Court of Appeals, State of Michigan 

ORDER 

Michael J. Talbot, Chief Judge, acting under MCR 7.21 l(E)(2), orders: 

The opinions in the following appeals are hereby AMENDED to correct a clerical error in the 

date of issuance. The date on the opinions is corrected to read April 10, 2018. 

334631 People of MI v Maurice Larnell Glover 

335396 People of MI v Robert Daren Hale 

336245 People of MI v Toriono Kent 

336893 Goldcorp Inc v Varoujan M Basmajian 

337595 Jeffery Beck v Alpine Shredders Limited 

337951 Teddy 23 LLC v Department of Treasury 

In all other respects, the opinions remain unchanged. 

A true copy entered and certified by Jerome W. Zimmer Jr., Chief Clerk, on 

APR 1 D 2018 

Date 
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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

UNPUBLISHED

April 9, 2018

v No. 335396

Oakland Circuit Court

ROBERT DAREN HALE, LC No. 2015-256959-FC

Defendant-Appellant.

Before: SERVITTO, P.J., and MARKEY and O’CONNELL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of second-degree murder, MCL 

750.317; operating under the influence causing death, MCL 257.625(4); operating while license 

suspended, revoked, or denied causing death, MCL 257.904(4); receiving or concealing stolen 

property (motor vehicle),1 MCL 750.535(7); and failure to stop at the scene of an accident 

resulting in death, MCL 257.617. The trial court sentenced defendant, as a fourth habitual 

offender, MCL 769.12, to concurrent terms of 53 to 80 years’ imprisonment for second-degree 

murder, 19 to 50 years’ imprisonment for operating under the influence causing death, 19 to 50 

years’ imprisonment for operating while license suspended, revoked, or denied causing death, 6 

to 30 years’ imprisonment for receiving or concealing stolen property, and 6 to 30 years’

imprisonment for failure to stop at the scene of an accident resulting in death. We affirm. 

I. FACTS

Shortly after 7:00 a.m. on September 13, 2015, defendant was driving a white truck that 

had been stolen the evening before. He proceeded southbound on Woodward Avenue at a high 

rate of speed and ran a red light at an intersection, striking a vehicle driven by Peter Whittaker. 

Whittaker was killed instantly. Defendant ran from the scene and was followed by a witness 

who saw him get into a silver car driven by another man. Defendant was later located and 

arrested. A crack pipe was found in the truck defendant was driving at the time of the accident. 

A blood draw performed on defendant approximately three hours after the accident showed 

 1 Defendant pleaded no contest to receiving or concealing a stolen motor vehicle on the first day 

of trial.
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cocaine in his system. Defendant moved to suppress the results of his blood test results, but the 

trial court denied the motion. 

II. SUPPRESSION OF BLOOD DRAW RESULTS

On appeal, defendant first argues that the trial court erred when it denied his motion to 

suppress the results of his blood draw because the affidavit for the search warrant was 

insufficient. We disagree. 

This Court reviews a trial court’s ruling at a suppression hearing de novo. People v 

Galloway, 259 Mich App 634, 638; 675 NW2d 883 (2003). We review the trial court’s findings 

of fact for clear error. Id. “A finding is clearly erroneous if, after reviewing the entire record, an 

appellate court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. 

The United States Constitution provides that “no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable 

cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and 

the persons or things to be seized.” US Const, Am IV. The Michigan Constitution also 

provides, “No warrant to search any place or to seize any person or things shall issue without 

describing them, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation.” Const 1963, art 

1, § 11. 

A magistrate may only issue a search warrant when “ ‘there is a fair probability that 

contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.’ ” People v Franklin, 500 

Mich 92, 100; 894 NW2d 561 (2017), quoting Illinois v Gates, 462 US 213, 238; 103 S Ct 2317; 

76 L Ed 2d 527 (1983). This Court reviews a magistrate’s decision to issue a search warrant by 

asking “whether a reasonably cautious person could have concluded that there was a ‘substantial 

basis’ for the finding of probable cause.” People v Russo, 439 Mich 584, 603; 487 NW2d 698 

(1992). “A magistrate’s finding of probable cause and his or her decision to issue a search 

warrant should be given great deference and only disturbed in limited circumstances.” Franklin, 

500 Mich at 101. However, there are “ ‘exceptional circumstances’ ” when a magistrate’s search 

warrant may be dispensed with, such as, when a search warrant is defective because it is 

insufficient. Id. at 101-102 (citation omitted). 

When a trial court determines that a defendant has established a “substantial preliminary 

showing of a deliberate falsehood or reckless disregard for the truth by the affiant” in the search 

warrant affidavit, and the allegedly false statement was necessary to a finding of probable cause, 

the trial court holds an evidentiary hearing pursuant to Franks v Delaware, 438 US 154; 98 S Ct 

2674; 57 L Ed 2d 667 (1978). Franklin, 500 Mich at 94-95. This same standard is used to 

determine whether a search warrant is invalid. Id. at 104. “On this same basis, the defendant 

may then be entitled to have the warrant voided (when the deliberate falsehood or reckless 

disregard for the truth is established by a ‘preponderance of the evidence’ and the affidavit’s 

remaining content is insufficient to establish probable cause).” Id. at 104 (citation omitted). 

This Court focuses on the facts and circumstances supporting the magistrate’s 

determination of probable cause when reviewing the issuance of a search warrant. People v

Martin, 271 Mich App 280, 298; 721 NW2d 815 (2006). The affidavit for the search warrant 

must include facts that are within the affiant’s knowledge, rather than mere conclusions or 
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beliefs. Id. “The affiant may not draw his or her own inferences, but rather must state matters 

that justify the drawing of them.” Id. It is presumed that affidavits supporting search warrants 

are valid. People v Mullen, 282 Mich App 14, 23; 762 NW2d 170 (2008). When reviewing an 

affidavit, this Court must read it in a “ ‘common sense and realistic manner,’ not a crabbed or 

hypertechnical manner.” Id. at 27 (citation omitted). 

Generally, unconstitutionally seized evidence must be excluded from trial. People v 

Dillon, 296 Mich App 506, 508; 822 NW2d 611 (2012). “ ‘Exclusion of improperly obtained 

evidence serves as a deterrent to police misconduct, protects the right to privacy, and preserves 

judicial integrity.’ ” People v Hyde, 285 Mich App 428, 439; 775 NW2d 833 (2009), quoting 

People v Brown, 279 Mich App 116, 127; 755 NW2d 664 (2008). However, when police act 

“within the scope of, and in objective, good-faith reliance, on a search warrant obtained from a 

judge or magistrate,” evidence seized pursuant to a warrant lacking probable cause is not 

suppressed. People v Goldston, 470 Mich 523, 530; 682 NW2d 479 (2004). Whether the police 

acted in good faith is determined by a standard of objective reasonableness. United States v 

Leon, 468 US 897, 922; 104 S Ct 3405; 82 L Ed 2d 677 (1984). The exclusionary rule is applied 

on a case-by-case basis and when it would deter police misconduct. Goldston, 470 Mich at 531. 

If the issuing magistrate “is misled by information in the affidavit that the affiant either knew 

was false or would have known was false except for his reckless disregard fof the truth,” the 

evidence must be suppressed. Id.

First and foremost, we agree with the trial court that the search warrant was factually 

unsupported on the element of “under the influence.” There was, indeed, a wholesale absence of 

factual support for that element in the affidavit. Nevertheless, there has been no allegation that 

the police did not act “within the scope of, and in objective, good-faith reliance” on the search 

warrant obtained from the magistrate,” such that the evidence seized pursuant to the warrant 

lacking probable cause is not suppressed. Goldston, 470 Mich 530. Moreover, defendant has 

based his suppression argument on a claim that the search warrant was insufficient because some 

of the statements included therein were inaccurate and misleading. The statements in the 

affidavit that defendant challenges on appeal are: 

Lameka Thomas informed affiant that she personally observed said subject 

[indiscernible] [i]nvolved in traffic crash and run on feet E/B [sic: eastbound] 

towards Sanford and then N/B [sic: northbound] through yards before losing sight 

of them [sic][.] 

[Defendant] was subsequently identified by witness who picked him out.

The first sentence is handwritten by Deputy Matthew Steele on the lines provided in the affidavit 

form. The second sentence is handwritten beneath these lines. The second sentence originally 

read, “[defendant] was subsequently identified by witness who picked him up,” and the 

magistrate crossed out “up,” and typed in “out,” in the revised version of the affidavit that she 

signed. Deputy Steele initialed this change.

Thomas testified at the Franks hearing that she saw defendant get out of the white truck 

and start running, and then she lost sight of him as he ran in between houses. Deputy Steele 

testified that he included the first sentence noted above in the affidavit based on this information 
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provided by Thomas. There is no inaccuracy in this statement based on the testimony at the 

Franks hearing. 

Deputy Steele testified at the Franks hearing that he learned from the Waterford Police 

Department that defendant’s brother, Victor Hale, was the owner of the silver car that picked 

defendant up from near the accident scene, and defendant’s brother gave the other officers the 

address where defendant was located. Deputy Steele initially wrote the second challenged 

sentence as “[defendant] was subsequently identified by witness who picked him up,” based on 

the information he obtained from the Waterford Police Department, who learned this information 

from defendant’s brother. The sentence as it was originally written by Deputy Steele is also 

supported by his testimony at the Franks hearing, although it is not clear from the face of the 

affidavit that “witness” in the second statement refers to defendant’s brother, rather than 

Thomas. Deputy Steele testified that the magistrate changed “up” to “out” in the sentence “for 

clarification,” but he did not recall the substance of their conversation related to this change. It is 

not clear why the magistrate made this change as it actually confuses the matter rather than 

providing clarification.

The trial court concluded that although it was not clear from the face of the affidavit that 

information was drawn from two witnesses rather than all information being taken from Thomas, 

there was still “no evidence of willful omission or crafty circumvention.” As the trial court 

explained, Deputy Steele was “compacting” the identities of Thomas and defendant’s brother, 

and should have included a “transitional phrase to apprise the reader” that the information in the 

first sentence was provided by Thomas, and the information in the second sentence was provided 

by defendant’s brother. The trial court characterized Deputy Steele’s actions as “hasty,” but not 

knowingly false or in reckless disregard of the truth. We agree with the trial court’s analysis. 

The evidence does not demonstrate that Deputy Steele included a deliberate falsehood in 

the affidavit or acted in reckless disregard for the truth. Franklin, 500 Mich at 94-95. He 

testified that the first challenged sentence of the affidavit was based on information provided by 

Thomas, and the second challenged sentence was based on the identification of defendant by 

defendant’s brother to the Waterford police. When reading these sentences separately, and in a 

commonsense rather than a hypertechnical way, Deputy Steele’s explanation of the information 

is clear. When read separately, the sentences do not necessarily establish that “witness” in the 

second sentence refers to Thomas. The trial court found that Deputy Steele’s testimony was 

honest and not ill-motivated. This Court gives deference to the trial court’s determination 

regarding witness credibility. Galloway, 259 Mich App at 638. Because there is no evidence of 

deliberate falsehood or reckless disregard for the truth, the trial court did not err in finding that 

the exclusionary rule applied to permit admission of defendant’s blood test results, despite the 

affidavit’s failure to establish probable cause related to the intoxication elements of defendant’s 

charged offenses. There is no indication in the record why the discovery of the crack pipe in the 

white truck driven by defendant at the scene of the accident was not included in the affidavit. 

Exclusion of the blood test results, however, would not serve the purpose of deterring police 

misconduct, as Deputy Steele acted in haste, but not in bad faith. 
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III. PRIOR BAD ACTS EVIDENCE

Next, defendant argues on appeal that the trial court committed error requiring reversal 

when it allowed the admission of evidence concerning an August 28, 2015 traffic stop involving 

defendant, because it was propensity evidence that directly led to defendant’s convictions of 

second-degree murder and operating under the influence causing death. The prosecution had 

moved to admit “other acts” of defendant that had occurred on August 28, 2015, pursuant to 

MRE 404(b). The trial court determined that only certain of the proposed evidence would be 

admitted, and entered an order to that effect:

1) The People are allowed to elicit testimony that the defendant’s driver’s license 

was suspended on August 28, 2015[,] and police officers told the defendant [that] 

his license was suspended.

2) The People are allowed to elicit testimony that police officers found drug 

paraphernalia in the defendant’s vehicle. This evidence is admissible to Count [2] 

[operating under the influence causing death] only. 

At trial, defense counsel orally moved for reconsideration regarding this order, but the trial court 

denied reconsideration.

It is within the trial court’s discretion whether to admit evidence, and this Court will only 

reverse a trial court’s decision on such an issue where there has been a clear abuse of discretion. 

People v Crawford, 458 Mich 376, 383; 582 NW2d 785 (1998). An abuse of discretion occurs 

when the trial court’s decision falls “ ‘outside the range of principled outcomes.’ ” People v 

Feezel, 486 Mich 184, 192; 783 NW2d 67 (2010), quoting People v Smith, 482 Mich 292, 300; 

754 NW2d 284 (2008). A trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion for reconsideration is 

also reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v Walters, 266 Mich App 341, 350; 700 NW2d 

424 (2005).

MRE 404(b)(1) provides: 

Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character 

of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be 

admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, 

preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or 

absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other 

crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the 

conduct at issue in the case.

The following factors must be present for the trial court to admit other acts evidence: 

First, the prosecutor must offer the “prior bad acts” evidence under something 

other than a character or propensity theory. Second, “the evidence must be 

relevant under MRE 402, as enforced through MRE 104(b)[.]” Third, the 

probative value of the evidence must not be substantially outweighed by unfair 

prejudice under MRE 403. Finally, the trial court, upon request, may provide a 

limiting instruction under MRE 105. [People v Knox, 469 Mich 502, 509; 674 
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NW2d 366 (2004), quoting People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 74-75; 508 

NW2d 114 (1993), amended 445 Mich 1205 (1994).] 

The prosecution has the burden of establishing the relevance of the prior act evidence to prove a 

fact within one of the exceptions to the general exclusionary rule of MRE 404(b). Knox, 469 

Mich at 509. “ ‘Relevance is a relationship between the evidence and a material fact at issue that 

must be demonstrated by reasonable inferences that make a material fact at issue more probable 

or less probable than it would be without the evidence.’ ” Id., quoting Crawford, 458 Mich at 

387. If the only relevance of the prior acts evidence demonstrates the defendant’s character or 

propensity to commit the crime, the evidence cannot be admitted. Knox, 469 Mich at 510. 

The prosecution argues that it did not offer the prior bad acts evidence under a character 

or propensity theory, but rather, that the evidence demonstrated defendant’s knowledge that his 

license was suspended, his identity as the driver of the white truck, and lack of mistake. These 

are proper purposes for admission pursuant to MRE 404(b). 

Regarding relevancy, MRE 402 provides that “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible,”

unless it is otherwise deemed inadmissible. “Relevance is a relationship between the evidence 

and a material fact at issue that must be demonstrated by reasonable inferences that make a 

material fact at issue more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” 

Crawford, 458 Mich at 387. The prosecution asserts that the traffic stop evidence was relevant 

because defendant pleaded not guilty, and therefore, the prosecution had to prove all elements of 

the offenses, including identity, knowledge, and lack of mistake and here, the prosecution had to 

prove that defendant was the driver of the white pickup truck, and that defendant had knowledge 

that his license was suspended, on September 13, 2015. It is unclear, however, how the traffic 

stop evidence is relevant to the issues of identity, knowledge, and lack of mistake pursuant to 

MRE 402. 

There is no doubt that defendant drove the white pickup truck, hit Whittaker’s vehicle 

resulting in Whittaker’s death, and fled the scene. Several witnesses identified him, and defense 

counsel stipulated at trial that defendant was the responsible driver. Similarly, defense counsel 

stipulated that defendant’s driver’s license was suspended, and that he was aware of this fact. 

Testimony related to a search of defendant’s license and prior notice from the Secretary of State 

was also admitted at trial. Although evidence that defendant was pulled over in August 2015 

while driving on a suspended license with drug paraphernalia in his car may demonstrate lack of 

mistake because defendant drove on a suspended license with drug paraphernalia in his car two 

weeks later, all of the other evidence in the record undoubtedly demonstrated defendant’s guilt

on these issues. The prior traffic stop evidence was simply irrelevant. 

The evidence also was of limited probative value. The prosecution was required to 

demonstrate that the probative value of the prior acts evidence was not substantially outweighed 

by the danger of unfair prejudice under MRE 403. Knox, 469 Mich at 509, quoting VanderVliet, 

444 Mich at 74-75. MRE 403 provides:

Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is 

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the 
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issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, 

or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. 

The trial court noted that the traffic stop prior acts evidence was “not rendered inadmissible from 

an analysis of [MRE] 403.” The trial court did not expand further on its reasoning. Based on a 

review of the record, the evidence of the August 28, 2015 traffic stop was not highly probative of 

defendant’s involvement in the charged crimes. It demonstrated defendant’s involvement in 

prior instances of driving while his license was suspended, and driving under the influence of a 

controlled substance. As argued by defendant, this appears to be propensity evidence that 

defendant is a bad man who drives under the influence of narcotics, which, is unfairly prejudicial 

to defendant. Moreover, in terms of identity and knowledge of driving on a suspended license, it 

was cumulative evidence. Defendant’s identity was established by witness identification, as well 

as matching the clothing that defendant was wearing to the clothing found in the garbage bag at 

Boal’s house, and the clothing worn by defendant in the surveillance footage. Thus, the 

prosecution did not establish that the probative value of the traffic stop evidence substantially 

outweighed the danger of unfair prejudice. 

The admission of the traffic stop evidence, however, was limited by several jury 

instructions and, therefore, was harmless error. Before Officer Michael Harris testified, the court 

told the jury: 

As to the August [28], 2015, evidence, you may only think about whether this 

evidence tends to show that the [d]efendant had knowledge that his operator’s 

license was suspended on September 13, 2015, or that the [d]efendant knowingly 

possessed or used drug paraphernalia on September 13, 2015. 

Officer Harris testified that he performed a traffic stop of defendant on August 28, 2015, a LEIN 

search indicated that defendant’s license was suspended, Officer Harris informed defendant that 

his license was suspended, and a crack pipe and white residue were found in the car. During the 

final jury instructions, the court modified the jury instruction according to defense counsel’s 

requests, and read the following version to the jury: 

You have heard evidence that was introduced to show the [d]efendant 

committed other acts on August 28, 2015, for which he is not on trial. 

If you believe this evidence, you must be very careful only to consider it 

for Counts 2 and 3 only. A couple of “onlys” there.

* * *

As to the August [28], 2015, evidence, you may only think about whether 

this evidence tends to show that the [d]efendant had knowledge that his operator’s 

license was suspended on September 13, 2015, or that the [d]efendant knowingly 

possessed drug paraphernalia on September 13, 2015. You must not consider this 

evidence for any other purpose. For example, you must not decide that it shows 

that the [d]efendant is a bad person or that he is likely to commit crimes. You 

must not convict the [d]efendant here because you think he is guilty of other bad 
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conduct. All the evidence must convince you beyond a reasonable doubt that the 

[d]efendant committed the alleged crimes or you must find him not guilty. 

Thus, it is clear that the trial court took many efforts and appeased defense counsel’s requests to 

provide proper limiting instructions to the jury regarding the other acts evidence. It is presumed 

that jurors follow their instructions. People v Abraham, 256 Mich App 265, 279; 662 NW2d 836 

(2003). 

Defendant argues on appeal that the admission of this evidence directly led to his 

convictions for second-degree murder and operating while intoxicated causing death. Defendant 

does not, however, explain how this evidence directly led to his second-degree murder 

conviction when the jury was allowed to consider the other acts evidence for Count 2, operating 

under the influence causing death, pursuant to the trial court’s original order and the limiting 

instructions. And, the evidence presented at trial overwhelmingly supported defendant’s guilt. 

Therefore, although the prosecution did not meet its burdens in admitting the traffic stop 

evidence pursuant to MRE 404(b), its admission was harmless error as there was substantial 

other evidence on which to convict defendant.

IV. SENTENCING

Lastly, defendant argues on appeal that his sentence for second-degree murder was 

unreasonable, disproportionate, and cruel and/or unusual punishment. We disagree. 

This Court reviews a sentence that was imposed pursuant to the sentencing guidelines to 

determine whether the sentence is reasonable. People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 365; 870 

NW2d 502 (2015). A sentence is reasonable if it is proportionate to the seriousness of the 

circumstances of the offense and the offender. People v Steanhouse, 500 Mich 453, 475; 902 

NW2d 327 (2017). The “key test” of a reasonable sentence “is whether the sentence is 

proportionate to the seriousness of the matter, not whether it departs from or adheres to the 

guidelines’ recommended range.” People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 661; 461 NW2d 1 (1990), 

abrogation recognized by Steanhouse, 500 Mich at 459-460. This Court reviews the trial court’s 

determination of a reasonable sentence for an abuse of discretion. Steanhouse, 500 Mich at 471. 

Because defendant failed to preserve his claim by objecting to his sentence as cruel 

and/or unusual punishment, this Court reviews defendant’s constitutional challenge for plain 

error affecting defendant’s substantial rights. People v Henry (After Remand), 305 Mich App 

127, 152; 854 NW2d 114 (2014). “To avoid forfeiture under the plain error rule, three 

requirements must be met[:] (1) an error must have occurred; (2) the error was plain; (3) and the 

plain error affected substantial rights, i.e., the defendant was prejudiced (the defendant generally 

must show that the error affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings).” People v 

Barber, 255 Mich App 288, 296; 659 NW2d 674 (2003). “Reversal is warranted only when the 

plain, forfeited error resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant or when the 

error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. 

Defendant was sentenced as a fourth habitual offender, which requires a 25-year 

minimum sentence. MCL 769.12(1)(a). For second-degree murder, the sentencing guidelines 

range was calculated at 365 to 1200 months or life imprisonment. The minimum sentence is 
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approximately 30 years and 5 months’ imprisonment. Defense counsel requested a sentence of 

25 years’ imprisonment according to the 25-year minimum required as a fourth habitual 

offender. The prosecutor asserted that the guidelines were proportional. Defendant was 

sentenced to 53 to 80 years’ imprisonment for second-degree murder. Defendant does not 

challenge on appeal the sentences he received for his four other convictions. Defendant argues 

that his sentence for second-degree murder was unreasonable and disproportionate because it 

was much higher than the 25-year minimum required as a fourth habitual offender. Defendant’s 

sentence, however, was not a departure sentence. Defendant’s minimum sentence of 53 years’

imprisonment for second-degree murder falls within the sentencing guidelines range of 365 to 

1200 months. “[A] sentence within the guidelines range is presumptively proportionate.” 

People v Powell, 278 Mich App 318, 323; 750 NW2d 607 (2008). Therefore, defendant’s 

sentence for second-degree murder was not disproportionate or unreasonable. 

Defendant also argues that his sentence for second-degree murder constitutes cruel and/or 

unusual punishment. The Michigan Constitution prohibits cruel or unusual punishment. Const 

1963, art 1, § 16. The United States Constitution prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. US 

Const, Am VIII. “In deciding if punishment is cruel or unusual, this Court looks to the gravity of 

the offense and the harshness of the penalty, comparing the punishment to the penalty imposed 

for other crimes in this state, as well as the penalty imposed for the same crime in other states.” 

People v Bowling, 299 Mich App 552, 557-558; 830 NW2d 800 (2013). As noted above, 

defendant’s minimum sentence of 53 years’ imprisonment for second-degree murder is not a 

departure from the guidelines range of 365 to 1200 months. “A sentence within the guidelines 

range is presumptively proportionate, and a proportionate sentence is not cruel or unusual.” 

Bowling, 299 Mich App at 558. To overcome the presumption that a sentence is proportionate, 

the defendant “must present unusual circumstances that would render the presumptively 

proportionate sentence disproportionate.” Id., quoting People v Lee, 243 Mich App 163, 187; 

622 NW2d 71 (2000). 

Defendant has not overcome the presumption of proportionality. Defendant merely 

argues on appeal that his sentence as a fourth habitual offender is disproportionate because it 

does not meet the proportionality standard set forth in Milbourn. “[A]n appellant may not simply 

announce a position or assert an error and then leave it up to this Court to discover and 

rationalize the basis for his claims, or unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then 

search for authority either to sustain or reject his position.” Bowling, 299 Mich App at 559-560. 

Defendant simply asserts that the 25-year minimum would have been proportionate, and notes 

his age at the time of sentencing (43 years old). Defendant’s arguments and reasons do not 

constitute an “unusual circumstance” sufficient to overcome the presumption of proportionality. 

Id. at 558. Rather, the record is clear that defendant was a fourth habitual offender, he had 17 

prior felonies and 20 prior misdemeanors, he was on parole at the time of the accident, and the 

evidence demonstrated that he was driving at excessive speeds under the influence of cocaine 

when he ran a red light and collided with another vehicle, resulting in the victim’s death. 
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“Because defendant has not overcome the presumption of proportionality, and because a 

proportionate sentence is not cruel or unusual, defendant has not established a constitutional 

violation.” Powell, 278 Mich App at 324. Accordingly, the trial court properly sentenced 

defendant to 53 to 80 years’ imprisonment for second-degree murder.

Affirmed. 

/s/ Deborah A. Servitto 

/s/ Jane E. Markey 

/s/ Peter D. O'Connell