.1.4.2 Uncertainties and Lim itations................................................................................ III-11 III.1.5 Summary and Analysis.................................................................................................... ......... III-12

III.1.6 Refe rences .............................................................................................................. ..................... III-12X 

## Section Page

III.2 Wastewater Sector.............................................................................................................. .........III-13

III.2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... ..............III-13

III.2.1.1 Emissions from Wa stewater Systems.....................................................................III-14

III.2.2 Baseline Emissi ons Estimates................................................................................................... .III-16

III.2.2.1 Activity Fa ctors .........................................................................................................III-17

III.2.2.2 Emissions Factors an d Related Assump tions .......................................................III-18

III.2.2.3 Emissions Estimates and Related Assump tions ...................................................III-18

III.2.3 Emissions Reduction s from Wastewater ................................................................................... .III-20

III.2.3.1 Abatement Option Opportunities ..........................................................................III-20

III.2.3.2 Uncertainties and Limitati ons.................................................................................III-22

III.2.4 Summary........................................................................................................................ ..............III-22

III.2.5 References ..................................................................................................................... ...............III-22

Appendix E: MSW Landfill Sector—Incorporating Technology Change to MAC Analysis...................... E-1



### IV. Industrial Processes

IV.1 N 2 O Emissions from Nitric and Adipic Acid Pr oduction .......................................................... IV-1

IV.1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... ............... IV-1

IV.1.1.1 Nitric Acid .................................................................................................................. IV -2

IV.1.1.2 Adipic Acid................................................................................................................. IV- 2

IV.1.2 Baseline Emissi ons Estimates................................................................................................... .. IV-2

IV.1.2.1 Activity Fa ctors .......................................................................................................... IV-2

IV.1.2.2 Emissions Factors and Related Assumptions ........................................................ IV-4

IV.1.2.3 Emissions Estimates and Related Assumptions .................................................... IV-5

IV.1.3 Cost of N 2 O Emissions Reductions from Industrial Processes ............................................. IV-6

IV.1.3.1 Nitric Acid: N 2 O Abatement Option Opportunities............................................. IV-7

IV.1.3.2 Adipic Acid: N 2 O Abatement Option Opportunities ........................................... IV-8

IV.1.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ ................... IV-8

IV.1.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs............................................................................................ IV-8

IV.1.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations.................................................................................. IV-8

IV.1.5 Summary........................................................................................................................ ............. IV-12

IV.1.6 References ..................................................................................................................... .............. IV-12XI 

## Section Page

IV.2 HFC Emissions from Refrigerat ion and Air-Condi tioning ...................................................... IV-15

IV.2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... ............. IV-15

IV.2.1.1 Household Refrigeration ........................................................................................ IV-15

IV.2.1.2 Motor Vehicle Air-Conditioning (MVAC) ........................................................... IV-16

IV.2.1.3 Chillers ...................................................................................................................... I V-16

IV.2.1.4 Retail Food Refrigeration........................................................................................ IV-17

IV.2.1.5 Cold Storage Warehouses....................................................................................... IV-17

IV.2.1.6 Refrigerated Transport............................................................................................ IV-17

IV.2.1.7 Industrial Process Refrigeration ............................................................................ IV-18

IV.2.1.8 Residential and Small Commercial Air-Conditioning and Heat Pumps ......... IV-18

IV.2.2 Baseline Emissi ons Estimates................................................................................................... IV-18

IV.2.2.1 Emissions Estimati ng Methodology...................................................................... IV-18

IV.2.2.2 Baseline Emissions................................................................................................... IV-24

IV.2.3 Cost of HFC Emissions Reduction from Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning ................. IV-25

IV.2.3.1 Description and Cost Analysis of Abatement Options....................................... IV-25

IV.2.3.2 Summary of Technical Applicability, Market Penetration, and Costs of Abatement Options ................................................................................................. IV-45

IV.2.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ ................. IV-45

IV.2.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs.......................................................................................... IV-46

IV.2.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations................................................................................ IV-54

IV.2.5 Summary........................................................................................................................ ............. IV-54

IV.2.6 References ..................................................................................................................... .............. IV-55

IV.3 HFC, HFE, and PFC Emissions from Solvents ........................................................................ IV-59

IV.3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... ............. IV-59

IV.3.2 Baseline Emissi ons Estimates................................................................................................... IV-60

IV.3.2.1 Emissions Estimati ng Methodology...................................................................... IV-60

IV.3.2.2 Baseline Emissions................................................................................................... IV-61

IV.3.3 Cost of HFC, HFE, and PFC Emissions Reductions for Solvents........................................ IV-62

IV.3.3.1 Description and Cost Analysis of Abatement Options....................................... IV-62

IV.3.3.2 Summary of Technical Applicability, Market Penetration, and Costs of Abatement Options ................................................................................................. IV-67

IV.3.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ ................. IV-68

IV.3.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs.......................................................................................... IV-68

IV.3.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations................................................................................ IV-71XII 

## Section Page

IV.3.5 Summary........................................................................................................................ ............. IV-71

IV.3.6 References ..................................................................................................................... .............. IV-72

IV.4 HFC Emissions from Foams...................................................................................................... I V-75

IV.4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... ............. IV-75

IV.4.2 Baseline Emissi ons Estimates................................................................................................... IV-76

IV.4.2.1 Emissions Estimati ng Methodology...................................................................... IV-76

IV.4.2.2 Baseline Emissions................................................................................................... IV-79

IV.4.3 Cost of HFC Emissions Re ductions from Foams................................................................... IV-81

IV.4.3.1 Abatement Options ................................................................................................. IV-81

IV.4.3.2 Description and Costs of Abatement Options ..................................................... IV-83

IV.4.3.3 Summary of Technical Applicability, Market Penetration, and Costs of Abatement Options ................................................................................................. IV-90

IV.4.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ ................. IV-91

IV.4.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs.......................................................................................... IV-91

IV.4.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations................................................................................ IV-91

IV.4.5 Summary........................................................................................................................ ............. IV-99

IV.4.6 References ..................................................................................................................... ............ IV-100

IV.5 HFC Emissions from Aerosols................................................................................................ IV-1 03

IV.5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... ........... IV-103

IV.5.2 Baseline Emission s Estimates................................................................................................. IV -103

IV.5.2.1 Emissions Estimati ng Methodology.................................................................... IV-103

IV.5.2.2 Baseline Emissions................................................................................................. IV-105

IV.5.3 Cost of HFC Emissions R eductions for Aerosols ................................................................ IV-105

IV.5.3.1 Description and Cost Analysis of Abatement Options..................................... IV-105

IV.5.3.2 Summary of Technical Applicability, Market Penetration, and Costs of Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-110

IV.5.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ ............... IV-111

IV.5.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-111

IV.5.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-116

IV.5.5 Summary........................................................................................................................ ........... IV-116

IV.5.5.1 MDI Aerosols ......................................................................................................... IV-117

IV.5.5.2 Non-MDI Aerosols ................................................................................................ IV-117

IV.5.6 References ..................................................................................................................... ............ IV-117XIII 

## Section Page

IV.6 HFC Emissions from Fire Extinguishing................................................................................ IV-119

IV.6.1 Introduction................................................................................................................... ........... IV-119

IV.6.2 Baseline Emission s Estimates................................................................................................. IV -121

IV.6.2.1 Emissions Estimati ng Methodology.................................................................... IV-121

IV.6.2.2 Baseline Emissions................................................................................................. IV-122

IV.6.3 Cost of HFC Emissions Reduction s from Fire Extinguishing............................................ IV-124

IV.6.3.1 Description and Cost Analysis of Abatement Options..................................... IV-124

IV.6.3.2 Summary of Technical Applicability, Market Penetration, and Costs of Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-130

IV.6.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ ............... IV-133

IV.6.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-133

IV.6.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-136

IV.6.5 Summary........................................................................................................................ ........... IV-136

IV.6.6 References ..................................................................................................................... ............ IV-136

IV.7 PFC Emissions from Al uminum Production .......................................................................... IV-139

IV.7.1 Technology-Adoption Baseline ............................................................................................. IV-139

IV.7.2 No-Action Baseline............................................................................................................. ..... IV-141

IV.7.3 Cost of PFC Emissions Reduction from Aluminum Production....................................... IV-142

IV.7.3.1 Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-142

IV.7.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ ............... IV-146

IV.7.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-146

IV.7.4.2 Global and Regional MACs and Analysis.......................................................... IV-149

IV.7.4.3 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-151

IV.7.5 References ..................................................................................................................... ............ IV-152

IV.8 HFC-23 Emissions from HC FC-22 Production....................................................................... IV-155

IV.8.1 Source Description............................................................................................................. ...... IV-155

IV.8.1.2 No-Action Baseline................................................................................................ IV-156

IV.8.1.3 Technology-Adoption Baseline............................................................................ IV-158

IV.8.2 Cost of HFC-23 Reduction from HCFC-22 Production ...................................................... IV-159

IV.8.2.1 Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-159

IV.8.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ ............... IV-162

IV.8.3.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-162

IV.8.3.2 Global and Regional MACs and Analysis.......................................................... IV-165

IV.8.3.3 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-167XIV 

## Section Page

IV.8.4 References ..................................................................................................................... ............ IV-168

IV.9 PFC and SF 6 Emissions from Semiconductor Manufacturing............................................. IV-169

IV.9.1 Source Description............................................................................................................. ...... IV-169

IV.9.1.1 Technology-Adoption Baseline............................................................................ IV-170

IV.9.1.2 No-Action Baseline................................................................................................ IV-172

IV.9.2 Cost of PFC and SF 6 Emissions Reduction from Semiconductor Manufacturing .......... IV-173

IV.9.2.1 Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-173

IV.9.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ ............... IV-179

IV.9.3.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-179

IV.9.3.2 Global and Regional MACs and Analysis.......................................................... IV-179

IV.9.3.3 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-183

IV.9.4 References ..................................................................................................................... ............ IV-185

IV.10 SF 6 Emissions from Electric Power Systems........................................................................ IV-187

IV.10.1 Source Description............................................................................................................. ...... IV-187

IV.10.1.1 Technology-Adoption Baseline............................................................................ IV-188

IV.10.1.2 No-Action Baseline................................................................................................ IV-189

IV.10.2 Cost of SF 6 Emissions Reduction from Electric Power Systems........................................ IV-190

IV.10.2.1 Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-190

IV.10.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ ............... IV-195

IV.10.3.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-195

IV.10.3.2 Global and Regional MACs and Analysis.......................................................... IV-198

IV.10.3.3 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-199

IV.10.4 References ..................................................................................................................... ............ IV-202

IV.11 SF 6 Emissions from Magnesium (Mg) Production ................................................................ IV-205

IV.11.1 Source Description............................................................................................................. ...... IV-205

IV.11.1.1 Technology-Adoption Baseline............................................................................ IV-205

IV.11.1.2 No-Action Baseline................................................................................................ IV-207

IV.11.2 Cost of SF 6 Emissions Reduction from Mg Production and Processing Operations...... IV-208

IV.11.2.1 Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-208

IV.11.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ ............... IV-210

IV.11.3.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-210

IV.11.3.2 Global and Regional MACs and Analysis.......................................................... IV-213

IV.11.3.3 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-215

IV.11.4 References ..................................................................................................................... ............ IV-216XV 

## Section Page

Appendixes: F: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options to Abate International HFC Emissions from Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning ............................................................... F-1
G: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options to Abate International HFC, HFE, and PFC Emissions from Solvents.....................................................................................G-1 H: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options to Abate International HFC
Emissions fro m Foams ........................................................................................................... ...... H-1 I: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options to Abate International HFC
Emissions from Aerosols ........................................................................................................ ....... I-1 J: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options to Abate International HFC
Emissions from Fire Extinguishing .............................................................................................. J-1 K: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options in Aluminum Production .................K-1 L: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options in HCFC-22 Production..................... L-1
M: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options in Semiconductor Manufacturing .................................................................................................................. ............M-1 N: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options in Electric Power Systems................ N-1 O: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options in Magnesium Production ............... O-1



### V. Agriculture

V.1 Introduction and Bac kground .................................................................................................... .. V-1

V.1.1 Brief Points of Comparison with Other Non-CO 2 Emissions Sectors ....................................V-2

V.1.2 Previous Estimates for EMF-21 and New Improvements........................................................V-2

V.2 Emissions Characterization, Baselines, and Mitigation Scenarios.......................................... V-5

V.2.1 Croplands (N 2 O and Soil Carbon)...............................................................................................V-5

V.2.1.1 Cropland N 2 O and Soil Carbon Emissions Characterization ................................V-5

V.2.1.2 DAYCENT Baseline Estimates of Cropland N 2 O, Soil Carbon, and Yields.........V-6

V.2.1.3 Mitigation Options for Cropland N 2 O and Soil Carbon Emissions......................V-8

V.2.1.4 DAYCENT Results for Changes in Cropland N 2 O, Soil Carbon, and
Yields ......................................................................................................................... ..V-10

V.2.2 Rice (CH 4 , N 2 O, and Soil Carbon) .............................................................................................V-12

V.2.2.1 Rice CH 4 , N 2 O, and Carbon Emissions Characterization.....................................V-12

V.2.2.2 DNDC Baseline Estimates of Rice CH 4 , N 2 O, Soil Carbon, and Yields..............V-13

V.2.2.3 Mitigation Options for Rice CH 4 , N 2 O, and Soil Carbon Emissions...................V-16

V.2.2.4 DNDC Estimates for Changes in Rice CH 4 , N 2 O, Soil Carbon, and Yields .......V-17

V.2.3 Livestock (CH 4 and N 2 O) ...........................................................................................................V-20

V.2.3.1 Livestock Enteric CH 4 Emissions Characterization ..............................................V-20XVI V.2.3.2 Livestock Manure CH 4 and N 2 O Emissions Characterization ............................V-20

V.2.3.3 The USEPA Baseline Estimates of Livestock Enteric CH 4 Emissions.................V-21

V.2.3.4 The USEPA Baseline Estimates of Livestock Manure CH 4 and N 2 O

Emissions ....................................................................................................................V- 21

V.2.3.5 Mitigation Options for Li vestock Emissions..........................................................V-21

V.2.3.6 Changes in Livestock CH 4 and Productivity .........................................................V-26

V.3 Results........................................................................................................................ .................. V-31

V.3.1 Estimating Average Costs and Constructing Abatement Curves.........................................V-31

V.3.2 Baselines, Mitigation Costs and MACs for Croplands ...........................................................V-32

V.3.3 Baselines, Mitigation Costs, and MACs for Rice Cultivation ................................................V-41

V.3.4 Baselines, Mitigation Costs, and MACs for Livestock Management....................................V-45

V.3.5 Baselines, Mitigation Costs, and MACs for Total Agriculture ..............................................V-55

V.3.6 Agricultural Commodity Market Impacts of Adopting Mitigation Options: Use of
the IMPACT Model ............................................................................................................... ......V-57

V.4 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... ............. V-65

V.5 References ..................................................................................................................... .............. V-69

Appendixes: P: Summary of Non-CO 2 Agricultural Mitigation Analysis Completed for EMF-21 ............... P-1
Q: DAYCENT Model Description and Methods ........................................................................... Q-1 R: DNDC Model Description and Methods....................................................................................R-1 S: Baseline Differences and Methods for This Mitigation Analysis............................................ S-1 T: IMPACT Commodity Price Data................................................................................................. T-1

U: Detailed Data Tables ........................................................................................................ ............ U-1XVII 

# List of Figures

Number Page

Section I

2-1 Contribution of Anthropogenic Emissions of Greenhouse Gases to the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect from Preindustrial to Present (measured in watts/meter 2 ) ............................. I-2
3-1 Illustrative Non-CO 2 Marginal Abatement Curve .......................................................................... I-13 4-1 Percentage Share of Global Non-CO 2 Emissions by Type of Gas in 2005.................................... I-16

4-2 Non-CO 2 Global Emissions Forecast to 2020 by Greenhouse Gas ................................................ I-17 4-3 Global Emissions by Major Sector for All Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gases...................................... I-18 4-4 Projected World Emissions Baselines for Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gases, Including the Top Emitting Regions........................................................................................................... ............... I-18
4-5 Global 2020 MACs for Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gases by Major Sector.......................................... I-19 4-6 Global 2020 MACs by Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gas Type................................................................. I-20
4-7 Global 2020 MACs for Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gases by Major Emitting Regions...................... I-20



### Section II

1-1 CH 4 Emissions from Coal Mining, by Country: 2000–2020 ............................................................II-1 1-2 EMF MACs for Top Five Emitting Countries/Regions from Coal: 2020 .....................................II-11
2-1 CH 4 from Natural Gas Systems by Country: 2000–2020 ...............................................................II-15 2-2 EMF MACs for Top Five Emitting Countries/Regions from Natural Gas: 2020 ........................II-29
3-1 CH 4 Emissions from Oil Product ion by Count ry: 2000– 2020 .......................................................II-31 3-2 EMF MACs for Top Five Emitting Countries/Regions from Oil: 2020........................................II-42



### Section III

1-1 CH 4 Emissions from Municipal Soli d Waste by Country: 2000–2020 ..........................................III-1 1-2 Components of CH 4 Emissions from Landfills................................................................................III-5 1-3 EMF MACs for Top Five Emitting Countries/Regions from Landfills: 2020.............................III-11
2-1 CH 4 Emissions from Wastewater by Country: 2000–2020 ...........................................................III-13

2-2 N 2 O Emissions from Wastewater by Country: 2000–2020 ...........................................................III-14



### Section IV

1-1 N 2 O Emissions from Industrial Production by Country: 2000–2020 ........................................... IV-1 1-2 EMF MACs for Top Five Emitting Country/Regions from Nitric Acid Production: 2020...... IV-11 1-3 EMF MACs for Top Five Emitting Country/Regions from Adipic Acid Production: 2020.... IV-11 2-1 Baseline HFC Emissions from Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning by Region (MtCO 2 eq)............................................................................................................................ .............. IV-27 2-2 2010 MAC for Refrigeration/Air-Conditioning, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate................ IV-53 2-3 2020 MAC for Refrigeration/Air-Conditioning, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate................ IV-54 3-1 Total Baseline HFC, PFC, and HFE Emissions Estimates from Solvents (MtCO 2 eq) .............. IV-63XVIII 

### Number Page

3-2 2010 MAC for Solvents, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ........................................................ IV-70 3-3 2020 MAC for Solvents, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ........................................................ IV-71 4-1 Total Baseline Emissions Estimates for Foams (MtCO 2 eq) ......................................................... IV-80 4-2 2010 MAC for Foams, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ........................................................... IV-99 4-3 2020 MAC for Foams, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ........................................................... IV-99 5-1 Total Baseline HFC Emissions Estimates from MDI Aerosols (MtCO 2 eq) ............................. IV-106 5-2 Total Baseline HFC Emissions Estimates from Non-MDI Aerosols (MtCO 2 eq) .................... IV-107 5-3 2010 MAC for MDI Aerosols, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ............................................ IV-114 5-4 2020 MAC for MDI Aerosols, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ............................................ IV-115 5-5 2010 MAC for Non-MDI Aerosols, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ................................... IV-115 5-6 2020 MAC for Non-MDI Aerosols, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ................................... IV-116 6-1 Baseline HFC Emissions from Fire Extinguishing by Region (MtCO 2 eq)............................... IV-123 6-2 2010 MAC for Fire Extinguishing, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate .................................... IV-135 6-3 2020 MAC for Fire Extinguishing, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate .................................... IV-135 7-1 PFC Emissions from Aluminum Production Based on a Technology-Adoption
Scenario—1990

− 2020 (MtCO 2 eq).................................................................................................. IV-141
7-2 PFC Emissions from Aluminum Production Based on a No-Action Scenario—1990– 2020 (MtCO 2 eq)............................................................................................................................ ... IV-142 7-3 2010 and 2020 Global Technology-Adoption and No-Action MACs for Primary
Aluminum Production............................................................................................................ ....... IV-150 7-4 2010 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs for Primary Aluminum Production................ IV-150 7-5 2020 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs for Primary Aluminum Production................ IV-151
8-1 HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production Based on a No-Action Scenario—1990– 2020 (MtCO 2 eq)............................................................................................................................ ... IV-157 8-2 HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production Based on a Technology-Adoption Scenario—1990–2020 (MtCO 2 eq) .................................................................................................. IV-158 8-3 2010 and 2020 Global Technology-Adoption and No-Action MACs for HCFC-22
Production ..................................................................................................................... .................. IV-165 8-4 2010 Regional Techno logy-Adoption MACs .............................................................................. IV-166 8-5 2020 Regional Techno logy-Adoption MACs .............................................................................. IV-166 9-1 PFC Emissions from Semiconductor Manufacturing Based on a Technology-Adoption Scenario—1990 through 2020 (MtCO 2 eq).................................................................................... IV-171 9-2 WSC and Non-WSC Countries’ Contribution to Global PFC Emissions (MtCO 2 eq)............ IV-171 9-3 PFC Emissions from Semiconductor Manufacturing Based on a No-Action Scenario— 1990 through 2020 (MtCO 2 eq)....................................................................................................... IV-173 9-4 2010 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs for Semiconductor Manufacturing ................. IV-184 9-5 2020 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs for Semiconductor Manufacturing ................. IV-184
10-1 SF 6 Emissions from Electric Power Systems on a Technology-Adoption Scenario—

1990

– 2020 (MtCO 2 eq) ..................................................................................................................... IV-189

10-2 SF 6 Emissions from Electric Power Systems on a No-Action Scenario—1990–2020 (MtCO 2 eq)............................................................................................................................ ............ IV-190 10-3 2010 and 2020 Global Technology-Adoption and No-Action MACs for Electric Power Systems........................................................................................................................ ..................... IV-198 10-4 2010 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs for Electric Power Systems............................... IV-200XIX 

### Number Page

10-5 2020 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs for Electric Power Systems............................... IV-200
11-1 SF 6 Emissions from Mg Manufacturing Based on a Technology-Adoption Scenario— 1990–2020 (MtCO 2 eq)..................................................................................................................... IV-207

11-2 SF 6 Emissions from Mg Manufacturing Based on a No-Action Scenario—1990–2020 (MtCO 2 eq)............................................................................................................................ ............ IV-208 11-3 2010 and 2020 Global Technology-Adoption and No-Action MACs for Mg Production..... IV-213 11-4 2010 Regional Techno logy-Adoption MACs .............................................................................. IV-214 11-5 2020 Regional Techno logy-Adoption MACs .............................................................................. IV-214



### Section V

1-1 Global Cropland Yields for Baseline and Mitigation Options Estimated by DAYCENT,
2010 ........................................................................................................................... ............................V-10
1-2 Global Net Greenhouse Gas (N 2 O and Soil Carbon) Cropland Emissions Estimated by DAYCENT under Baseline and Mitigation Scenarios ...................................................................V-11
1-3 Global Net Greenhouse Gas (CH 4 and N 2 O) Livestock Emissions under Baseline and Mitigation Scenarios, Assuming Full Adoption of Individual Options and Holding
Number of Animals Constant ..................................................................................................... ......V-26
1-4 Global Net Greenhouse Gas (CH 4 and N 2 O) Livestock Emissions under Baseline and Mitigation Scenarios, Assuming Full Adoption of Individual Options and Holding
Production Constant............................................................................................................ ...............V-27
1-5 Global Beef Production under Baseline and Mitigation Options, Assuming Full Adoption of Individual Options and Holding the Number of Animals Constant....................V-28
1-6 Global Production of Milk from Dairy Cattle under Baseline and Mitigation Options, Assuming Full Adoption of Individual Options and Holding the Number of Animals
Constant ....................................................................................................................... ........................V-28
1-7 Global MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Croplands, Holding Area Constant, 2000–2020 ............................................................................................................ ...............V-37
1-8 Global MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Croplands, Holding Area Constant, Allocating Adoption of Mitigation Strategies to the Three Most Effective Options On ly, 2000–2 020 ........................................................................................................ ...........V-38
1-9 MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cropland Management in the United States, Holding Area Constant, 2000–2020......................................................................................V -39
1-10 MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cropland Management in the EU-15, Holding Area Co nstant, 2000–2020

............................................................................................... ...V-39
1-11 MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cropland Management in the FSU, Holding Area Co nstant, 2000–2020

............................................................................................... ...V-40
1-12 MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cropland Management in China, Holding Area Co nstant, 2000–2020

............................................................................................... ...V-40
1-13 Global MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice Cultivation, Holding Area Constant, 2000–2020 ............................................................................................................ ...............V-43
1-14 MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice Cultivation in India, Holding Area Constant, 2000–2020 ............................................................................................................ ...............V-44
1-15 MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice Cultivation in China, Holding Area Constant, 2000–2020 ............................................................................................................ ...............V-44XX 

### Number Page

1-16 Global MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management, Holding
Number of Animals Const ant, 2000–2020 .......................................................................................V-5 0 1-17 Global MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management, Holding Production Constant, 2000–2020................................................................................................. ......V-50
1-18 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Li vestock Management in the United States, Holding Number of Animals Constant, 20 00–2020 .......................................................................V-51
1-19 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management in China, Holding
Number of Animals Const ant, 2000–2020 .......................................................................................V-5 1
1-20 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions fr om Livestock Management in India, Holding
Number of Animals Const ant, 2000–2020 .......................................................................................V-5 2
1-21 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions fr om Livestock Management in Brazil, Holding
Number of Animals Const ant, 2000–2020 .......................................................................................V-5 2
1-22 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Li vestock Management in the United States, Holding Production Const ant, 2000–2020 .......................................................................................V- 53
1-23 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management in China, Holding Production Constant, 2000–2020................................................................................................. ......V-53
1-24 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions fr om Livestock Management in India, Holding Production Constant, 2000–2020................................................................................................. ......V-54
1-25 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions fr om Livestock Management in Brazil, Holding Production Constant, 2000–2020................................................................................................. ......V-54 1-26 Global MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture, Holding Area/Animals Cons tant, 2000–2020............................................................................................... ...V-56 1-27 Global MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture, Holding Production Constant, 2000–2020

............................................................................................................. ..............V-57 1-28 Effect of Global Adoption of the Antime thanogen Vaccine Miti gation Option on World Prices Using the IMPACT Model .................................................................................................. ...V-58 1-29 Effect of Global Adoption of the Antimetha nogen Vaccine Mitiga tion Option on Global Production Using the IMPACT Model ............................................................................................V- 59 1-30 Effect of Global Adoption of the Antimetha nogen Vaccine Mitiga tion Option on Global Number of Animals Using the IMPACT Model.............................................................................V-59

1-31 Effect of Global Adoption of the Shallow Flooding Mitigation Option on World Prices Using the IMPA CT Model......................................................................................................... ........V-61 1-32 Effect of Global Adoption of the Shallow Flooding Mitigation Option on Global Production Using the IMPACT Model ............................................................................................V- 61 1-33 Effect of Global Adoption of the Shallow Flooding Mitigation Option on Global Rice Area Using the IMPACT Model .................................................................................................... ...V-62 1-34 Net GHG Abatement under Global Adoption of the Antimethanogen Vaccine Option with Number of Cattle Constant, Production Constant, and Market Adjustments Using
the IMPACT Model , 2010 ......................................................................................................... .........V-62 1-35 Comparison of Net GHG Abatement from Rice Cultivation under Global Adoption of the Shallow Flooding Mitiga tion Option with Area Constant, Production Constant, and Market Adjustments Using th e IMPACT Model, 2010..................................................................V-63XXI 

# List of Tables

Number Page

Section I

2-1 Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions for 2000 (MtCO 2 eq)...................................................... I-2 2-2 Global Warming Potentials .................................................................................................. ................ I-5 3-1 Abatement Potential Calculation for Mitigation Options .............................................................. I-10 3-2 Financial Assumptions in Breakeven Price Calculations for Abatement Options...................... I-13



### Section II

1-1 Historical Coal Mining Activity Data for Selected Countries (Million Metric Tons) ..................II-4 1-2 IPCC Suggested Underground Emissions Factors for Selected Countries ...................................II-5
1-3 Historical Baseline Emissions for Coal Mine CH 4 for Selected Countries (MtCO 2 eq)................II-5 1-4 Projected Baseline Emissions for Coal Mine CH 4 for Selected Countries (MtCO 2 eq).................II-6 1-5 Summary of Average Abatement Costs and Benefits for U.S. Coal Mines (in 2000$).................II-7 1-6 Summary of Coal Mining Abatement Options Included in the Analysis.....................................II-9 1-7 Baseline Emissions by EMF Regional Grouping: 2000–2020 (MtCO 2 eq) ....................................II-10 1-8 Coal Mining MACs for Countries Included in the Analysis.........................................................II-10 2-1 Natural Gas Industry Characterization ...................................................................................... .....II-16 2-2 Natural Gas Production by Country and Region: 1980–2003 (Trillion Cubic Feet)...................II-18 2-3 Natural Gas Consumption by Country and Region: 1980–2003 (Trillion Cubic Feet) ..............II-19 2-4 Projected Natural Gas Production by Country and Region: 2010–2025 (Trillion Cubic Feet) .......................................................................................................................... ............................II-20 2-5 Projected Natural Gas Consumption by Country and Region: 2010–2025 (Trillion Cubic Feet) .......................................................................................................................... ............................II-20 2-6 IPCC Estimated Emissions Factors from Natural Gas by Region................................................II-21 2-7 Baseline Emissions for Natural Gas Systems for Selected Countries: 1990–2000 (MtCO 2 eq)............................................................................................................................ ................II-21 2-8 Projected Baseline Emissions for Natural Gas Systems for Selected Countries: 2005– 2020 (MtCO 2 eq)............................................................................................................................ .......II-23 2-9 Prevalence of Abatement Options by Infrastructure Component ...............................................II-23 2-10 Natural Gas MACs for Countries Included in the Analysis .........................................................II-27 2-11 Baseline Emissions by EMF Regional Grouping: 2000–2020 (MtCO 2 eq) ....................................II-28 2-12 Natural Gas MACs for Countries Included in the Analysis .........................................................II-29 3-1 Oil Production by Count ry: 1990–2003 (MMbbl per Day) ............................................................II-34 3-2 Forecasted Oil Production for Selected Countries (MMbbl per Day, Unless Otherwise Noted)......................................................................................................................... ..........................II-35 3-3 Forecasted Oil Consumption for Selected Countries (MMbbl per Day, Unless Otherwise Noted) ............................................................................................................... ................II-36
3-4 IPCC Emissions Factors for Petroleum Systems in Select Regions ..............................................II-37 3-5 Baseline Emissions from Oil Production, by Country: 1990–2000 (MtCO 2 eq) ...........................II-38 3-6 Projected Baseline Emissions from Oil Production by Country: 2005–2020 (MtCO 2 eq)...........II-38 3-7 Cost of Reducing CH 4 Emissions from Oil......................................................................................II-39XXII 

### Number Page

3-8 Percentage Abatement for CH 4 for Selected Breakeven Price ($/tCO 2 eq): 2000.........................II-40 3-9 Baseline Emissions by EMF Regional Grouping: 2000-2020 (MtCO 2 eq).....................................II-41 3-10 Oil System MACs for Countries Included in the Analysis ...........................................................II-41

Section III

1-1 CH 4 Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste by Country: 1990–2000 (MtCO 2 eq) ......................III-5 1-2 Projected Baseline CH 4 Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste by Country: 2005–2020 (MtCO 2 eq)............................................................................................................................ .................III-6 1-3 Components of Collection and Flaring and LFG Utilization Abatement Options .....................III-7
1-4 Breakeven Prices of MSW La ndfill Techno logy Opti ons ...............................................................III-9 1-5 Baseline Emissions by EMF Regional Grouping: 2000–2020 (MtCO 2 eq) ...................................III-10 1-6 MSW Landfill MACs for Countries Included in the Analysis.....................................................III-10
2-1 CH 4 Emissions from Wastewater by Country: 1990–2000 (MtCO 2 eq) .......................................III-19

2-2 N 2 O Emissions from Wastewater by Country: 1990–2000 (MtCO 2 eq).......................................III-19 2-3 Projected Baseline CH 4 Emissions from Wastewater by Country: 2005–2020 (MtCO 2 eq) ......III-21 2-4 Projected Baseline N 2 O Emissions from Wastewater by Country: 2005–2020 (MtCO 2 eq) ......III-21

Section IV 1-1 2003 Adipic Acid Production Capacity (Thousands of Metric Tons/Year)................................. IV-3
1-2 IPCC Emissions Factors for Nitric Acid Production in Select Countries .................................... IV-4
1-3 N 2 O Emissions from Nitric and Adipic Acid Production: 1990–2000 (MtCO 2 eq)..................... IV-5 1-4 Projected N 2 O Baseline Emissions from Nitric and Adipic Acid Production: 2005–2020 (MtCO 2 eq)............................................................................................................................ ................ IV-6 1-5 Cost of Reducing N 2 O Emissions from Indus trial Processes........................................................ IV-7 1-6 Projected N 2 O Emissions from Nitric Acid by Region: 2000–2020 (MtCO 2 eq) .......................... IV-9 1-7 Percentage Abatement for Nitric Acid for Selected Breakeven Prices ($/tCO 2 eq): 2010–

2020 ........................................................................................................................... ............................ IV-9 1-8 Projected N 2 O Emissions from Adipic Acid by Region: 2000–2020 (MtCO 2 eq) ...................... IV-10 1-9 Percentage Abatement for Adipic Acid for Selected Breakeven Prices ($/tCO 2 eq): 2010–

2020 ........................................................................................................................... .......................... IV-10 2-1 Reductions in Baseline Emissions in Non-U.S. Countries to Reflect Market Adjustments .... IV-21 2-2 Estimated Percentage of GWP-Weighted Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning HFC
Emissions Attributo MVACs in the United States ....................................................................... IV-222-3 Percentage of Newly Manufactured Vehicles Assumed to Have Operational AirConditioning Units in India .................................................................................................... ........ IV-222-4 Percentage of Newly Manufactured Vehicles Assumed to Have Operational AirConditioning Units in All Other Countries................................................................................... IV- 23 2-5 Estimated Percentage of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning HFC Emissions Attributo
MVACs.......................................................................................................................... ..................... IV-242-6 Distribution of Refrigeration- and Air-Conditioning–Sector HFC Emissions by EndUse, Region, and Year (Percent) ................................................................................................ ..... IV-26 2-7 Total Baseline HFC Emissions from Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning (MtCO 2 eq) ........... IV-27 2-8 Assumptions on Duration and Applicability of Emissions Reduction Options ...................... IV-29XXIII 

### Number Page

2-9 Summary of Assumptions for Leak Repair for Large Equipment ............................................. IV-32 2-10 Summary of Assumptions for Recovery and Recycling from Small Equipment..................... IV-33 2-11 Summary of Assumptions for Distributed Systems for New Stationary Equipment ............. IV-37 2-12 Summary of Assumptions for HFC Secondary Loop Systems for New Stationary Equipment ...................................................................................................................... ................... IV-38 2-13 Summary of Assumptions for Ammonia Secondary Loop Systems for New Stationary Equipment ...................................................................................................................... ................... IV-39 2-14 Summary of Assumptions for Enhanced HFC-134a Systems for New MVACs...................... IV-40 2-15 Summary of Assumptions for HFC-152a DX Systems in New MVACs ................................... IV-41 2-16 Summary of Assumptions for CO 2 Systems in New MVACs .................................................... IV-43 2-17 Summary of Technical Applicability of Abatement Options by Region (Percent).................. IV-47 2-18 Assumed Regional Market Penetration of Abatement Options into Newly Manufactured Equipment, Expressed as a Percentage of Emissions from New Equipment ...................................................................................................................... ................... IV-48 2-19 Market Penetration of Abatement Options, Expressed as a Percentage of Total Sector
Emissions ...................................................................................................................... ..................... IV-49 2-20 Percentage of (Direct) Reduct ion Off Baseline Emissions of All Abatement Options by Region......................................................................................................................... ........................ IV-50 2-21 Summary of Abatement Option Cost Assumptions (2 000$)....................................................... IV-51 2-22 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs for Refrigeration/ Air-Conditioning at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO 2 eq)................... IV-52 2-23 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs for Refrigeration/ Air-Conditioning at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO 2 eq)................... IV-52
2-24 World Breakeven Costs an d Emissions Reductions in 20 20 for Refr igeration/AirConditioning................................................................................................................... ................... IV-53
3-1 General Overview of Solvent Technologies Used Globally........................................................ IV-60 3-2 Total Baseline HFC, PFC, and HFE Emissions Estimates from Solvents (MtCO 2 eq) .............. IV-62 3-3 Retrofit Techniques for Batch Vapor Cleaning Machine (Less than 13 Square Feet) .............. IV-65 3-4 Technical Applicability and Incremental Ma ximum Market Penetration of Solvent Options (Perc ent) .............................................................................................................. ................ IV-67
3-5 Emissions Reductions Off the Total Solvent Baseli ne (Percent)................................................. IV-68 3-6 Summary of Abatement Opti on Cost Assump tions .................................................................... IV-68 3-7 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs for Solvents at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO 2 eq)............................................................................... IV-69 3-8 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs for Solvents at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO 2 eq)............................................................................... IV-69
3-9 World Breakeven Costs and Emissions Reductions in 2020 for Solvents ................................. IV-70 4-1 The USEPA’s Vintaging Model Emissions Profile for Foams ȇ End-Uses .................................. IV-79 4-2 Baseline Emissions Estimates for Foams (MtCO 2 eq) ................................................................... IV-80 4-3 Reduction Efficiency of Foam Options (P ercent).......................................................................... IV- 90 4-4 Technical Applicability of Foam Options (P ercent) ..................................................................... IV-92 4-5 Incremental Maximum Market Penetration Expressed as a Percentage of New
Emissions for Which t he Options Apply....................................................................................... IV- 93 4-6 Incremental Maximum Market Penetration Expressed as a Percentage of All Emissions ..... IV-94
4-7 Emissions Reductions Off Total Foams Baseline (Percent) ......................................................... IV-95XXIV 

### Number Page

4-8 Summary of Abatement Op tion Cost A ssumptions .................................................................... IV-96 4-9 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs for Foams at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO 2 eq) ....................................................................................... IV-97 4-10 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs for Foams at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO 2 eq) ....................................................................................... IV-97
4-11 World Breakeven Costs and Emissions Reductions in 2020 for Foams..................................... IV-98 5-1 Total Baseline HFC Emissions Estimates from MDI Aerosols (MtCO 2 eq) ............................. IV-106 5-2 Total Baseline HFC Emissions Estimates from Non-MDI Aerosols (MtCO 2 eq) .................... IV-107 5-3 Technical Applicability and Incremental Maximum Market Penetration of Aerosol Options (Percent) .............................................................................................................. .............. IV-110 5-4 Emissions Reductions Off the Total Applicable Aerosols Baseline (Percent) ........................ IV-110 5-5 Summary of Abatement Option Cost Assumptions .................................................................. IV-111 5-6 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs for MDI Aerosols at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO 2 eq) ........................................................ IV-112 5-7 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs for MDI Aerosols at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO 2 eq) ........................................................ IV-112 5-8 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs for Non-MDI Aerosols at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO 2 eq) ........................................................ IV-113 5-9 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs for Non-MDI Aerosols at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO 2 eq) ........................................................ IV-113
5-10 World Breakeven Costs and Emissions Reductions in 2020 for Aerosols............................... IV-114 6-1 Total Baseline HFC Emissions from Fire Extinguishing (MtCO 2 eq) ....................................... IV-123 6-2 Assumed Breakout of Total GWP-Weighted Baseline Fire-Extinguishing Emissions (Percent) ...................................................................................................................... ..................... IV-124 6-3 Summary of Technical Applicability of Abatement Options (Percent)................................... IV-130 6-4 Assumed Incremental Market Penetration of Abatement Options into Newly Installed Class A or Class B Extinguishing Systems, Expressed as a Percentage of Emissions from All New Equipment.............................................................................................................. .......... IV-131 6-5 Market Penetration of Abatement Options into Newly Installed Class A or Class B Extinguishing Systems, Expressed as a Percentage of Total Sector Emissions ...................... IV-132 6-6 Percentage of Emissions Reductions Off Total Fire-Extinguishing Baseline.......................... IV-132 6-7 Summary of Abatement Opti on Cost Assump tions (2000$)..................................................... IV-132 6-8 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs for Fire Extinguishing at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO 2 eq) ............................................... IV-133 6-9 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs for Fire Extinguishing at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO 2 eq) ............................................... IV-134 6-10 World Breakeven Costs and Emissions Reductions in 2020 for Fire Extinguishing.............. IV-134 7-1 Total PFC Emissions from Aluminum Manufacturing (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action Baseline ... IV-140 7-2 Total PFC Emissions from Aluminum Manufacturing (MtCO 2 eq)—TechnologyAdoption Baseline.............................................................................................................. ............. IV-140 7-3 Reduction Efficiency Potential for Abatement Option by Cell Type (Percent)...................... IV-143 7-4 Average Baseline Market Penetration of Complete Retrofits by Cell Type and Scenario (Percent) ...................................................................................................................... ..................... IV-145XXV 

### Number Page

7-5 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for Aluminum Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action Baseline ............. IV-146 7-6 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for Aluminum Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action Baseline ............. IV-147 7-7 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for Aluminum Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—Technology-Adoption
Baseline....................................................................................................................... ...................... IV-147 7-8 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for Aluminum Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—Technology-Adoption
Baseline....................................................................................................................... ...................... IV-148
7-9 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—No-Action Baseline ................................................ IV-148 7-10 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—Technology-Adoption Baseline ............................ IV-149 8-1 Total HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action Baseline....... IV-155 8-2 Total HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production (MtCO 2 eq)—Technology-Adoption
Baseline....................................................................................................................... ...................... IV-156
8-3 Baseline Market Penetration of Thermal Oxidation—No-Action Baseline............................. IV-161 8-4 Baseline Market Penetration of Thermal Oxidation—Technology-Adoption Baseline ........ IV-161 8-5 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action
Baseline....................................................................................................................... ...................... IV-162 8-6 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action
Baseline....................................................................................................................... ...................... IV-163 8-7 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)— Technology-Adoption Baseline................................................................................................... .. IV-163 8-8 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)— Technology-Adoption Baseline................................................................................................... .. IV-164
8-9 World Breakeven Costs and Emissions Reductions in 2020—No-Action Baseline ............... IV-164 8-10 World Breakeven Costs and Emissions Reductions in 2020—Technology-Adoption
Baseline....................................................................................................................... ...................... IV-164 9-1 Total PFC Emissions from Semiconductor Manufacturing (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action
Baseline....................................................................................................................... ...................... IV-169 9-2 Total PFC Emissions from Semiconductor Manufacturing (MtCO 2 eq)—TechnologyAdoption Baseline.............................................................................................................. ............. IV-170 9-3 Maximum Market Penetrations for WSC Countries in the No-Action Baseline (Percent) ... IV-174
9-4 Maximum Market Penetrations for Non-WSC Countries in the No-Action Baseline (Percent) ...................................................................................................................... ..................... IV-174 9-5 Baseline Market Penetrations for WSC Countries in the Technology-Adoption Baseline (Percent) ...................................................................................................................... ..................... IV-175 9-6 Maximum Market Penetrations for WSC Countries in the Technology-Adoption Baseline (Percent)............................................................................................................. ............... IV-175XXVI 

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9-7 Baseline Market Penetrations for Non-WSC Countries in the Technology-Adoption Baseline in 2020 (Percent) ..................................................................................................... ......... IV-175 9-8 Maximum Market Penetrations for Non-WSC Countries in the Technology-Adoption Baseline (Percent)............................................................................................................. ............... IV-176 9-9 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action Baseline ......................................................................... IV-180 9-10 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action Baseline ......................................................................... IV-180 9-11 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—Technology-Adoption Baseline..................................................... IV-181 9-12 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—Technology-Adoption Baseline..................................................... IV-181
9-13 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—No-Action Baseline ................................................ IV-182 9-14 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—Technology-Adoption Baseline ............................ IV-182
10-1 Total SF 6 Emissions from Electric Power Systems (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action Baseline ........... IV-187
10-2 Total SF 6 Emissions from Electric Power Systems (MtCO 2 eq)—Technology-Adoption
Baseline....................................................................................................................... ...................... IV-188 10-3 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for Electric Power Systems at a 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action Baseline................ IV-195 10-4 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for Electric Power Systems at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action Baseline................... IV-196 10-5 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for Electric Power Systems at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—Technology-Adoption
Baseline....................................................................................................................... ...................... IV-196 10-6 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for Electric Power Systems at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—Technology-Adoption
Baseline....................................................................................................................... ...................... IV-197
10-7 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—No-Action Baseline ................................................ IV-197 10-8 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—Technology-Adoption Baseline ............................ IV-198
11-1 Total SF 6 Emissions from Mg Manufacturing (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action Baseline .................. IV-206
11-2 Total SF 6 Emissions from Mg Manufacturing (MtCO 2 eq)—Technology-Adoption
Baseline....................................................................................................................... ...................... IV-206 11-3 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for Mg Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action Baseline ...................................... IV-210 11-4 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for Mg Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—No-Action Baseline ...................................... IV-211 11-5 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for Mg Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—Technology-Adoption Baseline.................. IV-211 11-6 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO 2 eq) for Mg Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO 2 eq)—Technology-Adoption Baseline.................. IV-212
11-7 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—No-Action Baseline ................................................ IV-212 11-8 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—Technology-Adoption Baseline ............................ IV-212XXVII 

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Section V

1-1 DAYCENT N 2 O and Soil Carbon Estimates for 2000, 2010, and 2020 by Key Region (MtCO 2 eq/yr)......................................................................................................................... ................V-6 1-2 Cropland N 2 O and Soil Carbon Mitigation Options Run Through DAYCENT ..........................V-9

1-3 Rice-Only Baseline CH 4 , N 2 O, and Soil Carbon Estimates for 2000, 2010, and 2020 by Asian Region (Midpoints from DNDC in MtCO 2 eq/yr; Negative Carbon Numbers Indicate Net Sequestration) .................................................................................................... ...........V-15
1-4 Rice CH 4 , N 2 O, and Soil Carbon Mitigation Options Run Through DNDC ..............................V-17

1-5 DNDC Estimates of Net Greenhouse Gas Results for Baseline and Mitigation Scenarios for China (Annual Averages in MtCO 2 eq/yr over 2000–2020) .....................................................V-17

1-6 Changes from Baseline in Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Crop Yields, and Water Consumption for China (Annual Averages over 2000–2020; Negative Numbers Indicate Decreases Relative to the Baseline)............................................................................................ .......V-18
1-7 Net Greenhouse Gas Results for Baseline and Mitigation Options for Other Asian Countries (Annual Averages in MtCO 2 eq/yr over 2000–2020) .....................................................V-19 1-8 Livestock Enteric Fermentation Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options........................................V-23 1-9 Livestock Manure Management Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options.......................................V-25 1-10 Baseline Net GHG Emissions from Croplands from DAYCENT Estimates (MtCO 2 eq)...........V-33 1-11 Croplands Mitigation Option Detail for Key Regions ...................................................................V-34 1-12 Croplands: Percentage Reductions from Baselines at Different $/tCO 2 eq Prices ......................V-37 1-13 Baseline Emissions from Rice Cultivation from DNDC Estimates (MtCO 2 eq)..........................V-41 1-14 Rice Cultivation Mitigation Option Detail for Key Regions .........................................................V-42 1-15 Rice Cultivation: Percentage Reductions from Baseline at Different $/tCO 2 eq Prices ..............V-43 1-16 Baseline Emissions from Livestock Management from USEPA (2006) (MtCO 2 eq)...................V-45 1-17 Livestock Mitigation Opti on Detail for Key Regions.....................................................................V-4 6 1-18 Livestock Management: Percentage Reductions from Baselines at Different $/tCO 2 eq
Prices......................................................................................................................... ............................V-49 1-19 Baseline Emissions from All Agriculture Used in This Report (MtCO 2 eq) ................................V-55 1-20 Total Agriculture: Percentage Reductions from Baseline at Different $/tCO 2 eq Prices............V-56XXVIII