Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-19-00050-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF J.E., a Child

From the 131st Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2018-PA-00436

Honorable Charles E. Montemayor, Judge Presiding1

Opinion by: Beth Watkins, Justice

Sitting: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Beth Watkins, Justice

Delivered and Filed: May 15, 2019

AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED

R.A. appeals from the trial court’s termination order. On appeal, R.A. contends the trial 

court erred in terminating his alleged parental rights because the termination contradicts the trial 

court’s finding that R.A. is not the father of the subject child. We agree and affirm the trial court’s 

order as modified. 

BACKGROUND

After J.E. tested positive for amphetamines at birth, the Texas Department of Family and 

Protective Services (“the Department”) filed a petition seeking termination in the event 

reunification was unattainable. The petition alleged E.A. was the mother of three children, R.A. 

 1 The Honorable Norma Gonzales is the presiding judge of the 131st District Court, Bexar County, Texas. The 

Honorable Charles E. Montemayor, associate judge, signed the termination order. 
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III, P.M.A., and J.E. It also alleged E.A.’s husband, R.A., was the father of the children, but 

alternatively alleged another man, D.G., was the alleged father of J.E. After the initial Chapter 

262 hearing, the trial court dismissed two of the children from the case, leaving the case pending 

only as to J.E. 

Ultimately, the Department sought termination of E.A.’s, R.A.’s, and D.G.’s parental rights

to J.E. After the final hearing, the trial court rendered an order of termination.

2 With regard to 

R.A., the trial court found he is not the father of J.E. Despite this finding, the trial court also found

R.A. knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that resulted in his conviction, confinement, and 

inability to care for J.E. for not less than two years from the date the petition was filed. See TEX.

FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(Q). However, the trial court made no best interest finding as to R.A. 

See id. § 161.001(b)(2).

3

 R.A. perfected this appeal. 

ANALYSIS

On appeal, R.A. contends that because the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that 

R.A. is not J.E.’s father, the trial court erred in alternatively finding R.A. violated ground (Q) of 

the Code. See id. § 161.001(b)(1)(Q). He asks that we reverse this portion of the termination 

order, render an order affirming the portion of the trial court’s order that finds he is not J.E.’s 

father, and dismiss him from the litigation. The Department agrees the trial court erred in making 

the alternative finding, but argues we should modify the termination order by striking the finding 

and affirming the order as modified. 

 2 With regard to E.A., the trial court found she executed an affidavit of relinquishment and termination would be in 

the child’s best interest. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 161.001(b)(1)(K), 161.001(b)(2). The trial court found D.G. 

failed to file an admission of paternity or take any other action with regard to his alleged paternity. The trial court 

also found D.G. constructively abandoned J.E. and that termination would be in J.E.’s best interest. See TEX. FAM.

CODE §§ 161.001(b)(1)(N), 161.001(b)(2). Neither E.A. nor D.G. appealed. 3 The trial court also ordered termination of the parent-child relationship between R.A. and the two children previously 

removed from the case. These children are not listed on the first page of the termination order as children that are the 

subject of the suit. We consider the inclusion of these children in the termination portion of the order relating to R.A. 

to be an oversight. 
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The Texas Family Code (“the Code”) defines a “parent” as “the mother, a man presumed 

to be the father, a man legally determined to be the father, a man who has been adjudicated to be 

the father by a court of competent jurisdiction, a man who has acknowledged his paternity under 

applicable law, or an adoptive mother or father.” Id. § 101.024(a) (emphasis added). Pursuant to 

section 160.204(a) of the Code, a man is presumed to be the father of a child if, inter alia: 

1. he is married to the child’s mother and the child is born during the marriage;

2. he is married to the child’s mother and the child is born before the 301st day 

after the date the marriage is terminated;

3. he married the child’s mother before the child’s birth in apparent compliance 

with the law, even if the marriage is or could be declared invalid, and the child 

is born during the invalid marriage or before the 301st day after the date the 

marriage is terminated; or

4. he married the child’s mother after the child’s birth in apparent compliance with 

the law, even if the marriage is or could be declared invalid, and he voluntarily 

asserted his paternity, and (a) the assertion is filed with the vital statistics unit; 

(b) he is voluntarily named as the child’s father on the birth certificate; or (c) 

he promised in a record to support the child as his own.

Id. § 160.204(a). 

The record shows J.E. was born February 12, 2018. The Department removed him from 

his mother soon after birth and placed him with a relative. At the January 2019 final hearing, Cecil 

Keith Davis, the Department caseworker, testified R.A. was incarcerated when J.E. was conceived 

and born. He specifically stated R.A. is not J.E.’s father. 

R.A. testified he has been incarcerated continuously since 2010, so he cannot be J.E.’s 

father. R.A. admitted he is currently married to J.E.’s mother. However, there was no evidence 

presented as to when they were married. Although it is possible R.A. and E.A. were married before 

J.E.’s birth, it is also possible they were married sometime after the birth. See, e.g., Hancock v. 

Variyam, 400 S.W.3d 59, 70–71 (Tex. 2013) (prohibiting factfinder from inferring “an ultimate 
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fact from meager circumstantial evidence which could give rise to any number of inferences, none 

more probable than another.”).

R.A. does not meet any of the statutory requisites that would make him a presumed father. 

See TEX. FAM. CODE § 160.204(a). Therefore, he is not a “parent” whose rights are subject to 

termination. See id. § 101.024(a). Because the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that 

R.A. is not J.E.’s father — and therefore has no parental rights to terminate — the trial court erred 

in finding, even in the alternative, that R.A. knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that resulted 

in his conviction and confinement and inability to care for J.E. for not less than two years from the 

date the petition was filed and terminating his parental rights on this basis. See TEX. FAM. CODE

§ 161.001(b)(1)(Q).4 

CONCLUSION

We conclude the trial court erred in finding R.A. violated section 161.001(b)(1)(Q) of the 

Code and terminating his parental rights on this basis because the evidence supports the finding 

that R.A. is not J.E.’s father. We modify the trial court’s termination order and strike the portion 

of that order finding that R.A.’s parental rights should be terminated under section 

161.001(b)(1)(Q) of the Code. As modified, we affirm the termination order. See TEX. R. APP. P.

43.2(b) (authorizing court of appeals to modify trial court’s judgment and affirm as modified). 

Beth Watkins, Justice

 4 Moreover, the trial court made no finding that termination of R.A.’s parental rights would be in J.E.’s best interest. 

A trial court may terminate a parent’s right to a child only if it finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent

committed an act prohibited by section 161.001(b)(1) of the Code and termination is in the best interest of the child. 

See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b); In re S.M.R., 434 S.W.3d 576, 580 (Tex. 2014). In the absence of a best interest 

finding, the trial court erred in terminating R.A.’s parental rights, if any. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b); In re 

S.M.R., 434 S.W.3d at 580.