U. S. Department of Justice 

Federal Bureau of Investigation 

Laboratory Division 

HANDBOOK OF 

FORENSIC
 

SERVICES
 
Handbook of Forensic Services 

(revised 2013) 

Editor 

Jennifer Coleman 

Editorial Assistant 

Reynette Barrett 

Graphic Design 

Sandra Rector 

An FBI Laboratory Publication 

Federal Bureau of Investigation 

Quantico, Virginia 
Table of Contents
 

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
 

FBI Forensic Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
 

Additional Case Acceptance Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
 

SUBMITTING EVIDENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
 

Requesting Evidence Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
 

Packaging and Shipping Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
 

EVIDENCE EXAMINATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
 

CRIME SCENE SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
 

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
 

iii 
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
 

iv
 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

INTRODUCTION
 

The Handbook of Forensic Services provides guidance and procedures for safe and efficient 

methods of collecting, preserving, packaging, and shipping evidence and describes the forensic 

examinations performed by the FBI’s Laboratory Division. 

FBI Forensic Services 

The successful investigation and prosecution of crimes require, in most cases, the collection, 

preservation, and forensic analysis of evidence. Forensic analysis of evidence is often crucial to 

determinations of guilt or innocence. 

The FBI has one of the largest and most comprehensive forensic laboratories in the world, and the 

FBI Laboratory is accredited by the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors/Laboratory 

Accreditation Board. The forensic services of the FBI Laboratory Division are available to the 

following: 

 FBI field offices and legal attachés; 

 U.S. attorneys, military tribunals, and other federal agencies for civil and criminal matters; 

and 

 State, county, and municipal law enforcement agencies in the United States and territorial 

possessions for criminal matters. 

All forensic services, including expert witness testimonies, are rendered free of cost; however, 

the following limitations apply: 

 No examination will be conducted on evidence that has been previously subjected to 

the same type of examination. Exceptions may be granted when there are reasons for a 

reexamination. These reasons should be explained in separate letters from the director 

of the laboratory that conducted the original examination, the prosecuting attorney, and 

the investigating agency. Exceptions require the approval of the Laboratory Director or a 

designee. 

 No request for an examination will be accepted from laboratories having the capability 

of conducting the examination. Exceptions may be granted upon approval of the FBI 

Laboratory Director or a designee. 

 No testimony will be furnished if testimony on the same subject and in the same case is 

provided for the prosecution by another expert. 

 No request for an examination will be accepted from a nonfederal law enforcement 

agency in civil matters. 

 No requests will be accepted from private individuals or agencies. 

In addition, when submitting evidence to the FBI Laboratory, contributors acknowledge the 

following: 

 FBI examiners will choose appropriate technical processes to address the contributor’s 

request for examination, including additional testing as initial testing results warrant. 

 Depending on the caseload of the Laboratory and the needs of the contributor, evidence 

examinations may be subcontracted at FBI expense. 

 An FBI Laboratory Report of Examination may contain the opinions and/or interpretations 

of the examiner(s) who issued the report. 

1 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Additional Case Acceptance Guidelines 

The FBI accepts evidence related to all crimes under investigation by FBI field offices; however, 

it accepts from other federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies only evidence related 

to violent crime investigations. The FBI does not routinely accept evidence from state and local 

law enforcement agencies in cases involving property crimes unless there was personal injury 

or intent to cause personal injury. These guidelines help to ensure that the FBI continues to 

provide timely forensic assistance to law enforcement agencies investigating crimes of violence 

or threatened violence. Additional restrictions may be imposed on case acceptance to achieve 

this goal. 

At the discretion of the FBI Laboratory Director or a designee, the FBI may accept evidence 

from property crime cases. Such exceptions will be considered on a case-by-case basis and 

should not be regarded as setting a precedent for future case acceptance. All accepted cases 

will be afforded the full range of forensic services provided by the FBI. 

The following are examples of property crimes that are not routinely accepted for examinations: 

 Arson of unoccupied residential and commercial buildings and property (unless terrorism, 

such as an environmental terrorist attack, is suspected). 

 Explosive incidents and hoaxes targeting unoccupied residential and commercial buildings 

and property (unless terrorism, such as an environmental terrorist attack, is suspected). 

 Vandalism and malicious mischief directed toward residential or commercial buildings and 

property. 

 Nonfatal traffic accidents involving headlight examinations except in cases involving law 

enforcement and government officials. 

 Hit-and-run automobile accidents not involving personal injury. 

 Automobile theft, except automobile theft rings or carjackings. 

 Breaking and entering. 

 Burglary. 

 Minor theft (under $100,000). 

 Minor fraud (under $100,000). 

2 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

SUBMITTING EVIDENCE
 

Requesting Evidence Examinations 

All requests for evidence examinations should be in writing, on agency letterhead, and 

addressed to the FBI Laboratory Evidence Management Program, unless otherwise indicated in 

the Examinations section. 

Do not submit multiple cases under a single communication. Each case should be submitted 

with a separate communication and packaged separately. 

All international law enforcement agency/police requests should be coordinated 

through the appropriate FBI legal attaché (LEGAT). LEGATs should fax the request 

to the Evidence Control Unit, 703-632-8334, prior to submitting any evidence to the 

Laboratory. Questions concerning international submissions should be directed to 

703-632-8360. 

Requests for evidence examinations must contain the following information: 

 The submitting contact person’s name, agency, address, and telephone number; 

 Previous case-identification numbers, evidence submissions, and communications relating 

to the case; 

 Description of the nature and the basic facts of the case as they pertain to evidence 

examinations; 

 The name(s) of and descriptive data about the individual(s) involved (subject, suspect, 

victim, or a combination of those categories) and the agency-assigned, case-identification 

number; 

 The violation; 

 Reason for expedited examination, if requested; 

 The name of the relevant prosecutor’s office or prosecutor assigned, if available; 

 A list of the evidence being submitted “herewith” (enclosed) or “under separate cover” 

y Herewith is limited to small items of evidence that are not endangered by 

transmitting in an envelope. Write on the envelope before placing evidence inside to 

avoid damaging or altering the evidence. The written communication should state: 

“Submitted herewith are the following items of evidence.” 

y Separate cover is used to ship numerous or bulky items of evidence. Include a copy 

of the communication requesting the examinations. The written communication 

should state: “Submitted under separate cover by [list the method of 

shipment] are the following items of evidence.” 

 What type(s) of examination(s) is/are requested; 

 Where the evidence should be returned and where the Laboratory report should be sent (a 

street address and phone number must be included); and 

 A statement if there is local controversy or if other law enforcement agencies have an 

interest in the case. 

Packaging and Shipping Evidence 

Unless otherwise indicated in a specific Examination section, follow the below guidelines for 

packaging and shipping evidence. Please keep in mind the FBI case acceptance guidelines and 

limitations in the Introduction section. 

3 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 Prior to packaging and shipping evidence, call the pertinent unit for specific instructions. 

 Take precautions to preserve the evidence. 

 Wrap and seal each item of evidence separately to avoid contamination. 

 Place the evidence in a clean, dry, and previously unused inner container. 

 Seal the inner container with tamper-evident or filament tape. 

 Affix EVIDENCE and BIOHAZARD labels, if appropriate, on the inner container. If any of 

the evidence needs to be examined for latent prints, affix a LATENT label on the inner 

container. 

 Affix the evidence examination request and all case information between the inner and 

outer containers. 

 Place the sealed inner container in a clean, dry, and previously unused outer container with 

clean packing materials. Do not use loose Styrofoam. 

 Completely seal the outer container so that tampering with the container would be 

evident. 

 All shipments of suspected or confirmed hazardous materials must comply with 

U.S. Department of Transportation and International Air Transport Association regulations. 

Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) lists specific requirements that must be 

observed when preparing hazardous materials for shipment by air, land, or sea. In addition, 

the International Air Transport Association annually publishes Dangerous Goods Regulations 

detailing how to prepare and package shipments for air transportation. 

 Title 49 CFR 172.101 provides a Hazardous Materials Table that identifies items considered 

hazardous for the purpose of transportation. Title 49 CFR 172.101 also addresses special 

provisions for certain materials, hazardous materials communications, emergency response 

information, and training requirements for shippers. A trained and qualified evidence 

technician must assist with the typing, labeling, packaging, and shipping of all hazardous 

materials. 

Further information regarding shipping of Hazardous Materials or potential Chemical/Biological/ 

Radiological/Nuclear (CBRN) Material can be found in WMD/CBRN Evidence Examinations. 

 U.S. Department of Transportation regulations and the following guidelines must be 

followed when shipping live ammunition: 

 Package and ship ammunition separately from firearm(s). 

 The outside of the container must be labeled “ORM-D, CARTRIDGES, SMALL ARMS.” 

 The Declaration of Dangerous Goods must include the number of packages and the gross 

weight in grams of the completed packages. 

Unless otherwise indicated in the Examinations section, address the outer container as follows: 

EVIDENCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
 

LABORATORY DIVISION 

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
 

2501 INVESTIGATION PARKWAY
 

QUANTICO VA 22135
 

 Ship evidence by U.S. Postal Service Registered Mail, UPS, or FedEx. 

4 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

EVIDENCE EXAMINATIONS
 

Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
 

Advanced Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
 

Age of Document Examination . . . . . . . . . . . 7
 

Altered or Obliterated Writing 

Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
 

Anonymous Letter File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
 

Anthropological Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . 8
 

Arson Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
 

Bank Robbery Note File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
 

Bank Security Dye Examinations . . . . . . . . 10
 

Biological Material Examination . . . . . . . . . 10
 

Building Materials Examinations . . . . . . . . . 10
 

Bullet Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
 

Bullet Jacket Alloy Examinations . . . . . . . . 11
 

Burned or Charred Paper Examinations . . . 12
 

Carbon-14 Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
 

Carbon Paper or Carbon-Film Ribbon 

Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
 

Cartridge Case and Shotshell Casing 

(Fired) Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
 

Cartridge/Shotshell and Ammunition 

Component (Unfired) Examinations . . . . 13
 

Checkwriters Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
 

Controlled Substance Examinations . . . . . . 14
 

Crime Scene Surveys, Documentation, 

and Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
 

Cryptanalysis Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
 

Demonstrative Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
 

DNA Casework Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . 15
 

Drug Records Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
 

When submitting evidence for any of the following examinations and services, follow all 

instructions in the Introduction and Submitting Evidence sections of this Handbook in addition 

to any specific instructions provided in the examination and service descriptions. 

Adhesive, Caulk, and Sealant Embossing and Seals Examinations . . . . . 20
 

Evidence Response Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
 

Explosives Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
 

Explosives Residue Examinations . . . . . . . 22
 

Fabric Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
 

FBI Disaster Squad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
 

Feather Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
 

Federal DNA Database (formerly Federal 

Convicted Offender) Examinations . . . . . 23
 

Fiber Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
 

Firearms Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
 

Firearms Image Examinations . . . . . . . . . . 26
 

Forensic Facial Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
 

Gambling Device Examinations . . . . . . . . . 26
 

Gambling Records Examinations . . . . . . . . 26
 

GIS Mapping and Aerial Photography . . . . 27
 

Glass Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
 

Graphic Arts (Commercial and 

Office Printing) Examinations . . . . . . . . . 28
 

Hair Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
 

Handwriting and Hand Printing 

Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
 

Human Smuggling Records 

Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
 

Ink Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
 

Laboratory Shooting 

Reconstruction Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
 

Latent Print (Friction Ridge) 

Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
 

Loan Records Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
 

Lubricant Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
 

5 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Metallurgy Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
 

Muzzle-to-Target Distance 

Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
 

National DNA Index System/
 

Combined DNA Index System . . . . . . . . 35
 

National Integrated Ballistic Information 

Network (NIBIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
 

National Missing Person DNA Database 

(NMPDD) Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
 

Packaging Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
 

Paint Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
 

Paper Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
 

Pepper Spray and Pepper Foam 

Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
 

Pharmaceutical Examinations . . . . . . . . . . 39
 

Photocopy or Facsimile Examinations . . . . 39
 

Plastic Bag Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
 

Polymer Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
 

Product Tampering Examinations . . . . . . . . 41
 

Prostitution Records Examinations . . . . . . . 41
 

Radioactive Materials Examinations . . . . . . 41
 

Rope or Cordage Examinations . . . . . . . . . 42
 

Rubber Stamp Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . 42
 

Safe Insulation Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . 42
 

Serial Number (Altered) Examinations . . . . 42
 

Shoe Print and Tire Tread Examinations . . 43
 

Soil Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
 

Special Event and Situational Awareness 

Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
 

Symbol Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
 

Tape Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
 

Toolmark Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
 

Toxicology Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
 

Typewriting Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
 

Unknowns (General Chemical) 

Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
 

Weapons of Mass Destruction/CBRN 

Evidence Examinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
 

CRIME SCENE SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
 

Routes of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
 

Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
 

Personal Protective Equipment . . . . . . . . . 55
 

Hazardous Materials Transportation . . . . . . 57
 

Hazardous Waste Regulations . . . . . . . . . . 57
 

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
 

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
 

6 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Adhesive, Caulk, and Sealant Examinations 

Adhesives, caulks, and sealants can be compared by color and chemical composition with 

suspected sources. The source and manufacturer of adhesives, caulks, and sealants cannot be 

determined by compositional analysis. 

Questions concerning adhesive, caulk, and sealant evidence should be directed to 

703-632-8441. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 When possible, submit the item to which the adhesive, caulk, or sealant is adhered. If 

this is not possible, remove a sample of the material with a clean, sharp instrument and 

transfer it to a resealable plastic bag or leakproof container such as a screw top vial or 

plastic pill box. 

 Submit a suspected source. Package separately. 

Advanced Photography 

Highly skilled Scientific & Technical Photographers can provide detailed and accurate on-site 

documentation using oblique and vertical aerial photography (also see GIS Mapping and Aerial 

Photography), 360-degree spherical photography, 360-degree spherical video, and highresolution imagery for special operations, crime scenes, and special events. All photographs can 

be geo-referenced, allowing imagery to be used by Visual Information Specialists to prepare 

crime scene diagrams, digitally interactive scenes, and scenario reconstructions (also see 

Demonstrative Evidence and Special Event and Situational Awareness Support). 

Questions concerning advanced photography can be directed to your Field Photographer or be 

directed to 703-632-8194. 

Age of Document Examination 

The earliest date a document could have been prepared may be determined by examining 

various physical characteristics, including watermarks, indented writing, printing, typewriting, 

and inks. 

Questions concerning age of document examinations should be directed to 

703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

 Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’s initials, date, and other information in 

pencil. 

 Whenever possible, submit the original evidence. The lack of detail in photocopies makes 

examinations difficult and often will result in inconclusive opinions. 

Altered or Obliterated Writing Examinations 

Documents can be examined for the presence of altered or obliterated writing, and the original 

writing may be deciphered. 

Questions concerning altered or obliterated writing should be directed to 

703-632-8444. 

7 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Collection and packaging considerations:
	

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

 Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’s initials, date, and other information in 

pencil. 

 Whenever possible, submit the original evidence. The lack of detail in photocopies makes 

examinations difficult and often will result in inconclusive opinions. 

Anonymous Letter File 

The Anonymous Letter File (ALF) contains images of anonymous and/or threatening 

communications submitted for examination. This file can be searched in an attempt to associate 

text from a communication in one case with text from communications in other cases. 

Questions concerning the ALF should be directed to 703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

 Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’s initials, date, and other information in 

pencil. 

 Whenever possible, submit the original evidence; however, photocopies are sufficient for 

reference file searches. 

Anthropological Examinations 

Anthropological examinations involve the analysis of skeletal remains (or potential skeletal 

remains). Examinations can result in the determination, interpretation, or estimation of: 

 Whether material is skeletal (bone or tooth) versus some other material. 

 Whether bones are human or nonhuman. 

 Whether more than one individual is represented. 

 Whether bones are modern or ancient. 

 Biological information from certain bones (such as age, sex, ancestry, stature). 

 Skeletal trauma type and timing (such as projectile, blunt, or sharp force trauma). 

 Personal identification by comparison to known samples (such as medical records). 

 Facial approximations, which are facilitated in conjunction with forensic imaging artists. 

Forensic anthropologists are also available to assist in the detection and recovery of remains. 

Questions concerning anthropological examinations should be directed to 

703-632-8449. Case acceptance is based in part on the condition of the material; for 

cases with significant soft tissue remaining, please call 703-632-8449 for guidance prior to 

submission. In some cases, the determination of whether bones are human or nonhuman 

can be determined from submitted images (either by mail or by email). To submit images for 

analysis, please call 703-632-8449 for guidance. 

8 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Collection and packaging considerations:
	

 Collect bones (or small bone assemblages) individually in paper bags or other breathable 

material 

 Tin foil may be formed around burned or very fragile bones. 

 Sealed, plastic packaging may be acceptable for remains with fresh/wet tissue. 

 As needed, include cold packs and/or ‘BIOHAZARD’ stickers. 

 Minimize contact between bones and movement within the shipping container. 

 If in doubt, please call for assistance. 

Arson Examinations 

Arson examinations can determine the presence of ignitable liquids introduced to a fire scene. 

Examinations of debris recovered from scenes can identify gasoline, fuel oils, and specialty 

solvents. Examinations generally cannot identify specific brands. 

Questions concerning arson examinations should be directed to 703-632-7626. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Search questioned arson scenes for candles, cigarettes, matchbooks, Molotov cocktails, 

fused chemical masses, or any electronic or mechanical devices an arsonist may have 

used. 

 Search for burn trails on cloth or paper, burn trails on carpeted or hardwood floors, and the 

removal of personal property or commercial inventory. 

 Ignitable liquids are volatile and easily lost through evaporation. Preserve evidence in 

airtight containers such as metal cans, glass jars, or heat-sealed plastic bags approved for 

fire debris. Do not fill containers to the top. Leave at least three inches of space between 

the evidence and top of the container. Pack to prevent breakage. 

Bank Robbery Note File 

The Bank Robbery Note File (BRNF) contains images of notes used in bank robberies. This file 

can be searched in an attempt to associate text from one bank robbery note with text from 

bank robbery notes in other cases. Digital submissions of demand notes for BRNF searches are 

accepted. FBI offices can attach the image(s) to their Electronic Communication/Lead Report 

via Sentinel. State and local law enforcement can submit the image(s) along with their request 

communication on agency letterhead to bankrobberysearch@ic.fbi.gov. 

Questions concerning the BRNF should be directed to 703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

 Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’s initials, date, and other information in 

pencil 

 Whenever possible, submit the original evidence; however, photocopies are sufficient for 

reference file searches. 

9 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Bank Security Dye Examinations 

Bank dye packs contain dye to stain money and clothing and tear gas to disorient a robber. 

Items such as money and clothing can be analyzed for the presence of bank security dye and 

tear gas. 

Questions concerning bank security dye evidence should be directed to 

703-632-8441. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Only evidence with visible red or pink stains will be examined. 

 Do not submit large stained evidence (e.g., car seats). When possible, cut a small sample 

of the stained area and submit in a heat-sealed or resealable plastic bag. 

 When cutting is not possible, transfer questioned stains by rubbing with a clean (dry or wet 

with alcohol) cotton swab. Use an unstained swab as a control. Air-dry the swab and pack 

in a heat-sealed or resealable plastic bag. 

 Collect an unstained control sample, package separately, and submit it with the dye-stained 

evidence. 

Biological Material Examination 

The FBI Laboratory can provide expertise for conducting examinations on a variety of biological 

samples and related bioinformatic data. These examinations can assist in determination of such 

things as speciation, identification, relatedness, and designed genetic modifications. These 

examinations are conducted at FBI-designated partner laboratories. Examples of biological 

materials that can be examined include: 

 Pathogenic microbes (including select agents). 

 Non-pathogenic microbes. 

 Animals. 

 Plants. 

 Insects. 

 Biological toxins. 

 Genetically modified organisms. 

 Synthetically produced organisms or biological materials. 

Questions regarding biological materials examinations should be directed to 

703-632-7726. Call 703-632-7726 prior to submitting evidence. 

Building Materials Examinations 

Examinations can compare building materials such as brick, mortar, plaster, stucco, cement, 

and concrete. 

Questions concerning building materials evidence should be directed to 

703-632-8449. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 When building materials are penetrated or damaged, debris can adhere to people, clothing, 

tools, bags, and stolen items and can transfer to vehicles. If possible, submit the evidence 

to the Laboratory for examiners to remove the debris. Package each item in a separate 

leakproof container. Do not process tools for latent prints. 

10 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 Collect known samples from the penetrated or damaged areas.
	

 Ship known and questioned debris separately to avoid contamination. Submit known and 

questioned debris in leakproof containers such as film canisters or plastic pill bottles. Do 

not use paper or glass containers. Pack to keep lumps intact. 

Bullet Examinations 

A fired bullet can be examined to determine physical characteristics, including weight, caliber, 

bullet design, and general rifling characteristics (GRCs). GRCs are the number, width, and 

direction of twist of the rifling grooves imparted on a fired bullet by the barrel of a firearm. 

A microscopic examination of the bullet is conducted to determine if any marks of value are 

present. 

If a suspect firearm is submitted, a direct microscopic comparison is done between test-fired 

bullets and the submitted questioned bullet. 

If a suspect firearm is not submitted, the submitted fired bullets are intercompared to 

determine if they were fired from the same barrel. Using the GRC measurements, a search of 

the FBI Laboratory’s GRC database will be conducted to produce a list of firearms that could have 

fired the bullet(s). 

Questions concerning bullet examinations should be directed to 703-632-8442. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Package bullets to prevent contact with other bullets. 

 Bullets can be sent via Registered Mail through the U.S. Postal Service. Evidence must be 

packaged separately and identified by date, time, location, collector’s name, case number, 

and evidence number. 

 Do not mark bullets or other firearm-related evidence. The date, time, location, collector’s 

name, case number, and evidence number must be on the container. 

 Follow the U.S. Department of Transportation regulations if shipping live ammunition as 

listed in the Submitting Evidence section. 

Bullet Jacket Alloy Examinations 

Alloy classification can often differentiate among the bullet jacket alloys used by manufacturers 

to produce different varieties of bullets. As such, it can be used to exclude a bullet fragment as 

having originated from a particular type of ammunition. This analysis is most often helpful when 

attempting to determine which of a group of shooters may have fired a particular round at a 

crime scene when the fragment is too mutilated for direct comparison to a firearm. 

Questions concerning bullet jacket alloy examinations should be directed to 

703-632-8441. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Ammunition components such as bullets and cartridge cases can be sent via Registered 

Mail through the U.S. Postal Service. Evidence must be packaged separately and identified 

by date, time, location, collector’s name, case number, and evidence number. 

 Do not mark bullets, cartridges, or cartridge cases. The date, time, location, collector’s 

name, case number, and evidence number must be on the container. 

 Follow the U.S. Department of Transportation regulations if shipping live ammunition as 

listed in the Submitting Evidence section. 

11 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Burned or Charred Paper Examinations 

Burned or charred documents (not completely reduced to ash) may be deciphered and 

stabilized. 

Questions concerning burned or charred paper examinations should be directed to 

703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 The document must be shipped in the container in which it was burned, in polyester film 

encapsulation or between layers of cotton in a rigid container. 

 The document must be handled minimally. 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

Carbon-14 Examinations 

Carbon-14 is a radioactive form of carbon. Produced naturally when cosmic rays interact with 

the earth’s atmosphere, carbon-14 is absorbed within all living matter and absorption stops 

upon death. Carbon-14 examinations can be used to determine the age of a once-living item 

(e.g., plant, animal, human). Typically, age dating based on carbon-14 analysis can produce 

ages within a 4-year uncertainty for items younger than 60 years. These exams are conducted 

at an FBI-designated partner laboratory. 

Questions concerning Carbon-14 examinations should be directed to 703-898-7186. 

Call 703-898-7186 prior to submitting evidence. 

Carbon Paper or Carbon-Film Ribbon Examinations 

Used carbon paper or a carbon-film ribbon, such as a typewriter or a facsimile ribbon, can be 

examined to disclose the content of the text. 

Questions concerning carbon paper or carbon-film ribbon should be directed to 

703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

 Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’s initials, date, and other information in 

pencil. 

Cartridge Case and Shotshell Casing (Fired) Examinations 

A fired cartridge case or shotshell casing can be examined to determine physical characteristics, 

including caliber types or gauge, manufacturer, presence/type/extent of mechanism marks, and 

other properties. A microscopic examination of the cartridge case/shotshell casing is conducted 

to determine if any marks of value are present. 

If a suspect firearm is submitted, a direct microscopic comparison is done between the testfired cartridge case/shotshell casing and the questioned cartridge case/shotshell casing. 

If a suspect firearm is not submitted, the submitted fired cartridge cases/shotshell casings 

are intercompared to determine if they were fired from the same barrel. 

12 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Questions concerning fired cartridge case and shotshell casings should be directed 

to 703-632-8442. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Cartridge cases and shotshell casings can be sent via Registered Mail through the U.S. 

Postal Service. Evidence must be packaged separately and identified by date, time, 

location, collector’s name, case number, and evidence number. 

 Do not mark cartridge cases, shotshell casings, or other firearm-related evidence. The 

date, time, location, collector’s name, case number, and evidence number must be on the 

container. 

 Follow the U.S. Department of Transportation regulations if shipping live ammunition as 

listed in the Submitting Evidence section. 

Cartridge/Shotshell and Ammunition Component (Unfired) Examinations 

An examination of the submitted ammunition component can determine the physical 

characteristics of that item. Using the FBI Laboratory’s Reference Ammunition File (RAF) and 

other reference materials, a list may be produced of specific manufacturers, products, or 

calibers from which the components may have originated. 

An examination of the submitted unfired cartridge or shotshell can determine physical 

characteristics, including caliber or gauge, manufacturer, and presence/type/extent of 

mechanism marks. A microscopic examination of the cartridge case or shotshell casing is 

conducted to determine if any marks of value are present. The cartridges or shotshells are 

intercompared to determine if they were loaded in and extracted from the same firearm. 

Questions concerning ammunition component, cartridge or shotshell examinations 

should be directed to 703-632-8442. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Follow the U.S. Department of Transportation regulations when shipping live ammunition as 

listed in the Submitting Evidence section. 

 Do not mark cartridges and cartridge cases, shotshells and shotshell casings or other 

firearm-related evidence. The date, time, location, collector’s name, case number, and 

evidence number must be on the container. 

Checkwriters Examinations 

Checkwriters, also known as check embossers, are devices used to prepare checks and 

money orders to make it difficult for anyone to alter the monetary amount for which a check 

was written. A checkwriter impression can be compared with a known source. Examining 

checkwriter impressions may determine the brand or model of the checkwriter. 

Questions concerning checkwriters examinations should be directed to 

703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

 Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’s initials, date, and other information in 

pencil. 

 Whenever possible, submit the original evidence. The lack of detail in photocopies makes 

examinations difficult and often will result in inconclusive opinions. 

13 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Controlled Substance Examinations 

Controlled substance examinations can establish trace drug presence, identity, and quantity. 

Bulk Drugs. The FBI Laboratory limits the quantity of bulk drugs that it will analyze. Quantities 

exceeding 100 grams of suspected marijuana or 10 grams of all other suspected drugs including 

cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin will be returned unanalyzed. The Laboratory usually 

only analyzes drugs seized in federal investigations. 

Drug Residue. Requests for drug residue examinations on evidence will be accepted only when 

the evidence is properly packaged to avoid contamination. 

Questions concerning controlled substance evidence should be directed to 703-632-8441. Call 

the Laboratory at 703-632-8441 prior to submitting drugs to ensure that the evidence will be 

accepted for examination. The communication accompanying the evidence must reference the 

telephone conversation accepting the evidence. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Submit evidence in separate heat-sealed or resealable plastic bags. 

 Fold clothing to preserve trace evidence. 

 Do not submit used drug field-test kits with evidence. 

Crime Scene Surveys, Documentation, and Reconstruction 

Crime Scene Surveys produce a more accurate representation of a scene than a sketch. 

Documentation methods include hand measurements, total station surveys, and laser scanning. 

This data may be obtained either by field personnel or by a team of Visual Information 

Specialists. Field-collected data should be submitted with the EC requesting services. Data 

is used to prepare two- and three-dimensional digital diagrams and/or physical models. 

Reconstructions can include computer simulations and may depict bullet trajectory data, line-ofsight analysis, and vehicular, human, or object movement analysis. 

Questions concerning crime scene surveys, documentation, and reconstruction should 

be directed to 703-632-8194. 

Cryptanalysis Examinations 

Cryptanalysis is commonly known as code breaking. A cryptanalysis examination seeks to 

identify and “reverse engineer” manual codes and ciphers used by inmates, gangs, terrorists, 

and other criminals to protect communications and/or conceal information. Decrypted material 

has revealed murder hits, weapons stashes, planned criminal and terrorist activity, and 

admissions of guilt. 

Digital images of suspected codes and ciphers may be e-mailed to codebreakers@ic.fbi.gov for 

immediate analysis and decryption. Results for items submitted electronically are provided 

for intelligence and lead generation purposes only. If testimony is required, the items must be 

resubmitted through routine submission procedures. 

Questions concerning cryptanalysis evidence should be directed to 703-632-7334 

or 703-632-7356. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Submission of original evidence is preferred; however, contributors may submit highquality images or photocopies with prior authorization. 

14 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Demonstrative Evidence 

Visual Information Specialists prepare a wide array of demonstrative evidence for investigative 

and prosecutorial purposes. These items include charts, maps, diagrams, illustrations, and 

animated and digitally interactive presentations. 

Questions concerning demonstrative evidence should be directed to 703-632-8194. 

DNA Casework Examinations 

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is analyzed in body-fluid stains and other biological tissues 

recovered from items of evidence. The results of DNA testing on evidence samples are 

compared with the results of DNA analysis of reference samples collected from known 

individuals. Such analyses can associate victims and suspects with each other, with evidence 

items, or with a crime scene. The FBI conducts nuclear and mitochondrial DNA testing on 

evidence samples as appropriate for the type of evidence. The type of evidence may also lend 

itself to additional testing such as Y-STR analysis. 

Nuclear DNA Examinations 

Nuclear DNA (nDNA) is the most discriminating and is typically analyzed in evidence containing 

blood, semen, saliva, body tissue, and hairs that have tissue at their root ends. The power of 

nDNA testing lies in the ability to identify an individual as being the source of the DNA obtained 

from an evidence item, as well as the definitive power of exclusion. 

Y-chromosome DNA can be analyzed in sexual assaults, missing persons, and intelligence cases. 

The Y chromosome is passed down from father to son in a complete set, which means that 

anyone in the paternal lineage will have the same Y-DNA profile. Because multiple relatives 

can have the same Y-DNA profile, unique identifications are not possible from Y-STR analysis. 

However, in missing person cases, a known sample from a suitable male relative may suffice for 

comparison purposes in those cases in which a reference sample from a male victim or subject is 

not available (see also NMPDD). 

Where appropriate, the DNA-typing results from evidence items (including items related to 

missing persons) may be uploaded into the National DNA Index System (see also NDIS/CODIS). 

Known reference sample(s) from subjects and victims for comparison with evidence materials 

are required. DNA profiles located in the National DNA Index System (NDIS) cannot be used as 

reference samples. 

While the Laboratory accepts cases for serological and nDNA analysis, the Laboratory does not 

conduct serological tests for the conclusive identification of saliva, urine, feces, or sweat. 

The FBI Laboratory typically does not conduct low-copy-number (LCN) or “touch DNA” 

examinations (e.g., DNA from fingerprints, pieces of paper, handled objects), although items 

such as steering wheels and firearms may be appropriate for analysis. 

Kinship analysis may be performed for cases involving unidentified human remains, criminal 

paternity, and missing persons only and not for routine evidence analysis. 

Questions concerning nuclear DNA examinations should be directed to 

703-632-8446. Please call 703-632-8446 for information on submission of 

appropriate family reference samples, kinship, and paternity/maternity comparisons. 

Mitochondrial DNA Examinations 

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is typically analyzed in evidence containing naturally shed hairs, 

hair fragments, bones, and teeth. The high sensitivity of mtDNA analysis allows scientists to 

obtain information from old items of evidence associated with cold cases, samples from mass 

disasters, and small pieces of evidence containing little biological material. 

15 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Regardless of the type of biological evidence, mtDNA analysis generally will not be performed 

when nDNA results exist on items of similar origin; however, mtDNA analysis is an excellent 

technique to use for obtaining information when nDNA analysis is not feasible. 

The maternal inheritance of mtDNA allows scientists to compare a mtDNA profile to 

reference samples from that person’s mother, brother(s), sister(s), or any other maternally 

related individuals. Because multiple individuals can have the same mtDNA profile, unique 

identifications are not possible from mtDNA analysis. 

If several similar probative hair specimens are submitted from one source of evidence, mtDNA 

will be performed on only 1-2 hairs. Known victim hair samples (of all types) must be submitted 

to determine whether evidence hairs are similar or dissimilar to the victim’s hair. If evidence 

includes specimens dissimilar to the victim, known suspect hair samples (of all types) should be 

obtained. 

Approximately 2 cm of an evidentiary hair is required to conduct a mtDNA analysis, and this 

amount is consumed during testing. Any evidentiary hair approximately 3 cm or smaller 

submitted to the FBI Laboratory or located during evidence processing will require written 

permission from the prosecuting attorney and/or the investigating agency to consume the 

sample prior to the FBI beginning the mtDNA testing of this item. 

The mtDNA typing results related to missing person cases may be uploaded into the CODIS 

database (see also NDIS/CODIS and NMPDD). 

Prior to mtDNA analysis involving unidentified human remains, bone or teeth specimens 

should be examined by a forensic anthropologist, odontologist, or similarly qualified individual. 

Submissions of such items should be accompanied by a written report verifying human origin by 

a qualified expert. 

Questions concerning mitochondrial DNA examinations should be directed to 

703-632-7572. State and local law enforcement must contact 703-632-7572 prior 

to submitting evidence. 

Collection and packaging considerations for DNA: 

 When DNA evidence is transferred by direct or indirect means, it remains on surfaces by 

absorption or adherence. In general, liquid biological evidence is absorbed into surfaces, 

and solid biological evidence adheres to surfaces. Collecting, packaging, and preserving 

DNA evidence depends on the liquid or solid state and the condition of the evidence. 

 The more evidence retains its original integrity until it reaches the Laboratory, the greater 

the possibility of conducting useful examinations. It may be necessary to use a variety of 

techniques to collect suspected body-fluid evidence. 

 A written request from the contributor for evidence testing should contain the following 

information, if possible: 

 A brief statement of facts relating to the case, 

 Whether animal blood could reasonably be present, 

 Whether the stains were laundered or diluted with other body fluids, 

 Information regarding the health of the victim(s) and suspect(s), including the presence of 

such infections as AIDS, hepatitis, and tuberculosis, and 

 Whether any presumptive chemical tests for the presence of blood were performed on the 

evidence and a description of the tests performed. 

16 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Collecting DNA Known Reference Samples 

 Blood: 

y Only qualified medical personnel should collect blood samples from a person. 

y Collect at least two 5-mL tubes of blood in purple-top (EDTA-containing) tubes for
	

DNA analysis. Collect drug- or alcohol-testing samples in gray-top (sodium fluoridecontaining) tubes.
	

y Label each tube with the date, time, person’s name, location, collector’s name, case 

number, and evidence number.
	

y Refrigerate, do not freeze, liquid blood samples (tubes may break if frozen). Use 

cold packs, not dry ice, during shipping.
	

y Pack liquid blood tubes individually in Styrofoam or cylindrical tubes with absorbent 

material surrounding the tubes.
	

y Package blood samples from different individuals separately. 

y Label the outer container, “KEEP IN A COOL DRY PLACE,” “REFRIGERATE ON 

ARRIVAL”, and “BIOHAZARD”.
	

y Submit to the Laboratory as soon as possible. 

 Buccal (Oral) Swabs: 

y Use clean, sterile, cotton swabs to collect buccal (oral) samples. Rub the inside 

surfaces of the cheeks thoroughly.
	

y Air-dry the swabs and place in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do 

not use plastic containers.
	

y Identify each sample with the date, time, person’s name, location, collector’s name, 

case number, and evidence number.
	

y Package buccal (oral) samples from different individuals separately. 

y Buccal (oral) samples do not need to be refrigerated. 

y Submit to the Laboratory as soon as possible. 

y If a reference blood or oral sample cannot be obtained, an alternate reference sample
	

may be submitted (for nuclear examinations only). This may include such items as
	

surgical samples, Pap smear slides, pulled teeth, toothbrush, or item of clothing
	

known to be used solely by the individual of interest.
	

Collecting DNA Evidence with Blood 

 Blood on a person: 

y Absorb suspected liquid blood onto a clean, sterile, cotton cloth or swab. Air-dry the
	

cloth or swab and pack in clear paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not use
	

plastic containers.
	

y Absorb suspected dried blood onto a clean cotton cloth or swab moistened with sterile
	

water. Air-dry the cloth or swab and pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealed
	

corners. Do not use plastic containers.
	

 Blood on surfaces or in snow or water: 

y Absorb suspected liquid blood or blood clots onto a clean cotton cloth or swab. Air-dry
	

the cloth or swab and pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not use
	

plastic containers.
	

17 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

y Collect suspected blood in snow or water immediately to avoid further 

contamination. Eliminate as much snow as possible. Place in a clean, airtight 

container. Freeze the evidence and submit to the Laboratory as soon as possible.
	

 Bloodstains: 

y Air-dry suspected wet bloodstained garments. Wrap dried bloodstained garments 

in clean paper. Do not place wet or dried garments in plastic or airtight containers. 

Place all debris or residue from the garments in clean paper or an envelope with 

sealed corners. 

y Air-dry small suspected wet bloodstained objects and submit the objects to the 

Laboratory. Preserve bloodstain patterns. Avoid creating additional stain patterns 

during drying and packaging. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action 

during shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do not use plastic containers.
	

y When possible, cut a large sample of suspected bloodstains from immovable objects 

with a clean, sharp instrument. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action 

during shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do not use plastic containers. 

y Absorb suspected dried bloodstains on immovable objects onto a clean cotton cloth 

or swab moistened with sterile water. Air-dry the cloth or swab and pack in clean 

paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not use plastic containers. 

Collecting DNA Evidence with Semen 

 Semen and semen stains: 

y Absorb suspected liquid semen onto a clean cotton cloth or swab. Air-dry the cloth 

or swab and pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not use 

plastic containers. 

y Submit small suspected dry semen-stained objects to the Laboratory. Pack to 

prevent stain removal by abrasive action during shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do 

not use plastic containers
	

y When possible, cut a large sample of suspected semen stains from immovable 

objects with a clean, sharp instrument. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive 

action during shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do not use plastic containers.
	

y Absorb suspected dried semen stains on immovable objects onto a clean cotton 

cloth or swab moistened with sterile water. Air-dry the swab or cloth and place in 

clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not use plastic containers.
	

y Note: It is not necessary to collect reference seminal fluid for comparison. Refer to 

the Collecting Known Reference Samples for more information. 

 Seminal evidence from sexual assault victims: 

y Sexual assault victims must be medically examined in a hospital or a physician’s 

office using a standard sexual assault evidence kit to collect vaginal, oral, and anal 

evidence. 

y Refrigerate and submit the evidence to the Laboratory as soon as possible. 

Collecting DNA Evidence with Saliva, Urine, and Other Body Fluids 

 Pick up cigarette butts with gloved hands or clean forceps. Do not submit ashes. Air-dry 

and place the cigarette butts from the same location (e.g., ashtray) in clean paper or an 

envelope with sealed corners. Do not submit the ashtray unless a latent print examination 

is requested. Package the ashtray separately. Do not use plastic containers. 

18 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 Pick up chewing gum with gloved hands or clean forceps. Air-dry and place in clean paper 

or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not use plastic containers. 

 Pick up envelopes and stamps with gloved hands or clean forceps and place in a clean 

envelope. Do not use plastic containers. 

 Absorb suspected liquid saliva or urine onto a clean cotton cloth or swab. Air-dry the cloth 

or swab and pack in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. Do not use plastic 

containers. 

 Submit small suspected dry saliva- or urine-stained objects to the Laboratory. Pack to prevent 

stain removal by abrasive action during shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do not use plastic 

containers. 

 When possible, cut a large sample of suspected saliva or urine stains from immovable 

objects with a clean, sharp instrument. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action 

during shipping. Pack in clean paper. Do not use plastic containers. 

 Note: No serological tests are currently available for the conclusive identification of saliva, 

urine, feces, or sweat. 

Collecting DNA Evidence with Hair 

 Pick up hair carefully with clean forceps to prevent damaging the root tissue. 

 Air-dry hair mixed with suspected body fluids. 

 Package each group of hair separately in clean paper or an envelope with sealed corners. 

Do not use plastic containers. 

 Submit to the Laboratory as soon as possible. 

Collecting DNA Evidence with Tissue, Bones, and Teeth 

 Tissue: 

y Pick up suspected tissue with gloved hands or clean forceps. 

y Collect 1-2 cubic inches of red skeletal muscle. 

y Place tissue samples in a clean, airtight plastic container without formalin or 

formaldehyde. 

y Freeze the evidence, place in Styrofoam containers, and ship overnight on dry ice. 

 Bones and teeth: 

y Pick up suspected bones and teeth with gloved hands and clean forceps. 

y Submit whole bones. Cutting bones increases the possibility of contamination. 

y Collect teeth in the following order of preference: 

1. Nonrestored (no dental work) molar. 

2. Nonrestored premolar. 

3. Nonrestored canine. 

4. Nonrestored front tooth. 

5. Restored molar. 

6. Restored premolar. 

19 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

7. Restored canine.
	

8. Restored front tooth. 

y Place teeth and bone samples in clear paper or an envelope with sealed corners. 

y Bone and teeth evidence can remain at room temperature before shipping to the 

Laboratory for analysis.
	

Preserving DNA Evidence - Long Term Storage 

 Blood/saliva (known reference samples): 

y Refrigerate, do not freeze, liquid blood samples. 

y Store all samples (refrigerated, frozen (if dried), or room temperature), away from 

light and humidity. 

 Blood/semen (evidence samples): 

y Store all samples (refrigerated, frozen (if dried), or room temperature), away from light
	

and humidity
	

 DNA tubes/tissue samples: 

y Store refrigerated or frozen if possible. 

y It is recommended that these samples be stored in a refrigerator/freezer and 

isolated from evidence that has not been examined.
	

Drug Records Examinations 

A drug records examination may identify the type of drug(s) distributed and/or manufactured; 

details of the operational hierarchy, including suppliers and/or customers; weights and 

quantities associated with the activity; price structures and gross sales; and other pertinent 

information. 

Questions concerning drug records examinations should be directed to 703-632-7334, 

or 703-632-7356. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Submission of original evidence is preferred; however, contributors may submit highquality images or photocopies with prior authorization. 

Embossing and Seals Examinations 

An embossed or seal impression can be compared with a known source. Submit the impression 

and the device to the Laboratory. 

Questions concerning embossing and seals should be directed to 703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

 Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’s initials, date, and other 

information in pencil. 

 Whenever possible, submit the original evidence. The lack of detail in photocopies makes 

examinations difficult and often will result in inconclusive opinions. 

20 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Evidence Response Team 

Evidence Response Teams (ERTs) can provide assistance in evidence collection and 

management from traditional search warrants to complex crime scenes. ERTs are especially 

valuable on large or complicated scenes and cases that are multijurisdictional. 

When legal authority and resources permit, ERTs may be requested to assist other agencies 

by processing crime scenes, conducting searches, and providing training courses and 

consultations. ERTs can coordinate with the FBI Laboratory on advanced forensic examinations. 

The ERT Program offers: 

 Evidence identification, collection, and preservation. 

 Multiple crime scene coordination. 

 Photography: basic, advanced, and latent print. 

 Crime scene diagramming and scene surveys. 

 On scene latent print detection, development, and collection. 

 Impression evidence documentation and collection: footwear, tire track, and toolmark. 

 DNA evidence collection. 

 Blood detection, collection, and documentation. 

 Forensic light source for latent prints, trace, body fluids, and chemical residue. 

 Trace evidence collection. 

 Explosive residue collection. 

 Postblast scene management. 

 Arson evidence documentation and collection. 

 Human remains recovery, processing, and mapping. 

 Digital evidence collection. 

 Humanitarian and mass disaster assistance. 

 Training on crime scene management and various forensic disciplines. 

Specialty Programs: 

Forensic Canine Program 

 Human Scent Evidence Team 

 Victim Recovery Team 

Underwater Evidence Program 

 Underwater Search Evidence Response Team (USERT) 

 Technical Dive Team (TDT), which conducts evidence collection operations in contaminated 

and deep water environments. 

Questions concerning the Evidence Response Team should be directed to 

540-368-8200 or the ERT Senior Team Leader in your local FBI office. 

21 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Explosives Examinations 

Evidence resulting from an apparent explosion and/or recovery of an explosive device can 

be examined. Examinations are based on the premise that components and accessories used 

to construct the devices survive the explosion, although disfigured. The examinations can 

accomplish the following: 

 Identify the components used to construct the device, such as switches, batteries, 

detonators, tapes, wires, and fusing systems. 

 Identify the explosive main charge. 

 Determine the construction characteristics. 

 Determine the manner in which the device functioned or was designed or intended to 

function. 

 Determine the specific assembly techniques employed by the builder(s) of the device. 

 Preserve the trace evidence potentially present in the devices so that it is not destroyed or 

damaged during the examinations. 

Questions concerning explosives evidence should be directed to 703-632-7626. Call 

the Laboratory at 703-632-7626 each time an explosive device or a related explosive 

item needs to be shipped. The communication accompanying the evidence must reference 

the telephone conversation accepting the evidence. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Explosives are hazardous materials and must be handled only by qualified public 

safety personnel, military explosives ordnance disposal personnel, or certified 

bomb technicians. 

 Special packaging is required, and the amount to be shipped is regulated. An FD861 form (Mail/Package Alert) is required for shipping bomb components to the FBI 

Laboratory. 

Explosives Residue Examinations 

Instrumental analyses of explosives residue can determine whether substances are highexplosive, low-explosive, or incendiary mixtures; whether the composition of the substances is 

consistent with known explosives products; and the type of explosives. Explosives residue can 

be deposited on metal, plastic, wood, paper, glass, cloth, and other surfaces. Residue may be 

deposited after handling, storing, or initiating an explosive. 

Questions concerning explosives residue evidence should be directed to 703-632­

7626. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Some explosives residue is water soluble and must be protected from moisture. Other 

residue evaporates quickly and must be collected as soon as possible in airtight containers 

such as metal cans, glass jars, or heat-sealed or resealable nylon or Mylar bags. Do not fill 

containers to the top. Leave a minimum of three inches between packaged evidence and 

the top of the container. Pack to prevent breakage. Ziplock storage bags are not suitable 

for shipping or storing explosives residue evidence. 

 Collect and preserve control samples from the blast site. 

 Extreme care must be taken to avoid contaminating explosives residue evidence. 

22 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 Never store or ship explosives residue evidence with bulk explosive materials.
	

 Never store or ship explosives residue evidence from a crime scene with evidence from 

a search site. 

Fabric Examinations 

Fabric portions can be compared to determine if they physically match or exhibit the same 

construction and fiber composition. Fabric examinations can also determine whether a fabric 

has been damaged, the type of damage (e.g., cut, torn, punctured), and may determine the 

type of implement used. Impressions from fabric may be compared to known fabrics. 

Questions concerning fabric evidence should be directed to 703-632-8449. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 When possible, submit the entire item of evidence. 

 Examination-quality photographs, casts, and/or lifts of fabric impressions may be 

submitted when the substrate cannot be submitted. 

FBI Disaster Squad 

The FBI Disaster Squad consists of highly trained specialists from the FBI Laboratory Division. 

Upon official request, Disaster Squad assets are deployed to assist in the identification of 

casualties/victims through friction ridge analysis (fingerprints, palm prints, and footprints) 

at mass fatality incidents worldwide. Disaster Squad personnel use specialized postmortem 

fingerprint recovery techniques and equipment, including remote automated fingerprint 

search capabilities, to ensure precise and efficient forensic identification operations. The 

Disaster Squad also assists in printing the deceased at disaster scenes, collecting antemortem 

fingerprints of victims, and identifying friction ridge skin of the deceased. 

Deployment of the FBI Disaster Squad requires consent from the disaster scene medical 

examiner or coroner, a ranking law enforcement or government official, a representative of 

the National Transportation Safety Board, or a representative of the U.S. Department of State. 

Requests for assistance must be made through the nearest FBI field office or the FBI’s Strategic 

Information and Operations Center at 202-323-3300. 

Questions concerning the FBI Disaster Squad or postmortem fingerprint recovery 

techniques should be directed to 703-632-8443. 

Feather Examinations 

Feather examinations can determine bird species and can compare feathers found on clothing, 

vehicles, and other objects with feathers from the crime scene. 

Questions concerning feather evidence should be directed to 703-632-8449. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Submit feathers in heat-sealed or resealable plastic bags or paper bags. 

Federal DNA Database (formerly Federal Convicted Offender) Examinations 

The FBI Laboratory produces DNA profiles from buccal samples submitted by federal arresting 

and corrections agencies for comparison to DNA profiles from crime scene samples in the 

National DNA Index System (see also NDIS/CODIS). 

DNA collection kits are provided at no charge to collection agencies, including Bureau 

of Prisons; federal probation districts; Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency, 

Washington, DC; and any federal agency that makes federal arrests or detains non-U.S. 

persons on immigration charges and is required by law to submit DNA samples. 

23 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 Samples from the following will be accepted:
	

y Individuals identified in 42 U.S.C. 14135 (a)(1)(a). 

y Individuals required to register in a sex offender registry identified in the Sexual 

Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA). 

 In accordance with Department of Justice legal direction, the following will not be 

accepted: 

y Samples given voluntarily by individuals not identified in 

42 U.S.C. 14135 (a)(1)(a).
	

y Samples used as reference specimens in criminal cases. 

Questions concerning the Federal DNA Database should be directed to 703-632-7529. 

Current information on the Federal DNA Database is located at http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/ 

lab/biometric-analysis/federal-dna-database. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 A Request for National DNA Database Entry form (FD-936) must be submitted. When filling 

out the FD-936, use blue or black ink and write legibly or use a typewriter. 

 Thoroughly complete the “Agency Contact Information” area on the FD-936. A sticker 

with the appropriate information is acceptable as long as it does not impede the box 

marked “For Official Use Only.” 

 At least one unique identifying number (Social Security Number, BOP Number, FBI Number, 

Alien number) for the subject must be present on the FD-936. 

 Legible fingerprints must be present on the FD-936 and the fingerprint collector must sign 

at the bottom of the FD-936. Be sure that the appropriate index finger is printed in the 

assigned box. 

 The offender’s name written on the FD-936 must match that written on the FTA cards 

contained in the blue buccal collection devices. 

 FD-936 forms have a barcode to match the barcode on the buccal collection devices in the 

kit. Because of this, FD-936 forms cannot be intermixed between buccal collection kits. 

 Remember that the tamper evident seal should be secured by removing the backing and 

sealing it evenly. Do not moisten the envelope seal with saliva to close. 

 Once the seal is closed, the kit should not be reopened. If the collector must open the kit 

after sealing, tape over the seal, and initial and date over the new seal. 

Federal DNA Database Buccal DNA Collection Kit 

 Complete instructions for the use of the Buccal DNA Collection Kits are located on the back 

of the FD-936 form. A separate sheet of paper directing proper sampling procedure is also 

included in the kit. 

 When collecting a sample using the Buccal DNA Collection Kit: 

y Wear the gloves provided in the kit. 

y Using the fingerprint ink strip provided in the kit, ink the left and right index fingers 

of the individual and roll the appropriate index finger in the assigned box on the FD936, starting with the inward edge of the finger and rolling away from the body. 

y Legibly write the offender’s name on both of the FTA cards in the designated 

space. 

24 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

y Swab one cheek for 15 seconds and then with the other collection device, swab the
	

other cheek for 15 seconds. Remove the plastic covering over the sample collection
	

card and press the swab onto the card for at least 10 seconds and then move the
	

device into its resting position.
	

y Allow the samples to dry for 5 minutes. 

y Individually, place each of the collection devices containing the sample card into the 

white envelopes provided in the kit.
	

y Place the white envelopes containing the collection devices and the FD-936 in the 

self-addressed envelope provided in the kit, seal it, and return this envelope via 

prepaid First Class Business Reply Mail.
	

Fiber Examinations 

Fiber examinations can determine the type of fiber (e.g., carpet-type, wig-type, wool, cotton, 

acrylic). Questioned fibers can be compared to fibers from clothing, carpeting, and other 

textiles. 

Questions concerning fiber evidence should be directed to 703-632-8449. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 When possible, submit the entire garment or textile. 

 Submit fibers in a sealed paperfold or envelope as the inner packaging. 

Firearms Examinations 

A firearm function examination can determine if the firearm operates in the manner in which it 

was designed by the manufacturer or whether any modifications have been made. Additionally, 

firearms can be test fired to obtain known specimens for comparison with evidence ammunition, 

such as bullets, cartridge cases, and shotshell casings. When specifically requested by the 

contributor or when an examiner determines it to be probative, accidental discharge, ejection 

pattern, and silencer testing may be conducted. 

An examination of the submitted firearm component can determine the physical characteristics 

of that item. Using the FBI Laboratory’s Reference Firearms Collection (RFC) and other 

reference material, a list may be compiled of manufacturers, models, or calibers from which the 

components may have originated. 

When specifically requested by the contributor, a serial number restoration is conducted on the 

obliterated or suspect areas on a submitted firearm or firearm component. Depending on the 

type of metal surface, a thermal or chemical method along with specialized techniques is used 

to assist in restoring and visualizing an obliterated stamping. 

Questions concerning firearms examinations should be directed to 703-632-8442. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 All firearms must be unloaded. 

 The firearm should be submitted, if collected. If the firearm cannot be submitted, call 

703-632-8442 for instructions. 

 The firearm must be handled minimally to avoid loss or destruction of evidence. Do not 

allow objects to enter or contact the firearm’s barrel, chamber, or other operating surface. 

 Firearms can be sent via Registered Mail through the U.S. Postal Service. Evidence must be 

packaged separately and identified by date, time, location, collector’s name, case number, 

and evidence number. 

25 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 Do not mark the firearm. Firearms must be identified with a tag containing the caliber, 

make, model, and serial number. The date, time, name(s) of the owner(s), location, 

collector’s name, case number, and evidence number must be written on the container. 

Firearms Image Examinations 

When specifically requested by the contributor, photographic images produced by the FBI’s 

Operational Technology Division (OTD), Forensic Audio, Video, and Image Analysis Unit 

(FAVIAU) will be evaluated to determine the physical characteristics of suspect firearms or 

firearm-related items depicted in the images. The observed physical characteristics of the 

questioned items are compared to reference firearms or other information sources to determine 

if they are consistent. An association conclusion can be reached if observable physical 

characteristics are present and in agreement with a particular make and/or model of firearm. 

Questions concerning firearms image examinations should be directed to 

703-632-8442. 

Forensic Facial Imaging 

Facial composite drawings from eyewitness accounts can be prepared. Interviews required to 

prepare composite drawings may be conducted either by having a Visual Information Specialist 

(VIS) travel to the field or by using video teleconferencing. 

Facial images can be age progressed or regressed. 

Postmortem facial images can be enhanced for public viewing. 

Questions concerning forensic facial imaging should be directed to 

703-632-8212. Please call 703-632-8212 prior to submitting for information 

and submission requirements. 

 For information on facial approximations (2D & 3D) from skeletal remains, please see 

Anthropological Examinations. 

 Facial comparisons between known and questioned subjects are conducted by the FBI’s 

Operational Technology Division (OTD), Digital Evidence Laboratory, Forensic Audio, Video, 

and Image Analysis Unit (FAVIAU). OTD has specific case acceptance criteria. Please 

contact 703-985-1393 for information on facial comparisons. 

Gambling Device Examinations 

A gambling device examination seeks to determine whether a particular device is a gambling 

machine based on analysis of the three principal characteristics associated with such devices— 

consideration, chance, and reward. 

Questions concerning gambling device evidence should be directed to 703-632-7334 or 

703-632-7356. 

Gambling Records Examinations 

A gambling records examination may identify activity associated with sports bookmaking, illegal 

lottery/numbers, illegal gambling machines, and/or internet gambling operations—such as the 

number and roles of participants, gambling revenues, and other pertinent information. 

Questions concerning gambling records evidence should be directed to 

703-632-7334 or 703-632-7356. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Submission of original evidence is preferred; however, contributors may submit highquality images or photocopies with prior authorization. 

26 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

GIS Mapping and Aerial Photography 

Up-to-date, high-resolution aerial imagery, oblique imagery, and mapping products can assist in 

crime scene documentation, tactical planning, special event mapping, construction planning and 

documentation, and geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) products. 

Vertical photographs are taken by specially modified aircraft. Collected imagery is capable of 

a ground resolution measurement of 4 inches or less. The vertical aerials are georeferenced 

on capture and orthorectified in processing. This makes it possible to use the images in a 

Geographic Information System (GIS) for distance/area measurements, latitude/longitude 

location, and area-of-interest visualization. With GIS, the vertical imagery can be enhanced 

further with infrastructure data and intelligence information. Analysis of imagery and geospatial 

information can help visually depict geographically referenced activities on the earth. Spatial 

relationships are easier to understand with visual aids produced from the analysis. 

Oblique photographs are taken at an angle to the surface of the earth from a plane or a 

helicopter. They can capture the topography of the land, sides of structures, and help give a 

better perception of the area. Points of interest can be captured in a rotational pattern for a 

360-degree view. 

Questions concerning GIS Mapping and Aerial Photography should be directed to 

703-632-8194. Coordination is done with the GEOINT Program in the FBI’s Intelligence Services 

Branch, Strategic Services Support Section, Standards and Practices Unit as needed on mapping 

requests. 

Glass Examinations 

Glass comparison examinations can determine whether particles of glass could have originated 

from a broken source of glass. Glass fracture examinations can determine the direction and 

type of the breaking force and the sequencing of blows which contributed to the glass fractures. 

When two pieces of glass fracture fit together, they were once part of the same object. 

Questions concerning glass evidence should be directed to 703-632-8449. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

Comparison Examinations 

 Do not process evidence for latent prints. 

 Submit samples of glass from each broken window or source in leakproof containers such 

as film canisters or plastic pill bottles. Do not use paper or glass containers. 

 Submit samples of laminated glass (e.g., windshield) from each side of the glass. Label the 

samples “INSIDE” and “OUTSIDE” and package separately in leakproof containers such as 

film canisters or plastic pill bottles. Do not use paper or glass containers. 

 Submit the air-dried clothing of the victim(s) and suspect(s). Package each item separately 

in a paper bag. 

 Search for particles in the hair, skin, and wounds of the victim(s) and suspect(s). Submit 

particles in leakproof containers such as film canisters or plastic pill bottles. Do not use 

paper or glass containers. 

 Search for particles in vehicles by vacuuming each section of the vehicle separately. Do not 

use tape for recovering glass particles. Submit vacuum sweepings in leakproof containers. 

Do not use paper or glass containers. 

 Ship known samples and questioned debris separately to avoid contamination. 

27 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Fracture Examinations 

 Do not process evidence for latent prints. 

 Label the sides of the glass in the frame (“INSIDE” and “OUTSIDE”). Label the glass where 

it was removed in the frame (“TOP,” “BOTTOM,” “LEFT,” and “RIGHT”). 

 Submit all glass pieces so that the pieces can be fit together to identify the radial cracks 

near and at the point(s) of impact and to increase the probability of matching edges. Pack 

all glass separately and securely to avoid shifting and breaking during shipping. 

 Submit the entire piece of laminated glass, if possible. Secure the glass between sheets of 

plywood or sturdy cardboard. Do not place any objects into the impact area. 

Graphic Arts (Commercial and Office Printing) Examinations 

Printed documents can be associated with a common source or identified with known 

commercial printing paraphernalia such as artwork, negatives, and plates or office printing 

devices such as ink-jet or laser printers. 

Questions concerning graphic arts examinations should be directed to 703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

 Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’s initials, date, and other information in 

pencil. 

 Whenever possible, submit the original evidence. The lack of detail in photocopies makes 

examinations difficult and often will result in inconclusive opinions. 

 Do not store or ship photocopies in plastic envelopes. 

Hair Examinations 

Hair examinations can determine whether hairs are animal or human. Characteristics of race, 

body area, damage, decomposition, alteration (e.g., bleaching, dyeing), and whether a hair 

has been forcibly removed or naturally shed can be determined through human hair analysis. 

Comparisons of the microscopic characteristics in hairs can determine if a person can be 

included as a possible source of a questioned hair but cannot provide personal identification. 

Human hairs that are determined by the examiner to be probative and suitable for additional 

testing may also be submitted for mitochondrial DNA analysis. 

Animal hair examinations can determine the type of animal (e.g., cat, dog) and whether or 

not an animal can be included as a possible source of a questioned hair. Animal hairs do not 

typically possess sufficient characteristics to distinguish between members of similar breed and 

color. 

Questions concerning hair evidence should be directed to 703-632-8449. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Known human hair samples should consist of at least 25 combed and pulled hairs from all 

parts of the head and/or pubic region. 

 Hair samples from different body areas should be packaged separately. 

 Combed hairs should be collected first and packaged separately from pulled hairs. 

28 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 Known animal hair samples should consist of at least 50 hairs combed from all parts 

of the animal. 

 Submit hairs in a sealed paperfold or envelope as the inner packaging and label to include 

the date of collection. 

Handwriting and Hand Printing Examinations 

The examination and comparison of handwriting characteristics can determine the origin or 

authenticity of questioned writing, although not all handwriting is identifiable with a specific 

writer. Intent and such traits as age, sex, and personality cannot be determined from handwriting 

examinations. 

There are three common types of nongenuine signatures. Traced signatures are prepared by 

directly using a genuine signature as a template or pattern. Simulated signatures are prepared 

by copying or drawing a genuine signature. Freehand signatures are written in the forger’s 

normal handwriting with no attempt to copy another’s writing style; therefore, it may be 

possible to identify the writer(s) who prepared the signature(s) of this type. 

Questions concerning handwriting and hand printing examinations should be 

directed to 703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

 Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’s initials, date, and other information in 

pencil. 

 Whenever possible, submit the original evidence. The lack of detail in photocopies makes 

examinations difficult and often will result in qualified or inconclusive opinions. 

Procedure for obtaining known writing exemplars 

 Text, size of paper, space available for writing, writing instrument, and writing style 

(handwriting or hand printing) must be as close to the original writing as possible. 

 Give verbal or typewritten instructions concerning the text to be written. Do not give 

instructions on spelling, punctuation, or arrangement of writing. 

 All exemplars must be on separate pieces of paper. 

 The writer and witness must initial and date each page of writing. 

 Do not allow the writer to see the previous exemplars or the questioned writing. Remove 

each exemplar from the writer’s sight as soon as it is completed. 

 Numerous repetitions may be necessary to obtain naturally prepared writing. 

 Obtain exemplars from the right and left hands. 

 Obtain hand printing exemplars in upper- and lowercase letters. 

 Obtain sufficient quantity of exemplars to account for natural variation in the writing. 

 Obtain undictated writing such as business records, personal correspondence, cancelled 

checks, or other documents prepared during the normal course of business activity. 

29 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Human Smuggling Records Examinations 

An examination of human smuggling records may identify details of the operational hierarchy, 

including the number and roles of participants as well as customer information; origin and 

destination locations; means of transportation; price structures and related revenues; and other 

pertinent information. 

Questions concerning human smuggling records evidence should be directed to 

703-632-7334 or 703-632-7356. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Submission of original evidence is preferred; however, contributors may submit highquality images or photocopies with prior authorization. 

Ink Examinations 

Examining inked writing in conjunction with other techniques (e.g., handwriting analysis, 

watermark identification) can provide details regarding document preparation. The composition 

of writing inks varies with the type of writing instrument (e.g., ballpoint pen, fountain pen, 

porous-tip pen) and the date of the ink manufacture. In general, inks are composed of dyes in 

solvents and other materials that impart selected characteristics. Ink analysis usually is limited 

to comparisons of the organic dye components. Examinations cannot determine how long ink 

has been on a document. 

Questions concerning ink evidence should be directed to 703-632-8441. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Pack ink evidence separately from any document or surface with ink marks. 

Laboratory Shooting Reconstruction Team 

The Laboratory Shooting Reconstruction Team (LSRT) performs Shooting Incident 

Reconstruction (SIR). LSRT can provide on-scene analysis and documentation of potential bullet 

holes and bullet impacts to assess and determine whether there are bullet trajectories that 

can provide information regarding the number of shots fired and the direction from which they 

originated. Additionally, gunshot residue within a vehicle may be detected through chemical 

processing of a surface (e.g., headrest, headliner, vehicle interior, windshield) that is suspected 

of having been in close proximity to a firearm discharge. Detecting and preserving patterns of 

gunshot residue can provide a basis for estimating muzzle-to-target distances. 

Questions concerning the LSRT should be directed to 540-368-8200. 

Latent Print (Friction Ridge) Examinations 

A latent print is an impression that can be left when a person touches an object with the 

unique friction skin of their hands or feet. Physical items and latent lifts can be examined for 

the presence or detection of latent prints. Detected latent prints then can be compared to the 

known prints of an individual, to other latent prints, or searched through a computer database. 

Latent prints can be used to identify a specific individual as having touched an object or 

surface. It is also possible to exclude individuals as being the source of a particular latent print. 

The fingers and hands of an unknown deceased individual can also be examined in order to 

provide a positive identification. 

Questions concerning latent prints should be directed to 703-632-8443. Because of 

the increasing casework demands of the FBI’s mission, acceptance of any state and local cases 

generally will be based on the submitting agency’s lack of access to the same techniques or 

services provided by the FBI Laboratory, the unusual technical nature of the case, or other 

circumstances. 

30 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Collection and packaging considerations:
	

Latent print evidence 

 A latent print can potentially be developed on virtually any type of surface, with a 

greater likelihood on porous items, such as paper, and smooth, nonporous items made of 

plastic, metal, or glass; any item suspected of being handled should be submitted to the 

Laboratory for examination. 

 Gloves should always be worn when items are being handled to eliminate the deposition of 

latent prints by the handler. 

 Porous items can be submitted together, but can also be separated based on investigative 

or administrative requirements. 

y Porous items can be submitted in paper or plastic containers. 

 Nonporous items need to be packaged individually and in a manner that restricts 

movement of the item within the packaging, for example: 

y Heat-sealable plastic bags, sealed around the item. 

y Shipping boxes utilizing zip ties to secure the item from moving. 

 Nonporous items being submitted for latent print examinations only may be processed by 

cyanoacrylate (superglue) fuming by trained personnel prior to packaging and shipping to the 

Laboratory. 

 No other processing should be performed on items that will be shipped to the Laboratory 

for latent print examination. 

 Items that cannot be submitted to the Laboratory for latent print examinations due to 

their size or other investigative or administrative reasons should be processed in place by 

trained personnel, using approved methods. (Refer to The Processing Guide for Developing 

Latent Prints, http://www .fbi .gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/jan2001/lpu .pdf) In these instances, 

photographs of all friction ridge detail developed may be submitted, and if fingerprint 

powders are used, lifts may be taken and submitted. 

 Any time evidence is submitted to the Laboratory for latent print examination and 

photographs have been taken of any latent prints on the items being submitted, the 

photographs must also be submitted. 

Capturing latent print impressions/latent print photography 

 Questions concerning latent print photography should be directed to 703-632-8135. The 

publication Latent Impression Photography is available in PDF format upon request. 

 A professional 12 MP (or higher) digital camera or 35 mm film camera body should be 

used. Use a macro lens with at least half-size capability. Use a tripod and a cable/electronic 

release to avoid vibration of the camera. 

 RAW uncompressed, RAW lossless compression, TIFF lossless compression, and JPEG 2000 

with additional documentation of no compression or lossless compression are the only 

acceptable file formats. Standard JPEG file format is not acceptable. 

 Set the ISO to 400 ISO and select the proper White balance to capture the item in its correct 

color. The White balance selection is controlled by the lighting condition (daylight or tungsten 

lighting). 

 Select either Aperture Priority or Manual mode to control depth of field. To obtain maximum 

depth of field and sharpness, select the f/stop setting that is two stops from the smallest f/stop 

setting. 

31 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 Determine the correct shutter speed setting through the camera’s exposure system. Please 

note that over- or underexposure may be required to obtain maximum detail. Consideration 

of the reflectivity of the surface should be evaluated to determine the proper exposure. 

 Evenly illuminate the surface of the latent print to provide maximum contrast using either 

an electronic flash or a floodlight. 

 Adjust the focus of the macro lens in manual mode. 

 Include required information (e.g., reference number, date, collector’s initials) and a scale in 

each photograph. A metric scale is preferred and the scale must be on the same plane as the 

print. 

 Fill the viewfinder with the latent print and scale in landscape orientation to get the highest 

resolution. The minimum acceptable resolution is 1000 ppi when calibrated to actual size. 

 With multiple prints located together, photograph the prints collectively then, depending on 

the area of capture, it may be necessary to get closer to photograph each print separately to 

increase resolution. 

 To determine the maximum area of capture for covering multiple prints or palm prints, 

divide the amount of horizontal and vertical pixels on the camera sensor by 1,000. 

For example, for a 12 MP sensor the pixel resolution is 4256 x 2832. This equates to a 

maximum area of capture of 4.256” x 2.832” or 108 mm x 71 mm. 

 The proper sequence is to first photograph the visible impressions, then photograph after 

each sequential developmental process. 

 Copy the image files from the camera storage media to a CPU hard drive, CD, or DVD and 

verify images were successfully saved before deleting from camera. Best practice when 

burning to CD or DVD is to make at least two copies marked as “original/master,” stored 

separately. If possible, create two additional copies marked “original/master working copy,” 

for viewing, processing, and printing. 

Latent print images in digital format 

 Digital images should include a scale or other measurable item. If a search of the FBI’s 

friction ridge print database is requested, a scale or other measurable item is mandatory. 

 Digital images, including digital photographs, must meet the following requirements: 

y Documentation of the image source (e.g., window, door frame) 

y Documentation of the capture device (e.g., flatbed scanner, digital camera) 

y Documentation indicating the image is an original capture 

y File properties for latent images: 

y A file format without compression or with lossless compression (e.g., RAW, TIFF, 

JPEG 2000 with appropriate documentation)
	

y A minimum of 8 bits for grayscale images and 24 bits for color images 

y A resolution that meets or exceeds 1000 ppi when calibrated to actual size (1:1) 

 Latent prints submitted as facsimiles or photocopies will not be examined in the FBI 

Laboratory. 

Known or intentionally recorded prints (e.g., 10-print cards, palm print card, driver’s license 

print(s), prints recorded on checks) 

 Submit intentionally recorded prints of everyone who may have handled the evidence, 

including suspects, victims, those who had legitimate access, and investigative personnel. 

All fingerprint cards must include pertinent biographic and/or demographic information. 

32 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 Known prints should include, at a minimum, the name and signature of the person printed, 

the name and signature of the person who recorded the prints, and the date the prints 

were recorded. 

 Only one side of a card should be used to record prints. 

 When known recorded prints are submitted separately from evidence, reference previous 

communications and case-identifying numbers and other pertinent information. 

 Nonoriginal (photocopy, digital printout) copies of intentionally recorded prints can be 

submitted; however, a determination of suitability for comparison will be made upon 

receipt. 

 Intentionally recorded prints submitted as facsimiles will not be examined in the FBI 

Laboratory, except when: 

 the known prints will be searched against the FBI’s friction ridge print database in order to 

obtain FBI file prints, or 

 the prints will be manually compared against other known prints. 

 Hands or Fingers of Unknown Deceased 

 Pack each hand or finger in a separate, unbreakable, watertight, and airtight container. 

 Label each container as appropriate (e.g., “RIGHT HAND,” “RIGHT THUMB,” “RIGHT INDEX”). 

 Ship the remains in the condition in which they were found (e.g., in water, frozen, dried) 

and by the most expeditious means. 

 Provide a complete physical description of the deceased, if possible. 

 Label the outer container “KEEP IN A COOL, DRY PLACE,” “REFRIGERATE ON ARRIVAL,” and 

“BIOHAZARD.” 

 All human remains will be returned to the contributor. 

Loan Records Examinations 

Commonly known as loan sharking, an examination of usurious/extortionate loan records may 

identify the number and type of loans, amounts loaned to borrowers, amounts of interest and/ 

or principal repaid, annualized interest rates, and other pertinent information. 

Questions concerning loan records evidence should be directed to 703-632-7334 or 

703-632-7356. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Submission of original evidence is preferred; however, contributors may submit highquality images or photocopies with prior authorization. 

Lubricant Examinations 

Lubricants encompass a range of substances, including petroleum products, natural fatty 

ester oils, and polyalkylene glycol oils. Automotive fluids (e.g., engine oil, brake fluid), 

certain cosmetics (e.g., bath oils, lotions), and some polishes contain lubricants. Lubricant 

examinations may also be conducted in sexual assault, vehicular homicide, or heavy-equipment 

sabotage cases. 

Questions concerning lubricant evidence should be directed to 703-632-8441. 

33 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Collection and packaging considerations:
	

 Submit entire items (e.g., clothing) when possible. Air-dry the evidence and package 

separately in paper bags. 

 Absorb suspected lubricants onto a clean cotton cloth or swab. Leave a portion of the cloth 

or swab unstained as a control. Air-dry the swab and pack in a heat-sealed or resealable 

plastic bag. 

 Submit suspected sources of lubricants for comparison examinations. 

 Package lubricants separately in leakproof containers. 

Metallurgy Examinations 

Comparisons. Comparative examinations can determine whether two metals or metallic objects 

may have come from the same source or from each other. Metal comparisons can identify 

various surface and microstructural characteristics—including fractured areas, accidental 

damage, and fabrication marks—to determine whether the objects share a common origin. 

Moreover, the manufacturing methods used to produce an object can be determined. These 

manufacturing techniques can include casting, forging, hot and cold rolling, extrusion, drawing, 

swaging, milling, grinding, spinning, blanking, ironing, deep drawing, and others. Examinations 

can determine mechanical properties, such as the response of a metal to an applied force 

or load. Examinations also can determine chemical composition, including alloying and trace 

elements. 

Broken or Mechanically Damaged Metal. The causes of failure or damage—such as the 

application of stress exceeding the tensile strength or yield limit of the metal; a material or 

manufacturing defect; or corrosion, cracking, or excessive service usage (fatigue)—can be 

determined. The magnitude of the force or load that caused the failure, how the force or load 

was transmitted to the metal, and the direction it was transmitted also can be determined. 

Burned, Heated, or Melted Metal. Examinations can determine the approximate temperature 

to which a metal was exposed, the nature of the heat source, and whether a metal was in 

an electrical short-circuit situation. 

Cut or Severed Metal. Examinations can determine the method by which a metal was severed, 

such as sawing, shearing, milling, turning, or thermal cutting. The nature of the thermal source 

(e.g., burner bar, electric arc welder) used can sometimes be determined. 

Metal Fragments. Examinations can determine how metal fragments were formed. If fragments 

were formed by impulsive (short-duration, high strain rate) loading, an examination can 

determine whether an explosive was detonated and the magnitude of the detonation velocity. 

The nature of the object that was the source of the fragments often can be determined as well. 

Specification Fraud and Noncompliant Materials. Metallurgical testing of materials can determine 

whether inferior components were substituted in contracting frauds. The composition and 

mechanical properties of materials can be examined to determine if the components meet 

contractual obligations or appropriate regulatory codes. Precious-metal content also can be 

determined. 

Lamp Bulbs. Examinations can determine whether a lamp bulb was incandescent when its 

glass envelope was broken. Determinations also can be made as to whether a lamp bulb was 

incandescent when it was subjected to an impact force such as a vehicular collision. Such 

determinations can be made even if the glass was broken by the impact. 

Watches, Clocks, and Timers. The conditions causing a watch, clock, timer, or other mechanism 

to stop or malfunction and whether the time displayed represents a.m. or p.m. (calendar-type 

timing mechanisms only) can be determined. The on/off condition of appliance timers damaged 

by a fire or explosion often can be determined. 

34 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Objects with Questioned Internal Components. X-ray radiography can nondestructively reveal 

the interior construction and the presence or absence of defects, cavities, or foreign materials. 

The position of on/off switches and other mechanical components can be determined. 

Questions concerning metallurgy evidence, including appropriate packaging, should 

be directed to 703-632-8441. 

Muzzle-to-Target Distance Determination 

Gunshot Residue Pattern. The deposition of gunshot residue on evidence such as clothing items, 

furniture, bedding, and wallboard varies with the distance from the muzzle of a firearm to the 

target. When reproducing residue patterns detected on evidentiary items, the suspect firearm 

and ammunition similar to the suspect ammunition will be used to produce known-distance 

test patterns. Detecting and preserving patterns of gunshot residue can be used as a basis for 

estimating muzzle-to-target distances. 

Shot Pattern. A shot pattern produced by discharged shot pellets on evidence such as 

clothing items, furniture, bedding, and wallboard varies with the distance from the muzzle of 

a firearm to the target. When reproducing shot patterns detected on evidentiary items, the 

suspect firearm and ammunition similar to the suspect ammunition will be used to produce 

known-distance shot patterns. Shot patterns from known distances can be used as a basis for 

estimating muzzle-to-target distances. 

Questions concerning muzzle-to-target distance determinations should be directed to 

703-632-8442. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 All firearms must be unloaded. 

 The firearm should be submitted, if collected. If the firearm cannot be submitted, call 

703-632-8442 for instructions. 

 The firearm must be handled minimally to avoid loss or destruction of evidence. Do not 

allow objects to enter or contact the firearm’s barrel, chamber, or other operating surface. 

 Firearms can be sent via Registered Mail through the U.S. Postal Service. Evidence must be 

packaged separately and identified by date, time, location, collector’s name, case number, 

and evidence number. 

 Do not mark the firearm. Firearms must be identified with a tag containing the caliber, 

make, model, and serial number. The date, time, name(s) of the owner(s), location, 

collector’s name, case number, and evidence number must be on the container. 

National DNA Index System/Combined DNA Index System 

The FBI Laboratory manages the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) and the National DNA 

Index System (NDIS) to foster the exchange and comparison of forensic DNA evidence from 

violent crime investigations. CODIS can be used to generate investigative leads in cases where 

biological evidence is recovered from the crime scene. Matches made among profiles in the 

Forensic Index can link crime scenes together, possibly identifying serial offenders. Matches 

made between the Forensic and Offender Indexes may provide investigators with the identity of a 

suspected perpetrator(s). 

The CODIS database also contains DNA profiles to assist in the identification of missing persons. 

Relatives of missing persons may voluntarily submit DNA samples for comparison against the 

Unidentified Human (Remains) Index. Reference samples from personal effects of the missing 

person may also be used in the identification process. 

Questions concerning the NDIS/CODIS should be directed to 703-632-8315. Current 

information on NDIS/CODIS is located at http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/lab/biometric-analysis/ 

copy-of-codis. 

35 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) 

The National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) database is used to discover potential 

links between unsolved crimes. When specifically requested by the contributor or at the examiner’s 

discretion, a digital image of the test-fired cartridge case/shotshell casing or evidence cartridge 

case/shotshell casing is entered into the database and searched against earlier entries. Potential 

associations can be confirmed through a traditional microscopic comparison of the actual evidence 

items. 

A test-fired specimen from a non-evidentiary firearm (e.g., from a Confidential Human Source) 

can be entered into the database and searched against earlier entries and multiple regions for 

intelligence and lead generation purposes only. 

Questions concerning NIBIN should be directed to 703-632-8442. 

National Missing Person DNA Database (NMPDD) Program 

The FBI Laboratory supports the National Missing Person DNA Database (NMPDD) Program. 

Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA (STR) analyses are conducted to support the NMPDD 

Program. Local, state, and federal law enforcement missing person cases can be submitted 

directly to the FBI Laboratory or through your local FBI Field Office. 

All samples submitted to the FBI Laboratory must be accompanied by an incoming letter 

describing the samples submitted. Samples from biological relatives of missing persons must 

be sent with a Consent and Information Form for the NMPDD (FD-935) and a copy of the law 

enforcement report. A copy of the anthropology, odontology (dental), medical examiner and/ 

or coroner, and law enforcement reports must be included with unidentified human remains 

samples submitted. 

Questions concerning the NMPDD Program mitochondrial DNA analysis should be 

directed to 703-632-7582 or 703-632-7572. Questions concerning the NMPDD 

Program nuclear DNA analysis should be directed to 703-632-7514 or 703-632-8446. 

All agencies must contact an NMPDD Program Manager before submitting samples. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

Samples from Biological Relatives of Missing Persons 

 For dried bloodstains: 

y Blood cell collection kits are available by contacting the mitochondrial DNA NMPDD 

Program Manager at 703-632-7582.
	

 For buccal (oral) swabs: 

y Wear disposable gloves when collecting samples. 

y Use sterile, cotton-tipped applicator swabs to collect four buccal (oral) samples. Rub 

the inside surfaces of the cheeks thoroughly (use two swabs on each side).
	

y Air-dry the swabs and place them back into the original packaging or an envelope 

with sealed corners. Do not use plastic containers.
	

y Identify each sample with the date, time, subject’s name, location, collector’s
	

name, and case number.
	

y Buccal samples do not need to be refrigerated. 

Samples from Unidentified Human Remains 

Call the Laboratory prior to submitting bones, teeth, or tissue. The communication 

accompanying the evidence must reference the telephone conversation accepting the evidence. 

36 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 For skeletal samples:
	

y Pick up samples with gloved hands or clean forceps. 

y Air-dry samples and place in paper bags. 

y Submit whole samples. Cutting skeletal samples increases the possibility of 

contamination.
	

y If possible, submit three samples. 

y Submit skeletal samples with an anthropological report, preferably from an 

anthropologist certified by the American Board of Forensic Anthropology, or a medical 

examiner’s/coroner’s report. 

y Submit skeletal samples in the following order of preference: 

1. Femur 

2. Tibia 

3. Humerus 

4. Teeth, skull, and/or mandible 

5. Hand and foot bones 

6. Lower arm bone 

7. Vertebrae 

8. Ribs 

 For teeth: 

y Pick up teeth with gloved hands or clean forceps. 

y Air-dry teeth and place in paper bag. 

y Submit teeth with an odontological report, preferably from an odontologist certified 

by the American Board of Forensic Odontology, or a medical examiner’s/coroner’s 

report. 

 Submit teeth in the following order of preference: 

1. Nonrestored (no dental work) molar 

2. Nonrestored premolar 

3. Nonrestored canine 

4. Nonrestored front tooth 

5. Restored molar 

6. Restored premolar 

7. Restored canine 

8. Restored front tooth 

 For tissue: 

y Tissue samples usually will provide sufficient quantities of DNA for testing. 

y Pick up tissue with gloved hands or clean forceps. 

37 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

y Collect 1-2 cubic centimeters of red skeletal muscle.
	

y Place tissue samples in a clean, airtight plastic container without formalin or 

formaldehyde and keep refrigerated or frozen.
	

y Label the outer container “KEEP IN A COOL, DRY PLACE,” “REFRIGERATE ON 

ARRIVAL,” and “BIOHAZARD”.
	

y Submit to Laboratory as soon as possible. 

Packaging Examinations 

Packaging can be examined to determine whether there has been tampering. 

Questions concerning packaging examinations should be directed to 703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

 Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’s initials, date, and other information 

in pencil. 

Paint Examinations 

The layer structure of a questioned paint sample can be compared with a suspected source. The 

sequence, relative thickness, color, texture, number, and chemical composition of each of the 

layers can be compared. 

The color, manufacturer, model, and model year of an automobile may be determined from a 

paint chip. Sourcing automotive paints is limited to factory-applied, original automotive paint. 

Paint on safes, vaults, windowsills, and door frames can be transferred to and from tools. A 

comparison can be made between the paint from an object and the paint on a tool. 

The Laboratory will not examine evidence to authenticate fine art or historical artifacts or to 

source spray paint or architectural paints. 

Questions concerning paint evidence should be directed to 703-632-8441. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Paint fragments are often found in the clothing of hit-and-run victim(s). Submit the clothing 

and package them separately in paper bags. 

 Paints can be transferred from one car to another, from car to object, or from object to car 

during an accident or a crime. Control paint chips must be collected from the suspected 

source of the evidentiary paint. Controls must be taken from an area close to, but not in, 

any damaged area. If no damage is obvious, controls should be taken from several areas of 

the suspect substrate. Each layer can be a point of comparison. Controls must have all of 

the layers of paint down to the substrate. This can be accomplished by the following: 

y Section an area of the painted surface. 

y Cut a paint sample from the surface using a clean, sharp instrument. 

y Lift or pry loosely attached chips or dislodge the paint by gently hitting the opposite 

side of the painted surface.
	

 Package paint specimens in leakproof containers such as screw top vials or pillboxes. 

Alternatively, paint specimens can be packaged in a pharmacy fold. Do not attach paint 

particles to adhesive tape. Do not use plastic bags, cotton, or envelopes to package paint 

specimens. 

38 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Paper Examinations 

The following examinations can be conducted on paper evidence: 

 Torn edges can be compared. 

 The paper manufacturer can be determined if a watermark or other information is 

present. 

 Paper can be examined for indented writing. Do not rub the indentations with a pencil. Do 

not add indentations by writing on top of the evidence. 

Questions concerning paper examinations should be directed to 703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

 Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’s initials, date, and other information in 

pencil. 

 Whenever possible, submit the original evidence. The lack of detail in photocopies makes 

examinations difficult and often will result in inconclusive opinions. 

Pepper Spray and Pepper Foam Examinations 

Oleoresin capsicum is a resin in various peppers. It may be used in self-defense sprays or 

foams. Ultraviolet dye and/or tear gas also may be in the sprays or foams. Items can be 

analyzed for the presence of oleoresin capsicum, dye, or tear gas. 

Questions concerning pepper-spray evidence should be directed to 703-632-8441. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Submit entire items (e.g., clothing) when possible. Air-dry the evidence and package 

separately in paper bags. 

 Moisten a clean cotton cloth or swab with isopropanol (rubbing alcohol), and wipe over the 

suspected sprays or foams. Prepare a second moistened cloth or swab as a control. Air-dry 

the cloths or swabs and pack separately in heat-sealed or resealable plastic bags. Submit 

spray canisters when possible. 

 Follow the guidelines for Hazardous Materials Transportation in the Submitting 

Evidence section when submitting pepper-spray canisters. 

Pharmaceutical Examinations 

Pharmaceutical examinations can identify constituents, active ingredients, quantity, and weight. 

Questions concerning pharmaceutical evidence should be directed to 703-632-8441. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 List the names of the pharmaceuticals and information on their use. 

 If possible, submit pharmaceuticals in original containers. 

Photocopy or Facsimile Examinations 

Photocopies or facsimiles of documents can be identified with the machine used to produce 

them if the exemplars and questioned documents are relatively contemporaneous. The possible 

make and model of the photocopier or facsimile machine may be determined. 

39 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 

Questions concerning photocopy and facsimile examinations should be directed 

to 703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

 Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’s initials, date, and other information in 

pencil. 

Procedures for obtaining known photocopy exemplars 

 Obtain at least 10 exemplars without a document on the glass plate and with the cover 

down. 

 Obtain at least 10 exemplars without a document on the glass plate and with the cover 

up. 

 Obtain at least 10 exemplars with a document on the glass plate and the cover down. 

 Obtain at least 10 exemplars with a document through the automatic document feeder, 

if applicable. 

 Record on each exemplar the date the exemplars were obtained, collector’s name, and the 

conditions under which the exemplars were made. 

 Record the make, model, and serial number of the photocopier; information about the 

toner supplies and components; whether the paper supply is sheet- or roll-fed; and options 

such as color, reduction, enlargement, zoom, mask, trim, and editor board. 

 Do not store or ship photocopies in plastic envelopes. 

Plastic Bag Examinations 

Plastic bags (e.g., sandwich bags, garbage bags) can be compared with a roll or box of bags. 

Questions concerning plastic bag examinations should be directed to 703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Preserve the evidence in the condition it was found. 

 Air-dry bags if necessary before packaging. 

 If bag must be cut, avoid cutting on seams. 

 Do not remove known specimens from box or roll. 

Polymer Examinations 

Polymer evidence typically consists of pieces of plastic or other manufactured materials. The 

source, use, or manufacturer of polymer evidence usually cannot be identified by compositional 

analysis. Motor vehicle trim can be compared with plastic remaining on property struck in a hitand-run case. The manufacturer, make, model, and model year of a vehicle can be determined 

if a manufacturer’s part number is on the trim. Plastics in wire insulation and miscellaneous 

plastics such as buttons can be compared with known sources. 

Questions concerning polymer evidence should be directed to 703-632-8441. 

40 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Collection and packaging considerations:
	

 When a motor vehicle has been in an accident, fragments (e.g., plastic lens covers) can 

be left at the scene. These pieces can be physically reconstructed with the remnants of 

the fixture left on the car. Collect and package the fragments carefully to keep the edges 

intact. 

 Search the accident or crime scene and personal effects of the victim(s) to locate plastic 

fragments. Submit fragments in leakproof containers such as screw top vials, plastic 

pill boxes or paper bags. Remove damaged suspect motor vehicle parts, and package 

separately in resealable plastic bags or a cardboard box. 

 If possible, submit entire items (e.g., clothing) with potential or smeared polymeric 

transfers. Package separately in paper bags. If the entire item cannot be submitted, 

cut with a clean, sharp instrument a section where the transfer is suspected. Collect 

an unstained control sample. Pack to prevent stain removal by abrasive action during 

shipping. Pack in a paper bag. Do not use plastic containers. 

Product Tampering Examinations 

Product tampering is when a commercial product is intentionally adulterated to harm someone 

or to extort money or other thing of value. Examples range from drug tampering in medical 

environments, food adulteration in supermarkets, and the combination of tampering and altering in 

domestic settings. 

The Laboratory will not assess manufacturing quality control or product specifications in 

commercial products. 

Questions concerning product-tampering evidence should be directed to 

703-632-8441. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Submit control samples of the unadulterated product. 

 Package and ship the control and suspect samples separately to avoid contamination. 

Submit samples in leakproof containers such as film canisters or plastic pill bottles. Do not 

use paper or glass containers. 

 Use caution to prevent the destruction of latent prints. 

Prostitution Records Examinations 

An examination of prostitution records may identify details of the operational hierarchy, 

including customers as well as the number and roles of participants; price structures and 

related revenues; and other pertinent information. 

Questions concerning prostitution records evidence should be directed to 

703-632-7334 or 703-632-7356. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Submission of original evidence is preferred; however, contributors may submit highquality images or photocopies with prior authorization. 

Radioactive Materials Examinations 

Radioactive materials (e.g., materials which produce alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, 

neutrons) can be found in the medical sector, manufacturing, and in some older X-ray imaging 

systems. Examinations of radioactive materials are conducted at an FBI-designated partner 

laboratory. 

41 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Questions concerning radioactive materials evidence should be directed to 

703-898-7186. Call 703-898-7186 prior to submitting evidence. 

Rope or Cordage Examinations 

Cordage examinations can determine if portions of rope/cord exhibit the same color, 

construction, and composition. The manufacturer of ropes/cords may also be determined. 

Questions concerning rope or cordage evidence should be directed to 703-632-8449. 

Collection and packaging concerns: 

 When possible, submit the entire rope/cord. 

 If the rope/cord must be cut, label which ends were cut during evidence collection. 

Rubber Stamp Examinations 

A rubber stamp impression can be compared with a known source. 

Questions concerning rubber stamp examinations should be directed to 

703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Submit the rubber stamp to the Laboratory uncleaned. 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

Safe Insulation Examinations 

Safe insulation can be compared to a known source. Examinations of safe insulation sometimes 

can determine the manufacturer. 

Questions concerning safe insulation evidence should be directed to 703-632-8449. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Collect safe insulation samples from damaged areas. Safe insulation can adhere to people, 

clothing, tools, bags, and stolen items and can transfer to vehicles. If possible, submit 

the evidence to the Laboratory for examiners to remove the debris. Package each item of 

evidence in a separate leakproof container. Do not process tools for latent prints. 

 Ship known and questioned debris separately to avoid contamination. Submit known and 

questioned debris in leakproof containers such as film canisters or plastic pill bottles. Do 

not use paper or glass containers. Pack to keep lumps intact. 

Serial Number (Altered) Examinations 

Altered or restamped serial or identification numbers, including markings on metal, wood, 

plastic, and fiberglass, may contain toolmarks of value. If toolmarks are present and no suspect 

tool is submitted, it may be possible to produce a list of possible tools. When toolmarks of value 

are present, a comparison can be made with suspect dies. 

The Laboratory can provide on-scene serial number restoration of obliterated or suspect areas 

on stolen vehicles and heavy equipment. Depending on the type of metal surface, a thermal or 

chemical method, along with specialized techniques, is used to assist in restoring and visualizing an 

obliterated stamping. 

Questions concerning serial number evidence should be directed to 703-632-8442. 

42 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 For bulky items, if possible, remove the section containing the serial number and 

submit to Laboratory. 

 If it is not possible to remove the section containing the serial number, take several 

photographs and make several casts of the suspect area to submit to the Laboratory. 

y Take several photographs and document the location of the area that is being cast. 

y Use an acrylic-surface replica cast kit. Call the Laboratory at 703-632-8442 

regarding the appropriate cast kit.
	

y Prior to cleaning the surface, cast the surface in its original state. Allow cast to
	

set and label appropriately.
	

y Clean the area. Remove paint or dirt with a solvent such as acetone, gasoline, or 

paint remover. Use Naval Jelly to remove rust. Use a soft brush. Do not use a wire 

brush.
	

y Build a dam around the stamped characters to retain the acrylic liquid while it sets. 

Use a soft and pliable dam material such as modeling clay. Ensure there are no 

voids in the dam.
	

y The acrylic liquid will take several minutes to set. If paint, foreign debris, and/
	

or rust are on the cast, make additional casts. These casts should be labeled
	

sequentially and documented appropriately.
	

y Pack the cast(s) to prevent any damage. 

Shoe Print and Tire Tread Examinations 

Shoe print or tire tread impressions are routinely left at crime scenes. These impressions are 

retained on surfaces in two- and three-dimensional forms. Almost all impressions, including 

partial impressions, have value for forensic comparisons. Examinations of shoe print and tire 

tread impressions could result in the positive identification of the shoes of the suspect(s) or 

tire(s) from the vehicle(s) of the suspect(s). 

Whenever possible, submit the evidence bearing the original impression. If this evidence cannot 

be submitted to the Laboratory, see below for techniques on lifting two-dimensional and casting 

three-dimensional impressions. 

A file of manufacturer’s outsole designs and a file of tire tread patterns and other reference 

material can be searched to determine brand names and manufacturers. For shoe print and tire 

tread file searches, submit quality photographs of the impressions (see below for photography 

information). If photographs are not available, submit casts, lifts, or the original evidence. 

Electronic images of shoe print or tire tread impressions may be submitted for file searches via 

email, along with a request letter on your agency’s letterhead, to shoeprintsearch@ic.fbi.gov. 

The request letter should include suspect’s name, victim’s name, type of crime, date of crime, 

brief synopsis of crime, agency case number, and contact information. Email attachments are 

limited to 5 MB; therefore, it may be necessary to submit the request in multiple emails. 

Questions concerning shoe print and tire tread evidence should be directed to 

703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 For shoe print and tire tread comparisons, submit original evidence whenever possible 

(shoes, tires, photographic negatives, CDs with images, casts, lifts). 

 Air-dry and package evidence separately in paper bags. Ensure the collector’s initials, 

dates, and other relevant information is on the evidence container. 

43 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 Electrostatic lifts should be taped inside a clean, legal-size file folder or other laminated 

folder. 

 Casts should be placed in paper bags and then covered with bubble wrap to minimize 

breakage when shipped to the Laboratory. 

Capturing shoe print/tire tread images 

 Questions concerning shoe print/tire tread photography should be directed to 

703-632-8087. Due to insufficient image detail, general crime scene photographs are not 

suitable for shoe print/tire tread impression examinations. Examination quality photographs 

require extreme close-up photographs. 

 A SLR 12 MP (or higher) digital camera or 35 mm film camera body should be used. Use a 

tripod and a cable/electronic release to avoid vibration of the camera. 

 RAW uncompressed, RAW lossless compression, and TIFF lossless compression are the only 

acceptable file formats. JPEG file format is not acceptable. 

 Set the ISO to 400 ISO and select the proper White balance to capture the impression in its 

correct color. The White balance selection is controlled by the lighting condition (daylight or 

incandescent lighting). 

 Select either Aperture Priority or Manual mode to control depth of field and select an f/stop 

setting of f/16 or f/22. 

 If possible, use a fixed focal length lens that is double the normal focal length for your 

camera (e.g., use a 100 mm or 105 mm lens for 35 mm film or a 35 mm full frame sensor). 

If that lens is not available, use the normal lens for film or sensor size (e.g., use a 50 mm 

or 60 mm lens with 35 mm film or DSLR with a full frame sensor or a 35mm lens with 

DSLR with DX or APS-C sensor size). If neither option is available, use a zoom lens with the 

zoom set at double the normal focal length. Once the focal length and focus are selected, 

use a piece of tape to secure the lens barrel so the lens setting does not change due to the 

effects of gravity. 

 Place a linear scale such as a ruler next to the full length of the impressions and on the 

same plane as the impression. If the impression is in a medium such as snow, sand, 

or soil, consider pressing the scale adjacent to the impression into the medium so that 

it is at the same plane as the bottom level of the impression. Also place a label in the 

photograph to correlate the impression with the crime scene notes and general crime scene 

photographs. 

y For tire treads, use a long tape measure as a scale and photograph the impression 

in overlapping segments to capture a full revolution (approximately 7 to 9 feet) of 

the tire.
	

 Fill the viewfinder with the impression and scale in landscape orientation. Position the camera 

directly over the impression with the film plane of the camera parallel to the surface of the 

impression. 

 Adjust the focus of the macro lens in manual mode focusing on the bottom of the 

impression. 

 Attach an electronic flash with long extension cord to the camera and position at a very low 

angle for oblique lighting, 10- to 15-degrees above the ground to enhance the detail of the 

impression. For consistent and even illumination, hold the flash at least 5 to 7 feet from the 

impression. Block out any bright ambient light with a sunscreen to maximize the lighting 

effect from the electronic flash unit for maximum detail. 

 For shoe impressions, take a minimum of three images with oblique lighting at least 

120-degree increments around the entire impression. For tire impressions, take four 

images, positioning the flash to illuminate the impression from all four sides. 

44 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 

 Copy the image files from the camera to a hard drive, CD, or DVD and verify images were 

successfully copied before deleting from camera. Best practice is to make at least two 

copies marked as “original/master,” stored separately. If possible, create two additional 

copies marked “original/master working copy,” for viewing, processing, and printing. 

Capturing shoe print/tire tread images in snow 

 First, attempt to photograph the impressions as if in soil. 

 Impressions in snow are difficult to photograph because of lack of contrast. To increase 

contrast, lightly spray snow impressions with Snow Print Wax or with colored spray paint. 

Hold the spray can at least 2 to 3 feet from the impression so the force of the aerosol 

does not damage the impression. 

 Direct a light application of the spray at a 30- to 45-degree angle so the colored paint 

strikes only the high points of the impression. 

 Highlighted impressions will absorb heat from the sun and must be shielded until 

photographed and cast to prevent melting. 

 After spraying, photograph impressions using above instructions. 

Casting three-dimensional impressions 

 Casting a three-dimensional impression in soil, sand, or snow is necessary to capture detail 

for examination. Dental stone, with a compressive strength of 8,000 psi or greater, must be 

used for casting all impressions. The compressive strength is listed on the container along 

with the proper ratio of powder to water used for mixing. Dental stone is available through 

local dental supply houses. Colored dental stone is preferred. 

 Plaster of paris, modeling plasters, and dental plasters are not sufficiently hard, do not 

resist abrasion when cleaned, and must not be used. 

 The average footwear impression requires about 2 lbs of dental stone and approximately 10 

oz of water. The average tire impression (about 18 to 24 inches in length) requires about 7 

lbs of dental stone and about 35 oz water. Tire impressions can be cast up to 36 inches in 

length. 

 After the dental stone and water have been mixed, the material should have the 

consistency of pancake batter or heavy cream. It may be necessary to adjust the amounts 

of dental stone and water used to obtain the desired consistency. 

 Store dental stone in resealable plastic bags. An 8- by 12-inch resealable plastic bag can 

store 2 lbs of dental stone powder. With premeasured bags, casting impressions at the 

crime scene involves only adding water. The bag containing the dental stone powder can 

be used to mix and pour the dental stone. To make a cast, add the appropriate amount 

of water to the bag and close the top. Mix the casting material by vigorously massaging it 

through the bag for 3 to 5 minutes. Ensure that the material in the corners of the bag is 

also mixed. 

 If the impressions are numerous or large, it may be necessary to mix larger quantities of 

dental stone in a bucket or bowl. The dental stone should be added slowly to the water and 

stirred continuously for 3 to 5 minutes. 

 Casting material has sufficient weight and volume to erode and destroy detail if it is poured 

directly on top of the impression. The casting material should be poured on the ground next 

to the impression, allowing it to flow into the impression. The impression should be filled 

with casting material until it has overflowed. Once dried, the resulting cast should be 1⁄2 to 

1 inch in thickness to minimize breakage when being transported to the Laboratory. 

45 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 For fragile impressions or impressions in fine sand/soil it may be necessary to mix the 

dental stone to a more watery consistency. Once dried, the resulting cast will be very thin 

and additional dental stone should be mixed and poured on top of the dried cast while 

it is still in the ground. This is necessary in order to obtain a cast that is 1⁄2 to 1 inch in 

thickness. Ensure the cast is thoroughly dried on the surface before adding the additional 

dental stone. 

 If the mixture does not flow easily into all areas of the impression, use a finger or a small 

stick on the surface to cause the dental stone to flow into the impression. Do not put the 

stick or finger more than 1/4 inch below the surface of the casting material because it 

can damage the impression. 

 Before the cast hardens completely, write the date, collector’s initials, and other identifying 

information on it. In warm weather, the cast should be left undisturbed for at least 20 to 

30 minutes. In cold weather, the cast should be left undisturbed longer. Casts have been 

destroyed or damaged when lifted too soon. If the cast is in sand or loose soil, it should 

lift easily. Casts in mud or clay may require careful treatment and excavation when being 

removed. 

 Allow the cast to air-dry for at least 48 hours. Package the cast in paper, not in plastic. An 

FBI Laboratory examiner must clean the cast. 

Lifting two-dimensional impressions 

 Lifting an impression allows for the transfer of a two-dimensional residue or dust 

impression to a lifting film. It also allows the impression to be shipped to the Laboratory 

for photographing and examination. 

 Electrostatic lifting devices lift footwear impressions from porous and nonporous surfaces 

without damaging the impressions. These devices work on dry dust or residue impressions 

on clean surfaces but will not work if the impressions were wet or have become wet. 

Electrostatic lifting devices come with instructions for use. This method is useful for searching 

for latent impressions. 

y Lifted impressions are damaged easily if the film is not stored properly because the 

film has a residual charge that attracts dust and debris and causes the film to cling 

to other surfaces. To preserve and store the lifting film containing an impression, 

tape one edge of the film securely in a clean, smooth, high-quality paper file 

folder. Low-grade cardboard boxes such as pizza boxes must not be used because 

the residual charge on the film will pull dust from the box and contaminate the 

impression.
	

y Items that contain a dry residue footwear impression must not be wrapped or stored 

in plastic because a partial transfer of the impression to the plastic will occur. 

 Gelatin lifters can be used to lift wet or dry impressions from porous and nonporous 

surfaces. Gelatin lifts should be allowed to sit on the impression for approximately 20 to 

25 minutes before being removed. This allows sufficient time for the impression to be 

absorbed by the gelatin. 

y Black gelatin lifters work well for lifting light-colored dry or wet origin impressions. 

y White gelatin lifters can be used to lift impressions developed with black fingerprint 

powder or impressions dark enough to contrast with a white background.
	

 Adhesive lifters can be used only to lift impressions from smooth, nonporous surfaces. 

y White adhesive lifters can be used to lift dry impressions developed with black fingerprint 

powder. 

46 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

y Transparent adhesive lifters can be used to lift dry impressions developed with black
	

powders. Transparent lifts should be placed on a white card or white sheet of paper for
	

maximum contrast.
	

Soil Examinations 

Soil examinations can determine whether soils could share a common origin by comparing color, 

texture, and composition. 

Questions concerning soil evidence should be directed to 703-632-8449. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Collect soil samples as soon as possible because the soil at the crime scene can change 

dramatically over time. 

 Collect soil samples from the immediate crime scene area and from the logical access and 

escape route(s). 

 Collect soil samples where there are noticeable changes in color, texture, and 

composition. 

 Collect soil samples at a depth that is consistent with the depth from which the questioned 

soil may have originated. 

 If possible, collect soil samples from alibi areas such as the yard or work area of the 

suspect(s). Submit a map identifying soil sample locations. 

 Do not remove soil adhering to shoes, clothing, and tools. Do not process tools for latent 

prints. Air-dry the soil and the clothing, and package separately in leakproof containers. 

 Carefully remove soil adhering to vehicles. Air-dry the soil, and package separately in 

leakproof containers. 

 Ship known and questioned debris separately to avoid contamination. Submit known and 

questioned soil in leakproof containers such as film canisters or plastic pill bottles. Do not 

use paper envelopes or glass containers. Pack to keep lumps intact. 

Special Event and Situational Awareness Support 

Teams of Scientific and Technical Photographers and Visual Information Specialists can travel 

to the field and conduct digital image and mapping surveys of venues as they relate to an 

operation or special event. This survey provides two- and three-dimensional visual mapping 

of a main venue and possible secondary venues. This documentation includes 360-degree 

spherical photography, still photography, 360-degree spherical video capture, three-dimensional 

laser scanning and documentation of physical structures and objects, aerial photography, and 

geospatial (GIS) mapping. 

Questions concerning Special Event and Situational Awareness Support should be 

directed to 703-632-8194. 

Symbol Examinations 

The Laboratory maintains a database of cryptic symbols, such as those found in graffiti and 

tattoos. A symbol examination involves correlating cryptic symbols to previously observed 

symbols. Symbol examinations are provided for intelligence and lead generation purposes only. 

No expert testimony is provided. Digital images of symbols may be sent to tag@ic.fbi.gov. 

Questions concerning symbol evidence should be directed to 703-632-7334 or 

703-632-7356. 

47 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Tape Examinations 

Tape composition and construction can be compared with known sources. Comparisons can be 

made with the torn end of tape and a suspect roll of tape. The Laboratory will examine duct, 

vinyl electrical, packaging, masking, and cellulose acetate (e.g., Scotch) tapes. For duct tapes, 

the Laboratory is also able to identify the manufacturer and product line represented by the 

tape. 

Questions concerning tape evidence should be directed to 703-632-8441. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Whenever possible, submit tape still adhered to the substrate. This minimizes the loss of 

trace evidence, latent fingerprints, or contact impressions. 

 If it is not possible to submit the substrate, the tape may be manually removed and placed 

adhesive side down on a clean, colorless piece of plastic sheeting (e.g., transparency film 

or Kapak tubular rollstock), not on cardboard, paper, or vinyl document protectors. Do not 

distort or tear the tape during removal. 

 If the tape is cut during removal, document and initial each cut. Use a method that 

produces a unique cutting pattern (e.g., pinking shears). 

Toolmark Examinations 

An examination of the questioned item is conducted to determine if toolmarks are present, what 

types of tool may have caused them, and whether there are toolmarks of value for comparison 

purposes. 

If a suspect tool is submitted, a comparison is done of the toolmarks on the questioned items 

with those in the test toolmarks. 

If a suspect tool is not submitted, an intercomparison is done of the toolmarks on the questioned 

items. 

Questions concerning toolmark evidence should be directed to 703-632-8442. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Photographs locate toolmarks but are of no value for identification purposes. 

 Obtain samples of any material deposited on the tools. Submit samples in leakproof 

containers such as film canisters or plastic pill bottles. 

 To avoid contamination, do not place the tool against the tool-marked evidence. 

 Submit the tool rather than making test cuts or impressions. 

 Mark the ends of the evidence and specify which end was cut during evidence collection. 

 If it is not possible to submit the tool-marked evidence, make a cast to submit to the 

Laboratory. 

y Use an acrylic-surface replica cast kit. Call the Laboratory at 703-632-8442 

regarding the appropriate cast kit.
	

y Clean the area. Remove paint or dirt with a solvent such as acetone, gasoline, or 

paint remover. Use Naval Jelly to remove rust. Use a soft brush. Do not use a wire 

brush.
	

y Build a dam around the stamped characters to retain the acrylic liquid while it sets. 

Use a soft and pliable dam material such as modeling clay. Ensure there are no 

voids in the dam.
	

48 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

y The acrylic liquid will take several minutes to set. If paint, foreign debris, and/
	

or rust are on the cast, make additional casts. These casts should be labeled
	

sequentially and documented appropriately.
	

y Pack the cast(s) to prevent any damage. 

Toxicology Examinations 

Toxicology examinations may be performed to measure alcohol, drugs, and/or poisons in 

biological samples. For living subjects, testing may disclose what substances an individual 

was under the influence of at the time of the incident being investigated. When the subject is 

deceased, testing may aid in determining the individual’s cause of death, if it was substance 

related. Typically, blood and urine are collected from living individuals. For deceased individuals, 

additional samples such as vitreous fluid and tissue samples are collected at their autopsies. 

Hair testing may be performed for a limited range of target analytes. 

Questions concerning toxicology evidence should be directed to 703-632-8441. 

Call 703-632-8441 prior to submitting hair for testing. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

Specimens from Living Subjects 

 Blood. Collect at least 10 mL in 1-2 gray-top test tubes (containing sodium fluoride and 

potassium oxalate) from the individual if 24 hours or less have elapsed since the incident 

under investigation. 

 Urine. Collect at least 30 mL from the individual in a leakproof specimen cup if 120 hours 

or less have elapsed since the incident under investigation. 

 Hair. Call the Laboratory for specimen collection guidance and for permission to submit the 

evidence for testing. 

 All samples from living subjects should be marked with the name of the donor and the date 

and time of collection. Refrigerated storage is recommended for blood and urine samples. 

 In cases of suspected drug-facilitated sexual assault, a copy of the sexual assault 

examination record should be submitted with the specimen(s). A list of any drugs the 

individual is known to have taken during the 24 hours prior to the alleged assault through 

the time of collection of the biological specimens should also be included. 

Autopsy Specimens 

 Blood. Collect central (at least 10 mL) and peripheral blood (at least 5 mL) and mark with 

collection site. Preserve with sodium fluoride (a gray-top tube or other leakproof containers 

are acceptable). 

 Urine. Collect all available in a leakproof container. 

 Vitreous fluid. Collect from both eyes and combine in a leakproof container. Vitreous fluid is 

especially important for ethanol measurements. 

 Stomach contents. Collect all available in a leakproof container in cases of suspected oral 

overdose or oral poisonings. 

 Liver, brain, kidney, and other organs. Submit portions of each organ(s) to be tested in a 

separate container. Tissue slices and samples in paraffin are not suitable for toxicological 

testing. If embalming has been performed, please call the Laboratory for guidance. 

 All autopsy samples should be marked with the name of the donor. Specimens may be 

stored refrigerated or frozen. Frozen storage is preferred for tissue samples. 

 Medical records related to a poisoning incident should be submitted with the specimen(s). 

49 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 If available, a list of any drugs the decedent has been prescribed should accompany 

autopsy samples. 

Typewriting Examinations 

Questioned typewriting may be identified with the typewriter that produced it. This is most 

common when the typewriter is a typebar machine. The identification is based on individual 

characteristics that develop during the manufacturing process and through use and abuse of the 

typewriter. 

Typewriters with interchangeable elements (e.g., ball, printwheel, or thimble) are less likely to 

be associated with questioned typewriting; however, these typing elements may be positively 

identified with specific texts by examining individual characteristics of the elements. 

Comparison of questioned typewriting with reference standards can determine a possible make 

and model of the typewriter and/or the typewriter elements. 

Carbon-film typewriter ribbons and correction ribbons may contain readable text. These 

ribbons can be compared with questioned typewritten impressions. Generally, fabric ribbons 

cannot be read or identified. 

Questions concerning typewriting evidence should be directed to 703-632-8444. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Documentary evidence must be preserved in the condition in which it was found. It must 

not be unnecessarily folded, torn, marked, soiled, stamped, or written on or handled 

excessively. Protect the evidence from inadvertent indented writing. 

 Mark documents unobtrusively by writing the collector’s initials, date, and other information 

in pencil. 

 Whenever possible, submit the original evidence. The lack of detail in photocopies makes 

examinations difficult and often will result in inconclusive opinions. 

Procedure for obtaining known typewriting exemplars 

 If the typewriter has a carbon-film ribbon or correction ribbon, remove it from the typewriter 

and submit the ribbon to the Laboratory. Insert a new ribbon in the typewriter prior to 

obtaining exemplars. 

 If the typewriter has a fabric ribbon, remove it from the typewriter and put the typewriter 

in the stencil position. Place a sheet of carbon paper over a sheet of blank paper and insert 

both into the typewriter. Allow the typeface to strike the carbon paper. Submit the fabric 

ribbon and the exemplars typed on the carbon paper to the Laboratory. 

 Obtain two word-for-word typed exemplars of the questioned text and two typed exemplars 

of the entire keyboard (all symbols, numbers, and upper- and lowercase letters). 

 Record the make, model, and serial number of the typewriter on the exemplars. Also 

record the date the exemplars were obtained and the name of the person who typed the 

exemplars. 

 Obtain the typewriter service and repair history, if available. 

 Normally it is not necessary to send the typewriter to the Laboratory; however, in some 

cases, the examiner will request the typewriter. It must be packed securely to prevent 

damage during shipment. Typewriter elements (e.g., ball, printwheel, or thimble) also 

must be submitted to the Laboratory. 

50 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Unknowns (General Chemical) Examinations 

General unknowns include powders, liquids, and stains that are of indeterminate origin or 

cannot be readily classified. Full identification of an unknown may not always be possible; 

however, general classification of a substance is usually achievable. When comparison samples 

are available, it may be possible to comment regarding the consistency of the unknown 

substance compared with a known sample. 

Questions concerning examinations of general unknowns should be directed to 

703-632-8441. Call the Laboratory at 703-632-8441 prior to submitting general 

unknowns to ensure that the evidence will be accepted for examination. The 

communication accompanying the evidence must reference the telephone conversation 

accepting the evidence. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Submit powder and liquid samples in leakproof containers. 

 Do not submit large stained evidence. When possible, cut a small sample of the stained area 

and submit in a heat-sealed or resealable plastic bag. When cutting is not possible, transfer 

questioned stains by rubbing with a clean (dry or wet with alcohol) cotton swab. Use an 

unstained swab as a control. Air-dry the swab and pack in a heat-sealed or resealable plastic 

bag. 

 Collect an unstained control sample, package separately, and submit it with the stained 

evidence. 

Weapons of Mass Destruction/CBRN Evidence Examinations 

Incidents involving chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) materials are deliberate, 

malicious acts intended to kill, sicken, terrorize, or disrupt society. The term CBRN is used in 

situations where any of these four hazards are present. These same hazardous materials are 

often referred to as Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). 

Depending on the nature of the threat material (i.e., chemical, biological, radiological or 

nuclear) and the examinations requested, WMD/CBRN examinations may be conducted by the 

FBI Laboratory at an FBI Laboratory-designated partner laboratory (i.e., other government, 

commercial, or academic laboratories) specially equipped to analyze CBRN materials on behalf 

of the FBI. 

The FBI’s Hazardous Evidence Analysis Team (HEAT) provides traditional forensic examinations 

(e.g., latent print, trace evidence, photographic) on evidence contaminated with or containing 

CBRN materials. HEAT members are specially trained to safely conduct examinations of CBRN 

containing/contaminated evidence at FBI Laboratory-designated partner laboratories. 

Upon determination or suspicion of a possible WMD/CBRN incident, a contributor must contact 

the FBI WMD Coordinator through their local FBI office or the FBI’s Strategic Information and 

Operations Center at 202-323-3300 and ask for the WMD Operations Response Unit Duty 

Officer. 

Questions concerning WMD/CBRN evidence examinations should be directed 

to 703-632-7726. 

Collection and packaging considerations: 

 Before evidence believed to contain CBRN material is shipped to the FBI Laboratory or FBIdesignated partner laboratories, appropriate FBI personnel will develop a plan to include 

field screening, packaging, transportation, and laboratory destination. 

 Suspected or confirmed WMD/CBRN crime scenes should only be handled by 

qualified FBI personnel. 

51 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

CRIME SCENE SAFETY
 

Law enforcement personnel have the ultimate responsibility to recognize chemical, biological, 

and physical hazards when processing a crime scene. However, it is the responsibility of each 

agency responding to and providing support at the crime scene to develop policies, programs, 

and training on health and safety practices. 

Always consult local, state, and federal environmental and occupational health and safety laws 

when working with potentially hazardous forensic evidence. All shipping of forensic evidence 

must comply with U.S. Department of Transportation and International Air Transport Association 

regulations. 

This section describes the hazards, safety precautions, safe work practices, and personal 

protective equipment recommended for personnel processing routine crime scenes. This section 

also explains the importance of complying with waste-disposal regulations. 

Routes of Exposure 

Personnel operating in or around contaminated environments must be aware of the various 

ways in which hazards may enter and harm the body.1 

Inhalation 

Inhalation is the introduction of a toxic product by the respiratory system. Airborne 

contaminants may be in the form of dust, aerosol, smoke, vapor, gas, or fume. Materials 

may be in a solid or liquid form and still represent an inhalation hazard because they produce 

vapors, mists, and fumes. 

Proper work practices and adequate ventilation can minimize the risk of airborne-contaminant 

inhalation. When working in areas with airborne contaminants present, personnel must wear 

respiratory protection. Personnel must be certified to wear respiratory protection and work in 

areas containing airborne contaminants. 

Absorption 

Contamination through the skin can result from direct contact or by absorption. The severity 

of the injury can depend on the concentration of the contaminant and the amount of exposure 

time. Systemic effects—such as dizziness, tremors, nausea, blurred vision, liver and kidney 

damage, shock, or collapse—can occur when the substances are absorbed through the skin 

and circulated throughout the body. Exposure can be prevented by using personal protective 

equipment (e.g., gloves, safety glasses, goggles, face shields, and protective clothing). 

Ingestion 

Ingestion involves introducing contaminants into the body through the mouth. Ingestion 

can cause severe damage to the mouth, throat, and digestive tract. To prevent entry of 

contaminants into the mouth, safe work practices—such as washing hands before eating, 

smoking, or applying cosmetics—must always be used. Personnel should not bring food, drinks, 

or cigarettes into areas where contamination can occur, regardless of any personal protection 

they may be wearing. 

Injection 

The direct injection of contaminants into the body—either by needle sticks or mechanical injuries 

from contaminated glass, metal, or other sharp objects—can cause severe complications. 

Contaminants enter directly into the bloodstream and can spread rapidly. Extreme caution should 

be exercised when handling objects with sharp or jagged edges. Work gloves must be worn at all 

times. 

52 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Safety 

Bloodborne Pathogen Safety 

On December 6, 1991, OSHA issued Title 29, Section 1910.1030, of the Code of Federal 

Regulations (CFR), Bloodborne Pathogens. 

2 Occupations at risk for exposure to bloodborne 

pathogens include law enforcement, emergency response, and forensic laboratory personnel. 

Fundamental to the bloodborne pathogens standard is the concept of following universal 

precautions. This concept is the primary mechanism for infection control. It requires that 

employees treat all blood, body fluids, or other potentially infectious materials as if infected with 

bloodborne diseases, such as the hepatitis B virus (HBV), the hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the 

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The following protective measures should be taken to avoid 

direct contact with potentially infectious materials: 

 Use barrier protection—such as disposable gloves, coveralls, and shoe covers—if contact 

with potentially infectious materials may occur. Change gloves when torn or punctured 

or when their ability to function as a barrier is compromised. Wear appropriate eye and 

face protection to protect against splashes, sprays, and spatters of potentially infectious 

materials. 

 Wash hands after removing gloves or other personal protective equipment. Remove gloves 

and other personal protective equipment in a manner that will not result in contaminating 

unprotected skin or clothing. 

 Prohibit eating, drinking, smoking, or applying cosmetics where human blood, body fluids, or 

other potentially infectious materials are present, regardless of any personal protection that may 

be worn. 

 Place contaminated sharps in appropriate closable, leakproof, puncture-resistant containers 

when transported or discarded. Label the containers with a BIOHAZARD warning label. 

 Do not bend, recap, remove, or otherwise handle contaminated needles or other sharps. 

 After use, decontaminate equipment with a daily prepared solution of household bleach 

diluted 1:10 or with 70% isopropyl alcohol or other appropriate disinfectant. Noncorrosive 

disinfectants are commercially available. It is important to allow sufficient contact time for 

complete disinfection. 

 In addition to universal precautions, engineering controls and prudent work practices can 

reduce or eliminate exposure to potentially infectious materials. Examples of engineering 

controls include long-handled mirrors used to locate and retrieve evidence in confined or 

hidden spaces and puncture-resistant containers used to store and dispose of sharps and 

paint stirrers. 

Chemical Safety 

Depending on the type of material encountered, a variety of health and safety hazards can exist. 

Some of these hazards are identified by the following categories:1, 3 

Flammable or combustible materials—such as gasoline, acetone, and ether—ignite easily when 

exposed to air and an ignition source, such as a spark or flame. 

Over time, some explosive materials, such as nitroglycerine and nitroglycerine-based 

dynamite, deteriorate to become chemically unstable. In particular, ether will form peroxides 

around the mouth of the vessel in which it is stored. All explosive materials are sensitive to 

heat, shock, and friction. 

Pyrophoric materials—such as phosphorus, sodium, and barium—can be liquid or solid and can 

ignite without an external ignition source in air temperatures less than 130 oF (54 oC). 

53 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Oxidizers—such as nitrates, hydrogen peroxide, and concentrated sulfuric acid—are chemical 

compounds that readily yield oxygen to promote combustion. Avoid storage with flammable and 

combustible materials or substances that could rapidly accelerate their decomposition. 

Corrosive materials can cause destruction to living tissue or objects such as wood and steel. The 

amount of damage depends on the concentration and duration of contact. 

When working with chemicals, be aware of hazardous properties, disposal techniques, personal 

protection, packaging and shipping procedures, and emergency preparedness. This awareness 

comes from appropriate training and the information in a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). 

The MSDS provides information on the hazards of a particular material so that personnel can 

work safely and responsibly with hazardous materials. 

Light-Source Safety 

When using ultraviolet lights, lasers, and other light sources, personnel must protect their eyes 

from direct and indirect exposure.4 Not all laser beams are visible, and irreversible eye damage 

can result from exposure to direct or indirect light from reflected beams. Prolonged exposure to 

the skin also should be avoided. 

All personnel in the vicinity of the light source should wear protective eyewear appropriate for 

the light source. Goggles must have sufficient protective material and fit snugly to prevent light 

from entering at any angle. The goggles must display the American National Standards Institute’s 

(ANSI’s) mark denoting eye-protection compliance. Laser-protective eyewear must be of the 

appropriate optical density to protect against the maximum operating wavelength of the laser 

source. 

Confined-Space Safety 

A confined space is an enclosed area large enough for personnel to enter and work, but it 

has limited or restricted means for entry and exit. Confined spaces (e.g., sewers, open pits, 

tank cars, and vats) are not designed for continuous occupancy. Confined spaces can expose 

personnel to hazards including toxic gases, explosive or oxygen-deficient atmospheres, electrical 

dangers, or materials that can engulf personnel entering the space.5 

Conditions in a confined space must be considered dangerous, and personnel may not enter the 

space until the space is assessed for hazards by a trained, competent person and, if necessary, a 

confined-space permit has been issued. The atmosphere must be monitored continuously with a 

calibrated, direct-reading instrument for oxygen, carbon monoxide, flammable gases and vapors, 

and toxic air contaminants. Periodic readings from these monitors should be documented. Only 

certified confined-space personnel may operate in permit-required confined spaces. Rescue 

services must be immediately available to the site. 

The following practices must be followed when working in a confined space: 

 Never enter before all atmospheric, engulfment, mechanical, and electrical hazards have 

been identified and documented. Isolating hazards must be performed in accordance with 

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147, The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout).6 

 Provide ventilation. Ensure that ventilation equipment does not interfere with entry, exit, 

or rescue procedures. 

 Provide barriers to warn unauthorized personnel and to keep entrants safe from external 

hazards. 

 Provide constant communication between personnel entering the confined space and 

attendants. 

 Ensure that backup communication is in place prior to entry. 

 Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as self-contained breathing apparatus 

(SCBA), a full-body harness, head protection, and other necessary equipment. 

 Never attempt a rescue unless part of a designated rescue team. Rescue services must be 

54 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

immediately available to the site.
	

 Ensure that personnel certified in first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are onsite. 

 For additional information, refer to the OSHA standard for Permit-Required Confined Spaces, 

29 CFR 1910.146.7 

Excavation Safety 

All excavations must meet the requirements set forth in OSHA’s standards for excavations, 

29 CFR 1926.650,8 1926.651,9 and 1926.652.10 Each employee in an excavation shall be 

protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system designed in accordance with 29 CFR 

1926.652(b) or 29 CFR 1926.652(c),10 unless excavations are less than five feet in depth and 

examination of the ground is made by a competent person to prevent cave-ins. A competent 

person is someone capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or 

working conditions that are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees and who has the 

authorization to take prompt corrective action to eliminate those hazards. No employee should 

enter an excavation that has been identified as a trench prior to either placement of shoring/ 

protection systems or widening of the trench to safe dimensions as defined by OSHA. 

As with all excavations, personnel should be aware of buried utilities and control standing water, 

hazardous environments, confined spaces, and oxygen-deficient atmospheres. 

X-Ray Safety 

Portable, handheld X-ray machines, often used to identify the contents of unknown packages, 

pose a risk for exposure to X-ray radiation at crime scenes. 

Keep X-ray exposure as low as reasonably achievable by adhering to the following: 

 Shield the X-ray device, the questionable object, and the operator. 

 Remove all nonessential personnel from the X-ray field. 

 Limit the time that personnel must be in the area of operation. 

 Always wear assigned monitoring devices appropriate for X-ray radiation. 

 Ensure that standard X-ray operating procedures are in place and followed and that 

adequate training has been provided in accordance with federal and state regulations. 

Personal Protective Equipment 

At all crime scenes, the selection of personal protective equipment must be done in coordination 

with a hazard risk assessment completed by trained and qualified personnel. The hazard 

risk assessment should identify the possible contaminants as well as the hazards associated 

with each product. Entry into these types of scenes will depend on each law enforcement 

organization’s available equipment, situational training, and qualified personnel. 

Hand Protection 

Hand protection should be selected on the basis of the type of material being handled and the 

hazard(s) associated with the material.11, 12 Detailed information can be obtained from the 

manufacturer. The following list provides information about glove material types and functions: 

 Nitrile provides protection from acids, alkaline solutions, hydraulic fluid, photographic 

solutions, fuels, lubricants, aromatics, petroleum, and chlorinated solvents. It also offers 

some resistance to cuts and snags. 

 Neoprene offers resistance to oil, grease, acids, solvents, alkalies, bases, and most 

refrigerants. 

55 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 

 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is resistant to alkalies, oils, and limited concentrations of nitric and 

chromic acids. 

 Latex (natural rubber) resists mild acids, caustics, detergents, germicides, and ketonic 

solutions. Latex will swell and degrade if exposed to gasoline or kerosene. When exposed 

to prolonged, excessive heat or direct sunlight, latex gloves can degrade, causing the glove 

material to lose its integrity. 

 Using powder-free gloves with reduced protein content reduces the risk of developing latex 

allergies. Personnel allergic to latex usually can wear nitrile or neoprene. 

Guidelines for glove use include the following: 

 Prior to donning gloves, inspect them for holes, punctures, and tears. Remove rings or 

other sharp objects that can cause punctures. 

 When working with heavily contaminated materials, wear a double layer of gloves. 

 Change gloves when they become torn or punctured or when their ability to function as a 

barrier is compromised. 

 To avoid contaminating unprotected skin or clothing, remove disposable gloves by 

grasping the cuffs and pulling them off inside out. Discard disposable gloves in 

designated containers. Do not reuse. 

Eye Protection 

Personnel handling chemical, biological, and radioactive materials should wear appropriate eye 

protection, such as safety glasses and goggles.1, 13 Face shields offer better protection when 

there is a potential for splashing or flying debris. Face shields must be worn in combination 

with safety glasses or goggles because face shields alone are not considered appropriate eye 

protection. 

Contact lens users must wear safety glasses or goggles to protect the eyes. In the event of a 

chemical splash into the eye, it can be difficult to remove the contact lens to irrigate the eye, 

and contaminants can be trapped behind the contact lens. 

Protective eyewear also should be worn over prescription glasses. Alternately, safety glasses 

may be made to the wearer’s eyeglass prescription. 

Foot Protection 

Shoes that completely cover and protect the foot are essential.11,14 Protective footwear should 

be worn at crime scenes when there is a danger of foot injuries from falling or rolling objects, 

from objects piercing the sole, or from exposure to electrical hazards. The standard recognized 

by OSHA for protective footwear is the American National Standard for Personal Protection— 

Protective Footwear, ANSI Z41-1991.15 In some situations, nonpermeable shoe covers can 

provide barrier protection to shoes and prevent the transfer of contamination outside the crime 

scene. 

Respiratory Protection 

Certain crime scenes, such as bombings and clandestine laboratories, can produce noxious 

fumes and other airborne contaminants for which responders must use respiratory protection.1, 

11, 16 

Compliance with 29 CFR 1910.134, Respiratory Protection,17 is mandatory whenever respirators 

are used. Critical elements for the safe use of respirators include a written program, training, 

medical evaluation, fit testing, and a respirator maintenance program. Without these elements, 

the wearer is not guaranteed protection. 

56 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Head Protection 

At certain crime scenes where structural damage has occurred or may occur, protective 

helmets should be worn. The standard recognized by OSHA for protective helmets is ANSI’s 

requirements for industrial head protection, Z89.1-2003.18 

Hazardous Materials Transportation 

All shipments of suspected or confirmed hazardous materials must comply with U.S. Department 

of Transportation and International Air Transport Association regulations. Title 49 of the CFR lists 

specific requirements that must be observed when preparing hazardous materials for shipment 

by air, land, or sea.19 In addition, the International Air Transport Association annually publishes 

Dangerous Goods Regulations,20 which details how to prepare and package shipments for air 

transportation. 

Title 49 CFR 172.101 provides a Hazardous Materials Table21 that identifies items considered 

hazardous for the purpose of transportation. Title 49 CFR 172.101 also addresses special provisions 

for certain materials, hazardous materials communications, emergency response information, and 

training requirements for shippers. Personnel who serve any function in the shipment of hazardous 

materials must receive the specified training prior to shipping any materials by commercial 

transportation. 

Hazardous Waste Regulations 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),22 

commonly referred to as the “cradle-to-grave” regulation, was established to track chemicals 

from “cradle,” or generation, to “grave,” or disposal. This system imposes requirements on 

both generators and transporters, as well as on transport, storage, and disposal facilities. RCRA 

specifies that once a material is determined to be hazardous, it becomes the generator’s complete 

responsibility. 

The process for determining whether a material is a hazardous waste should be completed by 

qualified personnel. Even new material in its original container may be considered waste if there 

is no use for it. The services of a hazardous waste contractor and transporter can be used to 

help remove materials from scenes. Hazardous materials that are removed from crime scenes 

are considered evidence and would not fall under RCRA waste provisions. However, when a 

case has been adjudicated or, for other reasons, the material is not needed, the immediate 

assistance of a qualified contractor knowledgeable about local regulations must be sought. 

Clandestine drug laboratories and environmental crime scenes are examples of situations that 

may require the removal of waste. 

References 

1. National Research Council. Committee on Hazardous Substances in the Laboratory. 

Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories. National Academy Press, 

Washington, D.C., 1981. 

2. Bloodborne Pathogens, 29 CFR 1910.1030, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 

and Health Administration, Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/ 

owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=10051. 

3. Upfal, M. J. Pocket Guide to First Aid for Chemical Injuries. Genium, Schenectady, New York, 

1993. 

4. American National Standards Institute. American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers 

(ANSI Z136.1-2000). American National Standards Institute, New York, 2000. 

5. Conforti, J. V. Confined Space Pocket Guide. Genium, Schenectady, New York, 1996. 

6. The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout), 29 CFR 1910.147, U.S. Department of 

Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, D.C. Available: http://www. 

osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=9804. 

57 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

7. Permit-Required Confined Spaces, 29 CFR 1910.146, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational 

Safety and Health Administration, Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.osha.gov/pls/ 

oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=9797. 

8. Scope, Application, and Definitions Applicable to This Subpart, 29 CFR 1926.650, U.S. 

Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, D.C. 

Available: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_ 

id=10774. 

9. Specific Excavation Requirements, 29 CFR 1926.651, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational 

Safety and Health Administration, Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.osha.gov/pls/ 

oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=10775. 

10. Requirements for Protective Systems, 29 CFR 1926.652, U.S. Department of Labor, 

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.osha. 

gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=10776. 

11. Office of Environmental Health and Safety. Laboratory Survival Manual. University 

of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1998. Available: http://ehs.virginia.edu/ehs/ehs. 

chemicalsafety/Chemcial_Hygiene_Plan_UVA.pdf. 

12. Choose the proper gloves for chemical handling. In: Best’s Safety Directory. A. M. Best, 

Oldwick, New Jersey, 1998. 

13. American National Standards Institute. American National Standard Practice for 

Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection (ANSI Z87.1-2003). American National 

Standards Institute, New York, 2003. 

14. Occupational Foot Protection, 29 CFR 1910.136, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational 

Safety and Health Administration, Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.osha.gov/pls/ 

oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=9786. 

15. American National Standards Institute. American National Standard for Personal 

Protection—Protective Footwear (ANSI Z41-1991). American National Standards Institute, New 

York, 1991. 

16. Gorman, C. Hazardous Waste Handling Pocket Guide. Genium, Schenectady, New York, 

1997. 

17. Respiratory Protection, 29 CFR 1910.134, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety 

and Health Administration, Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/ 

owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=12716. 

18. American National Standards Institute. American National Standard for Personnel 

Protection—Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers—Requirements (ANSI Z89.1-2003). 

American National Standards Institute, New York, 2003. 

19. Transportation, 49 CFR 100–185, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. 

Available: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title49-vol1/content-detail.html . 

20. International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 44th ed., Montreal, 

Canada, 2003. 

21. Hazardous Materials Table, 49 CFR 172.101, U.S. Department of Transportation, 

Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2008-title49-vol2/pdf/CFR2008-title49-vol2-sec172-101.pdf. 

22. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 40 CFR 3001–3020, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/inforesources/ 

online/index.htm. 

58 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

Index
 

A

Adhesives 7
 

Age
 

of document 5, 7
 

progressed 26
 

regressed 26
 

Alcohol 17, 49
 

Altered
 

Serial Number 42
 

writing 7
 

Ammunition 4, 11, 13, 25, 35
 

Anonymous Letter File 8
 

Anthropology 36
 

Arson 2, 5, 9, 21
 

Automobile theft 2
 

Automotive fluids 33
 

B

Bank Robbery Note File 9
 

Bank Security Dye 10
 

Biological materials 10
 

Blood
 

crime scene safety 53
 

evidence collection 17, 18, 20, 21, 36, 49
 

Bones 8, 9, 15, 19, 36, 37
 

Brick 10
 

Buccal swabs 17, 24, 36
 

Building Materials 10
 

Bullet Jacket Alloy 11
 

Bullets 11, 25
 

Burglary 2
 

Burned paper 12
 

Buttons, plastic 40
 

C

Carbon-14 5, 12
 

Carbon-Film Ribbon 12
 

Carbon paper 12, 50
 

Carjacking 2
 

Cartridge case 12, 13, 36
 

Casting evidence 34, 43, 45, 46
 

Caulk 7
 

CBRN 4, 6, 51
 

Cement 10
 

Charred Paper 12
 

Checkwriter 13
 

Chemical unknowns 34
 

Ciphers 14
 

Clocks 34
 

Coded messages 14
 

Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) 6, 35
 

Commercial printing 28
 

Concrete 10
 

Controlled substances 14
 

Cordage 42
 

Cosmetics 33
 

Crime Scene Safety 52
 

Crime scene Surveys 14
 

Cryptanalysis 14
 

D

Demonstrative Evidence 15
 

DNA 5, 6, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28, 35, 

36, 37
 

Document age 7
 

Drugs 14
 

E

Embossing 20
 

Evidence packaging 3
 

Evidence Response Team 21
 

Evidence submission 3
 

Exemplars 29, 39, 40, 50
 

Explosives 5, 22
 

Explosives Residue 22
 

F

Fabric 23
 

Facial approximations 26
 

Facial Imaging 26
 

Facsimile ribbon 12
 

Facsimiles 32, 39
 

FBI Disaster Squad 23
 

Feathers 23
 

Federal DNA Database 23
 

Fibers 25
 

Fingerprints 24
 

Firearms 25, 26
 

Forensic Audio, Video, and Image Analysis Unit 


(FAVIAU) 26
 

Forensic Canine Program 21
 

Fraud 2
 

Friction Ridge 30
 

G

Gambling device 26
 

Gambling records 26
 

GIS Mapping 27
 

Glass 27
 

Graffiti 47
 

Graphic Arts 28
 

Gunshot Residue Pattern 35
 

59
	
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

H

Hair 15, 16, 19, 27, 28, 29, 49
 

Hand Printing 29
 

Handwriting 29
 

Hazardous Evidence Analysis 51
 

Hazardous materials 4
 

Hazardous Waste 6, 57, 58
 

Hit-and-run 2
 

Human Scent Evidence Team 21
 

Human Smuggling 30
 

I
 

Indented writing 39
 

Ink 30
 

Insects 10
 

L

Lamp Bulbs 34
 

Latent Prints 30
 

Lifting 46
 

Lifting evidence 43
 

Loan Records 33
 

Lubricants 33
 

M

Mapping surveys 47
 

Metallurgy 34
 

Microbes 10
 

Missing persons 15, 35, 36
 

Mitochondrial DNA 15, 36
 

Mortar 10
 

Muzzle-to-target distance 30
 

N

National DNA Index System (NDIS) 15, 35
 

National Integrated Ballistic Information Network 


(NIBIN) 36
 

National Missing Person DNA Database 


(NMPDD) 6, 36
 

Nuclear DNA 15, 36
 

O

Obliterated Writing 7
 

Office Printing 28
 

Oleoresin capsicum 39
 

Operational Technology Division (OTD) 26
 

Oral (buccal) swabs 17, 36
 

P

Packaging Evidence 3
 

Packaging Examinations 38
 

Paint 38
 

Paper 39, 40
 

Pepper Spray or Pepper Foam 39
 

Personal Protective Equipment 55
 

Petroleum products 33
 

Pharmaceuticals 39
 

Photocopies 39
 

Photography 7, 31, 43, 44, 47
 

Plants 10
 

Plaster 10
 

Plastic 40
 

Plastic bags 40
 

Poison 49
 

Polishes 33
 

Polymer 40
 

Product Tampering 41
 

Prostitution Records 41
 

Q

Questioned documents 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 20, 28, 29, 30, 

38, 39, 40, 43, 48, 50
 

R

Radioactive Materials 6, 41
 

Rope 42
 

Rubber 42
 

S

Safe Insulation 42
 

Saliva 15, 19, 20, 24
 

Sealant 7
 

Seals 20
 

Semen 18
 

Serial numbers 25, 26
 

Sexual assault 18, 33, 49
 

Shipping Evidence 1, 3
 

Shoe Print 43
 

Shooting Incident Reconstruction 30
 

Shot pattern 35
 

Shotshell Casing 5, 12
 

Signatures 29
 

Silencers 25
 

Skeletal remains 8, 26
 

Soil 47
 

Stucco 10
 

Switches 22, 35
 

Symbol 47
 

T

Tape 6, 48
 

Tattoos 47
 

Tear gas 10, 39
 

Technical Dive Team 21
 

Teeth 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 36, 37
 

Theft 2
 

60
	
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

V

Timers 34 

Tire Tread 43 

Toolmarks 42, 48 

Torn paper 39 

Toxicology 49 

Toxins 10 

Typewriting 6, 50 

U

Underwater Search Evidence Response Team 

(USERT) 21 

Unidentified human remains 15, 16, 36 

Unknowns, chemical 51 

Urine 15, 19, 49 

Vandalism 2 

Vehicle trim 40 

Victim Recovery Team 21 

W

Watches 34 

Watermarks 7 

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) 51 

Wire insulation 40 

Writing 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 20, 28, 29, 30, 38, 39, 40, 

42, 50 

61 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
 

62
 
Handbook of Forensic Services 2013

 

The Handbook of Forensic Services is available online at http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/lab/handbook-offorensic-services-pdf . 

63