# Patent

## Title
Apparatus of transmitter and receiver for MIMO MC-CDMA system

## Abstract

The invention relates to an apparatus of transmitter and receiver for Multiple Input/Multiple Output MultiCarrier-Code Division Multiple Access (MIMO MC-CDMA) systems. At the transmitter, modified orthogonal transmit diversity (MOTD) encoders are used for increasing space and time transmission diversity. A P-way combiner is used to connect the MOTD encoders and P multi-carrier modulators. Each modulator is connected to a set of antennas. At the receiver, each multi-carrier demodulator has an amplitude/phase compensator to compensate distortion at every sub-carrier. Similarly, a combiner is used to connect the demodulators and the MOTD decoders. Upon the invention, the space, time, and frequency diversity can be explored.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the technical field of wireless communications and, more particularly, to a transmitter and receiver apparatus for Multiple Input/Multiple Output MultiCarrier-Code Division Multiple Access (MIMO MC-CDMA) systems.
2. Description of Related Art
A new generation cellular mobile communication system has to provide wireless network applications with high-speed information transmission. Currently, it is known that MultiCarrier-Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) technique is one of the best solutions. CDMA is a core technique for the Third Generation Mobile Communication System, which applies Gold codes and OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) codes to the system for allowing multiple users to concurrently transmit data on a same band.
Multi-carrier modulation is the principle of transmitting data by dividing a high-rate data stream into several parallel low-rate data streams onto individual carriers or subcarriers. By transmitting several symbols in parallel, the symbol duration is increased proportionately, which reduces the effects of ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference) caused by the dispersive Rayleigh-fading environment. By transmitting symbols onto subcarriers, frequency diversity is gained and thereby mitigating the effects of narrow band interference and frequency selective fading. Due to the advance of digital signal processing (DSP) and very large-scale integrated-circuit (VLSI), multi-carrier modulation is widely used in high-rate digital communications, such as digital broadcast, digital television and wireless local area network (WLAN). It is important in the present and future wireless multimedia communications.
In communication theory, multiple input/multiple output (MIMO) refers to radio links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver side. Given multiple antennas, the spatial dimension can be exploited to improve the performance of the wireless link.
In a typical MIMO MC-CDMA system, one multi-carrier modulator is connected to one transmitting antenna. That is, the transmitter has the same amount of multi-carrier modulators and transmitting antennas. The Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) unit, which often occupies a large area in an Integrated Circuit (IC), is one of the most important, complicated and expensive units in a multi-carrier modulator. It means that multiple expensive IFFT units are necessary for a typical MIMO MC-CDMA system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus of transmitter and receiver for multiple input/multiple output multicarrier-code division multiple access (MIMO MC-CDMA) systems, thereby effectively improving the system performance.
According to the present invention, an apparatus of transmitter for MIMO MC-CDMA systems is provided. The apparatus of transmitter includes a modified orthogonal transmit diversity (MOTD) encoder, a combiner, at least one code spreader, at least one multi-carrier modulator and at least one set of transmitting antennas. The information used for communication is divided into at least one data stream, which is then fed into the MOTD encoder. The encoder consists of a symbol-mapping unit, a serial to parallel (S/P) converter, a splitter, and at least one code spreader in which orthogonal codes are generally applied for. Thereby the at least one spread symbol stream is obtained and connected to the combiner. At least one combined symbol stream is output from the combiner. Each of it is spread by a code spreader in which PN codes, Gold codes, or orthogonal codes are generally applied for. The at least one code spreader works as similar as the aforementioned code spreader in the MOTD encoder. The code spreader in the MOTD encoder is named as the first code spreader and the code spreader here is named as the second code spreader. Each output of the at least one second code spreader is connected to one multi-carrier modulator. In general, the modulator consists of an S/P converter, an IFFT unit, a parallel to serial (P/S) converter, and a cyclic prefix (CP) inserter. At least one set of transmitting antennas is used for radiating the RF (Radio Frequency) signal stream, which is up converted from the output of the modulator. Each radiated signal stream by an antenna in one set is delayed by small time duration.
According to the present invention, an apparatus of receiver for MIMO MC-CDMA systems is provided. The apparatus includes at least one receiving antenna, at least one multi-carrier demodulator, at least one code de-spreader, a combiner, and a MOTD decoder. Each received signal stream, which is down converted from the signal received by a receiving antenna, is connected to a multi-carrier demodulator. In general, the demodulator consists of a CP remover, an S/P converter, an IFFT unit, a phase/amplitude compensator, and a P/S converter. The at least one demodulated symbol stream is combined by a combiner. The output of the combiner is connected to a code de-spreader and the output of the de-spreader is connected to a MOTD decoder. The decoder consists of at least one code de-spreader in which orthogonal codes are generally applied for, a summer, a P/S converter and a symbol-demapping unit. Finally, the information is collected from the at least one data stream which is decoded from the decoder.
Other objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus of transmitter for MIMO MC-CDMA systems according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of the interior of an K-input/K*M-output MOTD encoder according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of the interior of a single-input/M-output MOTD encoder according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the interior of a splitter according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a K*M-input/P-output combiner according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 a schematic block diagram of an apparatus of receiver for MIMO MC-CDMA system according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a Q-input/single-output combiner according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram of a single-input/K-output MOTD decoder according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of the interior of a single-input/single-output MOTD decoder according to an embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the interior of a summer according to an embodiment of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus of transmitter for MIMO MC-CDMA systems according to an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 1, the apparatus of transmitter includes a K-input/K*M-output modified orthogonal transmit diversity (MOTD) encoder (labeled by K-MOTD-K*M encoder, which means the encoder is with K inputs and K*M outputs) 11, a K*M-input/P-output combiner 12, P code spreaders 13, P multi-carrier modulators 14, P amplitude adjusters 15, a plurality of time delays 16 and a plurality of antenna sets 17, where K≧1, M≧1, and P≧1. Each multi-carrier modulator 14 consists of a serial/parallel (S/P) converter 141, an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) 142, a parallel/serial (P/S) converter 143 and a cyclic prefix (CP) unit 144.
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of the interior of a K-MOTD-K*M encoder 11 according to an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 2, the encoder 11 consists of K single-input/M-output MOTD encoders (MOTD-M encoder). As shown in FIG. 2, D1(t), . . . ,Dk(t) can be regarded as data streams for different users or for different applications. Each data stream (such as D1(t)) passes through a MOTD-M encoder 211 to increase its transmit diversity and thus M orthogonal symbol streams (such as S1,1(t), . . . S1,M(t)) are obtained in parallel.
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of the MOTD-M encoder according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 3, the MOTD-M encoder consists of a symbol-mapping unit 31, an S/P converter 32, an M×M splitter 33 and M first code spreaders 34 in which (quasi-) orthogonal codes are generally applied for. In this embodiment, the constellation used in the symbol-mapping unit 31 can be any constellation, for example, MPSK or MQAM. The S/P converter 32 converts an M serial input symbols into M parallel output symbols. The M×M splitter 33 makes M copies of each of the M output symbols and then dispatches them in a random or a specific order (as described hereinafter). The output of the M first code spreader 34 are denoted by S1(t), . . . SM(t), where O1(t), . . . , OM(t) are generally (quasi-) orthogonal.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the interior of an M×M splitter. As shown in FIG. 4, the input symbols are denoted by A(1), . . . , A(M). M copies of them will be dispatched in M time slots with a random or a specific order. FIG. 4 shows an example of a specific order. At T=0, the order from top to bottom is A(1), . . . , A(M). At T=D, where D is a unit of time delay, the order from top to bottom is A(M), A(1), . . . , A(M−1). Accordingly, at T=(M−1)*D, the order from top to bottom is A(2), . . . , A(M), A(1).
FIG. 5 illustrates the K*M-input/P-output combiner 12 with P=1 (i.e., a single output). The output is obtained by simply summing the K*M input symbols. With P>1 (i.e., multiple outputs), the K*M input symbols are mathematically operated and then P output symbols are generated. For example, the K*M input symbols are first divided into P groups. In each group, all the symbols then sum to its output. Note that in FIG. 1, the P second code spreaders (C1(t), . . . , Cp(t)) 13 can be the same or not. The P amplitude adjusters 15 are used for adjusting the transmission power of the antennas. FIG. 1 illustrates a case of equal transmission power to every antenna 17. The time delays 16, which values are all smaller than the CP duration, lead to an frequency selective effect in transmission. An interleaver may be inserted in front of the IFFT 142, thereby fairly treating all the symbol streams in the frequency domain.
FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus of receiver for MIMO MC-CDMA systems according to an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 6, the apparatus of receiver includes Q antennas 61, Q multi-carrier demodulators 62, a Q-input/single-output combiner 63, a code de-spreader 64, a single-input/K-output MOTD decoder (MOTD-K decoder) 65, where Q≧1. Each multi-carrier demodulator 62 consists of a cyclic prefix (CP) remover 621, an S/P converter 622, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 623, a phase/amplitude compensator 624 and a P/S converter 625.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a Q-input/single-output combiner 63. As shown in FIG. 7, the combiner 63 sums the Q input symbols with equal gain to output, can be thereby named as an Equal Gain Combiner (EGC). However, other combining mechanisms can also be used. For example, the Q input symbols are squared before being summed to output. In the case, the combiner can thereby named as a Maximum Ratio Combiner (MRC).
The second code de-spreader (C(t)) 64 corresponding to one of the P second code spreader 13 in FIG. 1, for example, C(t)=Cp(t).
FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram of a MOTD-K decoder, which consists of K single-input/single-output MOTD decoders 81. As shown in FIG. 8, D1(t), . . . , Dk(t) can be regarded as different data streams for different users or for different applications. Each stream (such as D1(t)) is obtained by passing through a single-input/single-output MOTD decoder (shown in the following).
FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of the interior of a single-input/single-output MOTD decoder. As shown in FIG. 9, the decoder consists of M first code de-spreader 91 in which (quasi-) orthogonal codes are generally applied for, an M×M summer 92, a P/S converter 93, and a symbol-demapping unit 94. In this embodiment, all the decoding operations are corresponding to the encoding operations in FIG. 3.
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the interior of an M×M summer. Likewise, corresponding to the operations of the M×M splitter in FIG. 4, at T=0, the order from top to bottom is A(1), . . . , A(M). At T=D, where D is a unit of time delay, the order from top to bottom is A(M), A(1), . . . , A(M−1). Accordingly, at T=(M−1)*D, the order from top to bottom is A(2), . . . , A(M), A(1). If an interleaver is applied in a multi-carrier modulator, a de-interleaver (not shown) must be inserted after the FFT 623.
The invention can improve the system performance, which has proved by the simulation in a Rayleigh multi-path attenuation channel with Doppler effect.
As cited, the invention adopts the structure of orthogonal transmit branching (for example, multi- (single-) input/multi- (single-) output modified orthogonal transmit diversity (MOTD) decoders (encoders)). The invention also adopts the transceiver structure with multiple input/multiple output (MIMO), thereby effectively improving the system performance.
Although the present invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that many other possible modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.

## Claims

1. An apparatus of transmitter for multiple input/multiple output multicarrier-code division multiple access (MIMO MC-CDMA) systems, comprising:
a K-input/K*M-output modified orthogonal transmit diversity (MOTD) encoder where K and M are integers, K≧1 M≧1 with at least one data stream as its input and at least one symbol stream as its output;
a combiner connected to the K-input/K*M-output MOTD encoder, which is with at least one combined symbol stream as its output;
at least one code spreader, each of which is connected to the combiner and spreads the combined symbol stream to generate a symbol stream as its output;
at least one multi-carrier modulator, each of which is connected to the at least one code spreader; and
at least one set of transmitting antennas used for radiating the at least one RF signal stream, each set of which is up converted from the output of the at least one multi-carrier modulator.

2. The apparatus of transmitter as claimed in claim 1, wherein a transmitted signal stream radiated by an antenna is with a delay.

3. The apparatus of transmitter as claimed in claim 1, wherein a transmitted signal stream radiated by an antenna is with an amplitude adjuster in order to adjust its transmitting power.

4. The apparatus of transmitter as claimed in claim 1, wherein the K-input/K*M-output MOTD encoder comprises at least one single-input/M-output MOTD encoder, each of which is with:
a symbol-mapping unit to which any multi-phase/multi-amplitude constellation is applied;
a first serial/parallel (S/P) unit;
a splitting unit which makes at least one copy of its input and dispatches the copy in a random or a specific order; and
at least one first code spreader to which any quasi-orthogonal codes are applied.

5. The apparatus of transmitter as claimed in claim 1, wherein each multi-carrier modulator is with a second S/P unit, an inverse Fourier transform (IFFT) unit, a first parallel/serial (P/S) unit and a cyclic prefix unit.

6. The apparatus of transmitter as claimed in claim 5, wherein each multi-carrier modulator has an interleaver in front of the IFFT unit, to fairly treat each symbol stream in the frequency domain.