CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

TABLE O F CONTENTS

**5.1 I**  **NTRODUCTION**

**........................................................................................................... 5­1** 

**5.2 ENG**  **INEERING ANALYSIS**  **FRAMEWORK............................................................... 5­1** 

**5.3 G**  **ENERAL SERVICE**  **FLUORESCENT LAMPS..........................................................**  **5­3**

**5.3.1 F**  **our­Foot MBP**  **GSFL With**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K...................................................... 5­6** 

**5.3.1.1 B**  **aseline Models.......................................................................................**  **5­6**

**5.3.1.2 Ef**  **ficacy Levels** 

**........................................................................................ 5­8** 

**5.3.1.3 S**  **ystem Power**  **Rating............................................................................. 5­12**

**5.3.1.4 R**  **esults.................................................................................................... 5­22** 

**5.3.2 Ei**  **ght­foot SP Slimline GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K......................................... 5­31**

**5.3.2.1 B**  **aseline Models.....................................................................................**  **5­31**

**5.3.2.2 Ef**  **ficacy Levels** 

**...................................................................................... 5­32** 

**5.3.2.3 S**  **ystem Power**  **Rating............................................................................. 5­36**

**5.3.2.4 R**  **esults.................................................................................................... 5­41** 

**5.3.3 Ei**  **ght­Foot RDC HO GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K............................................ 5­45**

**5.3.3.1 B**  **aseline Models.....................................................................................**  **5­45**

**5.3.3.2 Ef**  **ficacy Levels** 

**...................................................................................... 5­45** 

**5.3.3.3 S**  **ystem Power**  **Rating............................................................................. 5­48**

**5.3.3.4 R**  **esults.................................................................................................... 5­50** 

**5.3.4 F**  **our­foot T5**  **MiniBP SO**  **GSFL With**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K..................................... 5­54** 

**5.3.4.1 B**  **aseline Models.....................................................................................**  **5­54**

**5.3.4.2 Ef**  **ficacy Levels** 

**...................................................................................... 5­54** 

**5.3.4.3 S**  **ystem Power**  **Rating............................................................................. 5­57**

**5.3.4.4 R**  **esults.................................................................................................... 5­58** 

**5.3.5 F**  **our­foot T5**  **MiniBP HO**  **GSFL With**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K**

**.................................... 5­61** 

**5.3.5.1 B**  **aseline Models.....................................................................................**  **5­61**

**5.3.5.2 Ef**  **ficacy Levels** 

**...................................................................................... 5­61** 

**5.3.5.3 S**  **ystem Power**  **Rating............................................................................. 5­64**

**5.3.5.4 R**  **esults.................................................................................................... 5­64** 

**5.4 I**  **NCANDESCENT REFLECTOR**  **LAMPS................................................................... 5­66** 

**5.4.1 B**  **aseline Models**  **for IRL**  **With Diameters**  **Greater Than**  **2.5 Inches**  **and Operating** 

**Voltages Less**  **Than or**  **Equal to**  **125V**

**........................................................................... 5­67** 

**5.4.2 Ef**  **ficacy Levels** 

**.................................................................................................. 5­67** 

**5.4.3 R**  **esults................................................................................................................ 5­70** 

**5.5 S**  **CALING TO**  **PRODUCT CLASSES**  **NOT ANALYZED** 

**.......................................... 5­73** 

**5.5.1 G**  **eneral Service**  **Fluorescent Lamps** 

**.................................................................. 5­73** 

**5.5.1.1 2**  **­foot U­Shaped**  **GSFL With**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K....................................... 5­73** 

**5.5.1.2 L**  **amps With**  **CCTs Above**  **4,500K......................................................... 5­74** 

**5.5.2 I**  **ncandescent Reflector**  **Lamps........................................................................... 5­76**

**5.5.2.1 M**  **odified­Spectrum IRL.........................................................................**  **5­76**

**5.5.2.2 I**  **RL With**  **Diameters Less**  **Than or**  **Equal To**  **2.5 Inches........................**  **5­76**

**5.5.2.3 I**  **RL With**  **Operating Voltages**  **Greater Than**  **or Equal**  **to 125**  **Volts**

**...... 5­77** 

**5­i 5.6**  **SUMMARY OF**  **ALL EFFICACY**  **LEVELS FOR**  **COVERED PRODUCTS** 

**............. 5­78** 

**5.6.1 S**  **ummary o**  **f All**  **Efficacy Levels**  **for Covered**  **GSFL**

**........................................ 5­78** 

**5.6.2 S**  **ummary o**  **f All**  **Efficacy Levels**  **for Covered**  **IRL............................................ 5­79** 

**REFERENCES**

**.......................................................................................................................... 5­80** 

LIST O F TABLES

**Table 5.3.1**  **DOE Notice**  **of Proposed**  **Rulemaking Product**  **Classes for**  **General Service** 

**Fluorescent Lamps....................................................................................................................... 5­4** 

**Table 5.3.2**  **Baseline Lamps**  **for Commercial**  **and Industrial**  **4­Foot MBP**  **Engineering Analysis.**  **5­**

**8**

**Table 5.3.3**  **Baseline Lamps**  **for Residential**  **4­Foot MBP**  **Engineering Analysis** 

**....................... 5­8** 

**Table 5.3.4**  **4­Foot MBP**  **Lamp Designs** 

**................................................................................... 5­11** 

**Table 5.3.5**  **Summary of**  **the ELs**  **for 4­Foot**  **MBP Fluorescent**  **Lamps With**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K**

**. 5­12** 

**Table 5.3.6**  **Lamp Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Three­Lamp 40W**  **T12, 4,100K** 

**System in**  **the Commercial**  **and Industrial**  **Sectors**

**..................................................................... 5­23** 

**Table 5.3.7**  **Lamp and**  **Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Three­Lamp 40W**  **T12,**

**4,100K System**  **in the**  **Commercial and**  **Industrial Sectors** 

**........................................................ 5­24** 

**Table 5.3.8**  **Lamp Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Two­Lamp 40W**  **T12, 4,100K** 

**System in**  **the Residential**  **Sector................................................................................................ 5­25** 

**Table 5.3.9**  **Lamp and**  **Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Two­Lamp 40W**  **T12,**

**4,100K System**  **in the**  **Residential Sector...................................................................................**  **5­26**

**Table 5.3.10**  **Lamp and**  **Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Three­Lamp 34W**  **T12,**

**4,100K System**  **in the**  **Commercial and**  **Industrial Sectors** 

**........................................................ 5­28** 

**Table 5.3.11**  **Lamp Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Three­Lamp 32W**  **T8, 4,100K** 

**System in**  **the Commercial**  **and Industrial**  **Sectors**

**..................................................................... 5­30** 

**Table 5.3.12**  **Lamp and**  **Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Three­Lamp 32W**  **T8,**

**4,100K System**  **in the**  **Commercial and**  **Industrial Sectors** 

**........................................................ 5­30** 

**Table 5.3.13**  **Baseline Units**  **of Analysis**  **for 8­Foot**  **SP Slimline**  **Lamps**

**................................. 5­32** 

**Table 5.3.14**  **8­Foot SP**  **Slimline Lamp**  **Designs........................................................................ 5­35** 

**Table 5.3.15.**  **Summary of**  **the ELs**  **for 8­Foot**  **SP Slimline**  **Lamps With**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K....... 5­36** 

**Table 5.3.16**  **Lamp Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **75W T12,**  **4,100K System** 

**....... 5­42** 

**Table 5.3.17**  **Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **75W T12,**  **4,100K**

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­42**

**Table 5.3.18**  **Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **60W T12,**  **4,100K**

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­43**

**Table 5.3.19**  **Lamp Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Two­Lamp, 59W,**  **T8, 4,100K** 

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­44**

**Table 5.3.20**  **Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Two­Lamp, 59W,**  **T8,**

**4,100K System........................................................................................................................... 5­44** 

**Table 5.3.21**  **Baseline Units**  **of Analysis**  **for 8­Foot**  **RDC High­Output**  **Lamps....................... 5­45** 

**Table 5.3.22**  **8­Foot RDC**  **HO Lamp**  **Designs............................................................................ 5­47** 

**Table 5.3.23**  **Summary of**  **the ELs**  **for 8­Foot**  **RDC HO**  **Lamps With**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K............ 5­48** 

**Table 5.3.24**  **Lamp Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **110W T12,**  **4,100K System** 

**..... 5­51** 

**Table 5.3.25**  **Lamp­and­Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **110W T12,**  **4,100K**

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­52**

**5­ii Table**  **5.3.26 Lamp­and­Ballast**  **Replacement Engineering**  **Analysis for**  **a 95W**  **T12, 4,100K** 

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­53**

**Table 5.3.27**  **Baseline Unit**  **of Analysis**  **for 4­Foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **Standard­Output Lamps** 

**........ 5­54** 

**Table 5.3.28**  **4­Foot T5**  **MiniBP SO**  **Lamp Designs** 

**.................................................................. 5­56** 

**Table 5.3.29**  **Summary of**  **the ELs**  **for 4­Foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **SO Lamps**  **With CCTs**  **≤ 4,500K** 

**.. 5­57** 

**Table 5.3.30**  **Lamp Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Two­Lamp 28W**  **T5, 4,100K** 

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­60**

**Table 5.3.31**  **Lamp and**  **Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Two­Lamp 28W**  **T5,**

**4,100K System........................................................................................................................... 5­60** 

**Table 5.3.32**  **Baseline Unit**  **of Analysis**  **for 4­Foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **High­Output Lamps** 

**.............. 5­61** 

**Table 5.3.33**  **4­Foot T5**  **MiniBP HO**  **Lamp Designs..................................................................**  **5­63**

**Table 5.3.34**  **Summary of**  **the ELs**  **for 4­Foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **HO Lamps**  **With CCTs**  **≤ 4,500K..**  **5­64**

**Table 5.3.35**  **Lamp Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Two­Lamp 54W**  **T5, 4,100K** 

**System........................................................................................................................................ 5­65**

**Table 5.3.36**  **Lamp and**  **Ballast Replacement**  **Engineering Analysis**  **for a**  **Two­Lamp 54W**  **T5,**

**4,100K System........................................................................................................................... 5­65** 

**Table 5.4.1**  **Product Classes**  **for Incandescent**  **Reflector Lamps...............................................**  **5­66**

**Table 5.4.2**  **IRL Representative**  **Product Class**  **and Baseline**  **Lamps........................................ 5­67** 

**Table 5.4.3**  **Summary of**  **the ELs**  **for IRL**  **With Diameters**  **Greater Than**  **2.5 Inches**  **and**

**Operating Voltages**  **Less Than**  **125V......................................................................................... 5­69** 

**Table 5.4.4 IRL Engineering Analysis 50W PAR30................................................................ 5­71** 

**Table 5.4.5.**  **IRL Engineering**  **Analysis for**  **75W PAR38** 

**......................................................... 5­72** 

**Table 5.4.6**  **IRL Engineering**  **Analysis for**  **90W PAR38** 

**.......................................................... 5­73** 

**Table 5.5.1**  **Efficacy Requirements**  **for 2­Foot**  **U­Shaped Lamps**  **With CCTs**  **Less Than**  **or Equal** 

**To 4,500K** 

**............................................................................................................................... ...**  **5­74**

**Table 5.5.2**  **Efficacy Requirements**  **For 4­Foot**  **MBP Lamps**  **With CCTs**  **Above 4,500K** 

**....... 5­74** 

**Table 5.5.3**  **Efficacy Requirements**  **For 8­Foot**  **SP Slimline**  **Lamps With**  **CCTs Above**  **4,500K. 5­** 

**74**

**Table 5.5.4**  **Efficacy Requirements**  **For 8­Foot**  **RDC HO**  **Lamps With**  **CCTs Above**  **4,500K. 5­75** 

**Table 5.5.5**  **Efficacy Requirements**  **For 4­Foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **SO Lamps**  **With CCTs**  **Above**

**4,500K........................................................................................................................................ 5­75**

**Table 5.5.6**  **Efficacy Requirements**  **For 4­Foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **HO Lamps**  **With CCTs**  **Above**

**4,500K........................................................................................................................................ 5­75**

**Table 5.5.7**  **Efficacy Levels**  **For 2­Foot**  **U­Shaped Lamps**  **With CCTs**  **Greater Than**  **4,500K. 5­75** 

**Table 5.5.8**  **Summary of**  **the ELs**  **for Modified­Spectrum**  **IRL With**  **Diameters Greater**  **Than 2.5** 

**Inches and**  **Operating Voltages**  **Less Than**  **125V....................................................................... 5­76** 

**Table 5.5.9**  **Summary of**  **the ELs**  **for Standard­Spectrum**  **IRL With**  **Diameters Less**  **Than or** 

**Equal To**  **2.5 Inches**  **and Operating Voltages**  **Less Than**  **125V................................................. 5­77**

**Table 5.5.10**  **Summary of**  **the ELs**  **for Standard**  **Spectrum IRL**  **With Diameters**  **Greater Than**  **2.5**

**Inches and**  **Operating Voltages**  **Greater Than**  **or Equal**  **to 125V** 

**............................................... 5­78** 

**Table 5.6.1**  **Summary of**  **All Efficacy**  **Levels for**  **Covered GSFL** 

**............................................ 5­78** 

**Table 5.6.2**  **Summary of**  **All Efficacy**  **Levels for**  **Covered IRL................................................**  **5­79**

LIST O F FIGURES

**5­iii 14**  **Figure 5**  **.3.1 Efficacy**  **Levels for**  **4­Foot MBP**  **Fluorescent Lamps**  **With CCTs**  **≤ 4,500K** 

**....... 5­10** 

**Figure 5.3.2**  **Three­Lamp 32W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **Percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.98­1.05 .................................................................................................................................... 5­13**

**Figure 5.3.3**  **Three­Lamp 30W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **Percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**1.07­1.12 .................................................................................................................................... 5­13**

**Figure 5.3.4**  **Three­Lamp 28W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **Percent, PF**  **>0.98, and**  **BEF**

**1.16­1.20 .................................................................................................................................... 5­14**

**Figure 5.3.5**  **Three­Lamp 25W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **Percent, and**  **BEF 1.31­1.34** 

**.. 5­** 

**Figure 5**  **.3.6 Two­Lamp**  **32W T8**  **120V Ballasts**  **with THD**  **<20 Percent,**  **PF >0.95,**  **and BEF** 

**1.40­1.53 .................................................................................................................................... 5­15**

**Figure 5.3.7**  **Two­Lamp 30W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **Percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**1.56­1.67 .................................................................................................................................... 5­16**

**Figure 5.3.8**  **Two­Lamp 28W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **Percent, PF**  **>0.98, and**  **BEF**

**1.69­1.73 .................................................................................................................................... 5­16**

**Figure 5.3.9**  **Two­Lamp 25W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **Percent, PF**  **>0.98, and**  **BEF**

**1.91­1.97 .................................................................................................................................... 5­17**

**Figure 5.3.10**  **Two­Lamp 40W**  **120V Ballasts**  **with <20**  **Percent THD,**  **PF >0.95,**  **and BEF**  **1.20­**

**1.22 i**  **n t**  **he Commercial**  **and Industrial**  **Sectors.......................................................................... 5­18** 

**Figure 5.3.11**  **Three­Lamp 40W**  **120V Ballasts**  **Linear Fit**  **(Based on**  **Slope Change**  **from Two** 

**Lamp to**  **Three­Lamp Ballasts**  **for 32W**  **T8 Applied**  **to T12**  **and Common**  **T12 Electronic**  **Ballast)**

**............................................................................................................................... ..................... 5­19** 

**Figure 5.3.12**  **Two­Lamp 34W**  **120V Ballasts**  **with <20**  **Percent THD,**  **PF >0.95,**  **and BEF**  **1.42­**

**1.44 i**  **n t**  **he Commercial**  **and Industrial**  **Sectors.......................................................................... 5­19** 

**Figure 5.3.13**  **Three­Lamp 34W**  **120V Ballasts**  **(Based on**  **Slope Change**  **from Two­Lamp**  **to**

**Three­Lamp Ballasts**  **for T8**  **Applied to**  **T12 and**  **Common T12**  **Electronic Ballast)** 

**................ 5­20** 

**Figure 5.3.14**  **Two­Lamp 40W**  **Ballasts with**  **<40 Percent**  **THD, PF**  **>0.55, and**  **BEF 1.12­1.18**  **in**

**the Residential**  **Sector**

**................................................................................................................ 5­21** 

**Figure 5.3.15**  **Two­Lamp 34W**  **Ballasts with**  **<50 Percent**  **THD, PF**  **>0.53, and**  **BEF 1.37­1.56**  **in**

**the Residential**  **Sector**

**................................................................................................................ 5­21** 

**Figure 5.3.16**  **Efficacy Levels**  **for 8­Foot**  **SP Slimline**  **Lamps With**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K**

**.............. 5­34** 

**Figure 5.3.17**  **Two­Lamp 75W**  **T12 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.64­0.66; Linear**  **Fit: m=100.0,**  **b=47.0**

**.................................................................................... 5­37** 

**Figure 5.3.18**  **Two­Lamp 60W**  **T12 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.79­0.80; Linear**  **Fit: m=100.0,**  **b=22.0**

**.................................................................................... 5­38** 

**Figure 5.3.19**  **Two­Lamp 59W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.77­0.79; Linear**  **Fit: m=123.7,**  **b=4.0**

**...................................................................................... 5­39** 

**Figure 5.3.20**  **Two­Lamp 57W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.80­0.81; Linear**  **Fit: m=50.0,**  **b=63.5**

**...................................................................................... 5­40** 

**Figure 5.3.21**  **Two­Lamp 55W**  **T8 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <10**  **percent, and**  **BEF 0.86;**  **Linear**

**Fit: m=118.4,**  **b=­2.2**

**.................................................................................................................. 5­41** 

**Figure 5.3.22**  **Efficacy Levels**  **for 8­Foot**  **RDC HO**  **Lamps With**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K**

**.................. 5­47** 

**Figure 5.3.23**  **Two­Lamp 110W**  **T12 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.42­0.43; Linear**  **Fit: m=307.7,**  **b=­65.4**

**................................................................................... 5­49** 

**Figure 5.3.24**  **Two­Lamp 95W**  **T12 120V**  **Ballasts with**  **THD <20**  **percent, PF**  **>0.95, and**  **BEF**

**0.48­0.52; Linear**  **Fit: m=433.3,**  **b=­204.3**

**................................................................................. 5­49** 

**5­iv Figure**  **5.3.25 Two­Lamp**  **86W T8**  **120V Ballasts**  **with THD**  **<20 percent,**  **PF >0.95,**  **and BEF** 

**0.54­0.55; Linear**  **Fit: m=128.6,**  **b=46.9**

**.................................................................................... 5­50** 

**Figure 5.3.26 Efficacy Levels for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K......... 5­56** 

**Figure 5.3.27**  **Two­Lamp 28W**  **T5 Ballasts**  **with THD**  **<10 percent,**  **PF >0.95,**  **and BEF**  **1.52­1.67**

**............................................................................................................................... ..................... 5­58** 

**Figure 5.3.28**  **Two­Lamp 26W**  **T5 Ballasts**  **with THD**  **<10 percent,**  **PF >0.95,**  **and BEF**  **1.67­1.71**

**............................................................................................................................... ..................... 5­58** 

**Figure 5.3.29**  **Efficacy Level**  **for 4­Foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **HO Fluorescent**  **Lamps With**  **CCTs ≤** 

**4,500K........................................................................................................................................ 5­63**

**Figure 5.4.1**  **Baselines and**  **Reduced Wattage**  **Options for**  **IRL With**  **Diameters Greater**  **Than 2.5** 

**Inches and**  **Voltages Less**  **Than 125V........................................................................................**  **5­70**

**5­v**CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

5.1 I NTRODUCTION

**Th is**  **c hapter**  **provides the**  **technical support**  **documentation for**  **the engineering**  **analyses**

**of general**  **service fluorescent**  **lamps (GSFL)**  **and incandescent**  **reflector lamps**  **(IRL). Generally,** 

**the purpose**  **of the**  **engineering analysis**  **is to**  **develop efficacy**  **levels (ELs)**  **that encompass**  **the**

**range of**  **products affected**  **by a**  **standard, from**  **the baseline**  **products to**  **the maximum** 

**technologically feasible**  **products, and**  **develop power**  **rating estimates**  **for the**  **products analyzed.** 

**The outputs**  **from the**  **engineering analysis**  **are critical**  **inputs to**  **subsequent cost­benefit** 

**calculations for**  **individual consumers.** 

**The e**  **ngineering analysis**  **follows the**  **screening analysis**  **(Chapter 4),**  **in which**  **the U.S.** 

**Department of**  **Energy (DOE)**  **identifies design**  **options that**  **are later**  **used for**  **the rulemaking** 

**analyses. Design**  **options include**  **discrete technologies,**  **such as**  **krypton fill**  **gas, that**  **incorporate**

**one or**  **more technologies**  **that improve**  **efficacy. DOE**  **develops product**  **efficacy levels** 

**associated with**  **lamps designs**  **that incorporate**  **a range**  **of design**  **options.**

**While s**  **ome engineering**  **analyses for**  **other rulemakings**  **discuss manufacturer**  **production**

**costs or**  **selling prices**  **and relate**  **cost or**  **price to**  **efficacy, this**  **engineering analysis**  **does not** 

**address manufacturer**  **costs or**  **mark­ups. In**  **this rulemaking,**  **DOE develops**  **end­user prices**  **for**

**lamp and**  **lamp­and­ballast designs**  **analyzed by**  **discounting published**  **list prices**  **(i.e., “blue**  **book**

**pricing”). The**  **product price**  **determination (Chapter**  **7) discusses**  **the pricing**  **methodology and** 

**results. By**  **combining the**  **results of**  **the engineering**  **analysis and**  **the product**  **price**

**determination, DOE**  **derives the**  **necessary inputs**  **for use**  **in the**  **life cycle**  **cost (LCC)**  **analysis and** 

**national impacts**  **analysis (NIA).**  **In particular,**  **DOE develops**  **lamp and**  **lamp­and­ballast designs** 

**associated with**  **particular ELs**  **and end­user**  **prices.**

**This c**  **hapter starts**  **with an**  **outline of**  **the engineering**  **analysis (section**  **5.2), followed**  **by**

**specifics on**  **the engineering**  **analysis for**  **GSFL (section**  **5.3) and**  **IRL (section**  **5.4). Each**  **section**

**provides detailed**  **information on**  **the baseline**  **lamps and**  **representative product**  **classes DOE** 

**chooses to**  **analyze, the**  **development of**  **ELs, and**  **the results**  **of the**  **engineering analysis.**  **Section**

**5.5 d**  **iscusses h**  **ow DOE**  **extends its**  **results from**  **the representative**  **product classes**  **to those** 

**products it**  **does not**  **analyze.**

5.2 E NGINEERING A NALYSIS FRAMEWORK

**To the**  **e xtent**  **possible, DOE**  **bases the**  **engineering analysis**  **on commercially**  **available**

**lamps that**  **incorporate the**  **design options**  **identified in**  **the technology**  **assessment and**  **screening**

**analysis (Chapter**  **4). For**  **GSFL and**  **IRL, DOE**  **also bases**  **the majority**  **of the**  **engineering**

**analysis on**  **commercially available**  **lamps. However,**  **where needed,**  **DOE supplements**  **these**

**lamps with**  **additional model**  **lamps that**  **use commercially**  **available­technologies.**

**5­1 The**  **engineering analysis**  **for each**  **of the**  **two categories**  **of lamps**  **DOE analyzes**  **in this** 

**rulemaking (i.e.,**  **GSFL and**  **IRL) follows**  **a similar**  **approach:**

**Step 1** 

**.** Representative Product Classes

**. DOE**  **reviews covered**  **lamps and**  **the associated** 

**product classes.**  **When a**  **product has**  **multiple product**  **classes, DOE**  **selects certain** 

**classes as**  **“representative” and**  **concentrates its**  **analytical effort**  **on these.**  **DOE**

**selects representative**  **product classes**  **primarily because**  **of their**  **high market** 

**volumes. Section**  **5.5 discusses**  **how DOE**  **extrapolated from**  **representative product** 

**classes to**  **other product**  **classes.**

**Step 2** 

**.** Baseline Lamps

**. DOE**  **selects baseline**  **lamps from**  **the representative**  **product**

**classes. Generally,**  **a baseline**  **lamp is**  **one that**  **just meets**  **existing mandatory**  **energy**

**conservation standards**  **or represents**  **the typical**  **lamp sold.**  **DOE selects**  **specific**

**characteristics such**  **as certain**  **correlated color**  **temperatures (CCTs),**  **operating**

**lifetimes, and**  **light outputs**  **to characterize**  **the most**  **common lamps**  **consumers**

**purchase. DOE**  **selects multiple**  **baseline lamps**  **in each**  **product class**  **to ensure** 

**consideration of**  **different high­volume**  **lamps and**  **their associated**  **consumer**

**economics.**

**Step 3** 

**.** Lamp and Ballast Designs

**. DOE**  **selects more**  **efficacious lamps**  **for each**  **baseline**

**lamp in**  **the representative**  **product classes**  **by considering**  **technologies not** 

**eliminated in**  **the screening**  **analysis. DOE**  **considers these**  **technologies either** 

**explicitly as**  **design options**  **or implicitly**  **as design**  **options incorporated**  **into**

**commercially available**  **lamps at**  **the efficacy**  **levels evaluated.**  **In identifying**  **more**

**efficacious lamp**  **and ballast**  **designs, DOE**  **recognizes that**  **a lamp’s**  **lumen package** 

**and performance**  **characteristics are**  **important design**  **criteria for**  **consumers. For** 

**example, if**  **consumers do**  **not have**  **the option**  **to purchase**  **substitution lamps**  **or**

**lamp­and­ballast systems**  **with similar**  **lumen packages**  **under an**  **energy**

**conservation standard,**  **consumers would**  **need to**  **change the**  **lighting design**  **to**

**maintain a**  **similar light**  **output. Therefore,**  **DOE establishes**  **lamp­and­ballast**

**designs for**  **the LCC**  **analysis so**  **that potential**  **light output**  **is equal**  **to, greater**  **than,**

**or no**  **more than**  **10 percent**  **less than**  **the light**  **output of**  **the baseline**  **system. DOE** 

**also chooses**  **substitute lamps**  **with performance**  **characteristics similar**  **to those**  **of**

**the baseline**  **lamps.**

**In i**  **dentifying more**  **efficacious substitutes,**  **DOE uses**  **a database**  **of commercially** 

**available lamps.**  **For the**  **GSFL LCC,**  **DOE develops**  **the engineering**  **analysis based** 

**on two**  **substitution cases**  **in which**  **consumers can**  **maintain light**  **output while** 

**decreasing energy**  **consumption. In**  **the first**  **case, the**  **consumer replaces**  **the**

**baseline lamp**  **with a**  **more efficacious,**  **lower­wattage lamp**  **that operates**  **on the** 

**existing ballast.**  **In the**  **second case,**  **the consumer**  **replaces the**  **lamp­and­ballast**

**system with**  **a more**  **efficacious same**  **or lower­wattage**  **lamp and**  **a different**  **ballast.**

**For example,**  **a lamp­and­ballast**  **system with**  **a more**  **efficacious, same­wattage** 

**5­2 1**  **lamp and**  **lower ballast**  **factor (BF) ballast**  **will consume**  **less energy**  **and maintain** 

**light output.** 

**For I**  **RL, DOE**  **uses some**  **commercially available**  **lamps, but**  **also developed** 

**“model” lamps.**  **These models**  **incorporate designs**  **that may**  **not be**  **commercially**

**available for**  **certain lamp**  **types and**  **wattages, but**  **use commercially**  **available**

**technologies.**

**Step 4** 

**.** Efficacy Levels

**. After**  **identifying the**  **more efficacious**  **substitutes for**  **each baseline** 

**lamp or**  **lamp­and­ballast system,**  **DOE develops**  **ELs based**  **on three**  **factors: (1)**  **the**

**design options**  **associated with**  **the specific**  **lamps being**  **studied (e.g.,**  **grades of** 

**phosphor for**  **fluorescent lamps,**  **the use**  **of halogen**  **capsules for**  **IRL, etc.);**  **(2) the** 

**2 ability**  **of lamps**  **across wattages**  **to comply**  **with the**  **EL of**  **a given**  **product class;** 

**and (3)**  **the maximum**  **technologically feasible**  **efficacy level.** 

**The s**  **ections that**  **follow discuss**  **how DOE**  **applies this**  **methodology to**  **each product**  **class**

**to create**  **the engineering**  **analysis.**

5.3 G ENERAL S ERVICE FLUORESCENT LAMPS

**As d**  **iscussed in**  **the market**  **and technology**  **assessment (Chapter**  **3), DOE**  **revised the** 

**Energy Policy**  **and Conservation**  **Act (EPCA)**  **table of**  **standards for**  **fluorescent lamps**  **to twelve** 

**product classes,**  **as shown**  **in Table**  **5.3.1. Of**  **these twelve**  **product classes,**  **DOE chose**  **to analyze** 

**the five**  **classes that**  **represent high**  **shipment volumes–4­foot**  **medium bipin**  **(MBP), 8­foot**  **single**

**pin (SP)**  **slimline, 8­foot**  **recessed double**  **contact (RDC)**  **high output**  **(HO), 4­foot**  **miniature bipin** 

**(MiniBP) standard**  **output (SO),**  **and 4­foot**  **MiniBP HO**  **–all with**  **a CCT**  **less than**  **or equal**  **to**

**4,500 Kelvin**  **(K). The**  **4­foot MBP**  **lamps constitute**  **the vast**  **majority of**  **GSFL sales.**  **These are** 

**followed, in**  **order of**  **unit sales,**  **by 8­foot**  **SP slimline**  **lamps, 8­foot**  **RDC HO**  **lamps. Shipments** 

**of 2­foot**  **U­shaped lamps**  **have accounted**  **for less**  **than five**  **percent of**  **GSFL unit**  **sales**

**i historically**  **and have**  **remained stable**  **at that**  **level. Given the**  **relatively small**  **market share**  **of U** 

**shaped lamps,**  **DOE did**  **not explicitly**  **analyze these**  **lamps. While**  **total shipments**  **of 4­foot** 

**MiniBP SO**  **and HO**  **lamps (often**  **referred to**  **as T5**  **lamps) currently**  **have a**  **relatively small** 

**market share,**  **shipment trends**  **indicate that**  **the market**  **for these**  **lamps is**  **rapidly increasing.** 

**Therefore, DOE**  **directly analyzed**  **4­foot MiniBP**  **SO and**  **4­foot MiniBP**  **HO lamps..**  **In addition,** 

**as lamps**  **with CCTs**  **greater than**  **4,500K represent**  **small market**  **shares of**  **total GSFL**  **sales, DOE** 

**only analyzed**  **lamps with**  **CCTs less**  **than or**  **equal to**  **4,500K. DOE**  **discusses each**  **of the**  **five**

**representative product**  **classes separately**  **in the**  **sections that**  **follow.**

**1 The**  **“ballast factor”**  **of a**  **ballast is**  **the ratio**  **of the**  **light output**  **of a**  **fluorescent lamp**  **or lamps**  **operated on**  **a ballast** 

**to the**  **light output**  **of the**  **lamp(s) operated**  **on a**  **standard (reference)**  **ballast. Ballast**  **factor depends**  **on both**  **the**

**ballast and**  **the lamp**  **type; a**  **single ballast**  **can have**  **several ballast**  **factors depending**  **on lamp**  **type. The**  **light output** 

**of a**  **single fluorescent**  **lamp is**  **measured on**  **a ballast**  **with a**  **ballast factor**  **of 1.0.**  **One can**  **reduce the**  **light output**  **of a** 

**lamp­and­ballast system**  **by operating**  **a lamp**  **on a**  **ballast with**  **a lower**  **ballast factor.** 

**2 Efficacy**  **levels span**  **multiple lamps**  **of different**  **wattages. In**  **selecting ELs,**  **DOE considered**  **whether lamps**  **of**

**different wattages**  **can meet**  **the efficacy**  **levels prescribed**  **by those**  **ELs.**

**5­3 Although**  **DOE did**  **not create**  **a separate**  **engineering analysis**  **for 2­foot**  **U­shaped lamps** 

**or lamps**  **that have**  **a CCT**  **greater than**  **4,500K, DOE**  **established standards**  **for these**  **product**

**classes, based**  **on the**  **representative product**  **classes directly**  **analyzed. For**  **instance, DOE** 

**extended its**  **proposal for**  **the 4­foot**  **MBP product**  **class to**  **the 2­foot**  **U­shaped product**  **class.**

**This was**  **possible because**  **2­foot U­shaped**  **lamps generally**  **operate in**  **the same**  **way and** 

**typically span**  **the same**  **wattages as**  **4­foot MBP**  **lamps. For**  **lamps with**  **CCTs greater**  **than**

**4,500K, DOE**  **extended proposed**  **standards from**  **similar lamp**  **types with**  **a CCT**  **of less**  **than or** 

**equal to**  **4,500K. as**  **they operate**  **in a**  **similar fashion**  **and generally**  **span the**  **same wattages.** 

**Section 5.5**  **provides more**  **information on**  **extending standards**  **to the**  **product classes**  **DOE did** 

**not analyze.** 

Table 5 .3.1 DOE Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Product Classes for General Service

Fluorescent Lamps

Lamp Type For C CT ≤ 4,500K

Minimum Lamp Efficacy

lm/W* For C CT > 4,500K

Minimum Lamp

Efficacy

lm/W

**4­foot M**  **BP Representative**  **p roduct**  **class Scaled**  **f rom**  **≤4,500K**

**2­foot U**  **­shaped Scaled**  **f rom**  **4­foot MBP**  **Scaled f**  **rom ≤4,500K** 

**8­foot S**  **P slimline**  **Representative p**  **roduct class**  **Scaled f**  **rom ≤4,500K** 

**8­foot R**  **DC HO**  **Representative p**  **roduct class**  **Scaled f**  **rom ≤4,500K** 

**4­foot T**  **5 MiniBP**  **SO Representative**  **p roduct**  **class Scaled**  **f rom**  **≤ 4,500K** 

**4­foot T**  **5 MiniBP**  **HO Representative**  **p roduct**  **class Scaled**  **f rom**  **≤ 4,500K** 

***** **lm/ W** 

**= lumens**  **per watt** 

**In the**  **engineering analysis**  **for GSFL,**  **DOE based**  **its ELs**  **on lamps**  **because the**  **energy**

**conservation standards**  **only apply**  **to lamps.**  **However, DOE**  **used a**  **systems approach**  **in**

**analyzing these**  **representative product**  **classes because**  **both lamps**  **and ballasts**  **determine a** 

**system’s energy**  **use and**  **light output.**  **DOE paired**  **a lamp**  **with a**  **ballast to**  **develop lamp­and** 

**ballast systems.**  **By using**  **a systems**  **approach, DOE**  **was able**  **to demonstrate**  **the actual**  **energy**

**consumption and**  **light output**  **of an**  **operating lamp.** 

**Using t**  **his systems**  **approach, DOE**  **selected a**  **variety of**  **energy­saving lamp­and­ballast** 

**systems per**  **EL. In**  **general, DOE**  **chose its**  **lamp designs**  **(which refer**  **to lamp**  **substitution**

**options) and**  **lamp­and­ballast designs**  **(which refer**  **to lamp­and­ballast**  **substitution options)**  **by**

**selecting commercially**  **available fluorescent**  **lamps at**  **higher efficacies**  **than the**  **baseline lamps.** 

**Higher efficacies**  **are achieved**  **through a**  **variety of**  **technologies. As**  **discussed in**  **the screening** 

**analysis (Chapter**  **4), DOE**  **considered commercially**  **available GSFL**  **that use**  **highly emissive** 

**electrode coatings,**  **higher efficacy**  **lamp fill**  **gas composition,**  **higher efficacy**  **phosphors, glass** 

**coatings, or**  **higher efficacy**  **lamp diameter**  **to achieve**  **higher efficacy**  **lamp designs.** 

**For t**  **he LCC,**  **DOE analyzed**  **lamp­and­ballast systems**  **that both**  **save energy**  **and**

**maintain comparable**  **light output.**  **In particular,**  **DOE considered**  **lamp­and­ballast designs**  **that**

**emit mean**  **lumens equal**  **to, greater**  **than, or**  **no more**  **than 10**  **percent less**  **than the**  **light output**  **of**

**the baseline**  **system. DOE**  **maintained light**  **output across**  **efficacy levels**  **to ensure**  **that products** 

**supply equivalent**  **service in**  **the base**  **case and**  **standards case.** 

**5­4 In**  **assessing light**  **output, DOE**  **made a**  **distinction between**  **mean and**  **initial lumens.** 

**DOE used**  **initial lumens**  **in its**  **test procedures**  **to measure**  **compliance with**  **a standard.**  **This is** 

**consistent with**  **consensus industry**  **standards on**  **efficacy measurements.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **used**

**initial lumens**  **to calculate**  **ELs. However,**  **the light**  **output of**  **a lamp**  **decreases over**  **time. To** 

**account for**  **this real­world**  **depreciation in**  **lumens, DOE**  **used mean**  **lumens to**  **determine**

**equivalent substitutes**  **in the**  **LCC and**  **to determine**  **the light**  **output of**  **GSFL in**  **the NIA.** 

**For G**  **SFL, energy**  **savings can**  **be achieved**  **either through**  **lamp replacements**  **or lamp** 

**and­ballast replacements.**  **For lamp**  **replacements, DOE**  **analyzed reduced­wattage,**  **higher**

**efficacy lamps**  **for use**  **on the**  **existing ballast.**  **For lamp­and­ballast**  **replacements, DOE**  **used a** 

**variety of**  **lamp­and­ballast combinations**  **to obtain**  **energy savings**  **and maintain**  **comparable**

**mean lumens.**  **These combinations**  **included both**  **reduced­wattage lamps**  **and constant­wattage** 

**lamps. For**  **example, energy**  **savings could**  **be achieved**  **using a**  **similar­wattage, higher­efficacy** 

**lamp with**  **a lower**  **BF ballast**  **while maintaining**  **mean lumen**  **output.**

**Some c**  **onsumers may**  **operate non­energy**  **saving systems.**  **For example,**  **a consumer**  **who**

**pairs a**  **constant­wattage, higher­efficacy**  **lamp with**  **an existing**  **ballast will**  **get more**  **light output** 

**but will**  **not save**  **energy. DOE**  **did not**  **consider such**  **non­energy­saving systems**  **in the**  **LCC**

**because energy**  **savings determine**  **whether a**  **consumer can**  **recoup any**  **higher first**  **costs of** 

**replacement products.**  **However, DOE**  **did take**  **into account**  **the use**  **of both**  **energy­saving and** 

**non­energy­saving systems**  **as well**  **as systems**  **that may**  **over­ or under­light**  **when aggregating** 

**market behavior**  **in the**  **NIA. This**  **reflects the**  **fact that**  **DOE cannot**  **require consumers**  **to change** 

**their ballast**  **along with**  **their lamp.**  **Appendix 5A**  **shows lamp­and­ballast**  **designs considered**  **in**

**the NIA.** 

**Because D**  **OE is**  **using a**  **systems approach,**  **the system**  **power rating**  **is an**  **important result** 

**of the**  **engineering analysis.**  **The system**  **power rating**  **represents the**  **energy consumption**  **rate of** 

**both the**  **lamps and**  **ballast, and**  **therefore is**  **actually greater**  **than simply**  **the rated**  **lamp power.** 

**While the**  **rated lamp**  **power affects**  **the system**  **power, the**  **system power**  **is also**  **affected by**  **the**

**type of**  **ballast used,**  **the BF**  **of that**  **ballast, and**  **the number**  **of lamps**  **operated per**  **ballast.**

**DOE c**  **alculated the**  **system power**  **data using**  **published catalog**  **information. For**  **each**

**lamp wattage**  **and ballast**  **type, DOE**  **linearly fitted**  **the system**  **power rating**  **of a**  **lamp on**  **several**

**different ballasts**  **with varying**  **ballast factors.**  **DOE used**  **this linear**  **fit to**  **derive the**  **system**

**power rating**  **of the**  **lamp on**  **the ballasts**  **used in**  **the analysis.**  **The linear**  **fit follows**  **the equation** 

**below:**

SPR

= m ***** BF + b Eq. 5.1

**where:**

SPR

= **System Power**  **Rating**

BF

= **Ballast Factor** 

m = **S lope**  **of Linear**  **Fit**

b

= **Y ­Intercept**  **of Linear**  **Fit**

**DOE co**  **nsidered both**  **magnetic and**  **electronic ballasts.**  **For 4­foot**  **T8 and**  **4­foot T12** 

**systems, DOE**  **used system**  **power data**  **from manufacturer**  **literature to**  **develop a**  **linear fit**  **for**

**lamps on**  **three­lamp and**  **two­lamp, 120V,**  **electronic instant­start**  **ballasts with**  **similar ballast** 

**5­5 3**  **efficacy factors**  **(BEF). For some**  **4­foot T12s,**  **DOE also**  **used one­lamp**  **and two­lamp**  **120V,**

**magnetic, rapid­start**  **ballasts with**  **common ballast**  **efficacy factors.**  **A linear**  **fit was**  **not**

**necessary for**  **these magnetic**  **systems because**  **DOE used**  **only one**  **type of**  **magnetic ballast**  **in the** 

**analysis. For**  **8­foot T8**  **and 8­foot**  **T12 SP**  **slimline and**  **RDC HO**  **lamps, DOE**  **used system** 

**power data**  **from manufacturer**  **literature to**  **develop a**  **linear fit**  **for lamps**  **on two­lamp,**  **120V,**

**electronic instant­start**  **ballasts. DOE**  **also used**  **data for**  **some 8­foot**  **T12 SP**  **slimline and**  **RDC**

**HO lamps**  **on two­lamp,**  **120V, magnetic,**  **instant­start ballasts.**  **Again, a**  **linear fit**  **is not** 

**necessary for**  **the magnetic**  **systems because**  **DOE used**  **only one**  **ballast per**  **lamp type**  **in the** 

**analysis. For**  **T5 lamps,**  **DOE used**  **system power**  **data from**  **manufacturer literature**  **to develop**  **a**

**linear fit**  **for lamps**  **on a**  **two­lamp, 120V,**  **electronic programmed­start**  **ballast.**

5.3.1 Four­Foot M BP GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

**DOE selected**  **the 4­foot**  **MBP with**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K product**  **class as**  **a representative** 

**product class**  **for GSFL**  **because it**  **has the**  **highest volume**  **shipments of**  **all the**  **product classes**  **for**

**fluorescent lamps.**  **DOE reviewed**  **the range**  **of commercially**  **available lamp­and­ballast** 

**combinations to**  **pair each**  **lamp it**  **analyzed with**  **a ballast.**  **DOE found**  **that ballasts**  **for 4­foot** 

**MBP ballasts**  **are available**  **in a**  **variety of**  **lamp­per­ballast designs.**  **For example,**  **electronic**

**ballasts are**  **typically manufactured**  **in one­,**  **two­, three­,**  **and four­lamp**  **versions. According**  **to**

**ii the**  **2000 rule**  **on GSFL**  **ballasts (“2000**  **Ballast Rule”), there**  **are on**  **average 2.8**  **lamps per**  **4­foot**

**MBP system.**  **62 FR**  **56740 (September**  **19, 2000).**  **To most**  **accurately represent**  **the market**  **and**

**simplify the**  **analysis, DOE**  **used a**  **three­lamp system**  **for 4­foot**  **MBP lamps**  **operating on** 

**electronic ballasts**  **in the**  **commercial sector.**  **(This decision**  **effectively spreads**  **the cost**  **of a**  **new**

**ballast over**  **the average**  **number of**  **lamps per**  **system). To**  **make a**  **comparison between** 

**electronic and**  **magnetic 4­foot**  **MBP systems,**  **and because**  **three­lamp magnetic**  **ballasts typically** 

**are not**  **sold, DOE**  **developed a**  **system that**  **combines a**  **two­lamp magnetic**  **and one­lamp** 

**magnetic ballast.**  **This allowed**  **DOE to**  **compare similar**  **light output**  **packages and**  **make a**  **level**

**4 comparison**  **on energy**  **use. As a**  **review of**  **manufacturer catalogs**  **indicated that**  **two­lamp**

**ballasts were**  **most prevalent**  **in the**  **residential sector,**  **DOE developed**  **a separate**  **engineering**

**analysis for**  **4­foot MBP**  **lamps in**  **the residential**  **based on**  **these two­lamp**  **systems.**

5.3.1.1 Baseline M odels

**The 4­foot**  **MBP product**  **class represents**  **high­volume T12**  **and T8**  **4­foot MBP**  **lamps**

**operating on**  **various ballasts.**  **To reflect**  **the most**  **common lamp**  **and wattage**  **combinations for** 

**3 Energy**  **efficient ballasts**  **are characterized**  **as having**  **higher ballast**  **efficacy factors**  **(BEF). The**  **BEF is**  **directly**

**related to**  **the quotient**  **of the**  **BF and**  **the power**  **consumed by**  **the ballast,**  **such that**  **a ballast**  **maintaining BF**  **while**

**reducing power**  **consumption will**  **have a**  **higher BEF,**  **and be**  **a more**  **energy­efficient ballast.**  **In its**  **analysis, DOE** 

**varied the**  **ballast BF,**  **not the**  **BEF (given**  **the same**  **lamp wattage**  **and ballast**  **type (“electronic”**  **or “magnetic”)),**  **in its** 

**assessment of**  **standards for**  **fluorescent lamps.**  **DOE will**  **be considering**  **new and**  **amended BEF**  **standards in**  **a**

**separate fluorescent**  **lamp ballast**  **rulemaking.**

**4 DOE**  **recognizes that**  **the combined**  **cost of**  **a one­lamp**  **and two­lamp**  **magnetic system**  **would be**  **higher than**  **the**

**cost of**  **a three­lamp**  **system if**  **it were**  **manufactured. However,**  **the comparative**  **economics between**  **a one­lamp**  **and**

**two­lamp magnetic**  **ballast versus**  **a three­lamp**  **electronic ballast**  **is not**  **an issue**  **in DOE’s**  **calculation of**  **the LCC.** 

**Since ballast**  **standards will**  **be effective**  **in 2010**  **for non­residential**  **4­foot ballasts,**  **DOE assumes**  **that all**  **new 4­foot** 

**non­residential ballast**  **sales are**  **electronic.**

**5­6 this**  **product class**  **in the**  **commercial and**  **industrial sectors,**  **DOE selected**  **three baseline** 

**lamp/wattage combinations:**  **a 32W**  **T8, a**  **34W T12,**  **and a**  **40W T12.**  **In 2005,**  **T8 lamps** 

**represented 57**  **percent of**  **the 4­foot**  **MBP shipments,**  **of which**  **the 32W**  **lamp was**  **the most** 

**common. The**  **2005 shipments**  **of 4­foot**  **T12 lamps**  **represented 43**  **percent of**  **all 4­foot**  **MBP**

**shipments. The**  **34W T12**  **lamp comprised**  **approximately two­thirds**  **of these**  **shipments and**  **the**

**40W T12**  **was approximately**  **one­third. Therefore,**  **these three**  **baseline lamps**  **represent the**  **three**

**highest volume**  **lamp diameter**  **and wattage**  **combinations for**  **the 4­foot**  **MBP product**  **class in**  **the**

**commercial and**  **industrial sectors.**  **DOE also**  **found that**  **a significant**  **portion of**  **T12, 4­foot** 

**MBP lamps**  **operate in**  **the residential**  **sector. Conversations**  **with industry**  **experts as**  **well as**  **a**

**iii published**  **study prepared**  **for the**  **utility Pacific**  **Gas &**  **Electric (PG&E )**  **revealed that**  **residential**

**consumers are**  **most likely**  **to buy**  **a 40W**  **T12 lamp;**  **32W T8**  **lamps and**  **34W T12**  **lamps are**  **less**

**common. Therefore,**  **in the**  **residential sector,**  **DOE only**  **analyzed the**  **40W T12**  **lamp as**  **a**

**baseline lamp.** 

**For e**  **ach of**  **these baseline**  **model lamps,**  **DOE developed**  **a set**  **of typical**  **performance**

**characteristics. For**  **the 32W**  **4­foot T8**  **MBP lamp,**  **DOE selected**  **a lamp**  **using a**  **700 series**  **rare**

**earth phosphor.**  **These lamps**  **typically have**  **a color**  **rendering index**  **(CRI) of**  **70 to**  **79. During** 

**discussions with**  **industry experts,**  **DOE found**  **that this**  **lamp represents**  **the majority**  **of 4­foot**  **T8**

**MBP lamps**  **sold. Typically,**  **a baseline**  **product is**  **a unit**  **that just**  **meets the**  **existing energy** 

**conservation standard**  **for that**  **product (75.0**  **lm/W for**  **this product**  **class). However,**  **there are**  **no**

**T8 lamps**  **in this**  **product class**  **with an**  **efficacy as**  **low as**  **75.0 lm/W.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **selected a** 

**lamp with**  **an efficacy**  **of 86.2**  **lm/W because**  **it is**  **the most**  **common T8**  **lamp sold.**  **For new** 

**system installations,**  **DOE selected**  **T8 lamps**  **operating in**  **three­lamp fixtures.**  **These fixtures**  **are**

**assumed to**  **operate on**  **a 120V**  **instant­start electronic**  **ballast with**  **a 0.88**  **BF. Together,**  **the lamp** 

**and­ballast combination**  **in this**  **three­lamp system**  **has a**  **light emission**  **of approximately**  **6,650**

**mean lumens**  **(and 7,390**  **initial lumens)**  **when operating**  **with the**  **baseline lamp.** 

**For t**  **he 34W**  **4­foot T12**  **MBP lamp,**  **DOE selected**  **a cool**  **white lamp**  **with an**  **efficacy**

**that is**  **slightly above**  **the minimum**  **efficacy standard**  **(77.9 lm/W).**  **A review**  **of the**  **product**

**catalogs found**  **there are**  **no covered**  **34W 4­foot**  **T12 MBP**  **lamps that**  **are just**  **compliant with**  **the**

**standard (75.0**  **lm/W), or**  **any with**  **an efficacy**  **between 75.0**  **and 77.9**  **lm/W. For**  **the 40W**  **4­foot**

**T12 MBP**  **lamp in**  **the commercial**  **and industrial**  **sectors, DOE**  **selected a**  **lamp using**  **700 series** 

**rare earth**  **phosphor and**  **an efficacy**  **of 78**  **lm/W. DOE**  **paired both**  **commercial and**  **industrial 4­** 

**foot T12**  **MBP lamps**  **with a**  **rapid­start 120V**  **magnetic ballast,**  **which exhibits**  **a 0.88**  **BF when** 

**operating the**  **34W lamp**  **and a**  **0.95 BF**  **when operating**  **the 40W**  **lamp. This**  **combination of** 

**lamp and**  **ballast represents**  **the most**  **common configuration**  **for this**  **lamp in**  **existing and**  **new**

**installations. Together,**  **this lamp­and­ballast**  **combination in**  **a three­lamp**  **fixture creates**  **a**

**system package**  **of over**  **6,070 mean**  **lumens (and**  **nearly 7,000**  **initial lumens)**  **for the**  **baseline**

**34W lamps**  **and approximately**  **8,210 mean**  **lumens (and**  **9,120 initial**  **lumens) for**  **the baseline** 

**40W lamps.**  **As mentioned**  **earlier, DOE**  **assumed the**  **three­lamp fixture**  **is wired**  **using two** 

**magnetic ballasts** 

**– a**  **one­lamp and**  **a two­lamp**  **ballast connected**  **in tandem**  **with an**  **adjacent**

**fixture.**

**In t**  **he residential**  **sector, DOE**  **only analyzed**  **the 40W**  **4­foot T12**  **MBP lamp**  **as a**  **baseline**

**lamp. After**  **reviewing available**  **catalog information,**  **DOE found**  **that the**  **most common**  **40W**

**T12 lamp**  **sold in**  **the residential**  **sector is**  **different from**  **the 40W**  **T12 baseline**  **lamp for**  **the**

**commercial and**  **industrial sectors.**  **DOE chose**  **a 40W**  **4­foot T12**  **MBP baseline**  **lamp for**  **the**

**5­7 residential**  **sector that**  **has a**  **slightly lower**  **efficacy and**  **shorter lifetime**  **than the**  **typical 40W**  **T12**

**lamp sold**  **in the**  **commercial sector:**  **76.8 lm/W**  **and 15,000**  **hours. A**  **review of**  **catalog**

**information and**  **a PG&E**  **study revealed**  **that the**  **most common**  **residential sector**  **ballast is**  **a low** 

**iii power**  **factor 2­lamp**  **magnetic rapid**  **start T12**  **system with**  **a ballast**  **factor of**  **0.68.**

**For al**  **l baseline**  **lamps and**  **the more**  **efficacious lamp**  **designs, DOE**  **analyzed fluorescent** 

**lamps with**  **a CCT**  **of 4,100K.**  **DOE selected**  **this CCT**  **because it**  **represents the**  **highest volume** 

**CCT for**  **this category**  **of lamps**  **and because**  **it falls**  **within the**  **CCT span**  **of the**  **analyzed product** 

**class (2,500K**  **to 4,500K).**  **Additionally, the**  **typical lifetime**  **for the**  **three baseline**  **models for**  **this**

**product class**  **in the**  **commercial and**  **industrial sector**  **is 20,000**  **hours (using**  **a 3­hour**  **on­off**

**testing cycle).**  **In the**  **residential sector,**  **the typical**  **lifetime was**  **found to**  **be 15,000**  **hours (using** 

**a 3­hour**  **on­off testing**  **cycle). While**  **there are**  **lamps in**  **this product**  **class that**  **have other** 

**lifetimes under**  **the 3**  **hour on­off**  **testing cycle,**  **such as**  **18,000 or**  **24,000 hrs,**  **these lamps**  **do not** 

**represent the**  **typical unit**  **sold for**  **these three**  **lamp types** 

Table 5.3.2 Baseline Lamps for Commercial and Industrial 4­Foot MBP Engineering

Analysis

Lamp

Diameter Nominal

W attage CRI C CT R ated

E fficacy* Initial

L ight

Output Mean

L ight

Output Life

W K lm/W lm lm hr

**T 12**  **4 0**  **7 0**  **4 ,100**  **7 8.0**  **3 ,200**  **2 ,880**  **2 0,000** 

**T 12**  **3 4**  **6 2**  **4 ,100**  **7 7.9**  **2 ,650**  **2 ,300**  **2 0,000** 

**T 8**  **3 2**  **7 5**  **4 ,100**  **8 6.2**  **2 ,800**  **2 ,520**  **2 0,000** 

***** **Rat ed**  **e fficacy**  **is based**  **on the**  **rated wattage**  **of the**  **lamps, which**  **for T12**  **lamps is**  **41W and**  **34W and**  **for the**  **32W**

**T8 lamp**  **is 32.5W.** 

Table 5.3.3 Baseline Lamps for Residential 4­Foot MBP Engineering Analysis

Lamp

Diameter Nominal

W attage CRI C CT R ated

E fficacy* Initial

L ight

Output Mean

L ight

Output Life

W K lm/W lm lm hr

**T 12**  **4 0**  **7 0**  **4 ,100**  **7 6.8**  **3 ,150**  **2 ,860**  **1 5,000** 

***** **Rat ed**  **e fficacy**  **is based**  **on the**  **rated wattage**  **of the**  **lamps, which**  **for T12**  **lamps is**  **41W.**

5.3.1.2 Efficacy L evels

**For the**  **4­foot MBP**  **with CCTs**  **≤ 4,500K**  **product class,**  **DOE established**  **ELs around** 

**design options**  **that are**  **consistent across**  **all baseline**  **lamps. Because**  **these lamps**  **have different** 

**efficacy values**  **and some**  **represent various**  **design options,**  **some ELs**  **affect only**  **three of**  **the four** 

**baseline lamps.**  **However, the**  **full range**  **of ELs**  **ultimately specifies**  **requirements that**  **are above** 

**the efficacy**  **values of**  **all the**  **baseline lamps**  **sold, and**  **therefore affect**  **all four**  **baseline lamps.** 

**In s**  **electing ELs,**  **DOE considered**  **two different**  **paths to**  **energy savings.**  **The first** 

**involves reduced­wattage**  **replacement lamps**  **that could**  **be installed**  **in a**  **socket and**  **operate on** 

**5­8 the**  **existing ballast.**  **These lower­wattage**  **replacement lamps**  **have a**  **higher efficacy**  **and**

**therefore produce**  **approximately the**  **same light**  **output as**  **the baseline**  **lamp (i.e.,**  **light output** 

**never drops**  **below 10**  **percent of**  **the baseline**  **system).**

**The o**  **ther path**  **to energy**  **savings involves**  **lamps that**  **have the**  **same or**  **lower wattage**  **in**

**comparison with**  **the baseline**  **lamp, but**  **operate on**  **a new**  **ballast with**  **a different**  **BF so**  **the**

**system power**  **rating is**  **lower. DOE**  **selected a**  **ballast with**  **a particular**  **BF in**  **conjunction with** 

**the more**  **efficacious lamp**  **to produce**  **approximately the**  **same light**  **output as**  **the baseline**  **lamp**

**(i.e., light**  **output never**  **drops below**  **10 percent**  **of the**  **baseline system).** 

**Below i**  **s a**  **summary of**  **the ELs**  **considered for**  **4­foot MBP**  **lamps. The**  **following**

**discussion identifies**  **the steps**  **and technologies**  **associated with**  **each EL**  **DOE considered.**  **As**

**discussed in**  **the screening**  **analysis (Chapter**  **4), DOE**  **used design**  **options that**  **achieve a**  **higher**

**efficacy with**  **highly emissive**  **electrode coatings,**  **higher­efficacy lamp**  **fill gas**  **composition,**

**higher­efficacy phosphors,**  **glass coatings,**  **or higher­efficacy**  **lamp diameter.**  **Because high** 

**efficacy phosphors**  **and lamp**  **diameter are**  **common methods**  **to achieve**  **higher efficacies,**  **DOE**

**identified the**  **diameter and**  **phosphor associated**  **with each**  **EL:**

EL1

**. T**  **his level**  **affects the**  **three T12**  **baseline lamps.**  **Because the**  **baseline T8**  **lamp is** 

**above this**  **efficacy level,**  **consumers using**  **the T8**  **lamp are**  **not affected.**  **The 34W**  **T12 moves** 

**from a**  **cool white**  **halophosphor to**  **a 700**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor.**  **The 40W**  **T12 lamp**  **moves**

**from the**  **700 series**  **rare earth**  **to either**  **an improved**  **700 series**  **rare earth**  **phosphor or**  **800 series** 

**lamp.**

EL2

**. T**  **his level**  **also only**  **affects T12**  **lamps. For**  **the 34W**  **T12, the**  **lamps change**  **from**

**700 series**  **to 800**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor.**  **The 40W**  **T12 lamp**  **at this**  **level uses**  **a premium** 

**800 series**  **rare earth**  **phosphor.**

EL3

**. T**  **his level**  **affects all**  **four baseline**  **lamps. The**  **32W T8**  **lamp that**  **used 700**  **series**

**rare earth**  **phosphor in**  **the baseline**  **migrates to**  **an 800**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor**  **in a**  **32W lamp.** 

**The 34W**  **T12 lamp**  **uses an**  **800 series**  **rare earth**  **phosphor, and**  **may incorporate**  **other design** 

**options to**  **enhance efficacy,**  **such as**  **a different**  **gas fill**  **or increased**  **thickness of**  **the bulb­wall** 

**phosphor. At**  **this level**  **there are**  **no 40W**  **T12 lamps**  **that are**  **commercially available.** 

EL4

**. T**  **his level**  **affects all**  **four baseline**  **lamps. No**  **4,100K T12**  **lamps are**  **commercially**

**available that**  **meet this**  **efficacy requirement.**  **Therefore, users**  **of T12**  **lamps would**  **be forced**  **to**

**replace their**  **ballasts and**  **operate T8**  **lamps instead.**  **This level**  **requires the**  **use of**  **an improved** 

**800 series**  **rare earth**  **phosphor in**  **full­wattage (32W)**  **T8 lamps.**  **A 30W**  **T8 and**  **25W T8**  **lamp**

**that produces**  **an equivalent**  **amount of**  **light as**  **the baseline**  **unit on**  **a similar**  **ballast meet**  **this EL.** 

EL5

**. T**  **his level**  **affects all**  **three baseline**  **lamps. However,**  **no T12**  **lamps that**  **can meet** 

**this efficacy**  **requirement are**  **commercially available.**  **Therefore, users**  **of T12**  **lamps would**  **be**

**forced to**  **replace their**  **ballasts and**  **operate T8**  **lamps instead.**  **For the**  **T8 lamps,**  **this level** 

**represents “max­tech,”**  **the highest**  **efficacy level**  **available today.**  **It uses**  **premium 800**  **series**

**rare earth**  **phosphor and**  **may incorporate**  **other efficacy**  **improvements, such**  **as a**  **different gas**  **fill**

**or increased**  **thickness of**  **the bulb­wall**  **phosphor. The**  **28W T8**  **lamp that**  **produces an**  **equivalent**

**amount of**  **light on**  **the same**  **ballast as**  **the baseline**  **unit meets**  **this EL.** 

**5­9 Figure**  **5.3.1 illustrates**  **the five**  **ELs on**  **a plot**  **of commercially­available**  **fluorescent lamps** 

**DOE selected**  **to analyze.**  **A line**  **at 75**  **lm/W denotes**  **the existing**  **energy conservation**  **standard**

**(from the**  **Energy Policy**  **Act of**  **1992 (EPACT**  **1992)). Square**  **boxes and**  **labels identify**  **the four** 

**baseline lamps.**  **The plot**  **also shows**  **replacement lamps**  **DOE considered**  **for each**  **lamp at**  **higher**

**efficacies. Some**  **lamps are**  **at the**  **same wattage,**  **but have**  **a higher**  **efficacy; others**  **have a** 

**combination of**  **lower wattage**  **and higher**  **efficacy so**  **that the**  **lamp­and­ballast system**  **produces**

**light output**  **no less**  **than 10**  **percent of**  **the baseline.** RatedLampEfficacy(lm/W) 100.0

98.0

9 6.0

9 4.0

9 2.0

9 0.0

8 8.0

8 6.0

8 4.0

8 2.0

8 0.0

7 8.0

7 6.0

7 4.0

7 2.0 4­foot T8 medium bipin 4­foot T12 medium bipin

EL5

EL4

E L3

32W T 8 Baseline

EL2

E L1

3 4W T 12 Baseline 40W T 12 Commercial Baseline

40W T12 Residential Baseline

EPACT 1 992

24 2 6 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42

Rated W attage (W)

Figure 5.3.1 Efficacy Levels for 4­Foot MBP Fluorescent Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

**Table 5.3.4**  **provides detailed**  **information on**  **the 4­foot**  **MBP lamp**  **designs used**  **in the** 

**engineering analysis**  **and subsequent**  **analyses.**

**5­10**Table 5.3.4 4­Foot MBP Lamp Designs

EL Lamp

D iameter Nominal

W attage Rated

W attage Rated

E fficacy Initial L ight

Output Mean

L ight

Output Li fe C RI

W W lm/ W lm lm hr

**B asel**  **ine/0*** **T 12**  **4 0**  **4 1.0**  **7 6.8**  **3 ,150**  **2 ,860**  **1 5,000**  **7 0** 

**B asel**  **ine/0  ** T** **12 4**  **0 4**  **1.0 7**  **8.0 3**  **,200 2**  **,880 2**  **0,000 7**  **0**

**B asel**  **ine/0  ** T** **12 3**  **4 3**  **4.0 7**  **7.9 2**  **,650 2**  **,300 2**  **0,000 6**  **2**

**1 T12**  **4 0**  **4 1.0**  **8 0.5**  **3 ,300**  **3 ,000**  **2 0,000**  **8 0** 

**1 T12**  **3 4**  **3 4.0**  **8 2.4**  **2 ,800**  **2 ,460**  **2 0,000**  **7 0** 

**1 T12**  **4 0**  **4 1.0**  **8 2.9**  **3 ,400**  **3 ,060**  **2 4,000**  **8 0** 

**2 T12**  **3 4**  **3 4.0**  **8 5.3**  **2 ,900**  **2 ,610**  **2 0,000**  **8 0** 

**B asel**  **ine/2 T**  **8 3**  **2 3**  **2.5 8**  **6.2 2**  **,800 2**  **,520 2**  **0,000 7**  **5**

**2 T12**  **4 0**  **4 1.0**  **8 7.8**  **3 ,600**  **3 ,250**  **2 4,000**  **8 5** 

**3 T8**  **3 2**  **3 2.5**  **9 0.8**  **2 ,950**  **2 ,710**  **2 0,000**  **8 2** 

**3 T12**  **3 4**  **3 4.0**  **9 1.2**  **3 ,100**  **2 ,790**  **2 4,000**  **8 5** 

**4 T8**  **3 2**  **3 2.5**  **9 2.3**  **3 ,000**  **2 ,850**  **2 4,000**  **8 5** 

**4 T8**  **2 5**  **2 6.6**  **9 3.0**  **2 ,475**  **2 ,350**  **3 0,000**  **8 5** 

**4 T8**  **30 3**  **0.4 9**  **3.8 2**  **,850 2**  **,680 2**  **0,000 8**  **2**

**5 T8**  **3 2**  **3 2.5**  **9 5.4**  **3 ,100**  **2 ,915**  **2 4,000**  **8 2** 

**5 T8**  **2 8**  **2 8.4**  **9 6.0**  **2 ,725**  **2 ,560**  **1 8,000**  **8 2** 

***** **This baseline**  **lamp is**  **used only**  **in the**  **residential sector.** 

****These baseline**  **lamps are**  **used only**  **in the**  **commercial and**  **industrial sectors.** 

**As seen**  **above, DOE**  **used commercially­available**  **lamps and**  **their associated**  **rated**

**efficacies (rated**  **initial lumen**  **output divided**  **by the**  **ANSI rated**  **wattage) to**  **determine the**  **design**

**options required**  **to meet**  **each efficacy**  **level. However,**  **to establish**  **the minimum**  **efficacy**

**requirements for**  **each efficacy**  **level, DOE**  **coupled catalog**  **data on**  **commercially­available lamps** 

**with data**  **submitted to**  **DOE by**  **manufacturers for**  **the purpose**  **of compliance**  **with existing** 

**energy conservation**  **standards for**  **general service**  **fluorescent lamps.**  **By analyzing**  **manufacturer**

**compliance reports,**  **DOE found**  **that efficacies**  **of lamps**  **when reported**  **for the**  **purpose of** 

**compliance often**  **vary from**  **catalog­rated values.**  **Because the**  **test procedures**  **for GSFL** 

**incorporate a**  **tolerance factor**  **comparing measured**  **lamp wattage**  **to ANSI­rated**  **wattage, the** 

**measured efficacy**  **of the**  **lamps may**  **be significantly**  **different from**  **the rated**  **efficacy. In** 

**addition, using**  **rated lamp**  **efficacy does**  **not account**  **for lot­to­lot**  **production variability**  **which**

**does affect**  **the efficacy**  **at which**  **the lamps**  **comply. As**  **the efficacy**  **reported for**  **compliance is** 

**related to**  **the lower**  **limit of**  **the 95­percent**  **confidence interval,**  **significant variability**  **in**

**production may**  **result in**  **compliance efficacies**  **that are**  **lower than**  **rated efficacies.** 

**For t**  **hese reasons,**  **to establish**  **GSFL minimum**  **efficacy requirements**  **associated with** 

**each efficacy**  **level, DOE**  **used lamp**  **efficacy values**  **submitted to**  **DOE over**  **the past**  **10 years**  **for**

**the purpose**  **of compliance**  **with existing**  **energy conservation**  **standards. Specifically,**  **DOE**

**determined the**  **compliance efficacies**  **of commercially­available**  **lamps used**  **in the**  **engineering**

**analysis. For**  **example, as**  **seen in**  **Figure 5.3.1,**  **DOE established**  **EL2 around**  **allowing three** 

**5­11 specific**  **lamps to**  **comply: the**  **baseline 32W**  **T8 lamp,**  **the 34W**  **T12, 800**  **series lamp**  **with initial** 

**lumen output**  **of 3,100**  **lumens, and**  **the 40W**  **T12, 800**  **series lamps**  **with initial**  **lumen output**  **of**

**3,250 lumens.**  **Through examining**  **compliance report**  **data, DOE**  **found that**  **the 34W**  **T12 lamp** 

**had the**  **lowest compliance**  **efficacy of**  **the three**  **(81 lm/W),**  **and therefore,**  **set EL2**  **at 81**  **lm/W.**

**Because DOE**  **did not**  **have compliance**  **report data**  **on every**  **lamp design**  **analyzed, in**  **such**

**situations DOE**  **used compliance**  **report data**  **of lamps**  **with similar**  **design options**  **to determine** 

**the appropriate**  **minimum efficacy**  **requirement.**

**Table 5**  **.3.5 summarizes**  **the resulting**  **efficacy levels**  **for 4­foot**  **MBP lamps**  **with CCTs** 

**less than**  **4,500K.**

Table 5.3.5 Summary of the ELs for 4­Foot MBP Fluorescent Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Efficacy Level Efficacy R equirement

lm/W

**E L1**  **7 8** 

**E L2**  **8 1** 

**E L3**  **8 4** 

**E L4**  **8 9** 

**E L5**  **9 4** 

**Section 5.3.1.4**  **provides additional**  **information on**  **the lamp­and­ballast**  **systems DOE** 

**uses in**  **the engineering**  **analysis.**

5.3.1.3 System P ower Rating

**The system**  **power rating**  **is an**  **important result**  **of the**  **engineering analysis.**  **DOE**

**calculated the**  **system power**  **rating, which**  **represents the**  **energy consumption**  **rate of**  **both the** 

**lamps and**  **ballast, using**  **published catalog**  **information. For**  **each lamp**  **wattage and**  **ballast type,** 

**DOE applied**  **a linear**  **fit to**  **several points**  **identifying the**  **system power**  **rating of**  **a lamp**  **on a** 

**ballast and**  **the ballast**  **factor of**  **the ballast.**  **The fit**  **follows the**  **form of**  **Eq. 5.1**  **where** SPR

= m *

BF + b

**. DOE**  **used a**  **linear form**  **because the**  **relationship is**  **approximately linear**  **over the**  **range**

**of BFs**  **and wattages**  **considered.**

**The b**  **allasts DOE**  **used typically**  **have a**  **total harmonic**  **distortion (THD)**  **less than**  **20**

**percent, power**  **factors (PF)**  **greater than**  **0.95, and**  **typical ballast**  **efficacy factors**  **(BEF). Because** 

**ballast efficiencies**  **naturally increase**  **as lamp**  **wattages decrease,**  **there is**  **a natural**  **progression to** 

**higher typical**  **BEFs at**  **lower wattages.**  **Also, because**  **there is**  **less manufacturer**  **literature on** 

**system power**  **ratings of**  **ballasts with**  **lower wattage**  **lamps, DOE**  **used fewer**  **points to**  **develop a** 

**linear fit**  **for the**  **energy­saving lamp**  **wattages. Figure**  **5.3.2 to**  **Figure 5.3.5**  **show the**  **linear fit** 

**and ballast**  **characteristics DOE**  **uses to**  **derive the**  **system power**  **rating for**  **3­lamp, 4­foot**  **T8**

**lamps on**  **electronic ballasts.** 

**5­12**

### y 88.5x + 8.9

y 82.522x + 7.7509 

### =

60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 105.0 110.0SystemPowerRating(W) **Linear Fit:**  **m=88.5, b=8.9** 

0.70 0.75 0. 80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

Ballas t F actor

Figure 5.3.2 Three­Lamp 32W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.98­1.05

120.0SystemPowerRating(W) =

60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0

0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

Ballast Factor **L i**  **n e**  **a r**  **F i**  **t :**  **m =**  **8 2** 

**. 5** 

**, b** 

**= 7** 

**. 8** 

Figure 5.3.3 Three­Lamp 30W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 1.07­1.12

**5­13**y  77.701x + 6.9252 =

55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 105.0SystemPowerRating(W) **Linear Fit:**  **m=77.7, b=6.9** 

0.60 0.80 1 .00 1.20 1.40

Ballast F actor

Figure 5.3.4 Three­Lamp 28W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.98, and

BEF 1.16­1.20

100.0SystemPowerRating(W)

40.0

50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30

Ballast Factor **L i**  **n e**  **a r**  **F i**  **t :**  **m =**  **7 0** 

**. 8** 

**, b** 

**= 4** 

**. 2** 

Figure 5.3.5 Three­Lamp 25W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, and BEF 1.31­

**Figure 5.3.6**  **to Figure**  **5.3.9 show**  **the linear**  **fit and**  **ballast characteristics**  **DOE used**  **to**

**derive the**  **system power**  **rating for**  **two­lamp, 4­foot**  **T8 MBP**  **lamps on**  **electronic ballasts**  **DOE**

**used the**  **system power**  **rating for**  **these ballasts**  **to derive**  **both the**  **system power**  **rating for**  **4­foot**

**5­14** 1.34**T8 systems**  **in the**  **residential sector,**  **4­foot T12**  **electronically ballasted**  **systems and**  **for**

**additional systems**  **DOE used**  **in the**  **national impact**  **analysis. The**  **ballasts DOE**  **used typically** 

**have a**  **THD less**  **than 20**  **percent, PFs**  **greater than**  **0.95, and**  **typical BEFs.**  **Because ballast** 

**efficiencies naturally**  **increase as**  **lamp wattages**  **decrease, there**  **is a**  **natural progression**  **to higher** 

**typical BEFs**  **at lower**  **wattages. Also,**  **because there**  **is less**  **manufacturer literature**  **on system** 

**power ratings**  **of ballasts**  **with lower**  **wattage lamps,**  **DOE used**  **fewer points**  **to develop**  **a linear** 

**fit for**  **the energy­saving**  **lamp wattages.** SystemPowerRating(W) 85.0

80.0

7 5.0

7 0.0

6 5.0

6 0.0

5 5.0

5 0.0

4 5.0

4 0.0 **Linear Fit:**  **m=69.1, b=** 

**­ 2.24** 

0.70 0.80 0 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20

Ballast F actor

Figure 5.3.6 Two­Lamp 32W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.40­1.53

**5­15**40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0SystemPowerRating(W) **L i**  **n e**  **a r**  **F i**  **t :**  **m =**  **5 6** 

**. 8** 

**, b** 

**= 4** 

**. 6** 

0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

Ballast F actor

Figure 5.3.7 Two­Lamp 30W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.56­1.67

75.0

**Linear Fit:**  **m=56.2, b=1.8** SystemPowerRating(W) 70.0

65.0

6 0.0

5 5.0

5 0.0

4 5.0

4 0.0

3 5.0

0 .70 0 .80 0 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

Ballast F actor

Figure 5.3.8 Two­Lamp 28W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.98, and BEF

1.69­1.73

**5­16**SystemPowerRating(W) 70.0

65.0

6 0.0

5 5.0

5 0.0

4 5.0

4 0.0

3 5.0

3 0.0 **Linear Fit:**  **m=49.2, b=2.1** 

0.60 0.70 0 .80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30

Ballast F actor

Figure 5.3.9 Two­Lamp 25W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 Percent, PF >0.98, and BEF

1.91­1.97

**Figure 5.3.10**  **to Figure**  **5.3.13 show**  **the linear**  **fit and**  **ballast characteristics**  **DOE used**  **to**

**derive the**  **system power**  **rating for**  **three­lamp, 4­foot**  **T12 MBP**  **lamps on**  **electronic ballasts.** 

**Because manufacturer**  **literature for**  **these lamps**  **is uncommon,**  **DOE extrapolated**  **linear fits**  **from**

**the two­lamp,**  **4­foot T12**  **based on**  **the relative**  **difference between**  **the three­lamp**  **and two­lamp** 

**32W T8**  **slopes. To**  **develop the**  **y­intercept, DOE**  **used a**  **data point**  **from manufacturer**  **literature**

**for three­lamp,**  **4­foot T12s**  **with a**  **common BEF.** 

**5­17**SystemPowerRating(W) 75.0

74.0

7 3.0

7 2.0

7 1.0

7 0.0

6 9.0

6 8.0 **L i**  **n e**  **a r**  **F i**  **t :**  **m =**  **5 0** 

**. 5** 

**, b** 

**= 2**  **8**

**. 5** 

0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94

Ballast F actor

Figure 5.3.10 Two­Lamp 40W 120V Ballasts with <20 Percent THD, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.20­1.22 in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors

**5­18**SystemPowerRating(W) 120.0

115.0

1 10.0

1 05.0

1 00.0

9 5.0

9 0.0 **Linear Fit:**  **m=67.9, b=47.9** 

0.70 0.75 0 .80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05

Ballast F actor

Figure 5.3.11 Three­Lamp 40W 120V Ballasts Linear Fit (Based on Slope Change from

Two­Lamp to Three­Lamp Ballasts for 32W T8 Applied to T12 and Common T12

Electronic Ballast)

68.0SystemPowerRating(W) 66.0

64.0

6 2.0

6 0.0

5 8.0

5 6.0

5 4.0 **Linear Fit:**  **m=50.0, b=17.5** 

0.70 0.75 0 .80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

Ballast F actor

Figure 5.3.12 Two­Lamp 34W 120V Ballasts with <20 Percent THD, PF >0.95, and BEF

1.42­1.44 in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors

**5­19**BallastFactor 110.0

105.0

1 00.0

9 5.0

9 0.0

8 5.0

8 0.0

7 5.0

7 0.0 **Linear Fit:**  **m=67.9, b=31.9** 

0.75 0.80 0 .85 0.90 0.95 1.00

ANSI I nput Power (W)

Figure 5.3.13 Three­Lamp 34W 120V Ballasts (Based on Slope Change from Two­Lamp to

Three­Lamp Ballasts for T8 Applied to T12 and Common T12 Electronic Ballast)

**Figure 5.3.14**  **and Figure**  **5.3.15 show**  **the linear**  **fit and**  **ballast characteristics**  **DOE used** 

**to derive**  **the system**  **power rating**  **for two­lamp,**  **4­foot T12**  **MBP lamps**  **on electronic**  **ballasts in** 

**the residential**  **sector. To**  **develop the**  **linear fit,**  **DOE used**  **parameters of**  **two 40W**  **T12 and** 

**34WT12 residential**  **electronic ballasts.** 

**5­20**SystemPowerRating(W) 90.0

85.0

8 0.0

7 5.0

7 0.0

6 5.0

6 0.0

5 5.0

5 0.0 **Linear Fit:**  **m=70.0, b=12.5** 

0.6 0.7 0 .7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0

Ballast Factor

Figure 5.3.14 Two­Lamp 40W Ballasts with <40 Percent THD, PF >0.55, and BEF 1.12­

1.18 i n t he Residential Sector

80SystemPowerRating(W)

70

60

50

40

30 **Linear Fit:**  **m=14 0.0,**  **b=**

**­ 57.0** 

0.6 0.7 0 .8 0.9 1

Ballast F actor

Figure 5.3.15 Two­Lamp 34W Ballasts with <50 Percent THD, PF >0.53, and BEF 1.37­

1.56 i n t he Residential Sector

**5­21**5.3.1.4 Results

**As discussed**  **above, DOE**  **evaluated multiple**  **baseline lamps**  **for each**  **product class**  **to**

**provide a**  **comprehensive understanding**  **of the**  **consumer economics.**  **For each**  **baseline lamp,** 

**DOE considered**  **only energy­saving**  **options that**  **result in**  **approximately the**  **same light**  **output as** 

**the baseline**  **lamp system.**  **Energy savings**  **could either**  **be achieved**  **through lamp**  **or lamp**  **and**

**ballast replacements.**  **Appendix 5A**  **provides information**  **on the**  **additional lamp­and­ballast** 

**designs DOE**  **uses in**  **the NIA.** 

**Table 5**  **.3.6 presents**  **the engineering**  **characteristics of**  **lamp replacement**  **options for**  **a**

**baseline 40W**  **4­foot T12**  **MBP 4,100K**  **lamp in**  **the commercial**  **and industrial**  **sectors. Although** 

**a 34W**  **T12 lamp**  **is often**  **considered a**  **reduced­wattage replacement**  **of the**  **40W T12**  **lamp, there** 

**are no**  **lamp options**  **that emit**  **enough lumens**  **to fall**  **within 10**  **percent of**  **the baseline**  **system**

**lumens. The**  **highest efficacy**  **34W T12**  **lamp replacement**  **is shown**  **below in**  **Table 5.3.6.**  **The**

**light output**  **of this**  **lamp­and­ballast design**  **is 10.3**  **percent less**  **than that**  **of the**  **baseline system.** 

**The same**  **drop in**  **lumen output**  **is also**  **exhibited by**  **the 34W**  **T12 lamp**  **on an**  **electronic ballast**  **of**

**the same**  **BF.**

**Table 5**  **.3.7 presents**  **the engineering**  **characteristics of**  **lamp and**  **ballast replacement** 

**options for**  **a 40W**  **4­foot T12**  **MBP, 4,100K**  **lamp in**  **the commercial**  **and industrial**  **sectors. Note** 

**that at**  **the higher**  **ELs, DOE**  **considered some**  **T8 substitutes**  **for the**  **40W T12**  **lamp. As** 

**discussed earlier,**  **DOE adjusted**  **the BF**  **so that**  **the combination**  **of lamp**  **and ballast**  **maintains**

**light output**  **so that**  **potential light**  **output is**  **equal to,**  **greater than,**  **or no**  **more than**  **10 percent**  **less**

**than the**  **light output**  **of the**  **baseline system.**  **All standards­case**  **lamps for**  **lamp and**  **ballast**

**replacements are**  **placed on**  **electronic T12s**  **or ballasts**  **since ballast**  **standards will**  **be effective**  **in**

**2010.**

**5­22**Table5.3.6LampReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaThree­Lamp40WT12,4,100KSystemintheCommercialandIndustrialSectorsEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactor*SystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 12** **4 0** **4 1.0** **7 8.0** **3 ,200** **2 ,880** **2 0,000** **M agnetic** **0 .95** **1 29.0** **9 ,120** **8 ,208** **E L3** **T 12** **3 4** **3 4.0** **9 1.2** **3 ,100** **2 ,790** **2 4,000** **M agnetic** **0 .88** **1 08.0** **8 ,184** **7 ,366** *******N ote:** **T his** **difference in** **BFs does** **not represent** **a ballast** **replacement. Instead,** **the BF** **of magnetic** **ballasts changes** **when a** **different wattage** **lamp is** **installed. 5­23** Table5.3.7LampandBallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaThree­Lamp40WT12,4,100KSystemintheCommercialandIndustrialSectorsEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWLm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 12** **4 0** **4 1.0** **7 8.0** **3 ,200** **2 ,880** **2 0,000** **M agnetic** **0 .95** **1 29.0** **9 ,120** **8 ,208** **B aseline** **T 12** **4 0** **4 1.0** **7 8.0** **3 ,200** **2 ,880** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 07.7** **8 ,448** **7 ,603** **E L1** **T 12** **4 0** **4 1.0** **8 0.5** **3 ,300** **3 ,000** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 07.7** **8 ,712** **7 ,920** **E L1** **T 12** **4 0** **4 1.0** **8 0.5** **3 ,300** **3 ,000** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .87** **1 07.0** **8 ,613** **7 ,830** **E L1** **T 12** **4 0** **4 1.0** **8 2.9** **3 ,400** **3 ,060** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .87** **1 07.0** **8 ,874** **7 ,987** **B aseline/EL2** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **8 6.2** **2 ,800** **2 ,520** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **1 .18** **1 13.3** **9 ,912** **8 ,921** **E L2** **T 12** **4 0** **4 1.0** **8 7.8** **3 ,600** **3 ,250** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .87** **1 07.0** **9 ,396** **8 ,483** **E L3** **T 12** **3 4** **3 4.0** **9 1.2** **3 ,100** **2 ,790** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **9 1.7** **8 ,184** **7 ,366** **E L3** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **9 0.8** **2 ,950** **2 ,710** **20,000 Electronic** **1 .00** **9 7.4** **8 ,850** **8 ,130** **E L4** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **9 2.3** **3 ,000** **2 ,850** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **8 6.8** **7 ,920** **7 ,524** **E L4** **T 8** **3 0** **3 0.4** **9 3.8** **2 ,850** **2 ,680** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **1 .00** **9 0.3** **8 ,550** **8 ,040** **E L4** **T 8** **2 5** **2 6.6** **9 3.0** **2 ,475** **2 ,350** **3 0,000** **E lectronic** **1 .18** **8 7.7** **8 ,762** **8 ,319** **E L5** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **9 5.4** **3 ,100** **2 ,915** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **8 6.8** **8 ,184** **7 ,696** **E L5** **T 8** **2 8** **2 8.4** **9 6.0** **2 ,725** **2 ,560** **1 8,000** **E lectronic** **1 .00** **8 4.0** **8 ,175** **7 ,680** **Table 5.3.8** **presents the** **engineering characteristics** **of lamp** **replacement options** **for a** **baseline 40W** **4­foot T12** **MBP, 4,100K** **lamp in** **the residential** **sector. The** **highest efficacy** **34W T12** **lamp replacement** **is shown** **below in** **Table 5.3.8.** **The mean** **light output** **of this** **lamp­and­ballast design** **is 5.3** **percent less** **than that** **of the** **baseline system.** **5­24 Table** **5.3.9 presents** **the engineering** **characteristics of** **lamp and** **ballast replacement** **options for** **a 40W** **4­foot T12** **MBP, 4,100K** **lamp in** **the residential** **sector. Note** **that at** **the higher** **ELs, DOE** **considered some** **T8 substitutes** **for the** **40W T12** **lamp. As** **discussed earlier,** **DOE adjusted** **the BF** **so that** **the combination** **of lamp** **and ballast** **maintains light** **output so** **that potential** **light output** **is equal** **to, greater** **than, or** **no more** **than 10** **percent less** **than the** **light output** **of the** **baseline system.** **There is** **one 34W** **T12 standards** **case lamp** **at EL3** **that is** **placed on** **a magnetic** **ballast. Magnetic** **ballasts will** **continue to** **be sold** **in the** **residential sector** **under current** **regulations so** **consumers have** **the option** **to purchase** **a magnetic** **ballast in** **the standards** **case if** **it is** **an energy­saving** **option. DOE** **understands that** **certain residential** **ballasts cannot** **operate reduced­wattage** **(e.g., 34W** **T12) lamps.** **However, because** **some residential** **ballasts can** **operate reduced­wattage** **lamps, DOE** **is considering** **these lamp­and­ballasts** **systems as** **an option** **for some** **consumers in** **the residential** **sector. Consumers** **can also** **purchase lower** **ballast factor** **ballasts in** **order to** **maintain an** **equivalent lumen** **package to** **the baseline** **40W T12** **magnetic system.** **However, DOE** **did not** **consider other** **lamps on** **magnetic ballasts** **apart from** **the 34W** **T12 standards­case** **lamp at** **EL3 shown** **in the** **table because** **the systems** **either do** **not save** **energy or** **are not** **within 10** **percent lumen** **output of** **the baseline** **system. All** **other standards­case** **lamps for** **lamp and** **ballast replacements** **are placed** **on electronic** **ballasts.**Table5.3.8LampReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaTwo­Lamp40WT12,4,100KSystemintheResidentialSectorEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactor*SystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 12** **4 0** **4 1** **7 6.8** **3 ,150** **2 ,860** **1 5,000** **M agnetic** **0 .68** **7 0.0** **4 ,284** **3 ,890** **E L3** **T 12** **3 4** **3 4** **9 1.2** **3 ,100** **2 ,790** **2 4,000** **M agnetic** **0 .66** **6 0.0** **4 ,092** **3 ,683** *******N ote:** **T his** **difference in** **BFs does** **not represent** **a ballast** **replacement. Instead,** **the BF** **of magnetic** **ballasts changes** **when a** **different wattage** **lamp is** **installed. 5­25** Table5.3.9LampandBallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaTwo­Lamp40WT12,4,100KSystemintheResidentialSectorEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 12** **4 0** **4 1.0** **7 6.8** **3 ,150** **2 ,860** **1 5,000** **M agnetic** **0 .68** **7 0.0** **4 ,284** **3 ,890** **E L1** **T 12** **4 0** **4 1.0** **8 0.5** **3 ,300** **3 ,000** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .65** **5 8.0** **4 ,290** **3 ,900** **E L1** **T 12** **3 4** **3 4.0** **8 2.4** **2 ,800** **2 ,460** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .85** **6 2.0** **4 ,760** **4 ,182** **E L1** **T 12** **4 0** **4 1.0** **8 2.9** **3 ,400** **3 ,060** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .65** **5 8.0** **4 ,420** **3 ,978** **E L2** **T 12** **3 4** **3 4.0** **8 5.3** **2 ,900** **2 ,610** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .75** **4 8.0** **4 ,350** **3 ,915** **E L2** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **8 6.2** **2 ,800** **2 ,520** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .78** **5 1.6** **4 ,368** **3 ,931** **B aseline/EL2** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **8 6.2** **2 ,800** **2 ,520** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **5 8.6** **4 ,928** **4 ,435** **E L2** **T 12** **4 0** **4 1.0** **8 7.8** **3 ,600** **3 ,250** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .65** **5 8.0** **4 ,680** **4 ,225** **E L3** **T 12** **3 4** **3 4.0** **9 1.2** **3 ,100** **2 ,790** **24,000 Magnetic** **0 .66** **6 0.0** **4 ,092** **3 ,683** **E L3** **T 12** **3 4** **3 4.0** **9 1.2** **3 ,100** **2 ,790** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .75** **4 8.0** **4 ,650** **4 ,185** **E L3** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **9 0.8** **2 ,950** **2 ,710** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .75** **4 9.6** **4 ,425** **4 ,065** **E L3** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **9 0.8** **2 ,950** **2 ,710** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .78** **5 1.6** **4 ,602** **4 ,228** **5­26**Table5.3.9LampandBallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaTwo­Lamp40WT12,4,100KSystemintheResidentialSector(continued)EfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**E L4** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **9 2.3** **3 ,000** **2 ,850** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .75** **4 9.6** **4 ,500** **4 ,275** **E L4** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **9 2.3** **3 ,000** **2 ,850** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .78** **5 1.6** **4 ,680** **4 ,446** **E L4** **T 8** **3 0** **3 0.4** **9 3.8** **2 ,850** **2 ,680** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .75** **4 7.2** **4 ,275** **4 ,020** **E L4** **T 8** **3 0** **3 0.4** **9 3.8** **2 ,850** **2 ,680** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .78** **4 8.9** **4 ,446** **4 ,181** **E L4** **T 8** **2 5** **2 6.6** **9 3.0** **2 ,475** **2 ,350** **3 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .78** **4 0.5** **3 ,861** **3 ,666** **E L4** **T 8** **2 5** **2 6.6** **9 3.0** **2 ,475** **2 ,350** **3 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **4 5.4** **4 ,356** **4 ,136** **E L5** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **9 5.4** **3 ,100** **2 ,915** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .71** **4 6.8** **4 ,402** **4 ,139** **E L5** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **9 5.4** **3 ,100** **2 ,915** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .75** **4 9.6** **4 ,650** **4 ,373** **E L5** **T 8** **2 8** **2 8.4** **9 6.0** **2 ,725** **2 ,560** **18,000 Electronic** **0 .78** **4 5.6** **4 ,251** **3 ,994** **Table 5.3.10** **presents the** **engineering analysis** **results for** **the replacement** **lamp­and­ballast combinations** **for the** **34W 4­foot** **T12 MBP** **baseline lamp** **in the** **commercial and** **industrial sectors.** **DOE has** **not identified** **any lower­wattage** **direct lamp** **replacement designs** **that could** **operate on** **the same** **ballast and** **save energy.** **In this** **table, T8** **lamp and** **ballast replacements** **are considered** **for the** **baseline lamp,** **and the** **BF is** **selected so** **that the** **new system’s** **light output** **never drops** **below 10** **percent of** **the baseline** **system. 5­27** Table5.3.10LampandBallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaThree­Lamp34WT12,4,100KSystemintheCommercialandIndustrialSectorsEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 12** **3 4** **3 4.0** **7 7.9** **2 ,650** **2 ,300** **2 0,000** **M agnetic** **0 .88** **1 08.0** **6 ,996** **6 ,072** **B aseline** **T 12** **3 4** **3 4.0** **7 7.9** **2 ,650** **2 ,300** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **9 1.7** **6 ,996** **6 ,072** **E L1** **T 12** **3 4** **3 4.0** **8 2.4** **2 ,800** **2 ,460** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **9 1.7** **7 ,392** **6 ,494** **E L1** **T 12** **3 4** **3 4.0** **8 2.4** **2 ,800** **2 ,460** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .86** **9 0.3** **7 ,224** **6 ,347** **E L2** **T 12** **3 4** **3 4.0** **8 5.3** **2 ,900** **2 ,610** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .86** **9 0.3** **7 ,482** **6 ,734** **B aseline/EL2** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **8 6.2** **2 ,800** **2 ,520** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **8 6.8** **7 ,392** **6 ,653** **E L3** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **9 0.8** **2 ,950** **2 ,710** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .78** **7 7.9** **6 ,903** **6 ,341** **E L3** **T 12** **3 4** **3 4.0** **9 1.2** **3 ,100** **2 ,790** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .86** **9 0.3** **7 ,998** **7 ,198** **E L4** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **9 2.3** **3 ,000** **2 ,850** **24,000 Electronic** **0 .75** **7 5.3** **6 ,750** **6 ,413** **E L4** **T 8** **3 0** **3 0.4** **9 3.8** **2 ,850** **2 ,680** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .78** **7 2.2** **6 ,669** **6 ,271** **E L4** **T 8** **2 5** **2 6.6** **9 3.0** **2 ,475** **2 ,350** **3 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **6 6.5** **6 ,534** **6 ,204** **E L5** **T 8** **3 2** **3 2.5** **9 5.4** **3 ,100** **2 ,915** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .71** **7 1.7** **6 ,603** **6 ,209** **E L5** **T 8** **2 8** **2 8.4** **9 6.0** **2 ,725** **2 ,560** **1 8,000** **E lectronic** **0 .78** **6 7.0** **6 ,377** **5 ,990** **Table 5.3.11** **presents the** **engineering analysis** **results for** **the 32W** **4­foot T8** **MBP baseline** **lamp replacement** **in the** **commercial and** **industrial sectors.** **As shown** **below in** **Table 5.3.11,** **there are** **no lamp** **replacement options** **at EL3** **because the** **system lumens** **of reduced** **wattage lamp** **replacement options** **below this** **EL are** **not maintained.** **Table 5** **.3.12 presents** **the engineering** **analysis results** **for the** **replacement lamp** **and ballast** **combinations for** **the 32W** **4­foot T8** **MBP baseline** **lamp in** **the commercial** **and industrial** **sectors. For** **lamp­and­ballast replacement** **combinations, the** **BF is** **selected so** **that the** **new system’s** **light output** **is equal** **to, greater** **than, or** **no more** **than 10** **percent less** **than the** **light output** **of the** **baseline system.** **5­28 5­29** Table5.3.11LampReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaThree­Lamp32WT8,4,100KSystemintheCommercialandIndustrialSectorsEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmLmhrWlmlm**B aseline/** **E L2** **T8 3** **2 3** **2.5 8** **6.2 2** **,800 2** **,520 2** **0,000 E** **lectronic 0** **.88 8** **6.8 7** **,392 6** **,653 E** **L4 T** **8 3** **0 3** **0.4 9** **3.8 2** **,850 2** **,680 2** **0,000 E** **lectronic 0** **.88 8** **0.4 7** **,524 7** **,075 E** **L4 T** **8 2** **5 2** **6.6 9** **3.0 2** **,475 2** **,350 3** **0,000 E** **lectronic 0** **.88 6** **6.5 6** **,534 6** **,204 E** **L5 T** **8 2** **8 2** **8.4 9** **6.0 2** **,725 2** **,560 1** **8,000 E** **lectronic 0** **.88 7** **4.7 7** **,194 6** **,758**Table5.3.12LampandBallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaThree­Lamp32WT8,4,100KSystemintheCommercialandIndustrialSectorsEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline/** **E L2** **T8 3** **2 3** **2.5 8** **6.2 2** **,800 2** **,520 2** **0,000 E** **lectronic 0** **.88 8** **6.8 7** **,392 6** **,653 E** **L3 T** **8 3** **2 3** **2.5 9** **0.8 2** **,950 2** **,710 2** **0,000 E** **lectronic 0** **.78 7** **7.9 6** **,903 6** **,341 E** **L4 T** **8 3** **0 3** **0.4 9** **3.8 2** **,850 2** **,680 2** **0,000 E** **lectronic 0** **.88 80.4** **7,524 7** **,075 E** **L4 T** **8 3** **2 3** **2.5 9** **2.3 3** **,000 2** **,850 2** **4,000 E** **lectronic 0** **.75 7** **5.3 6** **,750 6** **,413 E** **L4 T** **8 3** **0 3** **0.4 9** **3.8 2** **,850 2** **,680 2** **0,000 E** **lectronic 0** **.78 7** **2.2 6** **,669 6** **,271 E** **L4 T** **8 3** **2 3** **2.5 9** **3.0 2** **,475 2** **,350 3** **0,000 E** **lectronic 0** **.88 6** **6.5 6** **,534 6** **,204 E** **L5 T** **8 3** **2 3** **2.5 9** **5.3 3** **,100 2** **,915 2** **4,000 E** **lectronic 0** **.75 7** **5.3 6** **,975 6** **,559 E** **L5 T** **8 2** **8 2** **8.4 9** **6.0 2** **,725 2** **,560 1** **8,000 E** **lectronic 0** **.88 7** **4.7 7** **,194 6** **,758 5­30** 5.3.2 Eight­foot S P Slimline GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

5.3.2.1 B aseline M odels

**The 8­foot**  **SP slimline**  **lamps with**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K are**  **commonly manufactured**  **in both** 

**T8 and**  **T12 diameters.**  **As discussed**  **in Chapter**  **3, the**  **T12 diameter**  **represents approximately**  **85**

**percent of**  **all 8­foot**  **SP slimline**  **lamp shipments.**  **However, DOE**  **projects that**  **by 2011,**  **T8s will** 

**account for**  **26 percent**  **of all**  **8­foot SP**  **slimline lamp**  **shipments. Therefore,**  **DOE selected**  **its**

**baseline models**  **for this**  **product class**  **from both**  **the T12**  **and T8**  **diameter. The**  **two most**  **popular**

**wattages associated**  **with the**  **8­foot T12**  **SP slimline**  **lamp type**  **are the**  **60W and**  **75W. For**  **the**

**60W lamp,**  **the cool**  **white halophosphor**  **is the**  **most popular.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **selected this**  **as the** 

**baseline. The**  **most common**  **75W T12**  **lamp purchased**  **uses a**  **rare earth**  **700 series**  **phosphor.**

**For T8**  **lamps, the**  **most popular**  **wattage is**  **59W. The**  **most common**  **lamp purchased**  **at this** 

**wattage uses**  **a rare**  **earth 700**  **series phosphor.**  **As with**  **the 4­foot**  **MBP, DOE**  **selects a**  **CCT of** 

**4,100K because**  **it is**  **the most**  **common CCT**  **for this**  **lamp type.** 

**When s**  **electing the**  **lamp, DOE**  **found a**  **small variance**  **in the**  **reported lumen**  **output (and** 

**therefore efficacy)**  **of each**  **lamp. DOE**  **selected the**  **least efficacious**  **baseline lamps**  **to ensure** 

**that all**  **the major**  **manufacturers have**  **a product**  **available at**  **the baseline.** 

**DOE’s rev**  **iew of**  **product literature**  **for 8­foot**  **T12 SP**  **slimline lamps**  **indicated that**  **a**

**12,000­hour lifetime**  **is typical,**  **although this**  **is shorter**  **than the**  **lifetime of**  **the 4­foot**  **MBP. T12** 

**lamps with**  **a 15,000­hour**  **lifetime for**  **a 3­hour**  **cycle are**  **marketed as**  **extended performance** 

**products. Therefore,**  **DOE used**  **a lifetime**  **of 12,000**  **hours for**  **a 3­hour**  **cycle for**  **the baseline**  **unit**

**of analysis**  **for T12**  **lamps.**

**DOE’s rev**  **iew of**  **product literature**  **for 8­foot**  **T8 SP**  **slimline lamps**  **indicated that**  **15,000**

**hours is**  **a typical**  **lifetime. T8**  **lamps with**  **a 24,000­hour**  **lifetime for**  **a 3­hour**  **cycle are**  **marketed**

**as extended**  **performance products.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **used a**  **lifetime of**  **15,000 hours**  **for a**  **3­hour**

**cycle for**  **the baseline**  **unit of**  **analysis for**  **T8 lamps.** 

**The m**  **ost common**  **ballast for**  **8­foot T12**  **SP slimline**  **lamps is**  **a two­lamp,**  **instant­start,**

**120V, magnetic**  **ballast. This**  **ballast typically**  **has a**  **0.94 BF**  **when a**  **75W 8­foot**  **T12 SP**  **slimline**

**lamp is**  **installed and**  **a 0.88**  **BF when**  **a 60W**  **8­foot T12**  **SP slimline**  **lamp is**  **installed. The**  **most**

**common ballast**  **used for**  **8­foot T8**  **SP slimline**  **lamps is**  **a two­lamp,**  **instant­start, 120V,** 

**electronic ballast**  **with a**  **0.88 BF.**  **The 75W**  **T12 baseline**  **lamp­and­ballast combination**  **creates a** 

**lumen package**  **of approximately**  **11,100 mean**  **lumens (and**  **12,070 initial**  **lumens). The**  **60W**

**T12 baseline**  **lamp­and­ballast combination**  **creates a**  **lumen package**  **of approximately**  **8,210**

**mean lumens**  **(and 9,330**  **initial lumens).**  **The 59W**  **T8 baseline**  **lamp­and­ballast combination** 

**creates a**  **lumen package**  **of almost**  **9,030 mean**  **lumens (and**  **more than**  **10,030 initial**  **lumens).**

**5­31**Table 5.3.13 Baseline Units of Analysis for 8­Foot SP Slimline Lamps

Lamp

Diameter Nominal

W attage CRI C CT R ated

E fficacy* Initial

L ight

Output Mean

L ight

Output Life

W K lm/ W lm lm hr

**T 12**  **7 5**  **7 0**  **4 ,100**  **8 5.6**  **6 ,420**  **5 ,906**  **1 2,000** 

**T 12**  **6 0**  **6 2**  **4 ,100**  **8 7.6**  **5 ,300**  **4 ,664**  **1 2,000** 

**T 8**  **5 9**  **7 0**  **4 ,100**  **9 4.8**  **5 ,700**  **5 ,130**  **1 5,000** 

***** **Rat ed**  **e fficacy**  **is based**  **on the**  **rated wattage**  **of the**  **lamps, which**  **is 75W**  **and 60.5W**  **for T12**  **lamps and**  **60.1W for** 

**T8 lamps.** 

5.3.2.2 Efficacy L evels

**As with**  **the previous**  **product class,**  **DOE established**  **ELs for**  **design options**  **that are** 

**consistent across**  **the three**  **baseline 8­foot**  **SP slimline**  **lamps. However,**  **not every**  **EL affects** 

**every baseline**  **lamp. Because**  **the three**  **baseline lamps**  **have different**  **efficacy values,**  **the first** 

**EL only**  **affects the**  **75W lamp.**  **However, for**  **EL4 and**  **above, the**  **requirements affect**  **all three** 

**baseline lamps.** 

**In s**  **electing ELs,**  **DOE considered**  **two different**  **paths to**  **energy savings.**  **One involves** 

**reduced wattage**  **replacement lamps,**  **which could**  **be installed**  **in a**  **socket and**  **operate on**  **the**

**existing ballast.**  **These lower­wattage**  **replacement lamps**  **have a**  **higher efficacy**  **and therefore** 

**produce about**  **the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline lamp**  **(i.e., light**  **output never**  **drops below**  **10**

**percent of**  **the baseline**  **system). The**  **other path**  **to energy**  **savings involves**  **lamps that**  **have the** 

**same or**  **lower wattage**  **in comparison**  **with the**  **baseline lamp,**  **but operate**  **on a**  **new ballast**  **with a** 

**different BF**  **so the**  **system energy**  **is lower.**  **DOE selected**  **the BF**  **with the**  **more efficacious**  **lamp**

**to produce**  **approximately the**  **same light**  **output as**  **the baseline**  **lamp (i.e.,**  **light output**  **never**

**drops below**  **10 percent**  **of the**  **baseline system).** 

**5­32 The** **following discussion** **identifies the** **steps and** **technologies associated** **with each** **EL DOE** **considered. As** **discussed in** **the screening** **analysis (Chapter** **4), DOE** **used design** **options with** **highly emissive** **electrode coatings,** **higher efficacy** **lamp fill** **gas composition,** **higher efficacy** **phosphors, glass** **coatings, or** **higher efficacy** **lamp diameter** **to achieve** **a higher** **efficacy level.** **Because high­efficacy** **phosphors and** **lamp diameter** **are common** **methods to** **achieve higher** **efficacies, DOE** **identified the** **diameter and** **phosphor associated** **with each** **EL:**EL1**. T** **his level** **affects just** **the 75W** **T12 baseline** **lamp, moving** **this technology** **from a** **700 series** **rare earth** **phosphor to** **an 800** **series rare** **earth phosphor.** **This level** **does not** **affect the** **60W T12** **baseline lamp** **since it** **is above** **the baseline** **efficacy.**EL2**. T** **his level** **represents the** **highest efficacy** **for the** **T12 lamp** **at 75W.** **At that** **efficacy, the** **lamp incorporates** **premium 800** **series rare** **earth phosphor.** **For the** **60W lamp,** **this level** **requires a** **700 series** **rare earth** **phosphor.**EL3**. D** **OE selected** **this level** **because it** **represents the** **only viable** **60W replacement** **that would** **operate on** **a 75W** **ballast with** **the same** **CCT as** **the baseline** **lamp (4,100K).** **No lamps** **at 75W** **can achieve** **this EL.** **For the** **60W lamp,** **this level** **requires an** **improved 700** **series rare** **earth phosphor.** EL4**. A** **t this** **level, ballast** **changes may** **be required** **for those** **users who** **need a** **lamp with** **a CCT** **of 4,100K,** **since only** **4,100K T8** **lamps are** **compliant. T8** **lamps transition** **from a** **700 series** **rare earth** **phosphor at** **EL3 to** **an 800** **series rare** **earth phosphor.** EL5**. A** **t this** **level, ballast** **changes are** **required for** **T8 technology.** **Also, at** **this level** **lamps use** **the premium** **800 series** **rare earth** **phosphor. This** **level represents** **the highest** **efficacy level** **available, or** **max­tech for** **8­foot SP** **slimline lamps.** **Figure 5** **.3.16 illustrates** **the five** **ELs on** **a plot** **of selected** **8­foot SP** **slimline lamps.** **A line** **at 80.0** **lm/W denotes** **the existing** **energy conservation** **standard (from** **EPACT). Square** **boxes and** **labels identify** **the two** **baseline lamps.** **The plot** **shows the** **replacement lamps** **DOE considered.** **Some are** **the same** **wattage, but** **have a** **higher efficacy;** **others have** **lower wattage** **and higher** **efficacy so** **that the** **lamp­and­ballast system** **maintains light** **output at** **no less** **than 10** **percent of** **the baseline** **lamp­and­ballast system.** **5­33**EL1EL2EL3EL4EL5EPACT199275.077.079.081.083.085.087.089.091.093.095.097.099.0101.0103.0105.0

Rated Lamp Efficacy (lm/W)8­footT12singlepinslimline8­footT8singlepinslimline75WT12Baseline60WT12Baseline59WT8Baseline5254565860626466687072747678RatedWattage(W)Figure5.3.16EfficacyLevelsfor8­FootSPSlimlineLampsWithCCTs≤4,500K**Table 5** **.3.14 provides** **detailed information** **on the** **8­foot SP** **slimline lamp** **designs used** **in the** **engineering analysis** **and subsequent** **analyses. 5­34** Table5.3.148­FootSPSlimlineLampDesignsELLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeCRIWWlm/Wlmlmhr**B aseline/0** **T 12** **7 5** **7 5.0** **8 5.6** **6 ,420** **5 ,906** **1 2,000** **7 0** **1 T12** **7 5** **7 5.0** **8 7.3** **6 ,550** **6 ,157** **1 2,000** **8 0** **B aseline/1** **T 12** **6 0** **6 0.5** **8 7.6** **5 ,300** **4 ,664** **1 2,000** **6 2** **2 T12** **7 5** **7 5.0** **9 2.0** **6 ,900** **6 ,370** **1 5,000** **8 0** **2 T12** **6 0** **6 0.5** **9 2.6** **5 ,600** **5 ,152** **1 2,000** **7 0** **B aseline/3** **T 8** **5 9** **6 0.1** **9 4.8** **5 ,700** **5 ,130** **1 5,000** **7 5** **3 T12** **6 0** **6 0.5** **9 7.5** **5 ,900** **5 ,480** **1 5,000** **7 3** **4 T8** **5 9** **6 0.1** **9 8.2** **5 ,900** **5 ,428** **1 5,000** **8 2** **5 T8** **5 9** **6 0.1** **1 01.5** **6 ,100** **5 ,795** **1 8,000** **8 5** **5 T8** **5 7** **5 7.0** **1 01.8** **5 ,800** **5 ,450** **2 4,000** **8 1** **5 T8** **5 5** **5 5.0** **1 03.6** **5 ,700** **5 ,415** **1 8,000** **8 2** **As seen** **above, DOE** **used commercially­available** **lamps and** **their associated** **rated efficacies** **(rated initial** **lumen output** **divided by** **the ANSI** **rated wattage)** **to determine** **the design** **options required** **to meet** **each efficacy** **level. However,** **to establish** **the minimum** **efficacy requirements** **for each** **efficacy level,** **DOE coupled** **catalog data** **on commercially­available** **lamps with** **data submitted** **to DOE** **by manufacturers** **for the** **purpose of** **compliance with** **existing energy** **conservation standards** **for general** **service fluorescent** **lamps. DOE’s** **use of** **compliance report** **data is** **discussed in** **further detail** **in section** **5.3.1.2. Table** **5.3.15 summarizes** **the resulting** **efficacy levels** **for 8­foot** **SP slimline** **lamps with** **CCTs less** **than 4,500K.** **5­35**Table5.3.15.SummaryoftheELsfor8­FootSPSlimlineLampsWithCCTs≤4,500KEfficacyLevelEfficacyRequirementlm/W**E L1** **8 9** **E L2** **9 3** **E L3** **9 5** **E L4** **9 7** **E L5** **1 00** **Section 5.3.2.4** **presents additional** **information about** **the lamp** **and ballast** **systems DOE** **develops in** **the engineering** **analysis.**5.3.2.3SystemPowerRating**For e** **ach lamp** **wattage and** **ballast type,** **DOE linearly** **fit the** **system power** **rating of** **a lamp** **on several** **different ballasts** **with varying** **BFs. Figure** **5.3.17 to** **Figure 5.3.18** **show the** **linear fit** **and ballast** **characteristics DOE** **used to** **derive the** **system power** **rating for** **2­ lamp,** **8­foot T12SP** **slimline lamps** **on electronic** **ballasts. The** **fit follows** **the form** **of Eq.** **5.1 where** SPR=m*****BF+b**. The** **ballasts DOE** **chose for** **these calculations** **typically have** **a THD** **less than** **20 percent,** **PF greater** **than 0.95,** **and typical** **BEF. Because** **ballast efficiencies** **naturally increase** **as lamp** **wattages decrease,** **there is** **a natural** **progression to** **higher typical** **BEFs at** **lower wattages.** **5­36**Ballast Factor142.0140.0138.0136.0134.0132.0130.0128.0126.00.780.800.820.840.860.880.900.920.94ANSIInputPower(W)Figure5.3.17Two­Lamp75WT12120VBallastswithTHD<20percent,PF>0.95,andBEF0.64­0.66;LinearFit:m=100.0,b=47.0**5­37**116.0114.0112.0

System Power Rating (W)110.0108.0106.0104.0102.0100.00.780.800.820.840.860.880.900.920.94BallastFactorFigure5.3.18Two­Lamp60WT12120VBallastswithTHD<20percent,PF>0.95,andBEF0.79­0.80;LinearFit:m=100.0,b=22.0**Figure 5** **.3.19 to** **Figure 5.3.21** **show the** **linear fit** **and ballast** **characteristics DOE** **used to** **derive the** **system power** **rating for** **two­lamp, 8­foot** **T8 SP** **slimline lamps** **on electronic** **ballasts. The** **ballasts DOE** **used for** **these calculations** **typically have** **a THD** **less than** **20 percent,** **PF greater** **than 0.95,** **and typical** **BEF. Because** **ballast efficiencies** **naturally increase** **as lamp** **wattages decrease,** **there is** **a natural** **progression to** **higher typical** **BEFs at** **lower wattages.** **Also, because** **there is** **less manufacturer** **literature on** **system power** **ratings of** **ballasts with** **lower wattage** **lamps, DOE** **used fewer** **points to** **develop a** **linear fit** **at the** **energy saving** **lamp wattages.** **5­38**100.0110.0120.0130.0140.0150.0160.0

System Power Rating (W)0.800.850.900.951.001.051.101.151.201.251.30BallastFactorFigure5.3.19Two­Lamp59WT8120VBallastswithTHD<20percent,PF>0.95,andBEF0.77­0.79;LinearFit:m=123.7,b=4.0**5­39**108.0107.5

System Power Rating (W)107.0106.5106.0105.5105.00.840.850.860.870.880.89BallastFactorFigure5.3.20Two­Lamp57WT8120VBallastswithTHD<20percent,PF>0.95,andBEF0.80­0.81;LinearFit:m=50.0,b=63.5**5­40**8090100110120130140150

System Power Rating (W)0.700.800.901.001.101.20BallastFactorFigure5.3.21Two­Lamp55WT8120VBallastswithTHD<10percent,andBEF0.86;LinearFit:m=118.4,b=­2.25.3.2.4Results**D OE** **e valuated** **three baseline** **lamps for** **the 8­foot** **SP slimline** **product class:** **a 75W** **T12 lamp,** **a 60W** **T12 lamp,** **and a** **59W T8** **lamp. For** **each baseline** **lamp, DOE** **considered both** **direct­replacement lamps** **that operate** **on the** **existing ballast** **and lamp­and** **ballast replacement** **designs that** **result in** **approximately the** **same light** **output as** **the baseline** **lamp. As** **discussed earlier,** **DOE adjusted** **the BF** **so that** **the light** **output of** **the lamp­and­ballast** **design system** **never drops** **below 10** **percent of** **the baseline** **system. Table** **5 .3.16** **and Table** **5.3.17 present** **the engineering** **characteristics of** **the lamp** **replacement and** **lamp­and­ballast replacement** **designs for** **the baseline** **75W 8­foot** **T12 SP** **slimline, 4,100K** **lamp system.** **Although a** **60W T12** **lamp is** **often considered** **a reduced** **wattage replacement** **of the** **75W T12** **lamp, there** **are no** **lamp options** **with a** **CCT of** **4,100K that** **emit enough** **lumens to** **fall within** **10 percent** **of the** **baseline system** **mean lumens.** **The highest** **efficacy 4,100K,** **60W T12** **lamp replacement** **is shown** **below in** **Table 5.3.16.** **The light** **output of** **this lamp­and­ballast** **design is** **13 percent** **less than** **that of** **the baseline** **system. DOE** **5­41 also** **included lamp­and­ballast** **replacement options** **for a** **75W T12,** **4,100K lamp.** **Note that** **at the** **higher ELs,** **DOE considers** **some T8** **substitutes for** **the 75W** **T12 lamp.** Table5.3.16LampReplacementEngineeringAnalysisfora75WT12,4,100KSystemEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactor*SystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 12** **7 5** **7 5.0** **8 5.6** **6 ,420** **5 ,906** **1 2,000** **M agnetic** **0 .94** **1 58.0** **1 2,070** **1 1,103** **E L3** **T 12** **6 0** **6 0.5** **9 7.5** **5 ,900** **5 ,480** **1 5,000** **M agnetic** **0 .88** **1 26.0** **1 0,384** **9 ,645** *******N ote:** **T his** **difference in** **BFs does** **not represent** **a ballast** **replacement. Rather,** **the BF** **of magnetic** **ballasts changes** **when the** **lower wattage** **lamp is** **installed.**Table5.3.17Lamp­and­BallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisfora75WT12,4,100KSystemEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 12** **7 5** **7 5.0** **8 5.6** **6 ,420** **5 ,906** **1 2,000** **M agnetic** **0 .94** **1 58.0** **1 2,070** **1 1,103** **B aseline** **T 12** **7 5** **7 5.0** **8 5.6** **6 ,420** **5 ,906** **1 2,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 35.0** **1 1,299** **1 0,395** **E L1** **T 12** **7 5** **7 5.0** **8 7.3** **6 ,550** **6 ,157** **1 2,000** **E lectronic** **0 .85** **1 32.0** **1 1,135** **1 0,467** **E L2** **T 12** **7 5** **7 5.0** **9 2.0** **6 ,900** **6 ,370** **1 5,000** **E lectronic** **0 .85** **1 32.0** **1 1,730** **1 0,829** **B aseline/EL3** **T 8** **5 9** **6 0.1** **9 4.8** **5 ,700** **5 ,130** **1 5,000** **Electronic 1.18** **1 49,9** **1 3,452** **1 2,107** **E L5** **T 8** **5 9** **6 0.1** **1 01.5** **6 ,100** **5 ,795** **1 8,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 12.8** **1 0,736** **1 0,119** **5­42 Table** **5.3.18 presents** **the engineering** **analysis results** **for the** **replacement lamp­and­ballast** **combinations for** **the 60W** **8­foot T12** **SP slimline** **baseline lamp.** **DOE did** **not identify** **any lower­wattage** **direct lamp** **replacement designs** **that could** **operate on** **the same** **ballast as** **a 60W** **T12 and** **save energy.** **In this** **table, DOE** **considered T8** **lamp­and­ballast replacements** **for the** **baseline lamp,** **and selected** **the BF** **so that** **the light** **output of** **the new** **system never** **drops below** **10 percent** **of the** **baseline system.** Table5.3.18Lamp­and­BallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisfora60WT12,4,100KSystemEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline/EL1** **T 12** **6 0** **6 0.5** **8 7.6** **5 ,300** **4 ,664** **1 2,000** **M agnetic** **0 .88** **1 26.0** **9 ,328** **8 ,209** **B aseline/EL1** **T 12** **6 0** **6 0.5** **8 7.6** **5 ,300** **4 ,664** **1 2,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 10.0** **9 ,328** **8 ,209** **E L2** **T 12** **6 0** **6 0.5** **9 2.6** **5 ,600** **5 ,152** **1 2,000** **E lectronic** **0 .85** **1 07.0** **9 ,520** **8 ,758** **E L3** **T 12** **6 0** **6 0.5** **9 7.5** **5 ,900** **5 ,480** **1 5,000** **E lectronic** **0 .85** **1 07.0** **1 0,030** **9 ,316** **B aseline/EL3** **T 8** **5 9** **6 0.1** **9 4.8** **5 ,700** **5 ,130** **1 5,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 12.8** **1 0,032** **9 ,029** **E L4** **T 8** **5 9** **6 0.1** **9 8.2** **5 ,900** **5 ,428** **1 5,000** **E lectronic** **0 .78** **1 00.4** **9 ,204** **8 ,468** **E L5** **T 8** **5 7** **5 7.0** **1 01.8** **5 ,800** **5 ,450** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .78** **1 02.5** **9 ,048** **8 ,502** **E L5** **T 8** **5 9** **6 0.1** **1 01.5** **6 ,100** **5 ,795** **1 8,000** **E lectronic** **0 .78** **1 00.4** **9 ,516** **9 ,040** **Table 5.3.19** **and Table** **5.3.20 present** **the engineering** **analysis results** **for the** **lamp replacement** **and lamp­and­ballast** **replacement options** **for the** **59W 8­foot** **T8 SP** **slimline baseline** **lamp. In** **Table 5.3.19,** **no lamp** **replacement options** **at EL4** **are shown** **because the** **system lumens** **of reduced** **wattage lamp** **replacement options** **below this** **EL are** **more than** **10 percent** **less than** **that of** **the baseline** **system. For** **lamp­and­ballast replacement** **combinations, DOE** **selected the** **BF so** **that the** **light output** **of the** **new system** **is equal** **to, greater** **than, or** **no more** **than 10** **percent less** **than the** **light output** **of the** **baseline system.** **5­43**Table5.3.19LampReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaTwo­Lamp,59W,T8,4,100KSystemEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline/EL3** **T 8** **5 9** **6 0.1** **9 4.8** **5 ,700** **5 ,130** **1 5,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 12.8** **1 0,032** **9 ,029** **E L5** **T 8** **5 7** **5 7.0** **1 01.8** **5 ,800** **5 ,450** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 07.5** **1 0,208** **9 ,592** **E L5** **T 8** **5 5** **5 5.0** **1 03.6** **5 ,700** **5 ,415** **1 8,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 02.0** **1 0,032** **9 ,530** Table5.3.20Lamp­and­BallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaTwo­Lamp,59W,T8,4,100KSystemEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattage*RatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline/EL3** **T 8** **5 9** **6 0.1** **9 4.8** **5 ,700** **5 ,130** **1 5,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 12.8** **1 0,032** **9 ,029** **E L4** **T 8** **5 9** **6 0.1** **9 8.2** **5 ,900** **5 ,428** **1 5,000** **E lectronic** **0 .85** **1 09.1** **1 0,030** **9 ,228** **E L5** **T 8** **5 7** **5 7.0** **1 01.8** **5 ,800** **5 ,450** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 07.5** **1 0,208** **9 ,592** **E L5** **T 8** **5 7** **5 7.0** **1 01.8** **5 ,800** **5 ,450** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .85** **106.0 9,860** **9 ,265** **E L5** **T 8** **5 9** **6 0.1** **1 01.5** **6 ,100** **5 ,795** **1 8,000** **E lectronic** **0 .78** **1 00.4** **9 ,516** **9 ,040** **E L5** **T 8** **5 5** **5 5.0** **1 03.6** **5 ,700** **5 ,415** **1 8,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 02.0** **1 0,032** **9 ,530** **5­44**5.3.3 Eight­Foot R DC HO GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

5.3.3.1 B aseline M odels

**The 8­foot**  **RDC HO**  **lamps with**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K are**  **manufactured in**  **both T8**  **and T12** 

**diameters. As**  **discussed in**  **Chapter 3,**  **the T12**  **diameter represents**  **the majority**  **of 8­foot**  **RDC**

**HO lamp**  **shipments today**  **and will**  **continue to**  **represent the**  **majority in**  **2011. Therefore,**  **DOE**

**selected its**  **baseline models**  **for this**  **product class**  **from the**  **T12 diameter,**  **which represents**  **the**

**most popular**  **lamp type.** 

**The t**  **wo most**  **popular wattages**  **associated with**  **the 8­foot**  **T12 RDC**  **HO lamp**  **type are** 

**the 95W**  **and 110W.**  **For the**  **95W lamp,**  **the cool**  **white halophosphor**  **lamp is**  **the most**  **popular.**

**Therefore, DOE**  **selected this**  **lamp as**  **the baseline**  **95W lamp.**  **For the**  **110W T12**  **lamp, the**  **most**

**common lamp**  **purchased uses**  **a rare**  **earth 700**  **series phosphor.**  **The efficacy**  **of both**  **baseline**

**lamps is**  **approximately 2**  **lm/W greater**  **than the**  **EPACT 1992**  **standard level**  **of 80**  **lm/W, but**  **no**

**other lamps**  **met the**  **EPACT 1992**  **CRI requirements,**  **which are**  **lower than**  **either baseline**  **lamp.**

**As with**  **the baseline**  **fluorescent lamps**  **in other**  **covered product**  **classes, DOE**  **selected a**  **CCT of** 

**4,100K because**  **it is**  **the most**  **common CCT**  **for this**  **lamp type.** 

**The t**  **ypical operating**  **lifetime for**  **these lamps**  **is the**  **same as**  **that of**  **the 8­foot**  **SP slimline** 

**T12 lamps.**  **The lamp**  **lifetime is**  **typically 12,000**  **hours. Lamps**  **with a**  **15,000­hour lifetime**  **on a** 

**3­hour cycle**  **are marketed**  **as extended**  **performance products.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **used a**  **lifetime of** 

**12,000 hours**  **for a**  **3­hour cycle**  **for the**  **baseline unit**  **of analysis**  **for 8­foot**  **RDC HO**  **lamps.**

**DOE u**  **sed a**  **rapid start,**  **120V, magnetic**  **ballast for**  **the baseline**  **8­foot T12**  **RDC systems** 

**as current**  **regulations do**  **not ban**  **magnetic cold**  **temperature ballasts,**  **which operate**  **a large** 

**portion of**  **the installed**  **base of**  **8­foot T12**  **RDC HO**  **lamps. The**  **ballast has**  **a ballast**  **factor of** 

**0.95 w**  **hen u**  **sed with**  **110W lamps**  **and a**  **ballast factor**  **of 0.91**  **when used**  **with 95W**  **lamps.**

**Together, the**  **110W T12**  **baseline lamp­and­ballast**  **combination creates**  **a lumen**  **package of** 

**approximately 15,480**  **mean lumens**  **(and 17,200**  **initial lumens),**  **while the**  **95W T12**  **baseline**

**lamp­and­ballast combination**  **creates a**  **lumen package**  **of approximately**  **12,650 mean**  **lumens**

**(and 14,560**  **initial lumens).** 

Table 5.3.21 Baseline Units of Analysis for 8­Foot RDC High­Output Lamps

Lamp

Diameter Nominal

W attage CRI C CT R ated

E fficacy* Initial L ight

Output Mean L ight

Output Li fe

W K lm/ W lm lm hr

**T 12**  **1 10**  **7 0**  **4 ,100**  **8 0.1**  **9 ,050**  **8 ,145**  **1 2,000** 

**T 12**  **9 5**  **6 2**  **4 ,100**  **8 2.5**  **8 ,000**  **6 ,950**  **1 2,000** 

***** **Rat ed**  **e fficacy**  **is based**  **on the**  **rated wattage**  **of the**  **lamps, which**  **is 97W**  **for the**  **95W T12**  **and 113W**  **for the**  **110W**

**T12.**

5.3.3.2 Efficacy L evels

**As with**  **the previous**  **product class,**  **DOE established**  **ELs around**  **design options**  **that are** 

**consistent across**  **the two**  **baseline lamps.**  **In selecting**  **ELs, DOE**  **considered two**  **different paths** 

**to energy**  **savings. The**  **first involves**  **reduced wattage**  **replacement lamps**  **that could**  **be installed** 

**5­45 in**  **a socket**  **and operate**  **on the**  **existing ballast.**  **These lower­wattage**  **replacement lamps**  **have a** 

**higher efficacy**  **and therefore**  **produce approximately**  **the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline lamp** 

**(i.e., light**  **output never**  **drops below**  **10 percent**  **of the**  **baseline system).**  **The other**  **path to**  **energy**

**savings involves**  **lamps that**  **have the**  **same rated**  **wattage as**  **the baseline**  **lamp, but**  **operate on**  **a**

**new ballast**  **with a**  **different BF,**  **so system**  **energy is**  **lower. DOE**  **selected the**  **BF with**  **the more** 

**efficacious lamp**  **to produce**  **approximately the**  **same light**  **output as**  **the baseline**  **lamp (i.e.,**  **light**

**output never**  **drops below**  **10 percent**  **of the**  **baseline system).** 

**The f**  **ollowing discussion**  **identifies the**  **steps and**  **technologies associated**  **with each**  **EL**

**DOE considered.**  **As discussed**  **in the**  **screening analysis**  **(Chapter 4),**  **DOE used**  **design options** 

**with highly**  **emissive electrode**  **coatings, higher**  **efficacy lamp**  **fill gas**  **composition, higher** 

**efficacy phosphors,**  **glass coatings,**  **or higher**  **efficacy lamp**  **diameter to**  **achieve higher**  **efficacy**

**levels. Because**  **high efficacy**  **phosphors and**  **lamp diameter**  **are common**  **methods to**  **achieve**

**higher efficacies,**  **DOE identified**  **the diameter**  **and phosphor**  **associated with**  **each EL:** 

EL1

**. T**  **his level**  **requires the**  **110W baseline**  **lamp to**  **use 800**  **series rare**  **earth phosphor.** 

EL2

**. T**  **his level**  **cannot be**  **achieved by**  **any 110W**  **baseline lamp.**  **This level**  **also requires** 

**the 95W**  **lamp to**  **move to**  **a rare**  **earth 700**  **series phosphor.** 

EL3

**. T**  **his level**  **cannot be**  **achieved by**  **the 110W**  **baseline lamp.**  **For the**  **95W baseline** 

**lamp, this**  **level requires**  **a shift**  **to the**  **800 series**  **rare earth**  **phosphor..**

EL4

**. T**  **his level**  **eliminates all**  **T12 lamps,**  **only enabling**  **T8 lamps**  **to comply,**  **which**

**requires a**  **ballast change.**  **This standard**  **level can**  **be achieved**  **with a**  **700 series**  **rare earth** 

**phosphor in**  **the T8**  **lamp.**

EL5

**. T**  **his level**  **also eliminates**  **all T12**  **lamps, only**  **enabling T8**  **lamps to**  **comply, which** 

**requires a**  **ballast change.**  **This standard**  **level represents**  **the highest**  **efficacy level**  **available, or** 

**max­tech for**  **8­foot RDC**  **HO lamps.**  **This level**  **can only**  **be achieved**  **with an**  **800 series**  **rare**

**earth phosphor**  **in the**  **T8 lamp.** 

**Figure 5**  **.3.20 illustrates**  **the five**  **ELs on**  **a plot**  **of selected**  **fluorescent lamps.**  **A line**  **at**

**80.0 l**  **m/W d**  **enotes the**  **existing energy**  **conservation standard**  **(from EPACT**  **1992). Square** 

**boxes and**  **labels identify**  **the two**  **baseline lamps.**  **The plot**  **also shows**  **the high­efficacy** 

**replacement lamps**  **DOE considered**  **for each**  **baseline lamp.**  **Some are**  **at the**  **same wattage,**  **but**

**have a**  **higher efficacy;**  **others have**  **a combination**  **of lower**  **wattage and**  **higher efficacy**  **so that** 

**the light**  **output never**  **drops below**  **10 percent**  **of the**  **baseline system.** 

**5­46**RatedLampEfficacy(lm/W) 105.0

103 .0

10 1 .0

9 9 .0

9 7 .0

9 5 .0

9 3 .0

9 1 .0

8 9 .0

8 7 .0

8 5 .0

8 3 .0

8 1 .0

7 9 .0

7 7 .0

7 5 .0 EL1 EL2 EL3 EL4

EPACT 1992 EL5

80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114

Rated Wattage (W) 95W T12 Baseline 8­foot T12 recessed

double contact HO 8­foot T8 recessed

double contact HO

110W T12 Baseline

Figure 5.3.22 Efficacy Levels for 8­Foot RDC HO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

**Table 5.3.22**  **provides detailed**  **information on**  **the 8­foot**  **RDC HO**  **lamp designs**  **used in** 

**the engineering**  **analysis and**  **subsequent analyses.** 

Table 5.3.22 8­Foot RDC HO Lamp Designs

EL Lamp

D iameter Nominal

W attage Rated

W attage Rated

E fficacy Initial L ight

Output Mean L ight

Output Li fe C RI

W W lm/ W lm lm hr

**B asel**  **ine/0 T**  **12 1**  **10 1**  **13 8**  **0.1 9**  **,050 8**  **,145 1**  **2,000 7**  **0**

**B asel**  **ine/0 T**  **12 9**  **5 9**  **7 8**  **2.5 8**  **,000 6**  **,950 1**  **2,000 6**  **2**

**1 T12**  **1 10**  **1 13**  **8 3.2**  **9 ,400**  **8 ,648**  **1 2,000**  **8 0** 

**2 T12**  **9 5**  **9 7**  **8 6.1**  **8 ,350**  **7 ,515**  **1 2,000**  **7 0** 

**3 T12**  **9 5**  **9 7**  **8 7.6**  **8 ,500**  **7 ,650**  **1 2,000**  **8 0** 

**3 T12**  **9 5**  **9 7**  **8 8.9**  **8 ,625**  **7 ,750**  **1 2,000**  **8 5** 

**4 T8**  **8 6**  **8 6**  **9 1.9**  **7 ,900**  **7 ,100**  **2 4,000**  **7 8** 

**4 T8**  **8 6**  **8 6**  **9 3.0**  **8 ,000**  **7 ,200**  **1 8,000**  **7 5** 

**5 T8**  **8 6**  **8 6**  **9 5.3**  **8 ,200**  **7 ,800**  **1 8,000**  **8 6** 

**As seen**  **above, DOE**  **used commercially­available**  **lamps and**  **their associated**  **rated**

**efficacies (rated**  **initial lumen**  **output divided**  **by the**  **ANSI rated**  **wattage) to**  **determine the**  **design**

**5­47 options**  **required to**  **meet each**  **efficacy level.**  **However, to**  **establish the**  **minimum efficacy** 

**requirements for**  **each efficacy**  **level, DOE**  **coupled catalog**  **data on**  **commercially­available lamps** 

**with data**  **submitted to**  **DOE by**  **manufacturers for**  **the purpose**  **of compliance**  **with existing** 

**energy conservation**  **standards for**  **general service**  **fluorescent lamps.**  **DOE’s use**  **of compliance** 

**report data**  **is discussed**  **in further**  **detail in**  **section 5.3.1.2.**  **Table 5.3.23summarizes**  **the resulting** 

**efficacy levels**  **for 8­foot**  **RDC HO**  **lamps with**  **CCTs less**  **than 4,500K.** 

Table 5.3.23 Summary of the ELs for 8­Foot RDC HO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Efficacy Level Efficacy R equirement

lm/ W

**E L1**  **8 3** 

**E L2**  **8 7** 

**E L3**  **8 8** 

**E L4**  **9 2** 

**E L5**  **9 5** 

**Section 5.3.3.4**  **presents additional**  **information on**  **the lamp­and­ballast**  **systems DOE** 

**develops in**  **the engineering**  **analysis.**

5.3.3.3 System P ower Rating

**For each**  **lamp wattage**  **and ballast**  **type, DOE**  **linearly fit**  **the system**  **power rating**  **of a** 

**lamp on**  **several different**  **BFs versus**  **the BF**  **of each**  **ballast. Figure**  **5.3.23 to**  **Figure 5.3.24**  **show**

**the linear**  **fit and**  **ballast characteristics**  **DOE used**  **to derive**  **the system**  **power rating**  **for two** 

**lamp, 8­foot**  **T12 RDC**  **HO lamps**  **on electronic**  **ballasts. The**  **fit followed**  **the form**  **of Eq.**  **5.1**

**where** SPR

= m * BF + b. **The ballasts**  **DOE chose**  **for these**  **calculations typically**  **have a**  **THD**

**less than**  **20 percent,**  **PF greater**  **than 0.95,**  **and typical**  **BEF. Because**  **ballast efficiencies** 

**naturally increase**  **as lamp**  **wattages decrease,**  **there is**  **a natural**  **progression to**  **higher typical** 

**BEFs at**  **lower wattages.** 

**5­48**SytemPowerRating(W) 220.0

215.0

2 10.0

2 05.0

2 00.0

1 95.0

1 90.0

1 85.0

0.83 0.85 0 .87 0.89 0.91

Ballast F actor

Figure 5.3.23 Two­Lamp 110W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.42­0.43; Linear Fit: m=307.7, b=­65.4

190.0SystemPowerRating(W) 185.0

18 0.0

1 7 5.0

1 7 0.0

1 6 5.0

1 6 0.0

1 5 5.0

0.84 0.85 0. 86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90

Ba llast F actor

Figure 5.3.24 Two­Lamp 95W T12 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.48­0.52; Linear Fit: m=433.3, b=­204.3

**Figure 5.3.25**  **shows the**  **linear fit**  **and ballast**  **characteristics DOE**  **used to**  **derive the** 

**system power**  **rating for**  **two­lamp, 8­foot**  **T8 RDC**  **HO lamps**  **on electronic**  **ballasts. The**  **ballasts**

**DOE used**  **for these**  **calculations typically**  **have a**  **THD less**  **than 20**  **percent, PF**  **greater than**  **0.95,**

**and typical**  **BEF.**

**5­49**SystemPowerRating(W) 165.0

16 3.0

1 6 1.0

1 5 9.0

1 5 7.0

1 5 5.0

1 5 3.0

1 5 1.0

1 4 9.0

1 4 7.0

1 4 5.0

0.8 0.82 0 .84 0.86 0.88 0.9

Ba llast F actor

Figure 5.3.25 Two­Lamp 86W T8 120V Ballasts with THD <20 percent, PF >0.95, and

BEF 0.54­0.55; Linear Fit: m=128.6, b=46.9

5.3.3.4 R esults

**DOE evaluated**  **two baseline**  **lamps for**  **the 8­foot**  **RDC HO**  **with CCTs**  **≤ 4,500K**  **product**

**class: a**  **110W T12**  **lamp and**  **a 95W**  **T12 lamp.**  **For each**  **baseline lamp,**  **DOE considered**  **only**

**energy­saving options**  **that result**  **in approximately**  **the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline lamp.** 

**Energy savings**  **can either**  **be achieved**  **through lamp**  **replacements or**  **lamp­and­ballast**

**replacements. Additional**  **lamp­and­ballast designs**  **that DOE**  **uses in**  **the NIA**  **are available**  **in**

**Appendix 5A.** 

**Table 5**  **.3.24 and**  **Table 5.3.25**  **present the**  **engineering characteristics**  **of lamp** 

**replacement and**  **lamp­and­ballast replacement**  **designs for**  **a baseline**  **110W 8­foot**  **T12 RDC** 

**HO, 4,100K**  **lamp. There**  **are no**  **lamp replacement**  **designs at**  **EL1 because**  **the system**  **lumens of** 

**the 95W**  **lamp replacement**  **options below**  **EL3 emit**  **less than**  **10 percent**  **of the**  **baseline system.** 

**For l**  **amp­and­ballast replacement**  **options, DOE**  **considered some**  **T8 substitutes**  **for the** 

**110W T12**  **lamp at**  **higher ELs.**  **In events**  **of new**  **construction and**  **renovation, for**  **instance, DOE** 

**assumed that**  **some of**  **these 8­foot**  **T8 RDC**  **HO systems**  **will be**  **spaced closer**  **together so**  **that the** 

**potential light**  **output is**  **equal to,**  **greater than,**  **or no**  **more than**  **10 percent**  **less than**  **the light** 

**output of**  **the baseline**  **system.**

**. As**  **d iscussed**  **earlier, DOE**  **also adjusted**  **the BF**  **such that**  **the system**  **light output**  **of the** 

**lamp­and­ballast design**  **is equal**  **to, greater**  **than, or**  **no more**  **than 10**  **percent less**  **than the**  **light**

**output of**  **the baseline**  **system.**

**5­50**Table5.3.24LampReplacementEngineeringAnalysisfora110WT12,4,100KSystemEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 12** **1 10** **1 13** **8 0.1** **9 ,050** **8 ,145** **1 2,000** **M agnetic** **0 .95** **2 37.0** **1 7,195** **1 5,476** **E L3** **T 12** **9 5** **9 7** **8 7.6** **8 ,500** **7 ,650** **1 2,000** **M agnetic** **0 .91** **2 03.0** **1 5,470** **1 3,923** **E L3** **T 12** **9 5** **9 7** **8 8.9** **8 ,625** **7 ,750** **1 2,000** **M agnetic** **0 .91** **2 03.0** **1 5,698** **1 4,105** **5­51**Table5.3.25Lamp­and­BallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisfora110WT12,4,100KSystemEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 12** **1 10** **1 13** **8 0.1** **9 ,050** **8 ,145** **1 2,000** **M agnetic** **0 .95** **2 37.0** **1 7,195** **1 5,476** **E L1** **T 12** **1 10** **1 13** **8 3.2** **9 ,400** **8 ,648** **1 2,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **2 05.4** **1 6,544** **1 5,220** **E L2** ***T 12** **9 5** **9 7** **8 6.1** **8 ,350** **7 ,515** **1 2,000** **E lectronic** **0 .90** **1 85.6** **1 7,195** **1 5,476** **E L2** ***T 12** **9 5** **9 7** **8 6.1** **8 ,350** **7 ,515** **1 2,000** **M agnetic** **0 .91** **2 03.0** **1 7,195** **1 5,476** **E L3** **T 12** **9 5** **9 7** **8 7.6** **8 ,500** **7 ,650** **1 2,000** **M agnetic** **0 .91** **2 03.0** **1 5,470** **1 3,923** **E L3** **T 12** **9 5** **9 7** **8 8.9** **8 ,625** **7 ,750** **1 2,000** **M agnetic** **0 .91** **2 03.0** **1 5,698** **1 4,105** **E L3** **T 12** **9 5** **9 7** **8 8.9** **8 ,625** **7 ,750** **1 2,000** **E lectronic** **0 .90** **1 85.6** **1 5,525** **1 3,950** **E L3** ***T 12** **9 5** **9 7** **8 7.6** **8 ,500** **7 ,650** **1 2,000** **E lectronic** **0 .90** **1 85.6** **1 7,195** **1 5,476** **E L4** ***T 8** **8 6** **8 6** **9 1.9** **7 ,900** **7 ,100** **24,000 Electronic** **0 .88** **1 60.0** **1 7,219** **1 5,476** **E L4** ***T 8** **8 6** **8 6** **9 3.0** **8 ,000** **7 ,200** **1 8,000** **E lectronic** **0 .81** **1 51.0** **1 7,195** **1 5,476** **E L5** **T 8** **8 6** **8 6** **9 5.3** **8 ,200** **7 ,800** **1 8,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 60.0** **1 4,432** **1 3,728** **E L5** ***T 8** **8 6** **8 6** **9 5.3** **8 ,200** **7 ,800** **1 8,000** **E lectronic** **0 .81** **1 51.0** **1 6,269** **1 5,476** *******These s** **ystems are** **used only** **in the** **new construction/renovation** **scenario in** **the LCC** **analysis. Under** **this event,** **slightly more** **(between 1.12** **and 1.33)** **of these** **systems are** **installed where** **there would** **have been** **one baseline** **system to** **be within** **10 percent** **mean lumens** **of the** **baseline system.** **Therefore, the** **LCC and** **lumen output** **of these** **systems are** **multiplied by** **a factor** **(between 1.12** **and 1.33)** **in the** **LCC analysis.** **Table 5.3.26** **presents the** **engineering analysis** **results for** **the replacement** **lamp­and­ballast combinations** **for the** **95W 8­foot** **T12 RDC** **HO baseline** **lamp. DOE** **did not** **identify any** **lower­wattage direct** **lamp replacement** **designs that** **could operate** **on the** **same ballast** **as a** **95W T12** **and save** **energy. In** **this table,** **DOE considered** **T8 lamp­and­ballast** **replacements for** **the baseline** **lamp, and** **selects the** **BF so** **that the** **new system** **has a** **light output** **of no** **less than** **10 percent** **of the** **baseline system.** **5­52**Table5.3.26Lamp­and­BallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisfora95WT12,4,100KSystemEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 12** **9 5** **9 7** **8 2.5** **8 ,000** **6 ,950** **1 2,000** **M agnetic** **0 .91** **2 03.0** **1 4,560** **1 2,649** **E L2** **T 12** **9 5** **9 7** **8 6.1** **8 ,350** **7 ,515** **1 2,000** **E lectronic** **0 .89** **1 81.3** **1 4,863** **1 3,377** **E L3** **T 12** **9 5** **9 7** **8 8.9** **8 ,625** **7 ,750** **1 2,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 77.0** **1 5,180** **1 3,640** **E L3** **T 12** **9 5** **9 7** **8 7.6** **8 ,500** **7 ,650** **1 2,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 77.0** **1 4,960** **1 3,464** **E L3** **T 8** **8 6** **8 6** **9 1.9** **7 ,900** **7 ,100** **2 4,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 60.0** **1 3,904** **1 2,496** **E L4** **T 8** **8 6** **8 6** **9 3.0** **8 ,000** **7 ,200** **1 8,000** **E lectronic** **0 .88** **1 60.0** **1 4,080** **1 2,672** **E L5** **T 8** **8 6** **8 6** **9 5.3** **8 ,200** **7 ,800** **1 8,000** **E lectronic** **0 .81** **1 51.0** **1 3,284** **1 2,636** **5­53**5.3.4 Four­foot T 5 MiniBP SO GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

5.3.4.1 B aseline M odels

**Currently, only**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP SO**  **lamps utilizing**  **rare­earth phosphors**  **are sold**  **on the** 

**US market.**  **DOE recognizes,**  **however, that**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP SO**  **halophosphor lamps**  **may be** 

**introduced to**  **the US**  **market and**  **purchased widely**  **by consumers**  **if efficacy**  **standards for**  **4­foot**

**T5 MiniBP**  **SO lamps**  **are not**  **established. Because**  **4­foot T5**  **halophosphor MiniBP**  **SO lamps** 

**do not**  **exist currently,**  **DOE developed**  **a baseline**  **model 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **SO halophosphor** 

**lamp by**  **applying efficacy**  **data from**  **shorter length**  **halophosphor SO**  **T5 lamps**  **that are**  **currently**

**available and**  **creating a**  **relationship between**  **length and**  **efficacy. The**  **baseline 4­foot**  **T5**

**MiniBP SO**  **lamp that**  **DOE modeled**  **is a**  **28W halophosphor**  **lamp with**  **an efficacy**  **of 86**  **lm/W.**

**The lamp**  **has a**  **CCT of**  **4,100K, a**  **CRI of**  **62, and**  **a rated**  **lifetime of**  **20,000 hours.**  **Although this** 

**lamp is**  **not commercially**  **available today,**  **it is**  **the least**  **efficacious lamp**  **that may**  **be**

**commercially available**  **when standards**  **take effect.**  **For further**  **information on**  **the development** 

**of the**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP SO**  **halophosphor baseline,**  **see appendix**  **5B of**  **this TSD.** 

**DOE f**  **ound that**  **a range**  **of ballast**  **factors are**  **available for**  **the 4­foot**  **T5 product**  **classes,**

**and the**  **most common**  **ballast is**  **a 2­lamp**  **ballast. Because**  **the light**  **output of**  **the 4­foot**  **T5**

**MiniBP SO**  **halophosphor baseline**  **lamp is**  **much lower**  **than T5**  **lamps sold**  **on the**  **market today,** 

**DOE chose**  **the highest**  **ballast factors**  **available. Thus,**  **DOE paired**  **its baseline**  **4­foot T5** 

**MiniBP SO**  **lamp with**  **1.15 ballast**  **factor and**  **1.00 ballast**  **factor programmed**  **start electronic** 

**ballasts. Together,**  **the 28W**  **lamps and**  **1.00 BF**  **ballast combination**  **creates a**  **lumen package**  **of**

**3,348 mean**  **lumens (and**  **4,782 initial**  **lumens), while**  **the 28W**  **lamps and**  **1.15 BF**  **ballast**

**combination creates**  **a lumen**  **package of**  **3,850 mean**  **lumens (and**  **5,499 initial**  **lumens).**

Table 5.3.27 Baseline Unit of Analysis for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP Standard­Output Lamps

Lamp

Diameter Nominal

W attage CRI C CT R ated

E fficacy* Initial L ight

Output Mean L ight

Output Li fe

W K lm/ W lm Lm h r

**T 5**  **2 8**  **6 2**  **4 ,100**  **8 6.0**  **2 ,391**  **1 ,674**  **2 0,000** 

***** **Rat ed**  **e fficacy**  **is based**  **on the**  **rated wattage**  **of the**  **lamp, which**  **is 27.8W.** 

5.3.4.2 Efficacy L evels

**In selecting**  **ELs, DOE**  **considered two**  **different paths**  **to energy**  **savings. The**  **first**

**concentrated on**  **reduced wattage**  **replacement lamps**  **that could**  **be installed**  **in a**  **socket and** 

**operate on**  **the existing**  **ballast. These**  **lower­wattage replacement**  **lamps have**  **a higher**  **efficacy**

**and therefore**  **produce approximately**  **the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline lamp**  **(i.e., light**  **output**

**never drops**  **below 10**  **percent of**  **the baseline**  **system). The**  **other path**  **to energy**  **savings involved** 

**lamps that**  **have the**  **same rated**  **wattage as**  **the baseline**  **lamp, but**  **operate on**  **a new**  **ballast with**  **a**

**different BF,**  **so system**  **energy is**  **lower. DOE**  **selected the**  **BF with**  **the more**  **efficacious lamp**  **to**

**produce approximately**  **the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline lamp**  **(i.e., light**  **output never**  **drops**

**below 10**  **percent of**  **the baseline**  **system).**

**5­54 For**  **the 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **SO with**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K product**  **class DOE**  **analyzed two** 

**efficacy levels:**  **the first**  **efficacy level**  **prevents the**  **introduction of**  **less efficacious**  **halophosphor**

**lamps on**  **the market,**  **while the**  **second efficacy**  **level raises**  **the efficacy**  **of the**  **current highest** 

**volume 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **SO lamps**  **on the**  **market.**

**The f**  **ollowing discussion**  **identifies the**  **steps and**  **technologies associated**  **with each**  **EL**

**DOE considered.**  **As discussed**  **in the**  **screening analysis**  **(Chapter 4),**  **DOE used**  **design options** 

**with highly**  **emissive electrode**  **coatings, higher**  **efficacy lamp**  **fill gas**  **composition, higher** 

**efficacy phosphors,**  **glass coatings,**  **or higher**  **efficacy lamp**  **diameter to**  **achieve higher**  **efficacy**

**levels for**  **GSFL. For**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP SO,**  **the primary**  **design option**  **DOE assessed**  **was the** 

**use of**  **higher efficacy**  **phosphors. No**  **other diameters**  **than T5**  **were available**  **as design**  **options**

**for this**  **product class.**  **DOE identified**  **the phosphor**  **associated with**  **each EL:** 

EL1

**. T**  **his efficacy**  **level is**  **characterized by**  **lamps that**  **use 800­series**  **phosphors and** 

**have a**  **rated catalog**  **efficacy (initial**  **lamp lumens**  **divided by**  **ANSI rated**  **wattage) of**  **104 lm/W.** 

**They are**  **the most**  **common 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **SO lamps**  **currently on**  **the market.** 

EL2

**. T**  **his level**  **characterizes higher**  **efficacy 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **SO lamps**  **that use** 

**improved 800­series**  **phosphors. Specifically,**  **there is**  **a reduced­wattage**  **(26W) 4­foot**  **T5**

**MiniBP SO**  **lamp (with**  **a rated**  **efficacy of**  **112 lpw)**  **and a**  **full­wattage (28W)**  **lamp (with**  **a rated** 

**efficacy of**  **110 lpw)**  **that are**  **more efficacious**  **than the**  **lamps that**  **just meet**  **efficacy level**  **1.**

**Figure 5**  **.3.26 illustrates**  **the two**  **ELs on**  **a plot**  **of selected**  **fluorescent lamps.**  **A square** 

**box and**  **a label**  **identifies the**  **baseline lamp.**  **The plot**  **also shows**  **the high­efficacy**  **replacement**

**lamps DOE**  **is considering**  **for the**  **baseline lamp.**  **Some are**  **at the**  **same wattage**  **as the**  **baseline**

**lamp, but**  **have a**  **higher efficacy;**  **one lamp**  **has a**  **combination of**  **lower wattage**  **and higher** 

**efficacy.**

**5­55**EL1 EL2

75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 105.0 110.0 115.0 120.0 125.0RatedLampEfficacy(lm/W)

28W T5 Baseline

20 22 24 26 28 30

Rated W attage (W)

Figure 5.3.26 Efficacy Levels for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

**Table 5.3.28**  **provides detailed**  **information on**  **the 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **SO lamp**  **designs**

**used in**  **the engineering**  **analysis and**  **subsequent analyses.** 

Table 5.3.28 4­Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamp Designs

EL Lamp

D iameter Nominal

W attage Rated

W attage Rated

E fficacy Initial L ight

Output Mean L ight

Output Li fe C RI

W W lm/ W L m lm hr

**B asel**  **ine/0 T**  **5 2**  **8 2**  **7.8 8**  **6.0 2**  **,391 1**  **,674 2**  **0,000 6**  **2**

**1 T5**  **2 8**  **2 7.8**  **1 04.3**  **2 ,900**  **2 ,660**  **2 0,000**  **8 5** 

**2 T5**  **2 8**  **2 7.8**  **1 09.7**  **3 ,050**  **2 ,898**  **2 0,000**  **8 5** 

**2 T5**  **2 6**  **2 6.0**  **1 11.5**  **2 ,900**  **2 ,660**  **2 5,000**  **8 5** 

**As seen**  **above, DOE**  **used commercially­available**  **lamps and**  **their associated**  **rated**

**efficacies (rated**  **initial lumen**  **output divided**  **by the**  **ANSI rated**  **wattage) to**  **determine the**  **design**

**options required**  **to meet**  **each efficacy**  **level. However,**  **similar to**  **previously discussed**  **product**

**classes, these**  **rated efficacy**  **values do**  **not necessarily**  **correspond to**  **how these**  **lamps may** 

**comply under**  **energy conservation**  **standards. As**  **discussed further**  **detail in**  **section 5.3.1.2,**  **DOE**

**used compliance**  **report data**  **to establish**  **minimum efficacy**  **requirements for**  **the 4­foot**  **MBP, 8­** 

**foot SP**  **slimline, and**  **8­foot RDC**  **HO efficacy**  **levels. Because**  **4­foot MiniBP**  **SO lamps**  **have**

**been not**  **been regulated**  **by DOE**  **in the**  **past, 4­foot**  **MiniBP SO**  **compliance reports**  **do not**  **exist.**

**5­56 Therefore,**  **to establish**  **appropriate minimum**  **efficacy requirements**  **for each**  **4­foot MiniBP** 

**efficacy level,**  **DOE the**  **percentage difference**  **between the**  **rated efficacy**  **and compliance** 

**efficacy for**  **the highest­efficacy**  **4­foot MBP**  **lamps, and**  **applied that**  **same percentage**  **reduction**

**to the**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP SO**  **rated efficacies.**  **Table 5.3.29**  **summarizes the**  **resulting efficacy** 

**levels for**  **4­foot MiniBP**  **SO lamps**  **with CCTs**  **less than**  **4,500K.**

Table 5.3.29 Summary of the ELs for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Efficacy Level Efficacy R equirement

lm/ W

**E L1**  **1 03** 

**E L2**  **1 08** 

**Section 5.3.4.4**  **presents additional**  **information on**  **the lamp­and­ballast**  **systems DOE** 

**develops in**  **the engineering**  **analysis.**

5.3.4.3 System P ower Rating

**DOE calculated**  **the system**  **power rating,**  **which represents**  **the energy**  **consumption rate** 

**of both**  **the lamps**  **and ballast,**  **using published**  **catalog information.**  **For each**  **lamp wattage**  **and**

**ballast type,**  **DOE applied**  **a linear**  **fit to**  **several points**  **identifying the**  **system power**  **rating of**  **a**

**lamp on**  **a ballast**  **and the**  **ballast factor**  **of the**  **ballast. The**  **fit follows**  **the form**  **of Eq.**  **5.1 where** 

SPR

= m * BF + b

**. DOE**  **used a**  **linear form**  **because the**  **relationship is**  **approximately linear** 

**over the**  **range of**  **BFs and**  **wattages considered.** 

**The b**  **allasts DOE**  **used typically**  **have a**  **total harmonic**  **distortion (THD)**  **less than**  **10**

**percent, power**  **factors (PF)**  **greater than**  **0.95, and**  **typical ballast**  **efficacy factors**  **(BEF). Because** 

**ballast efficiencies**  **naturally increase**  **as lamp**  **wattages decrease,**  **there is**  **a natural**  **progression to** 

**higher typical**  **BEFs at**  **lower wattages.**  **Also, because**  **there is**  **less manufacturer**  **literature on** 

**system power**  **ratings of**  **ballasts with**  **lower wattage**  **lamps, DOE**  **used fewer**  **points to**  **develop a** 

**linear fit**  **for the**  **energy­saving lamp**  **wattages. Figure**  **5.3.27 to**  **Figure 5.3.28**  **show the**  **linear fit** 

**and ballast**  **characteristics DOE**  **used to**  **derive the**  **system power**  **rating for**  **2­lamp, 4­foot**  **T5 SO** 

**lamps on**  **electronic ballasts.** 

**5­57**SystemPowerRating(W) 80.0

75.0

7 0.0

6 5.0

6 0.0

5 5.0

5 0.0 **Linear Fit:**  **m=47.3, b=16.3** 

0.85 0.95 1 .05 1.15

Ballast F actor

Figure 5.3.27 Two­Lamp 28W T5 Ballasts with THD <10 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF 1.52­

1.67

75.0SystemPowerRating(W)

70.0

65.0

6 0.0

5 5.0

5 0.0 **Linear Fit:**  **m=52.4, b=7.2** 

0.85 0.95 1 .05 1.15

Ballast F actor

Figure 5.3.28 Two­Lamp 26W T5 Ballasts with THD <10 percent, PF >0.95, and BEF 1.67­

5.3.4.4 R esults

**For the**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP SO**  **with CCTs**  **≤ 4,500K**  **product class,**  **DOE assessed**  **one**

**model baseline**  **lamp. DOE**  **considered only**  **energy­saving options**  **that result**  **in approximately** 

**the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline lamp**  **system. Energy**  **savings could**  **either be**  **achieved**

**5­58** 1.71**through lamp**  **or lamp**  **and ballast**  **replacements. Appendix**  **5A provides**  **information on**  **the**

**additional lamp­and­ballast**  **designs DOE**  **uses in**  **the NIA.** 

**Table 5**  **.3.30 presents**  **the engineering**  **characteristics of**  **lamp replacement**  **options for**  **a**

**baseline 28W**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP SO,**  **4,100K lamp.**  **Table 5.3.31**  **presents the**  **engineering**

**characteristics of**  **lamp and**  **ballast replacement**  **options for**  **the same**  **lamp. As**  **discussed earlier,** 

**DOE adjusted**  **the BF**  **so that**  **the combination**  **of lamp**  **and ballast**  **maintains light**  **output so**  **that**

**potential light**  **output is**  **equal to,**  **greater than,**  **or no**  **more than**  **10 percent**  **less than**  **the light** 

**output of**  **the baseline**  **system. All**  **T5 ballasts**  **that DOE**  **considered are**  **electronic.**

**5­59**Table5.3.30LampReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaTwo­Lamp28WT5,4,100KSystemEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 5** **2 8** **2 7.8** **8 6.0** **2 ,391** **1 ,674** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **1 .15** **7 0.7** **5 ,499** **3 ,850** **E L2** **T 5** **2 6** **2 6.0** **1 11.5** **2 ,900** **2 ,660** **2 5,000** **E lectronic** **1 .15** **6 7.5** **6 ,670** **6 ,118** Table5.3.31LampandBallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaTwo­Lamp28WT5,4,100KSystemEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWLm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 5** **2 8** **2 7.8** **8 6.0** **2 ,391** **1 ,674** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **1 .15** **7 0.7** **5 ,499** **3 ,850** **E L1** ***T 5** **2 8** **2 7.8** **1 04.3** **2 ,900** **2 ,660** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .96** **6 1.2** **5 ,510** **5 ,054** **E L2** ***T 5** **2 8** **2 7.8** **1 09.7** **3 ,050** **2 ,898** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **0 .90** **1 09.7** **5 ,490** **5 ,216** **E L2** ***T 5** **2 6** **2 6.0** **1 11.5** **2 ,900** **2 ,660** **2 5,000** **E lectronic** **0 .90** **5 4.4** **5 ,220** **4 ,788** *******These s** **ystems are** **used in** **the new** **construction/renovation scenario** **in the** **LCC analysis.** **Under this** **event, slightly** **less (between** **0.74 and** **0.80) of** **these systems** **are installed** **where there** **would have** **been one** **baseline system** **to be** **within 10** **percent mean** **lumens of** **the baseline** **system. Therefore,** **the LCC** **and lumen** **output of** **these systems** **are multiplied** **by a** **factor (between** **0.74 and** **0.80) in** **the LCC** **analysis. 5­60** 5.3.5 Four­foot T 5 MiniBP HO GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

5.3.5.1 B aseline M odels

**Similar to**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP SO**  **lamps, currently,**  **only 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **HO lamps** 

**utilizing rare­earth**  **phosphors are**  **sold on**  **the US**  **market. DOE**  **recognizes, however,**  **that 4­foot** 

**T5 MiniBP**  **HO halophosphor**  **lamps may**  **be introduced**  **to the**  **US market**  **and purchased**  **widely**

**by consumers**  **if efficacy**  **standards for**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP HO**  **lamps are**  **not established.**  **Because**

**4­foot T5**  **halophosphor MiniBP**  **HO lamps**  **do not**  **exist currently,**  **DOE developed**  **a baseline** 

**model 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **HO halophosphor**  **lamp by**  **applying efficacy**  **data from**  **shorter length** 

**halophosphor fluorescent**  **T5 lamps**  **that are**  **currently available**  **in the**  **market and**  **creating a** 

**relationship between**  **length and**  **efficacy. The**  **baseline 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **HO lamp**  **that DOE** 

**modeled is**  **a 54W**  **halophosphor lamp**  **with an**  **efficacy of**  **76.6 lm/W.**  **The lamp**  **has a**  **CCT of** 

**4,100K, a**  **CRI of**  **62, and**  **a rated**  **lifetime of**  **20,000 hours.**  **Although this**  **lamp is**  **not**

**commercially available**  **today, it**  **is the**  **least efficacious**  **lamp that**  **may be**  **commercially available** 

**when standards**  **take effect.**  **For further**  **information on**  **the development**  **of the**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP**

**HO halophosphor**  **baseline, see**  **appendix 5B**  **of this**  **TSD.**

**DOE f**  **ound that**  **the most**  **common ballast**  **is a**  **2­lamp ballast**  **with a**  **1.0 ballast**  **factor.**

**Thus, DOE**  **paired its**  **baseline 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **HO lamp**  **with a**  **1.00 ballast**  **factor programmed** 

**start electronic**  **ballast. Together,**  **the 54W**  **lamps and**  **1.00 BF**  **ballast combination**  **creates a** 

**lumen package**  **of 5,770**  **mean lumens**  **(and 8,244**  **initial lumens).** 

Table 5.3.32 Baseline Unit of Analysis for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP High­Output Lamps

Lamp

Diameter Nominal

W attage CRI C CT R ated

E fficacy* Initial L ight

Output Mean L ight

Output Li fe

W K lm/ W lm Lm h r

**T 5**  **5 4**  **6 2**  **4 ,100**  **7 6.6**  **4 ,122**  **2 ,885**  **2 0,000** 

***** **Rat ed**  **e fficacy**  **is based**  **on the**  **rated wattage**  **of the**  **lamp, which**  **is 53.8W.** 

5.3.5.2 Efficacy L evels

**In selecting**  **ELs, DOE**  **considered two**  **paths to**  **energy savings.**  **The first**  **concentrated on** 

**reduced wattage**  **replacement lamps**  **that could**  **be installed**  **in a**  **socket and**  **operate on**  **the existing** 

**ballast. These**  **lower­wattage replacement**  **lamps have**  **a higher**  **efficacy and**  **therefore produce** 

**approximately the**  **same light**  **output as**  **the baseline**  **lamp (i.e.,**  **light output**  **never drops**  **below 10** 

**percent of**  **the baseline**  **system). The**  **other path**  **to energy**  **savings involves**  **installing a**  **higher**

**efficacy lamp**  **on the**  **same ballast**  **factor ballast**  **to increase**  **light output.**  **For new**  **construction,**

**users can**  **install less**  **lamp­and­ballast systems**  **in the**  **case of**  **a standard**  **due to**  **their higher**  **light**

**output. DOE**  **could not**  **consider installing**  **a lamp**  **on a**  **lower ballast**  **factor ballast**  **to save**  **energy**

**as ballasts**  **with a**  **ballast factor**  **lower than**  **1.0 are**  **not commercially**  **available.**

**For t**  **he 4­foot**  **T5 miniature**  **bipin HO**  **with CCTs**  **≤ 4,500K**  **product class**  **DOE analyzed** 

**one efficacy**  **level preventing**  **the introduction**  **of less**  **efficacious halophosphor**  **lamps on**  **the**

**market. For**  **the 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **HO with**  **CCTs ≤**  **4,500K product**  **class, DOE**  **found that**  **only**

**one full­wattage**  **(54W) lamp**  **exists on**  **the market**  **today. Because**  **DOE based**  **its ELs**  **on full** 

**5­61 wattage**  **lamps due**  **to the**  **limited utility**  **of reduced­wattage**  **lamps, DOE**  **did not**  **analyze an** 

**additional EL**  **for this**  **product class.**  **DOE, however,**  **was able**  **to identify**  **a reduced­wattage**  **lamp**

**and a**  **full­wattage 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **HO lamp**  **corresponding to**  **the use**  **of 800­series**  **phosphors.**

**The f**  **ollowing discussion**  **identifies the**  **steps and**  **technologies associated**  **with the**  **EL**

**DOE considered.**  **As discussed**  **in the**  **screening analysis**  **(Chapter 4),**  **DOE used**  **design options** 

**with highly**  **emissive electrode**  **coatings, higher**  **efficacy lamp**  **fill gas**  **composition, higher** 

**efficacy phosphors,**  **glass coatings,**  **or higher**  **efficacy lamp**  **diameter to**  **achieve higher**  **efficacy**

**levels for**  **GSFL. For**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP HO**  **lamps, the**  **primary design**  **option DOE**  **assessed was** 

**the usage**  **of higher**  **efficacy phosphors.**  **DOE also**  **identified the**  **phosphor associated**  **with the** 

**EL:**

EL1

**. T**  **his efficacy**  **level is**  **characterized by**  **lamps that**  **use 800­series**  **phosphors. There** 

**is a**  **full­wattage (54W)**  **lamp with**  **a rated**  **catalog efficacy**  **(initial lamp**  **lumens divided**  **by ANSI** 

**rated wattage)**  **of 92.9**  **lm/W and**  **a reduced­wattage**  **(51W) lamp**  **with a**  **rated catalog**  **efficacy of** 

**98.0 l**  **m/W.**

**F igure**  **5 .3.29**  **illustrates the**  **EL on**  **a plot**  **of selected**  **fluorescent lamps.**  **A square**  **box and** 

**a label**  **identify the**  **baseline lamp.**  **The plot**  **also shows**  **the high­efficacy**  **replacement lamps** 

**DOE considered**  **for the**  **baseline lamp.**  **One is**  **at the**  **same wattage,**  **but has**  **a higher**  **efficacy; the** 

**other has**  **a combination**  **of lower**  **wattage and**  **higher efficacy.** 

**5­62**EL1

75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 105.0 110.0RatedLampEfficacy(lm/W)

54W T5 Baseline

45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59

Rated W attage (W)

Figure 5.3.29 Efficacy Level for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP HO Fluorescent Lamps With CCTs ≤

4,500K

**Table 5.3.33**  **provides detailed**  **information on**  **the 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **HO lamp**  **designs**

**used in**  **the engineering**  **analysis and**  **subsequent analyses.** 

Table 5.3.33 4­Foot T5 MiniBP HO Lamp Designs

EL Lamp

D iameter Nominal

W attage Rated

W attage Rated

E fficacy Initial L ight

Output Mean L ight

Output Li fe C RI

W W lm/ W lm lm hr

**B asel**  **ine/0 T**  **5 5**  **4 5**  **3.8 7**  **6.6 4**  **,122 2**  **,885 2**  **0,000 6**  **2**

**1 T5**  **5 4**  **5 3.8**  **9 2.9**  **5 ,000**  **4 ,600**  **2 0,000**  **8 5** 

**1 T5**  **5 1**  **5 1.0**  **9 8.0**  **5 ,000**  **4 ,600**  **2 0,000**  **8 5** 

**As seen**  **above, DOE**  **used commercially­available**  **lamps and**  **their associated**  **rated**

**efficacies (rated**  **initial lumen**  **output divided**  **by the**  **ANSI rated**  **wattage) to**  **determine the**  **design**

**options required**  **to meet**  **each efficacy**  **level. However,**  **similar to**  **previously discussed**  **product**

**classes, these**  **rated efficacy**  **values do**  **not necessarily**  **correspond to**  **how these**  **lamps may** 

**comply under**  **energy conservation**  **standards. As**  **discussed further**  **detail in**  **section 5.3.1.2,**  **DOE**

**used compliance**  **report data**  **to establish**  **minimum efficacy**  **requirements for**  **the 4­foot**  **MBP, 8­** 

**foot SP**  **slimline, and**  **8­foot RDC**  **HO efficacy**  **levels. Because**  **4­foot MiniBP**  **HO lamps**  **have**

**been not**  **been regulated**  **by DOE**  **in the**  **past, 4­foot**  **MiniBP HO**  **compliance reports**  **do not**  **exist.**

**Therefore, to**  **establish appropriate**  **minimum efficacy**  **requirements for**  **each 4­foot**  **MiniBP**

**efficacy level,**  **DOE the**  **percentage difference**  **between the**  **rated efficacy**  **and compliance** 

**5­63 efficacy**  **for the**  **highest­efficacy 4­foot**  **MBP lamps,**  **and applied**  **that same**  **percentage reduction** 

**to the**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP HO**  **rated efficacies.**  **Table 5.3.34**  **summarizes the**  **resulting efficacy** 

**level for**  **4­foot MiniBP**  **HO lamps**  **with CCTs**  **less than**  **4,500K.**

Table 5.3.34 Summary of the ELs for 4­Foot T5 MiniBP HO Lamps With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

Efficacy Level Efficacy R equirement

lm/ W

**E L1**  **8 9** 

**Section 5.3.5.4**  **presents additional**  **information on**  **the lamp­and­ballast**  **systems DOE** 

**develops in**  **the engineering**  **analysis.**

5.3.5.3 System P ower Rating

**The ballasts**  **DOE used**  **typically have**  **a total**  **harmonic distortion**  **(THD) less**  **than 10** 

**percent, power**  **factors (PF)**  **greater than**  **0.95, and**  **typical ballast**  **efficacy factors**  **(BEF). The** 

**54W lamp**  **has one**  **available ballast**  **that results**  **in a**  **system power**  **rating of**  **120.0W, while**  **the**

**51W lamp**  **has one**  **available ballast**  **that results**  **in a**  **system power**  **rating of**  **117.0W.**

5.3.5.4 Results

**For the**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP HO**  **with CCTs**  **≤ 4,500K**  **product class,**  **DOE assessed**  **one**

**model baseline**  **lamp. DOE**  **considered only**  **energy­saving options**  **that result**  **in approximately** 

**the same**  **light output**  **as the**  **baseline lamp**  **system. Energy**  **savings could**  **either be**  **achieved**

**through lamp**  **or lamp**  **and ballast**  **replacements.**

**Table 5**  **.3.35 presents**  **the engineering**  **characteristics of**  **lamp replacement**  **options for**  **a**

**baseline 54W**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP HO,**  **4,100K lamp.**  **Table 5.3.36**  **presents the**  **engineering**

**characteristics of**  **lamp and**  **ballast replacement**  **options for**  **the same**  **lamp. As**  **discussed earlier,** 

**DOE adjusted**  **the BF**  **so that**  **the combination**  **of lamp**  **and ballast**  **maintains light**  **output so**  **that**

**potential light**  **output is**  **equal to,**  **greater than,**  **or no**  **more than**  **10 percent**  **less than**  **the light** 

**output of**  **the baseline**  **system. All**  **T5 ballasts**  **that DOE**  **considered are**  **electronic.**

**5­64**Table5.3.35LampReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaTwo­Lamp54WT5,4,100KSystemEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWlm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 5** **5 4** **5 3.8** **7 6.6** **4 ,122** **2 ,885** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **1 .00** **1 20.0** **8 .244** **5 ,770** **E L1** **T 5** **5 1** **5 1.0** **9 8.0** **5 ,000** **4 ,600** **2 5,000** **E lectronic** **1 .00** **1 17.0** **1 0,000** **9 ,200** Table5.3.36LampandBallastReplacementEngineeringAnalysisforaTwo­Lamp54WT5,4,100KSystemEfficacyLevelLampDiameterNominalWattageRatedWattageRatedEfficacyInitialLightOutputMeanLightOutputLifeBallastTypeBallastFactorSystemPowerRatingSystemInitialLightOutputSystemMeanLightOutputWWLm/WlmlmhrWlmlm**B aseline** **T 5** **5 4** **5 3.8** **7 6.6** **4 ,122** **2 ,885** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **1 .00** **1 20.0** **8 .244** **5 ,770** **E L1** ***T 5** **5 4** **5 3.8** **9 2.9** **5 ,000** **4 ,600** **2 0,000** **E lectronic** **1 .00** **1 20.0** **1 0,000** **9 ,200** **E L1** ***T 5** **5 1** **5 1.0** **9 8.0** **5 ,000** **4 ,600** **2 5,000** **E lectronic** **1 .00** **1 17.0** **1 0,000** **9 ,200** *******These s** **ystems are** **used in** **the new** **construction/renovation scenario** **in the** **LCC analysis.** **Under this** **event, slightly** **less (0.63)** **of these** **systems are** **installed where** **there would** **have been** **one baseline** **system to** **be within** **10 percent** **mean lumens** **of the** **baseline system.** **Therefore, the** **LCC and** **lumen output** **of these** **systems are** **multiplied by** **a factor** **(0.63) in** **the LCC** **analysis. 5­65** 5.4 INCANDESCENT R EFLECTOR LAMPS

**As discussed**  **in Chapter**  **3, the**  **market and**  **technology assessment,**  **DOE created**  **eight**

**separate incandescent**  **reflector lamp**  **product classes**  **with three**  **subdivisions: standard­spectrum** 

**IRL and**  **modified­spectrum IRL,**  **diameter greater**  **and less**  **than 2.5**  **inches, and**  **voltage greater** 

**and less**  **than 125V.**  **DOE chose**  **to analyze**  **the standard­spectrum,**  **voltage less**  **than 125V,** 

**diameter greater**  **than 2.5**  **inches IRL**  **product class**  **due to**  **its prevalence**  **in the**  **market.**

**Discussions with**  **industry experts**  **and a**  **review of**  **manufacturer literature**  **for IRL**  **revealed that** 

**standard­spectrum lamps**  **represent the**  **vast majority**  **of IRL.**  **Discussions also**  **revealed that**  **the**

**majority of**  **consumers purchase**  **120V IRL**  **and PAR30**  **or PAR38**  **IRL (the**  **most common**  **lamps**

**with a**  **diameter greater**  **than 2.5**  **inches). IRL**  **that operate**  **at 130V**  **and PAR20**  **IRL (the**  **most**

**common lamps**  **with a**  **diameter less**  **than or**  **equal to**  **2.5 inches)**  **are not**  **as common**  **in the**  **market**

**place. DOE**  **extrapolated its**  **findings to**  **the other**  **product classes.**  **Section 5.5.2**  **provides detail** 

**on this**  **extrapolation.**

**Each I**  **RL product**  **class considered**  **spans the**  **full range**  **of wattages**  **covered. DOE** 

**considered ELs**  **for each**  **product class**  **with efficacy**  **that varies**  **with wattage.**  **Given that**  **the IRL** 

**product classes**  **are not**  **divided by**  **wattage, DOE**  **did not**  **choose a**  **representative wattage**  **bin for** 

**IRL. However,**  **rather than**  **selecting one**  **baseline lamp,**  **DOE chose**  **to analyze**  **lamps of**  **multiple**

**wattages in**  **the standard­spectrum**  **product class**  **to prevent**  **oversimplification of**  **the analysis.** 

**DOE concentrated**  **on analyzing**  **the most**  **popular reflector**  **lamps in**  **terms of**  **lamp size,**  **wattage,**

**and lumen**  **package. DOE**  **examined existing**  **product on**  **the market**  **at multiple**  **wattages to**  **select**

**baseline lamps.**  **DOE used**  **product at**  **multiple wattages**  **to derive**  **efficacy equations**  **that span** 

**wattage. Therefore,**  **DOE was**  **able to**  **apply the**  **analysis performed**  **on the**  **most popular**  **lamps to** 

**the other,**  **less common**  **lamps. Section**  **5.4.2 provides**  **further detail**  **on the**  **ELs DOE**  **developed**

**for IRL.** 

Table 5.4.1 Product Classes for Incandescent Reflector Lamps

Lamp Type Diameter V oltage

**> 2.5**  **in ches**  **≥ 125** 

**S t**  **andard­spectrum <**  **125 (**  **representative)**

**≤ 2.5**  **in ches**  **≥ 125** 

**< 125** 

**> 2.5**  **in ches**  **≥ 125** 

**M odi**  **fied­spectrum <**  **125**

**≤ 2.5**  **in ches**  **≥ 125** 

**< 125** 

**As with**  **GSFL, DOE**  **analyzed lamp**  **designs for**  **the LCC**  **that both**  **save energy**  **and**

**maintain comparable**  **light output.**  **DOE considered**  **lamp designs**  **that emit**  **initial lumens**  **equal**

**to the**  **light output**  **of the**  **baseline system,**  **or less**  **than that**  **system, but**  **by no**  **more than**  **10**

**percent. DOE**  **maintained light**  **output across**  **efficacy levels**  **to ensure**  **that products**  **supply**

**equivalent service**  **under the**  **base case**  **and standards**  **case scenarios.**  **To account**  **for the**  **purchase**

**5­66 of**  **more efficacious**  **lamps at**  **constant wattage**  **(with greater**  **light output),**  **DOE considered**  **non**

**energy saving**  **lamps in**  **the NIA.**  **Appendix 5A**  **shows lamp**  **designs considered**  **in the**  **NIA.**

**In a**  **ssessing light**  **output, DOE**  **distinguished between**  **mean and**  **initial lumens.**  **DOE**

**used initial**  **lumens in**  **its test**  **procedures for**  **incandescent lamps**  **to measure**  **compliance with**  **a**

**standard. This**  **is consistent**  **with consensus**  **industry standards**  **on efficacy**  **measurements.**

**Therefore, DOE**  **used initial**  **lumens to**  **calculate efficacy.**  **For incandescent**  **lamps, DOE**  **also**

**used initial**  **lumens when**  **predicting consumer**  **purchase decisions.**  **Consumers generally**  **make**

**purchase decisions**  **based on**  **initial lumens**  **and not**  **mean lumens**  **for incandescent**  **lamps.**

**Therefore, DOE**  **lists initial**  **lumens in**  **its tables.**  **Over time,**  **the light**  **output of**  **an incandescent** 

**lamp decreases**  **slightly. To**  **account for**  **this real­world**  **depreciation in**  **lumens, DOE**  **also**

**monitored mean**  **lumens in**  **the NIA.** 

5.4.1 Baseline M odels for IRL With Diameters Greater Than 2.5 Inches and Operating

Voltages Less Than or Equal to 125V

**DOE selected**  **three baseline**  **lamps of**  **varying wattage**  **and shapes**  **to provide**  **a**

**comprehensive understanding**  **of consumer**  **economics. DOE**  **included parabolic**  **reflector (PAR)** 

**halogen baseline**  **lamps of**  **three different**  **wattages. These**  **baseline lamps**  **are currently**  **regulated**

**by EPCA**  **and meet**  **the EPCA**  **standard.**

**DOE i**  **dentified three**  **IRL lumen**  **packages that**  **are popular**  **in the**  **commercial and** 

**residential sectors.**  **DOE also**  **identified power**  **ratings and**  **lifetime characteristics**  **of these**  **lamps,**

**as listed**  **in Table**  **5.4.2. The**  **three light**  **output packages**  **are 630,**  **1050, and**  **1,310 lumens,** 

**corresponding to**  **a 50W**  **PAR30, 75W**  **PAR38, and**  **90W PAR38**  **lamp. These**  **lamps represent**  **a**

**cross­section of**  **the most**  **common reflector**  **lamps sold**  **and used**  **today. Since**  **these lamps** 

**capture a**  **range of**  **wattages, lumen**  **packages, and**  **lamp diameters,**  **they cover**  **a range**  **of**

**applications. Table**  **5.4.2 presents**  **the representative**  **product class**  **and the**  **three baseline**  **lamps**

**DOE selected**  **for its**  **IRL analysis.**  **These lamps**  **represent high­volume**  **wattages and**  **diameters.**

Table 5.4.2 IRL Representative Product Class and Baseline Lamps

Lamp Representativ e Representativ e Product Class

Baseline Lamps

Category P roduct C lass **Descript or**  **W at**  **tage**

W **Efficacy**

lm

/W **Initial L**  **ight Output** 

lm **Lifetime**

h r

**IRL S**  **t andard** 

**S pectrum,** 

**Voltage <** 

**125V, Diameter** 

**> 2.5**  **Inches PAR30** 

**P AR38** 

**PAR38 50** 

**7 5** 

**90 12.6** 

**1 4.0** 

**14.6 630** 

**1 ,050** 

**1,310 3,000** 

**2 ,500** 

**2,500**

5.4.2 Efficacy L evels

**For IRL**  **with diameters**  **greater than**  **2.5 inches**  **and operating**  **voltages less**  **than 125V,** 

**DOE observed**  **natural efficacy**  **divisions in**  **the marketplace**  **corresponding to**  **a variety**  **of design** 

**options to**  **increase lamp**  **efficacy. DOE**  **considered these**  **efficacy divisions**  **in selecting**  **ELs by** 

**using the**  **efficacy levels**  **of commercially**  **available lamps**  **as a**  **guide. However,**  **commercially**

**5­67 available**  **product does**  **not exist**  **at all**  **of the**  **ELs for**  **all of**  **the baseline**  **lamps. For**  **example, the** 

**50W PAR30**  **baseline lamp**  **with 630**  **lumens only**  **has commercially**  **available product**  **at two**  **of**

**the five**  **ELs. Because**  **it is**  **technically feasible**  **to incorporate**  **the commercially**  **available**

**technologies in**  **lamp types**  **that correspond**  **to all**  **of the**  **baseline lamps,**  **and to**  **have a**  **continuous**

**range of**  **efficacies to**  **analyze, DOE**  **developed some**  **model IRL**  **based on**  **commercially available** 

**lamp lumen**  **packages. Using**  **efficacy information**  **for the**  **commercially available**  **lamp designs** 

**(which substitute**  **for certain**  **baseline lamps)**  **or efficacy**  **information from**  **manufacturer**

**interviews, DOE**  **developed a**  **relationship between**  **efficacy and**  **wattage. This**  **allowed DOE**  **to**

**develop lamp**  **designs that**  **are not**  **commercially available**  **for certain**  **wattages, but**  **that would**  **be**

**substitutes for**  **other baseline**  **lamps. Generally,**  **the lamp**  **design substitutes**  **for baseline**  **lamps**

**are based**  **around the**  **lumen output**  **of the**  **baseline lamp,**  **plus or**  **minus 10**  **percent.**

**In r**  **eviewing published**  **catalog data,**  **DOE observed**  **that higher**  **efficacy, reduced­wattage** 

**IRL, which**  **maintain light**  **output within**  **10 percent,**  **can substitute**  **for a**  **number of**  **baseline**

**lamps. Furthermore,**  **these reduced­wattage**  **designs span**  **a range**  **of design**  **options considered**  **in**

**this rule.**  **These design**  **options, discussed**  **in the**  **screening analysis**  **(Chapter 4),**  **include the** 

**tungsten­halogen regenerative**  **cycle (hereafter**  **“halogen”) and**  **halogen infrared**  **(HIR)**

**technologies that**  **uses both**  **halogen and**  **glass coatings**  **that reflect**  **infrared light.** 

**The c**  **ommercially available**  **halogen IRL**  **fall within**  **three tiers**  **of efficacy.**  **To**

**distinguish the**  **efficacies of**  **these halogen**  **IRL, DOE**  **designated them**  **as halogen**  **and improved** 

**halogen. Improved**  **halogen can**  **be achieved**  **using xenon,**  **a higher**  **efficacy inert**  **fill gas.**  **In**

**addition, an**  **even more**  **efficacious improved**  **halogen can**  **be achieved**  **by using**  **a silverized** 

**reflector, a**  **higher efficiency**  **reflector coating.**  **The baseline**  **halogen IRL**  **employ neither**  **xenon**

**nor the**  **higher efficiency**  **reflector coating.**  **DOE also**  **observed four**  **tiers of**  **efficacy for**  **HIR**

**IRL. To**  **distinguish the**  **efficacies of**  **these IRL,**  **DOE designated**  **them as**  **long­life HIR,**  **HIR,**

**improved HIR**  **(4,000 hour),**  **and improved**  **HIR plus**  **(4,200 hour).**  **HIR is**  **more efficacious**  **than**

**long­life HIR**  **due to**  **the higher**  **operating temperature.**  **Improved HIR**  **(4,000 hour)**  **can be** 

**achieved by**  **using the**  **additional design**  **options discussed**  **in the**  **screening analysis.**  **These**

**design options**  **include higher**  **efficacy filaments,**  **efficient filament**  **coiling, filament** 

**configuration, capsule**  **design, high**  **pressure capsules,**  **or higher**  **efficacy reflector**  **coating.**

**Improved HIR**  **plus (4,200**  **hour) can**  **be achieved**  **with further**  **use of**  **these design**  **options. DOE** 

**observed lifetime**  **changes across**  **these reduced­wattage**  **IRL. For**  **example, a**  **halogen IRL** 

**typically has**  **a lifetime**  **of around**  **2,000 to**  **3,000 hours,**  **while an**  **HIR IRL**  **typically lives**  **for**

**3,000 to**  **6,000 hours.**  **DOE maintained**  **the lifetime**  **attributes of**  **the commercially**  **available**

**product for**  **its analysis.** 

**DOE e**  **stablished ELs**  **for IRL**  **using an**  **approach similar**  **to the**  **one it**  **uses for**  **GSFL.**

**DOE developed**  **continuous equations**  **that set**  **a minimum**  **efficacy requirement**  **across wattage.** 

**Each equation**  **represents the**  **potential efficacy**  **a lamp**  **achieves using**  **a particular**  **design option.** 

**These “technology**  **contour lines”**  **represent the**  **same IRL**  **design option**  **across the**  **wattage range** 

**of a**  **product class.**  **For example,**  **an EL**  **based on**  **a halogen**  **design option**  **is a**  **curve rather**  **than a** 

**step function,**  **and denotes**  **a halogen**  **standard at**  **all wattages.**  **In general**  **terms, DOE**  **based the** 

**ELs on**  **the following**  **progression of**  **design options:** 

EL1

**. T**  **his efficacy**  **level can**  **be achieved**  **by an**  **improved halogen**  **lamp which**  **utilizes**

**xenon, a**  **higher efficiency**  **inert fill**  **gas.**

**5­68**EL2

**. This**  **efficacy level**  **can be**  **achieved by**  **two lamps:**  **the long­life**  **HIR lamp**  **and the** 

**improved halogen**  **lamp with**  **a silver**  **reflector coating.**  **The long­life**  **HIR lamp**  **employs a** 

**halogen capsule**  **with a**  **infrared reflective**  **coating and**  **a lamp**  **lifetime of**  **6,000 hours.**  **An**

**improved halogen**  **lamp that**  **utilizes a**  **silver reflective**  **coating has**  **a lifetime**  **of 3,000**  **hours.**

EL3

**. T**  **his efficacy**  **level can**  **be achieved**  **with a**  **HIR lamp**  **(a lamp**  **containing a**  **halogen**

**capsule with**  **an infrared**  **reflective coating)**  **with a**  **lamp lifetime**  **of 3,000**  **hours. Decreasing**  **the**

**lamp lifetime**  **from 6,000**  **to 3,000**  **hours with**  **higher temperature**  **operation effectively**  **improves**

**the efficacy**  **of the**  **tungsten filament.** 

EL4

**. T**  **his efficacy**  **level can**  **be achieved**  **by an**  **improved HIR**  **lamp that**  **may employ** 

**improved reflector**  **coatings, improved**  **HIR coatings**  **or higher**  **pressure halogen**  **capsules. This** 

**level is**  **based on**  **an HIR**  **lamp with**  **a lifetime**  **of 4,000**  **hours.**

EL5

**. T**  **his efficacy**  **level can**  **be achieved**  **by the**  **improved HIR**  **plus lamps**  **that may** 

**utilize additional**  **improvements in**  **reflector coatings,**  **HIR coatings,**  **or filament**  **designs that** 

**produce higher**  **temperature operation.**  **This level**  **is based**  **on an**  **HIR lamp**  **with a**  **lifetime of** 

**4,200 hours.** 

**Figure 5**  **.4.1 plots**  **the results**  **of the**  **IRL engineering**  **analysis for**  **the three**  **baseline lamps** 

**along with**  **the five**  **ELs shown**  **in Table**  **5.4.3. Square**  **boxes and**  **labels represent**  **the three** 

**baseline lamps**  **in the**  **plot; diamonds**  **represent higher**  **efficacy lamp**  **designs. Maintaining**  **light**

**output on**  **this plot**  **of efficacy**  **versus wattage**  **means that**  **lamp designs**  **are always**  **higher in** 

**efficacy than**  **the baseline**  **lamp (i.e.,**  **moving up**  **on the**  **y­axis) and**  **lower in**  **wattage (i.e.,**  **moving**

**to the**  **left on**  **the x­axis).**  **This trend**  **is evident**  **for all**  **three lumen**  **packages analyzed**  **in the**  **LCC.**

**As illustrated**  **in Table**  **5.4.4 through**  **Table 5.4.6,**  **the ELs**  **correspond to**  **efficacy levels** 

**associated with**  **lamps with**  **particular design**  **options.**

Table 5.4.3 Summary of the ELs for IRL With Diameters Greater Than 2.5 Inches and

Operating Voltages Less Than 125V

Efficacy L evel Efficacy R equirement

lm/W

**EL1 4.6P**  **0.27**

**EL2 4.8P**  **0.27**

**EL3 5.5P**  **0.27**

**EL4 6.2P**  **0.27**

**EL5 6.9P**  **0.27**

**P**

**= rated**  **wattage**

**5­69**Baseline/EPCA: Halogen (3,000 hr)

23.0 EL1: I mproved Halogen (Xenon) (3,000 hr)

EL2: L ong­Life HIR (6,000 hr)

Improved H alogen (Silver) (3,000 hr)

EL3: H IR (3,000 hr) 21.0 E L4: I mproved HIR (4,000 hr)

EL5: I mproved HIR Plus (4,200 hr)

19.0

17.0LampEfficacy(lm/W)

EL 5

EL 4

15.0

PAR38 9 0W Baseline

EL 3 PAR38 7 5W Baseline 13.0

E L 2 PAR30 5 0W Baseline

EL 1 11.0 B aseline

E PCA

9 .0

2 0 3 0 4 0 50 6 0 70 80 90 100 110

Lamp Power (W)

Figure 5.4.1 Baselines and Reduced Wattage Options for IRL With Diameters Greater

Than 2.5 Inches and Voltages Less Than 125V

5.4.3 R esults

**After selecting**  **baseline lamps**  **and ELs,**  **DOE selected**  **lamp designs**  **associated with**  **the**

**ELs for**  **each of**  **the three**  **baseline lamps.**  **Like GSFL,**  **DOE considered**  **IRL that**  **produce more** 

**light but**  **do not**  **save energy**  **in the**  **NIA. This**  **reflects the**  **fact that**  **DOE cannot**  **require**

**consumers to**  **switch to**  **a reduced**  **wattage lamp.**  **Appendix 5A**  **shows the**  **characteristics of**  **lamp**

**designs that**  **both meet**  **the EL**  **and exhibit**  **a constant**  **or higher**  **wattage than**  **the baseline**  **lamp.**

**The f**  **ollowing table**  **presents the**  **engineering analysis**  **for the**  **50W PAR30**  **IRL baseline** 

**lamp. This**  **baseline lamp**  **is based**  **on a**  **630­lumen lamp,**  **plus or**  **minus 10**  **percent. The**  **40W**

**improved PAR30**  **HIR lamp**  **at EL4**  **and the**  **46W long­life**  **HIR at**  **EL2 are**  **the only**  **lamps that**  **are**

**commercially available.**  **The 47.8W**  **PAR30 improved**  **halogen (xenon)**  **lamp (EL1),**  **45W**

**PAR30 improved**  **halogen (silver)**  **lamp (EL2),**  **41.8W PAR30**  **HIR (EL3),**  **and 40W**  **PAR30**

**5­70 5**  **improved HIR**  **plus (EL5)**  **are model**  **lamp designs. These**  **lamps are**  **designed to**  **have**

**approximately the**  **same lumen**  **package as**  **the baseline**  **lamp (i.e.,**  **630 lumens),**  **and to**  **have a** 

**minimum efficacy**  **just above**  **each efficacy**  **level.**

**The 4**  **0W improved**  **HIR plus**  **PAR30 produces**  **21 percent**  **more light**  **output than**  **the**

**50W PAR30.**  **For the**  **technology employed**  **in these**  **lamps at**  **this efficacy**  **level, DOE**  **believes**

**lamps employing**  **similar design**  **options could**  **not be**  **manufactured (and**  **still achieve**  **similar**

**6 performance)**  **at wattages**  **below 40W. Therefore,**  **DOE analyzes**  **a 40W**  **lamps that**  **produces**

**greater lumen**  **output at**  **EL5.**

Table 5.4.4 IRL Engineering Analysis 50W PAR30

Efficacy

Level Design

O ption Lamp

D escriptor Wattage E fficacy I ni tial L ight

Output Lamp

L ife

W lm/ W lm hr

**B asel**  **ine H**  **alogen P**  **AR30 5**  **0 1**  **2.6 6**  **30 3**  **,000**

**E L1**  **I mproved** 

**H alogen** 

**(Xenon)*** **PAR30 4**  **7.8 1**  **3.2 6**  **30 3**  **,000**

**E L2**  **L ong­Life**  **H IR**  **PAR30 4**  **6 1**  **3.5 6**  **20 6**  **,000**

**E L2**  **I mproved** 

**H alogen** 

**(Silver)*** **PAR30 4**  **5.0 1**  **4.0 6**  **30 3**  **,000**

**E L3**  **H IR** * **P AR30**  **4 1.8**  **1 5.1**  **6 30**  **3 ,000** 

**E L4**  **I mproved**  **H IR**  **PAR30 4**  **0 1**  **7.0 6**  **80 4**  **,000**

**E L5**  **I mproved**  **H IR** 

**Plus*** **PAR30 4**  **0.0 1**  **9.1 7**  **65 4**  **,200**

***** **IRL la**  **mp designs**  **with an**  **asterisk are**  **model lamp**  **designs.**

**The following**  **table presents**  **the engineering**  **analysis for**  **the 75W**  **PAR38 IRL**  **baseline**

**lamp. This**  **baseline lamp**  **and its**  **lamp design**  **substitutes are**  **based on**  **a 1,050­lumen**  **lamp, plus** 

**or minus**  **10 percent.**  **DOE developed**  **three model**  **lamps that**  **match the**  **lumen package**  **of this** 

**baseline lamp.**  **The 71.7W**  **improved halogen**  **(xenon) PAR38**  **at EL1**  **is a**  **model lamp**  **design.**

**DOE used**  **information from**  **technical literature**  **and confidential**  **information from**  **manufacturers**

**to develop**  **this model**  **lamp. In**  **addition, the**  **68.8W long­life**  **HIR PAR38**  **lamp at**  **EL2 is**  **a**

**5 Model**  **lamp designs**  **represent lamps**  **that are**  **not commercially**  **available at**  **this time.**  **DOE developed**  **these lamps** 

**based on**  **technical literature**  **and confidential**  **information from**  **manufacturers on**  **incandescent design**  **options. DOE** 

**developed these**  **model lamp**  **designs to**  **have a**  **more continuous**  **range of**  **ELs to**  **analyze across**  **the three**  **lumen**

**packages. DOE**  **differentiates between**  **model lamp**  **designs and**  **commercially available**  **lamp designs**  **by showing** 

**the wattage**  **of the**  **model lamp**  **design to**  **the tenths**  **decimal place.**  **Commercially available**  **lamps are**  **shown in**  **the**

**same way**  **they appear**  **in the**  **product catalogs,**  **rounded off**  **to the**  **nearest whole**  **number.**

**6 Through**  **conversations with**  **technical experts,**  **DOE believes**  **that when**  **operating at**  **120V, an**  **incandescent**

**filament must**  **become thinner**  **as the**  **wattage of**  **the lamp**  **decreases. When**  **operating at**  **120V below**  **40 watts,**  **the**

**filament becomes**  **so thin**  **that its**  **structural integrity**  **becomes weak.**  **In an**  **HIR lamp,**  **this weak**  **structural integrity** 

**causes the**  **filament to**  **produce light**  **in a**  **spot of**  **the reflector**  **lamp which**  **is not**  **ideal for**  **optimum light**  **extraction.**

**Because of**  **the loss**  **in efficacy**  **due to**  **the placement**  **of the**  **filament in**  **the HIR**  **capsule, it**  **is not**  **practical to**  **produce**

**an HIR**  **IRL below**  **40W.**

**5­71 model**  **lamp design.**  **This lamp**  **is based**  **on a**  **6,000 hour**  **HIR lamp**  **with a**  **different wattage**  **and**

**lumen package.**  **DOE used**  **information from**  **technical literature**  **in order**  **to develop**  **a 6,000**  **hour**

**HIR lamp**  **with a**  **1,050 lumen**  **package. Finally,**  **the 51.7W**  **improved HIR**  **plus PAR38**  **lamp at** 

**EL5 is**  **a model**  **lamp design**  **that DOE**  **created based**  **on commercially**  **available HIR**  **lamps with** 

**the same**  **lifetime. The**  **improved halogen**  **lamp at**  **EL2 and**  **the lamps**  **at EL3**  **and EL4**  **are**

**commercially available.** 

Table 5.4.5. IRL Engineering Analysis for 75W PAR38

Efficacy

Level Design

O ption Lamp

D escriptor Wattage E fficacy I nitial L ight

Output Lamp

L ife

W lm/ W lm hr

**B asel**  **ine H**  **alogen P**  **AR38 7**  **5 1**  **4.0 1**  **,050 2**  **,500**

**E L1**  **I mproved** 

**H alogen** 

**(Xenon)*** **PAR38 7**  **1.7 1**  **4.6 1**  **,050 2**  **,500**

**E L2**  **L ong­Life**  **H IR** * **PAR38 6**  **8.8 1**  **5.3 1**  **,050 6**  **,000**

**E L2**  **I mproved** 

**H alogen**  **(Silver) PAR38**  **6 6**  **1 5.9**  **1 ,050**  **3 ,000** 

**E L3**  **H IR**  **P AR38**  **6 0**  **1 7.5**  **1 ,050**  **3 ,000** 

**E L4**  **I mproved**  **H IR**  **PAR38 5**  **5 1**  **9.1 1**  **,050 4**  **,000**

**E L5**  **I mproved**  **H IR** 

**Plus*** **PAR38 5**  **1.7 2**  **0.3 1**  **,050 4**  **,200**

***** **IRL la**  **mp designs**  **with an**  **asterisk are**  **model lamp**  **designs.**

**The following**  **table presents**  **the engineering**  **analysis for**  **the 90W**  **PAR38 IRL**  **baseline**

**lamp. This**  **baseline lamp**  **and its**  **substitute lamp**  **designs are**  **based on**  **a 1,310­lumen**  **lamp, plus** 

**or minus**  **10 percent.**  **The 85.7W**  **improved halogen**  **(xenon) PAR38**  **at EL1**  **is a**  **model lamp** 

**design. DOE**  **used information**  **from technical**  **literature and**  **confidential information**  **from**

**manufacturers to**  **develop this**  **model lamp.**  **In addition,**  **the 82.5W**  **long­life HIR**  **PAR38 model** 

**lamp at**  **EL2 is**  **a model**  **lamp design.**  **This lamp**  **is based**  **on a**  **6,000 hour**  **HIR lamp**  **with a** 

**different wattage**  **and lumen**  **package. DOE**  **used information**  **from technical**  **literature in**  **order to** 

**develop a**  **6,000 hr**  **HIR lamp**  **with a**  **1,310 lumen**  **package. The**  **66.0W improved**  **HIR PAR38**  **at**

**EL4 is**  **also a**  **model lamp**  **design. DOE**  **scaled this**  **lamp design**  **from a**  **relationship between**  **the**

**75W halogen**  **PAR38 and**  **the 55W**  **improved HIR**  **PAR38. The**  **improved halogen**  **lamp (silver)** 

**at EL2**  **and the**  **lamps at**  **EL3 and**  **EL5 are**  **commercially available.** 

**5­72**Table 5.4.6 IRL Engineering Analysis for 90W PAR38

Efficacy

Level Design

O ption Lamp

D escriptor Wattage E fficacy I nitial L ight

Output Lamp

L ife

W lm/ W lm hr

**B asel**  **ine H**  **alogen P**  **AR38 9**  **0 1**  **4.6 1**  **,310 2**  **,500**

**E L1**  **I mproved** 

**H alogen** * **PAR38 8**  **5.7 1**  **5.3 1**  **,310 2**  **,500**

**E L2**  **L ong­life**  **H IR** * **PAR38 8**  **2.5 1**  **5.9 1**  **,310 6**  **,000**

**E L2**  **I mproved** 

**H alogen**  **PAR38 7**  **9 1**  **6.6 1**  **,310 3**  **,000**

**E L3**  **H IR**  **P AR38**  **7 0**  **1 8.0**  **1 ,260**  **3 ,000** 

**E L4**  **I mproved**  **H IR** * **PAR38 6**  **6.0 1**  **9.8 1**  **,310 4**  **,000**

**E L5**  **I mproved**  **H IR**  **PAR38 6**  **0 2**  **1.0 1**  **,260 4**  **,200**

***** **IRL la**  **mp designs**  **with an**  **asterisk are**  **model lamp**  **designs.**

5.5 SCALING T O PRODUCT CLASSES NOT ANALYZED

**DOE identified**  **and selected**  **certain product**  **classes as**  **“representative” product**  **classes to** 

**concentrate its**  **analytical effort.**  **DOE chose**  **these representative**  **product classes**  **primarily due**  **to**

**their high**  **market volumes.**  **The following**  **section discusses**  **how DOE**  **scales ELs**  **from the** 

**analyzed product**  **classes to**  **those product**  **classes that**  **it did**  **not analyze.** 

5.5.1 General S ervice Fluorescent Lamps

5.5.1.1 2 ­foot U ­Shaped GSFL With CCTs ≤ 4,500K

**Two­foot U­shaped**  **lamps generally**  **are less**  **efficacious than**  **4­foot MBP**  **lamps due**  **to**

**the bend**  **of a**  **2­foot U­shaped**  **lamp. This**  **drop in**  **efficacy often**  **depends on**  **the wattage**  **and**

**diameter of**  **the lamp**  **in question.**  **DOE assessed**  **manufacturer catalogs**  **containing**

**commercially­available 2­foot**  **U­shaped lamps**  **with CCTs**  **less than**  **or equal**  **to 4,500K**  **to**

**develop standard**  **levels with**  **a similar**  **technology impact**  **at each**  **EL as**  **4­foot MBP**  **lamps.**

**Similar to**  **the development**  **of efficacy**  **levels for**  **the 4­foot**  **MBP product**  **class DOE**  **also used** 

**compliance report**  **data for**  **2­foot U­shaped**  **lamps to**  **determine the**  **efficacies at**  **which**

**commercially­available products**  **would comply**  **with standards.** 

**However, d**  **ue to**  **a lack**  **of compliance**  **data for**  **these lamps,**  **DOE augmented**  **its analysis** 

**with a**  **comparison to**  **the analysis**  **conducted for**  **4­foot MBP**  **efficacy levels.**  **Because 2­foot**  **U**

**shaped and**  **4­foot MBP**  **lamps employ**  **similar technologies**  **and are**  **available in**  **similar wattages,** 

**DOE believes**  **that the**  **reduction in**  **efficacy (from**  **rated efficacy**  **values to**  **compliance efficacy** 

**values) required**  **for U­shaped**  **lamps should**  **be similar**  **to that**  **of 4­foot**  **MBP lamps.**  **Therefore,**

**where compliance**  **report data**  **was unavailable**  **DOE used**  **the same**  **percentage efficacy** 

**reductions for**  **U­shaped lamps**  **as it**  **did for**  **4­foot MBP**  **lamps. The**  **final efficacy**  **levels for**  **2­**

**foot U­shaped**  **with CCTs**  **less than**  **or equal**  **to 4,500K**  **summarized in**  **Table 5.5.1.** 

**5­73**Table 5.5.1 Efficacy Requirements for 2­Foot U­Shaped Lamps With CCTs Less Than or

Equal To 4,500K

EL E fficacy R equirement (lm/W) Reduction 4 ­foot M BP 2­foot U ­Shaped

**1 78**  **7 2**  **7 .7%** 

**2 81**  **7 6**  **6 .2%** 

**3 84**  **7 8**  **7 .1%** 

**4 89**  **8 4**  **5 .6%** 

**5 94**  **8 8**  **6 .4%** 

5.5.1.2 Lamps W ith CCTs Above 4,500K

**As discussed**  **in section**  **5.3, DOE**  **did not**  **analyze GSFL**  **with a**  **CCT above**  **4,500K and**  **2­**

**foot U­shaped**  **lamps. As**  **discussed in**  **the market**  **and technology**  **assessment, the**  **efficacy of** 

**lamps with**  **cooler CCTs**  **(i.e., higher**  **CCT values)**  **is lower**  **due to**  **the quality**  **of blue**  **light**

**emitted. A**  **technical committee**  **of the**  **National Electrical**  **Manufacturers Association**  **(NEMA)**

**analyzed efficacy**  **levels for**  **GSFL product**  **classes and**  **recommended efficacy**  **levels for**  **high**

**CCT lamps.**  **Using these**  **efficacy levels,**  **and comparing**  **them to**  **NEMA’s recommended** 

**efficacy levels**  **for low**  **CCT lamps,**  **DOE calculated**  **percentage efficacy**  **reductions for**  **lamps**

**with CCTs**  **above 4,500K.**  **After analyzing**  **catalog data**  **for the**  **lumen output**  **of lamps**  **with a** 

**CCT greater**  **than 4,500K**  **and less**  **than 4,500K,**  **DOE found**  **NEMA’s recommendation**  **to be** 

**consistent with**  **commercially available**  **product. Therefore,**  **DOE adopted**  **these reductions**  **for 4­** 

**foot MBP,**  **8­foot SP**  **slimline, and**  **8­foot RDC**  **HO lamps;**  **the resulting**  **ELs for**  **these lamps**  **with**

**CCTs above**  **4,500K are**  **shown in**  **Table 5.5.2**  **through Table**  **5.5.4.**

Table 5.5.2 Efficacy Requirements For 4­Foot MBP Lamps With CCTs Above 4,500K

EL E fficacy R equirement (lm/W) Reduction

C CT ≤ 4,500K CCT > 4,500K

**1 78**  **7 6**  **2 .6%** 

**2 81**  **7 6**  **6 .3%** 

**3 84**  **7 8**  **7 .2%** 

**4 89**  **8 3**  **6 .9%** 

**5 94**  **8 8**  **6 .5%** 

Table 5.5.3 Efficacy Requirements For 8­Foot SP Slimline Lamps With CCTs Above

4,500K

EL E fficacy R equirement (lm/W) Reduction

C CT ≤ 4,500K CCT > 4,500K

**1 89**  **8 6**  **3 .5%** 

**2 93**  **8 8**  **5 .4%** 

**3 95**  **9 1**  **4 .2%** 

**4 97**  **9 3**  **4 .1%** 

**5 100**  **9 6**  **4 .1%** 

**5 ­74** Table 5.5.4 Efficacy Requirements For 8­Foot RDC HO Lamps With CCTs Above 4,500K

EL E fficacy R equirement (lm/W) Reduction

C CT ≤ 4,500K CCT > 4,500K

**1 83**  **8 0**  **3 .6%** 

**2 87**  **8 4**  **3 .5%** 

**3 88**  **8 4**  **4 .5%** 

**4 92**  **8 8**  **4 .3%** 

**5 95**  **9 1**  **4 .2%** 

**N EMA**  **d id**  **not provide**  **efficacy level**  **recommendations for**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP SO**  **and**

**HO lamps**  **with color**  **temperatures greater**  **than 4,500K.**  **For this**  **reason, DOE**  **reviewed product** 

**literature for**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP SO**  **and HO**  **lamps. By**  **comparing catalog**  **ratings for**  **4­foot T5** 

**MiniBP SO**  **and HO**  **lamps with**  **a CCT**  **of 4,100K**  **with similar**  **T5 lamps**  **of a**  **6,500K CCT,**  **DOE**

**determined average**  **efficacy reductions**  **for 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **SO and**  **HO lamps**  **of high**  **CCT.**

**For 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **SO lamps**  **of high**  **CCT, DOE**  **reduced EL1**  **by 6.0**  **percent to**  **97 lm/W**  **and**

**EL2 by**  **6.0 percent**  **to 102**  **lm/W. For**  **4­foot T5**  **MiniBP HO**  **lamps of**  **high CCT,**  **DOE reduced** 

**EL1 by**  **5.0 percent**  **to 85**  **lm/W. Table**  **5.5.5 and**  **Table 5.5.6**  **show the**  **efficacy levels**  **for these** 

**lamps.**

Table 5.5.5 Efficacy Requirements For 4­Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamps With CCTs Above

4,500K

EL E fficacy R equirement (lm/W) Reduction

C CT ≤ 4,500K CCT > 4,500K

**1 103**  **9 7**  **6 .0%** 

**2 108**  **1 02**  **6 .0%** 

Table 5.5.6 Efficacy Requirements For 4­Foot T5 MiniBP HO Lamps With CCTs Above

4,500K

EL E fficacy R equirement (lm/W) Reduction

C CT ≤ 4,500K CCT > 4,500K

**1 89**  **8 5**  **5 .0%** 

**F or**  **2 ­foot**  **U­shaped lamps**  **with CCTs**  **above 4,500K,**  **NEMA recommended**  **minimum**

**efficacy requirements**  **for only**  **EL1 through**  **EL3. DOE**  **used NEMA’s**  **suggested scaling**  **factors**

**for these**  **ELs to**  **derive the**  **efficacy levels**  **for 2­foot**  **U­shaped lamps**  **with CCTs**  **greater than** 

**4,500K. Because**  **2­foot U­shaped**  **lamps and**  **4­foot linear**  **MBP lamps**  **are technologically** 

**similar, DOE**  **used the**  **EL4 and**  **EL5 4­foot**  **MBP scaling**  **factors as**  **the EL4**  **and EL5**  **scaling**

**factors for**  **2­foot U­shaped**  **lamps with**  **CCTs above**  **4,500K.**

Table 5.5.7 Efficacy Levels For 2­Foot U­Shaped Lamps With CCTs Greater Than 4,500K

EL E fficacy R equirement (lm/W) Reduction

C CT ≤ 4,500K CCT > 4,500K

**5­75 1**  **72 6**  **7 7**  **.1%**

**2 76**  **7 1**  **6 .9%** 

**3 78**  **7 3**  **6 .6%** 

**4 84**  **7 8**  **6 .9%** 

**5 88**  **8 2**  **6 .5%** 

5.5.2 Incandescent R eflector Lamps

5.5.2.1 M odified­Spectrum I RL

**DOE analyzed**  **standard­spectrum lamps,**  **but set**  **separate standards**  **for modified** 

**spectrum IRL.**  **As with**  **higher CCT**  **GSFL, modified­spectrum**  **IRL filter**  **portions of**  **the emitted** 

**spectrum to**  **attain a**  **particular spectral**  **emission, thereby**  **lowering their**  **efficacy value.** 

**Manufacturers achieve**  **this specific**  **spectrum in**  **modified­spectrum IRL**  **by applying**  **a coating,** 

**or introducing**  **neodymium or**  **other additives**  **into the**  **cover glass**  **of the**  **IRL. Manufacturers**  **may**

**change the**  **thickness of**  **the coating**  **or the**  **content of**  **neodymium to**  **modify the**  **spectrum to** 

**different degrees,**  **and this**  **modification change**  **the lumens**  **the IRL**  **emits. DOE**  **assessed the** 

**efficacy differences**  **between standard**  **and modified**  **spectrum IRL**  **by measuring**  **the efficacies**  **of**

**commercially available**  **IRL. By**  **analyzing this**  **test data,**  **DOE established**  **that a**  **reduction of** 

**19% from**  **the standard­spectrum**  **efficacy levels**  **would be**  **appropriate for**  **modified spectrum** 

**IRL. Table**  **5.5.8 shows**  **a summary**  **of the**  **ELs for**  **modified­spectrum IRL**  **with diameters** 

**greater than**  **2.5 inches**  **and operating**  **voltages less**  **than 125V.**  **See appendix**  **5C for**  **further detail** 

**on DOE’s**  **modified spectrum**  **analysis.**

Table 5.5.8 Summary of the ELs for Modified­Spectrum IRL With Diameters Greater

Than 2.5 Inches and Operating Voltages Less Than 125V

EL E fficacy R equirement (lm/W) Reduction S tandard S pectrum Modified S pectrum

**1 4.6P**  **0.27 3.7P**  **0.27 19.0%** 

**2 4.8P**  **0.27 3.9P**  **0.27 19.0%** 

**3 5.5P**  **0.27 4.5P**  **0.27 19.0%** 

**4 6.2P**  **0.27 5.0P**  **0.27 19.0%** 

**5 6.9P**  **0.27 5.6P**  **0.27 19.0%** 

**P**

**= rated**  **wattage**

5.5.2.2 IRL W ith Diameters Less Than or Equal To 2.5 Inches

**A smaller**  **diameter IRL**  **has an**  **inherently lower**  **optical efficacy**  **than a**  **larger diameter** 

**lamp given**  **a similar**  **filament size.**  **To determine**  **an appropriate**  **scaling factor**  **for IRL**  **with**

**diameters less**  **than or**  **equal to**  **2.5 inches,**  **DOE examined**  **the inherent**  **efficacy differences** 

**between the**  **PAR20 lamp**  **and its**  **PAR30 or**  **PAR38 counterpart**  **by comparing**  **catalog efficacy** 

**data of**  **each lamp**  **type from**  **several lamp**  **manufacturers. In**  **its analysis,**  **DOE found**  **that the** 

**5­76 reduction**  **in efficacy**  **caused by**  **the reduction**  **in lamp**  **diameter was**  **approximately 12%**  **for IRL.** 

**By reducing**  **the efficacy**  **requirement by**  **12%, improved**  **HIR PAR20**  **IRL can**  **meet the**  **same EL** 

**as the**  **improved HIR**  **PAR30 and**  **PAR38 IRL.**  **Table 5.5.9**  **shows a**  **summary of**  **the ELs**  **for**

**standard­spectrum IRL**  **with diameters**  **less than**  **or equal**  **to 2.5**  **inches and**  **operating voltages** 

**less than**  **125V.**

Table 5.5.9 Summary of the ELs for Standard­Spectrum IRL With Diameters Less Than

or Equal To 2.5 Inches and Operating Voltages Less Than 125V

EL E fficacy R equirement (lm/W) Reduction

≥ 2.5 I nches < 2.5 I nches

**1 4.6P**  **0.27 4.0P**  **0.27 12.0%** 

**2 4.8P**  **0.27 4.2P**  **0.27 12.0%** 

**3 5.5P**  **0.27 4.8P**  **0.27 12.0%** 

**4 6.2P**  **0.27 5.5P**  **0.27 12.0%** 

**5 6.9P**  **0.27 6.1P**  **0.27 12.0%** 

**P**

**= rated**  **wattage**

5.5.2.3 IRL W ith Operating Voltages Greater Than or Equal to 125 Volts

**As discussed**  **in Chapter**  **3, the**  **Market and**  **Technology Assessment,**  **when operated**  **under**

**120V conditions,**  **lamps rated**  **at 130V**  **in compliance**  **with existing**  **IRL efficacy**  **standards are** 

**generally less**  **efficacious than**  **lamps using**  **equivalent technology**  **rated at**  **120V. In** 

**consideration of**  **the different**  **test procedures**  **for IRL**  **rated at**  **130V than**  **those rated**  **at 120V,**  **and**

**by using**  **published manufacturer**  **literature, confidential**  **information on**  **incandescent design,**  **and**

**iv equations**  **from the**  **IESNA L**  **ighting Handbook** 

**, DOE**  **d erived**  **an efficacy**  **scaling factor**  **which**

**would result**  **in equivalent**  **performance of**  **both classes**  **of IRL**  **when operating**  **under the**  **same**

**voltage conditions**  **(as they**  **most often**  **are). The**  **equations DOE**  **used from**  **the IESNA**  **lighting**

**handbook a**  **re as**  **follows:**

life

d VOLTS **)**

= **(** Eq. 5.2

LIFE volts

lumens volts

= **( )**  k Eq. 5.3

LUMENS VOLTS

watts volts

n

= **( )**  Eq. 5.4

WATTS VOLTS

**Capital letters**  **represent normal**  **rated values**  **while lower­case**  **letters represent**  **changed**

**values. By**  **using published**  **manufacturer literature**  **on IRL**  **lumen, wattage,**  **and voltage**  **ratings,**

**DOE found**  **that the**  **most typical**  **values for**  **d, k,**  **and n**  **in the**  **above equations**  **for the**  **IRL**

**analyzed are**  **as follows:**  **d=8.7, k=3.4,**  **n=1.6. From**  **this information**  **and confidential** 

**information on**  **incandescent lamp**  **design, DOE**  **was able**  **to determine**  **that a**  **lamp operating**  **at**

**130V would**  **be 15**  **percent more**  **efficacious than**  **a lamp**  **of a**  **similar wattage**  **operating at**  **120V.**

**5­77 Therefore,**  **DOE proposes**  **a 15**  **percent increase**  **in the**  **efficacy requirement**  **for lamps**  **rated with** 

**a voltage**  **greater than**  **or equal**  **to 125V.**  **Table 5.5.10**  **shows a**  **summary of**  **the ELs**  **for standard** 

**spectrum IRL**  **with diameters**  **greater than**  **2.5 inches**  **and operating**  **voltages greater**  **than or**  **equal**

**to 125V.** 

Table 5.5.10 Summary of the ELs for Standard Spectrum IRL With Diameters Greater

Than 2.5 Inches and Operating Voltages Greater Than or Equal to 125V

EL E fficacy R equirement (lm/W) Increase

< 125 V olts ≥ 125 V olts

**1 4.6P**  **0.27 5.3P**  **0.27 15.0%** 

**2 4.8P**  **0.27 5.5P**  **0.27 15.0%** 

**3 5.5P**  **0.27 6.3P**  **0.27 15.0%** 

**4 6.2P**  **0.27 7.1P**  **0.27 15.0%** 

**5 6.9P**  **0.27 7.9P**  **0.27 15.0%** 

**P**

**= rated**  **wattage**

5.6 SUMMARY OF ALL EFFICACY LEVELS FOR COVERED PRODUCTS

5.6.1 S ummary o f All Efficacy Levels for Covered GSFL

**Table 5.6.1**  **shows a**  **summary of**  **the efficacy**  **levels for**  **all general**  **service fluorescent** 

**lamps affected**  **by this**  **rulemaking. The**  **table shows**  **the ELs**  **for GSFL**  **with CCTs**  **less than**  **as**

**well as**  **greater than/equal**  **to 4,500K;**  **the table**  **also shows**  **the associated**  **ELs for**  **2­foot U­shaped** 

**lamps. “N/A”**  **is shown**  **where no**  **ELs exist,**  **such as**  **for T5**  **lamps (which**  **do not**  **have five**  **ELs).**

**Representative product**  **classes are**  **shown in**  **grey squares.** 

Table 5.6.1 Summary of All Efficacy Levels for Covered GSFL

CCT Lamp T ype Effi cacy L evel

1 2 3 4 5

**4­foot M**  **BP 78**  **8 1**  **8 4**  **8 9**  **9 4** 

**2 ­foot**  **U ­shaped**  **72 7**  **6 7**  **8 8**  **4 8**  **8**

**8 ­foot**  **S P**  **slimline 89**  **9 3**  **9 5**  **9 7**  **1 00** 

**< 4,500K**  **8 ­foot**  **R DC**  **HO 83**  **8 7**  **8 8**  **9 2**  **9 5** 

**4 ­foot**  **T 5**  **MiniBP SO**  **103 1**  **08 N**  **/A N**  **/A N**  **/A**

**4 ­foot**  **T 5**  **MiniBP HO**  **89 N**  **/A N**  **/A N**  **/A N**  **/A**

**> 4,500K**  **4 ­foot**  **M BP**  **76 7**  **6 7**  **8 8**  **3 8**  **8**

**2 ­foot**  **U ­shaped**  **67 7**  **1 7**  **3 7**  **8 8**  **2**

**8 ­foot**  **S P**  **slimline 86**  **8 8**  **9 1**  **9 3**  **9 6** 

**8 ­foot**  **R DC**  **HO 80**  **8 4**  **8 4**  **8 8**  **9 1** 

**4 ­foot**  **T 5**  **MiniBP SO**  **97 1**  **02 N**  **/A N**  **/A N**  **/A**

**5­78 4­foot**  **T5 MiniBP**  **HO 85**  **N/A N/A**  **N/A N/A** 

5.6.2 Summary o f All Efficacy Levels for Covered IRL

**Table 5.6.2**  **shows a**  **summary of**  **the efficacy**  **levels for**  **all incandescent**  **reflector lamps** 

**affected by**  **this rulemaking.**  **The various**  **combinations of**  **IRL features**  **such as**  **standard**

**spectrum vs.**  **modified­spectrum, diameters**  **greater than**  **or less**  **than/equal to**  **2.5 inches,**  **and**

**operating voltages**  **greater than/equal**  **to or**  **less than**  **125V are**  **shown in**  **the table.**  **The**

**representative IRL**  **product class**  **is shown**  **in grey**  **squares.**

Table 5.6.2 Summary of All Efficacy Levels for Covered IRL

Efficacy Level Lamp Type Diameter Voltage

1 2 3 4 5

**≥ 125V**  **5.3 5.5**  **6.3 7.1**  **7.9**

**> 2.5** 

**inches**

**< 125V**  **4.6 4.8**  **5.5 6.2**  **6.9**

**≥ 125V**  **4.7 4.9**  **5.6 6.3**  **7.0 Standard** 

**spectrum**

**≤ 2.5** 

**inches**

**< 125V**  **4.0 4.2**  **4.8 5.5**  **6.1**

**≥ 125V**  **4.3 4.5**  **5.1 5.8**  **6.4**

**> 2.5** 

**inches**

**< 125V**  **3.7 3.9**  **4.5 5.0**  **5.6**

**≥ 125V**  **3.8 3.9**  **4.5 5.1**  **5.7 Modified** 

**spectrum**

**≤ 2.5** 

**inches**

**< 125V**  **3.3 3.4**  **3.9 4.4**  **4.9** 

# *P

**P**

**= rated**  **wattage** 

# 0.27

**5­79**REFERENCES

**i National**  **Electrical Manufacturers**  **Association. 2006.**  **No. 12**  **at p.**  **7. This**  **written comment,** 

**Document Number**  **12, is**  **available in**  **Docket #EE–2006–STD–0131.**  **For more**  **information,**

**contact Brenda**  **Edwards­Jones at**  **(202) 586­2945.** 

**ii U.S.**  **Department o**  **f Energy,**  **Energy Efficiency**  **and Renewable**  **Energy Office**  **of Building** 

**Research and**  **Standards. U.S.**  **Department of**  **Energy, Office**  **of Energy**  **Efficiency and** 

**Renewable Energy.**  **Energy Conservation**  **Program for**  **Consumer Products:**  **Technical Support** 

**Document: Energy**  **Efficiency Standards**  **for Consumer**  **Products: Fluorescent**  **Lamp Ballast** 

**Proposed Rule.**  **Appendix B.**  **Marginal Energy**  **Prices and**  **National Energy**  **Savings. Table**  **B.6.**

**January, 2000.**  **Washington, D.C.** 

**<**

**http://w ww.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/pdfs/appendix_b.pdf** 

**.**

**iii Codes**  **and Standards**  **Enhancement (CASE)**  **Initiative For**  **PY2008: Title**  **20 Standards** 

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**PG&E Prepared**  **by: ACEEE,**  **Lighting Wizards,**  **and Energy**  **Solutions Last**  **Modified: May**  **14,**

**2008.**

**iv Rea,**  **M. S.,**  **ed., The**  **I ESNA**  **Lighting Handbook:**  **Reference and**  **Application, 9th**  **Edition**

**. New** 

**Yo rk:**  **Illuminating Engineering**  **Society of**  **North America.**  **IESNA (2000).** 

**5­80**