Global Mitigation of Non-CO2

Greenhouse Gases

United States Environmental Office of Atmospheric Programs (6207J) EPA 430-R-06-005 Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 June 2006
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report, call the National Service Center for Environmental 

Publications (NSCEP) at 1 - (800) 490-9198.

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The results presented in this report can be downloaded 

in spreadsheet format from the U.S. EPA’s Web site at 

<http:/www.epa.gov/nonco2/econ-inv/international.html>. 

For additional information, contact Christa Clapp, 

(202) 343-9807, clapp.christa@epa.gov, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency.

Peer reviewed document

This report has undergone an external peer review consistent 

with the guidelines of the U.S. EPA Peer Review Policy. 

Comments were received from experts in the private sector, 

academia, nongovernmental organizations, and other 

government agencies. See the Acknowledgments section 

for a list of reviewers. A copy of the EPA Peer Review 

guidelines can be downloaded from the following Web 

page at <http://epa.gov/osa/spc/2peerrev.htm>.
Global Mitigation of Non-CO2

Greenhouse Gases

June 2006

United States Environmental Protection Agency 

Office of Atmospheric Programs (6207J) 

1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW 

Washington, DC 20460

Acknowledgments

This report was prepared under a contract between the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency (USEPA) and RTI International (RTI). Casey Delhotal directed the preliminary 

version of the report. Christa Clapp edited and directed completion of the report. Lead 

authors include Mike Gallaher of RTI (Energy and Waste), Deborah Ottinger of USEPA 

(Industrial Fluorinated Gases), Dave Godwin of USEPA (Ozone-Depleting Substitutes), 

and Benjamin DeAngelo of USEPA (Agriculture). We thank USEPA reviewers Francisco 

de la Chesnaye, Dina Kruger, Brian Guzzone, Reid Harvey, Kurt Roos, and Tom Wirth.

Other significant contributors and co-authors include Steven Rose of USEPA, Robert 

Beach of RTI, Jochen Harnisch and Sina Wartmann of Ecofys, William Salas of Applied 

GeoSolutions, Changsheng Li of University of New Hampshire, Stephen Del Grosso of 

Colorado State University, and Timothy Sulser of International Food Policy Research 

Institute.

The staff at RTI assisted in compiling and finalizing the report. The staff at ICF Consulting 

and RTI prepared many of the individual analyses. Special recognition goes to Mike 

Gallaher and Jeffrey Petrusa at RTI and Marian Van Pelt at ICF Consulting. 

We also thank the following external reviewers: Paul Ashford (Caleb Group), Ward 

Atkinson (SAE, retired), Dave Bateman (DuPont Fluoroproducts), Steven H. Bernhardt 

(Honeywell Fluorine Products), Donald Bivens (DuPont Fluoroproducts), Eric Campbell 

(DILO Company, Inc.), Nick Campbell (Arkema), Jim Crawford (The Trane Company), 

David Crawley (Eurelectric), Hugh Crowther (McQuay International), William Dietrich 

(York), Tony Digmanese (York), Maureen Hardwick (International Pharmaceutical Aerosol 

Consortium), Jochen Harnisch (Ecofys), Susan Herrenbruck (Extruded Polystyrene Foam 

Association), Kenneth Hickman (York, retired), William Hill (General Motors), Mark 

Hudgins (Environmental Control Systems, Inc.), Andy S. Kydes (Energy Information 

Administration), Dick LaLumondier (NEMA), Stefan Lechtenböhmer (Wuppertal Institute 

for Climate, Environment, Energy), Jan Lewandrowski (USDA Office of the Chief 

Economist), Lin Erda (Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences), Jerry Marks (Jerry 

Marks & Associates), Archie McCulloch (Marbury Technical Consulting and University 

of Bristol, UK), Abid Merchant (DuPont), John Mutton (The Dow Chemical Company), 

Enrique Otegui (Capiel), John Owens (3M), Friedrich Plöger (Siemens), G. Philip 

Robertson (Michigan State University), J. Patrick Rynd (Owens Corning), Keith Smith 

(University of Edinburgh), Pete Smith (University of Aberdeen), Eugene Smithart 

(Danfoss Turbocor), Jerry Triplett (Partnership for Energy and Environmental Reform), 

Tom Tripp (US Magnesium), Dan Verdonik (Hughes Associates, Inc.), William Walter 

(Carrier Corporation), Thomas E. Werkema (Arkema), Kert Werner (3M), J. Jason West 

(Princeton University), Robert Wickham (Wickham Associates), and Li Yue (Chinese 

Academy of Agriculture Sciences). Although these individuals participated in the review 

of this analysis, their efforts do not constitute an endorsement of the report’s results or of 

any USEPA policies and programs.
Non-CO2_Cover_FINALrev.indd 8 8/18/06 10:27
VII

Contents 

Section Page 

 Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................ES-1 

I. Technical Summary 

I.1 Overview...........................................................................................................................................I-1

I.2 Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases..........................................................................................................I-1

I.2.1 Methane (CH4) ................................................................................................................................ I-2

I.2.2 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) ...................................................................................................................... I-3

I.2.3 High-GWP Gases............................................................................................................................ I-4

I.2.3.1 HFCs ............................................................................................................................... I-4

I.2.3.2 PFCs................................................................................................................................ I-4

I.2.3.3 Sulfur Hexaflouride (SF6)............................................................................................. I-4

I.2.4 Use of GWPs in this Report........................................................................................................... I-5

I.3 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................I-5

I.3.1 Baseline Emissions for Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases................................................................. I-6

I.3.1.1 Baseline Emissions for Agriculture ............................................................................ I-7

I.3.1.2 Baseline Emissions for Fluorinated Gases................................................................. I-7

I.3.2 Mitigation Option Analysis Methodology.................................................................................. I-8

I.3.2.1 Technical Characteristics of Abatement Options ..................................................... I-9

I.3.2.2 Economic Characteristics of Abatement Options................................................... I-11

I.3.3 Marginal Abatement Curves....................................................................................................... I-13

I.3.4 Methodological Enhancements from Energy Modeling Forum Study ................................. I-15

I.4 Aggregate Results.........................................................................................................................I-16

I.4.1 Baselines......................................................................................................................................... I-16

I.4.1.1 By Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas ................................................................................... I-16

I.4.1.2 By Major Emitting Sectors and Countries ............................................................... I-17

I.4.2 Global MACs................................................................................................................................. I-19

I.5 Limitations and Applications of MACs........................................................................................I-21

I.5.1 Limitations and Uncertainties..................................................................................................... I-21

I.5.1.1 Exclusion of Transaction Costs ................................................................................. I-22

I.5.1.2 Static Approach to Abatement Assessment ............................................................ I-22

I.5.1.3 Limited Use of Regional Data ................................................................................... I-22

I.5.1.4 Exclusion of Indirect Emissions Reductions ........................................................... I-22
VIII

Section Page 

I.5.2 Practical Applications of MACs in Economic Models............................................................. I-22

I.6 References .....................................................................................................................................I-23 

Appendix 

A: Additional Information to Technical Summary ....................................................................... A-1 

II. Energy 

II.1 Coal Mining Sector .........................................................................................................................II-1

II.1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................II-1

II.1.2 Baseline Emissions Estimates.......................................................................................................II-2

II.1.2.1 Activity Data.................................................................................................................II-3

II.1.2.2 Emissions Factors and Related Assumptions ..........................................................II-4

II.1.2.3 Emissions Estimates and Related Assumptions ......................................................II-5

II.1.3 Cost of CH4 Emissions Reductions from Coal Mining.............................................................II-6

II.1.3.1 Abatement Option Opportunities .............................................................................II-6

II.1.4 Results .............................................................................................................................................II-9

II.1.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs..............................................................................................II-9

II.1.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations..................................................................................II-11

II.1.5 Summary.......................................................................................................................................II-12

II.1.6 References .....................................................................................................................................II-12

II.2 Natural Gas Sector .......................................................................................................................II-15

II.2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................II-15

II.2.2 Baseline Emissions Estimates.....................................................................................................II-17

II.2.2.1 Activity Data...............................................................................................................II-17

II.2.2.2 Emissions Factors and Related Assumptions ........................................................II-19

II.2.2.3 Emissions Estimates and Related Assumptions ....................................................II-22

II.2.3 Cost of CH4 Emissions Reductions from Natural Gas Systems ............................................II-23

II.2.3.1 Abatement Option Opportunities ...........................................................................II-24

II.2.4 Results ...........................................................................................................................................II-26

II.2.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs............................................................................................II-26

II.2.5 Summary.......................................................................................................................................II-30

II.2.6 References .....................................................................................................................................II-30

II.3 Oil Sector.......................................................................................................................................II-31

II.3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................II-31
IX

Section Page 

II.3.1.1 Emissions from Production Field Operations........................................................II-32

II.3.1.2 Emissions from Crude Oil Transportation.............................................................II-32

II.3.1.3 Emissions from Crude Oil Refining ........................................................................II-32

II.3.1.4 Abatement Options....................................................................................................II-32

II.3.2 Baseline Emissions Estimates.....................................................................................................II-33

II.3.2.1 Activity Factors ..........................................................................................................II-33

II.3.2.2 Emissions Factors and Related Assumptions ........................................................II-33

II.3.2.3 Emissions Estimates and Related Assumptions ....................................................II-37

II.3.3 The Cost of CH4 Emissions Reductions from Oil....................................................................II-37

II.3.3.1 Abatement Option Opportunities ...........................................................................II-37

II.3.4 Results ...........................................................................................................................................II-40

II.3.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs............................................................................................II-40

II.3.5 Uncertainties and Limitations....................................................................................................II-40

II.3.6 Summary.......................................................................................................................................II-42

II.3.7 References .....................................................................................................................................II-42 

Appendixes 

B: Coal Mining Sector--Incorporating Technology Change to MAC Analysis.......................... B-1 

C: Natural Gas Sector--Incorporating Technology Change to MAC Analysis...........................C-1 

D: Supporting Materials for Analysis of Oil Systems................................................................... D-1 

III. Waste 

III.1 Landfill Sector ...............................................................................................................................III-1

III.1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. III-1

III.1.2 Baseline Emissions Estimates..................................................................................................... III-2

III.1.2.1 Activity Data............................................................................................................... III-3

III.1.2.2 Emissions Factors and Related Assumptions ........................................................ III-3

III.1.2.3 Emissions Estimates and Related Assumptions .................................................... III-4

III.1.3 Cost of Emissions Reductions from Landfills.......................................................................... III-7

III.1.3.1 Abatement Option Opportunities ........................................................................... III-7

III.1.4 Results ........................................................................................................................................... III-9

III.1.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs............................................................................................ III-9

III.1.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations................................................................................ III-11

III.1.5 Summary and Analysis............................................................................................................. III-12

III.1.6 References ................................................................................................................................... III-12
X

Section Page 

III.2 Wastewater Sector.......................................................................................................................III-13

III.2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................III-13

III.2.1.1 Emissions from Wastewater Systems.....................................................................III-14

III.2.2 Baseline Emissions Estimates....................................................................................................III-16

III.2.2.1 Activity Factors .........................................................................................................III-17

III.2.2.2 Emissions Factors and Related Assumptions .......................................................III-18

III.2.2.3 Emissions Estimates and Related Assumptions ...................................................III-18

III.2.3 Emissions Reductions from Wastewater ....................................................................................III-20

III.2.3.1 Abatement Option Opportunities ..........................................................................III-20

III.2.3.2 Uncertainties and Limitations.................................................................................III-22

III.2.4 Summary......................................................................................................................................III-22

III.2.5 References ....................................................................................................................................III-22

Appendix 

E: MSW Landfill Sector—Incorporating Technology Change to MAC Analysis...................... E-1 

IV. Industrial Processes 

IV.1 N2O Emissions from Nitric and Adipic Acid Production .......................................................... IV-1

IV.1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. IV-1

IV.1.1.1 Nitric Acid .................................................................................................................. IV-2

IV.1.1.2 Adipic Acid................................................................................................................. IV-2

IV.1.2 Baseline Emissions Estimates..................................................................................................... IV-2

IV.1.2.1 Activity Factors .......................................................................................................... IV-2

IV.1.2.2 Emissions Factors and Related Assumptions ........................................................ IV-4

IV.1.2.3 Emissions Estimates and Related Assumptions .................................................... IV-5

IV.1.3 Cost of N2O Emissions Reductions from Industrial Processes ............................................. IV-6

IV.1.3.1 Nitric Acid: N2O Abatement Option Opportunities............................................. IV-7

IV.1.3.2 Adipic Acid: N2O Abatement Option Opportunities ........................................... IV-8

IV.1.4 Results ........................................................................................................................................... IV-8

IV.1.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs............................................................................................ IV-8

IV.1.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations.................................................................................. IV-8

IV.1.5 Summary..................................................................................................................................... IV-12

IV.1.6 References ................................................................................................................................... IV-12
XI

Section Page 

IV.2 HFC Emissions from Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning...................................................... IV-15

IV.2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ IV-15

IV.2.1.1 Household Refrigeration ........................................................................................ IV-15

IV.2.1.2 Motor Vehicle Air-Conditioning (MVAC) ........................................................... IV-16

IV.2.1.3 Chillers ...................................................................................................................... IV-16

IV.2.1.4 Retail Food Refrigeration........................................................................................ IV-17

IV.2.1.5 Cold Storage Warehouses....................................................................................... IV-17

IV.2.1.6 Refrigerated Transport............................................................................................ IV-17

IV.2.1.7 Industrial Process Refrigeration ............................................................................ IV-18

IV.2.1.8 Residential and Small Commercial Air-Conditioning and Heat Pumps ......... IV-18

IV.2.2 Baseline Emissions Estimates................................................................................................... IV-18

IV.2.2.1 Emissions Estimating Methodology...................................................................... IV-18

IV.2.2.2 Baseline Emissions................................................................................................... IV-24

IV.2.3 Cost of HFC Emissions Reduction from Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning ................. IV-25

IV.2.3.1 Description and Cost Analysis of Abatement Options....................................... IV-25

IV.2.3.2 Summary of Technical Applicability, Market Penetration, and Costs of 

Abatement Options ................................................................................................. IV-45

IV.2.4 Results ......................................................................................................................................... IV-45

IV.2.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs.......................................................................................... IV-46

IV.2.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations................................................................................ IV-54

IV.2.5 Summary..................................................................................................................................... IV-54

IV.2.6 References ................................................................................................................................... IV-55

IV.3 HFC, HFE, and PFC Emissions from Solvents ........................................................................ IV-59

IV.3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ IV-59

IV.3.2 Baseline Emissions Estimates................................................................................................... IV-60

IV.3.2.1 Emissions Estimating Methodology...................................................................... IV-60

IV.3.2.2 Baseline Emissions................................................................................................... IV-61

IV.3.3 Cost of HFC, HFE, and PFC Emissions Reductions for Solvents........................................ IV-62

IV.3.3.1 Description and Cost Analysis of Abatement Options....................................... IV-62

IV.3.3.2 Summary of Technical Applicability, Market Penetration, and Costs of 

Abatement Options ................................................................................................. IV-67

IV.3.4 Results ......................................................................................................................................... IV-68

IV.3.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs.......................................................................................... IV-68

IV.3.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations................................................................................ IV-71
XII

Section Page 

IV.3.5 Summary..................................................................................................................................... IV-71

IV.3.6 References ................................................................................................................................... IV-72

IV.4 HFC Emissions from Foams...................................................................................................... IV-75

IV.4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................ IV-75

IV.4.2 Baseline Emissions Estimates................................................................................................... IV-76

IV.4.2.1 Emissions Estimating Methodology...................................................................... IV-76

IV.4.2.2 Baseline Emissions................................................................................................... IV-79

IV.4.3 Cost of HFC Emissions Reductions from Foams................................................................... IV-81

IV.4.3.1 Abatement Options ................................................................................................. IV-81

IV.4.3.2 Description and Costs of Abatement Options ..................................................... IV-83

IV.4.3.3 Summary of Technical Applicability, Market Penetration, and Costs of 

Abatement Options ................................................................................................. IV-90

IV.4.4 Results ......................................................................................................................................... IV-91

IV.4.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs.......................................................................................... IV-91

IV.4.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations................................................................................ IV-91

IV.4.5 Summary..................................................................................................................................... IV-99

IV.4.6 References ................................................................................................................................. IV-100

IV.5 HFC Emissions from Aerosols................................................................................................ IV-103

IV.5.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. IV-103

IV.5.2 Baseline Emissions Estimates................................................................................................. IV-103

IV.5.2.1 Emissions Estimating Methodology.................................................................... IV-103

IV.5.2.2 Baseline Emissions................................................................................................. IV-105

IV.5.3 Cost of HFC Emissions Reductions for Aerosols ................................................................ IV-105

IV.5.3.1 Description and Cost Analysis of Abatement Options..................................... IV-105

IV.5.3.2 Summary of Technical Applicability, Market Penetration, and Costs of 

Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-110

IV.5.4 Results ....................................................................................................................................... IV-111

IV.5.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-111

IV.5.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-116

IV.5.5 Summary................................................................................................................................... IV-116

IV.5.5.1 MDI Aerosols ......................................................................................................... IV-117

IV.5.5.2 Non-MDI Aerosols ................................................................................................ IV-117

IV.5.6 References ................................................................................................................................. IV-117
XIII

Section Page 

IV.6 HFC Emissions from Fire Extinguishing................................................................................ IV-119

IV.6.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. IV-119

IV.6.2 Baseline Emissions Estimates................................................................................................. IV-121

IV.6.2.1 Emissions Estimating Methodology.................................................................... IV-121

IV.6.2.2 Baseline Emissions................................................................................................. IV-122

IV.6.3 Cost of HFC Emissions Reductions from Fire Extinguishing............................................ IV-124

IV.6.3.1 Description and Cost Analysis of Abatement Options..................................... IV-124

IV.6.3.2 Summary of Technical Applicability, Market Penetration, and Costs of 

Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-130

IV.6.4 Results ....................................................................................................................................... IV-133

IV.6.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-133

IV.6.4.2 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-136

IV.6.5 Summary................................................................................................................................... IV-136

IV.6.6 References ................................................................................................................................. IV-136

IV.7 PFC Emissions from Aluminum Production.......................................................................... IV-139

IV.7.1 Technology-Adoption Baseline ............................................................................................. IV-139

IV.7.2 No-Action Baseline.................................................................................................................. IV-141

IV.7.3 Cost of PFC Emissions Reduction from Aluminum Production....................................... IV-142

IV.7.3.1 Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-142

IV.7.4 Results ....................................................................................................................................... IV-146

IV.7.4.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-146

IV.7.4.2 Global and Regional MACs and Analysis.......................................................... IV-149

IV.7.4.3 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-151

IV.7.5 References ................................................................................................................................. IV-152

IV.8 HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production....................................................................... IV-155

IV.8.1 Source Description................................................................................................................... IV-155

IV.8.1.2 No-Action Baseline................................................................................................ IV-156

IV.8.1.3 Technology-Adoption Baseline............................................................................ IV-158

IV.8.2 Cost of HFC-23 Reduction from HCFC-22 Production ...................................................... IV-159

IV.8.2.1 Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-159

IV.8.3 Results ....................................................................................................................................... IV-162

IV.8.3.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-162

IV.8.3.2 Global and Regional MACs and Analysis.......................................................... IV-165

IV.8.3.3 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-167
XIV

Section Page 

IV.8.4 References ................................................................................................................................. IV-168

IV.9 PFC and SF6 Emissions from Semiconductor Manufacturing............................................. IV-169

IV.9.1 Source Description................................................................................................................... IV-169

IV.9.1.1 Technology-Adoption Baseline............................................................................ IV-170

IV.9.1.2 No-Action Baseline................................................................................................ IV-172

IV.9.2 Cost of PFC and SF6 Emissions Reduction from Semiconductor Manufacturing .......... IV-173

IV.9.2.1 Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-173

IV.9.3 Results ....................................................................................................................................... IV-179

IV.9.3.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-179

IV.9.3.2 Global and Regional MACs and Analysis.......................................................... IV-179

IV.9.3.3 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-183

IV.9.4 References ................................................................................................................................. IV-185

IV.10 SF6 Emissions from Electric Power Systems........................................................................ IV-187

IV.10.1 Source Description................................................................................................................... IV-187

IV.10.1.1 Technology-Adoption Baseline............................................................................ IV-188

IV.10.1.2 No-Action Baseline................................................................................................ IV-189

IV.10.2 Cost of SF6 Emissions Reduction from Electric Power Systems........................................ IV-190

IV.10.2.1 Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-190

IV.10.3 Results ....................................................................................................................................... IV-195

IV.10.3.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-195

IV.10.3.2 Global and Regional MACs and Analysis.......................................................... IV-198

IV.10.3.3 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-199

IV.10.4 References ................................................................................................................................. IV-202

IV.11 SF6 Emissions from Magnesium (Mg) Production................................................................ IV-205

IV.11.1 Source Description................................................................................................................... IV-205

IV.11.1.1 Technology-Adoption Baseline............................................................................ IV-205

IV.11.1.2 No-Action Baseline................................................................................................ IV-207

IV.11.2 Cost of SF6 Emissions Reduction from Mg Production and Processing Operations...... IV-208

IV.11.2.1 Abatement Options ............................................................................................... IV-208

IV.11.3 Results ....................................................................................................................................... IV-210

IV.11.3.1 Data Tables and Graphs........................................................................................ IV-210

IV.11.3.2 Global and Regional MACs and Analysis.......................................................... IV-213

IV.11.3.3 Uncertainties and Limitations.............................................................................. IV-215

IV.11.4 References ................................................................................................................................. IV-216
XV

Section Page 

Appendixes: 

F: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options to Abate International HFC 

Emissions from Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning ............................................................... F-1 

G: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options to Abate International HFC, 

HFE, and PFC Emissions from Solvents.....................................................................................G-1 

H: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options to Abate International HFC 

Emissions from Foams ................................................................................................................. H-1 

I: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options to Abate International HFC 

Emissions from Aerosols ............................................................................................................... I-1 

J: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options to Abate International HFC 

Emissions from Fire Extinguishing .............................................................................................. J-1 

K: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options in Aluminum Production .................K-1 

L: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options in HCFC-22 Production..................... L-1 

M: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options in Semiconductor 

Manufacturing ..............................................................................................................................M-1 

N: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options in Electric Power Systems................ N-1 

O: Cost and Emissions Reduction Analysis for Options in Magnesium Production ............... O-1 

V. Agriculture

V.1 Introduction and Background ...................................................................................................... V-1

V.1.1 Brief Points of Comparison with Other Non-CO2 Emissions Sectors ....................................V-2

V.1.2 Previous Estimates for EMF-21 and New Improvements........................................................V-2

V.2 Emissions Characterization, Baselines, and Mitigation Scenarios.......................................... V-5

V.2.1 Croplands (N2O and Soil Carbon)...............................................................................................V-5

V.2.1.1 Cropland N2O and Soil Carbon Emissions Characterization ................................V-5

V.2.1.2 DAYCENT Baseline Estimates of Cropland N2O, Soil Carbon, and Yields.........V-6

V.2.1.3 Mitigation Options for Cropland N2O and Soil Carbon Emissions......................V-8

V.2.1.4 DAYCENT Results for Changes in Cropland N2O, Soil Carbon, and 

Yields ...........................................................................................................................V-10

V.2.2 Rice (CH4, N2O, and Soil Carbon) .............................................................................................V-12

V.2.2.1 Rice CH4, N2O, and Carbon Emissions Characterization.....................................V-12

V.2.2.2 DNDC Baseline Estimates of Rice CH4, N2O, Soil Carbon, and Yields..............V-13

V.2.2.3 Mitigation Options for Rice CH4, N2O, and Soil Carbon Emissions...................V-16

V.2.2.4 DNDC Estimates for Changes in Rice CH4, N2O, Soil Carbon, and Yields .......V-17

V.2.3 Livestock (CH4 and N2O) ...........................................................................................................V-20

V.2.3.1 Livestock Enteric CH4 Emissions Characterization ..............................................V-20
XVI

V.2.3.2 Livestock Manure CH4 and N2O Emissions Characterization ............................V-20

V.2.3.3 The USEPA Baseline Estimates of Livestock Enteric CH4 Emissions.................V-21

V.2.3.4 The USEPA Baseline Estimates of Livestock Manure CH4 and N2O 

Emissions ....................................................................................................................V-21

V.2.3.5 Mitigation Options for Livestock Emissions..........................................................V-21

V.2.3.6 Changes in Livestock CH4 and Productivity .........................................................V-26

V.3 Results.......................................................................................................................................... V-31

V.3.1 Estimating Average Costs and Constructing Abatement Curves.........................................V-31

V.3.2 Baselines, Mitigation Costs and MACs for Croplands ...........................................................V-32

V.3.3 Baselines, Mitigation Costs, and MACs for Rice Cultivation ................................................V-41

V.3.4 Baselines, Mitigation Costs, and MACs for Livestock Management....................................V-45

V.3.5 Baselines, Mitigation Costs, and MACs for Total Agriculture ..............................................V-55

V.3.6 Agricultural Commodity Market Impacts of Adopting Mitigation Options: Use of 

the IMPACT Model .....................................................................................................................V-57

V.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. V-65

V.5 References ................................................................................................................................... V-69

Appendixes: 

P: Summary of Non-CO2 Agricultural Mitigation Analysis Completed for EMF-21 ............... P-1 

Q: DAYCENT Model Description and Methods ........................................................................... Q-1 

R: DNDC Model Description and Methods....................................................................................R-1 

S: Baseline Differences and Methods for This Mitigation Analysis............................................ S-1 

T: IMPACT Commodity Price Data.................................................................................................T-1 

U: Detailed Data Tables .................................................................................................................... U-1 
XVII

List of Figures 

Number Page

Section I 

2-1 Contribution of Anthropogenic Emissions of Greenhouse Gases to the Enhanced 

Greenhouse Effect from Preindustrial to Present (measured in watts/meter2) ............................. I-2

3-1 Illustrative Non-CO2 Marginal Abatement Curve .......................................................................... I-13

4-1 Percentage Share of Global Non-CO2 Emissions by Type of Gas in 2005.................................... I-16

4-2 Non-CO2 Global Emissions Forecast to 2020 by Greenhouse Gas ................................................ I-17

4-3 Global Emissions by Major Sector for All Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases...................................... I-18

4-4 Projected World Emissions Baselines for Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases, Including the 

Top Emitting Regions.......................................................................................................................... I-18

4-5 Global 2020 MACs for Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases by Major Sector.......................................... I-19

4-6 Global 2020 MACs by Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Type................................................................. I-20

4-7 Global 2020 MACs for Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases by Major Emitting Regions...................... I-20

Section II 

1-1 CH4 Emissions from Coal Mining, by Country: 2000–2020 ............................................................II-1

1-2 EMF MACs for Top Five Emitting Countries/Regions from Coal: 2020 .....................................II-11

2-1 CH4 from Natural Gas Systems by Country: 2000–2020 ...............................................................II-15

2-2 EMF MACs for Top Five Emitting Countries/Regions from Natural Gas: 2020 ........................II-29

3-1 CH4 Emissions from Oil Production by Country: 2000–2020 .......................................................II-31

3-2 EMF MACs for Top Five Emitting Countries/Regions from Oil: 2020........................................II-42

Section III 

1-1 CH4 Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste by Country: 2000–2020 ..........................................III-1

1-2 Components of CH4 Emissions from Landfills................................................................................III-5

1-3 EMF MACs for Top Five Emitting Countries/Regions from Landfills: 2020.............................III-11

2-1 CH4 Emissions from Wastewater by Country: 2000–2020 ...........................................................III-13

2-2 N2O Emissions from Wastewater by Country: 2000–2020 ...........................................................III-14

Section IV 

1-1 N2O Emissions from Industrial Production by Country: 2000–2020 ........................................... IV-1

1-2 EMF MACs for Top Five Emitting Country/Regions from Nitric Acid Production: 2020...... IV-11

1-3 EMF MACs for Top Five Emitting Country/Regions from Adipic Acid Production: 2020.... IV-11

2-1 Baseline HFC Emissions from Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning by Region 

(MtCO2eq).......................................................................................................................................... IV-27

2-2 2010 MAC for Refrigeration/Air-Conditioning, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate................ IV-53

2-3 2020 MAC for Refrigeration/Air-Conditioning, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate................ IV-54

3-1 Total Baseline HFC, PFC, and HFE Emissions Estimates from Solvents (MtCO2eq) .............. IV-63
XVIII

Number Page

3-2 2010 MAC for Solvents, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ........................................................ IV-70

3-3 2020 MAC for Solvents, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ........................................................ IV-71

4-1 Total Baseline Emissions Estimates for Foams (MtCO2eq) ......................................................... IV-80

4-2 2010 MAC for Foams, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ........................................................... IV-99

4-3 2020 MAC for Foams, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ........................................................... IV-99

5-1 Total Baseline HFC Emissions Estimates from MDI Aerosols (MtCO2eq) ............................. IV-106

5-2 Total Baseline HFC Emissions Estimates from Non-MDI Aerosols (MtCO2eq) .................... IV-107

5-3 2010 MAC for MDI Aerosols, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ............................................ IV-114

5-4 2020 MAC for MDI Aerosols, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ............................................ IV-115

5-5 2010 MAC for Non-MDI Aerosols, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ................................... IV-115

5-6 2020 MAC for Non-MDI Aerosols, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ................................... IV-116

6-1 Baseline HFC Emissions from Fire Extinguishing by Region (MtCO2eq)............................... IV-123

6-2 2010 MAC for Fire Extinguishing, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate .................................... IV-135

6-3 2020 MAC for Fire Extinguishing, 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate .................................... IV-135

7-1 PFC Emissions from Aluminum Production Based on a Technology-Adoption 

Scenario—1990−2020 (MtCO2eq).................................................................................................. IV-141

7-2 PFC Emissions from Aluminum Production Based on a No-Action Scenario—1990–

2020 (MtCO2eq)............................................................................................................................... IV-142

7-3 2010 and 2020 Global Technology-Adoption and No-Action MACs for Primary 

Aluminum Production................................................................................................................... IV-150

7-4 2010 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs for Primary Aluminum Production................ IV-150

7-5 2020 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs for Primary Aluminum Production................ IV-151

8-1 HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production Based on a No-Action Scenario—1990–

2020 (MtCO2eq)............................................................................................................................... IV-157

8-2 HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production Based on a Technology-Adoption 

Scenario—1990–2020 (MtCO2eq) .................................................................................................. IV-158

8-3 2010 and 2020 Global Technology-Adoption and No-Action MACs for HCFC-22 

Production ....................................................................................................................................... IV-165

8-4 2010 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs .............................................................................. IV-166

8-5 2020 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs .............................................................................. IV-166

9-1 PFC Emissions from Semiconductor Manufacturing Based on a Technology-Adoption 

Scenario—1990 through 2020 (MtCO2eq).................................................................................... IV-171

9-2 WSC and Non-WSC Countries’ Contribution to Global PFC Emissions (MtCO2eq)............ IV-171

9-3 PFC Emissions from Semiconductor Manufacturing Based on a No-Action Scenario—

1990 through 2020 (MtCO2eq)....................................................................................................... IV-173

9-4 2010 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs for Semiconductor Manufacturing ................. IV-184

9-5 2020 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs for Semiconductor Manufacturing ................. IV-184

10-1 SF6 Emissions from Electric Power Systems on a Technology-Adoption Scenario—

1990–2020 (MtCO2eq) ..................................................................................................................... IV-189

10-2 SF6 Emissions from Electric Power Systems on a No-Action Scenario—1990–2020 

(MtCO2eq)........................................................................................................................................ IV-190

10-3 2010 and 2020 Global Technology-Adoption and No-Action MACs for Electric Power 

Systems............................................................................................................................................. IV-198

10-4 2010 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs for Electric Power Systems............................... IV-200
XIX

Number Page

10-5 2020 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs for Electric Power Systems............................... IV-200

11-1 SF6 Emissions from Mg Manufacturing Based on a Technology-Adoption Scenario—

1990–2020 (MtCO2eq)..................................................................................................................... IV-207

11-2 SF6 Emissions from Mg Manufacturing Based on a No-Action Scenario—1990–2020 

(MtCO2eq)........................................................................................................................................ IV-208

11-3 2010 and 2020 Global Technology-Adoption and No-Action MACs for Mg Production..... IV-213

11-4 2010 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs .............................................................................. IV-214

11-5 2020 Regional Technology-Adoption MACs .............................................................................. IV-214

Section V 

1-1 Global Cropland Yields for Baseline and Mitigation Options Estimated by DAYCENT, 

2010 .......................................................................................................................................................V-10 

1-2 Global Net Greenhouse Gas (N2O and Soil Carbon) Cropland Emissions Estimated by 

DAYCENT under Baseline and Mitigation Scenarios ...................................................................V-11

1-3 Global Net Greenhouse Gas (CH4 and N2O) Livestock Emissions under Baseline and 

Mitigation Scenarios, Assuming Full Adoption of Individual Options and Holding 

Number of Animals Constant ...........................................................................................................V-26

1-4 Global Net Greenhouse Gas (CH4 and N2O) Livestock Emissions under Baseline and 

Mitigation Scenarios, Assuming Full Adoption of Individual Options and Holding 

Production Constant...........................................................................................................................V-27

1-5 Global Beef Production under Baseline and Mitigation Options, Assuming Full 

Adoption of Individual Options and Holding the Number of Animals Constant....................V-28

1-6 Global Production of Milk from Dairy Cattle under Baseline and Mitigation Options, 

Assuming Full Adoption of Individual Options and Holding the Number of Animals 

Constant ...............................................................................................................................................V-28

1-7 Global MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Croplands, Holding Area 

Constant, 2000–2020 ...........................................................................................................................V-37

1-8 Global MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Croplands, Holding Area 

Constant, Allocating Adoption of Mitigation Strategies to the Three Most Effective 

Options Only, 2000–2020 ...................................................................................................................V-38

1-9 MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cropland Management in the United 

States, Holding Area Constant, 2000–2020......................................................................................V-39

1-10 MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cropland Management in the EU-15, 

Holding Area Constant, 2000–2020 ..................................................................................................V-39

1-11 MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cropland Management in the FSU, 

Holding Area Constant, 2000–2020 ..................................................................................................V-40

1-12 MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cropland Management in China, 

Holding Area Constant, 2000–2020 ..................................................................................................V-40

1-13 Global MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice Cultivation, Holding Area 

Constant, 2000–2020 ...........................................................................................................................V-43

1-14 MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice Cultivation in India, Holding Area 

Constant, 2000–2020 ...........................................................................................................................V-44

1-15 MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice Cultivation in China, Holding Area 

Constant, 2000–2020 ...........................................................................................................................V-44
XX

Number Page

1-16 Global MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management, Holding 

Number of Animals Constant, 2000–2020 .......................................................................................V-50

1-17 Global MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management, Holding 

Production Constant, 2000–2020.......................................................................................................V-50

1-18 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management in the United States, 

Holding Number of Animals Constant, 2000–2020 .......................................................................V-51

1-19 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management in China, Holding 

Number of Animals Constant, 2000–2020 .......................................................................................V-51

1-20 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management in India, Holding 

Number of Animals Constant, 2000–2020 .......................................................................................V-52

1-21 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management in Brazil, Holding 

Number of Animals Constant, 2000–2020 .......................................................................................V-52

1-22 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management in the United States, 

Holding Production Constant, 2000–2020 .......................................................................................V-53

1-23 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management in China, Holding 

Production Constant, 2000–2020.......................................................................................................V-53

1-24 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management in India, Holding 

Production Constant, 2000–2020.......................................................................................................V-54

1-25 MAC for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Management in Brazil, Holding 

Production Constant, 2000–2020.......................................................................................................V-54

1-26 Global MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture, Holding 

Area/Animals Constant, 2000–2020..................................................................................................V-56

1-27 Global MAC for Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture, Holding Production 

Constant, 2000–2020 ...........................................................................................................................V-57

1-28 Effect of Global Adoption of the Antimethanogen Vaccine Mitigation Option on World 

Prices Using the IMPACT Model .....................................................................................................V-58

1-29 Effect of Global Adoption of the Antimethanogen Vaccine Mitigation Option on Global 

Production Using the IMPACT Model ............................................................................................V-59

1-30 Effect of Global Adoption of the Antimethanogen Vaccine Mitigation Option on Global 

Number of Animals Using the IMPACT Model.............................................................................V-59 

1-31 Effect of Global Adoption of the Shallow Flooding Mitigation Option on World Prices 

Using the IMPACT Model.................................................................................................................V-61 

1-32 Effect of Global Adoption of the Shallow Flooding Mitigation Option on Global 

Production Using the IMPACT Model ............................................................................................V-61

1-33 Effect of Global Adoption of the Shallow Flooding Mitigation Option on Global Rice 

Area Using the IMPACT Model .......................................................................................................V-62

1-34 Net GHG Abatement under Global Adoption of the Antimethanogen Vaccine Option 

with Number of Cattle Constant, Production Constant, and Market Adjustments Using 

the IMPACT Model, 2010 ..................................................................................................................V-62

1-35 Comparison of Net GHG Abatement from Rice Cultivation under Global Adoption of 

the Shallow Flooding Mitigation Option with Area Constant, Production Constant, and 

Market Adjustments Using the IMPACT Model, 2010..................................................................V-63
XXI

List of Tables 

Number Page

Section I

2-1 Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions for 2000 (MtCO2eq)...................................................... I-2

2-2 Global Warming Potentials .................................................................................................................. I-5

3-1 Abatement Potential Calculation for Mitigation Options .............................................................. I-10

3-2 Financial Assumptions in Breakeven Price Calculations for Abatement Options...................... I-13

Section II 

1-1 Historical Coal Mining Activity Data for Selected Countries (Million Metric Tons) ..................II-4

1-2 IPCC Suggested Underground Emissions Factors for Selected Countries ...................................II-5

1-3 Historical Baseline Emissions for Coal Mine CH4 for Selected Countries (MtCO2eq)................II-5

1-4 Projected Baseline Emissions for Coal Mine CH4 for Selected Countries (MtCO2eq).................II-6

1-5 Summary of Average Abatement Costs and Benefits for U.S. Coal Mines (in 2000$).................II-7

1-6 Summary of Coal Mining Abatement Options Included in the Analysis.....................................II-9

1-7 Baseline Emissions by EMF Regional Grouping: 2000–2020 (MtCO2eq) ....................................II-10

1-8 Coal Mining MACs for Countries Included in the Analysis.........................................................II-10

2-1 Natural Gas Industry Characterization ...........................................................................................II-16

2-2 Natural Gas Production by Country and Region: 1980–2003 (Trillion Cubic Feet)...................II-18

2-3 Natural Gas Consumption by Country and Region: 1980–2003 (Trillion Cubic Feet) ..............II-19

2-4 Projected Natural Gas Production by Country and Region: 2010–2025 (Trillion Cubic 

Feet) ......................................................................................................................................................II-20

2-5 Projected Natural Gas Consumption by Country and Region: 2010–2025 (Trillion Cubic 

Feet) ......................................................................................................................................................II-20

2-6 IPCC Estimated Emissions Factors from Natural Gas by Region................................................II-21

2-7 Baseline Emissions for Natural Gas Systems for Selected Countries: 1990–2000 

(MtCO2eq)............................................................................................................................................II-21

2-8 Projected Baseline Emissions for Natural Gas Systems for Selected Countries: 2005–

2020 (MtCO2eq)...................................................................................................................................II-23

2-9 Prevalence of Abatement Options by Infrastructure Component ...............................................II-23

2-10 Natural Gas MACs for Countries Included in the Analysis .........................................................II-27

2-11 Baseline Emissions by EMF Regional Grouping: 2000–2020 (MtCO2eq) ....................................II-28

2-12 Natural Gas MACs for Countries Included in the Analysis .........................................................II-29

3-1 Oil Production by Country: 1990–2003 (MMbbl per Day) ............................................................II-34

3-2 Forecasted Oil Production for Selected Countries (MMbbl per Day, Unless Otherwise 

Noted)...................................................................................................................................................II-35

3-3 Forecasted Oil Consumption for Selected Countries (MMbbl per Day, Unless 

Otherwise Noted) ...............................................................................................................................II-36

3-4 IPCC Emissions Factors for Petroleum Systems in Select Regions ..............................................II-37

3-5 Baseline Emissions from Oil Production, by Country: 1990–2000 (MtCO2eq) ...........................II-38

3-6 Projected Baseline Emissions from Oil Production by Country: 2005–2020 (MtCO2eq)...........II-38

3-7 Cost of Reducing CH4 Emissions from Oil......................................................................................II-39
XXII

Number Page

3-8 Percentage Abatement for CH4 for Selected Breakeven Price ($/tCO2eq): 2000.........................II-40

3-9 Baseline Emissions by EMF Regional Grouping: 2000-2020 (MtCO2eq).....................................II-41

3-10 Oil System MACs for Countries Included in the Analysis ...........................................................II-41

Section III 

1-1 CH4 Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste by Country: 1990–2000 (MtCO2eq) ......................III-5

1-2 Projected Baseline CH4 Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste by Country: 2005–2020 

(MtCO2eq).............................................................................................................................................III-6

1-3 Components of Collection and Flaring and LFG Utilization Abatement Options .....................III-7

1-4 Breakeven Prices of MSW Landfill Technology Options ...............................................................III-9

1-5 Baseline Emissions by EMF Regional Grouping: 2000–2020 (MtCO2eq) ...................................III-10

1-6 MSW Landfill MACs for Countries Included in the Analysis.....................................................III-10

2-1 CH4 Emissions from Wastewater by Country: 1990–2000 (MtCO2eq) .......................................III-19

2-2 N2O Emissions from Wastewater by Country: 1990–2000 (MtCO2eq).......................................III-19

2-3 Projected Baseline CH4 Emissions from Wastewater by Country: 2005–2020 (MtCO2eq) ......III-21

2-4 Projected Baseline N2O Emissions from Wastewater by Country: 2005–2020 (MtCO2eq) ......III-21

Section IV 

1-1 2003 Adipic Acid Production Capacity (Thousands of Metric Tons/Year)................................. IV-3

1-2 IPCC Emissions Factors for Nitric Acid Production in Select Countries .................................... IV-4

1-3 N2O Emissions from Nitric and Adipic Acid Production: 1990–2000 (MtCO2eq)..................... IV-5

1-4 Projected N2O Baseline Emissions from Nitric and Adipic Acid Production: 2005–2020 

(MtCO2eq)............................................................................................................................................ IV-6

1-5 Cost of Reducing N2O Emissions from Industrial Processes........................................................ IV-7

1-6 Projected N2O Emissions from Nitric Acid by Region: 2000–2020 (MtCO2eq) .......................... IV-9

1-7 Percentage Abatement for Nitric Acid for Selected Breakeven Prices ($/tCO2eq): 2010–

2020 ....................................................................................................................................................... IV-9

1-8 Projected N2O Emissions from Adipic Acid by Region: 2000–2020 (MtCO2eq) ...................... IV-10

1-9 Percentage Abatement for Adipic Acid for Selected Breakeven Prices ($/tCO2eq): 2010–

2020 ..................................................................................................................................................... IV-10

2-1 Reductions in Baseline Emissions in Non-U.S. Countries to Reflect Market Adjustments .... IV-21

2-2 Estimated Percentage of GWP-Weighted Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning HFC 

Emissions Attributo MVACs in the United States ....................................................................... IV-22

2-3 Percentage of Newly Manufactured Vehicles Assumed to Have Operational AirConditioning Units in India ............................................................................................................ IV-22

2-4 Percentage of Newly Manufactured Vehicles Assumed to Have Operational AirConditioning Units in All Other Countries................................................................................... IV-23

2-5 Estimated Percentage of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning HFC Emissions Attributo 

MVACs............................................................................................................................................... IV-24

2-6 Distribution of Refrigeration- and Air-Conditioning–Sector HFC Emissions by EndUse, Region, and Year (Percent) ..................................................................................................... IV-26

2-7 Total Baseline HFC Emissions from Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning (MtCO2eq) ........... IV-27

2-8 Assumptions on Duration and Applicability of Emissions Reduction Options ...................... IV-29
XXIII

Number Page

2-9 Summary of Assumptions for Leak Repair for Large Equipment ............................................. IV-32

2-10 Summary of Assumptions for Recovery and Recycling from Small Equipment..................... IV-33

2-11 Summary of Assumptions for Distributed Systems for New Stationary Equipment ............. IV-37

2-12 Summary of Assumptions for HFC Secondary Loop Systems for New Stationary 

Equipment ......................................................................................................................................... IV-38

2-13 Summary of Assumptions for Ammonia Secondary Loop Systems for New Stationary 

Equipment ......................................................................................................................................... IV-39

2-14 Summary of Assumptions for Enhanced HFC-134a Systems for New MVACs...................... IV-40

2-15 Summary of Assumptions for HFC-152a DX Systems in New MVACs ................................... IV-41

2-16 Summary of Assumptions for CO2 Systems in New MVACs .................................................... IV-43

2-17 Summary of Technical Applicability of Abatement Options by Region (Percent).................. IV-47

2-18 Assumed Regional Market Penetration of Abatement Options into Newly 

Manufactured Equipment, Expressed as a Percentage of Emissions from New 

Equipment ......................................................................................................................................... IV-48

2-19 Market Penetration of Abatement Options, Expressed as a Percentage of Total Sector 

Emissions ........................................................................................................................................... IV-49

2-20 Percentage of (Direct) Reduction Off Baseline Emissions of All Abatement Options by 

Region................................................................................................................................................. IV-50

2-21 Summary of Abatement Option Cost Assumptions (2000$)....................................................... IV-51

2-22 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs for 

Refrigeration/Air-Conditioning at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO2eq)................... IV-52

2-23 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs for 

Refrigeration/Air-Conditioning at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO2eq)................... IV-52

2-24 World Breakeven Costs and Emissions Reductions in 2020 for Refrigeration/AirConditioning...................................................................................................................................... IV-53

3-1 General Overview of Solvent Technologies Used Globally........................................................ IV-60

3-2 Total Baseline HFC, PFC, and HFE Emissions Estimates from Solvents (MtCO2eq) .............. IV-62

3-3 Retrofit Techniques for Batch Vapor Cleaning Machine (Less than 13 Square Feet) .............. IV-65

3-4 Technical Applicability and Incremental Maximum Market Penetration of Solvent 

Options (Percent) .............................................................................................................................. IV-67

3-5 Emissions Reductions Off the Total Solvent Baseline (Percent)................................................. IV-68

3-6 Summary of Abatement Option Cost Assumptions .................................................................... IV-68

3-7 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs for Solvents at 

10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO2eq)............................................................................... IV-69

3-8 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs for Solvents at 

10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO2eq)............................................................................... IV-69

3-9 World Breakeven Costs and Emissions Reductions in 2020 for Solvents ................................. IV-70

4-1 The USEPA’s Vintaging Model Emissions Profile for Foamsȇ End-Uses .................................. IV-79

4-2 Baseline Emissions Estimates for Foams (MtCO2eq) ................................................................... IV-80

4-3 Reduction Efficiency of Foam Options (Percent).......................................................................... IV-90

4-4 Technical Applicability of Foam Options (Percent) ..................................................................... IV-92

4-5 Incremental Maximum Market Penetration Expressed as a Percentage of New 

Emissions for Which the Options Apply....................................................................................... IV-93

4-6 Incremental Maximum Market Penetration Expressed as a Percentage of All Emissions ..... IV-94

4-7 Emissions Reductions Off Total Foams Baseline (Percent) ......................................................... IV-95
XXIV

Number Page

4-8 Summary of Abatement Option Cost Assumptions .................................................................... IV-96

4-9 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs for Foams at 10% 

Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO2eq) ....................................................................................... IV-97

4-10 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs for Foams at 10% 

Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO2eq) ....................................................................................... IV-97

4-11 World Breakeven Costs and Emissions Reductions in 2020 for Foams..................................... IV-98

5-1 Total Baseline HFC Emissions Estimates from MDI Aerosols (MtCO2eq) ............................. IV-106

5-2 Total Baseline HFC Emissions Estimates from Non-MDI Aerosols (MtCO2eq) .................... IV-107

5-3 Technical Applicability and Incremental Maximum Market Penetration of Aerosol 

Options (Percent) ............................................................................................................................ IV-110

5-4 Emissions Reductions Off the Total Applicable Aerosols Baseline (Percent) ........................ IV-110

5-5 Summary of Abatement Option Cost Assumptions .................................................................. IV-111

5-6 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs for MDI 

Aerosols at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO2eq) ........................................................ IV-112

5-7 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs for MDI 

Aerosols at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO2eq) ........................................................ IV-112

5-8 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs for Non-MDI 

Aerosols at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO2eq) ........................................................ IV-113

5-9 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs for Non-MDI 

Aerosols at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO2eq) ........................................................ IV-113

5-10 World Breakeven Costs and Emissions Reductions in 2020 for Aerosols............................... IV-114

6-1 Total Baseline HFC Emissions from Fire Extinguishing (MtCO2eq) ....................................... IV-123

6-2 Assumed Breakout of Total GWP-Weighted Baseline Fire-Extinguishing Emissions 

(Percent) ........................................................................................................................................... IV-124

6-3 Summary of Technical Applicability of Abatement Options (Percent)................................... IV-130

6-4 Assumed Incremental Market Penetration of Abatement Options into Newly Installed 

Class A or Class B Extinguishing Systems, Expressed as a Percentage of Emissions from 

All New Equipment........................................................................................................................ IV-131

6-5 Market Penetration of Abatement Options into Newly Installed Class A or Class B 

Extinguishing Systems, Expressed as a Percentage of Total Sector Emissions ...................... IV-132

6-6 Percentage of Emissions Reductions Off Total Fire-Extinguishing Baseline.......................... IV-132

6-7 Summary of Abatement Option Cost Assumptions (2000$)..................................................... IV-132

6-8 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs for Fire 

Extinguishing at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO2eq) ............................................... IV-133

6-9 Country/Regional Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs for Fire 

Extinguishing at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate ($/tCO2eq) ............................................... IV-134

6-10 World Breakeven Costs and Emissions Reductions in 2020 for Fire Extinguishing.............. IV-134

7-1 Total PFC Emissions from Aluminum Manufacturing (MtCO2eq)—No-Action Baseline ... IV-140

7-2 Total PFC Emissions from Aluminum Manufacturing (MtCO2eq)—TechnologyAdoption Baseline........................................................................................................................... IV-140

7-3 Reduction Efficiency Potential for Abatement Option by Cell Type (Percent)...................... IV-143

7-4 Average Baseline Market Penetration of Complete Retrofits by Cell Type and Scenario 

(Percent) ........................................................................................................................................... IV-145
XXV

Number Page

7-5 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for Aluminum 

Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—No-Action Baseline ............. IV-146

7-6 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for Aluminum 

Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—No-Action Baseline ............. IV-147

7-7 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for Aluminum 

Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—Technology-Adoption 

Baseline............................................................................................................................................. IV-147

7-8 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for Aluminum 

Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—Technology-Adoption 

Baseline............................................................................................................................................. IV-148

7-9 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—No-Action Baseline ................................................ IV-148

7-10 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—Technology-Adoption Baseline ............................ IV-149

8-1 Total HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production (MtCO2eq)—No-Action Baseline....... IV-155

8-2 Total HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production (MtCO2eq)—Technology-Adoption 

Baseline............................................................................................................................................. IV-156

8-3 Baseline Market Penetration of Thermal Oxidation—No-Action Baseline............................. IV-161

8-4 Baseline Market Penetration of Thermal Oxidation—Technology-Adoption Baseline ........ IV-161

8-5 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for HFC-23 Emissions 

from HCFC-22 Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—No-Action 

Baseline............................................................................................................................................. IV-162

8-6 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for HFC-23 Emissions 

from HCFC-22 Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—No-Action 

Baseline............................................................................................................................................. IV-163

8-7 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for HFC-23 Emissions 

from HCFC-22 Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—

Technology-Adoption Baseline..................................................................................................... IV-163

8-8 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for HFC-23 Emissions 

from HCFC-22 Production at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—

Technology-Adoption Baseline..................................................................................................... IV-164

8-9 World Breakeven Costs and Emissions Reductions in 2020—No-Action Baseline ............... IV-164

8-10 World Breakeven Costs and Emissions Reductions in 2020—Technology-Adoption 

Baseline............................................................................................................................................. IV-164

9-1 Total PFC Emissions from Semiconductor Manufacturing (MtCO2eq)—No-Action 

Baseline............................................................................................................................................. IV-169

9-2 Total PFC Emissions from Semiconductor Manufacturing (MtCO2eq)—TechnologyAdoption Baseline........................................................................................................................... IV-170

9-3 Maximum Market Penetrations for WSC Countries in the No-Action Baseline (Percent) ... IV-174

9-4 Maximum Market Penetrations for Non-WSC Countries in the No-Action Baseline 

(Percent) ........................................................................................................................................... IV-174

9-5 Baseline Market Penetrations for WSC Countries in the Technology-Adoption Baseline 

(Percent) ........................................................................................................................................... IV-175

9-6 Maximum Market Penetrations for WSC Countries in the Technology-Adoption 

Baseline (Percent)............................................................................................................................ IV-175
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9-7 Baseline Market Penetrations for Non-WSC Countries in the Technology-Adoption 

Baseline in 2020 (Percent) .............................................................................................................. IV-175

9-8 Maximum Market Penetrations for Non-WSC Countries in the Technology-Adoption 

Baseline (Percent)............................................................................................................................ IV-176

9-9 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) at 10% Discount Rate, 

40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—No-Action Baseline ......................................................................... IV-180

9-10 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) at 10% Discount Rate, 

40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—No-Action Baseline ......................................................................... IV-180

9-11 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) at 10% Discount Rate, 

40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—Technology-Adoption Baseline..................................................... IV-181

9-12 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) at 10% Discount Rate, 

40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—Technology-Adoption Baseline..................................................... IV-181

9-13 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—No-Action Baseline ................................................ IV-182

9-14 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—Technology-Adoption Baseline ............................ IV-182

10-1 Total SF6 Emissions from Electric Power Systems (MtCO2eq)—No-Action Baseline ........... IV-187

10-2 Total SF6 Emissions from Electric Power Systems (MtCO2eq)—Technology-Adoption 

Baseline............................................................................................................................................. IV-188

10-3 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for Electric Power 

Systems at a 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—No-Action Baseline................ IV-195

10-4 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for Electric Power 

Systems at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—No-Action Baseline................... IV-196

10-5 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for Electric Power 

Systems at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—Technology-Adoption 

Baseline............................................................................................................................................. IV-196

10-6 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for Electric Power 

Systems at 10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—Technology-Adoption 

Baseline............................................................................................................................................. IV-197

10-7 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—No-Action Baseline ................................................ IV-197

10-8 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—Technology-Adoption Baseline ............................ IV-198

11-1 Total SF6 Emissions from Mg Manufacturing (MtCO2eq)—No-Action Baseline .................. IV-206

11-2 Total SF6 Emissions from Mg Manufacturing (MtCO2eq)—Technology-Adoption 

Baseline............................................................................................................................................. IV-206

11-3 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for Mg Production at 

10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—No-Action Baseline ...................................... IV-210

11-4 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for Mg Production at 

10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—No-Action Baseline ...................................... IV-211

11-5 Emissions Reductions in 2010 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for Mg Production at 

10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—Technology-Adoption Baseline.................. IV-211

11-6 Emissions Reductions in 2020 and Breakeven Costs ($/tCO2eq) for Mg Production at 

10% Discount Rate, 40% Tax Rate (MtCO2eq)—Technology-Adoption Baseline.................. IV-212

11-7 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—No-Action Baseline ................................................ IV-212

11-8 Emissions Reduction and Costs in 2020—Technology-Adoption Baseline ............................ IV-212
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Section V 

1-1 DAYCENT N2O and Soil Carbon Estimates for 2000, 2010, and 2020 by Key Region 

(MtCO2eq/yr).........................................................................................................................................V-6

1-2 Cropland N2O and Soil Carbon Mitigation Options Run Through DAYCENT ..........................V-9

1-3 Rice-Only Baseline CH4, N2O, and Soil Carbon Estimates for 2000, 2010, and 2020 by 

Asian Region (Midpoints from DNDC in MtCO2eq/yr; Negative Carbon Numbers 

Indicate Net Sequestration) ...............................................................................................................V-15

1-4 Rice CH4, N2O, and Soil Carbon Mitigation Options Run Through DNDC ..............................V-17

1-5 DNDC Estimates of Net Greenhouse Gas Results for Baseline and Mitigation Scenarios 

for China (Annual Averages in MtCO2eq/yr over 2000–2020) .....................................................V-17

1-6 Changes from Baseline in Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Crop Yields, and Water 

Consumption for China (Annual Averages over 2000–2020; Negative Numbers Indicate 

Decreases Relative to the Baseline)...................................................................................................V-18

1-7 Net Greenhouse Gas Results for Baseline and Mitigation Options for Other Asian 

Countries (Annual Averages in MtCO2eq/yr over 2000–2020).....................................................V-19

1-8 Livestock Enteric Fermentation Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options........................................V-23

1-9 Livestock Manure Management Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options.......................................V-25

1-10 Baseline Net GHG Emissions from Croplands from DAYCENT Estimates (MtCO2eq)...........V-33

1-11 Croplands Mitigation Option Detail for Key Regions ...................................................................V-34

1-12 Croplands: Percentage Reductions from Baselines at Different $/tCO2eq Prices ......................V-37

1-13 Baseline Emissions from Rice Cultivation from DNDC Estimates (MtCO2eq)..........................V-41

1-14 Rice Cultivation Mitigation Option Detail for Key Regions .........................................................V-42

1-15 Rice Cultivation: Percentage Reductions from Baseline at Different $/tCO2eq Prices ..............V-43

1-16 Baseline Emissions from Livestock Management from USEPA (2006) (MtCO2eq)...................V-45

1-17 Livestock Mitigation Option Detail for Key Regions.....................................................................V-46

1-18 Livestock Management: Percentage Reductions from Baselines at Different $/tCO2eq 

Prices.....................................................................................................................................................V-49

1-19 Baseline Emissions from All Agriculture Used in This Report (MtCO2eq) ................................V-55

1-20 Total Agriculture: Percentage Reductions from Baseline at Different $/tCO2eq Prices............V-56
XXVIII