*Senior Circuit Judge of the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation. 

 

1Before her surgery in 1983, Mrs. Buford had visited Dr. Howe several times with various

complaints. On at least two earlier occasions, Mrs. Buford sought medical help for abdominal

pain. 

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 93-7073.

Lucille BUFORD, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

Michael HOWE, M.D., Defendant-Appellee.

Jan. 11, 1994.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi.

Before SNEED*, REYNALDO G. GARZA and JOLLY, Circuit Judges.

REYNALDO G. GARZA, Circuit Judge:

Lucille Buford appeals the district court's grant of judgment as a matter of law against her.

For the reasons given below, we AFFIRM the district court's evidentiary rulings. However, we

REVERSE the district court's judgment as a matter of law against Mrs. Buford and REMAND for

further proceedings.

I

STATEMENT OF FACTS

On August 22, 1983, Mrs. Lucille Buford, now a sixty-four year old resident of Starkville,

Mississippi, visited Dr. Michael Howe, apparently complaining of abdominal pain.1 Exactly what

occurred during this and subsequent visits is unclear. According to Dr. Howe, he diagnosed Mrs.

Buford assuffering from"pelvic relaxation," or uterine descensus. He based his diagnosis upon Mrs.

Buford's description of a "pelvic-falling out" sensation, her history of pain while standing, and the

pressure on her tailbone. Mrs. Buford, however, claims that she never complained of a "pelvic-falling

outsensation." Although his office records do not mention any abnormalities of Mrs. Buford's uterus,

she states that Dr. Howe informed her that her uterus wastwice the size of a normal uterus, and that
it had to be removed. According to Mrs. Buford, Dr. Howe told her that removal of the enlarged

uterus would relieve the pain she had been experiencing in her legs and tail bone.

On Dr. Howe's recommendation, Mrs. Buford was admitted to Oktibbeha County Hospital

on August 28. Again, it is unclear what occurred. According to Mrs. Buford, Dr. Howe's admitting

notes state that the working diagnosis was chronic pain, fibroid tumors, and a uterus enlarged to

twice the normal size, but no mention of uterine descensus. Dr. Howe states that although he

dictated a history and physical on Mrs. Buford for her hospital admission, these notes were lost due

to a problem with the dictating equipment. Consequently, he re-dictated the notes from memory

twenty-three days after surgery. The new history states that Mrs. Buford complained of a

"falling-out" sensation, chronic pain, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and an enlarged uterus.

Although the diagnosis of uterine descensus appeared in his office notes, that diagnosis did not appear

in the hospital records.

The next day, August 29, Dr. Howe performed the hysterectomy. Following surgery, Mrs.

Buford's uterus was sent to the pathology lab. The pathology report indicated that the uterus was

about one half the normal size, rather than twice the normal size as Dr. Howe had originally

diagnosed, and it contained no fibroid tumors. Dr. Howe never discussed the pathology report with

Mrs. Buford. After recuperating, Mrs. Buford continued to experience the same pains in the top of

her stomach and tailbone that the surgery wasintended to alleviate. Mrs. Buford saw Dr. Howe one

time after surgery, on September 30, 1983, and she did not complain of any problems. She has since

seen other physicians, although she has never complained to them of pelvic pain.

Soon after Mrs. Buford'ssurgery, Mrs. Buford's daughter, DianeBuford, was also told byDr.

Howe that she should undergo a total hysterectomy. Dr. Howe diagnosed Diane as suffering from

chronic pelvic pain, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and fibroid tumors. On October 11, 1983, Dr.

Howe removed Diane's uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. The pathology report revealed that, like

her mother, Diane in fact did not suffer from fibroid tumors. Eventually, Diane sought therapy from

another doctor, and through this other doctor, Diane examined her pathology report which disclosed

the absence of fibroid tumors. Diane sued Dr. Howe in October 1989, alleging medical malpractice.
 

2Mrs. Buford obtained these medical records through medical waivers signed by the patients

involved. 

According to Mrs. Buford, in June 1990,she too obtained copies of her medicalrecordsfrom

Dr. Howe to take to another physician. In reviewing her records, Mrs. Buford for the first time

became aware that Dr. Howe had diagnosed her as having problems she never experienced. Mrs.

Buford compared her diagnosis with that of her daughter, and became suspicious because of the

remarkable similarity. Mrs. Buford filed suit on February 19, 1991, more than seven years after

surgery, alleging that her surgery was unnecessary. She sought both compensatory and punitive

damages.

II

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

After filing suit, Mrs. Buford subpoenaed certain medicalrecords of all patients on whomDr.

Howe had performed hysterectomies at Oktibbeha CountyHospital. Both Dr. Howe and the hospital

moved to quash t he subpoena, and the hospital moved for a protective order on the basis that the

request was burdensome, overly broad, and that it violated the privacy of the patientsinvolved. The

magistrate judge quashed the subpoena, and the district court affirmed.

Before trial, Dr. Howe filed a motion in limine to prevent Mrs. Buford from introducing into

evidence any testimony or medical records2concerning the treatment of patients other than the

plaintiff. The trial court sustained the doctor's motion. The case was later tried to a jury. After the

plaintiff's case in chief, Dr. Howe moved for judgment as a matter of law, asserting that Mrs. Buford

failed to make out a prima facie case, and that the applicable two-year statute of limitations barred

her claim. The trial court granted Dr. Howe's motion, stating that Mrs. Buford failed to demonstrate

that the statute of limitations had not run. Mrs. Buford timely appealed to this court.

III

DISCUSSION

Mrs. Buford claims the district court erred in: (1) granting judgment as a matter of law

against her on the basis that the applicable statute of limitations bars her claim; (2) sustaining Dr.
 

3According to Mississippi law, a patient is under no duty to request medical records. Williams

v. Kilgore, 618 So.2d 51, 55 (Miss.1992). 

Howe's motion in limine excluding evidence of hysterectomies performed by Dr. Howe on other

patients; and (3) quashing her subpoena seeking records of other patients who had hysterectomies

performed by Dr. Howe.

We find that the district court erred in grant ing judgment as a matter of law against Mrs.

Buford. However, the district court properly sustained Dr. Howe's motion in limine, and quashed

Mrs. Buford's subpoena.

A. Statute of limitations

 Mrs. Buford argues that the district court erroneously granted judgment as a matter of law

in favor of Dr. Howe on the basisthat the applicable statute of limitations barred her cause of action.

Mrs. Bufo rd asserts that she had no way of knowing of her injury until she requested her medical

records in June 1990,3and that her cause of action accrued when she discovered the misdiagnosis

from the medical records.

FederalRule ofCivil Procedure 50 statesthat if "there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis

for a reasonable jury to have found for that party with respect to that issue, the court may grant a

motion for judgment as a matter of law...." In examining a district court's grant of judgment as a

matter of law, this court reviews all of the evidence, viewing it in the light most favorable to the

non-movant and drawing allreasonable inferencesin the non-movant'sfavor. BoeingCo. v. Shipman,

411 F.2d 365, 374 (5th Cir.1969). Judgment as a matter of law is proper only if,

the facts and inferences point so strongly and overwhelmingly in favor of one party that the

Court believes that reasonable men could not arrive at a contrary verdict ... On the other

hand, if there is substantial evidence opposed to the motion[ ], that is, evidence of such

quality and weight that reasonable and fair-minded men in the exercise of impartial judgment

might reach different conclusions, the motion[ ] should be denied, and the case submitted to

the jury.

Id.

The district court held that "[Mrs. Buford] knew in 1983 following her surgery that she

continued to have the same problem she had prior to the surgery, chronic abdominal pain, and an

additionalproblem, which arose afterthe surgery, the lack ofsexualdrive." Applying Mississippi law,
 

4This is the distinction that the dissent does not wish to recognize. 

the district court found "that with reasonable diligence, [Mrs. Buford] should have known during

1983 that she had an actionable injury since the surgery did not remedy her pain but rather caused

further damage."

The Mississippi statute of limitations pertaining to medical negligence states that

[N]o claim in tort may be brought against a licensed physician ... for injuries ... arising out of

the course of medical, surgical or other professional services unless it is filed within two (2)

years from the dat e the alleged act, omission or neglect shall or with reasonable diligence

might have been first known or discovered.

Miss.Code Ann. § 15-1-36(1). In construing this statute, the Mississippi Supreme Court has held that

"the cause of action accrues and the limitations period beginsto run when the plaintiff can reasonably

be held to have knowledge of the injury or disease." Schiro v. American Tobacco Co., 611 So.2d

962, 965 (Miss.1992); Smith v. Sanders, 485 So.2d 1051, 1052 (Miss.1986).

We disagree with the district court. The fact that Mrs. Buford continued to have chronic

abdominal pain only demonstrates that she knew or should have known that her surgery was

unsuccessful. Mrs. Buford's cause of action, however, arises from an alleged unnecessary

hysterectomy, not an unsuccessful one. Mrs. Buford's knowledge that her surgery was unsuccessful,

does not, as a matter of law, entail that she knew or should have known that her surgery was

unnecessary.4 Rather, it is for the jury to resolve when Mrs. Buford, exercising reasonable diligence,

knew or should have known of the injury.

Therefore, the district court erroneously granted judgment as a matter of law.

B. Motion in limine

Mrs. Buford contends that the district court erred in sustaining Dr. Howe's motion in limine,

excluding evidence of other hysterectomies Dr. Howe performed. She argues that evidence of the

other surgeries is essential to prove that Dr. Howe fraudulently induced women to submit to

unnecessary surgeries for financial gain.

 This court reviews rulings on motions in limine for abuse of discretion. Moss v. Ole South

Real Estate, Inc., 933 F.2d 1300, 1306 (5th Cir.1991). Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) states that
 

5Since Dr. Howe allowed Mrs. Buford to present evidence of fraudulent misrepresentation,

Mrs. Buford is entitled to amend her pleadings to conform to the evidence. See FED.R.CIV.P.

15(b). Once Mrs. Buford amends her pleadings, she can present evidence of the other

hysterectomies, because she obtained these medical records through waivers signed by the

patients involved. 

"evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in

order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may be admissible for other purposes such

as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, planning, knowledge, identity, or absence of

mistake or accident...." This court has developed a two-step test to resolve these issues: "First, it

must be determined that the extrinsic evidence offense is relevant to an issue other than defendant's

character. Second, the evidence must possess probative value that is not substantially outweighed

by its undue prejudice and must meet other requirements of Rule 403." United States v. Beechum,

582 F.2d 898, 911 (5th Cir.1978) (en banc), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 920, 99 S.Ct. 1244, 59 L.Ed.2d

472 (1979).

According to Mrs. Buford, in addition to her claimof negligent diagnosis,she has alleged that

Dr. Howe fraudulently induced her to submit to surgery. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) states

that complaints alleging fraud or mistake must state those claims with "particularity." In this case,

Mrs. Buford's complaint and the district court's pretrial order do not contain particular and specified

allegations of fraudulent activity on behalf of Dr. Howe. As this court recently held, at a minimum,

rule 9(b) requires the plaintiff to allege "the particulars of time, place and contents of the false

representations...." Shushany v. Allwaste, Inc., 992 F.2d 517, 521 (5th Cir.1993); see also Nichols

v. Tri-State Brick & Tile, Co., 608 So.2d 324, 330 (Miss.1992) (stating the elements of fraudulent

misrepresentation). Therefore, to the extent that the evidence relates to Mrs. Buford's fraudulent

misrepresentation claim, the district court properly excluded the evidence.5

Mrs. Buford also contends that the evidence of the other surgeries is probative on the issue

of punitive damages. The district court held that the evidence was not relevant to the punitive

damage claim, and also noted that even if it were relevant, the evidence should be excluded because

the probative value was outweighed by the prejudicial effect.

Whether evidence is admissible is a question within the sound discretion of the trial court.
 

6This case was decided on January 5, 1992, approximately six months after the magistrate

judge issued its order quashing the subpoena. Approximately four months after Crawford was

decided, the district court affirmed the magistrate judge's order. 

"[T]he trial judge has wide discretion [in making a Rule 403 determination and] ... the appellate court

will not reverse unlessthe trial judge has clearly abused his discretion." Wright v. Hartford Accident

& Indem. Co., 580 F.2d 809, 810 (5th Cir.1978).

We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence of the other

surgeries performed by Dr. Howe.

C. Mrs. Buford's subpoena

 Mrs. Buford subpoenaed records from the Oktibbeha County Hospital seeking

a copy of all physicals and histories, operative reports, pathology reports, and discharge

summaries of all patients on whomDr. MichaelHowe performed a hysterectomy, either total

or partial, between the years of 1979 and 1988. The custodian is further instructed to

obliterate the name and other identifying information asto each patient so that the privacy of

the patient may be maintained.

The magistrate judge held that the records were not discoverable because the doctor-patient privilege

protected the records even though identifying information was deleted. The magistrate judge further

held that "the information sought by plaintiff is obtainable in less obtrusive ways by either deposing

the defendant or submitting interrogatories."

Mrs. Buford argues that the district court erroneously determined that the Mississippi

physician-patient privilege applied to the records she sought. The Mississippi case that most closely

approximatesthis case isCrawford v. Wall, 593 So.2d 1014 (Miss.1992).6 In Crawford, the plaintiffs

sought to discover "a list of laparoscopic procedures performed by the defendant physicians by

patient number, dates and type of procedures, along with certain equipment used...." Id. at 1015.

The court determined without elaborating that the information contained within the list was not

privileged under the physician-patient privilege because the privilege protects only that "knowledge

derived by a physician ... by virtue of his professional relationship with the patient, or ... confidential

communications made for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment of [a] physical, mental or emotional

condition...." Id. at 1017.

Medical records, like the records Mrs. Buford seeks, are clearly derived by virtue of the
professional relationship between the patient and the doctor. See Argonaut Ins. Co. v. Peralta, 358

So.2d 232 (Fla. 3rd Dist.Ct.App.1978). Therefore, the district court correctly determined that the

physician-patient privilege protected the medical records from disclosure.

IV

CONCLUSION

The action of the district court in sustaining Dr. Howe's motion in limine and quashing Mrs.

Buford's subpoena is AFFIRMED. However, we REVERSE the district court's grant of judgment

as a matter of law against Mrs. Buford and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

E. GRADY JOLLY, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

Because Mrs. Buford knew almost immediately after surgery that she had an injury, i.e., that

the surgery had not addressed her physical complaints in the slightest, and because she should have

known that her injurywas actionable, i.e., that her medical problemhad been misdiagnosed rendering

her surgery unnecessary, I would affirm the district court's entry of judgment as a matter of law in

favor of Dr. Howe. Furthermore, I would affirm the judgment because it is pellucid that Mrs. Buford

failed to exercise reasonable diligence to discover the nature and cause of her injury—indeed, she

exercised no diligence at all. I therefore respectfully dissent.

Asthe majority correctly articulates, the two-year statute of limitations does not begin to run

until the patient discovers, or should have discovered, that she has a cause of action. Womble v.

Singing River Hospital, 618 So.2d 1252, 1266 (Miss.1993); Smith v. Sanders, 485 So.2d 1051,

1052 (Miss.1986). "The focus is on the time that the patient discovers or should have discovered by

the exercise of reasonable diligence, that he probably has an actionable injury." Womble v. Singing

River Hospital, 618 So.2d at 1266. The time is not tolled theory by theory for a known actionable

injury.

In this case, Mrs. Buford argues that she had no way of knowing she had an actionable injury

untilshe had an opportunity to review her medicalrecords. This is clearly not the case. Mrs. Buford
underwent surgery in an effort to alleviate pains at the top of her stomach and in her tailbone. After

she recovered from the immediate post-operative effects of hersurgery,she continued to suffer from

precisely the same pains that the surgery was intended to allay. In spite of the fact that her pain

continued and the surgery utterly failed to accomplish its intended purpose, Mrs. Buford—without

offering any explanation for her failure to do so—never inquired as to the source of these identical

pains nor as to why she continued to suffer these pains after a plainly unsuccessful operation. In

short, almost immediately after her operation, she knew that her malady had been misdiagnosed, i.e.,

that a hysterectomy was an inappropriate and unnecessary treatment for her symptoms. To say that

she had no basis for knowing that the surgery was unnecessary until she saw her records is a serious

misperception: her records only confirmed that the surgery was unnecessary.

It was not until nearly seven years after surgery that Mrs. Buford began to question the

propriety of this surgery. A reaso nable person acting with due diligence, when faced with this

continued identical pain, would have made some inquiry—an inquiry that would have led her to the

same conclusion reached many years later, that she had a basis for a lawsuit against Dr. Howe. See

Wilder v. St. Joseph Hospital, 225 Miss. 42, 82 So.2d 651, 653 (1955) ("In view of the allegation

of continuous pain, etc., from the date of the operation, it is obvious that the plaintiffin the exercise

of ordinary care, should have discovered her alleged condition within [the statute of limitations]").

Mrs. Buford exercised absolutely no diligence in determining whether she had an actionable injury,

and she should be barred as a matter of law from asserting this action.

Because the majority, byoffering no explanation or justification for Mrs. Buford'sseven years

of inaction, seems to deliberately close its eyes to the facts in this case, facts that objectively

demonstrate both full knowledge of an actionable injury and the complete absence of diligence, I

respectfully dissent.