1. The City originally sued Decker in small claims court, which imposed a fine, and

Decker appealed to the district court.

2. Chapter 11 of the Utah Code was amended substantively in 2011. We therefore cite

the version of Chapter 11 that was in effect when the City fined Decker in 2006 and

2007. Compare Utah Code Ann. §§ 10

‐ 11

‐ 1 to

‐ 4 (2007), with id. (Supp. 2012). IN THE UTAH COURT OF APPEALS

‐‐‐‐ ooOoo

‐‐‐‐

Ogden City,

Plaintiff and Appellee,

v.

James Weston Decker,

Defendant and Appellant. )

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

) MEMORANDUM DECISION

Case No. 20110051

‐ CA

F I L E D

(August 16, 2012)

2012 UT App 224

‐‐‐‐‐

Second District, Ogden Department, 108900991

The Honorable Michael D. DiReda

Attorneys: Stephen G. Homer, West Jordan, for Appellant

Mark H. Stratford, Ogden, for Appellee

‐‐‐‐‐

Before Judges McHugh, Orme, and Thorne.

McHUGH, Presiding Judge:

¶1 James Weston Decker appeals from the district court’s de novo decision

imposing a fine of $3875 against Decker for violating an ordinance adopted by Ogden

City (the City) barring illegal storage of junk and debris. 1 See generally Utah Code Ann.

§ 10

‐ 11

‐ 1 to

‐ 4 (2007); 2 Ogden City, Utah, Code §§ 12

‐ 4

‐ 1 to

‐ 8 (2012); id. §§ 1

‐ 4B

‐ 3 to

‐ 5.

We affirm the district court’s decision.20110051

‐ CA 2 ¶2 In late October 2006, a code enforcement officer for the City noticed that a

residential property (the Property) had “junk and debris on the side yard,” including

household items, appliances, couches, scrap wood, and metal (collectively, the junk), in

violation of an Ogden City ordinance. See Ogden City, Utah, Code § 12

‐ 4

‐ 2 (prohibiting

“[j]unk or salvage material” on any “yard, garden, lawn or outdoor premises”). The

officer took photographs to document the situation and sent a notice of the violation to

Decker on October 31, 2006. The notice warned,

All Code Violation[s] must be corrected within 15 days of

the date of this notice. Failure to comply with this notice by

making the necessary correction[s] within the 15 days will

result in the following:

‐ Imposition of an initial civil penalty in the amount of

$125[.]

‐ Ogden [C]ity abating (correcting) the public nuisance

violation(s), and all expenses billed to you.

‐ The City may also elect to assess the expenses directly

against the property as a tax lien.

Continued noncompliance after the first civil penalty can

result in the imposition of additional civil penalties, which

are imposed on a daily basis. A second violation is $250, in

addition to the $125 penalty. Subsequent violations are $500

per day. The filing of criminal charges may also occur.

These additional penalties are possible if any of the above

violation[s] remain on the property, even if one or more

violations are corrected by the City. (Only one notice is

required for the entire season of weed growth. The City

without further notice may abate re

‐ growth of weeds in

violation of City ordinance after initial compliance or

abatement.)

(Emphasis omitted.) The notice also informed Decker of the City’s appeal process,

which required Decker to file a written request for a hearing and to pay a $25 filing fee.3. The City deferred issuing citations from March 21, 2007, until September 2007, while

pursuing a criminal complaint for noncompliance. The resolution of those proceedings

is unclear from the record and is not at issue on appeal.

4. Section 78A

‐ 8

‐ 106(2) was previously codified at section 78

‐ 6

‐ 10 and was renumbered

in 2008. See Utah Code Ann. § 78A

‐ 8

‐ 106(2) amend. notes (2008). Because the

recodification involved no substantive changes, we cite the current version of the

statute for the convenience of the reader.

20110051

‐ CA 3 ¶3 When the officer returned to the Property on November 16 for a reinspection, the

junk remained, and he issued an initial $125 civil citation to Decker in accordance with

the warning. See generally Ogden City, Utah, Code §§ 1

‐ 4B

‐ 3 to

‐ 4; id. § 12

‐ 7

‐ 24(B)

(outlining the City’s civil fine structure). On December 4, the officer again visited the

Property, noted that the junk had yet to be removed, and issued a $250 citation. The

officer issued a $500 citation on December 20 upon discovering that Decker still had not

removed the junk. During the next year, the same officer visited the Property on

several more occasions. Each time he found the junk still in the yard and issued a $500

citation. The officer issued the final $500 citation at issue on appeal on September 28,

2007. 3 In the end, the fines totaled $3875. The City did not remove the junk, and

therefore did not abate the violation.

¶4 Decker challenged the civil fines, but the City did not schedule a hearing because

Decker did not pay the required $25 fee. Subsequently, the City sued Decker in small

claims court and the court entered judgment against Decker. Decker appealed the small

claims judgment to the district court, which held a trial de novo on October 18, 2010.

The district court entered judgment against Decker in the amount of $3875. He now

appeals.

¶5 Before we review Decker’s claims, we first evaluate our subject matter

jurisdiction. See generally In re adoption of Baby E.Z.

, 2011 UT 38, ¶ 36, 266 P.3d 702

(“Because subject matter jurisdiction goes to the court’s authority to hear a case, courts

have an independent obligation to

. . . raise and decide jurisdictional questions that the

parties either overlook or elect not to press.” (omission in original) (internal quotation

marks omitted)), cert. denied

, 132 S. Ct. 1743 (2012). Where an appeal is from a trial de

novo in the district court of a small claims proceeding, our jurisdiction is narrow. See

Utah Code Ann. § 78A

‐ 8

‐ 106(2) (2008). 4 Such a decision “may not be appealed unless

the court rules on the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance.” See id. (emphasis

added). We have clarified that our jurisdiction depends on whether the district court

ruled on the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance, irrespective of whether the small5. Decker also claims that the $3875 fine violates Utah’s constitution because it directly

conflicts with the statutory maximum of $1000 in civil fines per violation. See Utah

Code Ann. § 10

‐ 8

‐ 84 (2007); id. § 10

‐ 3

‐ 703(2)(a); id. § 76

‐ 3

‐ 301(1)(d) (2008). However,

Decker did not raise this issue in the district court and the district court did not rule on

it. Consequently, we do not have subject matter jurisdiction over this issue on appeal.

See id. § 78A

‐ 8

‐ 106(2) (2008). For the same reason, we lack jurisdiction over Decker’s

due process challenge to the $25 hearing fee raised for the first time on appeal. Because

we lack jurisdiction over these claims, we do not address them substantively. See State

v. Yardley

, 2004 UT App 47, ¶ 5, 87 P.3d 749 (per curiam) (“Once a court has determined

that it lacks jurisdiction, it retains only the authority to dismiss the action.” (internal

quotation marks omitted)).

20110051

‐ CA 4 claims or justice court considered the constitutional issue. See West Valley City v.

Goodman

, 2006 UT 27, ¶¶ 3

‐ 5, 17

‐ 19, 135 P.3d 874 (exercising subject matter jurisdiction

over a constitutional challenge raised only in the district court); Pleasant Grove City v.

Orvis

, 2007 UT App 74, ¶ 11, 157 P.3d 355 (holding that the district court must rule on

the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance to confer jurisdiction).

¶6 Here, while Decker raises multiple issues on appeal, the district court ruled on

just two of those issues. 5 First, Decker claims that the $25 hearing fee violates the Utah

Constitution’s prohibition against compelling an accused person to advance money or

fees to secure his constitutional rights. See Utah Const. art. I, § 12. The district court

rejected this argument, specifically ruling that the “accused persons” clause of the Utah

Constitution does not apply to proceedings to enforce civil fines. Thus, the district

court ruled on the constitutionality of the hearing fee ordinance and we have subject

matter jurisdiction over this claim. See Utah Code Ann. § 78A

‐ 8

‐ 106(2).

¶7 Second, Decker contends that the City’s ordinance allowing for civil fines violates

his due process rights because it conflicts with state law. See Utah Const. art. XI, § 5

(granting cities authority to “adopt and enforce

. . . regulations not in conflict with the

general law”). Specifically, Decker argues that the civil fine violates Chapter 11 of the

Utah Code (the Abatement Chapter). Compare Utah Code Ann. §§ 10

‐ 11

‐ 1 to

‐ 4 (2007),

with Ogden City, Utah, Code § 12

‐ 4

‐ 2 (2012), and id. § 12

‐ 7

‐ 24. According to Decker, the

Abatement Chapter requires that a municipality abate offending junk and then collect

the costs of abatement from the property owner. In the district court, Decker asserted

that the City’s ordinance is invalid because it allows the City to collect successive fines

for the property owner’s failure to abate the junk in direct contravention of the state

statute. The district court disagreed, ruling that the City’s imposition of fines under its

ordinance does not conflict with the Abatement Chapter.20110051

‐ CA 5 ¶8 If the district court had explicitly ruled on the constitutionality of the ordinance

based on its alleged conflict with state law, our subject matter jurisdiction “would be

beyond dispute.” See Goodman

, 2006 UT 27, ¶¶ 13, 18

‐ 19 (exercising subject matter

jurisdiction over a claim that the justice court system was unconstitutional). Decker

never argued to the district court or on appeal, however, that the ordinance violates the

Utah Constitution because of its conflict with state law. Although Decker tries to couch

his argument as a constitutional one for the first time on appeal, he does so only under

the due process clause of the Utah Constitution. Compare Utah Const. art. I, § 7 (“No

person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law.”), with

Utah Const. art XI, § 5 (“Each city

. . . is hereby granted, the authority to exercise all

powers relating to municipal affairs, and to adopt and enforce within its limits, local

police, sanitary and similar regulations not in conflict with the general law.”).

Additionally, Decker provides no citations supporting his claim that the City “must

obey the statutes which are applicable to it” and “[i]f it fails to do so in its dealings with

its citizens, [a] citizen’s ‘due process of law’ rights are violated.” Nor does Decker’s

argument address how we may exercise jurisdiction when he raised no due process

challenge before the district court and the district court made no due process ruling. See

Utah Code Ann. § 78A

‐ 8

‐ 106(2). Because we will not assume an appellant’s “burden of

argument and research,” we decline to consider this claim. See Treff v. Hinckley

, 2001 UT

50, ¶ 11, 26 P.3d 212 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Utah R. App. P. 24(a)(9)

(“The argument shall contain

. . . citations to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the

record relied on.”).

¶9 Thus, only one of Decker’s claims is properly before us on appeal: Whether the

$25 hearing fee violates the accused persons clause. We review this constitutional

ruling for correctness. See Chen v. Stewart

, 2004 UT 82, ¶ 25, 100 P.3d 1177. The Utah

Constitution’s accused persons clause provides, “In criminal prosecutions

. . . . In no

instance shall any accused person, before final judgment, be compelled to advance

money or fees to secure the rights herein guaranteed.” See Utah Const. art. I, § 12.

Decker contends that the $25 hearing fee is unconstitutional both because the accused

persons clause is “universal in its scope,” thereby applying to civil actions, and because

cities use civil citations to avoid the constitutional rights afforded to criminal

defendants. Yet he cites no authority to support these propositions. To the contrary,

the accused persons clause expressly applies to “criminal prosecutions,” see id.

, and its

scope has been interpreted narrowly, see, e.g.

, State v. Johnson, 700 P.2d 1125, 1128 (Utah

1985) (holding that because the accused persons clause applies only before final

judgment, filing fees may be imposed in criminal appeals so long as there is an

exception for indigent defendants); State v. Ruggeri

, 19 Utah 2d 216, 429 P.2d 969, 97320110051

‐ CA 6 (1967) (concluding that the protections of the accused persons clause extend to a “target

of a[ criminal] investigation” but not to a witness).

¶10 Nonetheless, Decker argues that he should be entitled to the protections of the

accused persons clause because he was, in effect, convicted under the Ogden City Code

in a civil proceeding. To advance his position, Decker relies on article A, the municipal

code section dealing with criminal violations of an ordinance. See Ogden City, Utah,

Code § 1

‐ 4A

‐ 1 (2012). However, the City fined Decker under article B, which

“provide[s] a standardized procedure for the administrative imposition of certain civil

penalties

. . . without resort to the criminal courts.” Id. § 1

‐ 4B

‐ 1; see also Utah Code Ann.

§ 10

‐ 3

‐ 703(2)(a) (2007) (enabling municipalities to impose civil fines for ordinance

violations). Thus, Decker was not a criminal defendant entitled to the protections of

article I, section 12 of the Utah Constitution, and therefore, the City’s ordinance

mandating a $25 fee to challenge a civil fine does not violate that constitutional

provision.

¶11 Affirmed.

____________________________________ Carolyn B. McHugh,

Presiding Judge

‐‐‐‐‐

¶12 I CONCUR:

____________________________________ William A. Thorne Jr., Judge

‐‐‐‐‐

ORME, Judge (concurring in part and concurring in the result in part):

¶13 I concur in the court’s decision except for its treatment of the issue dealt with in

paragraphs 7 and 8. I am uneasy with paragraph 8 because it seems to suggest that

Decker would have a plausible argument that the district court implicitly ruled on the

constitutionality of the ordinance allowing for civil fines, thus vesting us with20110051

‐ CA 7 jurisdiction over this issue, but for his failure to argue “that the ordinance violates the

Utah Constitution”; but for his failure to “provide[]

. . . citations supporting his claim”;

but for his failure to “address how we may exercise jurisdiction when he raised no due

process challenge before the district court and the district court made no due process

ruling”; and because “we will not assume an appellant’s ‘burden of argument and

research.’”

¶14 In my view, it is just not that complicated. The district court did not “rule[] on

the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance” in connection with this issue. See Utah

Code Ann. § 78A

‐ 8

‐ 106(2) (2008). It had no occasion to do so. Decker did not argue the

ordinance’s unconstitutionality. As acknowledged by my colleagues, he only argued

that the ordinance violated a provision of the Utah Code. The district court rejected that

argument, holding that the ordinance was consistent with the statute. Having so ruled,

it had no occasion to reach out and decide a constitutional argument that was never

made. As a result, we would have no jurisdiction to consider this issue no matter how

brilliantly Decker briefed it.

¶15 Because, as the lead decision recognizes, “Decker tries to couch his argument as a

constitutional one for the first time on appeal,” we simply have no jurisdiction to

consider it. I would dispose of this argument as summarily as we do the two in

footnote 5. There is only one issue over which we have jurisdiction and which merits

discussion. That is the issue dealt with in paragraphs 9 and 10. And I fully concur in

our discussion and resolution of that issue.

____________________________________ Gregory K. Orme, Judge