PACIFIC w;z;:R a 

PARK n

t

SCIENCE * 

VOLUME 1 - NUMBER 2 

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
SCIENCE 

A report to park managers of recent and ongoing research in parks with emphasis on its 

implications for planning and management 

From the Editor . . . 

The National Park dilemma, whether it looms war the whole System as it 

does in documents like State of the Parks or simply squats in some backcountry corner as a single overused camps@ is how to make the best use 

of what we know about the System in order to perpetuate Its treasures for 

future generations. 

Computer banks are bursting with data; sclantists talk to one another of 

their research findings; the mounds of Information. the management that 

uses it, and the public that benefits all are growing in richness and 

sophistication. A cursory look suggests that rhe weakest part of this 

developing synthesis lies in its hnkages. A recent TV documentary on information - from Gutenberg to the computer left no doubt that humanity 

now has the means, in effect, to create another almost complete version of 

the world around us in the form of computer printouts describing every 

detail. The documentary made much less evident whether or how this fans 

tastic factual array is being used for the ultrmate good of human kind. 

One thing did seem clear: That more effort is needed to communicate 

research findings so that the nowscientific world can locate pertinent infw 

mation and assess it in the light of the human processes that tend to determine how that information is used. 

If science and management can each make its own central core of 

operating knowledge understood by the other, the chances are excellent for 

narrowing the gap between “what the world is ready for” and “what sociaty is ready for.” With all the current emphasis on science from the new 

magazines like Discovery and Science 80 to the hiring of science editors by 

the nonscientific media - it is doubtful indeed that the drama so mourned 

by Carl Sagan in “Cosmos,” lthe bumng of the library at Alexandria1 will be 

repeated in this age. However. It is wonh noting that it was the failure of 

scrence to communicate IRS message and its worth that led the public 

of that third century day to sack and burn the library and all it stood for. 

Editorial Brief: “Our place in the life of the world is unfathomable because 

we have so much to learn, but it is surely not absurd. We matter. For a 

time, anyway. it looks as though we will be responsible for the thinking of 

the system, which seems to mean, at this stage, the responsibrllty not to do 

damage to the rest of life if we can help it. This IS rn irself an immensely 

complicated problem, in view of our growrng numbers and the demands 

we feel compelled to make on the planet’s resources. There is no hope of 

thinking our way through the quandary except by learning more, and parl 

of the learning (not all of it, mind you, but a good part1 can only be achieved by science, more and better science not for our longevity or comfort 

or affluence but for comprehension, without which our long suwival IS 

unlikely.” 

Lewis Thomas, Chancellor, 

Memorial SloawKettering Cancer Center 

From his 1990 Harvard Phi Beta Kappa Oration 

tat us hear about your research, publications, symposia, conferences, 

both before they occur and afterwards. 

Add m our m&g M by Mng DUI riw coupon and mating ro us. 

Aesse sdd my name 10 

your mailing list for 

PAURC PARK SCIENCE 
Research Turns Up Specific Methods’ 

For Backcountry Rehab Management 

E&& Note: TWO detaded approaches to management, desctibing scientific 

~sp0ns.w to problems arLw?g from increasing human use of wilderness have 

emerged from the Western and rhe Pacific Northwest Regions andare here excerpted with some paraphrasing and n some derail By fines identffy the 

authors in each case, and directions for obtaning the papers in their entirety 

iincludIng rationale, addinonal details and II~ u&d/ are given. 

M~lmp3ctsOf Wfdemes Use, by Llwd J. Parsons and Susan A. 

Macteod, Iexcerpted from rhe article appearing pp. 8-12 in the Oct., Nov., Dec. 

1980 issue of PARKS, IUCN publlcatlan llimlted availabllityl. Robert StandIsh, 

edltor. clo National Parks Serwce. Dept. of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 

20240.1 

In Sequoia and Kings Canyon Natlonal Parks, California. we found it 

necessary to develop a system whereby campsite impact could be measured 

but that would be manageable ow a large atea [more than 348,000 hal of rugged, remote terrain with numerous undesignated campsites. 

This paper presents a method by which the went and distribution of camp 

area development, or Impact, in the backcountry can be mventoned and quantified. This method, now bung used extensively in Sequoia and Kings Canyon 

NPs, provides a baseline aga~nsr which to measure future change and a data 

base on which to evaluate accumulated impact as a product of use level and 

VeQetation rype. 

Because soil and vegetation conditions in campsites am so susceptible to I”~ 

juv from concentrated vlsitor use. they are Important elements in any system 

for evaluating backcountry impact. Additional criteria. such as developments 

lfire rings, wind breaks, tables. etc.1 and mutilalions (carvings or ax marks1 are 

important visual indications of a developed campsite, but are not as sensitive to 

different use levels since they can be drastically affected by a small number of 

wrs as well as by local management actions. 

In developing a system for measuring visitor impact in wilderness CampsItes 

we defined a campsite as any alea ShOWinQ evidence of overnight use. Such 

evidence might include fire rings or cleared areas where tents or beds were 

used. Where areas are so well developed that Individual sites could not be 

distinguished. sires were delineated on the basis of whether on any given night 

separate parties would be likely to camp in each site, or in the case of larger 

sites, whether or not different portions appear regularly to receive independent 

use. Campsites in the Sequoia and Kings Canyon backcountry are 

undesignated. They have evolved over 100 years of repeated use and minimal 

management. They are thus widely dispersed and of vastly differing size and 

character 

The Camp Area Inventory system designed in Sequoia and Kings Canyon NPs 

uses eight visual criteria to evaluate quantitatively the level and extent of imp 

pact in each backcountry campsite. The criteria reflect vegetation and soil 

damage. as well as the degree of campsite development, without requlrlng 

detailed mapping or measuring. Experience mdicates that these eight factors, 

along with measures of site crowding and Ihe distance to water, represent an 

effective measure of campsite based backcountry Impact. 

The criteria used. rated on a five point scale Include: 

Dens;ty of Vegetatron: A relative meawe of extent of vegetative ground 

cover within the campsite as compared wth similar unimpacted areas outsIde 

the site. 

Composition of Vegetation: A measure comparing the species composition 

and relative abundance in the campslte to surrounding unlmpacted areas. 

ToofalArea of the Campsite: An estimate of the total area affected by lrampling directly associated with use in and about the site. 

Barren Core Area: An estimate of the area which, due to trampling, has been 

completely denuded of vegetation. This usually corresponds to the central acCwltin”ed on page 2 

1 

Human Impact lmrenmry and Backcountry Rehabilitation in Olympic 

NP: Research and lb Application, by Edward Schreiner and Bruce B. 

Moorhead. IThIs paper in its entirety. reprints of results. and a draft of a use 

manual. may be had by wrmng the authors at Olympic NP. 600 E. Park Ave., 

Port A~Q&s, WA 98362.1 

Our purpose in this paper IS to describe the human impact research in Olymp~c National Park and how we have applied this to management. We tried to 

deSlQn a system that could: 

1. Provide a survey of backcountry impact over one million acres. 

2. Be useful to non-research oriented people. 

3. Allow evaluation and comparison of backcountry conditions in different 

areas of rhe park. 

4. Ouant~fy human Impact so sites could be monitored with time. 

5. Be useful as a basis for making declsmns on ate management. 

6. Dewbe patterns between human impact and ecological factors. 

The method chosen uses an 8x10 inch “keyson” card with holes punched 

along the margins. This allows analysis wlrh 01 without a computer. The idea 

was stimulated by the Code-A-Site system of Hendee and others 119761. CodeA-Site allows a survey of dispersed campsites in roaded areas although it also 

can be used in the backcounrry. The Human Impact Inventory IHIll system of 

Olympic was intended for use in the backcountry and is mainly concerned with 

the measurement of human impact and ecological parameters. 

The HII card Includes sections for site descnption. human impact, vegetation, 

and management recommendations. Procedure is to make a map of the camp 

alea showing trails, campates, and prormnent features and then to fill out one 

card for each ate. The primary meawe of tmpact is eight line intercepts 

radiating along points of the compass from the center of the campsite. The 

distance ID the first plant is recorded for each line. The eight lines then are 

averaged to provide a mean radius from which the alea of bare ground is corn 

puted based on a circle. The meas”rements are repeatable so that any large 

change in campsite bare area can be detected. Photographs of each campsite 

also are taken. 

Results of our mvestigation show: 

1. Impact generally mcreases as tee canopy cow increases. 

2. Areas with an alder overstory are the mast Impact resistant of the forested 

communities in the park. 

3. Areas with bedrock or large angular rocks near the surface are very senwe to Impact. 

4. Our most sensitive foresred areas are those with Pacific SI/VBI fir in the 

oversro~ canopy. 

5. Impact in major camp areas varies from 15-3000 square meters of bare 

Qround. 

These results have helped us tremendously in determlntng ways of minimize 

inQ Impact m the Olympic backcountry. We now consciously shift use to those 

areas where we know plant communities aie the least sensitive to visitor use. 

In high elevatwn areas, for example, vlsitors are being guided toward the less 

sensitive grass or sedge dominated sites as opposed to those dominated by 

low shrubs. 

An additional benefit to the work is that we are able to rank the conditions of 

all backcountry areas and can thus set priorities far rehabilitation projects. Initially we are attempting to restore all weas with greater than BOOmZ of bare 

ground. 

Backcountry rehabilitation I” Olympic has reached a stage where it could 

almost be called backcountry landscaped architecture. Once an area 01 site has 

been selected, we try 10 recreate as far as possible the original conditons of 

the site. In practice we attempt to advance the ~ucce~~~~nal stage so that the 

Continued on page 3 
Wilderness Use (continued) 

nvity area of the site. 

Campsite Development A descriptive rating reflactmg the amount of manmade “improvements” in the campsite. IThIs rating often is disproponionataly 

low where backcountry rangers are actively malnlaining or managing sites.1 

Litter and Duff Applied only in forested areas. Ihls measure indicates the 

relative amount of pulverlzatlon and removal of organic debris Ineedles, canes 

and twigs1 as a result of trampling and other use. 

Social T&w/s: A measure indicating the amount of concentrated trampling of 

surrounding vegetation by the formation of access trails to nearby destinations 

such as water sourcas, other campsites. main trails, etc. 

Muf,larions: A measure to document the number of permanent marks on the 

campsite such as carwgs, ax marks, and nails in surrounding treas. 

On the five point impact scale level five represents maximum impact, 

or dwrsion from natural conditons. Level one raprasanrs minimal Impact. Each 

campsite receives a rating for each of the applicable criteria used. The resulting 

mean value constitutes the campsite’s overall rating or “campslte class.” With 

experience. a slte can be given a class rating, brlafly described, and located on 

a sketch map c4 the area in a cauple of minutes. 

Using this system, a class one campsite usually would be no more than a 

small sleep site and powbly a fire ring with little or no vagetatlve change or 

trampling avidenr. At the other extreme, a class five site would be a large. 

heavily used. barren area. Often such sites have numerous leveled sleeping 

sItas in addition to several large, unsightly fire rings and rock walls. 

In addltlon to campslta impact classification, descriptive mformation on the 

overstory and undersrory vegetation. Including percent of cover, IS recorded. 

The distance to water and the number of class three, four or five sites within 

100 ft. 130.5 ml, a measure of campslte crowding. also are recorded. Recommended management actions, if any, as wall as the potential for each site to 

accommodate large groups are noted. All sites are located on a freehand map 

showing malor Qeographlcal features. potential camping areas. and compass 

direction. It should be noted that the impact rating scales and codes 

for other site factors have been developed in the southern Sierra Nevada and 

may raquve adjustment or refinement for use in other areas. Similarly. depending on the local environment. additmnal criteria may be found to be more apt 

plicable. 

For each group of campsites, information characterizing the overall area IS 

noted. This includes vagetatnn type. elevation. trail access. land 

form 1i.e. lake basin, river valley, etc.1. and an esMnata of the percent of the 

area that could potentially accommodate camping. Such information can be 

collected as applicable to specific management needs in any wilderness area. 

The fanors ta be recorded as wall as their breakdown IspacIfic landforms, 

forest types, etc.1 would vary with the area studled. 

Oata on the campsItes of a given management area la lake basin, valley or 

other readfly defineable management unItI then can be summarized to reflect 

the total number of sites, the number in each impact or class or such 

parameters as the relative crowdlng III proximity 10 water. When analyzed 

together with the other types of data collected the impact ratings pwde a 

bans for understanding the nature and distribution of witor Impact under vary 

inQ phywal and ecological conditions. 

The Camp Area Inventory system as developed and Implemented in Sequoia 

and Kings Canyon has proved to be flexible enough to be appllad to all of the 

varied ecosystems. To date, aver 7,400 campsites have been nventoriad coverIng 310,231 ha of backcountry and located in chaparral, giant sequoia. mlxed 

conifer. subalpine forest and alpine vegetation types. 

The Camp Area Inventory system described hare presents a manageable apt 

preach to collecting, summarizing and analyzing data on recreational impact in 

wilderness camp areas. The system is espeually well suited to large backcoun 

try areas with numerous, undesignated. widely dispersed campsites. The data 

may be analyzed in a number of ways so as to provide both a defendable basis 

for immediate management decisions as wall as a baseline of data against 

which to evaluate future changes. The data prouda a valuable basis an which 

to relate campsite impact to visitor use levels, alevatlon. vegetation type or any 

other measurable varlabla, and also serve as input for computer models that 

simulate backcountry recreational use and consequent impact. Such analyses 

should provide the manager with an improved predictive capability of 

estimating the effects of changing use levels or restrictions before they occur. 

Dave Parsons /s a research weniisl ar Sequoia and Kmgs Canyon NPs. Susan 

MacLeod a graduate student ar UCal IEerkeiey~ worked as a research awstant ar the parks when rhe method described here was developed 

2 
recovery process IS hurried along. We have had excellent results using Student 

Conservation Assaciatlon work groups and YACC crew as labor. 

An overall plan for the area in question will improve the success of the 

restoration effort. This plan should include a follow up check on the surwal 

rate of the plants. In some cases. exotic plants invade the recovery area and 

may need to be eliminated. This has occurred in the Olympic where exotics 

already were piesent due ta previous horse use. 

The General rehabilitation procedures used: 

1. Select the was to be worked on. 

2. Find alternate campsites or mstftute a quola if some are to be closed. 

Often more campswas are present than are used at any given time. Thus, the 

maximum number of parws per night using an area should be determined in 

advance of the restoration. 

3. For multiple stwal trails, make one good trail and eliminate the others, but 

be careful because each trail IS present for a reason. Observation of use pats 

terns is imperailve before beginnlng restoration. 

4. DetermIne the vegetation that would be present and select species for 

transplanting. Grasses, sedges. and mar formlng plants transplant the easiest. 

Water all plants thoroughly one day in advance of moving them. 

5. If a limited number of plants are available. take seeds. cuttings and diw 

sions to a greenhouse or cold frame for propagation end plan1 them the followmg year. 

6. Dig up the site to a minimum depth of 10 Inches. Make certain the cam 

pacted layer IS loosened. 

1. Incorporate several inches of organic matter into the SOII. Peat mass and 

comfer duff are good for acid souls, steer manure for more basic soils. 

8. Some people make a general applicarlon of fenilizer along with the organic 

matter. 

9. Move the plants into wet holes, addIng mare organic matser and fenilizer. 

lg. Add rocks and decomposing logs to pwded microslIes and to 

discourage further use of the site. These should be pan~ally burled to prevent 

visitors from moving them. 

11. Water the area, scatter nawe seeds, and cover wth jute netting. Spread 

organic matter, duff and soil on top of the lute to help it decompose and to 

reduce visual Impact. 

12. Stake the jute_to hold it in place 

13. Photograph the area and count the transplants by species. It IS also 

worthwhile IO record ihe number and kinds of seeds used. 

Careful record keeping is essential to determine the wccess of different 

species and treatments. We use natural lines between rocks, trees, and logs to 

delineate plot boundaries. This eliminates the need for permanent markers and 

saves tlme. A sketch map is usually all that is needed to relocate the plots. 

It also IS important to provide for interpretation of the restoration projects. As 

a general rule, visitors should know what You are doing. why you are doing it, 

3 
People and Places 

Van Riper Heads 

Newest CPSU In 

Western Region 

Able to leap huge oceans in a single bound - at 

the same time swinging from the oldest to the 

newest CPSU in the Western Region Charles van 

Riper Ill has made the transition from the 

Cooperative Park Studies Unit at the University of 

Hawari,the fnst establishad,to the brand new unit at 

the University of Califarnla, Davis, this time as Unit 

Leader. 

Van Riper, who assumed his new duties in October 

1979, is a native of upstate New York. He holds B.S. 

and M.M. degrees from Colorado State Universit$ 

and in 1978 received a Ph.D. in zoolagy from the 

University of Hawaii, wth a dissertatron on the 

breeding ecology of the Amakihi and the endangered 

Palila. twn endemic birds found on Mauna Kea. Ha 

has taught at high schools in New York and Hawaii 

and has worked as a wildlife biologist for the U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service in Hawaii. Most recently he 

was an assistant researcher with the University of 

Hawaii. 

With more than 50 published anicles, technical 

reports and papers to his credit, Van Riper has 

centered his research around avian ecology and 

ecological parasitology, with emphasis on endangered species. 

His most recent research, dealing with the impact 

of introduced diseases Iprincipally malarial on the 

native birds of Hawaii, was done mostly within 

Hawaii Volcanoes NP. The park offers the only continuous corridor of natural flora and fauna that 

reaches from sea level to the mountains. Elsewhere 

the land is checkered with plantations. The cow 

tinws monitoring program conducted as part of 

this research resulted m malar maintenance changes 

in the park, and a future issue of P&c Park 

Science will deal with the management aspects of 

this research. Meanwhile, Van Riper is working with 

a computer matrix of 4 million data points as he 

nears the March 31 deadline for his written report on 

the project. 

Van Riper recently completed a survey of endangered raptoral birds in Lawn Volcanic NP and is 

planning future research projects at Yosemite and 

Channel Islands NPs. As an adjunct assistant professor in the UCal-Davis zoology department, Van 

Riper will teach, direct graduate students, and conduct research at the University. 

In addition to the Umt Leader. the CPSU staff cure 

rently IS composed of a Unit coordinator, Or. L.D. 

Whntig. and a secretary. Janet Tilson. 

Improved Water 

Management is 

Team Effort Aim 

A diversified water resnur~es team. capable of 

responding to NPS park problems and to Congressional and Executive mandates to protect water and 

related land resources has been established at Fort 

Collins, CO. The new Water Resources Field Support 

Laboratory occupies space and enjoys support services under the existing CPSU arrangement with Colorado State University. 

The staff of seven, headed by Ray Herrmann, was 

assembled to develop. coordinate and assist in interagency efforts to improve Park Water Resources 

Management. Staffing of the unit represents a 

redirection of the Washington office and incw 

porates a variety of specialties hydrology, geology, 

engineering, water allocation, and ecology. 

Fort Collins has become an active center for 

Federal and state laboratories developing answers to 

resource management questions. The combined expertise of five special offices of the U.S. Depanment 

of Agriculture, including a national computer canter, 

two cooperative Oepartment of the Interior study 

teams, the Natural Resources Ecology Lab. and Colorado State University act as a magnet far other 

high caliber resources study labs. Many of the new 

NPS lab’s responsibilities, such as improvement of 

NPS water resources data analysis, will be accomplished in close cooperation with the other 

Federal and state agencies at Fort Collins. 

Herrmann invites inquiries, problems even come 

plaints - to be addressed to him, National Park Sarvice, College of Forestiy and Natural Resources. Colorado State Universrty. Fort Collins, CO 80523. 

Olympic Rehab (continued) 

and the locatlun of the restoration sates and alternate camp areas. Methods can 

mclude short signs, maps of the project, and samples of jute with an explanatlun in ranger stations and wtor centers A mure elaborate method, which we 

intend to try in the future, IS tn provide before and after photographs of the 

SIBS themselves. Ideally these will be taken from the same point where the 

sign wrll be placed. 

Overall our efforts have been reasonably successful. Olympic’s backcountry is 

m batter condltlon now than it was SIX years ago at the start of the prolect. We 

have used research as an affective tool for establishing a nWMgement 1x0~ 

JMrn. 

Schreiner 119751, 15 pp., presented a, the Second Annual Research L7,ologisis 

Conference, USLll/NPS/PNR; ;Yuman Impact Studies m Olympic NP, ” 

Schreiner, E, and6.B. Moorhead ilJ76~ in Proceedings; Terrestrial and Aquatic 

Ecosystems Sympowm. Cheney, Wash, NW Scrantifrc Assn.; and “Human Impact lnvantory and Management in the Olympic NP Backcountry,” Schremer 

and Moorhead, 113791, pp 203~212, m R lttner and others, editors, Conference 

Proceedmgs. Seattle, Wash, USFSIUSDA and NPSIUSDI, R-6001 1973. 

The authors would hke tn acknowledge the support of the P&c Northwest 

Aegmnal Science Office I” getting this project started. They prowded field 

aswance and cards 10 Olympic and suppnn for the traimng of individuals at 

North Cascades and Mount Rainier where Human Impact Inventory IS also in 

use. Reprlnts of our results and a draft of a use manual are available from the 

authors on request, 600 E. Park Ave, Port Angeles, WA 98362 

4 
U.S. - CHINA 

SCIENTIFIC 

EXCHANGE 

By Gary E. Machlis 

The 64 students from throughout China who attended the four-week shon course during the summer of 1990 included faculty from several colleges in 

forestry, agriculture and architecture. as well as park 

superintendents, park managers and planners. The 

main intent of the course was to provide students 

with an overview of forest recreation, focusing on 

those materials useful for development of a national 

park system. 

After the class, we traveled for three weeks, 

visiting tourist sites, scenic spots and potential national parks. Highlights of the tour included a fourday stay at Huangshan in Anwei Province, and 

several days at Guilin on the Li River. We gave 

several special lectures. including an address 

delivered at the Shanghai People’s Hall of Science 

and Technology. and we collected data throughout 

the trip - a survey of park visitors, visitor use and 

scenic spots, and personal journals. 

National Parks in China 

ChIna presently is organizing a National Park 

System, and there are many areas that will qualify 

for such status. Huangshan is an excellent example 

for it occupies a central spot in China’s anistic. 

cultural and environmental heritage. The provincial 

park is located in southeast China, in the Anwei prop 

vince. It is approximately 154 square kilometers, and 

at its highest peak is 1870 meters above sea level.. 

a mountainous area. a natural botanical garden. and 

rich in wildlife Iincluding 13 endangered speciesl. 

Trails provide access from park headquarters, and 

facilities can accommodate 4000 overnight visitors. 

In 1979, 281.592 people visited Huangshan. Of these 

only 370 were forelgners. 

On return from the PRC, I prepared saveral 

documents. A Repon on the Exchange Between the 

Naational Park Service and the People’s Republic of 

China was written for Director Dickenson and Pacific 

Northwest Regional Director Tobin. National Natural 

Parks for China, coauthored with Or. McLaughlin and 

Yen LInKhang. a Chinese park professional who 

recently studied at the University of Idaho, was 

prepared for the PRC government. Both documents 
U.S. - China 

argue for an active exchange program between the 

National Park Service and the People’s Republic of 

Chlna. Such a program is likely to be a significant 

part of a wider cultural exchange,for national parks 

are important components to national identry, 

cultural pride, and worldwide cooperation. 

longterm Intimation Exchange 

During the reign of the Gang of Four, scientific information was not disseminated in China. Therefore, 

most natural resource agencies and universities are 

in need of current scientific reports. publications and 

so forth. This project would sat up an on~going information exchange on park-related research [biological 

and social/. 

In addition, an exchange of experts is clearly called 

for. Chinese scientists could be invited to work, train 

and present papers in the U.S.. and NPS scientists 

could be loaned to the PRC for specific research 

projects. A similar program could be established for 

resoorce management specialists. 

Several of the design and engineering problems 

facing Chinese parks are similar to NPS situations. A 

sharing of experiences and exchange of professionals 

would aid the Chinese in choosing among alternative 

design solutions and would suggest innovative solutions for American situations. Examples would be 

the sewage disposal problems at Huangshan. and 

the unique trail designs prevalent in Chinese parks. 

Training Program 

There are no courses in outdoor recreation 

management in China, although several universities 

are contemplating such a program. A special sessmn 

of the ranger skills course at Albright Training Center 

could be combined with academic training at an 

American university. The University of Idaho recently 

had a Chinese professional studying wddland recreation management in the collage of forestry, wildlife 

and range sciences; she briefly attended the ranger 

skills course at Albrlght and found the combination 

rewarding. Another alternative would be to provide a 

traveling training program throughout China 

A Coqmatie Scknce Program 

The parklands of China and the U.S. represent a 

natural laboratory for comparative research, matching similar park ecosystems. In the case of parks 

that serve as biosphere reserves, this approach may 

be useful in longterm monitoring of impacts. 

A variety of other scientific studies present themselves - ecological description of park flora and 

fauna. analyses of environmental change due to 

rapid development. sociological research concernlog 

visitor behavior, and so on. 

The national heritage, the beauty, and the potential 

of parklands in China suggest a sense of mission - a 

worthy contribution on the worldwide scene to the 

national park movement! 

Southeast Asia Report 

Napier Shelton, of WAS0 science and technology 

publications, was an NPS observer last October at a 

maerIng of the Association of Southeast Asian Natlons IASEANI US. Business Council an Singapore. 

Shelton and the meeting’s co chairman. William E. 

Franklin of Weyerhaeuser IFar East1 Ltd., opened 

dlscussion on the U.S. government’s concern for 

tropical forests Shelton distributed copses of a rep 

cent interagency report to the President. ‘The 

World’s Tropical Forests: a Policy, Strategy and Prop 

gram for the U.S.,” plus the recommendations from 

the March 1980 UNEP meeting on tropical forests in 

Nairobi. FrankIln expressed willingness from the U.S. 

side of the Council to prowde technology for 

reforestation In ASEAN countries an offer warmly 

received 

Shelton also met with Dr. Francis Ng. acting 

deputy director for research of the Malayasian Forest 

Research Institute near Koala Lumpur, visited two 

plantations near Malacca Ioil palm, rubber, and 

cocoal. and talked wth Dr. Boonsong Lekagul. the 

80.yeawld “father of conservation” in ThaIland. A 

detailed trip report, made by Shelton to the NPS 

directorate, can be had by wting the author at the 

Depanment of the Interior. Washington, D.C. 20240. 

From WAS0 

NPS integrated 

Pest Management 

Editor’s Note: On Nov. 18-20, 1980, regional pest 

control coordinators met in WAS0 with Division of 

Natural Resources staff to review the pest management program and proposed future directions. Mike 

Ruggiero provided this summary 

by Mihaal Ruggiem 

Integrated pest management IIPMI can be described as a systems approach to pest control that attempts to maintain the density of pest populations 

below specified injury levels. These levels may very 

in magnitude and purpose with regard to specific 

management goals. For instance. a farmer may wish 

to keep a bollworm population below a level that 

will affect the yield of his cotton crop. a campground 

manager may want to minimize the rwance level of 

mosquitoes, while a groundskeeper may wish to 

maximize the aesthetics of a lawn by controlling the 

dandelion population. Although the actual density at 

which a population becomes objectionable migtlt 

vary with a panicular situation, the general principles 

of integrated pest management remaln constant. 

Probably the most important component of sound 

pest management is a monitoring program. Target 

pest populations as well as their natural enemies 

should be under constant surveillance. Only thus can 

one establish levels at which treatment IS necessary. 

Treatment should be based on a thorough review of 

existing remedies and should be a combination of effective and the least threatening to humans or the 

environment. Preventive. mechanical, biological, 

cultural, chemical, or sociological tools can be used 

singly or in combination, Monitoring should continue 

6 

after treatment to evaluate effectiveness. As such 

cessful IPM strategies are developed, educational 

materials should be developed to benefit others with 

similar problems. In many cases if thought is given 

to past management before construction or develop 

ment beglns. problems can be prevented. 

Commitment to sound pest management with 

minimal use of chemical pesticides has long existed 

in NPS, in management policies if not always in actual practice. Recently the Service has undenaken 

new initiatives to implement this commitment. 

Credit for a major jump in this direction goes to Dr. 

James Sherald of the National Capital Region INCRI. 

In cooperation with the Environmental Protection 

Agency and the John Muir Institute, Sherald has ins 

itiated a three-year pilot urban IPM program. Significant steps were made the first year in managing 

some of the Service’s commonest pests - mosquitoes, Japanese beetles, rats, yellowjackets, 

dandelions through improved sanitation as well as 

mechanical, cultural, and biological controls. 

The principles and strategies developed from the 

NCR microcosm could well form a basis for a servicewide IPM implementation. The division of natural 

resources at WAS0 currently is developing the 

necessary administrative and informational base to 

effect such a transition. 

by Roland Ii. Waua 

Chief. Diiision al Natural llesw~ed 

In July 1979. the House Subcommittee on National 

Park and Insular Affairs requested that the National 

Park Serwe undertake an ovel~~ew of existmg and 

potential actlviues and forces, emanating both from 

inside and outside park boundaries. which may be 

damaging or threatening to the natural and cultural 

resources of the National Park System. In response 

to that request the National Park Service, in May 

1980. submitted to the Congress the flndings of a 

study titled, “State of the Parks 1980.” The most 

significant findings in this study were that: Ill wtually no park, representlog all sues and use categories 

and types of ecosystems, was Immune; 121 a surprising 75 percent of the 4,345 reported threats to park 

resources had been classified by onsite park 

observers as inadequately documented by either 

private or government research; and 131 the Service 

must significantly expand its research and resources 
management capabilities to mitigate the current 

threats and to prevent further deterloratlon of park 

raswrcas. 

The repon received considerable review and suppan by the press, conservationists. and the 

American public. It has provided a realistic data base 

on which to build a vitally needed program of 

resource problem prevention and mitigation. The 

Service has utilized this repon an its jusflficatlon for 

requesting additanal allocation of funds and personnel. The data derived from the study have become 

baseline information for future data-gathering efforts 

and an NPS resources environmental index. 

As a followup to this report. the House Subcom~ 

mittee requested the Service to prepare a second 

repart, explaining short- and long-range actu6 any 

ticipated. In December 1980. the Seruce submitted a 

second repon titled, “State of the Parks: A Report to 

Congress on a Servicewide Strategy for Prevention 

and Mitigation of Natural and Cultural Resources 

Management Problems.” This report outlines a 

systematic program of threats prevention and mitigation to be implemented within the more than 320 

units under NPS stewardship. 

That strategy includes a program of park problem 

evaluation and ranking that begins with the develops 

ment of Significant Resources Problems ISRP’sl in 

every park and IS followed by an upward evaluation 

to where the highest priority SAP’s become the basis 

for the Seruce’s natural and cultural resources FY 

1983 budget submlssmns. Simdar ranking will ocwr 

annually through the use of revised area Resources 

Management Plans. Revised Plan gudelines already 

have been completed and distributed to the field. 

Campus lecturers 

NPS sc!antists and rechnlcians have been active on 

the academic lecture cirwt. Those who recenrly ads 

dressed the class on ecological aspects of park 

management at Oregon State Unwers~ty Included 

Don Flald lsee story page 171, PNR associate director 

for science and technology; Jim Agee, research 

biologist at the Uwers~ty of WashIngton CPSU Ion 

flre ecologyl, Mark Forbes, resources management 

speclallst at Crater Lake NP; Ed Schrelner, bmlogical 

technnan at Olympic NP, and Katharine McArthur, 

graduate student at OSU I” wldllfe and formerly on 

Glaclar NP staff lgrlnly bearfhuman lnteractlons at 

Glaclari. The class IS part of the CPSU respon 

slbllitlas of Ed Starkey, project leader of the 

0slJlcPsu. 

Other Olympic NP scientists panlcipated as guest 

lecturers in three meetings of a wildlife management 

class at Peninsula Collaga I” Pori Angeles, 

Washington. Bruce Morehead and John Aho con 

ducted a workshop on animal restraint rralnlng 

i7echniques of Wildlife Management”1 and led a 

senunar on “Wildlife Problems in NatIonal Parks,” 

h,Q Houston presented “Perspectives on 

Ecosystem Management: The Yellowstone Elk Pro 

gram,” also QIW in Oecember at the Umverslty of 

British Columbia. 

Redwood Restoration Efforts Succeeding 

By Stephen D. Veirs. Jr. 

Research Scientist. Redwoods National Park 

NPS natural areas generally are thought to have 

been cut, in pristine condition. from the whole cloth 

of public lands. But many park areas, including Isle 

Royala, Shenandoah, Big CYpress. Redwood, Acadia 

and Everglades, were obtalned in pan or whole for 

the public followng private ownership, and in some 

cases after bang logged or otherwise altered from 

the natural state. 

Pon~ons of some parks have required time to allow 

natural processes to heal the damage from earlier 

consumpwe land uses. In other cases. like restoring 

the “hole in the doughnut” in holdings at Everglades 

or the reintroduction of fire in forests of Yosemite 

and Sequoia Kings. active rehabilitation programs 

have been necessary to speed the healing process 

and begin to re-establish natural condinons. BY far 

the largest NPS rehab program in a natural area is 

that now underway at Redwood. 

When Redwood was established tn 1968. Congress 

expressed concern about the potential impact of 

timber harvest outside the park on park rasourcas. 

especially the Tall Trees Grove adjacent to Redwood 

Creek. This concern was due in part to the unusual 

physical sening of Redwood. High winter rainfall, 

rapid continental uplift and deeply sheared rocks all 

contribute to the highest natural erosions rates 

anywhere. Streams in and near Redwood move sedi~ 

ment at rates 10 times higher than the Colorado. 

The process of timber harvest on the steep slopes 

above the 19BB parklands exacerbated natural erosmn. Tractor trails, road construction, the removal of 

forest vegetatmn, and a series of major winter 

storms temporarily increased erosion rates above the 

capacity of the stream to transport the eroded 

matarIa to the sea. 

This situation, documented by the Service and the 

U.S. Geological Survey as early as 1972. caused 

sews changes in the streams draining into and 

through the park. Aquatic res~~w.es were altered 

and streamside groves were damaged or endangered 

by elevated and widened stream channels, streamside landslides, log jams and gravel deposits. 

As the magnitude of the problem became more apparent, Congress responded in 1979 by adding 48,000 

acres to the park and by authorizing a watershed 

rehabilitation program. The goal is control of w 

ce~s~ve erosion due to modern human land use, reestablishment of vegetation, and eventually the 

restoration of near~natural aquatic and terrestrial 

conditions in the park. 

Some experimental rehabilitation work was under1 
taken in 1977 prior to park expansion; however, the 

work only now is in full swing. In 1979 the parmanent park staff included a research scientist. 

engineering geologist. forest hydrologist and 

forester. That small staff grew by the end of 1980 to 

a total of 22 permanent scientists and mote than 50 

temporary appointments including geologists, plant 

ecologists and archeologists, with added support in 

the administrative division. The combined program 

for Fy 80 amounted roughly to $2.25 million. The active rehab program now is largely conducted by the 

division of resource management headed by Don 

Reasar, formerly of Hawaii Volcanoes. Planning, 

rehabilitation technique development and rehab 

evaluation is carried out by the technical serwes 

division led by Assoc. Supt. tea Porkerson, formerly 

of the WAS0 staff. Supt. Bob Barbae thus has at his 

disposal the largest resource managementlscience 

staff in any park area. 

The program was authorized at $33 million and is 

expected to last IO to 15 years. The work proceeds 

in steps. Geologists and hydrologists identify the 

roost serious erosional areas. These are mapped and 

a detailed treatment plan prepared during late winter 

and early spring. When dry weather arrives, bulldozers, backhoes, draglines. and other heavy equipment 

go to work. Contract equipment operators under the 

direction of physical scientists and technicians begin 

restoring natural drainage patterns. This invokes 

removing stream crossing fills and old culvens, outsloping roads, removing ditches, reshaping old landings and divan&g gullies. As this work proceeds, 

hand craws begin building check dams, gully plugs 

and other erosion control devices. Straw, wood 

chips, and other mulches are spread over the expw 

ed surfaces, which also may be seeded with 

grasses. As the autumn rains begin, vegetation 

specialists begin planting natlva shrubs and trees to 

control erosion and speed re-establishment of native 

vegetation. Through the winter, field craws monitor 

the rehab work, repair failures. and treat problem 

areas. In late winter the cycle begins anew. 

In 1978 about 300 acres were treated axparimantally; in 1979, 1,100 acres, and in 1990. 1.500 acres. 

As each season passes. new techniques are wed 

and less effective treatments are abandoned, 

yieldlog a solid body of rehabilitation techniques now 

operational. 

At Redwood, the NPS has responded to a severe 

man-caused environmental problem. The problem is 

not licked, but the erosion control and restorative 

process has moved into a strong operational mode. 

The watershed upstream from the park still is 

yielding a high sediment load, but NPS scientists and 

resource managers are optimistic about their ability 

to deal with these problems. 

Service employees are well into a significant 

program designed to rehabilitate, restore and 

perpetuate an exemplary natural resource - the redwood forests and their associated streams and 

wildlife. 

McKinley Brown Bear 

Studies Continue 

Knowledge of seasonal patterns of brown bear 

habitat utilization and acttwties is important for 

recreational planning and basic to understandlog the 

biology of bears. Work toward increasing this needed 

knowledge want forward at two study locations ID 

McKinley Park, both above !imberllne. 

Jim Stelmock. a wildlife graduate student at the 

University of Alaska, working with the Alaska CPSU. 

followed the daily movements of bears wlthin study 

areas et Sable Pass and along the Toklat Alver - the 

river area consisting of a wide glacial stream bed 

and adjacent gravel bars with shrubland and tundra 

slopes, the pass area composed mainly of sedge, 

shrub and dryas tundra types with tall shrubland 

along wale and streams. 

Each area was observed from a fixed position on 

an adjacent mountain for about 500 hours during the 

field season IMay 9 to Oct. IO. 19801 and scats were 

collected for food and calorimetric analyses. Bear 

movements were followed on aerial photographs 

during the mappfng of vegetation, and changes in activity or vagatatlon type were recorded. Habitat use 

and activity data have been coded and entered on 

computer files. 

The daily activity pattern of bears May through 

July showed a mid-daylafternoon peak of inactivity. 

During the fall berry season at both sites bears fed 

almost continuously throughout the day. Information 

on bear diets, eating and nursing habits, and the 

behavior patterns of single bears and bear family 

groups will be available in thesis form by May 1991. 

References for the work will Include Adolf Murie’s 

The Grdies of Mount McKdey INo. 14 of the NPS 

Scientific Monograph series1 and L.A. Viereck and 

C.T. Dryness’s 1990 “A Preliminary Classlffcation 

System for Vegetation of Alaska,” a Pacific Nonh~ 

west Forest and Range Experiment Station General 

Technical Report IPNW-IOBI. 

Crater Lake 

Limnology Update 

Sample analyses of 1990 phytoplankton samplings 

at Crater take are nearlog completion at Beak Consultant laboratorIes in Ponland. Ore. The work is part 

of ongoing research by Doug Larson. U.S. Army 

Corps of Engineers limnologlst. and Stan Geiger of 

Beak Consultants 

In addition to vertically profiling algae sampled at 

the Lake station in 1979-79. the 1990 summer studies 

included determination of spatial differences in phytoplankton composltion across the lake, carbon 14 

productivity measurements for comparison with data 

for IO years earlier, venical profiles of water 

chemistry and chlorophyl3 and light and Secchi 

disc transparency measurements. Scannlng electron 

muoscopy was used to assist identification of small 

diatoms that are abundant in the lake at depths near 

200 maters. 

Larson and Geiger were joined in 1979 and 1980 by 

John Priscu of the University of California et Davis, a 

lhmnolooist workino out of UCal’s division of environs 

mental studies under the direction of Dr. Charles 

Goldman. His work was on phytoplankton primary 

production and vertical abundance of particulate 

nitrogen, paniculate carbon, and protein. 

The plan IS to continue research, with emphasis on 

measuring lake spectral qualities and the vertical 

distribution of particulare matter. All three resaarch~ 

ers have indicated great lolarest in helping interpreters incorporate thetr study results into witor information that will make the lake “come alive” as an 

evolving phenomenon. 
Sci and Tech 

Group Formed 

at Olympic NP 

Whom do you consult when wrestling with 

management problems, such as air and water quality 

threats to park resources. exotic mountain goats 

altering plant communities, and loss of native gene 

sucks of anadromous fish, to mention a few? Why, 

you welcome any friendly face and empathetic ear, 

of coursa! Bur, to help Olympic Park managers, 

Superintendent Roger Cantor has formed his own 

staff of consultants, the Science and Technology 

Group. 

A staff reorganization provided the nucleus for rha 

Group. A hard look at the role and function of ex~ 

isting positions and at management programs 

showed that several categories of threats to the park 

will be baner mat with an &park team - rescuce 

specialists and research scientists working with line 

managers - than by the more rraditional Resource 

Management and Visitor Protection organization sups 

ported by outside researchers. The team effort and 

specialist services are key points. 

Soperintendent Cantor strongly assans thar 

rangers and maintenance workers are the parks 

front-line resource managers and will make the 

management decisions. To provide these front-line 

managers with state-of-the-art technology, scientific 

data, and program start~up assistance in rhe field, 

the parks’ consultants are on-hand and available. 

“Plain-language communication and timeliness of 

results are measures of our effectiveness rn helping 

managers solve resource problems,” Cantor explained. “Our consultants WIII not work in the 

abstract, but will deal with real things like people. 

goats, fish and some very pressing problems,” 

Many recurring management activities have 

become more complex. Greater public awareness. 

legal constraints, increased environmental degradation and pollution around the park, and tighter 

budgets all complrcate the manager’s primary job of 

preserving the park’s resources. We must examine 

OUI traditional programs and activities in resource 

management, and our use of science and 

technology. Scientists must work closer to the problem, and wd be held accountable I” the real world 

for their work. Oata and methods must whstand 

public as well as academic scrutiny. By the same 

token, managers too must work beyond themselves 

and review therr assumptions and values. 

The Science and Technology Group staff is small, 

but it is intended to grow. Presently. Group Chief 

John Aho serves as administrator and as the park’s 

forestryffire management specialist. Bruce Moarhead 

and Dick Starr complement each other as resource 

specialrsts in wildlife and plants, respectively. Ed 

Schreiner IS a brologrcal technician. working on 

revegetation of campsrtes and trails. Oouglas 

Houston. PNRO research biologist, is on longterm 

assignment to Olympic NP. 

Goats, anadromous fisheries, and fire management 

are the three highest priorities at this time, in addition m owgoing programs such as, revegetation of 

human~impacted sites and air and water quality 

manltoring. 

“Our hrghest staffing priority is a fulltime fisheries 

specialist,” said Cantor. while discussing the role of 

his new Group. “At present we are only just becoming aware of the threat to native gene stocks of 

anadromous fish. We must now size up the problem 

and begin to manage our own fisheries. For too long, 

other agencies have been, indrrectly. doing rhrs for 

us. Our Scrence and Technology Group is engaged in 

rapid gatherlog of data about our fisheries and the 

influence of orher agency enhancement programs. 

Most of what we are learning worries us greatly. We 

may be TOO late to preserve even one native stock of 

anadromous fish” 

Crater Lake 

Visitor Study 

“We never do have quote enough knowledge about 

what people want to do ” 

This often voiced observation from superintends 

ems was put into words most recently by Jim 

Rouse, superrntendent of Crater Lake NP in Oregon. 

where studies of visitor traffic flows are providing 

specific clues about “what people want to do.” 

Bo Shelby. resource sociologist in the Oregon 

State University School of Forestry, working with Ed 

Starkey. head of the NPSICPSU at OSU. entered the 

Crater take scene in 1977179, when Frank Bens was 

superintendent and major redevelopment at Rim 

Village was in the wind. 

With Don Wolf, then a research assistant in the 

forestry school, Shelby put together a design and 

visrtor behavior study that mapped traffic flows into, 

around, and out of the lake area. and recorded the 

observed movements of visitors after they left their 

cars. 

Placement of parking areas was found to have the 

highest single effect on what visitors did. Most 

people crowded together at the Rim Village parking 

area, which offers a wide view of the lake, bought 

souvenirs at the gift shop, and then left the area. All 

but 15 to 20 percent missed the visitor center at the 

Rim Village area and the superb Rim Drive. 

This all changed one day when the large cafeteria 

parking lot area was closed for construction work 

and more parking was made available near the 

visitor center. Capitalizing on this natural “field experrment,” researchers found that the same number 

of visitors spent the same amount of time purchasing gifts, but the visitor center also was boning with 

activity. More than twice as many people visited the 

place where informarion about the lake its history 

and geology was displayed. 

The study also found that at the first possible turnout with a view of the lake for visitors entering the 

park from the north, 65 percent were pulling off the 

road and stopping to look. As a result of the findings, 

safer stopping conditions and interpretation we 

provided by the park. 

Jim Rouse is eyeball-deep in the usual problems of 

maimenance and safety, but he is aware of the infarmation now available to him about how he can improve visitor experience of the lake as opponunities 

to do so arise. 

‘We now have the information we need in order to 

make changes for the bener.” he said. “And beyond 

that, the surveys and observations made by Shelby 

and Wolf give us some pretty compelling reasons for 

changing.” 
Giardiasis 

Confirmed 

At Olympic NP 

In response to the confirmed presence in Olympic 

NP of G;artia /&fi8, the organism that causes giardiasis in mammals, an information synthesis on the 

subject has been prepared by Research Biologist 

Richard Starr of Olympic. A condensed version 

follows. 

w: GM hb/in is a flagellated protozoan 

infecting the upper part of the small intastlna and 

may parasitize virtually any mammal. It has two life 

cycle phases - a trophozaite or active stage and an 

infective stage, consisting of cysts which are passed 

in the feces of infected animals. The cysts may rep 

main viable for up to three months even in very cold 

water. Upon ingestion. they hatch out into trophozoites, which attach themselvs to the intestinal 

walls. 

Trmsnkim ad Vectmx Giardia has worldwide distribution. The disease giardiasis is most 

commonly contracted from drinking water comaminated with fecal materials. In the backcounty, it 

may be carried by any mammal, but aquatic mammals such as beaver and muskrat are the most imp 

portant vactors. Slight evidence also points to river 

otters. 

Giardiasis has been confirmed at Ozette and is 

strongly suspected in the Hoh area and all westside 

valleys of Olympic NP. Outside. it has been found at 

the Clearwater Corrections Center and near the 

Snyder work camp, where a drinking water tank for 

a work craw was filled from a beaver pond. 

All low to middle elevation areas in the western 

and northern parts of the peninsula are suspect, particularly where aquatic mammals are present. 

Eastern and southern peninsula have not yet had 

reported incidents. Subalpine and alpine areas are 

least likely to be contaminated. but there is no 

guaranty. 

w Many cases of giardiasis, perhaps the 

majority. are without symptoms, and acquired immunity is a possibility. Most common symptom is explosive, foul diarrhea, or less commonly, loose, 

mushy stools; the stools often are greasy due to 

malabsorption of fats in the diet. Other major symptoms include extreme flatulence accompanied by Abe 

dominal distention and pain. loss of appetite and 

weight loss. Less commonly occurring symptoms are 

nausea and vomiting, belching foul gas, headache, 

chills and low fever. 

D&K&: Oiagnosis is most common by detection of cysts in stool samples - a method not 

always effective. The cysts appear to be released on 

a periodic, cyclical basis rather than steadily, so that 

a given specimen may not contain cysts even though 

the disease is present. Another diagnostic method I”- 

valves swallowing a capsule affixed to a length of 

string and retraction through the mouth Ian uncomfortable processl, after which the string IS scraped 

for microscopic examination. This method also IS not 

100 percent effective. Most effective is axamlnation 

of a biopsy from the upper small intestine for 

trophozoites. 

Tnwtment: Simple, effective treatment involves 

medications such as qulnacrlne hydrochloride 

IAtabrinel. metronidazole Flagyll and furazolidone. 

&we&ion: Giardia infection may be prevented 

either by removal of the cysts from drinking water, 

or by their destruction. Appropriate filters for removing cysts rarely are available in the backcountry. 

Heat is the only 100 percent sure method of destroys 

ing the cysts. All cysts will be killed at 140”~160” 

hut bringing water to a boll will guarantee its being 

cyst~free. It is not necessary to boll the water for 

any length of time. The evening meal is a good time 

to boil the next day’s drinking water. 

A number of chemical methods are available for 

purification of drinking water. They include halizone 

I5 tablets par liter for 30 minutesl, bleach iO.Zml, or 4 

drops, per liter for 30 minutes in cloudy water and 

O.lml, or 2 drops, per liter for 30 minutes in clear 

water; globalme ltetraglycine hydroperiodide; e.g. 

army surplus iodine water purification tables, 2 tablets per liter for 20 minutes in cloudy water and 1 

tablet per liter for 20 minutes in clear water; emergency drinklog water germicidal tablets ltetraglycine 

hydroperiodide slightly stronger than globeline, e.g., 

Potable Aqua I?. tablets per liter for 20 minutes for all 

water; iodine 12% tincturel. 0.5ml. or 10 drops, per 

liter for 30 minutes in all water; and iodine Isaturatedl. which involves placing a few grams of iodine 

crystals in a small bottle and filling with water. After 

a few minutes. with occasional shaking. the supernatant solution can be used as a purifying agent. The 

iodine crystals may be used repeatedly. 

For fuller discussion of these purification methods, 

see Jarroll. E.L. Jr., A.K. Bingham. and E.A. Meyer. 

190 Giardia cyst destruction: Effectiveness of six 

small-quantity water disinfection methods. Am. 1 

lrop, Med Hyg. 9.8-11. 

The complete paper may be requested from the 

author at Olympic NP, 600 E. Park Ave., Port 

Angeles. WA 98362. Information sources for the 

paper are Edwin C. Lippy. Health Effects Research 

Lab. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 St. 

Clair St., Cincinnati. Ohio 45268 18-884~72261 and 

Karen Fukutaki, research microbiologist, State Oept. 

of Social and Health Services, Floor 13, Smith Tower, 

Seattle, WA 98104. 

Book Review 

Sequoia Ecology: 

Fire and Reproduction 

RevIewed by David J. Parsons, Research Scientist. 

Sequoia and Kings Canyon NPs. 

Sequoia Embgy: Frre awl Repeductfan, by H. 

Thomas Harvey, Howard S. Shellhammer and Ronald 

E. Stecker. 1980 U.S. Oepanment of Interior, National Park Service. Washington, O.C. 182 pages. 

This book is the twelfth volume to be publshed in 

the National Park Service’s Scientific Monograph 

Series. It represents the product of over 12 years of 

scientific investigation into the role of fire, insects 

and small mammals in the reproduction and suwival 

of the giant sequoia &quo~adendron g&xeuml. 

The giant sequoia is a relict species now found only 

in isolated distinct groves on the western slope of 

the Sierra Nevada. It is well adapted to periodic fire 

by means of a thick fire resistant bark, a lack of 

lower limbs on mature trees and the beneficial role 

of fire in promoting reproduction. 

The authors prowde considerable quantitative data 

on two primary reproductive strategies. In the first, 

periodic fire heats and opens the serotinous cones 

providing an abundant source of seeds. The seeds 

fall on mineral soil where they have an increased 

chance of germinating. At the same time several factors provide for nearly continuous release of lesser 

numbers of seeds. The Oouglas squirrel, a cerambycid beetle and a moth all attack sequoia cones, 

panitioning the resource along a cone age axis. This 

causes a drying or disintegration of the cones and 

subsequent gradual seed release. Most such seeds 

fall on htter or duff on which they desiccate before 

germinating. Occasionally flooding or the failure of a 

large tree may open up a suitable mineral solI subs 

strate to allow germination. Once germinated, sequoia seedlings still face severe stress from shade, 

desiccation and predation. Of course when a tree 

lives to several thousand years in age it does not 

need to reproduce successfully very often. 

10 
Among the many interesting facts presented in this 

book are data on the average number of cones per 

tree 114,0001, seeds per cone 12001 and seeds prop 

duced annually per hectare 11.590.000~. Through the 

use of an elevator. rigged after climbing an adjacent 

tree, Ron Stacker was able to Investigate carefully 

the insects utilizing the crown of a 290 foot tall sequoia. He increased the known number of insects USA 

ing giant sequoias as a host during some pan of 

their life cycle from 20 to 143. 

While the book presents considerable data from 

detailed experiments, the data are not always easy 

to extract. In addition to a poor jab of printing. the 

organization within many of the chapters could be 

improved considerably. Similarly the overall design of 

the study as well as the detailed methods are not 

always clear or do not always relate wall to the 

results. The discussion sections all too often repeat 

the results without adequately discussmg their 

significance. While such deficiencies could have 

benefited greatly from a professional editing they 

should not detract from the value of the data 

presented to park managers and interpreters. 

Among their nunemus conclusions the authors 

Plant Restoration 

At John Day 

Studied 

Richard Miller of the Oregon State University 

rangeland resources program. has completed the 

first year of a two~year study at John Day Fossil 

Beds NM aimed at reestablishment of native vegeta~ 

tion. Prior to establishment of the Monument. the 

area was heavily grazed by domestic livestock. and 

numerous exotic species such as cheatgrass and rusk 

Sian thistle were Introduced. Miller hopes to determine practical methods for reducing competltlon 

from exotics and returning the area to its earlier 

plant populations. A final report is expected by 

January 1, 1962. For Further informaton contact 

Miller at 15031 754-3341 or Supt. Ben Ladd at 15031 

525-0721. 

emphasize the important role fire plays in perpetuating the species and the need to remove concentrated 

human activity from the sequoia groves. 

Meetings and Symposia 

“Dynamics and Magement of MediterraneantYpa Ecosystems” is the topic of an international 

symposium slated for June 22~26 at San Diego State 

University in California. with the National Park Service as a co-sponsor. Dave Parsons, Sequoia-Kings 

Canyon NP research scientist. who is serving on the 

technical committee. describes the symposium as “a 

major effort to draw managers and scientists 

together to discuss the latest information on this important subject.” Sessions will be of interest and 

value to wildland managers. researchers, and others 

concerned with management of the brushlands of 

California and the southwestern U.S., the Mediterranean Basin. central Chile, southern Australia. and 

southern Africa. Attendees are invited to ask questions and contribute information. during discussion 

periods and throughout the symposium as wall. 

John Oakes. former editor of the New York fimes 

and one of the founders of the Natural Resources 

Defense Council. has long held that the environmental movement needed a strong economic lag if it is 

to stand alone and eventually make headway. A step 

in this directlon is being taken this spring at the 

University of Louisville in Kentucky, where 

economists, ecologists and systems analysts will 

gather April 20~23 under the sponsorship of the Inter 

national Society for Ecological Modeling. Featured 

speakers will include llya Pngogine, Nobel prizewinning chemist, economist Ken Boulding. 

mathematician Bernie Patton. systems ecologist H.T. 

Odum. ISEM President Svan Jorgensen, and James 

Grier Miller, author of the monumental “Living 

Systems.” The implications for management of park 

areas could be profound when ecological and 

economic factors can be combined in one predxtlve 

model. 

Dave Bums, NPS chlaf of fire management, stationed at Boise Interagency Fire Center, delivered a 

paper on fire and insect outbreaks in the national 

parks at the December 1990 meeting of Western 

FarestrY and Conservation Assoclatlon in Victoria, 

B.C. He pointed out the strong park parallel with National Forest System wilderness area management 

with particular attention to the increasing “Island” 

effect produced in natural areas by intensifying 

development of all kinds on surrounding lands-both 

private and public. 

The paper outlines past and fire management 

thecrY lbasad on NPS “Management Policies, 1978’3 

and than reviews actual practices. using Everglades. 

Big Thicket, Rocky Mountain. Grand Teton and 

Yellowstone NPs as examples of the wide variety of 

ecosystems and implnglng conditions to be dealt 

with. The vu&up deals with specifics of Glacier NP. 

its current outbreak of Mountain Pine beetle. and the 

impossible implications of prescribed natural fire and 

prescribed burning. 

In essence. the paper describes the NPS as conductlng a “real world” program in regard to pasts 

and fire. “It is not just ‘No Action’. ” Butts maintains. 

‘The underlying rationale is one of ecologically sensitive management.” 

11 

look What 

We’re Doing! 

FIRE tn the Pacific Northwest National Parks is 

the tltle of a visltor~ariented brochure to be published 

this spring with park, regional and CPSU funds for 

distribution at the four parks mentioned - Crater 

Lake. Mount Rainier. Olympic and Notth Cascades. 

Jim Agee. research biologist with the University of 

Washington CPSU, saw a chance to batter prepare 

visitors to enjoy the parks, to handle backcountry 

challenges, and to understand park fire management 

policies. Ha directed the project; Benison M. Rauw 

prepared the text, Phyllis Wood the graphics, and 

Nadyne Snyder the layout and type design. One page 

is reproduced here. 

Agee also has three recent research papers out: 

“Issues and Impacts of Redwood NP Expansion” apt 

paared in Enwionmental Management, 4 151, pp. 

407.423, and two papers on flre in the Olympic 

mountains have been published in the Proceedings 

of the Sixth Meteorology Conference. April 22-24, 

1980 in Seattle. The redwood anicla traces the 

evolution of Redwood NP from Its state park roots in 
look Wkat We’re Doing! 

1901 through the controversy and compromise that 

have marked its lumbering progress to national park 

status, with panicular attention to the precedent setting legislation that provides direct mitigation for 

local economic impacts. 

The Proceedings papers are entitled “Characteristics of Large Lightening Fires in the Olympic Mow 

@ins, Washington,” and “First Year Ecological 

Effects of the Hoh Fire. Olympic Mountains. Washington.” Mark Huff co-authored both papers and all 

three are available from Agaa Dr. James K.I at the 

NPSICPSU. College of Forest Resources. University 

of Washington. Saanle. WA 98195. 

“kiintific Research in Sequoia and Kings Canyon NPs: An Annotated Bibliography,” is the title of a 

recent report that culmmatas years of research. BY 

David J. Parsons and Virginia V. King, it is a completely annotated listing of research studies carried 

out in Sequoia and Kings Canyon. and already has 

proven of great value to scientists. students and 

managers interested in Sierra Nevada. It covers a 

variety of subject matters IclImate and weather, 

culture and history. entomology, pathology and pollution damage, fire ecology. fisheries and aquatic 

biology, geology and soils, vegetation. wilderness 

use and impact, wildlife, author index1 and is 

available from Research Scientist’s Office, Sequoia 

and Kings Canyon NP. Three Rivers, CA 93271. 

Gary Machfib of the University of Idaho CPSIJ. 

together with William J. McLaughlin and Liu yu~tlan. 

wrote the feature anicle for the July 1981 issue of 

Parks and Recreation - “‘An Urban Park in Chlna: 

Xuan Wu Ho.” ISea Gary’s China Trip story on page 

5 I. The P&R article discusses a conceptual framework for examining urban parks. looks at the relationship of Xuan Wu Ho to the city of Nanjing, the 

region and China, profiles the various functions of 

the park its role in the economic, environmental 

and social aspects of the city. and describes how the 

multiple uses of the park are integrated within the 

park and with the city. A final section deals with 

implications for American park management. 

Gay Davis. marine biologist with the Western 

Ragloo. was just getting his feat wet in the Pacific 

Ocean around Channel Islands NP when two of his 

publications from Everglades lformer station1 caught 

up with him. “Spiny Lobster Series,” organized and 

coordinated by Davis, is a series of papers representing a diverse array of disciplines from biochemical 

genetics to ecology and economics, contributed by 

members of two federal agencies INPS end National 

Marine Fisheries ServiceI, a state agency [Florida 

Dept. of Natural ResourcesI, a public universitv IU. of 

Floridal. a private university INoval. end a private 

company IScience Applications. 1nc.l The series was 

published in .6&?er;es 5 (41, pp. 27~62, and is available 

in reprint from American Fisheries Society. 5410 

Grosvenor Lane. Bethesda, Md. 20014. Also available 

in reprint form is Davis’s “Changes in the Everglades 

NP Red Drum and Spotted Seatrout Fisheries 

1958~1978: Fishing Pressure, Environmental Stress, 

or Natural Cycles?” from Proceedhgs of the Red 

Drum and Seatrout Colloqwm, Oct. 19-20. 1978. 

61~87. Copies of the reprints may be had from Davis, 

Channel Islands NP, 1699 Anchors Way Dr., Ventura, 

CA 93003. 

“Kelp Reds and Sea Otters: An Experimental Apt 

preach.” by David 0. Dugglns. published in fc&gy 

61 131. 1980. pp. 447-453. documents the rapid and 

dramatic mcrease in kelp bmmass following the 

return of sea otters to shallow subtidal communities 

where sea urchins had been consuming most of the 

macroscopic algae. Sea otters. keystone predators, 

clearly mediate major changes in nearshore marine 

communltias at several trophlc levels; their near axtlnction “must have resulted in a major environmantal modification of over 6000 km of coastline; so will 

their reintroduction,” Duggins found. ‘7he management of otter populations by man has widespread 

implications to marine communities and requires 

careful axecutlon.” The research was done under 

NPS contract; Ouggins is stationed at University of 

Washington’s Friday Harbor Marine tab, Friday Harbor, WA 98250. 

‘Weather. Fuel. and lightnmg Rres in Olympic 

National Park,” by S.G. PIckford. G.R. Fahnestock 

and R. Ottmar. was published in Northwest Sckme 

Vol. 54, No. 2, 1980, pp. 92-105. The paper presents 

the major findings of a study contracted for in 1976 

by the NPS Pacific Northwest Region on the fire 

potential within Olympic NP. The study covers 60 

years, from 1916 to 1975, and finds that lightning 

fires, four fifths of them above the 915.meter level. 

accounted for most of the 2,502 hectares burned. 

Oetailed repon IS on file at Olympic NP headquarters 

in Pon Angeles. and at the College of Forest 

Resources, University of Washington, Seattle 98195. 

‘llw Intertidal life of Barlatt Cove” is the title of 

an Illustrated, Information-packed publication produced through jmt dons of the University of 

Washington CPSU and the Pacific Northwest 

Regnn’s division of Interpretation. David Ouggins 

and James Ouinn wrote the text and Cathy Eaton 

provided the illustrations. J.A. “Rocky” RIchardson 

coordinated the project, which uses the results of 

research study in a manner easily understood by 

visitors. Many of the organisms described can also 

be found as far south as California and, as the 

authors note. “what we have learned by observing 

intertIdal animals in Bartlett Cove can be applied to 

other areas of the nonhwest Pacific Coast.” The 

booklet is available as a public sawice from the 

Superintendent, Glacier Ray NM, Box 1089, Juneau, 

AK 99901. 

Ja wn Wagtemlmk, research scientist, and Jim 

Benedict. research assistant, both stationed at 

Yosemite NP, are co-authors of two journal articles 

dealing with wilderness visitor behavior - “Travel 

Time Variation on Backcountry Trails” in Journal of 

Lmure Research, 1980, Vol. 12, No. 2. pp. 99-104. 

published by the NatIonal Recreation end Park Assn., 

12 

and ‘Wilderness Permit Compliance and ValiditY” in 

Journal of Formy. July 1980, pp. 399-401. Benedict 

took a strategic “next step” toward ganing some of 

these findings to the public when he wrote a 

popularized version for Backpacker. It appeared in 

the AugustlSaptembar 1980 ISSUUB, p. 40, under the 

inspired title “Shouldn’t We Be There BY Now?” 

A IO-page find report on calender year 1980 apt 

peared in January by the Biology and Resource 

Management Program, Alaska CPSU, University of 

Alaska, Fairbanks. AK 99701. Prepared by Project 

Leader Frederick Dean and Candy Anderson. the 

report covers personnel, funding, meetings, publica~ 

tions. final repons, and summaries of research projects at Glacier Bay, Mount McKinley, Kenai Fjords 

and miscellaneous projects. 

SERO Science 

Brochure 

A public information brochure, “Science in the National Park System, Southeast Region,” has been 

produced for approximately 6 cents each and is being used as a handout to interested researchers from 

other federal and state agencies. universities, private 

institutions and conservation groups. Composed and 

produced by WriteriEditor Jim Wood, the brochure 

describes the NPS mission. the need for research to 

fulfill that mission, and the three-faceted science prop 

gram extension, research. and monitoring. 
INFORMATION 

CROSSFILE 

TIPS For Forest pholoaaphers is the name of 

an excellmt book of gudelines for field photographers. Content, perspectwe, punts of interest. actjon 

- everything,(well. lots of things, anyway)you need 

to know in order to “capture a moment in time” and 

make 11 live again - all are covered in this splendid 

litde publication. Newsletters like F%cff Patit 

Science are intensely interested in getting researchers to stan taking black and white photos as they 

do research - the better to make expltcit for the 

nowexpert the implicit usefulness of the findlogs. Ins 

formatton on this free booklet, by R.W. Neelands. 

may be had by writtng the U.S. Forest Service. 1720 

Peachtree Road, N.W., Atlanta, GA 30309. 

RESEARCH, a magazine of scholarship for the lay 

reader, burst on the Fall 1980 scene with an outstanding preview issue. In full color, with thoughtful 

layout and spectacular graphics, the magazine is contemplated as a quarterly and “subscriptions and 

addltlonal copies are provided and available without 

charge.” The preview issue deals with genetic transfer of growth instructions, computer chemistry, the 

“invisible” role of women in shaping history, an elect 

trical and chemical look at nerve processes, the 

dismal failure of the dismal science leconomicsl. and 

moral standards as they apply to big government, 

big universities and big business. Eighteen book 

reviews are contained In a “Sampler of ScholarshIp” 

secron, and a sample of the liberal sprinkling of cw 

toons is here reproduced. For copies, write to 

WIlllam R. Kell, editor; 101 Pleasant St., S.E., Room 

417, Minneapolis, MN 55455. 

WESTERN FORESTER, issued nine months a 

year, September rhrough May, by the Society of 

American Foresters, features a front page story on 

Chinese foresters visiting the Pacific Northwest in its 

November 1980 issue. The seven professional 

foresters represented the Chinese Society of 

Foresters and were the China portion of an exchange 

of visits that saw a similar group from SAF touring 

China earlier in 1980. Dean of Forestry Carl 

Stoltenberg at Oregon State University hosted the 

group for two days in Cotvallis and in the field for a 

look at harvesting methods; banquets and receptions 

were held in Portland and Seattle and a day-long trip 

to Mt. St. Helens featured an early morning flight 

around the mountain and four hours of viewing the 

devastation in the Red Zone. Merle S. Lowdan is 

managing editor of Western Forester, with heedquarters at 1326 American Bank Bldg., Portland, OR 

97205; 15031 224~8046. 

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, January 1981. carries 

two anicles of interest to certain NPS personnel. 

One ‘The Wild Gene Resources of Wheat” suppons 

the importance of gene pool preservation, a prime 

function of world biosphere reserves 120 of which 

are located within U.S. national parks). The other la 

Science and the Citizen note1 details the methodology by which China’s Sichuan province is massively 

convening to biogas as a major source of energy. 

in the wild wheat gene article Ip. 1021, Moshe 

Feldman and Ernest R. Sears, note that failure to 

conserve the primitive cultivated varieties of wheat 

already has resulted in loss of a substantial reserve 

of genetic variability, and conclude that “the restoration and enrichment of the gene pool of the 

cultivated wheats can be accomplished only by taps 

ping the vast genetic resources that are to be found 

,OKAY, LET’S SEE 

NOW. WE’VE GOT 

TWO UNDER 

TOWNSEND, 

TWO UNDER 

BAILEY, 

AND THE 

REST OF YOU ARE 

HERE IN THE NAME OF 

in the wild relatives of the wheats.” A major publication, ‘The Value of Conservation of Genetic 

Resources,” by Margev Oldfield, under NPS contract, IS slated for eventual publication by 

NPSNVASO. It will cover use and preservation of 

genetic resources as two inextricably interrelated 

human activities. 

Also described in an SA newsnote is a “digestef 

that produces a clean-burning gas, one half to three 

foutths methane, that could make economic and 

ecologic sense in conjunction with the solar privies 

now a working part of the backcountry scene in 

several NPS areas lsee Dec. 1980 Cour;er, p. 51. In 

China the gas is used for burners. lamps, pumps and 

motors, and experiments are in progress toward converting the gas into a fuel to power small tractors. It 

costs $14 for supplies to build a 10 cubic meter 

cylinder. For a detailed description of how to build 

the digester, including adaptations for different soil 

conditions, see ‘7ranslation of a &o-gas Manual,” 

1979, 160 pp., $8.75, distributed for a British 

publishing company by I.T.G. 19141 271-6500. 

EARTHWATCH is both a publication and a taxi 

exempt public charity, now 10 years old, that every 

year recruits 1400 voh~ntaers to work with scientists 

in 40 countries. In its Winter~Spring 19EO issue, 

Earthwatch describes two team research projects 

that took place in August and December 1980, with 

Charles van Riper Ill, on leave from the University of 

California, Davis CPSU. as leader. Earthwatch volunteers become actlog team members and research 

a&am and share part of the costs of the 

research projects that engage them. Earthwatch may 

be contacted at IO Juniper Road, Box 127, Belmont, 

MA 02178: 16171 489-3030. 

FORESTRY RESEARCH WEST, in its November 

1980 issue puts its elegant edlrorial finger on what 

Pacific Park Science IS all about - technology 

transfer. In an arbcle by Delpha Noble of the Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station in 

Ogden, UT 1944011, technology transfer is defined as 

“a continuous process with live circuits.” Noble 

describes the dilemma faced by managers of Batholith lands, pressured by various interest groups to 

use the valuable resources, and yet “well aware of 

the impacts of logging and road construction, and of 

ths consequences that can result from improper land 

use practices.” Seventeen different studies are being 

conducted under these major headings: engineering, 

wildlife, soils, hydrology. entomology, ecology and 

aesthetics Noble points cut that “as various studies 

are completed, the results are published for imp 

mediate application by land managers, and nine recent publications stemming from the Silver Creek 

program are listed. The publication is available free; 

the address is 240 W. Prospect St., Fan Collins, CO 

80526. 

13 
I 1 

INFORMATION CROSSfllE 

SCIENCE RECORD, a quarterly published by the 

Collage of Science. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, carries in its Fall 1980 issue an act 

count of Mount St. Helens investigations of Or. 

Charles Rosenfald, 0% gaomorphologist. He has 

bean flying National Guard reconnaissance missions 

in the Cascades since 1975 as pan of a momturing 

study with the U.S. Geological Survey. The project 

was designed to observe heat output of the Cascades volcanoes. Radar was used to pierce the 

plume during the March eruption and see what was 

happening inside the crater. Or. Rosenfeld’s efforts 

now are directed toward understanding how the 

land will recover from such a catastrophic impact. In 

this “natural laboratory” just 150 miles from his office, he can now observe how hillslopes and drainage basins recover. and perhaps “formulate helpful 

recommendations for those people who must decide 

about reestablishing roads. salvaging timber, managing forests and fish habrars.” 

‘llte Valugtion of Uutdoa Reueafimt in a 

Multiple-Usa Forest” is the title of Research 

Bullatln 28 by Kenneth C. Gibbs, Lewis Dueirolo and 

Craig tomnicki of Oregon State University’s Forestry 

School at Corvallis, 97331. Although it appeared in 

November 1979. the bulletin presents a merhodology 

whose usefulness to forest land managers is as current as today. Basically, rhe study presents economics as a powerful decision-making tool. Although the 

study results are unique m rhe resource base analyzad Inorthwest Oregon state forest landsl, the prop 

ceduras employed, the type of data required, and the 

kinds of answers the technique can provide are 

readily adaptable to different situations by changing 

the modal’s assumptions to reflect rhese orher conditions. 

The August 1980 issue of Journalof Fort-sty carried another Gibbs anicla, this one on “Pubiii 

Camomounds: An Thav PmfftalM” A detailed 

.I 

cost analysis an 111 USDA Forest Service camp 

grounds I” the Pacific Northwest showed costs from 

29 cents to $3.01 per recreation visitor day, depand~ 

ing on rhe level of campground development; 

revenues ranged from 0 to 27 cents par day. Currant 

camper subsidies amount to $12 million in taxes annually in this region alone from $2.97 to $22.27 per 

average family 13.7 people per 24 hoursl. 

OREGON WILDLIFE, m Its December 1980 issue, 

examines the Salmonid Enhancement Program ISEPI 

in British Columbia in comparison to Oregon’s pm 

posed STEP ISalmon Tram Enhancement Program] 

a proposal awaiting legislative actlon in the 1981 

session. Oregon’s STEP IS comparable to the public 

lnvolvamem ponion of SEP. the other panions of 

SEP such as hatchertes and stream clearance being 

covered in the regular Oregon fisheries budger. Installation of streamslde incubatlan facllltles to hatch 

salmon eggs, while failing to produce Increased 

numbers of fish coming back into B.C. streams, has 

had a thought~provoking side effect. “The citizens 

who have been handling the eggs have now become 

involved in looking at their streams and in axamln~ 

ing whar has bean happenlog to the habitat,” writes 

author Ron Shay. “Folks who are tlying to hatch 

eggs become extremely Irate if a great gob of slit 

from roadbuildlng smothers their eggs. Baxally a 

new awareness has evolved It has been 

estimated that 85 percent of the value of the public 

involvement ponion of the SEP program is its creation of public concern.” The article deals with “an 

impossible managmem sltuatian high productivity 

through enhancement and low productivity because 

we’re wiping out or lawerlng the natural shock at 

the same time. One year earlier, an anicle by Harry 

Wagner entitled “Why the Wild Cohn” made the 

December 1979 issue of Oregon Wildkfe much 

sought after by resource managers. That afllcle 

covers laws and policy. culture and aesthetics, 

economics and biology, and states categorically that 

“wild coho are more diverse generically and are 

better adapted - more fa for survival, growrh and 

reproduction in the stream and ocean - than are the 

progeny of hatchery fish.” Oregon Wildkfe IS pub 

lished monthly and circulated free; write Oregon 

Wildlife, P.O. Box 3503, Ponland, OR 97208. 

WESTERN FISHERIES is a Special Interest 

Publlcatlon 01 Maclean Hunter. Ltd.. and carries 

similar kinds of alticlas. Their address IS No. 

202-1132 HamIlton St., Vancouver, B.C. V6B 2S2 

CORVALLIS GAZETTE-TIMES reported Jan. 7. 

1981, thar Audubon officials took a page from the 

National Park Service book when a rare burrowing 

owl was shot and hung on a fence in western Linn 

county. Audubon Society board members are sening 

up a reward fund. to operate like the fund sat up 

several years ago when a rare bighorn sheep was 

killed at Lava Beds NM just south of Klamath Falls, 

Oregon. The fund would be.used to pay rewards to 

persons who give law enforcement afficlals information leading to arrests and prosecutions of those 

responsible for shooting non-game birds and mammals protecred by state and federal laws. 

LOG STRUCTURES, PressFvation and Problem. 

Solving IS the title of a 120~paga paperback. full of 

detalled instructions for dealing with wood decay. 

loose chinking. leaking roofs and sagging floors - all 

the difficulties inherent in log structures. Ninetythree photos and 57 diagrams illusnate each step in 

precise. do~able fashion. The book is $8.25 for 

members of the American Associarion for Srate and 

Local History. $10.95 to others, and can be ordered 

from the AASLH, 1400 Eighth Ave., S.. Nashville. TE 

37203. 

14 

Reviews of three books dealing directly with National Parks are contained in the December 1980 

issue of Lbg W;ldemess, published quarterly by 

The Wilderness Society, 1901 Pennsylvania Ave., 

N.W.. Washington, O.C. 20006. Narlbnal Parks: The 

Amerkan Experience, by Alfred Runre Ilincoln, Nab.. 

University of Nebraska Press, 1979, 240 pp., illus. 

$16.501 is reviewed by William C. Everhart and cant 

siders the question “How altruistic was the creation 

of our parks?” Preserving nature at the Golden Gate 

is the subject of San Franciscar Wtidarness Next 

Door by John Hart with black and white photographs by Roben Sena and foreword by Cecil 0. Andrus ISan Rafael, CA: Presidio Press, 1979, 160 pp., 

illus. $9.95 paper]. and it is reviewed by Harold 

Gilliam. Mountains Wlthouf Handrails. the third book, 

is subtitled “Reflections an the National Parks” and 

is by Joseph L. Sax IAnn Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1980. 152 pp., $10 cloth, $5.95 paperl. 

Ron Tiptan, rhe reviewer, calls the book “an excels 

lent statement of The Wilderness Society’s basic 

philosophy regarding the management of our national parks.” 

TVA’s 1979 ANNUAL REWRT is a landmark 

publlcarlon from the standpomt of honesty in addressing all sides of such tough issues as nuclear 

energy. pesticides, forest and wildlife management 

practices, coal mining. and the disposal of hazardous 

wastes. The Report’s seven chapters are entitled 

energy, nuclear safety, environment, agriculture, land 

use, recreation. and economic development. Full 

color graphics land visual urgency to the Report’s 

powerful prose. Editor is Bill Sims. The popular verSian is $1; write to the Treasurer. Tennessee Valley 

Authority. Knoxville. TN 37902. Volume II of the 

Report includes financial and statistical information 

and costs $2. 

Research Umbrella 

Covers DI and DA 

A memorandum of understanding between the 

Depanments of Interior and Agriculrure. signed on 

Dec. 29, 1990, establishes an umbrella under which 

seven specified bureaus INPS, FWS and BLM from 

01 and four forest and soil agencies from DA1 will 

cooperate in the conduct of research programs. Al 

Greene of the WAS0 science and technology division 

will coordinate implementarion and should be kept 

informed of all such regional interagency research. 
Vignettes 

One of the most significanr dilemmas for NP 

management revolves around the Idea of parks as 

“vignettes of primitrve Amenca.” Central to the 

dilemma is the fact that there is no such thing as “a 

flxed world.” The nearest that management can 

come to the vignetle idea is not rerntroductron of 

conditions that may have held sway at some arbi~ 

trartly chosen time in the past, but rather the 

perpetuatron of the processes that represent “how it 

would look if Eurpoeans had nor showed up.” 

Everyone knows that weather changes from day to 

day and season to season. Less well understood, 

even by scientrsts in the field, is the profound 

changes rn clrmate and all attendant condrtions that 

may stem from such phenomena as the 11.year sun 

spa1 cycle and the 2%year Hale cycle lin which the 

complex magnaw fields of the sun return to therr 

start,nq polar1ty.l 

A recent anicle by Walter Sulbvan of the New York 

Tlines describes Intensive tree ring work being led 

by Dr. Charles W Stockton at the University of 

Arizona, seeking to define the hkelrhood of prolonged 

and extreme drought for each of nine river basins in 

the Western states. In assessing the impacr of such 

a drought, researchers are looking for signs of ex~ 

traordrnary deviations from normal climatic behavtor. 

They have examined the resillancy of each warershed in situations of curbed water flow and have 

found the Colorado River system to be “by far the 

most vulnerable.” 

Cores so far collected in the more western of the 

stales under study reach back to 1600. The rnformalion about conditrons that prevailed over the pasr 

400 years could be useful to park manaqement I” 

determrnrnq how natural park areas would look 

today if human intervention had not occurred ISc~en 

rtsts and managers are working together to achieve 

park specrftc prescriptions far restoring “hrstonc” 

“ageratIon sequences.1 

‘Additionally. the vulnerability of the Colorado River 

system and its increasing overexploitatron sets up 

warnrng srgnals for national park managers. In the 

words of Dr. Stockton, “There is qmq to be a day 

of reckmnq.” Just how interesred the public may be 

in vignettes of prrmrtive America when the human 

water supply for whole regions IS affected remarns 

10 be seen. Meanwhile, the most scientific and 

enlightened management of narural parks can cons 

tribute 10 the public understanding and valuatron of 

niatural perk areas in the overall ecofogtcal scheme 

of things. 

SUPERINTENDENTS’ CORNER 

I read the first issue of Pacific Park Science and 

found it to be a mast important effort f was 

especially interested because the interwoven 

responses of many different scientific disciplines are 

at the foundation of Gateway NRA and undergird our 

master plan. The accumulated scientific information 

about our vanishing local natural rasourcas. impacted by urban sprawl and unplanned development, 

provided the framework for creation of that plan. 

Management decisions need a catalyst in the 

form of knowledgeable individuals responsible for 

implementation of monitoring, data collection and interpretation, and sound reswrce protection recomb 

mendatons. Few NPS Regions, let alone parks, have 

such diversified experrise on their staffs. Here at 

Gateway in our early development stages, it was the 

Cooperative Park Studies Unit concept and the concrete help from CPSlJ’s such as those at C.U.N.Y. 

and Rutgers University that helped provide much of 

the information for basing management decisions. 

In a recant paper. written with Natural Resources 

Management Specialist John Tanacredi. lto be 

reviewed in the spring issuel. f discussed our coastal 

management policy emphasis here at Gateway, 

coverrng several managemen, scenarios. Without 

creditable and supponive scientific information, we 

could have taken actions that would have incurred irreversible long-term impacts on both natural and 

cultural rasources. MY own feeling is that it is not 

merely a matter of “more or less” science todaY, but 

instead a sense of “application” applying all 

available scientific resources to specific managemenr 

problems in order to best serve rhe parks in our care 

and rhe people who enjoy them. I look forward to 

greater emphasis in the CPSU activities at Gateway. 

Thus offlce read wh interest Vol. 1 No. 1 of PPS; 

the Hisrorrc Preservation Staff was panicularly ins 

tarested in the Supenntendents’ Comer. We have 

been involved in log preservation research in this 

Region for several years and are actively using epaxy 

consolidation and patching techniques as an alternative to fungicides which we are viewing as not being environmentally safe. 

Epoxy research. conducted by Or. Harrison Goodall 

and Renee Friedman, has provided for a substantial 

savings in log structure stabilization projects and has 

praven effective in dealing with some surface decay. 

However, as a qualification, we are wwing epoxy 

systems as basically a stop-gap measure where 

decay is retarded and the log is protected for a few 

more Years Eventually these logs too will need 10 be 

replaced. ISee information crossfile.l 

We were extremely pleased to see the first issue 

of Pacific Park Science. It is timely that such a 

publication is now available, given the necessity for 

research and reswr~es management in the parks, 

The format is well suited to this type of publication 

in That the technical information is put forth in a 

readable manner. yet without the loss of content. 

We suggest that you continue to leave out the strictly technical aspects. In this light please continue to 

give citations/references as to where copies of an 

author’s formal research publication on a particular 

topic may be obtained. We wish you well in the 

publication of subsequent issues. 

15 
HERE 

is what we 

HEAR 

PP.9 Fuedtd - Reaction was strong and 

qenerous following distribution of our first issue. We 

heard a couple of grumbles second and third hand, 

and took careful note. but you’ll have ID send them 

in wring or we can’t print them. Hera’s what we 

did get: 

‘“I am a NPS employee and recently read the first 

issue of PPS with great interest. I am wholeheanedly suppanive of your efforts to stimulate an 

exchange of scientific information. My only regret is 

that your emphasis is regional rather than national. 

The Service is in desperate need of improved 

research and technology. I have enclosed a list of ads 

dresses of the USFS Forest and Range Experiment 

Stations and the USFS Equipment Oevelopment 

Centers. They all maintain mailing lists for bulletins 

of their recent publications and information on their 

work, all free. It might be worthwhile running a 

short item to this effect in your next issue. I honestly 

wonder how many NPS managers are aware of the 

existence of these research um~s, let alone the mformation they can provide.” Signed Gordon Olson, 

Hagestown. MO. 

IEditor’s note: You bet itk wortwhlle, and here is 

the bst./ 

Missoula Equipment Development Center. Ft. 

Missoula. MT 59801; San Dimas Equipment Development Center, 444 E. Monita Ave., San Oimas, CA 

91773; Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experii 

ment Station, 909 N.E. Sixth Ave., Ponland. OR 

97208; Pacific Southwest FbRES. 1960 Addison St., 

Berkeley, CA 94701; Intermountain FbRES, 507 25th 

St., Ogden, UT 94401; North Central FBRES, Falwell 

Ave., St. Paul, MN 55101; Nonheastern FbRES. 6816 

Market St., Upper Darby, PA 19082; Southern 

FbRES. Federal Bldg., 701 Loyala Ave., New Orleans, 

LA 70113; and Southeastern FEtRES, Post Office 

Bldg., Ashevllla, NC 28902. 

On Om- - Ted Fremd. paleontologist at 

Fossil Butte NM and Dan Chure. paleontologist at 

Dinosaur NM, write: ‘Wa read with interest your 

repon of the first discovery of iguanodon dinosaurs 

from Germany M pak SC&JCIJ 1111:121, but 

found the note potentially misleading. The impress 

sion given is that these dinosaurs are found in rocks 

of the Devon formation - over 300 million years old, 

the implication being that these creatures were alive 

300 million years ago. lguanodons are generally 

Wealdon ICretaceousi in age 1115-135 million years 

oldi, and thus the reported age of the German iguanodons would be surprisingly old. In fact, this 

would make these relatively advanced dinosaurs the 

oldest known dinosaurs by some BO+ millmn years. 

In addition. they would be the only dinosaurs 

discovered from the Paleozoic Era, and this would be 

quite a scientific find. 

While not directly familiar with the geology of the 

discoveries in Germany, we believe that an examinaTao? of another lguanodon discovery can clear up 

some of the confusion concerning age. At Bernlssart, 

Belgium, some 30+ individuals of Iguanadon were 

discovered an the late 1880s. The geology of this site 

shows that these beasts are preserved in a filled-In 

valley. This valley existed in the Ctetaceous 

IWealdenl, but was carved into racks some 300 

million years old. Thus the dinosaurs and the 

sedtments that ultimately filled in this valley are 

about 120 million years old, NOT 300 million years 

old. The rock pocket reponed in your note is probably a valley or fissure like the one mentioned 

above, and the iguanodonts are most lhkely 

Cretaceous in age and not the age of the Devon Formation. Claims of 300 million year old dinosaurs do 

not seem warranted at this time.” 

“Just a short note to tell you how much I enjoyed 

the first issue of Pacific Park Science which just 

passed across my desk, and to be sure to get my 

name on the mailing list. It’s very valuable for me in 

terms of ‘catching up’ on what IS qmq on around 

the Region, and learning the availability of publications. The graphics and layout are particularly eyes 

catching. and the format utilized would seem to aid 

in effectively transferring scientific results.” Signed 

Barbara Koth, Research Associate, University of 

Washington, Seattle. 

‘Vol. 1 No. 1 of PPS looked good to ma, except 

that some of the bear drawings seemed a litde cute. 

Also I don’t like the thick black border around many 

of the drawings - reminded ma of an obituary colt 

umn. These are minor points, and on the whole I 

was quite pleased.” Signed Doug Houston, Research 

Scientist. Olympics NP. 

“I think that Volume 1 No. 1 of PPS was excellent. 

The job was outstanding and deserve commendation 

all around. I lqak forward to future issues.” Slgned 

Denny Fenn, Regional chisf scientist. Wasrern 

Region. 

“I recently read the first issue of your magazine 

Pac;fic Park Science end enjoyed it very much. 

Please add my name to your mailing list.” Signed 

Randall Fang. NPS. Denver Service Center. 

“Super publication! Please add me to your list.” 

Signed Charles A. Salkin, Delaware Division of Parks 

and Recreation, Dover. 

“I have just received and am impressed by the Fall 

1990 issue of Pacific Park SC&~ As a result I am 

very interested in receiving future copies of this 

publicatmn. I am transferring from the Denver Sewice Center to Grand Canyon NP in January 1981 as 

Chief. Division of Resources Management. To insure 

I do not miss future issues. please add my name and 

the Grand Canyon address to your mailing list,” 

Slgned Larry A. May. 

“I enjoyed receiving and reading the Fall issue of 

16 

, 

OSU Computer 

Digests D&a, 

cuts costs 

Ed Starkey, Project Leader of the Oregon State 

University CPSU, recently completed an analysis of 

bltterbrush utilization at Lava Beds NM. The manument is an important wmter range for mule deer, 

and levels of utilization have been recorded since 

1963. However. no comprehensive analysis had been 

made, largely because of the great volume of data. 

Starkey entered the data into a computer at OSU 

and for less than $150 obtained summary statistics 

for the entire period of record. 

Utilization was found to be extremely low IlO-15%1 

and there was no dlscernable trend. Therefore. it 

was recommended that the monitoring program be 

suspended mdefinitely. Periodic surveys will be conducted to determine whether more intensive monitoring programs should be reimtiated. 

This analysis illustrates the cost effective suppon 

which can be provided by university based science 

programs. Park based environmental monitoring 

often generates more data than can be conveniently 

managed without the use of a computer. Generally, 

neither computers nor statistical expenise are readily 

available in small parks. Thus, data analysis and 

management provide another linkage in the symbiotlc relationship between CPSU’s and Parks. 

PPS. I behave this will be a valuable publication and 

WIII serve a useful purpose.” 

Donald E. Gardner, Research Scientist, Acting 

Director, CPSU, University of HawaiiiManoa. 

“Please put us_on your mailing Ihst. We will be 

opening to the public for the first time this spring. 

Any catalogs, mailing lists, or other publications Ion 

energy, ecology, natural history, etc.1 which you feel 

would help us better serve andlor educate the public 

will be greatly appreciated. I am the first ‘interpretive specialist’ at an irrigation dam in Eastern 

New Mexico. lluite a change from the NPS! Any 

suggestions?” 

John Slevin. Park Technician, U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers. Albuquerque District, P.O. Box 345. Santa 

Rosa. NM 89435 

IEditor’s Note: How about answering this cell for 

mterpretive materials, everyone???!1 

“An NPS associate sent me a photocopy of several 

pages of your Initial edition of Pacific Park Su&m 

and it apears to be an impressive entry. Keep up the 

good work and please add me to your distribution 

list.” 

Francis R. Russ, Managing Editor, Fire Manage 

ment Notes, Forest Service, USDA. Washington. D.C. 
CIFIC 

PARK 

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

_ -.. 

Visitors Viewed 

As Part of Parks 

People as a legitimate part of National Parks as 

“value creators” who bring their expectations. their 

attitudes. their hardware and their judgments Into 

park settings - this was the theme of visiting lecturer Donald R. Field on Jan. 13 when ha addressed 

the class on ecological aspects of park management 

at Oregon State University. 

Field quoted Yale Sociologist William R. Burch, Jr., 

in assignmg the origins of natural resources to social 

ty rather than to earth alone. Humans impute values. 

and it is on this value basis that certain things take 

on “resource” status, ha said. 

Field used National Parks as an example in dascribing the naturalness of people and the way human 

values change over time. Ha cited Alfred Runte’s re 

cent book National Parks: The American Experience 

to show how human perception of the NP System 

has shifted our view of the resources the System 

represents. At first there was the idea of something 

scenic and wondrous, but essentially “wonhlass” in 

the economic sense a collactioo of sites that 

ware interesting but of no particular social value. 

Around 1916, recreation began to be seen as an 

economic factor; hence, parklands became a racreational rasourca. Theo in the Sixties, the view of aanh 

from space pot a planetary perspective around our 

whole world; the ecological values began to emerge 

and parks suddenly became dichotomized. On one 

soda was the biological system. and on the other 

ware the NPS administration and the visitors. In 

some areas people were excluded; in others, they 

were superimposed on the “natural system.” It is 

field’s contention that people are as natural as the 

systems they populate. 

The emerging challenge to the National Park Serv. 

ice and to society as a whole, Field suggested, is to 

look at parks as promulgators of change - places 

where people’s evolving values and shifting views of 

themselves are worked out in ways that allow new 

insights. He cited studies that show visitor selfregulation; in one case, on a single mile of beach, 

five distinct user “populations” segregated thamselves and co-existed with order and eoloyment for 

all concerned. 

These distinct groups of U.S. park users now are 

being jomed in large numbers by foreign visitors who 

bring their own cultural tool kits and a different sat 

of values and habits. They too are having their impact on the park resource and parks are begmning to 

reflect it. IThe Japanese - one million of them last 

year - like to travel to parks in large groups on 

public transponatron. Their sauna-befowdinner tradi~ 

11on. for ~nstanca. can complerely deplete a hotel’s 

hot water supply at what, for the hotel, would be an 

unusual time.1 

The changing place of population bulges on the 

age scale is another signrficant straw in the park 

management wind. Field pointed out that the heavy 

use of back country areas may well taper off as the 

post World War II baby boom becomes more and 

more involved in making a living and eventually 

moves on to geriatric status. He predicted a possible 

30 to 45 percent decline in back country use for 

some parks by 1985-90 from the peak usage in 1976, 

and pointed to a dramatic decline nationwide since 

that year. Oregon and Washington. ha said, might 

not experience this tail-off, since the Pacific Nonhwest is one of the selective youthful growth regions 

of the country 

Field described the human ecological approach as 

one that offers management an entire new dimension for comprehending - even predicting - 

changes occurring in parks. Parks are beat under~ 

stood, he suggested. by looking at them in relation 

to their surrounding environs - such as examining 

visitor recreation in relation to logging which may be 

taking place next door as part of the larger system. 

Cutting policies, reestablishment of native fisheries, 

access road-building. public transportation and terminal services, all such things are roost useful as 

information when considered in relation to the different user groups that exist as temporary “park 

populations” and how those groups interact with 

one another. 

In the Nelt ksue: 

‘The Yellowsrone Elk. Some Thoughts on Experimental 

Managemenr,” Doug Houston, “Coastal Management at 

Gateway NRA” lw\th food for though1 lor all urban coasl 

park areasl, Herb Cables and John Tanacredi; ‘Resources 

Management Plans - The Next Step.” 6111 Supernaugh; 

“Natural Resources Information System Development at 

DSC,” Maurice Nyquist, “Management of Rlparian 

Ecosystems on NPS lands,” Roy Johnson, “Scientific 

Management m Rocky Mountwn Aeglon,” Jim Thompson; 

“Acid Rain,” Jay Gogue: and a close up look at Jtm Larson 

and Al Lovaas and their new robs 

17 
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3