U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

National Institute of Justice

Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program

National Institute of Justice

Guide for the Selection of Communication 

Equipment for Emergency First Responders

NIJ Guide 104–00

Volume I

February 2002
U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

810 Seventh Street N.W.

Washington, DC 20531

John Ashcroft

Attorney General

Deborah J. Daniels

Assistant Attorney General

Sarah V. Hart

Director, National Institute of Justice

For grant and funding information, contact:

Department of Justice Response Center 

800–421–6770

Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice

World Wide Web Site World Wide Web Site 

http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij
U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

National Institute of Justice

Guide for the Selection of Communication Equipment for

Emergency First Responders

NIJ Guide 104–00, Volume I

Dr. Alim A. Fatah1

John A. Barrett2

Richard D. Arcilesi, Jr.2

Dr. Patrick S. Scolla2

Charlotte H. Lattin2

Susan D. Fortner2

Coordination by:

Office of Law Enforcement Standards

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899–8102

Prepared for:

National Institute of Justice

Office of Science and Technology

Washington, DC 20531

February 2002

 NCJ 191160

 

1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Office of Law Enforcement Standards.

2Battelle Memorial Institute.
National Institute of Justice

Sarah V. Hart

Director

This guide was prepared for the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, by the Office of Law

Enforcement Standards of the National Institute of Standards and Technology under Interagency Agreement

94–IJ–R–004, Project No. 99–060–CBW. It was also prepared under CBIAC contract No. SPO–900–94–D–0002

and Interagency Agreement M92361 between NIST and the Department of Defense Technical Information Center

(DTIC).

The authors wish to thank Ms. Kathleen Higgins of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Mr. Bill

Haskell of SBCCOM, Ms. Priscilla S. Golden of General Physics, LTC Don Buley of the Joint Program Office of

Biological Defense, Ms. Nicole Trudel of Camber Corporation, Dr. Stephen Morse of Centers for Disease Control,

and Mr. Todd Brethauer of the Technical Support Working Group for their significant contributions to this effort.

We would also like to acknowledge the Interagency Board for Equipment Standardization and Interoperability,

which consists of Government and first responder representatives.
iii

FOREWORD

The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST) furnishes technical support to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) program to

support law enforcement and criminal justice in the United States. OLES’s function is to develop

standards and conduct research that will assist law enforcement and criminal justice agencies in the

selection and procurement of quality equipment.

OLES is: (1) subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing and evaluation, and (2) conducting

research leading to the development of several series of documents, including national standards, user

guides, and technical reports.

This document covers research conducted by OLES under the sponsorship of NIJ. Additional reports

as well as other documents are being issued under the OLES program in the areas of protective clothing

and equipment, communication systems, emergency equipment, investigative aids, security systems,

vehicles, weapons, and analytical techniques and standard reference materials used by the forensic

community.

Technical comments and suggestions concerning this guide are invited from all interested parties. They

may be addressed to the Office of Law Enforcement Standards, National Institute of Standards and

Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899–8102.

 Sarah V. Hart, Director

 National Institute of Justice
v

CONTENTS

FOREWORD..................................................................................................................................iii

COMMONLY USED SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................vii

ABOUT THIS GUIDE...................................................................................................................ix

1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................1

2. OVERVIEW OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS..............................................................3

2.1 Technologies...............................................................................................................3

2.2 Types of Equipment....................................................................................................6

2.3 Accessories..................................................................................................................8

2.4 Enhancements.............................................................................................................9

3. COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT SELECTION FACTORS.........................................13

3.1 Maximum Transmitter Output Power.......................................................................13

3.2 Secure Communications Compatibility....................................................................13

3.3 Programmability........................................................................................................14

3.4 User Capability..........................................................................................................14

3.5 Line of Sight..............................................................................................................14

3.6 Power Requirements.................................................................................................14

3.7 Battery Life ...............................................................................................................14

3.8 Battery Locking Ability............................................................................................14

3.9 Vehicle Adapter (Portable Radios)...........................................................................15

3.10 Digital Communications Compatibility....................................................................15

3.11 Durability..................................................................................................................15

3.12 Unit Cost...................................................................................................................15

3.13 Operator Skill Requirements.....................................................................................15

3.14 Training Requirements..............................................................................................15

4. COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT EVALUATION... ....................................................17

4.1 Equipment Categories...............................................................................................17

4.2 Evaluation Results.....................................................................................................17

APPENDIX A––RECOMMENDED QUESTIONS ON COMMUNICATION

EQUIPMENT...................................................................................................A–1

APPENDIX B––REFERENCES ................................................................................................ B–1

APPENDIX C––EQUIPMENT SAFETY..................................................................................C–1

TABLES

Table 3–1. Selection factor key for communication equipment.................................................16

Table 4–1. Evaluation results reference table .............................................................................18

Table 4–2. Communication equipment technology format........................................................19

Table 4–3. Portable communication equipment (conventional and trunked).............................20

Table 4–4. Portable communication equipment (conventional).................................................26

Table 4–5. Portable communication equipment (trunked)..........................................................31

Table 4–6. Mobile communication equipment (conventional and trunked)...............................32

Table 4–7. Mobile communication equipment (conventional)...................................................36

Table 4–8. Mobile communication equipment (trunked) ...........................................................38

Table 4–9. Repeaters communication equipment .......................................................................39
vi

Table 4–10. Base station communication equipment ...................................................................41

Table 4–11. Base station and/or repeater communication equipment ..........................................42

Table 4–12. Selection factor key for communication equipment.................................................43

FIGURES

Figure 2–1. SD-125 RF link module, Maxon...............................................................................4

Figure 2–2. TK-862H compact synthesized FM mobile radio, Kenwood....................................5

Figure 2–3. GPH21, portable radio, Relm....................................................................................5

Figure 2−4. GX 4800UT UHF trunked system mobile radio, Yaesu/Vertex-Standard................6

Figure 2–5. HX482UT, conventional and trunked system, Yaesu/Vertex-Standard....................6

Figure 2–6. VXR-5000 repeater, Vertex.......................................................................................8

Figure 2–7. TRP-1000 transportable radio interconnect system, JPS ........................................12

Figure 2–8. ICIR man-carry radio interconnect switch, C-AT...................................................12
vii

COMMONLY USED SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

A ampere h hour oz ounce

ac alternating current hf high frequency o.d. outside diameter

AM amplitude modulation Hz hertz Ω ohm

cd candela i.d. inside diameter p. page

cm centimeter in inch Pa pascal

CP chemically pure IR infrared pe probable error

c/s cycle per second J joule pp. pages

d day L lambert ppm parts per million

dB decibel L liter qt quart

dc direct current lb pound rad radian

°C degree Celsius lbf pound-force rh relative humidity

°F degree Fahrenheit lbf†in pound-force inch s second

dia diameter lm lumen SD standard deviation

emf electromotive force ln logarithm (base e) sec. Section

eq equation log logarithm (base 10) SWR standing wave ratio

F farad M molar uhf ultrahigh frequency

fc footcandle m meter UV ultraviolet

fig. Figure μ micron V volt

FM frequency modulation min minute vhf very high frequency

ft foot mm millimeter W watt

ft/s foot per second mph miles per hour N newton

g acceleration m/s meter per second λ wavelength

g gram mo month wk week

gal gallon N†m newton meter wt weight

gr grain nm nanometer yr year

H henry No. number

area=unit2 (e.g., ft2, in2, etc.); volume=unit3 (e.g., ft3, m3, etc.)

ACRONYMS SPECIFIC TO THIS DOCUMENT

APCO Association of Public Safety Communications Officials MHz Megahertz

CB Citizens Band PCS Personal Communication System

CTCSS Continuous Tone Coded Squelch System PMR Private Mobile Radio

DCS Digital Code Squelch PTT Push-to-Talk

EDACS Enhanced Digital Access Communications Systems RF Radio Frequency

GHz Gigahertz SMR Shared Mobile Radio

I.S. Intrinsically Safe TETRA Terrestrial Trunked Radio

LMR Land Mobile Radios VOX Voice Operated Switch

LTR Logic Trunked Radio

DEFINITIONS RELEVENT TO THIS DOCUMENT

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access is a method of subdividing a band to permit access to the same frequency for

multiple users.

TMDA Time Division Multiple Access is a method of subdividing a band to permit access to the same frequency for

multiple users.

ISM Bands Nonlicensed/nonexclusive frequency bands for Industrial, Scientific, and Medical applications. Frequency bands

(902 MHz to 928 MHz, 2.40 GHz to 2.483 GHz) set aside for low-power devices (also referred to as “Part 15”

devices).

DSSS Direct Sequence and Spread Spectrum (an RF transmission scheme to permit multiple, coordinated users to operate

in the same band).

FHSS Frequency Hopping and Spread Spectrum (an RF transmission scheme to permit multiple, coordinated users to

operate in the same band).

PASS Personal alarm system, or warning device, worn by individuals.

Duplex Real or perceived simultaneous transmit and receive.

Half-duplex Continuous receive of all transmitted information and a transmit frequency/time slot/code shared with others.
viii

PREFIXES (See ASTM E380) COMMON CONVERSIONS

d deci (10-1) da deka (10) 0.30480 m = 1 ft 4.448222 N = 1 lbf

c centi (10-2) h hecto (102) 25.4 mm = 1 in 1.355818 J = 1 ft†lbf

m milli (10-3) k kilo (103) 0.4535924 kg = 1 lb 0.1129848 N m = 1 lbf†in

μ micro (10-6) M mega (106) 0.06479891g = 1gr 14.59390 N/m = 1 lbf/ft

n nano (10-9) G giga (109) 0.9463529 L = 1 qt 6894.757 Pa = 1 lbf/in2

p pico (10-12) T tera (1012) 3600000 J = 1 kW†hr 1.609344 km/h = 1 mph

psi = mm of Hg x (1.9339 x 10-2)

mm of Hg = psi x 51.71

Temperature: T°C = (T°F –32)×5/9 Temperature: T°F = (T°C ×9/5)+32
ix

ABOUT THIS GUIDE

The National Institute of Justice is the focal point for providing support to State and local law

enforcement agencies in the development of counterterrorism technology and standards,

including technological needs for chemical and biological defense. In recognizing the needs of

State and local emergency first responders, the Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) at

the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), supported by the National Institute

of Justice (NIJ), the Technical Support Working Group (TSWG), the U.S. Army Soldier and

Biological Chemical Command, and the Interagency Board for Equipment Standardization and

Interoperability (IAB), is developing chemical and biological defense equipment guides. These

guides will focus on chemical and biological equipment in areas of detection, personal

protection, decontamination, and communication. This guide focuses specifically on

communication equipment and was developed to assist the emergency first responder community

in the evaluation and purchase of communication equipment that can be used in conjunction with

chemical and biological protective clothing and respiratory equipment.

The long range plans include these goals: (1) subject existing communication equipment to

laboratory testing and evaluation against a specified protocol, and (2) conduct research leading

to the development of a series of documents, including national standards, user guides, and

technical reports. It is anticipated that the testing, evaluation, and research processes will take

several years to complete; therefore, the National Institute of Justice has developed this initial

guide for the emergency first responder community to facilitate their evaluation and purchase of

communication equipment.

In conjunction with this program, additional guides, as well as other documents, are being issued

in the areas of chemical agent and toxic industrial material detection equipment, biological agent

detection equipment, decontamination equipment, and personal protective equipment.

The information contained in this guide has been obtained primarily through literature searches

and market surveys. The vendors were contacted during the preparation of this guide to ensure

data accuracy. In addition, the information contains test data obtained from other sources (e.g.,

Department of Defense) if available. It should be noted that the purpose of this guide is not to

make recommendations about which equipment should be purchased, but to provide to the reader

with information available from vendors so commercially available equipment can be compared

and contrasted. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, processes, or services by

trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its

endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government. The information

and statements contained in this guide shall not be used for the purposes of advertising, nor to

imply the endorsement or recommendation of the United States Government.

With respect to information provided in this guide, neither the United States Government nor any

of its employees make any warranty, expressed or implied, including but not limited to the

warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Further, neither the United

States Government nor any of its employees assume any legal liability or responsibility for the

accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process

disclosed.
x

Technical comments, suggestions, and product updates are encouraged from interested parties.

They may be addressed to the Office of Law Enforcement Standards, National Institute of

Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8102, Gaithersburg, MD 20899−8102. It is

anticipated that this guide will be updated periodically.

Questions relating to the specific devices included in this document should be addressed directly

to the proponent agencies or the equipment manufacturers. Contact information for each

equipment item included in this guide can be found in Volume II.
1

1. INTRODUCTION

This guide includes information that is intended to assist the emergency first responder

community in the evaluation and purchase of communication equipment that can be used in

conjunction with chemical and biological protective clothing and respiratory equipment. It

includes a market survey of communication technologies and commercially available equipment

known to the authors as of February 2001. Brief technical discussions are presented that

consider the principles of operation of several pieces of equipment. These may be ignored by

readers who find them too technical, while those wanting additional information can obtain it

from the list of references that is included in appendix B.

The primary purpose of this guide is to provide emergency first responders with information that

should aid them in the evaluation and purchase of communication equipment that can be used in

conjunction with chemical and biological protective clothing and respiratory equipment. The

guide is more practical than technical and provides information on a variety of factors that can be

considered when purchasing communication equipment, including secure communications

compatibility, line of sight (how far transmission can travel), and digital communications

compatibility, to name a few.

Due to the large number of communication equipment items identified in this guide, the guide is

separated into two volumes. Volume I represents the actual guide, and Volume II serves as a

supplement to Volume I since it contains the communication equipment data sheets only.

Readers who find this material too technical can omit this information while still making use of

the rest of the guide, and readers who desire more technical detail can obtain it from the

references listed in appendix B and the data sheets provided in Volume II. Volume I is divided

into several sections. Section 2 provides an overview of communication systems. Specifically,

it discusses system technologies, equipment types, accessories, and enhancements. Section 3

discusses various characteristics and performance parameters that are used to evaluate

communication equipment in this guide. These characteristics and performance parameters are

referred to as selection factors in the remainder of this guide. Fourteen selection factors have

been identified. These factors were compiled by a panel of scientists and engineers who have

multiple years of experience with communication equipment, domestic preparedness, and

identification of emergency first responder needs. The factors have also been shared with the

emergency responder community to get their thoughts and comments. Section 4 presents several

tables that allow the reader to use the 14 selection factors to compare and contrast the different

communication equipment.

Three appendices are also included within this guide. Appendix A lists questions that could

assist emergency first responders when selecting communication equipment. Appendix B lists

the documents that were referenced in this guide. Appendix C contains information about

communication equipment safety.
3

2. OVERVIEW OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

A communication system is made up of devices that employ one of two communication methods

(wireless or wired), different types of equipment (portable radios, mobile radios, base/fixed

station radios, and repeaters), and various accessories (examples include speaker microphones,

battery eliminators, and carrying cases) and/or enhancements (encryption, digital

communications, security measures, and interoperability/networking) to meet the user needs.

This section provides the reader with information on the system technologies and the system

enhancements. The technologies are discussed in section 2.1, types of equipment are presented

in section 2.2, accessories are discussed in section 2.3, and enhancements are discussed in

section 2.4.

2.1 Technologies

For practical purposes, a communication system can be considered to be “wired” or “wireless”

(e.g., conventional telephone, radio communications, etc.). A wired system is technically known

as a hard-line system and can be thought of as a localized, private telephone system that uses

wires to operate over a limited area. A wireless system uses radio frequencies to “connect” users

and is capable of operating over a much larger geographical area than a hard-line (wired) system.

Since the communication equipment available to emergency first responders today does not use

optical transmission methods, only radio frequency (RF) equipment will be considered here.

The major advantages of RF communication systems over hard-line communication systems are

their ability to provide communications over large distances, through some obstacles (depending

on the frequency), and to an almost unlimited number of users. The range of the signal is

defined to be the distance between the transmitter and the receiver at which the amplitude of the

signal received by the receiver is less than the amplitude of the background noise. For example,

a person can experience this noise using low-cost “walkie-talkies.” When the separation

between the two walkie-talkies is great enough, the voice signal is lost and all that is heard is the

background noise (sometimes called static). The range of the signal in a communication system

may also be affected by interference from atmospheric disturbances, such as electrical storms,

and high-power RF sources (such as radar equipment and broadcast equipment). Also, RF

signals do not pass through water. Radio transmission quality also begins to deteriorate as the

edge of the coverage area is approached.

Shared communication systems such as radios, the Internet, and telephone conference calls are

subject to saturation by users (the maximum capacity whereby adding users will deteriorate and

degrade the amount and quality of information able to be transferred over the system), a problem

that compounds exponentially as the number of users increases. Communication system

efficiency requires that the users follow published communication system guidelines regarding

proper system discipline in order to ensure maximum efficiency of communication traffic.

2.1.1 Radio Frequency

Wireless systems (radios) transmit data and voice information using a specific radio frequency

(RF) to other radios tuned to the same frequency. Common radio messages are transmitted over
4

the RF band between 0.05 MHz and 900 MHz. Most public safety communications radios

(portable, mobile, base station, and repeaters) transmit frequencies between 30 MHz and 900

MHz which are dedicated to public service use. Cell phones and systems, such as global

positioning receivers, call boxes, electronic signs, irrigation systems, and mobile command units,

that transmit information from remote locations, transmit in the microwave band between 1 GHz

and 20 GHz. An example of RF technology that transmits only data is the SD–125 RF Link

Module, manufactured by Maxon, shown in figure 2–1.

Figure 2–1. SD-125 RF

link module, Maxon

2.1.1.1 Conventional Radio System

In conventional RF systems, each user group is assigned a discrete radio channel (or frequency)

that is independent of other user group channels (or frequencies). The users within the group

transmit and receive only on that channel, on a first come first serve basis. Transmissions may

occur with or without the assistance of a repeater (see sec. 2.2.4). Communications without a

repeater are considered to be simplex communications (transmit and receive on the same

frequency) and are typically used when only a small coverage area is required.

Conventional radio systems provide communication between users within a given geographic

coverage area. A major advantage of a conventional radio system is that users equipped with

radios from different manufacturers can communicate with one another provided they are

programmed to the same frequency, which includes the appropriate CTCSS or DCS

programming. (CTCSS and DCS are techniques commonly employed to aid in the rejection of

interference from other radio systems). Disadvantages to conventional radio systems include

user accessibility delays when a channel is being utilized by other users, and security concerns

because of the ease of “eavesdropping” on potentially sensitive communications by the public or
5

media equipped with scanner radios. Modulation and encryption system compatibility must also

be addressed in planning for interoperable communications. Figures 2–2 and 2–3 illustrate a

mobile and a portable conventional radio, respectively. The mobile radio is a Kenwood Compact

Synthesized FM Mobile Radio, TK-862H, and the portable radio is a Relm GPH21.

Figure 2–2. TK-862H, compact synthesized

FM mobile radio, Kenwood

Figure 2–3. GPH21,

portable radio, Relm

2.1.1.2 Trunked Radio Systems

Trunked radio systems typically allocate 20 or more talk groups (logical channels) to a particular

radio frequency channel. A radio system’s computer assigns a user and the user group to a

frequency when the push-to-talk (PTT) button is pressed. A user is an officer or member

assigned to the precinct or fire company, and a user group is a police precinct or fire company.

This results in a single conversation occurring over several channels, eliminating the need for the

users to manually change frequencies, thus maximizing the system efficiency. In addition, the

channel capacity increases because other users can use the time between transmissions for their

communications without the need to wait for a “clear channel.” Because the computer selects

the channel and monitors the repeater before transmitting, the trunked radio system is more

technically complex than the conventional system. Since it appears to be simpler and faster to

use, it may be considered more efficient. Another apparent advantage to a trunked system is the

increased difficulty in eavesdropping on conversations that may switch channels with every

transmission. However, scanners that can follow talk groups on a trunked radio system are

widely available to the general public, whereby digital spread spectrum radios may provide user

security from such methods of eavesdropping.

The disadvantages of the trunked system are those common to all RF radio systems (i.e.,

atmospheric interference, unreliability in certain environments, such as underground and

confined spaces, and unable to be used in explosive environments, etc.). Additional

disadvantages of the trunked system include the increased complexity of the infrastructure with
6

regards to an increased number of antenna and repeater sites (especially in the case of 800 MHz

systems), dependence on the computer system and software that controls the trunked system, and

reliance on the equipment of one manufacturer for guaranteed operation. Examples of trunked

radios are shown in figures 2–4 and 2–5. Figure 2–4 is a Yaesu/Vertex-Standard GX 4800UT

UHF mobile radio, and figure 2–5 is a portable system, the Yaesu/Vertex-Standard HX482UT

conventional and trunked system.

 

Figure 2–4. GX 4800UT UHF trunked system

mobile radio, Yaesu/Vertex-Standard

Figure 2–5. HX482UT,

conventional and trunked system,

Yaesu/Vertex-Standard

2.1.2 Hard-Line Technology

Hard-line communication systems operate by transmitting voice and data through a cable that

connects to a telephone-like apparatus. The major advantage of a hard-line system is the ability

to communicate from underground, confined spaces, shielded enclosures, collapsed structure

void spaces, and similar locations (such as explosive environments) where RF systems are

unreliable or unable to be used. An additional advantage of hard-line communication systems is

that they are totally secure. Outside eavesdropping is not possible because the transmissions are

contained within the wired system. The disadvantages of a hard-line system are the distance and

mobility constraints imposed by the cable, the time required to set the system up at an incident

site, and the limited number of users that can be supported by a system at a given location.

2.2 Types of Equipment

The RF communication equipment considered in this guide includes portable radios, mobile

radios, base/fixed station radios, repeaters, and base station/repeaters. Each type of equipment

will be discussed in the following sections.
7

2.2.1 Portable Radios

Portable radios are small, lightweight, handheld, wireless communication units that contain both

a transmitter and a receiver, a self-contained microphone and speaker, an attached power supply

(typically a rechargeable battery), and antenna. Portable transceivers (such as a walkie-talkie )

have relatively low-powered transmitters (1 W to 5 W), need to have their batteries periodically

recharged or replaced, and may be combined in a wireless radio communication system with

other portable, mobile, and base station radios. There are also very low-powered transceivers,

available with power outputs of 0.1 W, which are generally linked to portable repeaters for

extended range and interoperability with higher-powered radio systems.

2.2.2 Mobile Radios

Mobile radios are larger than portable radios and are designed to be mounted in a fixed location

inside a vehicle (police cruiser, fire truck, etc.). Like the portable radios, mobile radios contain

both a transmitter and a receiver and may contain an internal speaker. However, mobile radios

connect to the vehicle’s power supply, which enables them to have a higher transmitter output

power (typically 5 W to 50 W) and an external antenna. The microphone is usually handheld,

and the speaker may be externally located to the radio. Because of the higher transmitter power

and external antenna, the effective communication range is greater than that of a portable radio,

especially if a repeater is not used. The receivers in mobile radios are generally more sensitive

than the receivers found in portable radios, as physical space for components in mobile radios is

not as critical as in portable radios. Personnel who do not need to communicate with others

when away from the vehicle typically use mobile radios. As with portable radios, mobile radios

may be combined into a radio communication system with other portable, mobile, and base

station radios.

2.2.3 Base/Fixed Station Radios

A base (or fixed) station radio also contains a transmitter and a receiver. The radio is powered

by an external electrical system (typically 110 V ac) and is connected to an antenna located tens

to hundreds of feet away, typically on top of a building or on a tower. Because the base station

radio uses an external electrical system (i.e., commercial power mains), compared with portable

and mobile radios, they have the most powerful transmitters (5 W to hundreds of watts) and the

most sensitive receivers. Microphones can either be handheld or desktop models, and the

speaker can either be external or internal to the radio.

2.2.4 Repeaters

A repeater is a specialized radio that contains both a receiver and a transmitter. Repeaters are

used to increase the effective communications coverage area for portable, mobile, or base station

radios that otherwise might not be able to communicate with one another. The repeater’s

receiver is tuned to the frequency used by a portable, mobile, or base station transmitter for

incoming signals, and the repeater’s transmitter is tuned to the frequency used by a portable,

mobile, or base station receiver. The incoming signal is rebroadcast back to the radio network on
8

a different frequency, usually with higher power and from a better location (tall buildings,

mountaintops, and/or towers). Figure 2–6 shows a Vertex VXR-5000 repeater.

Figure 2–6. VXR-5000 repeater, Vertex

2.2.5 Base Station/Repeaters

Several manufacturers offer base station/repeater radios. These radios cannot operate as both a

base station and a repeater simultaneously, but when installed for use, they are configured to

operate as either a base station or as a repeater.

2.3 Accessories

Most accessories are for portable radios and are designed to allow for maximum user flexibility.

There are optional trunking accessory boards available for many conventional radio systems, and

optional encryption modules available for some radios to allow for secure communications.

2.3.1 Accessories for Portable Radios

Additional accessories for portable radios include optional batteries for extended operating time,

speaker-microphones, carrying cases, battery eliminators, and vehicular adapters. Multiple

carrying case options are available: those that allow for optional batteries; those that have

specialized operations mounting requirements, such as the strap-on chest case for instances when

a radio cannot be worn on or near the waist; or those that are water resistant for operations that

may occur in extremely wet environments.

Several optional speaker-microphones attach to portable radios through the remote

speaker/microphone jack. These include boom microphones (attenuates background noise and

works best when the user's voice is not obstructed), ear microphones (worn in the ear and

transmits ear canal vibrations into microphone signals), bone microphones (worn on the top of
9

the head or behind the ear and transmits vibration signals), and throat microphones (worn on the

throat and transmits vibration signals). Voice operated switch (VOX) activated accessories have

the same function as the PTT button but allow hands-free use of the radio. Alternately, full

duplex operation of radios (able to transmit and receive on different frequencies simultaneously)

provides hands-free and simultaneous, bi-directional communications.

Battery eliminators are specialized accessories that are attached to the radio in place of the

battery. They allow portable radios to operate from a power source such as the electrical system

of the vehicle rather than the radio’s own battery, thus extending the useable life of the radio’s

battery before it needs to be recharged. Battery eliminators are most often used with portable

radios that have no external power (e.g., 12 V dc) jack. Battery eliminators can be obtained from

radio manufacturers or specialized third party aftermarket vendors.

Vehicular adapters are also specialized adapters for portable radios that allow portable radios to

operate as a mobile radio. When the portable radio is placed into a vehicular adapter, the radio

operates off the electrical system of the vehicle, is connected to an antenna mounted on the

vehicle, and in some instances, is connected to an amplifier in order to increase the output power

of the transmitter (for example, 5 W to 50 W for increased range). While the portable radio is in

the vehicular adapter, the radio’s battery is recharged.

2.3.2 Accessories for Mobile Radios and Base Station/Repeater Radios

There are fewer accessories available for mobile and base station radios. They are generally

chosen when the radio is initially purchased because they are often dependent upon installation

requirements and restrictions.

Accessories for mobile and base station radios typically include these devices: transmitter power

amplifiers, specialized modules that allow the radio to be connected to computers or other data

terminals, remote mounting systems to minimize theft, external speakers that can be mounted for

operator convenience, and specialized microphones that may allow for the user to change

channels or transmitter output power.

2.4 Enhancements

Enhancements are those items or applications available to the customer for modification of the

communication system for a specific purpose. Enhancements discussed in this section include

the following items: encryption, digital communications, security measures, and

interoperability/networking.

2.4.1 Encryption

Both conventional and trunked RF radios may allow for the encryption of sensitive

communications for security purposes if the system is equipped with the appropriate encryption

electronics. Some radios may require the installation of an optional encryption module for

secure communications. Voice and data transmissions may be encrypted by simple inversion,

rolling code, or by digital encryption. Protection from scanner monitoring and even more
10

sophisticated monitoring devices can also be accomplished with spread spectrum radios

operating in the ISM bands; however, because of the low power utilized in the ISM bands,

reliable communications may not be possible.

2.4.2 Digital Communications

Digital communications is a technique whereby voice (sound waves) and data information

present in the radio signals is converted into binary code represented using electronic or

electromagnetic signals. The binary code is then converted by mathematical algorithms that

need to be decoded by mathematical algorithms in the receiving radio in order for the user to

understand the information. It offers users enhanced signaling and control options, more

consistent audio quality, greater radio spectrum efficiency, and a broader range of encryption

capabilities. Communications between users is less likely to be interrupted in terms of signals

being dropped. At the edges of a coverage area, digital technology improves the signal integrity

to maximize communications.

To help understand digital communications technology, it is important to understand analog

communications technology. Analog communications is the transmission of information using a

continuously variable electromagnetic signal. The information usually transmitted by analog

systems is from sound, such as that contained in conversation and music. Prior to transmission

of the sound information, it must be converted into an electrical form (as is done with a

microphone). For several technical reasons, the electrical information is typically transformed

into higher frequencies by modulating a continuous wave radio signal. Examples of this type of

transformation and modulation are the FM and AM signals on your radio. Analog

communications is the basis for most current cell phones and communication systems. Perhaps

the best and simplest example of analog radio communications is the Citizens Band (CB) radio

service.

2.4.3 Security Measures

Communications security is becoming increasingly important. Presently, the general public can

purchase any one of several different radio receivers that will allow them to monitor virtually

any and all public safety communications. As a result, secure communications may be difficult

to achieve unless measures are incorporated into the planning of a communication system.

Security measures that can be incorporated into a communication system include, but are not

limited to, digital encryption of radio signals, voice inversion, digitizing of voice and data as in a

digital system, and use of digital cellular or PCS telephone circuits. Security may also be

improved by the use of spread spectrum techniques. No single security measure is appropriate

for every situation, nor is it necessarily true that all security technologies will work with, or are

appropriate for, all communication systems. Encryption systems may require extensive planning

and coordination to ensure compatibility and interoperability. It is best to consult with the radio

manufacturer’s sales and technical personnel for the most reliable and accurate information

regarding current encryption technologies and their uses.
11

2.4.4 Interoperability and Networking

Interoperability is the process of connecting different groups using different radio systems and

communication technologies (telephones, radios, cellular communications, and satellite

communications) so that they can communicate directly with one another without having to go

through multiple dispatchers or relay personnel. In the context of communications,

interoperability describes the situation where different communication systems that are otherwise

incompatible with one another work together without relying on the addition of considerably

more manpower. An example of interoperability would be where a police radio system can

“directly” exchange information (voice or data) with the National Guard radio system or the

FEMA radio system; or a municipality’s public works department using a Motorola Type I

Trunked System can “directly” exchange information (voice or data) with the adjacent

jurisdiction’s fire department which uses a Com-Net Ericsson EDACS Trunked System. Some

trunked radio systems may allow for interoperability between different talk groups and may

allow the connection of third party dispatch systems. Integration with other communication

systems may also be permitted. These systems may include private automatic branch exchange

(PABX) systems, data networks, cordless extensions, and paging systems. Examples of data

networks that a radio system may be interoperable with are automatic vehicle location and

Geographic Positioning Satellite systems. Another example is a telephone interconnect system

where telephone calls are patched through the radio system.

Simply stated, a communications interconnect system allows telephones, cell phones, radios on

different frequencies, proprietary formats, trunked talk groups, and conventional radio networks

to communicate with each other using interface modules. The interconnect system can allow for

several two-way and conference calls to occur simultaneously. There is no need for a dispatcher

to connect one system to another system as the cross-connection operations are unmanned. This

can result in a much greater interoperability between equipment and organizations. Figure 2–7 is

the JPS TRP-1000 Transportable Radio Interconnect System, and Figure 2−8 shows the

Communications Applied Technology (C-AT) ICRI battery powered, man-carry radio

interconnect “switch. ”

2.4.5 Incident Management and Assessment Tools

In developing the Chemical-Biological defense equipment guides, a number of incident

management and assessment tools were identified that are available to the emergency first

responder community. Several of these tools, as well as their internet addresses, are listed in the

following paragraphs.
12

Figure 2–7. TRP-1000 transportable

radio interconnect system, JPS

Figure 2-8. ICIR man-carry radio

interconnect switch, C-AT

Consequence Assessment Tool (CATS) is a disaster analysis system for Natural and

Technological Hazards that was developed for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)

and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). It is supplied with over 150

databases and map layers to help the emergency response organizations before (for training and

planning), during (to assess quickly and accurately), and after (to obtain information and

support) a disaster. It can be customized per user requirements. The internet address for CATS

is http://cats.saic.com/main.html.

Chemical Biological Response Aide (COBRA) is an internet site that offers a family of products

and services for the emergency first responder. The COBRA Guide 2000 is an interactive,

electronic version of the Department of Transportation’s (DOT) 2000 Emergency Response

Guide book. The web site is www.defensegp.com/cobraproducts.cfm.

E Team is an internet-based workflow management application designed for emergency

responders. This software is Incident Command System (ICS) compliant, allowing

communication and data sharing between all command posts and operations centers. It is

designed for incident reporting, resource request tracking, and infrastructure status reporting.

The web site for E Team is http://www.eteam.com.

Each of the listed web sites has additional links to supplemental information for the emergency

first responder.
13

3. COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT SELECTION FACTORS

This section provides a discussion of 14 selection factors that are recommended for consideration

by the emergency first responder community when selecting and purchasing communications

equipment that can be used in conjunction with chemical and biological protective clothing and

respiratory equipment. These factors were compiled by a panel of scientists and engineers who

have multiple years of experience in communication equipment, domestic preparedness,

emergency and public service communications, and identification of emergency first responder

needs. The factors have also been shared with the emergency first responder community in order

to get their thoughts and comments.

It is anticipated that, as additional input is received from the emergency first responder

community, additional factors may be added or existing factors may be modified. These factors

were developed so that communications equipment could be compared and contrasted in order to

assist with the selection and purchase of the most appropriate equipment. It is important to note

that the evaluation conducted using the 14 selection factors was based solely upon vendorsupplied data and no independent evaluation of equipment was conducted in the development of

this guide. The vendor-supplied data can be found in its entirety in Volume II.

Prior to discussing each of the selection factors, it is important to note that although weight was

considered an important selection factor for several of the other guides, weight was not included

as a selection factor for communication equipment. By definition, a portable radio is light

(< 2 lb), a mobile radio is attached to a vehicle (therefore weight is not critical), and repeaters are

generally operated at a fixed location.

The results of the evaluation of the communication equipment against the 14 selection factors are

provided in section 4. The remainder of this section defines each of the selection factors.

3.1 Maximum Transmitter Output Power

The transmitter output power refers to the maximum output power of the transmitter. For

portable radios, too high an output power leads to a shortened battery use cycle (the time

between battery recharging or replacing), or too low output can put the life of the responder

operating the radio in jeopardy as the signal may not be able to be picked up by a repeater or

another receiver.

The above limitations do not apply to mobile radios or repeaters since they have a higher output

and an external power source.

3.2 Secure Communications Compatibility

Secure communications is the ability to encrypt and decrypt communications signals. Once

properly encrypted, the communication equipment can transmit any signal.
14

3.3 Programmability

This selection factor defines how restrictive the radio programming is for the communications

equipment. Programming communications equipment focuses primarily on the ability to add or

delete channels. Depending on the equipment, the ability to program or reprogram a radio may

be limited to authorized personnel and/or vendors. The equipment may be able to be

programmed by the end user as well.

3.4 User Capability

User capability refers to the ability of the communication system to simultaneously support

different types of users (e.g., fire, EMS, Command, and law enforcement). An “unlimited

capability” refers to the ability of the equipment and/or system to support all users without any

restrictions whatsoever. A “fixed capability” refers to a system that allows communications only

within each group, with Command Officers, and with other groups via a “shared mutual aid”

channel. “Restrictive capability” refers to a system that allows users to communicate only with

others within their own user group and to Command Officers. A Command Officer can

communicate with other Command Officers as well as all the user groups in the chain of

command.

3.5 Line of Sight

Line of sight refers to the distance that transmissions can occur in a clear area (no obstructions

such as skyscrapers, forests, etc.) without a repeater.

3.6 Power Requirements

Power requirements indicate whether specific equipment can operate on a battery and/or ac

electrical power. Since power requirements are inherently different for portable and

mobile/repeater equipment items, separate selection factors for these equipment items are

presented.

3.7 Battery Life

Battery life is the ability of the portable radio equipped with an approved battery to operate at

maximum transmitter power for an 8 h duty shift when used in a 5/5/90 operating mode (5 % of

the time transmitting, 5 % of the time receiving with the squelch being broken, 90 % of the time

receiving with the squelch not being broken––“standby”). To squelch is the ability to silence the

radio in the absence of a desired incoming radio signal. This selection factor is only relevant for

portable radios.

3.8 Battery Locking Ability

Battery locking ability considers how securely the battery is attached to the radio. This selection

factor is only relevant for portable radios.
15

3.9 Vehicular Adapter (Portable Radios)

Vehicular adapter refers to whether the portable radio has an optional vehicular adapter

accessory. The vehicular adapter accessory allows the portable radio to act like a mobile radio.

3.10 Digital Communications Compatibility

Digital communications compatibility refers to whether the radio is capable of digital

communication with or without an adapter (a manufacturer or third party supplied module

installed in the radio that permits operation on a digital communication system).

3.11 Durability

The durability of a piece of equipment describes the ruggedness of the equipment (i.e., can the

equipment be dropped from several feet or submersed in water and still operate).

3.12 Unit Cost

Unit cost is the cost of the radio equipment, including the cost of all support equipment and

consumables. This factor, in conjunction with other selection factors, can help the user decide if

a radio will be deemed suitable for disposal after use, suitable for special uses only, or suitable

for all uses.

3.13 Operator Skill Requirements

Operator skill level refers to the skill level and training required for the operation of the

equipment.

3.14 Training Requirements

Training requirements are the amount of instruction time required for the operator to become

proficient in the operation of the instrument. For example, higher-end equipment such as a

repeater requires more in-depth training than a portable radio; therefore, this selection factor has

different criteria for portable and mobile/repeater equipment items.

Details on the manner in which the selection factors were used to assess the equipment are

presented in table 3–1.
16

Table 3-1. Selection factor key for communication equipment

February 2001

Maximum Transmitter

Power Output 

Secure Communications 

Compatibility 

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements

(Portable) 

Power Requirements

(Mobile and Repeater) 

Battery Life (Portable)

Battery Locking Ability

(Portable) 

Vehicular Adapter

(Portable) 

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements

(Portable) 

Training Requirements

(Mobile and Repeater) 

Power output 

of 3 W to 6 W

Capable of 

secure 

transmissions 

without an 

accessory

Can be 

programmed/ 

reprogrammed 

by authorized 

personnel

Unlimited 

capability

Transmission 

can travel 10 

miles or more

Operates off 

battery pack, 

external dc, or 

ac adapter

Uses 12 V dc 

to 15 V dc

Equal to or 

greater than 

8 h

Battery 

securely 

locked into 

place on the 

radio and 

cannot be 

dislodged by 

bumping or 

dropping

Has vehicle 

adapter (with 

built-in 

amplifier) that 

connects to 

vehicle's 

electrical 

system and 

external 

antenna 

Capable of 

digital 

transmissions 

without an 

adaptor

Designed for 

rugged use 

and is 

submersible 

in water

Less than or 

equal to $500 

per unit

No special 

skills or 

training 

required

No special 

training 

required

No special 

training 

required

Operates off 

battery pack or 

external dc 

adapter

Power output 

of more than 

1.5 W but less 

than 3 W

Capable of 

secure 

transmissions 

with an 

accessory

Can be 

programmed/ 

reprogrammed 

by vendor only

Fixed 

capability

Transmission 

can travel 5 

miles to 10 

miles 

Operates off 

battery pack or 

ac adapter

Uses 120/220 

V ac

Greater than 

4 h but less 

than 8 h

Capable of 

digital 

transmissions 

with an 

adaptor

Designed for 

rugged use 

but is not 

submersible in 

water

Greater than 

$500 but less 

than $1000 

per unit

No special 

skills but some 

training 

required

Less than 60 

min training 

required

Less than 8 h 

training 

required

Power output 

of less than 

1.5 W

Not capable of 

secure 

transmissions

Can be 

programmed/ 

reprogrammed 

by the end 

user

Restrictive 

capability

Transmission 

can travel less 

than 5 miles

Operates off 

battery pack 

only

Uses voltage 

other than 

standard 12 V 

dc to 15 V dc 

or 110/220 V 

ac

Less than 4 h

Battery not 

locked into 

place

Does not have 

optional 

vehicle 

adapter

Not capable 

of digital

transmissions

Designed for 

standard use 

only

Greater than 

$1000 per unit

Technical 

background 

required to 

operate 

equipment

More than 60 

min training 

required

More than 8 h 

training 

required

The gray cells designate that the symbol is not applicable for the selection factor.

A duplicate of this table is provided for quick reference (as Table 4-12).
17

4. COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT EVALUATION

An extensive market survey was conducted to identify commercially available communication

equipment. The market survey, which included the identification of new equipment and

interaction with numerous equipment vendors, identified 181 different communication

equipment items. Section 4, of this volume, documents the results of evaluating each equipment

item versus the 14 selection factors identified in sec. 3. Section 4.1 defines the equipment usage

categories and sec. 4.2 discusses the evaluation results. Volume II of this guide provides details

of the market survey, as well as data on each piece of equipment.

4.1 Equipment Categories

To display the evaluation results in a meaningful format, the communication equipment was

grouped into four categories primarily based on physical size and power requirements of the

equipment. The following types of communication equipment in this guide are portable, mobile,

base, and repeater.

• Portable equipment is small and self-contained transceivers (transmitter and receiver) that are

easily carried by personnel.

• Mobile equipment is a transceiver that operates from the electrical supply of a vehicle and is

typically connected to an external antenna.

• A base is a transceiver that typically operates from the electrical system of a building and is

connected to an external antenna.

• A repeater is a radio that receives and retransmits signals from portable, mobile, and base

radios to extend the range of all of the radios.

4.2 Evaluation Results

The evaluation results for the communication equipment are presented in tabular format for the

181 items of communication equipment that were identified at the time this guide was written. A

table is presented for each equipment category (see sec. 4.1); the portable and mobile radios are

further divided by their trunking capability. The rating of each item is indicated by a symbol:

the open symbol indicates that the item does not meet the conditions of a specific selection

factor, the partially filled circles indicate that the equipment partially meets the conditions of a

selection factor, and the full circle indicates that the piece of equipment totally meets the

conditions of a selection factor. The acronym “TBD” (to be determined) is displayed in the

appropriate cell if data were not available to characterize a specific selection factor. The

acronym “NA” is displayed in the appropriate cell if the data were not applicable for a piece of

equipment. Table 4–1 provides the table number and associated table pages for each of the nine

usage categories and the selection factor table.
18

Table 4–1. Evaluation results reference table

Table Name Table Number Page(s)

Portable (Conventional and Trunked) 4–3 20–25

Portable (Conventional) 4–4 26–30

Portable (Trunked) 4–5 31

Mobile (Conventional and Trunked) 4–6 32–35

Mobile (Conventional) 4–7 36–37

Mobile (Trunked) 4–8 38

Repeater 4–9 39–40

Base 4–10 41

Base Station and/or Repeater 4–11 42

Selection Factor Key for

Communication Equipment

4–12 43

4.2.1 Portable

The results of categorizing the communication equipment are detailed in table 4–2. Radio

equipment was further divided by the communication technology (see sec. 2.1) of each

communication item.

There were 100 portable detectors identified in the development of this guide. These 100

portable radios were further divided into three subcategories identifying their trunking capability.

There were 55 portable radios using the conventional technology (see sec. 2.1.1.1) that were also

capable of trunking (with or without an accessory). There were 44 portable radios using the

conventional technology only. There was one portable radio identified as using only the

trunking technology (see sec. 2.1.1.2). Tables 4–3, 4–4, and 4–5 detail the evaluation results for

all three of these subcategories, respectively.

4.2.2 Mobile

There were 54 mobile radios identified in the development of this guide. These 54 mobile radios

were further divided into three subcategories identifying their trunking capability. There were 33

mobile radios using the conventional technology that were also capable of trunking (with or

without an accessory). There were 19 mobile radios using the conventional technology only.

There were two mobile radios identified as using only the trunking technology. Tables 4−6, 4–7,

and 4−8 detail the evaluation results for all three of these subcategories, respectively.

4.2.3 Base Station/Repeaters

There were 27 base or repeater systems identified in the development of this guide. These 27

base or repeater systems were further divided into three subcategories (repeater, base station, or

base station/repeater). There were 17 repeater systems, four base systems, and six base

station/repeater systems.
19

4.2.3.1 Repeater

There were 17 repeater systems identified in the development of this guide. These 17 repeater

systems were further divided into three subcategories identifying their trunking capability. There

were four repeater systems using conventional technology that were also capable of trunking

(with or without an accessory). There were 12 repeater systems using conventional technology.

There was one repeater system identified as using only trunking technology. Table 4–9 details

the evaluation results for the repeater communications equipment.

4.2.3.2 Base Station

There were four base stations identified in the development of this guide. All four of these

systems used conventional technology. Table 4–10 details the evaluation results for the base

stations.

4.2.3.3 Base Station/Repeater

There were six base/repeater systems identified in the development of this guide. These six

repeater systems were further divided into three subcategories identifying their trunking

capability. There were five systems using conventional technology that were also capable of

trunking (with or without an accessory). There was one system using only conventional

technology, and no systems using only trunking technology. Table 4–11 details the evaluation

results for the repeater/base station equipment.

Table 4–2. Communication equipment technology format

Communication Format Radio Type Both Conventional Trunked Total

Portable 55 44 1 100

Mobile 33 19 2 54

Repeater 4* 12* 1* 17

Base 0* 4* 0* 4

Base Station and/or Repeater 5* 1* 0* 6

Total 97 80 4 181

*Separate base, repeaters, and base/repeater tables were not created for conventional and trunked

technologies.
20

Table 4-3. Portable communication equipment (conventional and trunked)

February 2001

5 EDACSTM LPE-200TM

Portable 800 MHz, 

900 MHz 

9

10 ComNet Ericsson Jaguar 

Transceiver, Portable; 

Jaguar 700P, 800 MHz TBD

11 ComNet Ericsson M-RKTM

Analog Portable, M-RK I

12 ComNet Ericsson M-RKTM 

Analog Portable, M-RK II

13 ComNet Ericsson M-RKTM 

Analog Portable, M-RK II 

Scan

23

32 EFJohnson Transceiver, 

Portable; 77xx-800 MHz

TBD

33 EFJohnson Transceiver, 

Portable; 98xx-800 MHz

NA NA NA

34 EFJohnson Transceiver, 

Portable; 501x VHF

TBD

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

ID # 

Equipment Name 

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output 

Secure Communications

Compati

Digital Communications

bility 

Compatibility 

ProVoiceTM LPE-200TM 

Portable 800 MHz 

ProVoiceTM JaguarTM 700P, 

800 MHz
ID # 

Equipment Name

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

35 EFJohnson Transceiver, 

Portable; 504x UHF

TBD

36 EFJohnson Transceiver, 

Portable; 508x-800 MHz

TBD

39 Icom VHF Transceiver, 

Portable; IC-F3

40 Icom VHF Transceiver, 

Portable; IC-F3S 

41 Icom VHF Transceiver, 

Portable; IC-F3GT/

IC-F3GTS

42 Icom UHF Transceiver, 

Portable; IC-F4

43 Icom UHF Transceiver, 

Portable; IC-F4S 

44 Icom UHF Transceiver, 

Portable; IC-F4GT/

IC-F4GTS

49 Icom VHF Transceiver, 

Portable; IC-F30GS/

IC-F30GT 

50 Icom VHF Transceiver, 

Portable; IC-F30LT Land 

Use; IC-F30LT Marine 

Version

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

Table 4-3. Portable communication equipment (conventional and trunked)

February 2001

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output 

Secure Communications

Compati

Digital Communications

bility 

Compatibility 

21
51 Icom UHF Transceiver, 

Portable; IC-F40GS/

IC-F40GT

52 Icom UHF Transceiver, 

Portable; IC-F40LT Land 

Use; IC-F40M/IC-F40LT 

Marine Version

55 Kenwood Synthesized FM 

Portable Radio; TK-260/G

56 Kenwood Synthesized FM 

Portable Radio; TK-270/G

57 Kenwood Synthesized FM 

Portable Radio; TK-360/G

58 Kenwood Synthesized FM 

Portable Radio; TK-370/G

80 Kenwood Synthesized FM 

Portable Radio/Trunked 

System; TK-280

81 Kenwood Synthesized FM 

Portable Radio/Trunked 

System; TK-380

82 Kenwood 800/900 MHz FM 

Transceiver; TK-480 and 

TK-480 NPSPAC

84 Kenwood Trunked Portable 

Radios; TK-930HDK2 

NSPAC NA NA NA

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

ID # 

Equipment Name 

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Table 4-3. Portable communication equipment (conventional and trunked)

February 2001

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

22
90 Motorola Astro Transceiver, 

Portable; Saber 1

TBD TBD TBD

91 Motorola Astro Transceiver, 

Portable; Saber 2

TBD TBD TBD

92 Motorola Astro Transceiver, 

Portable; Saber 3

TBD TBD TBD

93 Motorola Astro Transceiver, 

Portable; XTS 3000 Model 1

TBD TBD TBD

94 Motorola Astro Transceiver, 

Portable; XTS 3000 Model 2

TBD TBD TBD

95 Motorola Astro Transceiver, 

Portable; XTS 3000 Model 3

TBD TBD TBD

96 Motorola Astro Transceiver, 

Portable; XTS 3000R Series 

Models 1, 2, & 3 TBD TBD TBD

108 Motorola Transceiver, 

Portable; MT 2000 VHF TBD TBD TBD

109 Motorola Transceiver, 

Portable; MTS 2000 

Model I TBD TBD TBD

110 Motorola Transceiver, 

Portable; MTS 2000 

Model II TBD TBD TBD

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

ID # 

Equipment Name

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Table 4-3. Portable communication equipment (conventional and trunked)

February 2001

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

23
111 Motorola Transceiver, 

Portable; MTS 2000 

Model III TBD TBD TBD

112 Motorola Trunked Portable 

Radio; MTX 8000 Model B3

TBD TBD TBD TBD

113 Motorola Trunked Portable 

Radio; MTX 8000 Model B5

TBD TBD TBD TBD

114 Motorola Trunked Portable 

Radio; MTX 8000/9000 

Model B7 TBD TBD TBD TBD

145 Maxon UHF Transceiver, 

Portable; SP-150U

162 Vertex HX Series; HX482UT 

UHF Portable

TBD TBD TBD

163 Vertex HX Series; HX580 

Dual Protocol Hand Held

TBD TBD TBD TBD

164 Vertex VX Series; VX-210V 

(VHF Model)

TBD TBD TBD

165 Vertex VX Series; VX-210U 

(UHF Model)

TBD TBD TBD

166 Vertex VX Series; VX-400V 

(VHF Model)

TBD TBD TBD

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

ID # 

Equipment Name

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Table 4-3. Portable communication equipment (conventional and trunked)

February 2001

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output

Secure Communications

Co

Digital Communications

mpatibility 

Compatibility 

24
167 Vertex VX Series; VX-400U 

(UHF Model)

TBD TBD TBD

168 Vertex VX Series; VX-500

TBD TBD TBD TBD

169 Vertex VX Series; VX510LX (Low Band VHF) 

TBD TBD TBD

170 Vertex VX Series; VX-510V 

(VHF Model)

TBD TBD TBD

171 Vertex VX Series; VX-510U 

(UHF Model)

TBD TBD TBD

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

ID # 

Equipment Name 

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Table 4-3. Portable communication equipment (conventional and trunked)

February 2001

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

25
1 Communications-Applied 

Technology; AWIS Portable 

Radio

3 Communications-Applied 

Technology; QB Series: 

QB-3S, QB-3S/IS/ QB-3R 

Portable Radios

NA

6

Portable VHF, UHF, 800 

MHz, M-RK I

7 EDACSTM M-RKTM AegisTM 

Portable VHF, UHF, 800 

MHz, M-RK II 

8 EDACSTM M-RKTM AegisTM 

Portable VHF, UHF, 800 

MHz, M-RK II SCAN

19 ComNet Ericsson Panther 

Transceiver, Portable; 

Panther 400P

20 ComNet Ericsson Panther 

Transceiver, Portable; 

Panther 500P

21 ComNet Ericsson Panther 

Transceiver, Portable; 

Panther 600P TBD

22 ComNet Ericsson Panther 

Transceiver, Portable; 

Panther 625P TBD

74 Kenwood Transceiver, 

Portable; TK-2100

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

ID # 

Equipment Name 

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Table 4-4. Portable communication equipment (conventional)

February 2001

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output 

Secure Communications

Co

Digital Communications

mpatibility 

Compatibility 

EDACSTM M-RKTM AegisTM 

26
75 Kenwood Transceiver, 

Portable; TK-3100

76 Kenwood Transceiver, 

Portable; TK-3101

77 Kenwood VHF FM 

Transceivers; TK-290

78 Kenwood UHF FM 

Transceivers; TK-390

105 Motorola Transceiver, 

Portable; VISAR

TBD TBD TBD

106 Motorola Transceiver, 

Portable; HT 1000

TBD TBD TBD TBD

107 Motorola Transceiver, 

Portable; JT 1000

TBD TBD TBD TBD

118 Racal Transceiver, Portable; 

MBITR (Multiband Inter/Intra 

Team Radio)

119 Racal Transceiver, Portable; 

MSHR (Miniature Secure 

Handheld Radio)

120 Racal Transceiver, Portable; 

20 Meter MSHR

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

ID # 

Equipment Name

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Table 4-4. Portable communication equipment (conventional)

February 2001

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

27
121 Racal Transceiver, Portable; 

Racal 25

TBD

125 BK Synthesized FM E Series 

DES EPH 599, EPU 499 

and EPV 499 Models TBD TBD TBD TBD

126 BK Synthesized FM Portable 

Radio; E Series, EPH 51 

and 52 Models TBD TBD TBD TBD

127 BK Synthesized FM Portable 

Radio; E Series, EPI 510 

Models TBD TBD TBD TBD

128 BK Synthesized FM Portable 

Radio; E Series, EPU & EPV 

414 and 499 Models TBD TBD TBD TBD

130 BK Radio FM Transceiver, 

Portable; G Series, GPH 

Models TBD TBD TBD TBD

133 Relm Portable Radios; 

MPU08 (UHF) 

TBD TBD TBD TBD

134 Relm Portable Radios; 

MPU32 (UHF)

TBD TBD TBD TBD

135 Relm Portable Radios; 

MPV32 (VHF)

TBD TBD TBD TBD

141 Maxon VHF/UHF 

Transceiver, Portable; 

SP-120

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

ID # 

Equipment Name

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Table 4-4. Portable communication equipment (conventional)

February 2001

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

28
142 Maxon VHF/UHF 

Transceiver, Portable; 

SP-130/SP-140

143 Maxon VHF/UHF 

Transceiver, Portable; 

SP-200

144 Maxon VHF/UHF 

Transceiver, Portable; 

SP-300

146 Vertex Dual Band (VHF & 

UHF) Transceiver, Portable; 

FTH-2070 TBD TBD

152 Vertex VX Series; VX-10V 

(VHF Model)

TBD TBD TBD

153 Vertex VX Series; VX-10U 

(UHF Model)

TBD TBD TBD

154 Vertex VX Series; VX-300 

TBD

155 Vertex HX Series; HX120 

UHF Portable

TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

156 Vertex HX Series; HX120 

VHF Portable

TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

157 Vertex HX Series; HX140 

VHF Portable

TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

ID # 

Equipment Name

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output

Secure Communications

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Digital Communications

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Table 4-4. Portable communication equipment (conventional)

February 2001

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

29
158 Vertex HX Series; HX381 

VHF Portable

TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

159 Vertex HX Series; HX381 

UHF Portable

TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

160 Vertex HX Series; HX240 

VHF Portable

TBD TBD TBD

161 Vertex HX Series; HX240 

UHF Portable

TBD TBD TBD

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

ID # 

Equipment Name

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Table 4-4. Portable communication equipment (conventional)

February 2001

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

30
83 Kenwood 800/900 MHz FM 

Transceiver; TK-481

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

Table 4-5. Portable communication equipment (trunked)

February 2001

ID # 

Equipment Name

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

31
15 ComNet Ericsson Orion 

Mobile Radio NA NA NA

25 ProVoiceTM OrionTM 

Mobile 800 MHz NA NA NA

37 EFJohnson Transceiver; 

531x VHF NA NA NA TBD TBD TBD

38 EFJohnson Transceiver; 

538x-800 MHz NA NA NA TBD TBD TBD

45 Icom VHF Mobile 

Transceiver; IC-F1020 NA NA NA

46 Icom UHF Mobile 

Transceiver; IC-F2020 NA NA NA

47 Icom VHF Mobile 

Transceiver; IC-F320/

IC-F420 NA NA NA

48 Icom UHF Mobile 

Transceiver; IC-F320S/

IC-F420S NA NA NA

59 Kenwood Compact 

Synthesized FM Mobile 

Radio; TK-760G NA NA NA

60 Kenwood Compact 

Synthesized FM Mobile 

Radio; TK-860G NA NA NA

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

Table 4-6. Mobile communication equipment (conventional and trunked)

February 2001

ID # 

Equipment Name 

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility

Compatibility 

32
61 Kenwood Compact 

Synthesized FM Mobile 

Radio; TK-762G NA NA NA

62 Kenwood Compact 

Synthesized FM Mobile 

Radio; TK-862G NA NA NA

72 Kenwood VHF/UHF Mobile 

Radio; TK-780 NA NA NA

73 Kenwood VHF/UHF Mobile 

Radio; TK-880 NA NA NA

85 Kenwood Trunked 

Compact Mobile Radio; 

TK-980 NA NA NA

86 Kenwood Trunked 

Compact Mobile Radio;

TK-81 NA NA NA

97 Motorola Dual Mode 

Mobile; MCS 2000 Mobile 

Model II NA NA NA

98 Motorola Dual Mode 

Mobile; MCS 2000 Mobile 

Model II NA NA NA TBD

99 Motorola Dual Mode 

Mobile; MCS 2000 Mobile 

Model III NA NA NA TBD

100 Motorola Transceiver; 

Astro Digital Spectra W3 NA NA NA

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

Table 4-6. Mobile communication equipment (conventional and trunked)

February 2001

ID # 

Equipment Name 

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Maximum Transmitte

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

r Power 

Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

33
101 Motorola Transceiver; 

Astro Spectra W4 NA NA NA TBD

102 Motorola Transceiver; 

Astro Spectra W5 NA NA NA

103 Motorola Transceiver; 

Astro Spectra W7 NA NA NA

104 Motorola Transceiver; 

Astro Spectra W9 NA NA NA

147 Vertex FTL Series; 

FTL-1011 (VHF LowBand) NA NA NA TBD

148 Vertex FTL Series; 

FTL-1011H (VHF 

LowBand HiPower) NA NA NA TBD

149 Vertex FTL Series; 

FTL-2011 (VHF Highband) NA NA NA TBD

150 Vertex FTL Series; 

FTL-7011 (UHF) NA NA NA TBD

172 Vertex VX Series; 

VX-2000V Mobile Radio 

(VHF) NA NA NA TBD

173 Vertex VX Series; 

VX-2000U Mobile Radio 

(UHF) NA NA NA TBD

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

Table 4-6. Mobile communication equipment (conventional and trunked)

February 2001

ID # 

Equipment Name 

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

34
174 Vertex VX Series; 

VX-3000L (VHF Lowband) NA NA NA TBD

175 Vertex VX Series; 

VX-3000V (VHF) NA NA NA TBD

176 Vertex VX Series; 

VX-3000U (UHF) NA NA NA TBD

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

Table 4-6. Mobile communication equipment (conventional and trunked)

February 2001

ID # 

Equipment Name 

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Maximum Transmitte

Training Requirements 

r Power 

Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

35
17 ComNet Ericsson Panther 

Transceiver, Mobile Panther 

400M NA NA NA

18 ComNet Ericsson Panther 

Transceiver, Mobile Panther 

600M NA NA NA

63 Kenwood Compact 

Synthesized FM Mobile 

Radio; TK-760H NA NA NA

64 Kenwood Compact 

Synthesized FM Mobile 

Radio; TK-860H NA NA NA

65 Kenwood Compact 

Synthesized FM Mobile 

Radio; TK-762H NA NA NA

66 Kenwood Compact 

Synthesized FM Mobile 

Radio; TK-862H NA NA NA

67 Kenwood Public Safety 

Mobile FM Radios;

TK-690H NA NA NA

68 Kenwood Public Safety 

Mobile FM Radios; TK-790

NA NA NA

69 Kenwood Public Safety 

Mobile FM Radios; 

TK-790H NA NA NA

70 Kenwood Public Safety 

Mobile FM Radios; TK-890

NA NA NA

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

Table 4-7. Mobile communication equipment (conventional)

February 2001

ID # 

Equipment Name

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

36
71 Kenwood Public Safety 

Mobile FM Radios;

TK-890H NA NA NA

123 BK Radio FM Transceiver; 

EMH 599 2X

NA NA NA TBD

124 BK Synthesized FM Mobile 

Radio; EMV

TBD NA NA NA TBD

131 BK Radio Airborne 

Transceiver; KFM 985

NA NA NA TBD TBD

132 Relm Mobile Radio; 256NB 

NA NA NA TBD TBD TBD

136 Relm Mobile Radios; 

SMV2516

NA NA NA TBD

137 Relm Mobile Radios; 

SMV4016

NA NA NA TBD

139 Maxon Scanning 

Transceiver; SM-2000 

Series NA NA NA

140 Maxon Scanning 

Transceiver; SM-4000 

Series NA NA NA

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

Table 4-7. Mobile communication equipment (conventional)

February 2001

ID # 

Equipment Name

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

37
79 Kenwood Trunked Mobile 

Radio; TK-980 NSPAC

NA NA NA

151 Vertex GX4800UT Mobile 

Transceiver

NA NA NA TBD TBD

Table 4-8. Mobile communication equipment (trunked)

February 2001

ID # 

Equipment Name 

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Battery Life

Battery Locking Ability

Vehicular Adapter

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

Maximum Transmitter Power 

Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

38
2 Communications-Applied

Technology; DWIS Portable

Repeater System 

Conventional

or Trunking,

Digital DSSS

TOMA 

4 Communications-Applied

Technology; QB Series

Repeater: Portable Repeater

Systems 

Conventional

NA

14 ComNet Ericsson Repeater;

MASTR III 

Conventional

or Trunking 

NA NA

16 ComNet Ericsson Repeater;

Orion Transportable Repeater 

Conventional

or Trunking 

NA NA

27 EFJohnson Auris Repeater;

RS-5601 VHF; Single Channel 

Conventional

Digital 

NA NA

28 EFJohnson Auris Digital

Repeater; RS-5611 VHF; Dual

Channel 

Conventional

Digital 

NA NA

31 EFJohnson Auris Repeater;

RS-5604 (Single Channel)/5614

(Dual Channel) UHF 

Conventional

NA NA

53 Modular Interconnect System,

ACU-1000 

Conventional

Modular 

Interconnect 

Communications

Interoperability

System 

NA NA TBD TBD TBD

54 Transportable Radio Interconnect

System, TRP-1000 

Trunking/ 

Conventional 

Transportable 

Interconnect/ 

Communications

Interoperability

System

NA NA TBD TBD TBD

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

Table 4-9. Repeaters communication equipment 

February 2001

ID # 

Equipment Name 

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Maximum Transmitter 

Power Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

39
88 Kenwood VHF/UHF Repeater; 

TKR-720

Conventional 

Desktop 

Repeater NA NA

89 Kenwood UHF Repeater; 

TKR-820

Conventional 

Desktop 

Repeater NA NA

117 Motorola Portable Repeater; 

Portable Repeater 2

Conventional 

NA NA TBD

129 BK Repeater; ERU Series Conventional 

NA NA TBD

138 Maxon VHF/UHF RF Link 

Module; SD-125

Link Conventional 

RF Link 

(Repeater) 

Module 

NA NA NA

177 Vertex Repeaters; VXR-1000 

(VHF)

Conventional 

Mobile 

Repeaters NA NA TBD

178 Vertex Repeaters; VXR-1000 

(UHF)

Conventional 

Mobile 

Repeater NA NA TBD

179 Vertex Repeaters; VXR-5000 

(VHF)

Trunking 

Mobile 

Repeater NA NA TBD TBD

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

Table 4-9. Repeaters communication equipment 

February 2001

ID # 

Equipment Name

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Maximum Transmitter 

Power Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

40
26 EFJohnson Auris Digital Base 

Station; RS-5601 VHF; Single 

Channel

Conventional 

Digital Base 

Station NA NA

29 EFJohnson Auris Digital Base 

Station; RS-5611 VHF; Dual 

Channel

Conventional 

Digital Base 

Station NA NA

87 Kenwood VHF Base 

Tranceiver; TKB-720

Conventional 

Base Radio

NA

122 BK Base Station; EBU Series Conventional 

Base Station

NA NA TBD TBD

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

Table 4-10. Base station communication equipment 

February 2001

ID # 

Equipment Name

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Maximum Transmitter 

Power Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

41
24 ProVoiceTM MASTRTM 

III Base Station 800 MHz 

Mobile Base Station or 

Repeater (Trunking is the 

primary operating mode) NA NA

30 EFJohnson Auris Digital 

Repeater/Basestation; RS-5604 

(Single Channel)/5614 (Dual 

Channel) UHF

Digital Base Station 

(Conventional)

NA NA

115 Motorola Station/Repeater; 

QUANTAR

Functions as a Base Station or 

Repeater (Conventional or 

Trunking) NA NA

116 Motorola Station/Repeater; 

QUANTRO

Base Station/Repeater 

(Conventional/Trunking)

NA NA

180 Vertex Repeaters or Base 

Station; VXR-5000 (UHF)

Mobile Base Station or

Repeater (Conventional; 

Trunking Capable with 

Optional Accessory Board) 

NA NA TBD NA TBD

181 Vertex Repeater or Base 

Station; VXR-7000 (VHF)

Mobile Base Station or

Repeater (Conventional; 

Optional VX-Trunk Operation) NA NA TBD NA TBD

‘TBD (to be determined) - there is currently no data available to support that selection factor.

‘NA’ - data field is not applicable for this piece of equipment.

See Table 4-12 for selection factor definitions.

Table 4-11. Base station and/or repeater communication equipment 

February 2001

ID # 

Equipment Name

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Training Requirements 

Maximum Transmitter 

Power Output 

Secure Communications

Digital Communications

Compatibility 

Compatibility 

42
Maximum Transmitter 

Secure Communications 

Programmability

User Capability

Line of Sight

Power Requirements 

Power Requirements 

Battery Life (Portable)

Battery Locking Ability 

Vehicular Adapter

Digital Communications

Power Output 

Compatibility 

(Portable) 

(Mobile and Repeater) 

(Mobile and Repeater) 

(Portable) 

(Portable)

Compatibility 

Durability

Unit Cost

Operator Skill Level

Trainin

(Portable)

g Requirements 

Training Requirements 

Power output 

of 3 W to 6 W

Capable of 

secure 

transmissions 

without an 

accessory

Can be 

programmed/ 

reprogrammed 

by authorized 

personnel

Unlimited 

capability

Transmission 

can travel 10 

miles or more

Operates off 

battery pack, 

external dc, or 

ac adapter

Uses 12 V dc 

to 15 V dc

Equal to or 

greater than 

8 h

Battery 

securely 

locked into 

place on the 

radio and 

cannot be 

dislodged by 

bumping or 

dropping

Has vehicle 

adapter (with 

built-in 

amplifier) that 

connects to 

vehicle’s 

electrical 

system and 

external 

antenna 

Capable of 

digital 

transmissions 

without an 

adaptor

Designed for 

rugged use 

and is 

submersible in 

water

Less than or 

equal to $500 

per unit

No special 

skills or 

training 

required

No special 

training 

required

No special 

training 

required

Operates off 

battery pack 

or external 

dc adapter

Power output 

of more than 

1.5 W but less 

than 3 W

Capable of 

secure 

transmissions 

with an 

accessory

Can be 

programmed/ 

reprogrammed 

by vendor only

Fixed 

capability

Transmission 

can travel 5 

miles to 10 

miles 

Operates off 

battery pack or 

ac adapter

Uses 120/220 

V ac

Greater than

4 h but less

than 8 h

Capable of 

digital 

transmissions 

with an 

adaptor

Designed for 

rugged use 

but is not 

submersible

in water

Greater than 

$500 but less 

than $1000 

per unit

No special 

skills but

some training 

required

Less than 60 

min training 

required

Less than 8 h 

training 

required

Power output 

of less than 

1.5 W

Not capable of 

secure 

transmissions

Can be 

programmed/ 

reprogrammed 

by the end 

user

Restrictive 

capability

Transmission 

can travel less 

than 5 miles

Operates off 

battery pack 

only

Uses voltage 

other than 

standard 12 V 

dc to 15 V dc 

or 110/220 V 

ac

Less than 4 h

Battery not 

locked into 

place

Does not have 

optional 

vehicle 

adapter

Not capable 

of digital 

transmissions

Designed for 

standard use 

only

Greater than 

$1000 per unit

Technical 

background 

required to 

operate 

equipment

More than 60 

min training 

required

More than 8 h 

training 

required

The gray cells designate that the symbol is not applicable for the selection factor.

Table 4-12. Selection factor key for communication equipment 

February 2001

43
APPENDIX A––RECOMMENDED QUESTIONS ON

COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
A–1

APPENDIX A––RECOMMENDED QUESTIONS ON

COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT5

Buying detection, protection, decontamination, and communication equipment to respond to the

threatened terrorist use of chemical or biological warfare agents may be new for public safety

agencies. To help procurement officials obtain the best value for their domestic preparedness

dollar, a series of questions was excerpted from a report titled: “Domestic Preparedness Program

in Defense of Weapons of Mass Destruction Report on Communication Equipment” (see detailed

reference in appendix B). These questions should assist officials in selecting products from the

large number in the present day marketplace. Requesting vendors to provide written responses

to specific questions may also be helpful in the decision process.

Note: The included question lists are meant as starting points only. The consumer should add

any questions pertinent to a particular application.

Portable Radio Accessories

1. Can I use the accessory with or without a facemask?

2. Can I use the accessory with an encapsulated suit?

3. What radios are compatible with the unit?

4. How does the equipment function in high noise (a lot of electrical or environmental

interference) surroundings?

5. Does the equipment require batteries? How many? What type? Battery life?

6. Is the equipment waterproof?

7. Is the equipment spark proof, intrinsically safe, or explosion proof?

8. Is the product voice activated? Push-to-talk (PTT)? Both? How big is the PTT switch?

9. Can the PTT be activated through a suit? How tactile is the switch?

10. What receiver options are available?

11. Can the unit be decontaminated?

12. Does other protective equipment affect the clarity of communication?

13. Will communication capability be affected by the removal or addition of any personal

protective equipment (PPE)?

14. Is the product ruggedly constructed? What is the warranty period?

15. Who uses the product now? Where? For what application?

16. How much does a complete unit with radio interface cable cost?

17. What is the cost of ownership over time? (i.e., batteries, additional components, etc.)

Portable Radio Capabilities

1. Is voice communication continuous?

2. What is the level of intrinsic safety?

3. What materials are used in the construction of the equipment?

4. Is the equipment waterproof? Immersion proof?

5. What is the power source? Batteries (type)? Other?

 

5The information in Appendix A was provided by the National Domestic Preparedness Office (NDPO) in coordination with the National Institute

of Justice and Technical Support Working Group.
A–2

6. What is the battery life? Is there a low battery warning?

7. Can it be used while wearing breathing apparatus?

8. What kind of accessories are available for the equipment?

9. Are system components and accessories interchangeable?

10. How quickly can the equipment be deployed?

11. Is the equipment shielded against RF or electromagnetic interference?

12. How easy is it to use? How much training is required?

13. How many people can be on the communication system at once?

14. What type of warranty does it come with?

15. Is the equipment built to a quality standard? What standard?
APPENDIX B––REFERENCES
B–1

APPENDIX B––REFERENCES

1. Andy Ibbetson, Domestic Preparedness Program in Defense of Weapons of Mass

Destruction Report on Communication Equipment, CON-SPACE Communication Inc.,

October 26, 1999.
APPENDIX C––EQUIPMENT SAFETY
C–1

APPENDIX C––EQUIPMENT SAFETY6

Types of Electrical Equipment

Some examples of commonly used electrical equipment by rescuers in hazardous locations are

two-way radios, hard-line and sound powered communication systems, gas detectors PASS

devices, pagers, and ventilation equipment. However, electrical equipment, as defined by

Factory Mutual Research in their Approval Standard 3600, is “All items applied as a whole or in

part for the utilization of electrical energy. These include, among others, items for the

generation, transmission, storage, measurement, regulation, conversion, and consumption of

electrical energy and items for telecommunications.”

Equipment Safety

When selecting electrically powered communication equipment for use in a hazardous or

potentially hazardous environment, it is important to choose equipment that has been designed and

approved to be spark proof, explosion proof, or intrinsically safe. The classifications for hazardous

locations are in the National Electrical Code (NFPA 70).

The following is an abbreviated list of the different classifications and what they mean. If there

is any doubt about the approval rating on a particular piece of equipment, check the label. In

North America, all intrinsically safe or explosion proof equipment has to carry a label that lists

the hazardous location or hazardous locations for which it has been tested and approved. If the

hazardous location information is not on the label, it is not approved for that location and, if

there is no label, the equipment is not approved. If the physical size of the equipment prohibits a

listing of approved locations, as a minimum requirement, the equipment will have the mark of

the Nationally Recognized Test Laboratory (NTRL) that did the testing. If there is any question

about the approval status for a piece of electrical equipment, request a copy of the certification

record or approval agreement from the equipment manufacturer or distributor and keep it on file

for future reference.

 

6Appendix C has been copied in its entirety from “Report on Communication Equipment, (Domestic Preparedness Program in Defense of

Weapons of Mass Destruction).” This is a circulated document prepared by Andy Ibbetson, CON-SPACE Communication Inc., October 26,

1999.
C–2

National Electrical Code (NEC) Classifications for Hazardous Locations

Class I Locations where there is a danger of explosion due to flammable gases or vapors

present in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.

Class II Locations where there is a danger of explosion due to the presence of combustible or

electrically conductive dust.

Class III Locations where there is a danger of explosion or flash fire due to the presence of easily

ignitable fibers or flyings.

Classes are separated into Divisions 1 and 2

Division 1 Locations where the gases, vapors, conductive dust, combustible dust, flyings and/or

fibers are present in the air in potentially flammable concentrations continuously,

frequently, or intermittently under normal operating conditions.

Division 2 Locations where the gases, vapors, conductive dust, combustible dust, flyings and/or

fibers might become hazardous in the event of mechanical breakdown, accident, failure,

or the abnormal operation of equipment.

Classes are further divided into Groups

Class I

Group A Acetylene.

Group B Butadiene, Hydrogen, Ethylene Oxide, Propylene Oxide, and Acrolien.

Group C Acetaldehyde, Ethylene, and Ether Vapors.

Group D Acetone, Ammonia, Benzene, Butane, Cyclopropane, Gasoline, Hexane, Methane,

Methanol, Natural Gas, Naptha, and Propane.

Class II

Group E Combustible metal dust including aluminium, magnesium and their commercial alloys.

Group F Combustible carbonaceous dusts including Carbon Black, coal, and charcoal.

Group G Combustible dusts not listed in groups E or F including flour, grain, wood, and plastic.

Class III No Groups.
C–3

Zones

The 1996 version of the National Electrical Code (NEC) included Article 505 – Class I, Zone 0,

1, and 2 Locations. Article 505 specifies an alternative hazardous location identification scheme

for Class I environments. The Zone system does not replace the aforementioned classification

system, but since Zones are common classifications elsewhere in the world, its inclusion in the

NEC should be considered a step toward standardization of I.S. approval standards with other

countries.

Special Note: NEC Article 500–3 states that if Article 505 is used, area classification, wiring,

and equipment selection must be done under the supervision of a qualified Registered

Professional Engineer.

Class 1 – Zones*

Zone 0 Location in which ignitable concentrations of flammable gases and vapors are

present either continuously or for long periods of time.

Zone 1 Location in which ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors that

are likely to exist under normal operating conditions or may exist frequently

because of repair maintenance, leakage, or breakdown. Or the location is

adjacent to a Class I, Zone 0 from which ignitable concentrations could be

communicated, unless prevented by adequate positive pressure ventilation and

safeguards are in place to prevent ventilation failure.

Zone 2 Location in which ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors that

are not likely to occur in normal operation and if they do occur will exist only

for a short period of time. An area where liquids gases or vapors are normally

confined in closed containers or systems that could escape due to an accidental

rupture, breakdown, or abnormal operation of equipment. Or where the

ignitable concentrations are normally prevented by positive mechanical

ventilation but could become hazardous due to the failure or abnormal operation

of the ventilation equipment. Or the location is adjacent to a Class I, Zone 1

from which ignitable concentrations could be communicated, unless prevented

by adequate positive pressure ventilation and safeguards are in place to prevent

ventilation failure.

Group Equivalents

Zone System = Current System

Class I, Group IIc = Class I, Groups A & B

Class I, Group IIb = Class I, Group C

Class I, Group IIa = Class I, Group D

*The above is an abbreviated version of the Zone/Group system and is for information purposes only.

Refer to the NEC Article 505 for complete descriptions of Class I, Zones and Groups.
C–4

Examples of Classifications and Corresponding Rescue Sites

Note: Refer to the National Electrical Code Articles 500, 501, 502, 503, 505 for a complete

description of Hazardous Area Classifications and Group descriptions including an alternative

hazardous location identification scheme (Zone Classification System).

Class I, Divisions 1 & 2

Petroleum refineries, dry cleaning plants, petrochemical plants, hospitals, utilities, aircraft hangers,

paint manufacturers, dip tanks containing flammable or combustible liquids, and spray finishing areas.

Class II, Divisions 1 & 2

Grain elevators, flour and feed mills, confectionery plants, fireworks manufacturing and storage, grain

ships, areas for packaging and handling of pulverized sugar and cocoa, manufacturing and storage of

magnesium or aluminium, spice grinding mills, and some coal handling plants.

Class III, Divisions 1 & 2

Wood working plants, textile mills, cotton gins, cottonseed mills, flax producing plants, knitting mills,

and weaving mills.

NOTE: The above is an example only. Individual group classifications also apply to the above and

were omitted for brevity. To determine Classifications for specific locations, consult with your safety

officer.
ABOUT THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CORRECTIONS

STANDARDS AND TESTING PROGRAM

The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is sponsored by the Office of

Science and Technology of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), U.S. Department of Justice. The program

responds to the mandate of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979, directed NIJ to encourage

research and development to improve the criminal justice system and to disseminate the results to Federal,

State, and local agencies.

The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is an applied research effort that

determines the technological needs of justice system agencies, sets minimum performance standards for

specific devices, tests commercially available equipment against those standards, and disseminates the

standards and the test results to criminal justice agencies nationally and internationally.

The program operates through:

The Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council (LECTAC), consisting of

nationally recognized criminal justice practitioners from Federal, State, and local agencies, which assesses

technological needs and sets priorities for research programs and items to be evaluated and tested.

The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology,

which develops voluntary national performance standards for compliance testing to ensure that individual

items of equipment are suitable for use by criminal justice agencies. The standards are based upon laboratory

testing and evaluation of representative samples of each item of equipment to determine the key attributes,

develop test methods, and establish minimum performance requirements for each essential attribute. In

addition to the highly technical standards, OLES also produces technical reports and user guidelines that

explain in nontechnical terms the capabilities of available equipment.

The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC), operated by a grantee,

which supervises a national compliance testing program conducted by independent laboratories. The

standards developed by OLES serve as performance benchmarks against which commercial equipment is

measured. The facilities, personnel, and testing capabilities of the independent laboratories are evaluated by

OLES prior to testing each item of equipment, and OLES helps the NLECTC staff review and analyze data.

Test results are published in Equipment Performance Reports designed to help justice system procurement

officials make informed purchasing decisions.

Publications are available at no charge through the National Law Enforcement and Corrections

Technology Center. Some documents are also available online through the Internet/World Wide Web. To

request a document or additional information, call 800–248–2742 or 301–519–5060, or write:

National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center

P.O. Box 1160

Rockville, MD 20849–1160

E-Mail: asknlectc@nlectc.org

World Wide Web address: http://www.nlectc.org

This document is not intended to create, does not create, and may not be relied upon to create any rights,

substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by any party in any matter civil or criminal.

Opinions or points of view expressed in this document represent a consensus of the authors and do not

represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. The products and manufacturers

discussed in this document are presented for informational purposes only and do not constitute product

approval or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Justice.

The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice

Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims

of Crime.