UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 15-4676

UNDER SEAL #1,

Party-in-Interest - Appellant,

v.

UNDER SEAL #2,

Defendant - Appellee,

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at

Alexandria. Gerald Bruce Lee, District Judge. (1:15-mw-00001-GBL-1)

Argued: May 10, 2018 Decided: May 22, 2018

Before WILKINSON, MOTZ, and KING, Circuit Judges.

Dismissed by unpublished per curiam opinion. 

ARGUED: Meredith Madden Ralls, S&R LAW FIRM PLLC, Fairfax, Virginia, for 

Appellant. Christopher John Catizone, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES 

ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Katherine Martell, 

FIRSTPOINT LAW GROUP PC, Fairfax, Virginia, for Appellant. Dana J. Boente, 

United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, 

Virginia, for Appellee United States of America. Carmen D. Hernandez, Highland, 
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Maryland; Vernida R. Chaney, CHANEY LAW FIRM PLLC, Fairfax, Virginia, for 

Appellee Under Seal #2.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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PER CURIAM:

A criminal defendant seeking to obtain the trial testimony of a juvenile witness 

obtained a material witness warrant and moved to compel the Government to grant 

immunity to the witness. The district court denied the motion to compel immunity and 

dismissed the material witness warrant. This appeal followed. Because we lack 

jurisdiction, we must dismiss the appeal.

I.

Under 18 U.S.C. § 3144, a court may issue an arrest warrant for a person whose 

testimony is “material in a criminal proceeding” if “it may become impracticable to 

secure the presence of the person by subpoena.” The release of such a material witness 

“may be delayed for a reasonable period of time until the deposition of the witness can be 

taken.” Id.

Pursuant to this statute, a defendant in a criminal case (“the Defendant”) sought 

and obtained a material witness warrant for a juvenile witness (“the Witness”). The 

Defendant asked the Government to grant immunity to the Witness so that the Witness

could testify in the Defendant’s trial without fear of self-incrimination, but the 

Government declined.

The Defendant then filed a motion requesting the district court to compel the 

Government to grant the immunity. At the hearing on this motion, the court confirmed 

that the Defendant was not asking to take the Witness’s deposition and that the Witness

intended to invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination if called to 
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testify at the Defendant’s trial. The court then dismissed the material witness warrant and 

ordered the Witness released.

The Defendant timely noted this appeal.

II.

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we have jurisdiction over “appeals from all final

decisions of the district courts” (emphasis added). In the criminal context, “the term 

‘final decision’ normally refers to a final judgment, such as a judgment of guilt, that 

terminates a criminal proceeding.” Sell v. United States, 539 U.S. 166, 176 (2003). 

Thus, the law “normally requires a defendant to wait until the end of the trial to obtain 

appellate review of a pretrial order.” Id.

The order dismissing the material witness warrant is plainly not a judgment of 

guilt that terminated the Defendant’s underlying criminal proceeding. At the time of the 

order, the Defendant’s criminal trial had not yet concluded. The Defendant suggests, 

however, that the material witness proceeding was independent from the Defendant’s

underlying criminal case, and that since the district court’s order terminated the material 

witness proceeding, it qualifies as a final decision. We disagree.

The Supreme Court has explained that an ancillary proceeding is not independent, 

and an order in such a proceeding is therefore not final for purposes of appealability, if 

the proceeding “presents an issue that is involved in . . . a criminal prosecution in process 

at the time the order is issued.” Di Bella v. United States, 369 U.S. 121, 127 (1962). 

Only if a proceeding “is in no way tied to a criminal prosecution” can it “be regarded as 
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independent.” See id. at 131–32. Thus, orders relating to pre-indictment motions, grand 

jury proceedings, and even motions for return of property filed in a different district from 

the movant’s criminal prosecution are treated as interlocutory — for they are “but a step 

in the criminal case.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

So too here. By definition, a material witness in a criminal case is someone whose 

testimony is “material in a criminal proceeding.” 18 U.S.C. § 3144 (emphasis added). 

Therefore, it cannot be said that such a material witness proceeding is “in no way tied to a 

criminal prosecution.” Quite the opposite. Because the entire purpose of the material 

witness proceeding is to secure important testimony for a criminal trial, the disposition of 

the witness proceeding “will necessarily determine the conduct of the trial.” Di Bella, 

369 U.S. at 127 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Accordingly, as it 

pertains to a criminal defendant seeking to obtain the testimony of a material witness, any 

order in the material witness proceeding must be treated as interlocutory, and may be 

challenged only in the defendant’s post-conviction appeal.

*

III.

Because the Defendant appeals from an interlocutory order, we lack jurisdiction 

over this appeal. Accordingly, the appeal is

DISMISSED.

 * By contrast, as the Government recognizes, the witness who is detained pursuant 

to a material witness warrant could likely appeal from an order rejecting his challenge to 

his own detention. See In re Material Witness Warrant Nichols, 77 F.3d 1277, 1279 

(10th Cir. 1996).