Geophysical Monitoring 

for Climatic Change 

No. 15 

SO' II', Repo,1198G 

u.s. DEI'AIITMEIT 

DF COMMEIICE 

IATlOIAL 

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ATMOSPHEIIIC 

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EIVIROIMEITAL ~ 1AI ; 

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Geophysical Monitoring 

for Climatic Change 

No. 15 

Summary Report 1986 

Russel l C. Schnell, Editor 

Rita M. Rosson, Assistant Editor 

Air Resources Laboratory 

Geophys ical Monitoring for Climatic Change 

Boulder, Colorado 

December 1987 

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

C. William Verity, Secretary 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Environmental Research Laboratories 

Vernon E. Derr, Director 
NOTICE 

Mention of a commercia l company or product does not con stitute 

an endorsement by NOAA Environmenta l Re sear ch Laboratori es . Use for pub l icity or adverti sing purposes of information from 

thi s publication concerning proprietary products or the te sts 

of such produ cts is not authori zed. 

r ot' ,all' ",. Ihe N~\I( mal l i:chm c:J! InfcHlnJl i(l n Sen ice, 52R~ PClrl l{(lI"il l RO:ld 

5prtn~ irld. ' ",\ ~2 nl 

i i 
CONTENTS 

Page 

GMCC STAFF •.••••..............•...•.................................... vii 

GMCC STATION INFORMATION .......•••••••••••.......••••..............•..••• x 

1 . SUMMARY .....•••..............•••.••.•.........•..................... 1 

2. OBSERVATORY REPORTS .•.•.••........•..••••••......•.•.••..•.•.••.••.. 3 

2. 1 Mauna Loa .............•••.••...........••.•....•.......••••••.. 3 

Facilities •...•.••.........•.•.•...•........•••••••••..•••... 3 

Pr'ogr'ams ...........•.••••. •.. ..•..... •..•... .•.............•. 3 

2. 2 Bar'r'ow ....•...... ..•... ......•....•...........••.••••••••••• ... 9 

Facilities •..............•. ••••. ......•..•••.•.........•..... 9 

Pr'ogr'ams ..•.......•.•.•...........•••..............••..•..••. 9 

2.3 Samoa •.•..•.•.••••..............•...........••••....•..•.••... 13 

Facilities .•............••••••.•.......•.••••.•..........••• 13 

Pr'ogr'ams ..•.• •. ............ •••.••• ...... ...••••. ....•..•.... 13 

2.4 South Pole •.•••...........•••••••........•.•••...............• 17 

Facilities ............ .......... ......... .... ............... 17 

Pr'ogr'ams ..••••.•.••••........•.••.........•••••••.••.••••.•• 18 

3. AEROSOLS AND RADIATION MONITORIING GROUP ...•..•. •••.•.•. ....• ••.••. 21 

3.1 Continuing Pr'ogr'ams .•.•. .....•.. •••••• ...•... •..•••.•• ••....• • 21 

SUr'face Aer'osols .•.........•••••..........•••.•••.....••..•. 21 

Radiation .•.......•••.•............••••....•...........•..•. 25 

Str'atospher'ic Aer'osol Lidar' Obser'vations ......•.•••••.....•. 26 

GMCC Solar' Radiation Facility •.. ........ •••••... ..... ••••• •. 30 

Tur'bidity ............. •••.. ........ .•.••• ... .. ..•.........•. 33 

Umkehr' Resear'ch .....••.•.....•....•••....•.....•.•.••....... 37 

3.2 Special Pr'ojects •.•... ...... .....••••.. ......• ••• • •• • •..•. .•.• 38 

Potential Temper'atur'e in the Grand Canyon • ••.. ......... ••••• 38 

3.3 References ....•..•... ••.••••• .•...... .•. • ••.. .....•.......••.. 40 

4. CARBON CYCLE GROUP .. ....... ........... .......... . ............ .... .. 41 

4.1 Continuing Pr'ogr'ams •.... ...• ..••••••. ......•.. ••.••• •. •• ....•• 41 

Continuous Analyzer's ..••••• .........• ••••.•• •........• • •.••. 41 

Flask Sample CO2 Measur'ements .... ••. ............ •• •.•......• 42 

Flask Sample Methane Measurements ..••••................•.... 46 

In Situ Methane Measurements . .. . •.• .........•. •••.•••.. .... • 46 

4.2 Special Projects ..........••• ••• .........•••.••...•....••••••. 48 

1986 EPOCS/C02 Cr'uises .... ..... ...................... . ...... 48 

AGASP-II. ...•• . • ••• ....... .• .• •• . . ....•..•... ••.•••• ...•.. •• 48 

Joint U.S.-Mexico Cr'uise ••.••.•. ........•••• • .•. •. .......•.. 49 

4.3 Refer'ences ..••••.•••.•............•.•••....•......•..•.•••..•. 49 

iii 
5. MONITORING TRACE GASES GROUP •.• . .••.. . • •....... . ... . ......... . .... • 50 

5.1 Continuing Pt:'ogt:'ams .• ....•••.••••••.• .. .• ..... . ..... • . . .. .. ..• 50 

Tot al Ozone .......... . .......... .. ..... ........... . .... ... . . 50 

Ozone Vet:'tical Di stt:'ibuti on . . . . . .. .. ..................... . .. 52 

Ozone Hole at South Pole ••.• • ••••••• • •••.•. . • . •••• •••• •• ••.. 57 

Sut:'face Ozone •.•.••••..• . ••.. •........................... •• . 59 

Stt:'atosphet:'ic Watet:' Vapot:' .... • ... .• .•. . . ••... . ••.. . . ... • ... • 61 

5.2 Refet:'ences . •• .... •.••. .. •• . •••. .. • . . .. • .... . ... • ....•. • . • • •• .. 63 

6. ACQUISITION AND DATA MANAGEMENT GROUP . • . .. ... • .......... •• . • . • . ••• . 64 

6 . 1 Continui ng Pt:'ogt:'ams ........ • •..• . .. . ......•...........•......• 64 

Station Climatology •. .. . ••••••...••.• . •... . •••••• .• •.•••. . .. 64 

Data Management .. •• ••. • .. .• ... . .................... • •..... . . 70 

6.2 Special Pt:'ojects ........ . .. . .. . .......... ... ... . ..... . .... .. . -:-~ 

Atmosphet:'ic Tt:'ajectot:'ies .• • •••. . . . ••••.•• .. •••.•.•••••. .. . . • 71 

6 . 3 Refet:'ences . ••. .. •.• • • •• •• . ••• . . ..... . •. . .. . .•....•..•..... • •.. 7< 

7. AIR QUALITY GROUP ..•......... . . . ... ••••••.•.•. . •• . ••.••• • •••• . . •.. • 75 

7. 1 Continuing Pt:'ogt:'ams ......•....• • •. • •. •• • . . •. .• • .• • ..... . . . ... • 75 

The National Acid Pt:'ecipitation Assessment 

Pt:'ogt:'am (NAP AP) ... .. .... • . .. ..... •. .. .•. •.... . .... . ....... 75 

The Radiatively I mpot:'tant Tt:'ace Spec i es (RITS) Pt:'oj ect .....• 79 

The Southeast Alaska Flux Expet:'iment (SAFE) .•. ••. • ••.•••...• 79 

Materials and Methods Used in Ait:' Quality Pt:'ogt:'ams . • .... . ... 80 

7 . 2 Special Pt:'ojects .. ... . ......... . ...... . .... . .. . .. .. .. . ... ... .. 82 

Aet:'osol and Cloudwatet:' Pt:'opet:'ti es at Wniteface 

Mountai n , New Yot:'k . ......•..•.. . ....... • .................. 82 

7. 3 Refet:'ences ....... .• . . .... •. . . . ••• . •• • .•• . ..••••. • .. ... . ..... • . 83 

8. NITROUS OXIDE AND HALOCARBONS GROUP . . •. ........... . ... . . ..••.••.. . . 85 

8. 1 Continuing Pt:'ogt:'ams •.• •• •. . • •• . . .• . •..... . ....•.. • • • •• • •••• •• . 85 

Ot:'gan i zation .................• • ..•• • ... • .• • . . .•...•......... 85 

Continuous and Flask Netwot:'k (CFN) • . •••.•• . . . ••••• .. . ....... 85 

Low El ectt:'On Attachment Potential Species (LEAPS) . •••. • •. •• . 88 

Gt:'avimett:'ic Standat:'ds ................. . ............... . .• •• . 89 

8.2 Special Pt:'ojects •.. • ....•...••••• • .•• . . • ••••.• . .••• .•. • .....•• 89 

Plans fot:' Joint U.S. -U . S. S. R. Reseat:'ch in 1987 . . .. .. . ....... 89 

Fout:'iet:' Tt:'ansfot:'m Inft:'at:'ed At:'chive Pt:'ogt:'am . .... . . • • .• .• .•••. 89 

8.3 Refet:'ences .. • .......... .• . ....••••••. . •••.•. . ••.••. • •.• .....•. 90 

9. DIRECTOR I S OFFICE . . .••... . ..• .............•.•............. ... •. ..• . 91 

9. 1 Al kaline Aerosols .• ••• . •••.••.• . ••• .. • . • •.•..• • • •. •• . • •• . . . . . • 91 

Dust Emissions Inventot:'y fot:' the United States: 

Application to NAP AP Needs .. .. .... .. ........ .. . ...... .. .. 91 

9 . 2 At:'ctic Gas and Aet:'osol Sampling Pt:'ogt:'am ....... • .••.• • • •• . .. . •• 94 

(R . C. Schnell) 

i v 
9.3 Cooper'ati ve Pr'ogr'ams ......................................... 100 

Potential for' Alkaline Dust Scavenging and Dr'y 

Deposition of S02 and Othet' Acidic Tt'ace Gases . ........ 100 

(John W. Winchestet' and Dale A. Gillette) 

Pt'ecipi tat ion Chemistt'y .................................. 103 

13 (R.S.Ar'tz). 

6 C ln Atmosphet'lc CO2 1982-1987 .................. ...... 107 

(I. Fr'iedman, J. Gleason, and A. Wat'den) 

Aet'osol Optical Thickness at MLO .......•................. 110 

(G. M. Shah and W. F. J. Evans) 

Monitot'ing fot' Sulfur' Dioxide and Total Suspended 

Pat'ticulate at Mauna Loa Obset'vatot'y .............. ..... 113 

(H. Yee, W. Ching, and R. sasaki) 

Size Distt'ibutions of Volatile and Reft'actor'Y 

At'ctic Haze Aet'osol Components Measut'ed at Bat't'ow 

Dut'ing AGASP II, 1 986 ........................... ....... 11 5 

(A. D. Clar'ke) 

Nitt'ic Acid and Aet'osol Nitt'ate Vat'iations 

at Mauna Loa ......................... •.• ............... 120 

(B. J. Hueber't, L. J. salas, and M. A. Baugh) 

Atmosphet'ic Bt'omine in the Polar' Regions ..... . ... ........ 123 

(M. A. K. Khalil, R. A. Rasmusssen, and R. Gunawar'dena) 

Spectt'al Data in the UVB Region of Daylight fr'om the 

South Pole and Mauna Loa .......•..•.......•............ 126 

(B. Goldbet'g) 

Resolution of Physical and Chemical Components of the 

1982 Wintet' Aet'osol at Soutll Pole Station by 

Factor' Analys is ........................................ 1 29 

(J. W. Winchester' and B. A. Bodhaine) 

The Global Pt'ecipitation Chemistt'y Pt'oject . •... ••.• ...... 134 

(W. C. Keene, J. N. Galloway, G. E. Likens, and 

J. M. Milled 

Mauna Loa Aet'osol Backscattet' Inter'compar'ison 

Exper'iment (MABIE) ..................................... 1 37 

(D. A. Bowdle, W. D. Jones, A. D. Clat'ke, 

S. A. Johnson, and D. E. Fitzjar'r'ald) 

Aerosol Black Cat'bon Measut'ements at Bat't'ow, Alaska, 

Dut'ing AGASP-II. .........•.................... ....•.... 140 

(A. D. A. Hansen, T. Novakov, and B. A. Bodhaine) 

Atmospher'ic Submict'on Par'ticle Collection at the SPO ..... 143 

(R. E. Witkowski, W. A. Cassidy, and G.W. Penn'j) 

10. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES •.................•.. ... ................. . 145 

11. PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS BY GMCC STAFF ...................... 148 

12. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................. ••.... 153 

v 
November' 1986 

., 

. --- ,,_. 

December' 1986 

The National Science Foundation's Clean Air' Facility at Amundsen-Scott Base 

South Pole, Antar'ctica. The facility was r'aised 12 feet above the Antar'ctic 

polar' ice field dUr'ing the austr'al sumer' of 1986-1987. The building is 

located upwind of the centr'al dome and adjacent to the clear' air' sector' at 

vi 
GMCC Staff, 1986 

Director's Office 

James Peterson, Director 

Bernard Mendonca, Deputy Director 

Jeanne Kelsey, Secretary 

Ellen Hardman , Secretary 

Howard Bridgman , Guest Worker 

Dale Gillette, Physical Scientist 

Lori Neff, Scientific Data Clerk 

Everett C. Nickerson, Meteorologist 

Rita Rosson, Clerk-Typist 

Russell Schnell, CIRES 

Elizabeth Shuey, Scientific Data Clerk 

L. Paul Steele, CIRES 

Paul Stockton, Physical Science Tech. 

Thomas Watson, Physical Science Aid 

Acquisition and Data Management Gr~ 

Gary Herbert, Chief 

Dee Dee Giebelhaus, Secretary 

Richard Clark, Computer Programmer 

Richard Cook, Physical Science Aid 

Joyce Harris, Computer Specialist 

Steve Roughton, Computer Assistant 

Kenneth Thaut, Electronic Technician 

Aerosols and Radiation Monitoring Group 

John DeLuisi, Chief 

Marilyn Van Asche, Secretary 

Christa Anderson, Physical Science Aid 

Barry Bodhaine, Meteorologist 

Ellsworth Dutton, Meteorologist 

Rudy Haas, Mathematician 

David Kanzer, Physical Science Aid 

Michael Konyak , Physical Science Aid 

David Longenecker , CIRES 

David Massey, Physical Science Aid 

Donald Nelson , Meteorologist 

Timothy Quakenbush, Physical Science Aid 

Patrick Reddy, CIRES 

Lois Stearns, Meteorologist 

vii 
Air Quality Group 

Joseph Boatman, Chief 

Dee Dee Giebelhaus, Secretary 

Mark Cichy, CO-OP 

Laureen Gunter, Meteorologist 

Helmut Horvath, CIRES 

Menachem Luria, NRC, Post Doctorate 

Herman Sievering, Guest Worker 

Karen Stamminger, Physical Science Aid 

Charles Van Valin, Research Chemist 

Dennis Wellman, Engineer 

Stan Wilkinson, Meteorologist 

Carbon Cycle Group 

Pieter Tans, CIRES 

Lee Prendergast, Secretary 

Craig Averman, CO-OP 

Teresa Bals, CO-OP 

Thomas Conway, Research Chemist 

Ellen DeMoney, CIRES 

Tom Greaney, CIRES 

Duane Kitzis, CIRES 

Bradley Halter, Meteorologist 

Patricia Lang, CIRES 

Kenneth Masarie, CIRES 

John Parkel', CO-OP 

Kirk Thoni n>:\ , CIRES 

Lee Watermal., ,;hemist 

Glen Weiler, Physical Science Aid 

Monitoring Trace Gases Group 

Walter Komhyr, Chief 

Lee Prendergast, Secretary 

Mark Anderson, Physical Science Aid 

Sean Coleman, Physical Science Aid 

Robert Evans, CIRES 

Leigh Fanning, Physical Science Aid 

Paul Franchois, CIRES 

Robert Grass, Physicist 

Gloria Koenig, Computer Programmer 

Kent Leonard, CIRES 

Samuel Oltmans, Physicist 

Frank Polacek, III, Meteorological Technician 

Ronald Thorne, Engineering Technician 

viii 
Nit~ous Oxide and Haloca~bons G~oup 

James Elkins, Chief 

Ma~ilyn Van Asche, Sec~eta~y 

James Butle~, CIRES 

Keith Egan, CIRES B~ad Hall, Physical Science Tech. 

Michael Lavilla, Physical SCience Aid 

Thayne Thompson, Physicist 

Daniel End~es, Station Chief 

James Wendell, Elect~onic Technician 

Mauna Loa Obse~vato~y 

Elme~ Robinson, Di~ecto~ 

Judith Pe~ei~a, Sec~eta~y 

Lynne Ashman, Physical Science Aid 

A~ne Aust~ing, Physical SCientist 

John Chin, Physicist 

Thomas DeFoo~, Elect~onic Enginee~ 

Thomas Ga~cia, Meteo~ological Technician Ba~ba~a Ke~ecman, Data Cle~k 

Da~~yl Kuniyuki, NOAA J~. Fellow 

Mamoru Shibata, Elect~onic Technician 

Alan Yoshinaga, Chemist 

Samoa Obse~vato~y 

Steve Ryan, Station Chief 

Me~edith E. Wilson, Elect~onic Technician 

South Pole Obse~vato~y 

Cliffo~d Wilson, NOAA Co~ps, Station Chief B~adley Halte~, Elect~onic Technician 

Scott Kueste~ , NOAA Co~ps, Station Chief Pat~ick Reitelbach, Elect~onic Technician 

ix 
Name: 

Latitude: 

Longitude : 

Elevation : 

Time Zone : 

Office Hour'S : 

Telephone 

Office houl's: 

After' hour'S : 

Postal Addr'ess : 

Fr'eight Addl'ess : 

Name: 

Latitute : 

Longitude : 

Elevation : 

Time Zone : 

Offi ce Hour's: 

Telephone : 

Office houl's: 

After' hour'S : 

Postal Addr'ess : 

GMCC Stati on Infor'mation 

BaCr'OH (BRW) 

71.3233 

156 .6067 

o km 

Gt'1T -9 

8 :00am-5 :00pm 

(907) 852-6500 

(907) 852-6500 

Officer' in Chal'ge 

NOAA/ERL/ARL/GMCC 

Pouch 8888 

Bacr'ow , AL 99723 

Samoa (SMO) 

-14 .2522 

170 .5628 

o km 

GMT -11 

8 :00am-5 :00 pm 

011-(684) 622-7455 

011-(684) 699-9953 

US Dept . of Commer'ce 

NOAA - GMCC Samoa 

Obser-vator'Y 

P.O. Box 2568 

Pago Pago , Amer'ican 

Samoa 96799 

x 

Mauna Loa (MLO) 

19.533 

155.578 

3. 4 km 

GMT -10 

8 :00am-5:00pm 

(808) 961-3788 

(808) 961-3788 

US Dept. of Commecce 

NOAA - Mauna Loa Obser-vator'Y 

P.O. Box 275 

Hilo , HI 96720 

US Dept. of Commer'ce 

NOAA - Mauna Loa Obsecvator'Y 

154 Waianuenue Ave . Hilo , HI 96720 

South Pole (SPO) 

-90 .000 

0.000 

2.8 km 

GMT +12 

8 :00am-5 :00pm 

Relayed thcough GMCC Boulder' 

Officec in Chacge , GMCC Pcogcam 

Box 400 USARP 

C/O NAVSUPPFORANTARCTICA 

FPO San Fcansciso , CA 96692 

ATTN : South Pole IfS- 257 

R. Poston 
GEOPHYSICAL MONITORING FOR CLIMATIC CHANGE 

NO. 15 

SUMMARY REPORT 1986 

1. SUMMARY 

At MLO, a major addition was construction of a 40-m walk-up tower to be 

used to increase the height of certain air sampling intakes and as a platform 

for special experiments. An astconomical dome and associated obsecvation 

building wel'e installed for the Univel'sity of Arizona solal' monitocing pcogcam. At BRW, new pcograms included weekly ozone sondes and gas chcomatogl'aphs 

for in situ monitoring of CH4' CFC-11 , CFC-1Z, NZO, CH,CC1 3 and CC14' The 

Dobson spectrophotometer used foe total column ozone oDservations was reinstalled. Special efforts were made to support the AGASP-II field program 

and for monitoring the radioactive cloud from the Chernobyl nuclear accident. 

At SMO, operations were interrupted following a lightning strike and when 

island power lost generating capacity. Most programs continued, however, 

without significant downtime. New measurements included weekly ozone sondes 

and installation of gas chromatographs for in situ determinations of CFC-11, 

CFC-1Z, NZO, CH,CC1 3 and CC14' At SPO, a program of regular ozonesonde 

flights was iniEiated for study of the Antarctic ozone hole. Data flow from 

the Pole to BRW improved markedly with initiation of regular data transmissions via ATS-3 satellite. Efforts to raise the CAF failed, but valuable 

experience was gained for a planned second attempt next year. 

The ongoing GMCC core measucement programs continued. They include CO2 and CH4 from the flask network and observatories, total column ozone, ozone 

vertical distribution by ECC sonde and Umkehr technique, surface ozone, 

stratosphe('ic water vapor by balloon soundings at Boulder, CFC-11, CFC-12 , and 

N20 from flask samples, stratospheric aerosols at MLO using lidar, aerosol 

light scattering and CN concentration, direct and diffuse solar and infrared 

radiation, meteorological variables, and chemistry of precipitation. 

In the Aerosols and Radiation Group, CN concentrations at SPO the last 2 

years have been below average and the long-term change with time is now (not 

statistically significant) negative. Shortwave and longwave radiation components are measured at three sites. Mauna Loa lidar and turbidity data , in 

combination with other data, give detailed information on the transport of the 

El Chichon volcanic cloud and it,s decay over several years. Cooperation with 

NWS t o operate the U.S. solar radiation network continued with addition of new 

solar trackers and PC-based data acquisition systems. Research on stratospheriC aerosol effects on Uml<ehr ozone profiles yielded improved data 

quality. An assessment was completed of wind flow structure in the Grand 

Canyon and changes in visibility due to annual controlled forest burns. 

The Carbon Cycle Group continued in situ CO2 measurements at the observatories and flask analyses of CO2 and CH4 at 26 cooperative sites. An improved 

statistical treatment of our historical data yielded a mean CO2 increase over 

the past decade of nearly 1. 4 ppm/year. The global increase of methane 

averaged about 13 ppb/year from 1983-1986. A gas chromatograph was installed 

at BRW for in situ methane measurements. Special CO2 and CH4 measurements 
included vertical profiles by aircraft near south Florida, north-south Pacific 

Ocean transects on cargo ships, and participation in EPOCS and AGASP-II 

expeditions. A two-dimensional global t.ransport-diffusion model was developed 

to estimate large-scale CO2 sources and sinks. 

The Trace Gases Group continued Dobson total ozone measurements at 15 

sites and international calibration work, including participation with the 

world standard Dobson at a regional intercomparison in Switzerland. Vertical 

ozone profiles were obtained regularly by balloon-borne ozonesonde and by 

Umkehr (six sites each), partially for NESDIS-supported SBUV/2 data validation. Data from SPO gave clear definition of the depth and duration of the 

"ozone hole" during austral spring. Surface ozone measur'ements at SPO show 

increasing annual amplitude during the past decade, a change postulated due to 

altered large-scale atmospheric transpor't processes . Regular' balloon soundings from Boulder of stratospheric water' vapor continued. 

The Acquisition and Data Management Gr'oup continued r'esponsibility for 

r'egular' meteor'ological measurements at the obser'vatories. Wind, temperatur'e, 

and pressure data for' tl1e year generally were not anomalous, although wind 

speed at SMO was 23% greater than average. The SPO station continued to have 

the most well defined and most frequent wind flow repr'esentative of background 

conditions. Numerous air' mass tr'ajectocies wece calculated for NOAA r'esear'chers and affiliates at other inst.i tutions . Comparisons of trajectories 

based on U.S. and European Center' global wind field analysis wer'e underway. 

The Air' Quality Group continued involvement i n the National Acid PreCipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) with the NOAA King Air r'esearch air'cr'aft. 

Theic par'ticipation in WATOX involved quantifying the flux of nitr'ogen and 

sulfur' species fcom the U.S. east coast via aircraft measur'ements of S02' 

dimethyl sulfide and aecosol size distr'ibutions. Following Chernobyl , they 

measured r'adioactivity along the nocthwest North Amer'ican coast. They 

completed analysis of the char'acter'istics of aer'osols and clouds in polluted 

and non-polluted air' at lofniteface Mountain, NY. Finally, they f llrther' 

improved the King Air for atmospher'ic chemistry research. 

The Nitrous Oxide and Halocarbons Group was formed in ~esponse to new 

GMCC responsibilities under the RITS initiative for additional trace species 

monitoring. They continued the hlstorical flask sampling for CFC-11 , CFC-12 , and N20 at the observatories. They installed automated gas chromatographs at 

SMO and BRW for continuous , in situ monitoring of CFC-11 , CFC-12 , N20, CC1 4' 

and CH, CC13. They began planning for regular monitoring of CFC-22, CFC-113, 

Halon-T211 and Halon-1301, for preparation by gcavimetric techniques of 

absolute gas calibr'ation standards of the tr'ace species we monitor, and for 

pal:'ticipation in the US-USSR Pacific Ocean research cruise. 

Within the Director's Office, research continued on the effects of 

natural alkaline materials (wind-blown soil aerosol and road dust) on precipitation chemistry. AGASP-II, a multi-institution research program to detecmine 

the distribution, transport, chemistry, and radiative effect of Arctic haze, 

was conducted during March-April from the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic. 

Initial data analysis , a case study of one event, is reported. t1any 

scientists from universities and other institutions used the observatories for 

cooperative research ; several projects are summarized . 

2 
2. OBSERVATORY REPORTS 

2.1 Mauna Loa 

FACILITIES 

The GMCC core program of monitoring and observations was maintained in 

operation throughout the year, although the dew point temperature sensor and 

the Dasibi ozone monitor began to have problems late in the year. A special 

aerosol and precipitation sampling program was carried out for DOE in the 

spring in conjunction with the study of the global dispersion of the 

atmospheric plume from the Soviet nuclear accident in Chernobyl. 

Construction was an important part of 1986 operations. In the fall a 

40-m (126-ft) walk-up tower was installed. This construction required an 

extensive concerete pad and guy-anchor installations. In addition, a 12 x 14 

ft solar observational operational building and an 11-ft-diameter observation 

dome were constructed for the University of Arizona solar photometer program. 

Lidar operations continued on an approximately weekly schedule. The 

lidar upgrade program moved into the assembly and construction phase. A 

stratospheric plume from the eruption of the Columbian volcano Nevado del Ruiz 

in November 1985 continued to be observed by the lidar; the stratospheric 

effects persisted into 1986, probably at least through June. 

The ozonesonde program, begun in December 1984 with NOAA NESDIS support, 

was continued on approximately a weekly schedule through the year using the 

NWS radiosonde facility at the Hilo airport. 

The Pu'u 0' 0 vent of Kilauea volcano erupted periodically on an almost 

regular 27-day schedule through June. In July a new fissure opened and began 

a continuous emission of lava estimated at 500,000 m3 per day. Tnis caused an 

extensive new lava flow that moved about 7 mi to enter the ocean in 

November. More than 30 homes were destroyed , and there were periodic forest 

fires during the 1986 phase of this continuous eruption identified as phase 48 

in the 4-yr-Iong eruption on the east rift of Kilauea. 

PROGRAMS 

The principal programs conducted at MLO during the year are listed in 

table 1. Those instruments recorded continuously by the CAMS are indicated by 

an asterisk. Brief comments on some of the individual programs follow. 

Carbon Dioxide 

The GMCC URAS-2T and the SIO Applied Physics infrared analyzers were 

operated in parallel without problems throughout the year. Preliminary 

results indicate that the average CO2 concentration for the year was about 

346.7 ppm and the rate of CO2 increase for 1986 was approximately 1.2 ppm. 

The weekly CO2 flask sampling programs at MLO and Cape Kumukahi were 

continued without problems during the year. 

3 
Table 1.--Sum~apy of sampling ppogpams at MLO in 1986 

Program 

Gases 

-co;-

COl and CH~ 

Surface ozone Total ozone Ozone prof lle 

eF'e-1I , CF'C-12. and tllQ 

Aerosols 

Condensation nuclei 

OptIcal propert1es 

Stratospheric aerosols 

Solar Radiation 

Global irradiance 

Direct irradiance 

Diffuse 1rradiance 

Turbidity 

Meteorology 

Air temperature 

Oewpoint temperature 

Relative humIdIty 

Pressure 

Wind (speed and direction) 

Precipitation 

Total precipitable water 

Precipitation ChemIstry 

pH 

Conductivity 

Chemical components 

Cooperative Progr3m3 

CO. (S1O) 

CO2 . I Ie , N20 (SID) 

SUrface 502 (EPA) 

CO. , CO , CH., 11c/lle 

(CSlRO) 

Instrument 

URAS-2T infrared analyzer' 

3-L glass flasks 

O.5-L glass flasks, pI 

O. 5-L glass flasks, through analyzer 

5-L evacuated glass flasks 

Cas chromatograph 

Daslbi ozone meterM 

Dobson spectrophotometer no. 76 

Dobson spectrophotometer no. 76 

Balloonborne ECC sonde 

300-mL stainless steel flasks 

Pollak CNC 

a.E. CNC· 

Four-wavelength nephelometerM 

Lidar 

Sampling 

frequency 

Continuous 

1 paIr wk- L 

1 pairwk-' 

1 paIr wk-' 

1 paIr wk-' 

Continuous 

Continuous 

3 day-' 

2 day-' 

wk-' 

pair wk- L 

Discrete 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Discrete 

Eppley pyranometers (3) with Q, Continuous 

001 , and RG8 filtersM 

Eppley pyrhelIometers (2) with Q Continuous 

fi Her. 

Eppley pyrhellcmeter with Q, OCl , 3 day-I 

RC2 , and RG8 filters 

Eppley/Kendall active cavity Discrete 

!"adicmeterEppley pyrancmeter with shading disk Continuous 

and Q f ilterM 

J-series 1982 sunphotcmeters 3 day-' 

PHOD three-wavelength sunphotometer* ContInuous 

Thermistor (aspirated). 

l-lax. -min. thetlTlcmeter'5 

Hygrothenmograph 

Dewpolnt hygrometer* 

Hygrothermograph 

Capacltance transducer* 

Microbarograph 

Mercurial bar-ameter 

Bendix Aerovane* 

Rain gauge , 8-In 

Rain gauge, 8-in 

RaIn gauge , weIghing bucket 

Rain gauge, tipping bucket* 

Foskett infrared hygrcmeter. 

HAO infrared hygrometer· 

pH meter--tiilo lab. 

ConductIvity bridge--Hllo lab. 

Ion chromatograph--tillo lab. 

Infrared analyzer (Applied Physics) 

5-L evacuated glass flasks 

Chemical bubbler system 

Pressurized glass flask sa~ple 

Continuous 

1 day-I 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

1 day-L 

Continuous 

1 day-' 

1 wk-' 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Weekly 

Weekly 

Weekly 

Continuous 

1 pair wk-' 

Every 12 days 1 mo-' 

Remarks 

MLO 

MLO and Kumukahl 

(seacoast) 

MLO and Kumukahi 

MLO 

MLO and Kwnukahi 

MLO 

MLO 

Weekdays 

Umkehr 

From Hilo Airport 

"'" 

Weekdays 

450 , 550 , 700, 850 I'1Il 

694 .3 omj average 1 

profile wk-' 

Weekdays 

Weekdays 

Weekdays 

Weekdays 

380, 500, 778 , 862 om j 

narrowband 

380 , SOD, 718 rIlIj 

narr-Oolband 

2-m height 

Standard shelterMLO and Kulani Mauka 

2-m height 

MLO and Kulanl Mauka 

(8300 rt) 

6-m height 

Kulani Mauka 

Weekly chart record 

Program began Oct. 

Rainwater collections, 

3 sl tes 

Rainwater collections, 

3 sites 

Rainwater collections, 

3 sl tes 

MLO and Kumukahl 

24-h (OOOO-2400) sample 

"'" CO~, CH_ and other trace Evacuated stainless steel flasks pall' wk- ' MLO and Kumukahi 

gases (NCAR) 

I11lO, and HCl vapor SpecIal sampling system 

(SRI International) 

Total suspended particles High-volume sa~pler 

(DOE) 

4 

4 perIods yr- I 2-wk periods 

ContInuous 1 filter wk- ' 
Table 1.-- Summary of sampling programs at MLO in 1986--Continued 

Programs I03trument 

Cooperative Programs~-Cont. 

Total suspended particles HIgh-volume sampler 

(EPA) 

UltravIolet radiation Ultraviolet radlcmeter (erythema) 

(Temple Unl v. ) 

Ultraviolet radiation 1-wBvelengLh UV radlancter 

(Smithsonian) 

Solar variability Solar spectroradlometer 

(Vnlv. of Arizona) 

Solar aureole Intensity Multi -aperture trackIng photometer 

(CSU) 

Precipitation collection Exposed collection palls 

(DOE) 

PrecIpItation collection Aerochemetric automatic collector 

(ISWS) 

PrecIpItation collection Aerochemetric automatic collector 

(Unl v. of Virginia) 

Wet-dry deposition Aerochemetrlc automatic collector 

(ISWS) 

Aerosol chemistry lIuclepore fUters 

(Uni v. of Washlngton) 

IIC (USGS , Denver) lO-L stainless steel flasks 

Various trace gases Stainless steel flasks 

(OOC) 

·Indicates program recorded by CAMS. 

Sampling Remarks 

frequency 

Every 12 days 24-h (0000-2400) sample 

Continuous Radiation responsible for 

sunburning or skin 

Continuous 295-325 nm , narr(7oolband 

Discrete Program began Sept . 1985 

Continuous Program began Jan. 1985 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Biweekly 

1 set wk- I 

<3 flasks) 

AnalYSis for 'Be and lOBe 

Organic acid analysis 

NADP 

Upslope-downslope discrimination 

HLO and Kumukahi 

The continuous measurements of CO2 along with Aitken nuclei observations 

were used to monitor and define the beginning and end of short-term (usually 

1 h or less) disturbances in the record , which are caused by local contamination . In most cases the disturbances are caused by volcanic outgassings 

from Mauna Loa and Kilauea . Table 2 summarizes the incidences detected from 

Mauna Loa . 

Table 2. Monthly occurrences of outgassing from the 

volcanic caldera on Mauna Loa during 1986 

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 

No. of days 10 4 20 15 24 12 12 10 11 8 14 1 4 160 

Percent of 32 14 65 50 77 40 39 32 57 26 47 45 44 

days 

The low percentage of observed disturbances in February was probably due 

to an unusually high frequency of westerly winds. The 1986 frequency of 

outgassing events, 44%, is a small decrease from the 48% frequency that 

occurred in 1985. Both values are greater than the 5-yr average frequency of 

27% observed prior to 1984. It should be noted that these frequencies relate 

to the number of days of occurrence and not to the number of hours of data 

that are affected ; most events last only about an hour or so per day . 

5 
The ai~-sampling intakes of the GMCC and SIO 80-ft-high tower were ~emounted at the 80-ft level of the new 40-m (126-ft) walk-up tower in 

December . The intakes were installed side by side and put back to daily , normal operation . In addition, t,1O new aluminum air intake lines for the two 

analyzers were installed side by side at the 40-m elevation for future uses. 

Ozone 

The ozonesonde program was ca~ried out wi th the support of the NWS Hilo 

~adiosonde facility. A total of 51 successful flights were made in 1986 ; of 

these , 47 or 92% were flown with the la~ge 40-km plastic balloon . The 

remainder were flown using 3000-g rubber balloons ,men rainy weather precluded 

launching a plastic balloon. For the plastic balloons , 70% reached o~ 

exceeded an altitude of 40 km and the median altitude was 40 .9 km . The 

maxi mum altitude reached Has 42.6 km . The four rubber balloons reached 

altitudes ranging from 28 .3 to 35.0 km . 

The MLO ozone p~ogram also continued to include the continuous monitoring 

of surface ozone using the Dasibi monitor. Stratospheric ozone medsurements 

Here taken throughout the year using the automated Dobson instrument no. 76. 

Umkehr profiles were made daily by the automated system, and total ozone 

measurements were initiated manually three or more times a day when weather 

permitted. A short program of calib~ation of the ~~ world standard Dobson 

no . 83 was carried out in June and July. 

Surface Aerosol Measurements 

Three instruments were used to characterize the su~face aerosol 

particles: the G.E. CNC , the Pollak CNC , and the nephelometer. 

The G.E. CNC operated continuously with only occasional maintenance o~ 

mechanical problems. The Pollak counter was operated in the normal manner 

during the year as a convenient calibration check for the G.E. CNC system . The nephelometer Has in operation on essentially a continuous basis. 

Stratospheric Aerosols--Lidar 

Lidar observations were carried out , sky conditions permitting , on 

approximately a weekly schedule . When possible , lidar observations were 

correlated with SAGE II satellite overpasses so that the lidar profiles could 

be coordi nated with the SAGE ae~osol experiments. A total of 47 observations 

were made during the year. As noted ea~lier , the stratospheric aerosol 

loading from the winter 1985 Ruiz eruption continued to be observed into the 

summer of 1986. 

Solar Radiation 

No major changes were made in the MLO solar radiation program. There are 

several components in this system: continuous solar and total-sky measurements 

using both stationary and tracking instruments; discrete broadband and 

narrowband observations on a routine, weather-permitting baSis; discrete, 

manual , high-precision observations ; and calibrations and intercomparisons of 

i.nst~uments using MLO facili ties and instruments as wo~king standards. All of 

these activities continued in 1986. 

6 
Two normal incidence pyrheliometers with Q filters, three global 

pyranometers with Q, OG1, and RGB cutoff filters, and a diffuse Q pyranometer 

with shading disk and Q filter were operated throughout the year to obtain 

continuous radiation measurements. A filter-wheel pyrhelrometer with Q, OG1 , RG2 , and RGB cutoff filters was operated to obtain 3-day- broadband radiation 

measurements. Turbidity measurements were obtained with hand-held sunphotometers J202 (380 and 500 nm) and J314 (778 and 862 nm) throughout the year. 

The active solar tracker and the 32-channel CAMS operated the whole year 

witn only minor problems in the automated solar dome. The dome and shutter 

controllers operated reasonably well, although there were some problems with 

the dome positioning motor and controller. Instruments mounted in the solar 

dome included a normal incidence pyrheliometer, an infrared water vapor meter, 

a three-wavelength PMOD sunphotometer, and an active cavity radiometer . 

The M~O solar radiation program was augmented by a number of cooperative 

programs. 

Meteorology 

Meteorological measurements were continued without major problems during 

1986. Wind and temperature sensors were located at the top of the new 

40-m tower to provide gradient data to compare with the surface data. 

Precipitation Chemistry 

The GMCC precipitation chemistry program continued without difficulties 

at about the same level of activity as in prior years. The usual M~O program 

consists of the collection and analysis of precipitation from three local 

sites; the coastal site at Cape Kumukahi was discontinued because of repeated 

vandalism. MLO also carries out the analysis of precipitation samples 

collected on the Island of Kauai and at the GMCC observatories at Barrow, 

Samoa, and South Pole. Weekly snow or rain samples are collected at these 

GMCC sites. Samples are analyzed in the MLO Hilo laboratory for pH and conductivity . In addition , both anions and cations are determined in these 

samples using ion chromatography. Several cooperative programs in precipitation and deposition chemistry augment the GMCC program. 

Cooperative Programs 

The large number of cooperative programs at M~O continued in normal 

operation and with little change through 1986. These are listed in table 1, 

and a brief summary of some of these activities f ollows . 

The program of high-precision BUV radiation measurements at seven 

wavelengths (295-325 nm) was continued at MLO by the Smithsonian Institution 

Radiation Biology Laboratory as was the program of erythema (sunburn) 

radiation measurements by Temple University . These two sets of data are 

important in assessing the potential impact of changes in the ozone layer. 

The CSU program of measurements with a five-element tracking solar photometer 

begun in 1985 was continued through the year. 

7 
Precipi tation collection for chemical analysis continued to be important, 

and there wet'e sevet'al coopet'ati ve inve,~tigator pcogcams in this cesearch 

at'ea . Collections of preCipitation fot' ocganic acid analysis fot' the 

Univecsity of Virginia and fot' beryllium 7 and 10 analyses fot' ISWS continued, 

as did sample collections for DOE and NADP . Following the Soviet Chet'nobyl 

nucleat' accident, special precipitation collections wet'e made fot' DOE. 

Aerosol particle samples wet'e collected for the iJnivet'sity of Washington 

with filtecs changed on a continuous schedule using Nuclepore filtet's. Tnis 

program used a sampler-control let' discrimi nating on the basis of time of day, 

wind speed , wind dicection, and Aitken nucleus count. The pucpose of this 

control let' is to separate sa~ple collections according to upslope and 

downslope aic tt'ajectories and to exclude calm conditions. Downslope aic 

should be t'epresentative of midtt'opospheric conditi ons whet'eas upslope air 

parcels may contain various amounts of matet'ial with a t'ecent ot'igin at the 

eat'th's sut'face . Total pat'ticle sa~ples wet'e also collected on filters on a 

weekly basis fot' DOE . High-volume filtec samples wer.e collected for EPA using 

standacd EPA methods with one 24-h filtet' sample being taken every 12 days. 

The DOE program was augmented to include daily filtet' changes during the 

Checnobyl nucleat' incident . 

The CO analyzec of the Max Pl anck Institut , Mainz, Germany , operated 

dur.ing sevet'al previous yeat's, was taken out of service eat'ly in the yeac. 

The SIO Applied Physics inft'aced CO2 analyzer. opet'ated without major 

problems during 1986 in parallel with the GMCC CO2 analyzer. Flask samples of 

air from MLO and Cape Kumukahi continued to be supplied to SIO on a weekly 

basis. 

Flask sample collections wet'e made both at MLO and at the seacoast at 

Cape Kumukahi foe several investigatot's intet'ested in a variety of 

constituents. Flask collections w~re1made at MLO for the Australian CSIRO 

is analyzing the samples for the 1~C/ ~C ratio as well as for CO , CO2, and 

CH4' Other flask sample progt'ams include those of the OGe , NCAR, and SIO. 

Colot'ado College continued its per.iodic sampling at MLO for nitric acid and 

hydrochlot'ic acid vapors over 2-wk periods every 3 mo by SRI International 

investigatot's. 

who 

The University of At'izona solat' photometry pt'ogt'am, supported by a NOAA 

ARL grant t hat includes the installation of a multiwavelength solar 

spectrot'adiometer and its long-tet'm operation at MLO . was in praliminat'y 

operation dut'ing the year. Tne overall goal of the pt'ogt'am is to determine 

the long-tet'm vat'iability of solar spectt'al irt'adiance. i.e. , the solat' "constant." Measurements over a solat' cycle at'e contemplated. A permanent 

facility to house this pt'ogram was completed at the close of the year . 

8 
2.2 Ba~~ow 

FACILITIES 

The thi~d-pa~ty suppo~t ag~eement between the U.S. Ai~ Fo~ce DEW Line 

cont~acto~ and GMCC was ~eviewed and updated . Besides p~ovisions fo~ 

elect~icity, a~~angements fo~ ~oad clea~ance, vehicles, and lodging a~e now 

included. The ag~eement has been beneficial to the GMCC ope~ation at BRW. 

The obse~vato~y obtained a ne\, Ski-Doo snow machine in Janua~y; 

Pape~wo~k was sta~ted to excess two snow machines and the Bambadie~ Bambi. 

None of these machines have value, so they \,ill be excessed as sc~ap . The 

Dodge t~uck continued to be a sou~ce of constant t~ouble; and Boulde~ is 

wo~king to have it ~eplaced by a GSA vehicle next yea~. The Chevy Subu~ban 

was sold as excess in 1986. 

The ~oof of the obse~vato~y was ~ewi~ed in the summe~ and can now handle 

110 V ac o~ 220 Vac. Plans we~e being wo~ked on to upg~ade the mechanical 

systems in the observato~y. With the inc~eased p~ojects we have an 

ove~heating p~oblem in the station. 

A modem was connected to the IBM PC and used this yea~ to send data to 

and f~am Boulde~ at any time of the night o~ day. A BBS named FlOC is used on 

a ~egula~ basis to communicate with the message se~vice p~ovided by Boulde~. 

BRW also used the PC to t~ansfe~ data f~om the CAMS to the disk d~ive, in p~epa~ation fo~ the day when Boulde~ uses this featu~e. 

The No~th Slope Bo~ough (NSB) and NSF cosponso~ed a meeting in BRW ro~ 

the ~eview of U.S. A~ctic Science Policy. GMCC/BRW pe~sonnel attended these 

meetings and we~e asked fo~ thei~ opinions. Pe~sonnel f~om GMCC we~e also 

called on seve~al times, by the NSB, fo~ technical help and input. The BRW 

pe~sonnel we~e named in a p~oposal to NSF to inc~ease fund i ng fo~ t~aining NSB 

science teache~s. 

PROGRAMS 

Table 3 lists the 1986 p~og~ams; some of the p~og~ams a~e fu~the~ 

desc~ibed below. 

Ca~bon Dioxide 

A new p~og~am was installed in the CAMS package i n May to take ca~e of a 

bug that was found in the old p~og~am. The~e has been no t~ouble since. The 

coolant in the C~yoCool wate~ vapo~ f~eezeout t~ap was changed to b~ing the 

tempe~atu~e back down to -70°C. New CO2 standa~ds we~e put online in Novembe~. Flask samples continued as befo~e, with the exception of the 5-L 

flasks that we~e discontinued in Ma~ch . 

Ozone 

The Dasibi su~face ozone mete~ ~an fine all yea~ except for two bu~nedout pumps. 

9 
Table 3. -··Surr.mary of sampllng programs at BRW in 1986 

Program 

Gases 

--co;-

Surface ozone 

Methane 

CF'C-l' , CF'C-12, eCl., CH,Cel., 

and N, 

Total ozone 

nuclei 

Optical properties 

Solar Radiation 

Albedo 

Global irradlance 

Direct irradiance 

Direct irradiance 

Terrestrial (IR) radiation 

Turbidity 

Meteorology 

Air temperature 

D~polnt temperature 

Pressure 

Wind (speed and direction) 

PrecIpItation Chemistry 

pH 

Conductivity 

Cooperative Programs 

Total surface particulates (DOE) 

Aerosol chemistry (URI) 

Aerosol chemistry 

(Univ. of Alaska) 

Ultraviolet radiation (Temple Unlv.) 

Precipitation gauge (ASCS) 

MagnetIc fields (USGS) 

I'C (USGS) 

Various trace gases (aGe) 

Various trace gases (NCAR) 1 'C/L ~C (CSIRO) 

CO~. I 'C. 11.0 (SIO) 

"C/LIC (Unlv. of Washington) 

Halocarbon monitoring (Univ. of 

Gallf.. Irvine) 

Earthquake detection 

(Unlv. of Alaska) 

Correlation of metal signatures 

with posItion of Arctic front & 

radioisotope (Unlv. of Alaska) 

Elemental aerosol collection , PIXE 

Vnlv. of florIda 

Aerosol composition/size 

distribution (Unlv, of Hawaii) IJCH~("C/IJC) (VOIV. of WashlnRton) 

Instrument 

URAS-2T infrared analyzer 

O.5-L glass flasks. P' 

O.5-L glass flasks , through analyzer 

3-L glass flasks 

Dasibi ozone meter 

O.5-L glass flasks 

Carle GC with flP acquisition 

300-mL stainless steel flasks 

HP-GC with HP acquisition 

Ozone balloons 

Dobson ozone spectrophotometer no 91 

Pollak CNC 

G. E. CNC 

Four-wavelength nephelometer 

Eppley pyranomter 

Eppley pyranometers with Q and RGB 

fi Iters 

Tracking tUP 

Eppley pyrheliometer with Q, OGt, 

RG2 , and RGB fIlters 

Eppley pyrgeometer 

Sun photometers wi th 380-, 500- I 778- I 

and 862-nm narrowband filters 

Thermistor-2 levels 

Max.-min. thermometers 

Dewpoint hygrometer 

CapaCitance transducer 

Mercurial barometer 

BendIx Aerovane 

pH meter (samples analyzed at MLO) 

Conductivity bridge (samples analyzed 

at MLO) 

High-volume sampler 

High-volume sampler 

Hi-Vol filters 

Ultraviolet radiometer 

Wyoming shielded preCipitatIon gauge 

Magnetometer 

to-L stainless steel flasks 

Stainless steel flasks 

3-L stainless steel flasks 

5-L glass flasks 

5-L evacuated glass flasks 

35-L stainless steel flasks 

Various stainless steel flasks 

Seismograph 

Hi -Vol sampler 

Streaker sampler 

impactor sampler 

Knollenberg counter 

35-L stainless steel flasks 

Sampl1ng 

frequency 

Continuous 

1 paIr wk- L 

1 pair wk-' 

1 pair wk-' 

Continuous 

1 pair wk-' 

Continuous 

1 pair wk-' 

Discrete 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Discrete 

Continuous 

Discrete 

Continuous 

1 day- 1 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Dlscr'ete 

Continuous 

Continuous 

(1 filterwk-') 

Continuous 

(2 filters wk-') 

Continuoos 

3 fllters wk-' 

Continuous 

2 mo-' 

1 station check Wk-') 1 paIr mo- I 

1 set wk- 1 (3 flasks 

set-' ) 

paIr wk-' 

pair (2 wk)- ' 

pair wk- 1 

(2 Wk)- L 

set <3 mo)-I 

Continuous 

Check site wk-' 

Change tape mo-' 

Continuous 

3 fllters wk-' 

Discrete March-AprIl 

Discrete March-AprIl 

Discrete 

--------------------------------

10 
A Dobson spectrophotometer , no 91, was installed by station personnel in 

June , and routine readings were begun . There has not been a Dobson instrument 

in BRW for several years because the observing conditions are poor with very 

few clear-sky conditions. 

Regular ozone balloon flights were begun in February, starting with two 

to three flights per week and dropping to one per week after the spring . Several cold-weather problems made the first year trying , but still 

successful. The small , 1600 , 2000 , and 3000 g balloons were use~ as little as 

possible; the majority of flights used the 19,000 and 146,000 ft balloons . 

Methane 

In January Boulder staff installed a methane GC system. The installation 

was quick and had few problems. During the year, two methanizer catalysts 

were replaced . Hi gh methane values were measured in winds that were outside 

the designated clear-air sector. These high values are believed to be from 

local sources. 

Halocarbons 

In October , Boulder personnel installed a GC system to measure N20, CFC11, CFC-12, CC14 ' and CH3CC1,. Except for a problem with the interface , everything went smoothly. Tne system ran fine the rest of the year . Flask 

samples will be taken weekly as a comparison, to ensure high-quality data 

intercomparabilities between the two measurement methods. Larger sample loops 

will be installed i n the GC to improve the preCision of the measurements as 

they arrive from the factory. 

Aerosols 

The G.E. CNC and the four-channel nephelometer ran fine all year. A TSI 

CNC with a size selector was sent to the Observatory for AGASP observations. 

Boulder personnel setup the equipment for AGASP. 

Solar Radiati on 

The solar radiation program ran with few problems all year. Turbidity 

and filter wheel NIP read ings were taken as conditions permitted. The box on 

the t racking NIP was not water t ight . This was repaired in July. Early i n 

the year it was discovered that , during the normal migration of the caribou , the albedo rack was being used as a scratching post. The lines were tightened 

and the poles set upright again . 

Meteorology 

The meteorology instrume~fs ran fine all year . This year a storm hit on 

September 20 that had 65 mi h winds, the highest measured on record. 

Several roads in town were washed out, including the one to the GMCC 

observatory , and several houses were in danger of being washed out . There was 

also damage to the 300-400 yr old burial site in town. This was all during 

the first 2 h of the storm , the worst i n 23 yr. This winter also had one of 

the highest snowfalls on record . 

11 
P~ecipitation Chemist~y 

ARL pe~sonnel visited BRW and ~eviewed the acid p~ecipitation sampling p~og~am. A new p~otocol was established to continue rain and snow sampling . 

Coope~ative P~og~ams 

The last of the LBL inst~uments we~e ~etu~ned to LBL this yea~ as the p~oject came to a close. The Hi-Vol pump was left he~e and was used by the Un ve~sity of Alaska , Fai~banks. 

The GMCC/BRW obse~vato~y p~oved to be a focal point fo~ measu~ements 

afte~ the Che~nobyl nuclea~ ~eacto~ accident . The GMCC staff we~e p~essed 

into special obse~vational p~og~ams to monito~ fallout f~om Che~nobyl . Small 

amounts of fallout we~e detected f~om meas~ements made at BRW. Special Che~nobyl monito~ing measu~ements we~e made fo~ the state of Alaska, the Unive~sity of Alaska, the Depa~tment of Health fo~ the Unive~sity of Maryland, 

and DOE . 

The BRW obse~vato~y also pa~ticipated in the second AGASP expe~iment 

du~ing Ma~ch and Ap~il. Special ae~osol measu~ements fo~ AGASP-II we~e made 

by the Unive~sity of Flo~ida; the Unive~sity of Hawaii ; and GMCC Boulde~ . All 

GMCC measu~ements we~e intensified and tied into NOAA ' s WP-3D ~esea~ch 

ai~c~aft flights in and a~ound Ba~~ow du~ing AGASP. 

fo~ 

and 

Othe~ coope~ative expe~iments sqa~ted in 1986 included methane sampling 

the Unive~sity of Washington, He sampling fo~ the Depa~tment of Inte~io~ , 

navigational beacon setups fo~ two offsho~e navigation companies. 

12 
:' . 3 Samoa 

The SMO GMCC obse~vato~y continued >lith another year of successful 

operation in 1986. Observations were interrupted for i1 short time by a 

lightning stcLke in April and massive island uti.lity blackouts in May ami 

June. Hee1<ly ozonesonde flights were added to the pl'ogr'am in Apci.l and 

cont.lnued throughout the year'. 

The lightning strike occurred on April 22 in the ear'ly afternoon. The 

bolt str'uck a tree 10 m from the observatory and entered a cable buried nearby 

to gain access to both the main anli EKTO bui ldings. All the M03 CAMS boards 

were destr'oyed, along "lith several ASR CAMS boards , the photovoltaic system 

controller, the Dasibi ozone monitor' and communic ~tlons boar'd , the telephones , and the standby generator control relay. Both of the station personnel were 

in the building but were unhurt. During the ensuing 1 h dOlmpour, the skies 

became so dark that all solar radiation channels t'ead zero . A 5-in-deep 

crater was later found whet'e the lightning entered the ground. 

A power c~isi.s la:sting throughout r~ay and JUrJe led to a failure of the 

standby generator at the station. The island utility company lost 70% of its 

generating capacity and was fOr'ced to put the territory on a schedule of 

r'otating blackouts totalling 16 to 20 h per day . Businesses and schools 

closed, water systems lost Pr'cssur'e, and television and radio shut down for 

over' a month. The observatory continued fair'ly nOr'mal operation until June 

16 , when the standby gener'ator' suffered a r'uptur'ed r'adiator' and cracked 

head. Repai rs wer'e complete in 3 days because luck i ly the proper parts wen~ 

on the island . By ,July, the utility power' was restor'ed. 

Long-standing gr'ounding pt'oblems ".oler'e solved in 1986. In Febt'uar'Y the 

EKTO building was rewired; mOr'e outlets and breakers were added, electronic 

and motot'/pump grounds were isolated , a UPS was hardwired in, and a grounding 

rod was estClblished. In August a heavy copper cable was used to connect the 

EKTO and observator'Y grounding rods, reducing signal noise between the two 

buildings and eliminating the Dasibi-CAMS co~munication problem . 

A new van was deliver'ed in October and the old van excessed. 

PROGRAMS 

All 1986 progca~s are summarized in table 4; some are fUr'ther described 

beloH. 

Carbon Dioxide 

The URAS-2T continuous analyzer monitored CO2 concentrations throughout 

the year . Failure of a Cincinatti Sub-Zero freezer in July led to its 

temporary replacement by a CryoCool unit with alcohol bath . An upgraded water 

trap based on a small hQ~e refrigerator was put in place on the Matatula Point 

in August . 

13 
Table 4.--Summar'Y of sampling progmms at SMO in 1986 

Pf'ogralTl 

Gases 

---co.-

Surrace ozone 

Total ozone Ozone prori le 

Methane 

erc-tt , CFC-12, and N,O 

eFC-II, CFC-12 . 1/,0 , eel .. , 

and eH.eCl . 

Aerosols 

Condensation nuclei 

Optical properties 

Solar Radiation 

Global irradiance 

Direct irradiance 

Dif'ect irradiance 

Turbidity 

Meteorology 

Air Temperature 

D~point t~pe["ature 

Relative humidity 

Pressure 

Wind (speed and direction) 

Precipitation 

Precipitation Chemistry 

pH 

Conductivity 

Cooperative Programs 

C02 , "C. tbO (SID) 

ALE project: CFC-l1, CFC-12, 

l-hO, CH.Cel. , GCl .. (0CiC) 

Various trace gases (OGC) 

l 'C. I '0, CO, (CSIRO) 

L 'e (USGS) 

Wet-dry deposl tion (NAOP) 

Bulk deposition (EHL) 

Hi-Vol sampler' (~~L) 

Hi-Vol sampler (SEASPAII Project) 

COz , CH., trace gases (NCAR) 

l'C, l'CH. (Argonne Lab . ) 

Il13trument 

URAS-2T infrared analyzer 

0.5-L glass rlasks pI 

0.5-L glass rlasks, through analyzer 

3-L evacuated glass rlasks 

Dasibi ozone meter 

Dobson spectrophotometer no. ~2 vr 65 

Balloon borne ECC sonde 

0.5-L glass rlasks 

300-mL stainless steel rlasks 

HP5890 automated gas chromatograph 

Pollak CNC 

G.E. CNC 

Four-wavelength nephelometer 

Eppley pyranometers with Q and RGB 

filters 

Eppley pyranometers with Q 

rllters on tilted mounts 

Eppley pyrheliometer with Q filter 

Eppley pyrheliometer with Q, OGI, 

RG2, and RG8 rilters 

Sunphotometers with 380-, 500-, 778-, 

and 862-n~ narrowband rilters 

Thennistors (3) 

Hax .-mln. thermometers 

HYSrothennograph 

Oewpolnt hygrometer 

Hygrothermograph 

Sling psychrometer 

Capacitance transducer 

Hicrobarograph 

Mercurial barometer 

Bendix Aerovane 

Rain gauge, weighing bucket 

Tipping rain guage 

Plastic bulk rain guage 

Fisher model 805 meter 

Beckman model RC-16C meter 

5-L evacuated glass flasks 

HP5880 gas chromatograph 

Stainless steel flasks 

5-L glass flasks 

10 -L stainless steel flasks 

HASL wet-dry collector 

Chemetr\cs 

Plastic bucket 

Hi-Vol pump and filter 

HI-Vol pump and filter with clean 

Evacuated stainless steel flasks 

30-L evacuated steel cylinders 

14 

Sampling 

frequency 

Continuous 

1 pair wk- l 

I palr wk- l 

lpalrwk- l 

Continuous 

3 day-l 

1 wk- l 

pair wk- l 

pair wk- l 

h- , 

Discrete 

Continuous 

ContInuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Discrete 

Discrete 

Continuous 

1 day-l 

Discrete 

Continuous 

Discrete 

Discrete 

Conti nuous Discrete 

1 wk- l 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

1 day-l 

day-l (CllCC); 1 wk- 1 (tIADP) 

day-l (mCC); 

1 wk- l OIADP) 

3 flasks wk- l 

(3 rlasks set-I) 1 pair rr.o- l 

2 pair mo- l 

1 wk-', wet; 

2 me-I , dry 

mo- l 

wk-' 

wk- l 

pair wk- l 

pair wk- l 
Five-lite~ flask cOllectio~s we~e discontinued in Ma~ch. Samples f~~~ 

3-L flasks and pairs of 0.5-L P and th~ough-analyze~ flasks continued to be 

taken in 1986. At yea~ s end, tests we~e begun to determine the extent to 

which CO2 Has absorbed by the O-cings of the 0.5-L flasks, and a change "a" 

made to flasks with g~eased stopcocks. 

Su~face Ozone 

The Dasibi UV ozone metee operated continuously except foe a 1-mo ~epair 

pe~iod in Boulde~ aftec the April ligiltning strike damaged it. 

Total Ozone 

Dobson ozone spect~ophotometer no. 42 was ~eplaced by instcument no . 65 

in June and ~etumed to Bould~\, fo~ calib~3.tion· Both inst~uments provided an uninte~~upted ~ecord of 3 day total ozone obse~vatlons in 1986 . 

Ozonesondes 

Beginning on Ap~il 1, weekly ozonesonde flights we~e conducted by G~CC 

SMO personnel at the NWS station at the Tafuna .I\i~po~t . Rubbe~ balloons 

weighing 1600 , 2000, o~ 3000 g we~e used; flights to 5-10 mb altitude we~e 

~outinely achieved. In the fi~st yea~ of ope~ation, 53 flights He~e made with 

a 72% success cate. 

A se~ies of ozonesonde and watec-vapo~ balloon flights was conducted by 

GMCC Boulder in July. 

Haloca~bons 

In June the GMCC/NOAH group installed a GC to measu~e concentrations of 

N2, CFC-11, CFC-12, CC14' and CH3CC1 3. Although it is a new and majo~ 

program, the equipment operated victually t~ouble-free foe the ~emainder of 

the yea~. Weekly stainless steel flask samples co~tinued to be taken fo~ the 

GMCC/NOAH g~oup. 

Su~face Ae~osols 

The G.E. CNC operated continuously except fo~ a 2-wk period in April when 

the inst~ument was in Boulde~ fo~ ~epai~ . The four-wavelength nephelometer 

was in Boulde~ in June and July, but operated well during the ~emainde~ of the 

year. 

Sola~ Radiation 

A new cha~t reco~der went on line in Feb~ua~y, and the pyrheliomete~ was 

replaced in May following the lightning st~ike. The p~ogram of global 

~~adiance , direct ic~adiance , and tu~bidity measurements continued in 1986 as 

before. 

15 
Beginning in July , a tipping rain gauge measut'ing in a .Ol-in increments 

connected to the M03 CAMS was put on line . The complement of meteorology 

in3truments in Samoa t'emained the same in 1986 . 

?reci.r i t3.tion _~£1_e '1l~~_t.r:r 

The Corni ng model 125 pH meter was replaced with a Fisher model 805 in 

:·larch . DIJri ng a visi t by an ARL/:>ilver Spring staff member in Sept ember , 

plA.ns were made to upgrade the program for 1987 . 

oce discontinued operation of its HP584a gas chromatograph in May and 

in.'3t;;lled an IBM PC- based data acquisiti.on system for the pr'esent HP5880 gas 

chromatograph in June . The present configur'ation has evolved into a user-

°l'iendly and trouble-free system with virtu;;lly no downtime . 

In .June the SMO electronic techniciA.n attended a training session for the 

NADP progmm in Ulinois. As a result , the layout of preCipitation collectors 

on t'le observatory roof \-Ias rlovised in September'. 

A new pt'ogram of flask sampling for Argonne National Laborator'Y was 

init i ated i n September. The samples are analyzed for the isotopic carbon 

composi tion of atmospheric methane . 

16 
2.4 South Pole 

FACILITIES 

Amundsen-Scott South Pole station is located about 150 m from the 

geographical South Pole. Located on the Polar Plateau, the station's 

elevation is about 9301 ft. According to SPO data for the year, the 

temperatures ranged from -22°C to -80°C for the 1985-1986 season. Because of 

the intense cold and darkness, the U.S. Navy's Operation Deep Freeze squadron, 

VXE-6, can operate on the continent only during the austral summer months with 

its LC-130 ski-equipped aircraft. This year the station opened on November 1, 

1985, and closed on February 17, 1986. This was the only period when supplies 

and mail could be delivered to the pole, with the exception of an Air Force 

airdrop of approximately 12,000 lbs of supplies on June 22, 1986. 

The GMCC SPO program is located in NSF's CAF building. It is positioned 

such that about 99% of the winds come from the Clean-Air Sector. Several 

major building projects were planned for this year. The raising of the CAF 

building onto its 10 steel I-beam supports was attempted throughout the 

sWQmer. However, because of lack of the proper lifting equipment, along with 

concerns for the safety of the workers, it was determined to postpone the lift 

for another year. Grooming of the snow surface was sufficient to allow 

another year in the CAF without serious impairment from drifting snow. 

Another major project for the year, replacing the power cable to the CAF, was 

accomplished with considerable difficulty. The new cable is positioned deeply 

enough and out of the way enough that there should not be any more power 

problems associated with broken cables. Additionally, a computer cable from 

the IBM PC in the CAF to the station PDP 11/73 was installed while the trench 

was open for the power cable. The installation of a UPS was not completed 

because the batteries to run the unit never arrived. A railing around the 

roof of the CAF was completed . It is solidly made of 2-in-diameter steel 

pipe. A steel fire escape ladder out the back door of the CAF , complete with 

a small porch and iron railings was installed . A replacement manifold for the 

trace gas stack was installed in January and has worked very well. The 

support provided by NSF for the joint NOAA-NSF research effort in Antarctica 

was excellent. 

The station's science computer, a DEC PDP 11/23, was upgraded to an 11/73 

in January 1986. This allowed us to connect CAF's IBM PC to the station 

computer, which was the first step to getting GMCC data to Boulder on a 

monthly basis via satellite transmission. 

Electric power this year was exceptionally clean. Frequency fluctuations 

as previously seen on the CO2 trace were virtually nonexistent. This was due 

to an excellent power plant operator as well as the installation of Woodward 

governors on all three generators last summer. At the same time, two of the 

three generator engines were overhauled and the alternators replaced. 

GMCC had a very good year at the pole, and had two major additions to the 

program. These were the successful implementation of regular monthly data 

transmissions via satellite to the home facility in Boulder, and the start of 

a program to launch ozonesondes to 3 mb altitude by means of large plastic 

balloons, in an effort to monitor the decrease in ozone over the Antarctic 

17 
contin,"nt in the austt'al :3pt'ing . In alldition , a cooperative project wit'"! 

NZARP to meaS'Jl'e N02 throug'l the atmosprlet'ic column was ini ti'1ted . 1\11 longterm GMCC pt'ojects and coopet'ati V8 progcams ';et'e successf,Jlly r'un t'1t'oughout 

the .season. All electnnic and electrical failw'cs weee successf,llly t'epait'ed 

by t'1e instrlJffient specialist quickly , with the bCire minimum of ,jowntime . 

PROGRAMS 

Table 5 lists the sampling pt'ogt'ams mrrie,j out dlJring t'1e 1985-1986 

season. Comments on some of the programs follow. 

Satellite Data Transmissions 

Fot' the first time, GMCC SPO datd Has sent via ATS-3 satellito'! to i3oul,jer 

on a 'nontl1ly ba:3is dur'ing the austt'al winter' . The system stat'ts with an IBM 

PC in CAr , using a t'lpe reader , i'l-house wr'i tten soft"'at'e , and KERMIT , to 

prepat'e the data ft'om aU the CAMS units, and dlso Dobson ozone data . Tne 

CAt1S data ace all in an hO\1l'ly average fot'fDat. The dCita are t'len transfet't'ed 

to the s tati.on PDP 11 computer' using the shielded callle and line kivet's. 

Once the d'lta 'Ire on har',j disk in the station computer , the staff transfet's 

the data to Malabar, Florida via the ATS satel.lit8 , "'here i~. is available f Ol' 

rett'ieval by tile i3-'}uldlOr computet' staft· . The system, though cumbet'some at 

th is point, w;)t'ks extre'nely ",ell . 

The CAMS systems have 'dorked extremely 'dell 03.11 ye'3.~. There have ~)een no 

BRA'1 1.0:3:383 except for ones caused by maintenance or by 3\1appi ng boar'ds. 

Pt'oblems have been ver'y lew, and on almost all occas L,)(]s tIle CAI1'3 successfully 

~":3tat'te d automatically aftet' power o,Jtages. The ZRAM i)oal'ds t'ece.i ve,l i:J 

Decembel' may have been a large reason foc the suceess of the peogl'am. 

Carbon Dioxide 

There wet"e some r'elatively min0r pt'oblems ,11t"1 the CO2 CAMS , which c;msed 

the 'Jillt to l'estart automatic3.11y orten dJring printouts, but they weee solved 

':)y the end of the scaiJon. The cleaner power' to the builrting l'esult8:j in a 

much better' analYGer trace than in previous Y83.[,S . 

Sut'fa~e Ozone 

The sut'fA.ce ozone had a few pt'oblems this year , Qut little data were l ost 

because of fast cepdirs by t}Je instt'ument techniciA.n . Most Qf the"e pt'oblems 

wel'e related to the ozone generatot' , but t'Je Dasibl meter alGo required a 

little ma[1tenance. 

TQtal Ozone 

During i,ovember 1985, Dob:30n ozone spectrophotometer no . 80 \1as replCi.:::ed 

with Dobson no . 82 ",Hhout difflclJlty , Dobson no . 82 Has used all ye3r , 

inclu(Jing moon observat1ons dll"ing the ",intee , without any problems besi,llOs 

t'eplacing the photomultiplier step s',;itch, thus pt'ovl'ling total ozone data fot' 

SPO. 

18 
Gases 

CO. 

PC'Ogeam 

Surface ozone Total ozone Ozone peof fle 

CfC-" , CfC-12, and N10 

OINt (NOAA/ ARL) 

Aerosols 

Condensation nuclei 

Optical properties 

Solar Radiation 

Global spectral lrradlance 

1\Irbidity 

Albedo 

Terrestrial (IR) radiation 

Meteorology 

Aie Tempe ratuee 

Snow temperature 

Pressure 

Wi nd speed/dieectlon 

Cooperative Programs 

COl, IIC, ~hO (S1O) 

Total surface particulates 

(DOo) 

Aerosol physical properites 

(SVlIYA) 

Various trace gases (OCC) 

I IC/I IC, CH. (USGS) 

,·C (NOAA/ARL) 

Snow acidity (NOAA/ARL) 

Vaeious trace gases 

Cosmic Dust Collection 

(Univ . of Pittsburgh) 

Interhemisphecic IIC/I'C 

(CSIRO) 

N02 (NZARP) 

Ozonesondes 

Instrument 

URAS-2T infrared analyzee 

O.5-L glass flasks pI 

O.5-L glass flasks , through analyzer 

Dasibi ozone meter 

Dobson spectrophotometee no . 80 or no 82 

Balloonborne ozonesondes 

300-mL stainless steel flasks 

Gas chromatograph 

flasks 

Pollak CNC 

G.E . eNC 

four-wavelength nephelometer 

Eppley pyranometers with Q and 

RGB filters 

Eppley pyrheliometer with Q, OGl, RG2, 

and ReB filters 

Sunphotometers .... ith 380- , 500-, 778-, 

and 862-nm nareowband filters 

Eppley pyranometecs with Q and RoB 

filters , downwacd-facing 

Eppley pyrgeometers, up .... acd- and 

downward-facing 

Platinum cesistor 

Platinum resistor 0.5 cm capacitance transducer 

Meccucial barometec 

Bendlx Aerovane recorder 

5-L evacuated glass flasks 

High-volume sampler 

Pollak CNC with diffusion battery 

Nuclepore filters 

Stainless steel flasks 

10-L stainless steel cylinder 

3,000 psi spheres 

125-mL Nalgene flasks 

Aluminum flasks 

Cosmic dust collectoe 

flasks 

Spectrophotometee, data loggee 

SamplIng 

feequency 

Continuous 

1 pair (2 Wk)-I 

1 pair twice mo- I 

Continuous 

3 day-I 

Twice mo-' summer Three tlmes mo-' wintee 

1 pair wk-' summee 2 analyses .... k- I 

1 flask rno -I peesent 

Discr-ete 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Discrete , summee 

Discrete , summer 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

Continuous 

1 time day-' 

Continuous 

2 mo- 1 (3 flasks 

sample-' ) 

Conti nuous (1 f1lter wk- I ) 

Discrete 

Continuous 

Twice mo- I 

(3 flasks 

set-' ) 1 mo-) 

(2 cylinder-s sample-I) 

500 psi day-' 1 (2 wk)-' 

Weekly 

Continuous 

2 day-l for 6 wk 

at sunrise & sunset 

The fiest ozonesonde launch with the lacge (142 ,000 ft 3) balloons took 

place in late January. Since the i~flation took place outdoors, the very 

slight bceeze was sufficient to destcoy the balloon. A 3000-g rubber balloon 

was then launched without pcoblems. Considerable difficulties "ith the 

19 
intense cold , winds , drifting snJI-I , and some poor-quality (diluted) hell'lm 

caused an approximiltely 50% failur'e rate i~ the ozonesonde atte,npts , especially when the very lar'ge3

(225 ,OOO ft ) balloons "ere use,j . However', on 

airdrop, a supply of 19,000 ft balloons ~rr'ived , which illlowed continuance of 

the program usin3 the ball·)')n infliltion tower as a facility foe laundling . 

This reduced the failure rate to about 20% , and allowed tile program to 

continue during tile austral Sprin3 , when the ozone ,jecreasc reached a seasonal 

low. A total of 51 launch il.ttempts were made , 311 successful, reaching to 2 . 0 

mb pressure al~it'lde . 

Halocarbons 

The ha locarbon program wit'1 the Shimadzu GC and S!.lamer flask s<lmpling 

continued throllgho'lt the year with some proble·ns. 

Aerosols 

The Pollak CNC performed well aH year'. It compared wi t'l the G. E. CNC ' s 

fairly well throughout the year.. The G. 1;; . ' s needed the usual fr.equent 

maintenance, but never.theless produce a ve r:y good data set for the year . The 

nephelometer performed very well all year: , except for channels occasion~lly 

dropping to zero because of the low ambient levels. 

Solar Radiation 

This year an HP-71-based system ,-laS in.'ltal led to 'lugment the CAMS dat'l 

acquis i tion system ""i th backup tapes and to provide a chart outP'lt . All 

instruments and maintenance routines wet'e continued as in previous years. 

There were a fe.,1 problems associated 'Ni th bad pre-amps and cable connections , 

but system downtime was minimal. It was discover-ed that ()et'tain combinations 

of fr'equene.ies and antennas fr'om the station HF radio tcansmissions .,Iould 

cause err'ati() traces on the solar' r'adiation instruments , but communications 

with the radio operators minimized this. 

Meteorology 

This progr'am generally r"m fairly well. Durin.,s the vIsit ':)y tfle G'1CC SMO 

Station Chief, .it ""as discover'ed th'lt the connections to Td were not 

compatible with the specifications, 'lnd wer'e changed. The diffet'ence bet'Neen 

GMCC SPO temperatures and NWS temperatur'es was al~o inve3tigated . No 

conclusions wen~ made , but it was noted th3.t Glle avc(",ge (ji rfer'ence bet.,/een Ta 

and the NWS tempet'ature ""as about 0.5°C. Tilis compat'es more favot'ably than 

the discrepancies repocted in previouS yeacs. 

The majocity of the cooperative pcojects list'e,j in t"ble 5 continued ""it'l 

few pr'oblems. The lJSGS gas b'Jbbler experiment for carbon 14/carbon 12 ""as 

discontinued in mid-1985. The LBL cari)oJl aet'osol pt'ogt'am was disconti nued in 

July 1986. A neH pt'oject for the NZARP >las initiate,j to measure N02 using 

solar scattering in the 4500 Angstrom region . There Here a fe"" initial 

problems with this program, but experience sol vetj them all . Finally , the 

pumps for the NOAA/ARL cRr'bon 111 progr'am 'lnd the DOE Hi -Volume sampler were 

both replaced dilring the 'lu,stral summer. 

20 
3. AEROSOLS AND RADIATION MONITORING GROUP 

3.1 Continuing Progr~ns 

SURFACE AEROSOLS 

The GMCC aerosol monitoring program continued during 1986 in the same 

mode as in previous years . Condensation nucleus (CN) concentration and 

aerosol scattering extinction coefficient (Osg) were measured continuously at 

BRW, MLO, SMO , and SPO. A G.E. automatic eN ounter operated continuously and 

a Pollak CN counter provided daily calibration points for the automatic CN 

counter at each station. A four-wavelength nephelometer at each station 

continuously measured asp at 450-, 550- , 700-, and 850-nm wavelengths. The 

MLO nephelometer exhibit~d low sensi tivity on channel four (850 nm); 

therefore , only 450-, 550- , and 700-nm scattering extinction data for MLO are 

shown in this report. The SMO and SPO aerosol monitoring programs operated 

essentially trouble free. 

Figure 1 shows daily geometric means of CN concentration (lower portion 

of each plot), 0sP (middle portion of each plot), and Angstrom exponent (upper 

portion of each plot) at the GMCC stations for 1986. Three independent values 

of Angstrom exponent were calculated from the asp data. Monthly geometric 

means of the entire data record for each station are shown in fig. 2. Monthly 

geometric means of the data for 1986 are listed in table 1. 

Tabl e 1.--Monthly geometriC means of CN concentration (cm-') and o~o (m-') at 

450 , 550 , 700, and 850 nm , for BRW , MLO, SMO , and SPO dlJring' 1986 

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 

BRW 

eN 121 342 790 474 158 292 434 361 222 159 145 113 

'sp(450) 1. 1 3-5 1.07-5 2.16-5 1.73-5 5.63-6 3.36-6 3.65-6 3.26-6 4.03-6 5.92-6 5.72-6 1.02-5 

°sp (550) 9.88-6 9.78-6 1.88-5 1. 46-5 4.53-6 2.74-6 3.00-6 3.15-6 3.77-6 5.09-6 4.88-6 9.68-6 

'sp(700 ) 6.52-6 6.88-6 1.23-5 9.10-6 2.76-6 1.80-6 1.96-6 <.42-6 2.88-6 3.50-6 3.23-6 7.26-6 

'sp (850) 4.65-6 5.02-6 8.27-6 5.91-6 1.72-6 1.23-6 1. 51 -6 2.09-6 2.22-6 2.53-6 2.27-6 5.51-6 

MLO 

eN 258 205 315 191 299 227 279 297 287 198 234 363 

'sp(450) 8.15-7 9.13-7 1.57-6 1.45-6 2.13-6 1.39-6 7.17-7 1.15-6 1.54-6 7.79-7 9.67-7 6.86-7 

'sp(550) 6.31-7 7.15-7 1.17-6 1.07-6 1.66-6 1.09-6 6.02-7 8.24-7 1.16-6 5.21-7 6.94-7 4.62-7 

'sp(700) 4.73-7 5.43-7 8.86-7 8.16-7 1. 39-6 9.04-7 4.65-7 6.05-7 8.32-7 4.08-7 5.69-7 4.04-7 

'sp(850) 

SMO 

eN 329 477 483 535 286 231 287 271 182 276 274 286 

'sp(450) 1.89-5 1.70-5 1.61-5 1.41-5 2.04-5 1.57-5 9.87-6 1.05-5 1.33-5 

'sp(550) 1.82-5 1.58-5 1.47-5 1.31 -5 2.03-5 1.53-5 9.27-6 1.01-5 1. 31-5 

'sp(700) 1.92-5 1.56-5 1.46-5 1.34-5 2.12-5 1.56-5 9.63-6 1.01-5 1.36-5 

'sp(850) 2.02-5 1.59-5 1. 49-5 1.42-5 2.25-5 1. 63-5 1.05-5 9.74-6 1. 47-5 

SPO 

eN 76 80 53 24 12 9 10 10 21 43 85 106 

'sp(450) 3.71-7 3.64-7 2.61-7 1.93-7 3.30-7 3.81-7 6.77-7 6.73-7 8.11-7 1. 11-6 4.51-7 4.25-7 

'sp (550) 2.43-7 2.20-7 1.49-7 1.54-7 2.28-7 2.95-7 4.88-7 5.62-7 6.15-7 8.87-7 3.05-7 2.71-7 

'sp(700) 1.13-7 1.02-7 8.46-8 9.30-8 1.28-7 1.72-7 2.70-7 3.62-7 3.77-7 5.90-7 1. 78-7 1.36-7 

'sp (850) 5.40-8 5.91-8 4.95-8 5.25-8 8.06-8 1.00-7 1.68-7 2.49-7 2.58-7 4.15-7 1.14-7 8.19-8 

A compact exponential format is used for asp such that 1. 13-5 ~ 1. 13 x 10-$, 

21 
z 

u 

'e 

. 

AEROSOL DATA fOR BARROW 

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP ocr NO\' DEC 

Iv + ""I-i: 1§?}-3; i li/&'¥IH 

L,·.d I 

Ip~' I ~ \1',,1 V i ,. or' "~, Ir~ lt~~~f~:l I ~,,:/\ It 'i W~ , \:~ , .. ! N/; , .. \11'1 , , 

I I I 

., , I I 

I I,JH I , 1,1, . , I 

iN/N' ,t1J, V , 1\"11\ \1 li\li\,/WJlhJ 'I \' l'l/fl 

M 

N 

o 

AEROSOL DATA fOR MAUNA LOA 

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP ocr NOV DEC 

I:: + :~ '44 ,I·' w+H;[ \:t \·,1 

I :. d\ ,iI 1\ 't~\JI; , 

'\ l,n !V ~ • r y 

, v 'v IV I . . \f\, I 'v (,,{: , t .. '" 

I I I 

I II I I , I 

!. ~ 'I,t' }II I ~ ~,,(J)I!iV'~'r..')' I, 'i~' IrHr ,V'''I I v:I

\, II ~ I . I "I I' 1\ ' II ' I " I 

\ 

'VI V VI"'~ " till 'v\' '",IV ~" 

I , I , 

I .( N 

JAt\ FES MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT No\' DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL Aue SEP ocr NOV DEC 

JAr.; fEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 

Figure 1.--Daily geometric means of asp' CN , and alpha data at BRW , MLO, SMQ, 

and SPO for 1986. Data for MLO are inbluded only for 0000 -0800 LST. For each 

station , CN concentration (lower) is shown as a solid line; asp data (middle) 

are shown for 450 (dotted), 550 (sol id), 700 (dashed), and 85u nm (longdashed); Angstrom exponents were calculated from 450- and 550-nm (dotted), 

550- and 700-nm (solid), and 700- and 850-nm (dashed) 0sp data. ° data for 

850 nm and Angstrom exponent (alpha) data for 700-850 nm are not s~gwn for 

MLO. 

22 
The BRI; data in fig. 1 show a maximum in 0 of about 10-5 m- 1 on 14 

March, typical of the well-known springtime Arct£c haze. The first 2 weeks of 

April 1986 , when the flights of AGASP-II took place near BRW , show significant 

variations in the intensity of the Arctic haze . The high ~gri~~time values of ° decrease rapidly in May, reaching values well below 10 m in June. ~£s regular annual cycle is appar~gt ~? the BRW l ong-term record shown in 

f i g. 2 ; monthly means are above 10 m in the spring or occasionally below 

10-0 in the summe r. The BRW CN record shows a more variable semiannual cycle; 

maxima usually occur in March and August , and minima usually occur in June and 

November. The entire BRW aerosol data record was recently presented by 

Quakenbush and Bodhaine (1987). 

74 75 76 

I 

AEROSOL DATA FOR MAUNA LOA 

. n787960S18Z83 64 85 86 

0" 

.!: ~j I 

.E-- , 

<0 I 

+ 

, 

.. c~ 

-=- ' 

~ 

00 

00 ' 

.3 

" • • n • R • " _ aM. • 

AEROSOL DATA FOR SAMOA 

-4d~ +j' ~f+1Jf i I I i p'I"j 

1" I ~ I i:S ;;: I 'i /I.. I I~ ,. ~~\J7'l}~ --:' t1 ' I· t.: '\ I (;..: ' ' " 

\·'i· \~.-, t;\./ t ~ : .. '/ I,\v 

"I I I 

w • • n _ R • ~ _ aM. • 

YEAR 

AEROSOL DATA FOR SOUTH POLE 

" • • n _ _ • ~ _ aM. • 

Figure 2.--Monthly geometric means of 0sp' CN, and alpha data for the entire 

data record. Details of the trend lines are given in table 2. 

23 
The su~face ae~osol data and the meteo~ological situation du~ing AGASP-II we~e discussed by Bodhaine et al. (1988). Th~ee ai~c~aft flights we~e 

conducted in the vicinity of BRH on 2, 8 , and 9 Ap~i 1 1986. P~io~ to 7 Ap~il 

the top of the su~face tempe~atu~e inve~si n above BRH was nea~ 850 mb and the t~opopause was nea~ 350 mb . On 7 Ap~il a high-p~essu~e system moved into the 

vicinity of BRW ; the height of the tempe~atu~e inve~sion was at about 950 mb, 

the tcopopause was at about 250 mb, and the su~face tempe~atu~e inve~sion was st~engthened . The se~ies of ae~osol events du~ing 8-11 Ap~il was p~obably 

caused by ho~izontal t~anspo~t as the high-p~essu~e system moved into the 

area. As a low-p essu e system pe ~bed the area, an ae~osol event du~ ng 

13- 15 Ap~il was accompanied by a weakening of the su~face inve~sion. This ae~osol event was p~obably caused by ve~tical t~anspo~t f~om above the inve~sion to the surface . Du~ing this time pe~iod, su~face winds we~e f~om 

the clean-ai~ secto~ . La~ge-scale back tcajecto~ies show slow t~anspo~t 

o~ nating over the A~ctic basin. 

In the 1983 AGASP expe~iment (Bodhaine et al. , 1984) , BRH su~face data 

showed ae~osol events associated wi th direct , rapi d transport originating over 

Asi a . Also , aerosol optical depth data cor~elated strongly with surface 

aerosol data, suggesting i ncreased vertical mixing. In the 1986 AGASP 

experiment , aerosol optical depth measurements did not correlate with surface 

aerosol measurements and no direct, rapid , large-scale transport was 

observed. As part of AGASP 1986 at BRW, a Nuclepore-filter diffusion battery 

apparatus for the measurement of particle size distribution in the Aitken size 

range , a Thermal Systems, Inc. alcohol-based eN co nte~ , an aethal ometer fo~ 

the measurement of soot ca~bon, and an HP data acquisition system were 

installed in the obse~vato~y building . 

The MLO 0sP data shown in fig . 1 a~e typical fo~ MLO and show a maximum 

in Ap~il May that is caused by the long-~ange transpo~t of Asian dese~t dust 

in the upper tcoposphe~e to the vicinity of Hawaii . Of particular interest is 

the la~ge event that occu~red during the fi~st 2 weeks of May. Note that 0sp 

data fo~ 850 nm are not s~own on this plot. The MLO eN data shown in fig . 1 ave~age about 250-300 cm- and a~e p~obably ~ep~esentative of the background t~oposphe~e in this ~egion. 

The SMO 0sp and eN data continue as in previous yea~s with no significant 

annual cycle o~ long-te~m trend. The SMO aerosol is ~ep~esentative of a 

background marine bounda~y layer. Bodhaine and DeLuisi (1985) p~esented a 

detail ed analY~~S ~1 the enti~e SMO data ~eco~~ . The long-te~m mean at SMO is 

about 1. 5 x 10 m fo~ 0sp and about 270 cm for eN concentr ation . 

~e SPO eN data show a st~ong annual cycle reaching a ~aximum of about 

200 cm j in the austral summer and a minimum of about 10 cm j in the winte~ . 

The Os data , being dominated by la~ge events in the aust~al winte~, show a 

cycle ~t~ikinglY diffe~ent from the eN cycle . These la~ge aerosol events a~e caused by the t~ansport of sea salt in the middle t~oposphe~e f~om stormy ~egions nea~ the coast to the inte~io~ of the continent, and then ve~tical 

t~anspo~t.down to the su~face . The la~gest o§~ (550 nm) event ~eco~ded at SPO 

occur~ed in August 1979 and exceeded 1. 5 x 10 m-l , compa~ed with a long-te~m 

mean of about 2.8 x 10-7 m-l . Note that the lopg-term mean of Os in the ma~ine bounda~y laye~ at SMO is about 1. 5 x 10-~ m- l . Analyses of the spa 

data we~e presented by Bodhaine et al. (1986 , 1987). 

24 
The least-squa~es t~end lines shown in fig. 2 we~e calculated using the 

common loga~ithms of the monthly means of the enti~e data ~eco~d , and the ~esults a~e given in table 2. Simila~ t~end lines have been calculated and p~esented in p~evious GMCC Summa~y Repo~ts. The long- te~m t~ends a~e still 

not statistically significant compa~ed with the standa~d e~~o~ (S.E.) about 

the t'egcession line, suggesting that the~e is no long-te~m t~end in the backg~ound ae~osol measu~ed at these fou~ stations. Samson et al. (1987) 

studied the long-te~m CN concent~ation ~eco~d for SPO and found a downward 

trend related to recent reduced concentrations in the austcal sp~ing. 

Table 2.--Least-squares trend analysis of the common logarithms 

of the data shown in fig. 2* 

Pa~amete~ 

BRW CN 

MLO CN 

St1) CN 

SPO CN 

Slope 

0.0160 

0.00394 

-0.00587 

0.0149 

0.000548 

-0.0153 

-0.0107 

0.0213 

Inte~cept 

-29.4 

-13.1 

14 .1 

-35.7 

1.36 

25.5 

22.9 

-48.8 

S. E. 

0.296 

0.377 

0.132 

0.326 

0.118 

0.120 

0.435 

0.189 

T~end (% y~-l) 

3.8 

0.91 

-1. 3 

3.5 

0.13 

-3.5 

-2.4 

4.8 

* The time axis is in fractional yea~s, with a data point centered at the 

middle of a month; e.g., Jan 1974 =1974.042, Feb 1974 = 1974.125, etc. 

RADIATION 

The su~face ~adiation budget is an important factor in global climate. Su~face ~adiation budget measurements are cu~~ently being made at three sites 

by GMCC. These sites include SPO, BRW, and E~ie, CO. The sites we~e selected 

so that the resulting data would be representative of a large, radiatively 

uniform surface area, thus permitting comparisons with satellite surface 

radiation budget observations. 

At SPO, upwelling radiation measurements su~face at a location upwind of the station. 

essentially undisturbed and is representative Anta~ctic plateau. 

25 

have been made 3-6 ft above the 

The surface at that location is 

of a large region on the 
At BRW the ~adiation budget measu~ements a~e made 6 ft above the tund~a 

su~face. Although the~e is a la~ge a~ea of tund~a a~ound BRW, in the summe~ 

months the~e a~e also many a~eas of standing melt wate~. The BRW su~face 

~adiation measu~ements should be ~ep~esentative of la~ge po~tion of the land a~ea, pa~ticula~ly du~ing the time of yea~ when the tund~a is f~ozen and snow- cove~ed. 

Radiation budget measu~ements at the E~ie, CO, site a~e made f~om the top 

of the 1000-ft BAO towe~, which is su~~ounded by ag~icultu~al te~~ain. The ~eflected sho~twave and upwelling longwave ~adiation measu~ed at this height 

is integ~ated ove~ a va~iety of su~face types. The ~adiation budget obse~ved 

f~om the towe~ is affected by the 1000 ft of atmosphe~e between the inst~uments and the g~ound and the~efo~e cannot be conside~ed a totally ~ep~esentative measu~ement of the su~face budget. In the absence of clouds, the towe~ 

height has only slight influence on the sho~twave budget, but it can have 

significant and va~iable effect on the longwave calculations. 

At each of the th~ee sites an a~ray of fou~ ~adiomete~s is ope~ated to sepa~ately measu~e the upward and downwa~d fluxes of sho~twave (sola~) and 

longwave (thermal) ~adiation. Eppley pyranomete~s and py~geomete~s a~e used 

to measu~e sho~twave and longwave components ~espectively. The downwa~dfacing inst~uments, which measu~e the upwelling ~adiation, we~e compa~ed side 

by side with the upwa~d-facing inst~uments. Any co~~ections, if needed, we~e 

applied so that biases between the two inst~uments could be made to cancel in 

the budget calculations within each wavelength ~egime. There is, howeve~, no 

simple method to check the absolute ~esponse (and hence a bias) between the 

longwave and sho~twave inst~uments, and the~efo~e, the measu~ed values a~e 

dependent on the absolute calib~ation in each wavelength ~egime. The calib~ation of the shortwave inst~uments is quite accu~ate and based on an 

absolute cavity ~adiomete~. The longwave inst~uments we~e calib~ated by the manufactu~e~. Calib~ation of inf~a~ed inst~uments is mo~e difficult because 

of the p~oblem in obtaining an accu~ate absolute ~adiation sou~ce. 

Figu~es 3 and 4 show the components of the net ~adiation budget fo~ 

app~oximately 1 yea~ f~om SPO and E~ie (BAO). One point is plotted fo~ each 

day. The units on the left a~e ene~gy pe~ a~ea integ~ated ove~ the day and 

the units on the ~ight a~e powe~ pe~ a~ea ave~aged ove~ the day. Tne diffe~ences in latitude and su~face types between the two locations is appa~ent in the net sho~twave and albedo plots. Majo~ va~iations in albedo at 

BAO a~e due to inte~mittent snow cove~. At SPO the albedo va~iations a~e 

caused by changes in sola~ zenith angle and clouds that block the di~ect sola~ 

beam. 

STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL LIDAR OBSERVATIONS 

The GMCC MLO lida~ ~eco~d, sta~ting in the fall of 1974, continues to the p~esent. Du~ing this pe~iod, two majo~ volcanic events had been obse~ved: De 

Fuego (14.5°N, 90.9°W), 14 Octobe~ 1974; and El Chichon (17.3°N, 93.2°W), 28 Ma~ch and 3-4 Ap~il 1982. These two events have been studied fo~ 

cha~acte~istics of st~atosphe~ic ae~osols du~ing pe~tu~bed conditions. In 

addition, the quiescent pe~iods have been studied, and it appea~s that a lowe~ 

th~eshold ae~osol optical thickness ove~ Mauna Loa can be obtained f~om the 

data. 

26 
SPO -- NET SHORTWAVE 

g ~ 

n 

... ~ :q 

-, N "0 n 

-' N N 

a: "", 

~~ 

0- "- 3: ~ 

r" "' -' 

a:~ 

0 

1986 0 0 

MAR APR MA Y JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN rE8 

MO"TH 

SPO -- NET LONGWAVE 

" ~ 

-" 0 ,-

-, 

,,~ ~ 

~ 

-' -" a: o 

"-N1r-1~ I)JLf 

, 0 Iv 3: ~ 

~ r, if! 

-' a::! 

0' . " 1986 1987 ~ 

MAR 9PR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN rEB 

MONTH 

SPO - - NET ALL -WAVE 

0 P< N N 

'l:: ~ ,-

-, 

"0 "' -' a: 'l:: ~~ 

~ ..11--,-" "- 0 A ~ 

or ~ 

r O "-Nl-J(1.l 0 

= Iv -v a:~ 

0' w 

" 19B6 19B7 

MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV aEC JAN rEB 

MONTH 

SPO -- ALBEDO 

~ 

~ '" ci 0 

o"! w 

0 0 ci 

w 

<D . '" -'. ",:13 a:o 0 ", 

-" N Ntt: 

0 0 

1986 1987 0 a 

·1AR 9PR MA Y JUN J:JL AUG SEP OCT NOV aEC JA:j rEB 

MnNTH 

Figu~e 3.--Components of the daily total ~adiation budget as measu~ed ove~ a 

1-y~ pe~iod at SPO. The bottom panel is the daily ave~age su~face albedo . 

27 
BAD -- "ET SHORTWAVE 

g w 

~ 

"'~ Kl 

• Lo " ~ 

-' ~ N 

'" ~ '= , 0- C< ~ 

w ~9 y rtJ ~ 

0 "'~ 

0 

JAN rEB M9R APR HAY JU" JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 

MONTH 

BAD -- "ET LONGWAVE 

~ , 

h:c ~ , 

• L ~ w 

~ 

-' "EO '" ~o 

~VVv\r ~~JMJJ~ MVJA)J\~\ 

, 0 " ~ 

~ ~ , ~ -' a:£ 

0 ' 

~ 

JAN rEB M9R APR HPY JU' JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 

MONTH 

BAD -- "ET ALL -WAVE 

R. ~ 

"" ~ 

~~~ ,-

• w "9 

~ 

' EO '" ~~ , 0 '" ~ 

~o 

-' 

"'~ 0 ' 

9 

JRN rEB MRR 

JRN rEB MAR 

Figuce 4.--Components of 

l-yr peciod at the BAO. 

albedo. 

0 

1986 w 

APR HAY JUN JUL RUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 

MONTH 

BAD -- ALBEDO 

1986 

APR HAY JU' JUL RUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 

MnNTH 

the daily t otal cadiation budget as measuced ovec a 

The bottom om panel is the daily avecage sucface 

28 
::J 

a: 

tWhen lida~ data f~om MLO a~e compa~ed wi th lida~ data f~om othe~ 

latitudes, the ~ep~esentativeness of Mauna Loa ' s obse~vations as a measu~e of st~atosphe~ic ae~osols at highe~ latitudes can be investigated. This is an impo~tant issue that has been ~aised f~om a t~end analysis of middle-latitude Umkeh~ ozone p~ofile data , which \;e~e corrected by MLO t~ansmission 

measurements. Prelimi nary results of a study based on a ~athe~ limited data 

set indicates that MLO obse~vat ons are reasonabl y representative of higher 

latitude stratospheric aerosols fo~ e~upt s occur ring at t he lowe~ 

latitudes. 

Fig u~e 5 is a comparison of lida~ observations made at four stati ons and 

one set of un photomete~ opti cal thi ckness data made at Vancouver , B.C. The 

two stations having the largest record are MLO and Langley . The figure shows 

that t he data from these two stations agree ~easonably well on the long 

term. Nevertheless , a ~ather marked depa~tu~e occurred after the erupti on of 

El Chichon in April 1982. The volcanic cloud from this eruption was detected ove~ MLO almost immediately after the eruption , and a downward trend began 

shortly after , whereas at Langley, the opti cal thickness did not reach a 

maximum until January 1983. Thereafter, the diminution rates of each do not 

differ by much . Although, on the long term , observations of st~atosphe~ic 

aerosol effects at MLO seem to be rep~esentative of aerosols at higher 

l atitudes, i t is much more informative to have lidar stations at the higher 

latitudes if we wish to provi de a mor e accur ate pi cture of the stratospheri c ae~osol ove~ the Northern Hemisphere. 

100 

MAUNA LOA ------- LANGLEY - - - - GARMISCH 

10-l -------------- FUKUOKA 

, 

10-2 

- I 

I 

10-5 I 

74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 

YEAR 

Figure 5. --Stratospheric aerosol optical thi ckness lida~ data (tau) vs. time 

from Mauna Loa (19°N) , Langley (37°N) (McCormi ck et al . , 1984) , GarmischPartenkirchen (47°N) (Jager et al . , 1984), and Fukuoka (30 0 N) (Hi~ono et al., 

1984) . The unconnected data points are from ground-based sunphotometer 

measur ements made at Vancouver, B.C. (Hay and Darby , 1984). 

29 

B6 
Another interesting feature of this figure is the minimum optical 

thickness during the period 1977-1979 inclusive seen by lidar at higher 

latitudes. The data of this period imply an optical thickness of 0.002-0.003 

for the stratosphere starting at 15 km. The uncertainty of this estimate of "background" aerosol is quite large (perhaps as much as ±100%) because of the 

difficulty in accurately adjusting the relative lidar measurement to an 

estimate of the lidar backscatter for a molecular atmosphere , and assumptions 

concerning the optical properties of the stratospheric aerosol . 

A more complete set of lidar and some sunphotometer data was used to 

track the poleward progression of the El Chichon stratospheric aerosol 

maximum . An analysis of aerosol optical thickness observations at nine 

stations for the t i me when the aerosol optical thickness was a maximum over 

each station is shown in fig . 6. A straight line drawn throVgh the data 

suggests an average northward progression rate of 0.33° day-. The point for 

MLO is an exception to the analysis; here, the data show an optical depth step 

decrease of approximately 0.05 that occurred sometime in the interval of the 

last week of November and first week of December 1982. This is most likely 

the aerosol that disappeared over MLO then moved northward and appeared as a 

maximum over the higher latitude stati ons . 

One other point of interest with the lidar data of fig. 6 is that the 

maximum optical thickness observed at each station was approximately the same , 0 .1 2-0.13. This is a rather unexpected result that might provide additional 

information for further understanding of stratospheric transport processes. 

On the basis of these results, preliminary conclusions concerning low-latitude 

injections are the following: 

(1) Low-latitude injections are transported to both poles in a wavelike 

fashion . 

(2) Transport to high latitudes appears to be linear with time . 

(3) Max imum optical thickness at mid-latitudes in the northern hemisphere 

occurs during January. 

(4) The maximum optical thickness of the transport wave is constant with 

latitude , to a first approximation . 

(5) The wave begins to build up in higher latitudes almost im~ediately after 

an eruption . 

GMCC SOLAR RADIATION FACILITY 

Activiti es of the SRF during 1986 were concentrated in the following 

areas: (1) analysis of the 1985 New River Intercomparison of active cavity 

radiometers (NRIP7); (2) contracting activities required by procurement of new 

solar trackers for the NOAA na tional network; (3) installatio' and operation 

of an initial version of a new IBM-PC based data acquisition ~!~ tem to be used 

at the 31 solar radiation monitoring sites in the U.S . network ; (4) purchase 

and installat.ion of a new SRF computer and data acquisition system; (5) 

design , purchase , fabrication, and installation of new SRF sensor platforms on 

the roof of builiing RL-3 in Boulder. 

30 
80 

60 ~ 

z ABERYSTWYTH I o VANCOUVER ~ 

HAUTE PROVENCE ~!lGARMISCH Figure 6,--Time of the maxi:num 

stt'atospher'ic aerosol opti cal 

thickness over a station , at it" l~titude, Tne straight solid 

line is for t he northwacd linear 

transport rate of the maxim~, 

',hich is 0, 33° latitude day . 

All t~ti ons are lidar except 

Vancouver and Faicbanks , which 

at'e sunphotometer. 

20 

o 200 

I FRASCATI 

LANGLEY 

J 

}FUKUOKO I 

I 

400 600 

Day Beginning 1 Jan , 1982 

The New River Interc:)mpacisons of active cavity radiometers wet'e begun in 

1978 for the purpose of allowing participants to ver'ify the opera tion of their 

sensors. A primary reference for these comparisons has been the NOAA active 

cavity radiometer TMI no . 67502 . Hlstor-ical r'atios of various other sensor's 

to sensor' no. 67502 provide a basis for establishing confidence and the 

stability of these types of sensor" , and also serve as peciod.lc c11ecks on 

potentinl instr'ument dr'ift. Analysis of the NRIP7 dat~ was performed by the 

NOAA/SRF and will be p'Jblishect ina repor't . A departure from earlier' NRIP 

repor'ts was implemented in the NRIP7 analysis. Ear'l ier' NRIP r'eports 

summarized participant cavity perfocmance by ratioing to the r'eference , no. 

67502. The NRIP7 report differs Cr'O!n that method . Instead of one r'ef er'ence 

cavity on W11ich to base all ratios, a ratio to a group mean was employed. Tne 

sensors chosen to be the reference group were those that had pactic i pated in 

the Sixth Inter-national Pyrheliometer Compar'lson held i n Davos, Switzerland , 

in October' 1985 . Eight NRIP7 particlpants satisfied this criterion, and theic 

data were used to establish a ceference against which all pacticipating 

sensors could be compared . Additionally, the cesults of IPc6 are also 

incorpocated in the NRIP7 report for the e i ght IPC6 participants. Specifically , the results used were the derived ratios to the World 

Radiometric Reference of each of the eight active cavity radiometers. By 

incorporating these ratios in the NRIP7 analysis , effectively using all eight 

IPc6 par'ticipants as transfer "tandards with equal weight in the analysis, a 

derived ratio of any NRIP7 participant to t he World Radiometric Reference was 

obtained. Note that the use of the eight active cavity radiometers as 

transfer standards has no official sanction by WMO, but nevertheless, the 

results were encouraging and may be useful in futur'e discussions concerning 

active cavity radiometer pecfocmance . 

31 
Solar Tracker Contract 

Efforts begun in 1985 to purchase replacement trackers for the NOAA 

network continued in 1986. After evaluation of proposals , the Eppley 

Laboratory was awarded a contract to produce prototype units for tests and 

evaluation . The Eppley prototype units were delivered in September and 

evaluated throughout the fall months for compliance with specifications 

required by the proposal. One of the units was loaned to SERI in Golden, CO, 

where it was fitted with position sensors to monitor its tracking accuracy. 

The SERI tests, using two different types of position sensors, verified 

compliance with required tracking specifi cations . Other compliance checks 

were completed in Boulder by SRF. 

The tracker is an altitude azimuth design that is strong enough to carry 

a load equal to two Eppley active cavity radiometers (model HF), or 

approximately 20 pounds. The NOAA network versions are configured with two 

mounts made to hold an Eppley-style pyrheliometer. 

Prototype Data Acquisition System 

A two-pronged effort, begun in 1985 by NOAA, to modernize the solar 

radiation monitoring network has been associated with solar tracker 

replacement, discussed in the previous section, and data acquisition system 

replacement. The new data acquisition system is IBM-PC based. A software 

package for gathering data from one global and one direct-beam sensor, 

processing measurements into hourly totals, and comparing these with a sitespecific clear-sky model, was developed by ARL. Site personnel will be able 

to run the model each day after sunset, examine measured hourly values versus 

expected hourly values, and flag days on which sensor or data acquisition 

malfunction might have occurred. The model also has menu options for 

incorporating daily turbidity data if available, and also cloudiness. The 

Boulder prototype unit and software were first used in mid-March and ran until 

r oof construction activity in late May necessitated removal of sensors and 

data lines. The system was restarted later in the fall and has been 

operational to date . 

SRF Computer/Data Acquisition System 

A significant SRF upgrade during 1986 was the purchase and installation 

of a new 100- channel digitizer and the purchase of a new computer system to 

process data and control the digitizer. The computer is shared among other 

users in the GMCC/ARM Group. Installation was completed in October, and 

preliminary versions of data-gathering software were being developed by the 

end of the year. 

New SRF Sensor Platforms 

As a result of major RL-3 roof reconstruction, which lasted over 5 

months, SRF rooftop activities were severely curtailed during 1986. However, 

the complete removal of all SRF rooftop tables and equipment created an 

opportunity to design and install new replacements. SRF tables were designed, 

constructed, and finally installed in November after completion of the roof 

work. Existing signal lines from the roof into the SRF laboratory were 

retained and reused. Channel capacity of the new SRF data acquisition system 

32 
is identical to the older setup, so significant cable modifications were not 

required. 

The SRF platforms were fabricated using industrial fiberglass reinforced 

grating supported on a custom-designed framework built from aluminum 

structural members. For each platform, 3 x 9 ft gratings were used to replace 

the former SRF wooden platforms. The primary pyranometer table consists of 

two gratings set end to end on an aluminum framework, creating a level, very 

rigid platform 3 x 18 ft. It was configured to accommodate 45 pyranometers. 

Two other platforms of similar design are used for support of solar trackers 

carrying direct-beam sensors, additional pyranometer locations, and shading 

disk calibrations. Each pyranometer location consists of a circular aluminum 

base of 7.5-in diameter and 0.25-in thickness. The disks are attached to the 

grating, and individual pyranometers are positioned on the disks, leveled, and 

then bolted solidly to the disk. Advantages of the grated platforms are the 

structural rigidity, self-ventilating action to reduce the daily temperature 

variation of the sensors, and a design that provides for ease of cleaning the 

sensors after precipitation events , especially snow. 

SRF Calibration Activity 

Limited access to the new RL-3 roof became available in late summer 1986, 

and calibration activities were resumed but were restricted to comparisons of 

pyrheliometers and active cavity radiometers. Pyranometer calibrations are 

scheduled to begin early in 1987 after software is developed for the new data 

acquisition system and after the new pyranometer platforms become 

functional. The calibration activities of the SRF will be limited to 

instruments in the U.S. solar radiation network, instruments partiCipating in 

government-sponsored field experiments such as FIRE , and instruments owned by 

noncommerc ial institutions, such as univerSities, that do not have regularly 

funded solar research programs. 

TURBIDITY 

GMCC's network of turbidity monitoring sites within the contiguous United 

States was expanded from 10 to 17 during 1986 . The stations that were added 

are Ely, NV; Las Vegas, NV; Salt Lake City, UT; Sterling, VA ; Mad ison, WI; 

Raleigh, NC; and Lander, WY. Sunphotometers at Sterling, Madison , Raleigh, 

and Lander have only been used to provide turbidity observations at 500 nm for 

i nput into an IBM-PC program for quality control of the solar rad iation data 

at these stations. These locatiOns are not yet reporting sunphotometer 

observations as part of the turbidity network. Turbidity measurements also 

continued at the four GMCC baseline stations during 1986. Table 3 lists the 

21 stations and the wavelengths at which turbidity was measured. 

The working instrument at most of the 21 stations is the NOAA J-series 

sunphotometer. New methods for quick and accurate calibration of these 

instruments continued to be tested during 1986. It was determined in 1984 

that Langl ey plot calibrations made from observations at Bculder are 

unreliable. Intercomparisons with a precision standard instrument that was 

calibrated by the Langley plot method at MLO were substituted for Boulder 

Langley plot calibrations. Langley plot calibrations were also obtained from 

observations made in small aircraft flying over Colorado at 12 ,500 ft above 

33 
Table 3.--GMCC tu~bidity monito~ing sites and filte~ wavelengths fo~ sunphotomete~s used at each site 

Station Sunphotomete~ wavelength (nm) 

Ba~row, AK* 380, 500, 778, 862 

Mauna Loa, HI* 380, 500, 778, 862 

Samoa * 380, 500, 778, 862 

South Pole* 380, 500, 778, 862 

Alamosa, CO* 380, 500 

Atlantic City, NJ 380, 500 Boulde~, CO 380, 500, 778, 862 Bisma~ck, ND 380, 500 Ca~ibou, ME* 380, 500 

Ely, NV 380, 500 Hu~on, SD 380, 500 Lande~, WYt 380, 500 

Las Vegas, NV 380, 500 

Madison, WI 380, 500 Me~idian, MS* 380, 500 

Raleigh, NCt 380, 500 

Salem, IL 380, 500 

Salt Lake City, UT 380, 500 Ste~ling, VAt 380, 500 

Tallahassee, FL 380, 500 Victo~ia, TX* 380, 500 

*BAPMoN stations. 

tNot yet ~epo~ting data as pa~t of the turbidity network. 

sea level. Calibrations obtained from these flights appear to be comparable 

in repeatability and accuracy to calibrations made at MLO. 

Turbidity project staff also initiated routine Langley plot calibrations 

at mountain sites west of Boulder at elevations of 9,500-10,300 ft above sea 

level. These calibrations also compare well with calibrations made at MLO. 

Calibrations in the mountains by the Langley plot method or in Boulder by the 

intercomparison method, have been chosen as the principal means for 

calibrating the J-series sunphotometers. In 1986, 118 instrument calibrations 

were completed. 

Nine precision Mainz II sunphotometers were received from a manufacturer 

in West Germany in 1986. A circuit defect was discovered during calibrations 

at MLO, and the sunphotometers were returned to the manufacturer for repair. 

The manufacturer substantially redesigned the instruments and returned them in 

the fall of 1986. Recalibration was started late in the year. These 

sunphotometers will be used at Automated Dobson Network (ADN) sites to provide info~mation on the climatology of aerosols and the poter,tial effects of 

aerosols on Umkehr and total ozone measurements. 

34 
", ~ . 

f· i 

! 

if ": ; 

. 

~-0-'. . . -" " 

~ l. r<;j~~S;i~;,;~/~{i;/;f:·J:<ir:/-/1.:.i ~ 

Figu~e --D~ift in J-se~ies 

sunphotomete~ calib~ation. 

, : ~. 

Figu~e 8.--Daily ave~age ae~osol opti cal depths at Boulde~ fo~ 380 nm and 

778 nm . 

The calib~ation constants of the J-se~ies sunphotomete~s d~ift with 

time . Additional calib~ation pOints in 1986 g~eatly imp~oved the estimates of d~ift fo~ these sunphotomete~s. Fo~tunately. as illust~ated by fig. 7. the d~ift fo~ many of the sunphotomete~s is nea~ly linea~ . 

The availabili ty of imp~oved calib~ation histo~ies made it necessa~y to 

~evise the p~ocessed data fo~ the tu~bidity netwo~k . In some cases. imp~oved 

calib~ation data ~esulted in substantial changes in the tu~bidity ~eco~d 

computed fo~ 1983-1986 . 

Data p~ocessed to date i nclude those f~om 1983 ~ough the end of 1986 fo~ Boulde~ . (see fig. 8) and 1983 th~ough June 1986 o~ Bisma~ck . H~on . 

35 
Salem, Tallahassee, Alamosa, Meridian, Atlantic City, and Caribou. Victoria 

is complete for 1983 through November 1986. Data for 1986 for Las Vegas, Ely, 

and Salt Lake City have been processed. 

Data for Boulder and other continental U.S. stations continue to show a 

clear annual cycle having maxima in the spring or summer months and minima 

during November , December, or January. The impact of El Chichon is evident at 

many stations and appears as a slow downward trend in optical depths since the 

beginning of the record in early 1983. 

Data for the MLO baseline station (fig. 9) show the El Chichon perturbation and its exponential decay more clearly. The 1982-1985 record encompasses 

both the initial influx of volcanic aerosols and recovery to conditions approaching background. The annual springti me maximum, which is caused by advection of Asian dust , is also visible in the record. Figure 10 shows aerosol 

optical depths measured by the precision PMOD-type sunphotometer at MLO. 

C :)8 

o ). -

J' -

00 -1 -

o 0] -

o Q..; -

"0> 

I) -.-

8J 

~ . 

\lLO PI\OiJ Jill) \ 1\ _~i:P' ·)~(lL f>TlOL )EHH" 

; ~: 

... 

~y 

.: .... 

-, 

- ; 

8; B6 

YEAR 

-

-

0 

" 

" 

-

0 

" 

, 

" 

_. 

" 

0 

J 

" 

Figure 9.--Daily average aerosol 

optical depths at MLO for 500 om, 

as measured with a NOAA J-series 

sunphotometer. 

oe -

,,-

h 

, 

, , 

" 

0 .. ., 

0> -

" 8l B6 8B 

, E.\p. 

Figure 10.--Daily morning average aerosol optical depths at MLO for 380 nm and 

778 nm, as measured with a precision PMOD-type sunphotometer. 
UMKEHR RESEARCH 

This yea~ the~e we~e fou~ sepa~ate ~esea~ch activities aimed at imp~oving 

the Umkeh~ measu~ement and mp~oving data analysis: 

(1) Acqui~ing multiwavelength sunphotomete~s to measu~e ae~osol optical depth 

at the automated Dobson sites. 

(2) Designing and const~ucting zenith-sky cloud detecto~s to obse~ve zenithsky conditions du~ing ope~ation of the automated Dobson system . 

(3) Continuing an analysis of the El Chichon st~atosphe~ic 

the Umkeh~ measu~ements fo~ global-scale co~~ections. 

Wo~ld Lida~ Netwo~k a~e being used in this activity . 

ae~osol e~~o~ to 

Data f~om the 

(4) Making a p~elimina~y analysis of automated Dobson Umkeh~ ozone p~ofiles 

fo~ special featu~es and compa~ison with ozonesonde data. 

Items 1 and 2 a~e conce~ned with quality cont~ol of ADN Umkeh~ 

measu~ements. A nonobjective quality cont~ol p~ocedu~e was established fo~ a fi~st look at the in ve~ted ADN ~aw Umkeh~ data (inve~ted at Boulde~) befo~e 

they a~e submi tted to the WODC at To~onto fo~ ~eduction and publication in the 

Redbooks. This is a fi~st-step p~ocedu~e fo~ quality cont~ol beyond the 

initial data p~ocessing p~ocedu~e fo~ conve~ting R ~eadings to N values. P~ocedu~es fo~ items 1 and 2 a~e not f inalized. Howeve~, when they a~e, they 

will be used in an ope~ational mode . F~om the data acqui~ed by items 1 and 2, 

estimated monthly e~~o~s (o ~ co~~ections) to the Umkeh~ meas~ement will be const~ucted and issued fo~ each ADN station. At ADN stations whe~e lida~ 

obse~vations of st~a osphe~ c ae~osol a~e not available, some delay in p~oviding e~~o~ estimates should be expected because it will be necessa~y to ext~apolate st~atosphe~ic ae~osol data f~om a va~iety of sou~ces to the Umkeh~ 

stations lacking lida~ data . 

St~atosphe~ic ae~osol data a~e now de~ived f~om the following sou~ces ; 

howeve~, because the missions of the institutions that p~ovide these data a~e 

not dedicated to p~oviding long-term data , a uniform flow of data cannot be 

anticipated: 

(1) Wo~ld Lida~ Netwo~k, 11-12 stations. See Inte~national Activities (sec. 

9) fo~ mo~e information. 

(2) SAGE II satellite measu~ements p~ovided by NASA Langley. 

(3) G~ound-based sunphotomete~ measu~ements p~ovided by publications and the 

ADN sunphotomete~s . 

(4) In situ, high-altitude ai~c~aft measu~ements p~ovided by NASA Ames. 

(5) Balloon soundings of ae~osol p~ope~ties p~ovided by the Unive~sity of 

Wyoming. 

37 
The ARM Group has become an unofficial repository 

aerosol data because of the Umkehr correction problem. 

involvement with outside research activities concerned 

remote sensing of ozone has ensued. 

of stratospheric 

As a result, greater 

with the correction of 

The stratospheric aerosol properties that provide necessary information 

for estimating errors to remote sensing systems are (1) vertical profile; (2) 

optical depth; (3) size distribution; (4) transport; (5) optical properties 

such as phase function, absorption, and extinction; (6) origin; and (7) the 

global distribution of the above properties and their changes with time. 

3.2 Special Projects 

POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE IN THE GRAND CANYON 

The terrain near both the south and north rims of the Grand Canyon is 

heavily forested; therefore, controlled burning has become necessary along the 

rims to meet resource management objectives. Burning is done during the 

spring and fall of the year when the forest is dry and cool. A significant 

amount of smoke is produced, thus reducing visibility and enjoyment of the 

Canyon's scenic splendor. 

A CESSNA T207 instrumented aircraft was flown over and within the eastern 

canyon at four altitudes in the same pattern. Tne two highest flight levels 

were flown above the south and east rims whereas the lowest two flights (2195 

and 1981 m) were flown entirely within the canyon. Details of the flight path 

and geographic location can be found in Stearns (1987a). 

Two days in June, a clear day and a cloudy day, were selected to 

illustrate the potential temperature structure within the canyon. Morning and 

afternoon analyses of cross sections of the canyon from the south to the north 

rim are given in fig. 11 for both days. On the clear day (9 June), data were 

obtained 3.5 hours after sunrise and before sunset. A cooler tongue of air 

present in the morning over the south rim at 2750 m extends almost across the 

canyon (fig. 11a). Cold pockets are noted below the south rim at 1981 m and 

near the north rim at 2195 m. These features create an unstable layer (shaded 

area) that extends across the canyon. In the afternoon of 9 June (fig. 11b), 

the cool tongue extends farther across the canyon, and now has an almost wavelike form conSisting of two warm troughs between the crests and a small, 

closed cold pocket north of the center of the canyon at 2195 m. The unstable 

layers are at a higher elevation than in the morning. Two warmer tongues are 

found next to the two rims. 

Tne sky was mostly cloudy all day on 11 June having 0.8 sky cover with 

cloud bases at 6100 m in the morning and two levels of clouds with bases at 

3000 and 6100 m in the afternoon. The data flights were made 3 hours after 

sunrise and 2.5 hours before sunset. The only outstanding features of the 

morning analysis (fig. 11c) are a small warm tongue under the north rim and 

its associated instability, and a small area of instability above the south 

rim. In the afternoon (fig. 11d), a warm tongue extends from the south rim 

nearly across the canyon and a cold pool is in the center of the canyon. Tne 

unstable areas have deepened throughout most of the canyon. 

38 
• 

~ > 

The analyses of potential temperatures and thermal stability indicate 

that in the eastern portion of the Grand Canyon stable layers are common in 

the early morning. Downslope winds from the south rim do not regularly appear 

nightly nor are they observed very often (Schnell, 1986). A possible 

explanation of this absence of observed downslope winds is that the canyon 

walls and floor retain some of the solar radiation heat because of the complex 

geometry of the surfaces, as discussed in Stearns (1987b) . This may reduce 

the total sensible heat lost to the atmosphere. The cooling of the surfaces 

is reduced, and therefore the gravity flow is reduced. Further study of the 

nightly infrared cooling is recommended to clarify this feature. 

The potential temperature of dry air changes when heat is added or 

removed. This can be caused by frontal systems, warm or cold advection , radiational cooling or warming, conduction, and sometimes condensation. Cool 

air tends to move toward warm air , but this may be altered by broad-scale 

pressure patterns, stability, terrain constraints, and radiational cooling or 

warming. Therefore , because of the complexity of the problem, the reasons for 

cool pools of air in the canyon cannot be given simply. However, it is likely 

that density-induced flow is primarily responsible for local winds within the 

canyon. 

____ ....... 319.0 318.5 319,O 

3000 . _ _ _ 

.... _-------

) , 318'°318.5 a 

"" '000 

s N 

3000 ... -JI6.5 

~ --- -- ~3 O -;--- . 315.5 

-

3000 

1000 

'000 moo 

s 

3000 3000 -

---

322.0 

~ 

31Z:5 

---

3000 

1000 

b 

'000 

N 

... __ 317 5 

...... - ....... 318.0 r JOOO 

l 

- 50 ~~ --~~ 2000 ~ J . /; G 315.0 

~'r 

---) I --=--~_ ... --- 3 18.5 f- 2000 ;; 

> 

-

" > 319.0 318.53:.t: 

'\, c • 318.03 ~ d 

'000 moo 1000 - r-lOOO 

s N s N 

Figure 11.--Potential temperature isolines in the Grand Canyon . (a) 9 June 

1985, morning; (b) 9 June, afternoon; (c) 11 June, morning; (d) 11 June , afternoon. Unstable areas are shaded. Wind barbs represent the airport on 

the left, Tonto Plateau Station near the center, and North Rim Station on the 

right; an upright flag denotes wind from the north. The heavy line represents 

the canyon floor. The horizontal lines show flight levels and the dots show 

data points used "to draw the contour lines. 

39 
3.3 References 

Bodhaine, B. A., and J. J. DeLuisi, 1985. An aerosol climatology of Samoa. 

Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 3:107-122. 

Bodhaine, B. A., E. G. Dutton, and J. J. DeLuisi, 1984. Surface aerosol 

measurements during AGASP. Geophysical Research Letters 11 :377-380. 

Bodhaine , B. A., J. J. DeLuisi , J. M. Harris, P. Houmere , and S. Bauman, 

1986. Aerosol measurements at the South Pole. Tellus 38B:223-235 . 

Bodhaine, B. A., J. J. DeLuisi, J. M. Harris, P. Houmere, and S. Bauman, 

1987. PIXE analysis of South Pole aerosol. Nuclear Instrument Methods 

B22:241-247. 

Bodhaine , B. A., E. G. Dutton , J. J. DeLuisi, G. A. Herbert, G. E. Shaw , and 

A. D. A. Hansen, 1988. Aerosol measurements at Barrow. Journal of 

Atmospheric Chemistry, submitted. 

Hay, J. E., and R. Darby , 1984. El Chichon, influence on aerosol optical 

depth and direct, diffuse and total solar irradiances at Vancouver, B.C. 

Atmospheres and Oceans 22:354-368. 

Hirono, M. T., T. Shibata, M. Fujiewara, and N. Fujiewara, 1984. Enormous 

increase of volcanic clouds in the stratosphere over Fukuoka after April 

1982. Geofisica Internacional 23:259-276 . 

Jager, R., R. Reiter, W. Carnuth, and W. Funk, 1984. El Chichon cloud over 

central Europe. Geofisica Internacional 23:243-258. 

McSormick, M. P., T. J. Swissler, W. H. Fuller, W. H. Hunt, and M. T. Osborn, 

1984 . Airborne and ground-based lidar measurements of the El Chichon 

stratospheric aerosol from 90 0 N to 56°S. Geofisica Internacional 

23:187-222. 

Quakenbush , T. K., and B. A. Bodhaine , 1987. Surface aerosols at the Barrow 

GMCC Observatory: Data from 1976 through 1985. NOAA Data Rep . ERL ARL-10, 

NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO, 230 pp. 

Samson, J. A. , S. C. Barnard, J. S. Obremski, D. C. Riley , J. J. Black, B. B. 

Murphey, and A. W. Hogan, 1987. On the recent diminution of surface 

aerosol concentrations at the South Pole. Atmospheric Environment, 

submitted. 

Schnell, R. C. (ed.) , 1986 . Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change, 

No. 13: Summary Report 1985 . NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, 

Boulder , CO, 146 pp. 

Stearns, L. P., 1987a. 

in the fall season . Aspects of the local circulation at the Grand Canyon 

Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. , in press. 

Stearns, L. P. , 1987b. Meteorological studies in the Grand Canyon . Boundary 

Layer Meteorology, submitted. 

40 
4. CARBON CYCLE GROUP 

4.1 Continuing P~og~ams 

CONTINUOUS ANALYZERS 

The in situ NDIR CO2 analyze~s at the fou~ GMCC obse~vato~ies continued 

to ope~ate in 1986. P~elimina~y monthly and annual means fo~ 1986 a~e shown 

in table 1, exp~essed in the WMO 1985 mole f~action scale (X85). The complete ~eco~d fo~ each station is shown in fig. 1. Data acquisition p~ocedu~es 

~emained the same as in 1985. The location of the ai~ intake line at MLO was 

moved to the new walkup towe~ at an elevation of 80 ft in late Decembe~. Also 

at MLO, a new Siemens Ult~amat-3 NDIR analyze~ was o~de~ed fo~ eventual ~eplacement of the URAS-2 analyze~, which has been in use at the station since 

May 1974. 

Table 1.--P~ovisional monthly and annual mean CO2 concent~ations 

(ppm ~elative to d~y ai~--X85 mole f~action scale) f~om the 

continuous CO2 analyze~s fo~ 1986 

BRW MLO SMO SPO 

Janua~y 350.28 346.03 344.14 344.53 Feb~ua~y 351.78 346.71 344.19 344.41 Ma~ch 353.60 347.28 344.06 344.39 Ap~il 353.09 349.35 344.14 344.47 

May 353.43 349.92 345.53 344.60 

June 351.49 349.30 346.24 344.89 

July 344.75 347.39 346.27 345.37 

August 339.47 345.51 345.88 345.77 Septembe~ 342.26 344.20 345.95 346.03 Octobe~ 345.11 343.70 346.03 346.23 

Novembe~ 348.61 345.04 346.02 345.98 Decembe~ 350.96 346.29 346.16 345.76 

Annual 348.73 346.73 345.38 345.20 

A digital-filte~ing technique involving the fast Fou~ie~ t~ansfo~m and 

low-pass filte~s was developed in 1986 fo~ analysis of the continuous CO2 data. This technique was used to smooth the data and to sepa~ate the seasonal 

cycle and long-te~m t~end signals. The long-te~m t~end, o~ secula~ inc~ease, 

is defined in this method by the cu~ve that_1esults f~om a low-pass filte~ 

with the cutoff f~equency at 0.55 cycles r~ . For the seasonal cycle the 

cutoff f~equency is set at 7.3 cycles y~- , afte~ the secula~ inc~ease has 

been subt~acted f~om the data. The ~esulting long-te~m_r~end cu~ves a~e shown 

in fig 1. The ave~age ~atr of inc~ease was 1.27 ppm r~ fo~ BRW, 1.42 ppm y~-1 fo~ MLO, 1.32 ppm y~- fo~ SMO, and 1.42 ppm y~- fo~ SPO. The 

diffe~ences in the ~ates of inc~ease are due mainly to the diffe~ent sta~ting 

41 
dates of the ~eco~ds fo~ each station . The diffe~ences of the p~elimina~y 

annual means between 1986 and 1985 a~e 1.73 ppm (BRW) , 0.88 ppm (MLO) , 1.02 

ppm (SMO) , and 1.35 ppm (SPO). 

The calib~ations of C02-in-ai~ ~efe~ence gas tanks continued in 1986; a 

Siemens Ult~amat-3 NDIR analyze~ ~eplaced the URAS-2T analyze~ . Tne p~ecision 

of the Ult~amat-3 is about fou~ times bette~ than that of the URAS-2T. On 139 

days in 1986 , 278 tanks we~e calib~ated. A p~og~am fo~ filling cylinde~s with natu~al ai~ f~om Niwot Ridge, CO , was sta~ted . If this p~og~am is successful , these tanks may ~eplace some of the synthetically p~epa~ed CO2 ~efe~ence gases 

that a~e now pu~chased f~om comp~essed gas supplie~s. 

fLASK SAMPLE CO2 MEASUREMENTS 

Measu~ements of the global dist~ibution of atmosphe~ic CO2 continued du~ing 1986. Whole ai~ samples we~e collected in glass flasks at the sites of 

the NOAA/GMCC coope~ative flask sampling netwo~k . The netwo~k consisted of 

the same 26 si tes as in 1985 (Schnell , 1986) . An analysis of the 1981-19811 

flask data , spanning the 1982-1983 ENSO event, was completed (Conway et al., 

1988 ) . 

)"'" ~~ ~ 

L325 

I" 

~~ T"', i , , 

335 

325 

8 :::L:' 51<0 

~l ~~~~~,~,~,~,~ 355 

spa 

4 

325 

335-

f ~ 

1973 1975 \1'C97,-;J--tI~97ficg-1<9""8-:- 1 -I 198'5 

figu~e 1 .--Monthly mean CO2 concent~ations at the fou~ GMCC obse~vato~ies. 

The smooth cu~ves ~ep~esent the long- te~m t~end (see text) . 

42 

.~ I~ · 

figu~e 2. --Annual mean CO2 concent~ations vs . sin(latitude) fo~ the GMCC 

flask sampling netwo~k . Data plotted 

with the symbol (+) have not been included in the cu~ve fit (smooth 

cu~ve) . 
The annual mea~ CO2 concent~ations fo~ 1984-1986 a~e given in table 2. 

The annual mean CO2 concent~ations fo~ 1986 a~e plotted vs. sin (latitude) in 

fig. 2. This figu~e extends the se~ies of CO2 vs. latitude plots given in 

Schnell (1986). 

In 1986, the fi~st full yea~ of data was obtained fo~ fou~ sites at which 

sampling began in 1985: Ale~t, N.W.T., Canada; Shemya Island, Alaska; Midway 

Island; and South Geo~gia Island (the flasks feom South Geo~gia Island had not 

been ~eceived at the time of this w~iting). In addition, samples we~e 

collected once pec month at the Japanese Antacctic Reseacch Pcogcam site at SYOl~a Station, Anta~ctica (69.00 S, 39.6°E). The Syowa Station flask data will 

be compaced with the Japanese in situ data , pcoviding the ficst inte~compacison of the Japanese CO2 pcogcam with GMCC. The 1986 CO2 data foc Alect and 

Syowa a~e shown in fig. 3. 

Table 2. -- Pcovisional annual mean atmosphe~ic CO2 concentrations (ppm 

relative to dcy aic--X85 mole fraction scale) from the flask network sites 

---- --------

Code Station 1984 1985 1986 ----- ALT Alect, N.W. T., Canada 348.0 

AMS Amstecdam I. 342.4 344.1 [ ] 

ASC Ascension I. 343.9 345.0 345.8 

AVI St . Croix, VI 343 .4 345.4 346.4 

AZR Tecceica I., Azoces 344.5 346.0 349.2 

BRW Barrow, AI< 345.4 346 .5 348.5 

CBA Cold Bay, AI< 345.5 347.2 348.1 

CGO Cape Grim, Tasmania 342.0 343.7 344.6 

CHR Chcis tmas I. 344.8 345.9 346.3 

CMO Cape r1ea~es, OR 344.9 347.4 347.8 

COS Cosmos, Pecu [ ] [ ] [ ] 

GMI Guam, Mariana I. 344.6 346.2 347.3 

HBA Halley Bay, Ant. 342.8 344.2 [ ] 

KEY Key Biscayne , FL 345.3 346.7 347.7 

KUM Cape KllfOukahi , HI 344.3 345 . 6 346.5 

MBC Mould Bay, Canada 345 . 6 346.7 348.6 

MID Midway 1. 347.5 

MLO Mauna Loa, HI 344.2 345.3 346.3 

NWR Niwot Ridge, CO 344.7 346.1 346.4 

PSA Palmec Station, Ant. 342.7 343.9 344.7 

SEY MaM I., Seychelles 343.8 344.8 346.0 

SGI South Georgia I. r 

L ] 

SHM Shemya 1. 348.9 

SMO Cape Matatula, Am. Samoa 343.6 344.7 345.2 

SPO South Pole, Ant. 342.3 343.6 344.6 

STM Station M 344.7 346.0 347.2 

[ ] No flasks received 

No ongoing program 

43 
a : · ---- ----;:-b 

~ 

o 

u 

q e r '- , 

o : ;; 

; . 

= . !" ~ I· , 

: '0 1 

33C 'c,c;:,.-. --:C.-;C;,,;--C.C;;,,;--c"::;,,~.,;;-:,-c •. c;-.-c •• -.---C-::'~~'~SEOC. ~,:;~CC, ~';-; . ---cC~,~, 

: 956 

Figupe 3.--Ppovisional 1986 flask data fop (a) Alept and (b) Syowa Station. 

Note the diffepent scales of a and b. 

An analysis was made of the statistical unceptainties and some of the 

biases of pesults obtained fpom weekly flask samples . He constpucted many 

aptificial flask pecopds by picking, using ceptain pandom ppocedupes , houply 

avepages [porn the continuous pecopds at BRH, MLO, and SMO . These houply 

ave pages wepe then designated as flask measupements and tpeated as such 

(Conway et al. , 1988) fop data pejection and time sePies analysis. The "best 

fit " cupves obtained fop papallel aptificial flask se~ies diffeped fpom each 

othep by amounts depending on the site and time of yeap. The summep dpawdown 

is detepmined by flasks at BRH to about 1 ppm (one sigma ) , whepeas at MLO the 

unceptainty is 0 .3 ppm . J.~is unceptainty is solely due to the spapsity of 

weekly sillnples combined with the atmosphepic vapiability. Thepe wepe also 

systematic biases of up to 0.5 ppm. The selection ccitepia fop flasks ape 

necessapily less stpingent than those fop continuous data. As a pesult , some 

of the diupnal va~iability at the site is evident in the flask pecopds. 

The following thpee new ppojects involving flask sample measupements wepe 

begun in 1986 . 

Aipcpaft Measupements 

The puppose of this ppoject is to determine the veptical distpibutions of 

seveml r-adiatively impoptant tpace species and the vaPiation of these 

distpibutions ovep time. Samples ape collected in stainless steel flasks 

duping montlJly flights of the NOAA OAO King Aip aipcraft based in Miami, FL. 

Concentrations of CH4' CO2, CO , and H2 ape measuped in each sample. The 

concentrations of CFC-11, CFC-12, and N20 ape measuped in a subset of samples 

fpom each flight. An example of the CH4 and CO2 concentration profiles is 

shown in fig. 4. J.1ese measupements will ppovide impo tant constraints on 

two- and three-dimensional models used to study the soupces, sinks , and 

tpanspopt of these species. 

44 
Shipboa~d Flask Sampling: Ope~ation Pacific Ai~ 

This p~oject is intended to p~ovide highe~ ~esolution data than is 

available f~om ou~ netwo~k of land-based sampling sites, to dete~mine the 

spatial and tempo~al va~iations of the CO2 and CH4 dist~ibutions ove~ the 

Pacific Ocean . The p~oject is ope~ated by the deck office~s of the SOUTHLAND 

STAR, a containe~-ca~~ying B~itish me~chant ship ope~ated by Blue Sta~ Lines , 

Ltd., London. Pai~s of flask samples a~e collected at 50 -latitude inte~vals 

f~om 40 0 N to 40 0S on scheduled voyages between Los Angeles, CA , and Auckland , 

New Zealand (fig. 5). Each ~ound t~ip takes 6 weeks. This p~oject will add 

about 15 ~egula~ly sampled floating stations in the Pacific Ocean and will t~iple the numbe~ of sites in this secto~ of the netwo~k. 

Two-Dimensional Model 

GMCC flask data a~e used in this p~oject fo~ one of the pu~poses fo~ 

which they we~e o~iginally intended: to deduce the globally significant sou~ces and sinks of atmosphe~ic CO2 , A two-dimensional (latitude and 

altitude) advective-diffusive atmosphe~ic t~anspo~t model based on the twodimensional t~anspo~t fields of Plumb and Mahlman (1987) was const~ucted . At 

each time step in the model , t~anspo~t of the existing CO2 concent~ations 

occu~s, and CO2 sou~ces and sinks a~e calculated as necessa~y to account fo~ 

the disc~epancy between the measu~ed CO2 dist~ibution and the dist~ibution 

~esult ing f~om t~anspo~t alone . P~elimlna~y ~esults fo~ the annual mean dist~ibution and t i me va~iation of sou~ces and sinks a~e encou~aging and 

indicate that CO2 measu~ements in continental ~egions a~e needed to deduce the sou~ce/sink dist~ibution accu~ately . 

352 

.Q 

E 

558 

QJ 

L 

:0 

c; 

" 

75C 

0' 

~ 

l 

9se 

RIRC?RF- PROFILE 04 ~ov 86 

Cf-4~ oro 

: 653 1'700 

, 

CC2 (CO~ 

\758 

o 

o 

3" ..... . 5 

CH4 

C02 ~ 

1 

~ 

j 

Figu~e 4.--Dist~ibution of CH4 and CO2 concent~ations dete~mined f~om flask 

samples collected ove~ the Gulf of 

Mexico off the coast of Ft. Mye~s, 

FL, 4 Novembe~ 1986. 

45 

-=.-., 

. . 

I . ., .J~ 

~ .. , 

,.<" -~ 

/; . ~ 

........ .... :;-

Figu~e 5.--Schematic ~ep~esentation 

of SOUTHLAND STAR c~uise t~ack fo~ 

Ope~ation Pacific Air. II Flask 

sampling si tes of the flask netwo~k 

a~e indicated with dots. 
FLASK SAMPLE METHANE MEASUREMENTS 

As in previous years, the measurement of methane in air samples collected 

from the NOAA/GMCC cooperative flask sampling network continued in 1986 . A 

global representation of the methane concentrations measured from the network 

sites in the remote marine boundary layer is shown in fig . 6. It covers the 

period from the beginning of this program in May 1983 through to the end of 

1986. The procedures used in the construction of this type of figure are 

described in Steele et al. (1987). It should be noted that data from the 

high-altitude si tes of Mauna Loa, Niwot Ridge, and Cosmos are not used in this 

global representation. 

The globally averaged growth rate of methane derived from the results 

shown in fig. 6 is 12.96 ± 0.05 ppb yr-'. This growth rate is calculated from 

a least-squares linear fit to the globally averaged 12-mo running mean methane 

concentrations (see Steele et al., 1987), and has a r' (correlation 

coefficient squared) value of 0.9996. This growth rate compares very closely 

with that of 12.8 ± 0 .1 ppb yr-' reported by Steele et al. (1987) for the 

globally averaged growth rate from the first 2 years of data from the flask 

network. 

IN SITU METHANE MEASUREMENTS 

An automated gas chromatographic system for the in situ measurement of 

atmospheric methane was installed at BRW in January 1986. The system is based 

upon a Hach-Carle series 400 gas chromatograph (model 04270-A) with a flame 

ionization detector. It provides real-time, hardcopy printouts of methane 

concentrations at the site, and writes the raw data onto magnetic data 

cassettes that are returned to Boulder for processing . Ambient air samples 

are analyzed every 24 minutes (60 samples per day), and each ambient sample 

analysis is bracketed by the analysis of samples of calibration gas. All air 

samples are dried before being injected onto the columns of the chromatograph . 

The unselected methane data for 1986 are shown in fig. 7. From the start 

of regular operation on 29 January 1986 until the end of December 1986, 88% of 

the maximum possible methane data was obtained; the major loss occurred in 

July . During the year ambient methane concentrations frequently exceeded 2000 

ppb, and sometimes even exceeded 3000 ppb. By constrast, the lower boundary 

of the data shown in fig. 7 is relatively well-defined, and clearly shows the 

seasonal variation in methane concentration. Agreement between these in situ 

measurements and the weekly flask air samples taken at BRW and analyzed in 

Boulder is very good. 

In order to begin to understand the causes of the large variability of 

methane at BRW, a powerful, but flexible interactive software package named 

MUSIC was developed for use on the HP computers attached to the Shared 

Resources Management network system. This package operates on up to 1 month 

of hourly average data and can accept all of the surface meteorological, 

aerosol, and trace gas measurements currently made at the GMCC observatories. Time series plots can be generated, as can scatter plots of any 

variable against any other variable. The effects of various data selection 

criteria can be easily evaluated by plotting only those data that meet the 

46 
!8JJ 

II 8: 170] 

T 

1 

LJ 

I60J 

ISO] 

1983 

1985 

1986 

Figure 6.--Three-dimensional representation of atmospheric methane in the 

marine boundary layer from Hay 1983 to December 1986 inclusive. Grid spacing 

is 10 0 in latitude and 0.5 month in time. The arrow indicates the position of 

the equator. 

-

" 0 

• 

i 

u 

18[!C 

! 7~C 

"- ::. S[P 

Figure 7.--Unselected record of 

in situ methane measurements at 

Barrow during 1986. Some concentrations exceed 1900 ppb. 

specified restrictions. For example, the methane data obtained from only the 

clean air sector can be plotted simply by specifying the limits of the sector 

(in degrees ). An example of the output of the MUSIC package is shown in fig. 

8, the variation of methane concentrations with local wind direction at BRW 

during Apri l 1986. The highest methane concentrations occur in a relatively 

narrow wind sector that corresponds to the location of the nearby Distant 

Early Warning line facility. Significantly elevated concentrations also occur 

sometimes when the winds are blowing from the direction of the township of BRW 

and the town dump. 

47 
22513 

1650 21513 

50 

150 2050 

- 250 

• 

AGASP FLT 201 - 02 APR 86 

CH4 (ppb) 

1700 1750 1800 

o eHO 

o C02 

t:. • lJ. SUI!FAC£ W[ASUREIoIWT 

1850 

• 

~1950 :;;- 350 

• I 

U 

18513 

1 7513 

16513 

... 

• "IS 91'1 135 1813 225 270 315 3613 

WINO DIRECTI ON (dcg) 

~ 450 

w 

~ 550 '" '" '" w 650 ~ 

"- 750 

850 

950 

)40 350 

C02 (ppm) 

355 360 

Figu~e 8.--Va~iation of hou~ly ave~age 

in situ methane concent~ations with hou~ly average wind di~ection at BRW du~ing Ap~il 1986 . 

Figu~e 9.--C02 and CH4 concent~ation 

vs. altitude fo~ fl ight 201 ducing 

AGASP-II. 

4.2 Special P~ojects 

1986 EPOCS/C02 CRUISES 

The CO2 G~oup pa~ticipated in the sp~ing EPOCS and the annual PMEL carbon 

dioxlde C~Ulses aboa~d the NOAA Ship OCEANOGRAPHER during 1986. 

The '!leiss-design , custom-built gas chromatograph was set up aboard the 

ship by GMCC personnel in April prior to departu~e from Seattle on leg 1. The 

equipment was activated in May at Rodman Naval Station, Republic of Panama, 

prior to sa.iling on EPOCS leg 2. Tne monitoring progt'am was operated by GMCC 

personnel until July when it was shut down at Kodiak, AK, and the equipment 

dismantled and stored aboa~d ship. 

The OCEANOGRAPHER ~eturned to Seattle in Septembe~ and the equipment was 

reactivated by GMCC personnel in ea~ly October fo~ the autumn EPOCS cruise . The monitoring program was operated on the autumn EPOCS cruise by PMEL 

personnel . 

AGASP-II 

During the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program in March and 

April 1986, 50 flask samples were collected on six flights of the NOAA WP-3D 

Orion aircraft. The pu~pose was to determine the horizontal and vertical 

distribution of CO2 and CH4 in the Arctic. For samples taken in the 

background troposphere we found negative vertical g~adients (lowe~ concent~ations aloft) for both gases. T.~e vertical p~ofile measu~ed on flight 201 (2 Ap~il 1986 ) is si10wn as an example in fig. 9. The strong co~relation of CO2 and CH4 is apparent and is consistent th~ougho lt the entire data set. 

48 
FUr'ther'mor'e, elevated concentr'ations of CO2 and CH4 wer'e found to be 

associated with haze layer'S. This cOr'relation between the two gases seen in 

the air'cr'aft samples was cOr'r'obor'ated by in situ sUr'face measur'ements of these 

gases made at the BRW obser'vator'Y dUr'ing Mar'ch and Apr'il 1986. The str'ong 

correlation between the methane and carbon dioxide concentr'ations suggest a 

common sour'ce r'egion for' both , with subsequent long-r'ange tr'anspor't of the 

polluted air' to the Ar'ctic. These r'esults wer'e pr'esented in detail by Conway 

and Steele (1987) . 

JOINT U. S. -t1EXICO CRUISE 

In July-August 1986, 12 pair's of flasks wer'e collected aboar'd the Mexican 

resear'ch vessel H-02 dUr'ing a joint U.S.-Mexico cr'uise in the Gulf of 

Mexico. These samples wer'e collected in suppor't of the mOr'e extensive 

measur'ements made by ESG of NOAA/ERL. The lowest measur'ed concentr'ations of 

CO2 and CH4 wer'e similar' to measur'ements at flask networ'k sites at compar'able 

latitudes. The r'emainder' of the samples showed high and var'iable CO2 and CH4 

concentr'ations, reflecting the influence of near'by anthr'opogenic Or' biological 

sour'ces of these gases. 

4.3 Refer'ences 

Conway, T.J., and L.P. Steele , 1987. Car'bon dioxide and methane in the Ar'ctic 

atmospher'e. Jour'nal of Atmospher'ic Chemistr'Y (submitted). 

Conway, T.J., P. Tans, L.S. Watennan, K.W. Thoning, K.A. Masar'ie, and R.H. 

Gammon, 1988. Atmospher'ic car'bon dioxide measur'ements in the r'emote 

global tr'opospher'e, 1981-1984. Tellus (in pr'ess). 

Plumb, R.A., and J.D. Mahlman, 1987. The zonally aver'aged tr'anspor't 

char'acter'istics of the GFDL gener'al circulation/tr'anspor't model. Jour'nal 

of the Atmospher'ic Sciences 44:298-327. 

Schnell, R.C. (ed.), 1986. Geophysical Monitor'ing for' Climatic Change, No. 

14: Summar'Y Repor't 1985. NOAA Environmental Resear'ch Labor'ator'ies, 

Boulder', CO, 146 pp. 

Steele , L.P., P.J. Fr'aser', R.A. Rasmussen, M.A.K. Khalil, T.J. Conway, A.J. 

Cr'awfor'd, R.H. Gammon, K.A. Masar'ie, and K.W. Thoning, 1987. The global 

distr'ibution of methane in the tr'opospher'e. Jour'nal of Atmospher'ic 

Cl1emistr'Y 5:125-171. 

49 
5. MONITORING TRACE GASES GROUP 

5.1 Continuing P~og~ams 

TOTAL OZONE 

Routine total ozone obse~vations we~e made with Dobson spect~ophotomete~s 

du~ing 1986 at 15 stations that constitute the U.S. total ozone station netwo~k (table 1). Of the 15 stations, 5 a~e ope~ated by GMCC pe~sonnel , 3 a~e fo~eign coope~ative stations, 3 a~e domestic coope~ative stations, and 4 a~e ope~ated by NWS . 

Table 1. U. S. Dobson ozone spect~ophotome~ station netwo~k fo~ 1986 

Inst. 

Station Pe~iod of ~eco~d no. Agency 

Bisma~ck, ND 1 Jan 1963-p~esent 33 NOAA ca~ibou, ME 1 Jan 1963 -p~esent 34 NOAA 

SMO 19 Dec 1975-p~esent 42 NOAA 

Tallahassee, FL 2 May 1964 -p~esent 58 NOAA; Fla. State Univ. 

Nashville, TN 2 Jan 1 963-p~esent 79 NOAA 

SPO 17 Nov 1961 -p~esent 82 NOAA 

Wallops Is., VA 1 Jul 1967 -p~esent 86 NOAA ; NASA 

Huancayo, Pe~u 14 Feb 1964-p~esent 87 NOAA; Huancayo Obs. 

Ft'esno, CA 22 Jun 1983-p~esent 94 NOAA Boulde~, CO 1 Sep 1966-p~esent 61 NOAA Poke~ Flat, A!< 6 Ma~ 1984-p~esent 63 NOAA ; Uni v. of Alaska 

MLO 2 Jan 1 964 -p~esent 76 NOAA Pe~th, Aust~alia 30 Jul 1984-p~ese t 81 NOAA ; Aust~alian 

Meteo~ol. Dept. 

Haute P~ovence, Ft'ance 2 Sep 1983-p~esent 85 NOAA; Obs. Haute P~ov . 

Ba~~ow , A!< 6 Jun 1986-p~esent 91 NOAA 

Daily 1986 total ozone amounts applicable to local appa~ent noon fo~ 

stations in the U. S. Dobson inst~ument netwo~k have been a~chived by the Wo~ld 

Ozone Data Cent~e, 4905 Duffe~in St~eet, Downsview, Onta~io M3H5TH, Canada , in 

Ozone Data fo~ the Wo~ld. Table 2 lists p~ovisional monthly mean total ozone 

amounts fo~ 1986 fo~-thE!NOAA obse~vato~ies and coope~ative stations. 

WMO Inte~nation?l Dobson Spectrophotomete~ Compa~ison 

In a continuing p~og~am withi n the WMO Global Ozone Monitori ng and Resea~ch P~oject to upg~ade the quality of wo~ldwide total ozone obse~vations, 

a compat'ison of Dobson ozone spect~ophotometers was held in Arosa, Switzerland, 11-29 August 1986 at the Laboratory for Atmosphe~ic Physics. A total of 

16 Dobson inst~uments and 3 B~ewe~ instruments participated in the inter- compa~ison. Participants in the comparison are listed in table 3. 

50 
Table 2.--Pt'ovisional 1986 mean total ozone amounts (milli-atm-cm) 

Jan Feb Mat' Apt' May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 

Bismat'ck, ND 366 295 368 358 341 308 316 302 306 287 308 322 

Cat'ibou, ME 380 400 404 379 374 352 339 293 302 324 323 

SMa 255 257 256 255 260 258 253 250 257 263 243 

Tallahassee, FL 312 312 323 344 337 332 311 322 301 296 271 277 

Nashville, TN 329 334 337 340 325 321 314 309 286 293 305 302 

spa 280 262 227 221 230 243 240 250 184 313 321 

Wallops Is., VA 347 352 345 386 356 331 324 316 295 295 312 294 

Huancayo, Pet'u 254 252 252 245 249 

Ft'esno, CA 309 326 326 344 341 322 313 307 308 297 278 299 

Bouldet', CO 319 313 342 326 334 310 300 299 288 279 278 305 

Poket' Flat, AI< 394 338 329 336 293 280 

MLO 243 263 269 292 281 279 266 259 258 261 248 251 

Pet'th, Austt'alia 270 267 266 261 273 292 307 305 314 329 305 297 

Haute Pt'ovence, 365 392 370 409 365 349 323 308 299 289 312 315 

Ft'ance 

BRW 348 296 308 

Table 3.--At'osa intet'compat'ison pat'ticipants 

Countey 

United States 

Pot'tugal 

Switzet'land 

Belgium 

Switzet'land 

Not'way 

Get'man Democt'atic Republic 

Get'man Democt'atic Republic 

Czechoslovakia 

Poland 

Ft'ance 

Denmat'k 

Egypt 

Switzet'land 

Fedet'al Republic of Get'many 

EI At'enosillo, Spain 

Fedet'al Republic of Gecmany 

Canada 

Geeece 

Insteument Paeticipants 

Dobson Instt'ument 

83 

13 

15 

40 

51 

56 

64 

71 

74 

84 

85 

92 

96 

101 

104 

120 

W. Komhye, R. Gt'ass, R. Evans, 

and K. Leonat'd 

No pat'ticipant 

H. Diitsch 

D. DeMuet' 

K. Aeschbacker' 

S. Lat'sen 

U. Feistee 

P. Plessing 

V. Vanicek 

M. Vegoeska, B. Rojewska-Wiech 

A. Bekaddout' 

P. Cht'istensen, J. Bjet'glind 

G. K. Y. Hassan 

A. Rosch 

R. Hat'tmannsgr'uber', H. Claude, 

and U. Kohler' 

J. Cacho 

Beewee Insteument 

10 

17 

5 

51 

U. Kolee 

J. Keet' , K. Lamb 

I. Ziomas, A. Bais 
Work was performed on several other Dobson instrwnents during 1986. A 

new air wedge was installed in Bismarck , ND , Dobson no. 33, because the old 

air wedge had deteriorated. An air wedge was also installed in Nashville, TN, 

Dobson no. 79 . The Bismarck and Nashville instrwnents were optically aligned 

and recalibrated by means of direct comparison with the World Standard Dobson 

no . 83. 

Dobson no. 93 on loan to INPE at Natal, Brazil, was recalled for 

recalibration . After installing an air wedge, the instrument was optically 

aligned and then recalibrated by means of direct comparison with Dobson no. 

83 . Instrwnent no . 93 was returned to Natal in May 1986 . 

A calibration check was made on automated Dobson no. 72 by directly 

comparing it with World Standard Dobson no. 83 on 1 May 1986. This instrwnent 

was shipped to Lauder, New Zealand, in late 1986 for initiation of the 

automated Dobson program in early 1987. 

OZONE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION 

Ozonesonde Observations 

With funding from NESDIS, weekly high-altitude ozonesonde balloon flights 

were continued at Boulder , CO (60); Hilo, HI (48); and Edmonton , Alberta, 

Canada (in cooperation with AES , Canada). These data will be used by NESDIS 

to validate SBUV ozone retrievals from the NOAA F satellite. In addition, 

weekly ECC ozonesonde flight programs at GMCC baseline stations SMO and BRW 

were begun in April and February 1986, respectively. An increased nwnber of 

flights from BRW in April coincided with the AGASP-II. 

A cooperative project with DSIR, New Zealand (with funding from CMA and 

NOAA) , began in August 1986 to complement Southern Hemisphere ozone 

information from SPO and SMO . From a total of 37 balloon flights made in 1986 

from Lauder, New Zealand , 26 flights were made from August through September, 

the period of ozone hole activity in Antarctica. 

A program of ozone soundings at Amundsen-Scott base, South Pole, was 

conducted throughout 1986 with support from NOAA and NSF . TWice-monthly 

flights were launched from January through July, twice-weekly flights from 

August through mid-November, and once-weekly flights the remainder of the 

year. The total of 51 South Pole ozone profiles for 1986 has been published 

in NOAA Data Report ERL ARL-11 (Komhyr et al ., 1987b). 

Averaged Dobson correction factors for the year at stations where total 

ozone readings are rountinely taken on days of balloon flights were Boulder , 

1.020 ± .058; Hilo , 1.009 ± .056; and Lauder , 1.020 ± .055. These mean 

differences in Dobson versus ECC sonde values for integrated ozone come mainly 

from uncertainties in pump effici ency corrections above 10 mb and differences 

in sampling times and locations between the Dobson and sonde observations. 

Mean seasonal ECC sonde data for mandatory atmospheric pressure levels are 

presented in table 4. 

52 
Table 4.--Seasonal pa~tial p~essupe data (nb) fop mandato~y atmosphepic p~essupe levels obtained f~om soundings in 1986* 

---- ------------ ppessu~e 

(mb) .Jan-Mar' App-Jun Jul-Sep Oct-Dec 

Bap~ow 

sfc 16 (23.3) 10. 1 7 (16.7) 12.7 4 (22 .0) 6.9 7 (28 . 9) 5.0 

1000 16 (28 . 1 ) 9.1 7 (20 . 9) 14.6 4 (22 .8) 6. 2 7 (28 .7) 4.4 

700 16 (33.4) 4.5 7 (35 . 7) 15 .5 4 (31 .5) 9.5 7 (30.3) 3. 5 

500 16 (26 .6) 3.0 7 (32.3) 10 .6 4 0 1. 5) 9.5 7 (24 .3) 3.5 

300 16 (34 . 9) 19.3 7 (46 . 4) 36 .6 4 (41 .5) 18.5 7 (27 .0) 18 .8 

200 16 (104.4) 39 .8 7 (108.9) 37.1 4 (64.8) 6. 9 7 (68 .4 ) 27 .8 

150 16 (130.1) 41.2 6 (124.3) 56.0 4 (74.3) 1 4. 1 7 (93.0) 36 . 3 

100 16 (16 1. 0) 59.4 6 (139 . 3) 40.8 3 (105 .0) 24.0 6 (116.3) 31 .1 

70 16 (204 .4 ) 35.8 6 (183.8) 40 . 8 3 ( 131 .0 ) 11 . 1 6 (141. 3) 24.2 

50 15 (211.5) 27.8 6 (173 . 2) 31.2 3 (113.7l 0.6 5 (132.8) 12 . 8 

30 13 (173.9) 33 . 9 6 (131.2) 23 . 8 3 (113 . 3) 10. 2 3 (109 . 3) 22 . 2 

20 8 (118 .5) 57 .7 5 (99 . 2) 12.3 3 (96 .7 ) 14.2 3 (71.3) 37 .0 

10 5 (73.0) 26.4 5 (61 .0) 6.2 2 (38.0) 9.9 

7 4 (53.5) 23.8 4 (38.8) 5.7 1 (22.0) 0 .0 

5 4 (35.5) 18 . 4 3 (23. 7) 4.9 1 (15 .0) 0.0 

3 1 (5 .0 ) 0.0 

Bouldep 

sfc 13 (32 .0) 6.5 18 (39 . 3) 14.4 11 08 . 8) 11. 1 15 (26 .6) 7.3 

700 13 (34.5) 5.4 18 (43. 1) 8.7 11 (40.8) 9.3 15 (31.3 ) 3.6 

500 13 (26.8) 3.7 18 (30 . 9) 6.4 11 (27 .1 ) 8.5 15 (23 . 3) 2.6 

300 13 (25.3) 16.2 18 (26 .0) 15 .0 11 (16 .2) 6. 1 15 (16 . 6) 7.6 

200 13 (42 .8) 42.3 18 (51 .9) 38.2 11 (15.6) 5. 2 15 (26 .5) 12.7 

150 13 (50 .8) 36 .8 18 (61 .7 ) 26.9 11 (21 . 2) 8. 9 15 (25 .3) 11.1 

100 13 (59.9) 38 .4 18 (61.4 ) 32 . 2 11 (39 .5) 8.7 15 (40 .4 ) 25 . 6 

70 1 3 (1 00 . 9) 30 . 4 18 (93 .1 ) 21. 0 11 (76 .4 ) 9.5 15 (81. 9) 17.5 

50 13 (162.5) 15.0 18 (109.6) 15.2 11 ( 11 0.8) 5.9 15 (118. 7) 17.9 

30 13 (154 .5 ) 9.1 18 (137 .8) 8.6 11 (136 .4 ) 7.5 14 (1 39.1) 11.5 

20 13 ( 120 .7 ) 10.4 18 (120 .7l 8.9 11 (130.7) 3.8 14 (1 18.6) 8.1 

10 13 (62 .7) 9. 2 18 (78.7) 4. 8 11 (78 .2) 4.3 14 (66 .5) 7 .6 

7 12 (41 .0) 5. 2 13 (50.7) 7.2 11 (51 .0) 2.9 14 (43 . 9) 5.3 

5 12 (27.2) 2.9 12 (31. 7) 3.7 10 0 1. 7) 2.1 14 (28.2) 4.1 

3 3 (9.3) 0.6 5 (9.2) 1 . 9 3 (14 .0) 1.0 7 (12.0) 3.1 

53 
Tabl.., 11. --Seasonal partial pressure data (nb) for mandatory atmosphel"'ic 

pl"'essure levels obtained from soundings in 1986*--continued 

Pressure 

(mb ) Jan-Mar Apr-Jun Jul-Sep Oct-Dec 

---------

Hila 

sfc 11 (17 .0 ) 13.2 11 (25.5) 13 . 6 11 (15.2) 9 . 0 12 (2 4.0) 11.4 

1000 11 ( 18.6) 12.8 11 (24.1) 12.6 11 (14 . 2) 8 . 7 12 (27 . 2) 10 . 0 

700 11 (34.9) 9.3 11 (39.5) 11.5 11 (18 .8) 11.3 12 (26. 1 ) 6.9 

500 11 (24 .9) 6.8 11 (23.5) 8.6 11 (13 . 5) 4.9 12 (20.6) 3.2 

300 11 ( 13.4) 4.5 11 (13.6) 6.4 11 (5 . 8) 3.5 12 (13 . 8) 5.4 

200 11 (1 0.5) 4.2 11 (13 . 7) 5.4 11 (4.5) 2.0 12 (9 .2) 4. 9 

150 11 (9.5) 3.9 11 (15 .6) 7.3 11 (3.6) 1.5 12 (7.9) 3.2 

100 11 (9.8) 4.4 11 (28.3) 10.4 11 (16 . 1) 4.3 12 (10 .8) 3.0 

70 11 (32.5) 15.3 11 (52 .5) 13.6 1 1 (41.8) 3.9 12 (39.3) 11.7 

50 11 (70.8) 14 . 0 11 (89 . 3) 15 . 5 11 (79 . 1) 5.2 12 (77.6) 7.1 

30 11 ( 138.5) 10 .4 11 (131.8) 5.1 11 ( 129.3) 8 . 4 12 (124 . 3) 8.7 

20 11 (12 4.1 ) 4.3 11 (135 . 6) 6 . 0 11 (136.7) 7.4 12 (131 .8) 7.3 

10 11 (89.0) 9 .7 11 (92 .9) 3.4 11 (89 . 5) 5.0 11 (89.7) 7.9 

7 11 (54 . 4) 5.7 11 (56.8) 5.8 11 (59 . 1) 6.7 11 (53 .0) 3.8 

5 11 (31 .4) 5 . 5 10 (32 . 4) 3.4 11 (35.3) 6.3 11 (30 .3) 2.5 

3 1 (7 .0) 0.0 4 (8.5) 4.4 8 (11.1) 7 . 2 2 (7 . 5) 3.5 

South Pole 

sfc 6 (13 . 2) 4.0 7 (18 . 6) 2. 4 14 (18.4) 2.5 23 (14 . 5) 4.4 

500 6 (1 1. 7) 1.9 7 (16.6) 2.2 14 (17.2) 1.6 23 (13 .8) 1 .9 

300 6 (35 . 0) 20 . 0 7 (24.3 ) 17 . 1 14 (13.5) 2.7 23 (15 .3) 6 . 7 

200 6 (54 . 0) 7.9 7 (45.7) 9 . 2 1 4 <34.1) 9 . 2 22 (46 . 5) 18 . 2 

150 6 (59 . 2) 6.4 6 (57.2) 9.1 14 (57.9) 7.0 21 (58 .6) 10.2 

100 6 (107 . 8) 15.4 4 (83 . 3) 29 .1 14 (95 . 2) 23.6 21 (60.4) 23.0 

70 6(139 . 5) 4.2 4 (129.8) 37.7 14 (1 19.9) 35.4 21 (87.5) 67.4 

50 6 (122.2) 14.0 4 (134.3) 12.8 13 (106.6) 35.9 20 (99.2)71.7 

30 6 (94 .2) 25.4 4 (84 . 3) 10.2 13 (81 . 0) 11. 0 18 (11 4.0) 34 .1 

20 6 (6 4.3 ) 10.4 4 (56 .0) 3.5 13 (71 . 8) 5.7 16 (85 .1 ) 18.8 

10 6 (30 .5) 7.6 3 (34.0) 5 . 3 10 (43 . 3) 4.9 8 (43.3) 2.7 

7 3 (20 .7 ) 3.2 2 (25.0) 9.9 1 (32.0) 0 . 0 

5 2 (14 . 5) 3. 5 2 (15 . 0) 8 . 5 

3 1 (8 . 0) 0 .0 1 ( 14.0) 0 . 0 

54 
Table 4.--Seasonal partial pressure data (nb) for mandatory atmospheric 

pressure levels obtained from soundings in 1986*---continued 

Pressure 

(mb) 

sfc 

700 

500 

300 

200 

150 

100 

70 

50 

30 

20 

10 

7 

5 

sfc 

1000 

700 

500 

300 

200 

150 

100 

70 

50 

30 

20 

10 

7 

5 

Jan-Mar Apr-Jun 

Lauder 

Samoa 

12 (15.6) 7.2 

12 (15 . 7) 7.2 

12 (20.9) 7.5 

12 (16 .1) 4.9 

12 (10.9) 6.2 

12 (8.3) 3.4 

12 (7.9) 3. 2 

12 (10.2) 2.8 

11 (30.7) 4.5 

10 (74.2) 9.1 

10 (127.9) 1 4. 1 

10 (136.5) 6.7 

5 (87 . 0) 9.3 

3 (58.3) 6.1 

2 (39 .0) 1.4 

Jul-Sep 

14 (20.4) 5.3 

14 (26.0) 3.4 

14 (22 .5) 4.9 

14 (22.3) 8.7 

14 (65 . 8) 20 .1 

1 4 (66 .4 ) 27.3 

14 (103.6) 28.0 

14 (146 . 9) 36.0 

13 (178.2) 21.1 

13 (152.2) 8.9 

12 (123.8) 8.2 

5 (66.4) 7 . 2 

4 (44 . 8) 4.6 

2 (30.5) 0.7 

10 (20.9) 7.0 

10 (20 . 9) 7.0 

10 (22 . 8) 9.3 

10 (15 . 4) 4.0 

10 (9.9) 2.2 

10 (8.6) 3.7 

10 (8.4) 4.1 

10 (10.7) 3.7 

10 (32.9) 8.5 

10 (86.8) 11.8 

10 (120.2) 8.1 

7(129.1) 9.3 

5 (83.8) 9.3 

4 (60.3) 5.3 

2 (33 .5) 2.1 

Oct-Dec 

19 (17 . 3) 4.4 

19 (24.4) 5.7 

19 (21.7) 5.7 

19 (22 . 5) 15.1 

19 (50 .7) 19.2 

19 (52 . 5) 20.0 

19 (71.3) 19.0 

19 (127 . 5) 26.2 

19 (158.7) 23.6 

19 (142 .4 ) 14 .3 

19 (118.2) 9.5 

10 (17.5) 5.9 

10 (17.7) 5.7 

10 (25.0) 9.7 

10 (22.2) 9.3 

10 (12 .7 ) 4.9 

10 (7.0) 2.5 

10 (6.0) 1.8 

9 (7.3) 3.1 

9 (32 . 6) 9.0 

9 (76 .7 ) 12.2 

9 (121. 7) 12.4 

9 (131 .0) 11.0 

4 (105.5) 22.5 

2 (110 .0 ) 2.8 

1 (90.0) 0.0 

*Values in parentheses are the ozone partial pressures. Values preceding and 

following each value in parentheses are the number of observations per season 

and the standard deviation of the seasonal mean value, respectively. 

55 
D 

Vertical ~rofiles of ozone partial pressure for each season are plotted 

in fig. 1; the data from each station for each he'Tlisphere are plotted 

together . The strong latitudinal gradient in the lower stratosphere during 

tile winter and spring is readily apparent in the Northern He:nisphere but is 

much less pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere 

during October-December there is less ozone at South Pole than at Lauder, 

reflecting the influence of the hole phenomenon. 

U:nkehr Observations -------------

Umkehc observations were made in 1986 at six stations: Boulder (BDR) , CO, 40 0 N, 105°W; Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) , HI, 200 N, 156°w; l'Observatoire 

de Haute Provence (OHP) , France, 44°N, 6°E; Poker Flat Research Range (PKF) , AL, 65° N, 148°W; Perth Airport, Australia, 32°S, 116°E; and Huancayo 

Observatory, Pet'u , 12°S, 75°E. Table 5 ShOHS the nLl.lnber of conventional and 

short U:nkehr observations made and reduced for each station. 

Jan-Feb-Mar 

1986 , ,-----'=-----, , 

\. 

5 '\ 

'0 

, .. 

" "" 

, .... 

-Barrow 

--- Boulder 

.... Hila 

Apr-May-Jun 

1986 , ,---=-----, 

\. - Barlol'.' 

5 " --- Boulder 'fir. . •.. Hila 

'::~<" 

Jul-Aug-Sep 1986 ,,----.:.::.=-------, 

\ 

5 \. 

,. 

'0 

,. , .. 

, .. 

, .. 

v. 

-Barrow 

--- Boulder 

.... Hila 

Oct-NaY-Dec 

1986 , ,-----=-----, 

'\ -Barrow \ --- Boulder 

to.; . . .. Hila 

::~> '0 

E.. 20 

10 

D 20 S 

, .. 

, .. 

" ,. D .s 20 '~~; "~'" , .. 

~ 

.'~> 

500 

'000 0'"""""'5O-;;--O'OOO:;:--O'::50:-:'=00:--:!'50 

Ozone Partial Pressure (nb) 

Jan-Feb-Mar 

1986 , ,---'=-----, 

- South Pole 

- - - Lauder NZ 

.... Samoa 

:0 20 

S 

~ 

o 50 ~ 

~ 6: 100 

'00 

50 100 150 200 250 

Ozone Partial Pressure (nb) 

~ 

~ 50 ~ £. 100 

'00 

Ozone Partial Pressure (nb) 

Apr-May-Jun 

1986 , .--- ="----, 

- South Pole 

- -- Lauder. NZ 

.... Samoa 

:0 20 S ... .... 

.. 100 'f 

200 

Ozone Partial Pressure (nb) 

~ 50 • '~' til ", .; £ 100 ~~'~~/ 

, 200 .: 

:' ., 

.. , 500 : , 

, 

, '000 0);-il-c5O;;;--:,"00;--,,"'50;C-;''''00;c-;,'''50 

Ozone Partial Pressure (nb) 

Jul-Aug-Sep 1986 , ,-----'=-----, 

5 

10 

'a 

50 

'00 

- South Pole 

~~- Lauder. NZ , . 

,', .. .. Samoa 

\'" , .. 

''':~'' ' 'Z·. 

), 

: " , 

, .. ' ,,) 

.... , ... ,," .. ,. .... "",1 

, 

, 500 , 

50 tOO 150 200 250 

Ozone Partial Pressure (nb) 

100 " ~" : , . , : , 200 . , 

:, 

, 

500

1 

'000 ~-;;;----;;;;c--:::,--;=-::! o 50 100 150 200 250 

Ozone Partial Pressure (nb) 

Oct-Nay-Dec 

1986 

, ,----------, 

5 

'0 

-South Pole 

~-- Lauder. NZ 

.. .• Samoa 

Ozone Partial Pressure (nb) 

Figure 1.--Me~1 seasonal ECC ozonesonde vertical dist~ibutions for the 

Northern He:nisphere (top) and the Southern Hemisphere (bottom) , from the 

six-station GMCC sonde network. 

56 
Table 5.--The number's of conventional/shor't Umkehr' obser'vations made at the 

automated Dobson spectr'ophotometer' stations in 1986 

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr Pay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 

SDR 22/22 515 12/14 BIB 17117 9/9 16/16 14/16 17117 12/12 15/16 2B/30 

MLO 45/45 41/41 2BI2B 23/23 35/35 40/40 22/23 27/2B 12/13 29/29 23123 41/41 

OHP 14/16 9/B 21/20 11/10 22/21 19/19 21/23 17/17 2BI29 21120 17/1B 21/22 

PKF 12/11 14/14 717 61B 717 B/13 

PTH 2B128 19/19 29/30 36/37 16/17 16/18 13/14 15/15 5/5 17117 27/27 29/29 

HUA 5/5 2/2 2/2 1/1 11/11 

Disk dr'ives wer'e added to the stations ear'ly in 1986, and the oper'ating 

system r'ewr'itten. Ther'e was less down time at the stations in 1986, except 

for' Huancayo Obser'vator'Y. This station stopped making obser'vations in late 

June, and r'emained down for' the r'est of the year'. The r'eason had not been 

deter'mined by the end of the year'. At the end of October', equipment was 

shipped to New Zealand for' installation of a seventh site at Lauder', 45°S, 

169°E. 

Ozone ver'tical distr'ibutions at five sites, der'ived fr'om conventional 

Umkehr' obser'vations, ar'e plotted in fig. 2. Mean annual ozone par'tial 

pr'essur'es for' the var'ious Umkehr' layer's ar'e indicated on the plots, together' 

with standar'd deviations of the layer' annual mean values. 

OZONE HOLE AT SOUTH POLE 

The ozone ver'tical pr'ofile measur'ement pr'ogr'am at Amundsen-Scott (Komhyr' 

et al., 1987a) , 51 ver'tical pr'ofiles (see Ozonesonde Obser'vations). In 

addition t o pr'oviding detailed ozone pr'ofiles to altitudes of 30-35 km, the 

ozonesonde data wer'e integr'ated to give a clear'er' pictur'e of the seasonal 

mar'ch of total ozone. 

POKER FLAT HAUTE PROVENCE BOULDER r.~ AUNA LOA PERTH 

09~ '" " ,~ 

5t>;)'1 ,. 57,08 " 5~ ~9 

,," ." '" '9i. 

'62·'5, 17?' I> \77,11 16' '0 

" .)6 , 26 " .5:,:7 '27.·9 " '5 O 

, . ~25 4 \' " 85!~ 7. " C6QdQ, " '}J'I55 

" '56 '56 '56 g "1563 '21~,91 ,n301>2 '.3 7,~ E 1325-5 ' 

• '" '" ~\ 2 " , '" " ~ \23 1,9 J 119bl~6 

~ '" '" '" 625- 62~ 

91.\.137 ~2J,2 ' • ." '" '" '2~ 

'1H·no 67 ... 2)' .~. 60 :9: aE 25' ,~ W zoe ,., 3:0.10" 332157, 2' &7 2 '5,; 3 2" E ~ Z 

t.",'] ~ ,,202 r.,,'6\ /; ,,356 ", ;2!: 

'"" .""" .. ," ·~x 'CO' 00 '00 noD ';00 "00 00 ", '"'' 'SOu , "" '7·"Q lS00 2X1Cl 00 ", "., .", "" ' , "" "" '5'.) ~ ;:occ 

03 ,n I/anobars 03 on NanObars 03 on Nanobars 03 on Nanobars 03 ,n Nanooa,s 

Figur'e 2.--Mean 1986 ozone ver'tical distr'ibution pr'ofiles obstained fr'om 

conventional Umkehr' obser'vations at the NOAA/GMCC automated Dobson 

spectr'ophotometer' networ'k. Values in par'entheses ar'e standar'd deviation of 

the layer' ar'Ound mean values. 

57 
Daily total ozone measurements from both the Dobson spectrophotometer and 

integrated ECC ozonesonde profiles for 1986 are shown in fig . 3. Total ozone 

gradually decreased from near 300 D.U . (D.U . = Dobson unit = 1 milli-atm cm 

ozone) in January to about 220 D.U. in late April. Ozone column amounts 

increased during the polar night, again achieving a value near 300 D.U. in 

August. Following this, the value dropped precipitously to a low value of 160 

D.U. in early October . With the stratospheric warming in late October, and 

more rapid warming by mid-November, total ozone values rose to over 400 D.U. 

This was the first reading above 400 D.U. since 1980 . The October-December 

total ozone average in 1986 was about 40 D.U. units higher than the 

corresponding 1985 value , representing a modest recovery. The 1986 amounts 

are still, however, far below the 1962-1979 average for this time of year of 

about 330 D.U. (Komhyr et al ., 1986 ). 

The formation of the 1986 ozone hole at South Pole is detailed in fig . 4, 

which compares six profiles in September and October with a profile obtained 

in August prior to the hole formation. Although minimum column ozone amounts 

occurred in early October, ozone concentrations in the hole region continued 

to decrease into mid-October. During the period of most rapid ozone decrease, 

3 

ci 

~ 

w 

z 

o 

N 

o 

--.J 

~ 

f2 

400r--'---'--'---r-1-'--''--'--'1---'-1-'1~--r-1~ 

350 -

300 -

~"'~ ~ ~~ "'ci1/ 

200 -

D• , 

o , 

• 

, 

o'\: q 

~ ~ 

-

-

-

-

~ ,0 

'Q. ~ 

I I I I I I I I I b I I 150~--L-~~~---J--~--~--~--~--~--~--~~ 

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 

1986 

Figure 3.--Daily total ozone amounts (Dobson units) at South Pole, Antarctica, 

in 1986 derived from Dobson spectrophotometer observations (0) and ECC 

ozonesonde observations (0). 

58 
10 

q~ -

" -

\ 

lJ= 

\. I 

3S 

3" 

I 2') 

w 

'5 

1--"1 K k> .... 8 50 - 11 

ld 

\ r ....... 

- " " I .. -

7 1'· 

'-' :c:: ..... -

:£ 

<;' ./ .•.... I I c-'" ':::' :3 

I 

" 

. . : ,. " 

1 r 

;; 2CO ~ 

J" I ,v i I I 

< 

seQ 

!OCO 

5 

!C 

r 

, 

1 

1 \ , 

I 5CLIH POLE 

9 <lUG 86 (2631 

I - 3 S[P 86 (2 ~ I 

(a) (b) I 

~C'J:!-' POLE 

9 RiJG 86 (25J 

- !? S[P 85 (210' j/ soum POLE 

9 AUG 85 . 263 

- !9 S::P 85 ' 210' 

IQ 

I j (c) 1 I 

5 

I -

1 

CD 20 

" 

I '\ 

l-) ... '" I 1 

> , 

I ,( I I 

"-~ 

I.":'·:·'·"· ~ 100 ~ <:1.<,·:::· ~ 

w 

I 

15 

" /" SOUTH POLE :g 200 

I" ? < 9 AUG 86 (263 ) 

- 29 S[ P 854174 11 

(d) 

500 I 

1000 

a 50 100 150 200 250 ] 00 0 

OZO':[ PART I AL PRESSURE I t.el 

SOUTH PO:"-( 

9 RUG 86 12631 

- - OCT 86 ( 1581 

SOUTH POLE 10 9 AUG 8~ 12631 

- 16 OCi 86 (1-21 

rt-'r--t--r-'--'~-{ 5 

(e) (f) I 

i 

50 100 150 200 250 300 0 SO 100 150 200 250 JO 

ozm:[ PARTIAL PRESSURE ( 11 81 OZONE PARTI AL PRESSURE INS] 

Figu~e 4.--ECC ozonesonde ve~tical p~ofiles showing the development of the 

ozone hole in Septembe~ and Octobe~ 1986, compa~ed with a p~ofile taken in 

August 1986 p~iop to hole fopmation. 

fpom 20 Septembep to 15 Octobe~ , the mlxlng ~atio dec~eased by 78% in the 

pegion of maximum ozone depletion (16 ± 1 km). The exponential ozone decay 

pate half-life was 11 days. ECC ozonesonde soundings made at South Pole in 

1971 suggest that at that time ozone began to be t~anspopted into Anta~ctica 

above the 25-km level by mid-Septembep, 1.5 months eapliep than in 1986. T~anspo~t p~ocesses appeap to be significantly alte~ed in ~ecent yea~s 

compaped with yea~s ppio~ to 1980. Associated delays in times of bpeakdown of 

the Antapctica cipcumpolap voptex most likely augment conditions that 

accelepate ozone loss thpough photochemical ~eactions involving natupal and 

anthpopogenic pollutants. 

SURFACE OZONE 

The fou~-station GMCC supface ozone netwo~k continued opepation in 1986 

i n the same manne~ as in pecent yeaps. Although both BRW and MLO had annual 

mean su~face ozone concent~ations in 1986 that we~e slightly below no~mal 

(fig . 5), the 13-yp lineap tpends at these stations pemain significantly posi59 
tive . The magnitude of this tr.end , however, continues to decline from the peak 

values found in 1983 after 10 years of observations (Schnell and Rosson, 1986) . 

At SMO, a statistically significant trend in the monthly anomalies is apparent for the first time. This negative linear trend (significant at the 95% 

level) appears in 9 of the 12 months, although the largest trend is in the 

month of January, which is the only individual month where the trend is 

signif icant . 

At SPO, where the overall tr.end for the 12-y period of meaourements is 

near zero , there has in fact been a very significant change in the character 

of the seasonal cycle (fig . 6) with a twofold increase in the amplitude during 

the period 1975-1986. It appears that altered transport processes are respon- sible for this marked change . These processes, including horizontal advection 

of tropospheric ozone from lower latitudes and downward mixing of ozone from 

t he stratosphere, give rise to the annual cycle (Oltmans and Komhyr, 1986) . Evi dence from particle measurements at the South Pole (Samson et al ., 1987) 

poi nt to a retarded tropospheric transport into the pole during the SWThTIer 

months , suggesting this is the cause of the decreasing ozone values during 

these months. The aerosol data on the other hand show no statistically 

significant 10ng-te!'!Tl changes during the austral winter , suggesting that the 

increase in ozone at the surface seen during this time of the year is from 

enhanced downward fluxes of ozone from the stratosphere. 

• . 

, 

" 

, 

-- . . 

1',1 1\ \ 'I , I , 

, I' .~ , I 

'.1\ " I,. (' :\ l (I . I . , " ' -I -t 

v, ~ ·V Ii ,v 'N ~',J 11,1 ' ',' t I:. 

I 

i ,If ;, 

, , I 

I 

BARROH + 0.62 ± .~ 7 %/ YR 

, 

,I 

II " '\ 

~ J\ . ~ ,1\ 11)1, 11 J\ (f-:~-i 1,1 W "~ If!.{" 'I', V, ; - ', '..11 . Y \\ ,I I ',.,. 1\1 

HAU!1A LOA + 0 .81 ± 0 .4 5 \/YR 

J1J 1 I , . \ , , , , 

' \ I . ' /' r. ,I , . , , , 

o,J ' j, I, I Ill·; I ' J \ If , .. SM-!OA - 0 . 7 1 + 0 . 68 \/VR . , , 

h t\ 0 I, ": /, Ii I', I' i", i',. , " \J \) II V\ r \ iii ' i~' 

11 ' '''. , V SOUTH POLE - 0 . 13 ± 0 . 38 \/YR 

1_ 71 " 7& II Ie .9 "_ 8l e. 5l ,1 _, E. 

UiT[ 

Figure 5.--Monthly mean surface ozone 

values at the NOAA/GMCC baseline 

stations for 1973-1986 . Also shown is 

the linear trend and 95% confidence 

interval in percent per year . 

60 
It is also worth noting that the two lowest seasonal maximum values in 

1976 and 1983 (fig. 6) were in years immediately following ENSO events, again 

indicative of the role of transport in the long-term variations in surface 

ozone. 

STRATOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR 

Regular monthly soundings of the wate~ vapor content of the upper 

troposphere and stratosphere to about 25 km were continued in Boulder. In 

addition , a sounding was made in July 1986 from Pago Pago, American Samoa , in 

support of the SAGE II satellite validation effort. Water vapor mixing ratio 

vertical profiles from Boulder and Samoa for the stratosphere are shown in 

fig. 7. In the October and November soundings at Boulder enhanced water vapor 

concentrations appear above the 30 mb level. By 1987 more normal values are 

seen at this level. 

The seasonal trend in water vapor in the lower stratosphere is apparent 

in the time-height cross section shown in fig. 8. The deep minimum. which 

reaches its lowest values in March at about the 130-mb level, gradually fills 

and moves upward through the summer and autumn. Above about the 70-mb level, 

the changes throughout the year are small, while below 150 mb , a very strong 

gradient reflecting the transition region in the vicinity of the tropopause 

dominates the distribution. 

ill 35 

z I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I I I ~ 

(f) 

W 

0: 30 :J 

(f) 

(f) 

W 

0: 

0... 25 

-l 

« 

I0: 20 0: 

r- -

\OW", T" od , J,'y Moo'h, 

0.91 ± 0.80 % yr- 1 

I- A ~ --------1\---K---A-- M --~---~-- ()-- ---A---+--

(\ 

\ \ \ 

w 

z 

0 

N 15 

0 

W 

0 

Lt 10 

I-

-- L~ --- ---- ---~- Ozone Trend, - \J --------\1--- ---- V.-

February Months --- --

1 1- 1.69 ± \28 o/~ yr -11 I I I I I 

0: 75 76 

:J 

77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 

(f) 

YEAR 

Figure 6.--Plots of 1975-1986 South Pole surface ozone monthly means (solid 

curve) and secular trends for February and July months (dashed lines), which 

are times of minima and maxima, respectively, in the surface ozone annual 

cycle. 

61 
10 22 JAN 3 FEB 20 MAR 15 APR 19 MAY 16 JUN 10 JUL 30 JUL 17SEP 17 OCT 24 NOV SAMOA 

1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 18 J~l_ 1986 

30 

15 - - 28 

20 T ( - - 26 

-

:0- 30 

E 

~ 40 

:::J 50 (f) 

(f) 60 '" ~ 

0.. 

80 

100 

120 

150 

200 

-

( -

/ 

- ~ 

I / / -

- 1 - -- - -. 7--- ~ 

-_ / . 

~ \ I-

- - - , 

lI-- \---- \. \1" ~ ~ ~ _. 

"'--- \ -

, 

24 

E 

22 6 

.c 

- 20 Ol 

I '" 

18 

16 

14 

12 

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 

Mass Mixing Ratio of Water Vapor in Parts per Million (ppmm) 

Figure 7.--Profiles of stratospheric water vapor mass mixing ratio (ppm) at 

Boulder, CO for 1986, at Pago Pago, Ame r ican Samoa for 18 July 1986 . 

20 <6 

30 

40 

:0- 2.4 ~. 

E 50 

<4 

(]) 

~ 60 

::J 

(/) 

(/) 

(]) 80 ~ 

0.. 

100 

120 

150 

200 

J F M A M J J A S 0 N 0 

Month 

Figure 8.--Time-height cross section of water vapor mass mixing ratio (ppm) 

for the stratosphere showing the average seasonal behavior from 1981 to 

1986. In the stippled area the mixing ratio lines on the scale shown are 

closely spaced. 

62 
5.2 Refet'ences 

Komhyt' , W. D., R. D. Gt'ass, and R. K. Leonat'd, 1986. Total ozone dect'ease at 

South Pole, Antat'ctica, 1964-1985 . Geophysical Reseat'ch Lettet's 13: 1248-

1251 . 

Komhyr , W. D., S. J. Oltmans, and R. D. Grass, 1987a. Atmospheric ozone at 

South Pole, Antat'ctica in 1986. Jout'nal of Geophysical Reseat'ch 

(submitted). 

Komhyr, W. D., P. R. rt'anchois, B. C. Halter, C. C. Wilson, 1987b. ECC 

ozonesonde observations at South Pole, Antat'ctica dut'ing 1986. NOAA Data 

Report ERL ARL-11 , NOAA Envi~onmental Reseat'ch Labot'atories, Boulder , CO, 

213 pp. 

Oltmans , S. J ., and W. D. Komhyr, 1986. Sut'face ozone distributions and 

variations from 1973-1984 measut'ements at the NOAA Geophysical Monitoring 

for Climatic Change Baseline Observatot'ies. Journal of Geophysical 

Research, 91: 5229-5239. --

Samson, J. A., S. C. Bat'nat'd, J. S. Obt'emski , D. C. Riley, J. J . Black, B. B. 

Murphey, M. D. Loizeaux, and A. W. Hogan, 1987. On the recent diminution 

of surface aet'osol concentrations at the South Pole. Atmospheric 

Environment (in press). 

Schnell, R. C., and R. M. Rosson, 1986. 

Change, No. 14: Summary Report 1985. 

Labot'atories, Bouldet', CO, 146 pp. 

63 

Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic 

NOAA Environmental Research 
6. ACQUISITION AND DATA MANAGEMENT GROUP 

6.1 Continlling ?rograrns 

STATION CLIMATOLOGY 

The interpretation of mea!lllt'ed values of "1er'osols, trace gases , "1nci 

tUr'bidity requir'es the measurement of meteorological variables to adjllst gas 

measurements to standard condi tions and to assess the influence of loc,l 

pollution sources. These variables include wind direction, wind speed , 

stat i01 pressur'e, air and dewpoint temperat,.I('e, and a determinati.on of 

boundary layer stability . Tne ,11a:n criterion 'lsed in selecting sensors for 

t:lese measurements was mggedness , consillerlng the stress of the polar' 

erw ironment at two of the stations. Hhere aopropri 'lte, commerc ially avai l'lble 

in,3trumentation Has chosen anlj \-JMO-recolTl.'nend ,j exposure stilndards were 

followed . Hith the exce)ti.on of sensors foc temperat,lt'e measurements at the 

South Pole , the same sensors ar'e used at all r,').lt' stations, A comp~ete list 

of the sensors, mod el numbers, and heights appear in r~ickerso~ (1986). 

vii':.;' the installation of CAMS units at all :3t'l.tions during the lattec 

half :)f 1984 , the inct'eased t'eliab ili ty of the dat"1 acq.l is i t ion hardware 

significantly reducelj the qllant.lty of missing data . Also , ti1e quality of the 

data impt'oved as a result of the new daily r'0 Itine of printing ~t'ly avet'<.lgC's 

and comparlng them with observed conditions , The pcintout Imown as the Daily 

i-IeCltilet' Repon (D'rIR) vias used for this put'pose . It contains hourly aVeri.V8 

values for the individllal meteot'ologica1. v;3.t'iable:'; for a 24-h period. He .. )ert 

et al. (1986a , b) present a detailed lJisc'l:';sion of the individuCll elements in 

the DvlR and other pt'intouts from CAMS. The DvlR ' s are sent to Boulder , 

check,"rJ , and stot'ed on mict'0fiche for futuc8 reference . The numeri8al values , 

,roro vlhich tables 1-4 ar'e generated, are also stoced on tape. 

Barrow 

A desct'iption of the BRW site, its sut't'oundings , anJ climate can be found 

in previ.ous GMCC SUlll'Tlary Reports (e . g ., DeL'lisi, 1981). 'lind t'oses of the 

hOIl t'ly avemge cesultant Hind l1irection and speed are ~ 3ented in 16 

diret;tion classes and 4 speed classes. ThF) liistribltio,l of the wind by 

direction fot' 1986 is consistent in general distt'iblltion vlit:, the ave:-age foc 

the 1977-1985 p<eriod (fig. 1). The pcetJominant wind tlieection is again [r'om 

the " t'epr8sentClti ve sampli ng sectoc ," NE-SS, and a 11. other dit'ections , except 

weste:-ly, are les:-; than 5%. In _1985 , the Hind rose "howed 15 . 5% :)f the "ind 

equal t ,) or greater than 10 m s ,and in 1986 the value was 18% as contrasted 

to 9% for the long-teem avet'age. Nevi m'lximum 11ind speeds were ob"et'ved for 

the months '?j May and Septembet' , ami for the ye'lt' ~r~ble 1). The nevi maximum 

of 24 . 1 m s replace" the pt'evious value 21.7 m s . 

Meteot'ologically speaKl;13, ti1e mos t s 19ni flcant F)vent of the ye3t' was the 

stot'm that passed BR\v on the "1'Jtumnal equinox. A frontal p'lssage occurred at 

230() GMT 20 Septembet' , at which time the Hind dit'ection shifted ft'om 

so Itheastet'ly _yO sO'lthwesterly . Tne hO'lrly avet'age ',.,rind speF)d increase,j ft'om 

8 to ) 20 m s in the next hotlt' . The hourly avet'age max1:num Hind speed of 24 

m 3-1 (54 Ini h- 1) was measured at 0100 GMT 21 September. During this hout' , 

t'1e 10-min avet'age peak \1in.J velocity was 26 m s-l (57 .8 mi h- 1) and the peak 

i n:3 tanteOOls g' l:3 t recot'ded vias 29 m 3 -1 (66 mi h -1 ) . NWS also t'epor'ted a peak 

64 
BARROW 

1986 

w 

WISD SPEt:D(II/S) 

~'I"'<~ 

IZ!:c ~'I"'< 10 o I" S~IO s 

Wl~D ROSE 

WIND FRllQ 

, 

E 

BARROW 

71- 85 

w 

WIIiD SPEED(W/S) 

_ _ ~'W9<~ 

~ ~'W9 IO 

o tS~IO 

N 

s 

WIND ROSE 

WIND rRllQ 

, 

E 

Figure 1.--Wind rose of surface winds for BR\~ for 1986 (left) and 1977-1985 

(right) . The distribution of the resultant wind direction and speed are in 

units of percent occurrence for the year and 9-yr period , respectively . Wind 

speed is displayed as a function of direction in three speed classes. 

Table 1. --BRW 1986 monthly climate summary* 

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1986 

Prevailing wind ENE ESE N ENE E E ESE E S SS- E ENE ENE 

direction 

Average '.-Ii nd 

speed (m s-l) 

9.9 6.9 5.7 5.8 5.2 6.0 6.2 7.0 7.6 6.6 6. 4 7.9 6.8 

MaXimum wind 

speedt (m s-l) 

17 16 18 13 14 12 13 17 24 15 17 19 24 

Direction of max. 55 95 270 55 70 75 100 335 265 235 75 260 265 

windt (deg . ) 

Average station 1018.7 1017.3 1019.3 1020 . 7 1016 .9 1011. 7 1012 . 2 1009 .5 1009 .6 1013 .8 1017 . 2 1009.5 · 1014.7 

pressure (mb) 

Maximum pressuret 1034 1033 1041 1036 1032 1024 1021 1019 1027 1026 10112 1035 1042 

(mb) 

Mini mum pressuret 1005 1000 1005 1005 1003 996 997 999 987 987 997 986 986 

(mb) 

Average air - 27 .1 -23.8 -29 .1 -23.4 -7 ·3 .3 3.6 3.7 2. 1 -9 .0 -17.6 -21.6 -12.4 

temperature (OC) 

Maximum temperature t -14 -7 -8 -12 -2 14 14 15 13 - .6 -4 .9 -5 .2 15 

(OC) 

Minimum temperaturet -35 -43 -44 -42 -17 -7 -3 -2 -11 -23 -32 -33 -44 

(OC) 

Average dewpoint -30 .8 -ZT.l -33.0 -27 .0 -10.4 -2 . 2 1.4 .7 -. 8 -12.2 -20 . 5 -24 .9 -15 .6 

temperature (OC) 

Maximum dewpointt -17.7 -8.8 -9.9 -14.9 - .9 8.5 9.0 8.4 9. 3 3.4 -6.6 -7.5 9.3 

temperature (OC) 

Minimum dewpointt -38.4 - 47.0 -48 .3 -45. 7 -19.4 -12.1 -4.2 -6.3 -13.0 -26 .0 -35.9 -37. 3 -48.3 

temperature (OC) 

*Instrument helghts: wind, 17 mj pressure, 9.5 m (MSL)j air and dewpolnt temperature, 3 m. Wind and temperature 

instruments are on a tower located 25 m northeast of the main buildi~. 

tHaximum and minimum values are hourly averages. 

65 
gust of 66 mi h- 1 in Bappow village. This is a new maximum wind speed fop the 

BRW NWS as well. The stoPm and associated high waves caused considepable 

eposion and damage along the coast. 

The ppessupe and tempepatupes in 1986 wepe genepally close to long-tePm 

avepages. The ave page ppessupe fop the yeap was 0.9 mb above the avepage fop 

the ppevious 9 yeaps. The ave page tempepatupe was only 0. 6°C coolep than 

nOPmal . Recopd high ppessupe and minimum tempepatupe wepe pepopted fop Mapch , 

and a pecopd high tempepatupe was pepopted fop June. All fpost-point 

measupements wepe convepted to dewpoint. 

Mauna Loa 

A descpiption of the MLO site and its genepal climatology can be found in 

ppevious GMCC Summapy Repopts. The MLO 1986 monthly climate summapy is shown 

in table 2. Note that, fop most vapiables, the avepage values ape not peppesentative of median values because of the bimodal distpibution of the wind 

dipection based on the time of day. The effect of Mauna Loa is to pedipect 

stpongep, ppedominantly easteply OP westeply winds aloft down the slope with a 

mope southeply component. The winds wepe again ppedominantly fpom the south 

in 1986 as in eapliep yeaps (fig. 2). A typical numbep of spping stoPms wepe 

pepopted in Mapch and ApPil. but the numbep of stopms and days with abovenOPmal wind speeds in Decembep was unusual. The maximum wind speed and the 

minimum ppessupe obsepved in Decembep set new pecopds fop that month. New 

maximum wind speeds wepe also obsepved in Appil and July as well. Both aip 

and dewpoint tempepatupes wepe within nopmal panges fop the yeap . 

I MAUNA LOA 

1986 

w 

. ,SD SP[[D( 1oI !I) 

_ ~'1119 ~ 

~ ~'"9 lD 

c=:J "'~LO s 

WI ND ROSE: I 

E 

.''10 fREQ 

MAUNA LOA 

77-65 

w 

_ :.,.s< :. 

IZ'Z:Zl :" '1'5 < 10 

0 'r.lll0 

N 

s 

WIND ROSE 

WIND nu:q 

, 

E 

Figupe 2.--Wind pose of supface winds fop MLO fop 1986 (left) and 1977-1985 

(pight). The distpibution of the pesultant wind dipection and speed ape in 

units of pepcent occuppence fop the yeap and 9-yp pepiod. pespectively . Wind 

speed is displayed as a function of dipection in thpee speed classes. 

66 
T3.ble 2.--MLO 1986 monthlj climate :>:lmmar-y* 

Jan Feb Mar Apr p,ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1986 

Prevailing .... ind SW S. SSE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE 

direction 

Average .... lnd t 5.3 7.' '.2 5.7 ' .0 5.2 5.0 5.6 3.' '.6 5.' 6.0 5.1 

speed (m s- ) 

Maximum .... ind 

speedt (m 5- 1) 

13 17 '" 17 12 12 20 15 12 11 15 20 20 

Direction of max. 2'5 220 215 115 ,"5 ,"5 120 110 "0 ,"5 135 18511 120 

windt (deg . ) 

Average statton 679.1 678.0 680.7 679.3 680.1 68'.7 681.1 681. 9 680.3 680.9 679.7 680.0 680 . 1 

pressure (mb) 

Maxlm~m pressuret 683 682 686 683 683 683 683 68' 683 68' 683 683 686 

(mb) 

Minimum pressuret 67' 673 677 675 677 678 677 678 678 678 675 670 670 

(mb) 

Average air 7. " 6.6 6.7 5.2 7.9 9.1 8.' 9.2 7.8 7.9 7.1 7.1 7.5 

tempe!'ature (Oe) 

Maximum temperaturet 15 '" 15 13 18 18 18 18 15 16 '" 18 18 

(Oe) 

Minimum temperaturet -1 -3 0 -1 0 3 2 3 3 2 0 -3 

(Oe) 

Average dewpoint -16.8 -12.0 -8." -5.9 -6.7 -10.1 -7.2 -5.9 -1.1 -8.6 -8 .6 

temperature (Oe) 

""'aximum dewpointt 7 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 7 7 8 

temperature (Ge) 

Minimum dewpointt -35 -33 -29 -26 -31 -32 -32 -29 -21 -2' -35 

temperature ( oe) 

Precipi tation (111iI) 0 18 19 301 "0 T "3 79 91 6 66 10 673 

'Instrument heights: wind. 17 eli pressure, 3399 m (MSL) ; air and dewpoint temperature, 3 m. Wind and te~perature 

instruments are on a tower located 25 m northeast of the main building. 

tMaximum and minimum values are hourly averages. 

The average pr-essur-e for- 1986 Has 0.8 mb beloH the 9-yc aver-age for the 

period 1977-1985. Furthecmor-e 11 of the 12 indivi1ual monthly aver~ges Her-e 

beloH the compamble monthly aver-ages for- this per-iod. One explanCl.tion is 

that ther-e Her-e a lar-ge number- of storms at i~LO in 1986 (the pr-ecipi tat ion 

amount of 673 mm for the year Has 40% mor-e than the 13-yr- a~er-age repor-ted by 

Chin et al., 1971). However-, the average pr-essure for 1985 was below (1.3 mb) 

the long-term average as well. Therefore, another- explanation is measur-ed 

err-or- . The pr-essure sensor- is checked against the mercurial barometer at the 

station twice weekly and the tHO ar-e in good agreeme'lt. Thus a recheck of the 

mer-cur-ial barometer- is necessar-y befor-e this differ-ence can be resolved. 

Samoa 

A comparison of the wind r-ose for 1986 with that for the pr-eceding 9 

year-s shows a ver-y similar distr-ibution except for the shift in the 

pr-edominant wind dir-ection towar-d SSW and the higher percentage of Hind equal 

to or- gr-eater- than 10 m s-1 (fig . 3). In 1986, wind speeds wer-e r-epor-ted in 

the highest class 6.5% of the time in contr-ast to a long-ter-m aver-age of 2. 8%, 

and_fs compar-ed Hith 8% ~? 1985. Tne aver-age wind speed for the year was 5.4 

m s ,which was 1.0 m s above the long-term average. Table 3 shows that 

new maximum wind speeds wer-e obser-ved for the months of_~anuar-y , Febr-uar-y , May, and September-. In September- Hind speeds of 10 m s or- greater wer-e 

reported 13% of the time as compared with a normal of 1%. The higher- winds 

fr-om the nor-thwest ear-ly in the year- Her-e associated with stormy per-iods 

accompanied by precipitation. Relatively lar-ge pr-ecipitation amounts were 

repor-ted for- January, Febr-uar-y, Apr-il, and May. In September , the str-ong 

southeaster-lies wer-e associated with a well-developed tr-ade wind r-egime. 

67 
SAMOA 

1966 

IV 

II'ISD SPEEO(N/ S) 

_ ~ 

l>ZE..'l !i' .5 < 10 

c:::J . 5 ~ 10 

N WIND ROSE 

E 

s IIlN D fREQ 

SAMOA 

77-65 

w 

WISD SPEED{N/ S) 

_ ~'.S<$ 

mEl ~'1I'5 < 10 

c:::J .5 ~ 10 

N 

s 

WIND ROSE 

"IND fRE:Q 

, 

E 

Figu~e 3.--Wind ~oses of su~face wind fo~ SMO fo~ 1986 (l eft) and 1977-1985 

(~ight). The dist~ibution of the ~esultant wind di~ection and speed a~e in 

units of percent occu~~ence fo~ the yea~ and 9-y~ pe~iod. ~espectively. Wind 

speed is displayed as a function of di~ection in th~ee speed classes. 

Table 3. --SMO 1986 monthly climate summa~y* 

Jan Feb Har Apr Hay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct No' Dec 1986 

P~evailing wind .mw "N" ESE SE SSE SSE SSE S SSE SSE SSE SSE SSE 

dir'ection 

Aver-age wind 

speed (m s-l) 

5.0 3· 1 4.5 4. 2 6.1 5.7 6.1 6.0 6.5 5.2 5.6 5.6 5. 4 

Maximum wind 

speedt (m 5- 1) 

16 16 9 12 17 12 11 16 15 13 11 14 17 

Direction of max. 340 325 95 335 160 110 165 160 160 150 160 '50 160 

wind t (deg . ) 

Average station 997.3 998.4 1000.3 999 . 3 1001.2 1000.9 1001 . 5 1001 .0 1001.1 1002.3 999.4 997 .9 1000 . 1 

pressure (mb) 

Maximum pr-essuret 1002 1003 10011 1004 1006 1005 1006 1006 1005 1005 1003 1002 1006 

(mb) 

Minimum pr'essuret 993 993 996 994 995 996 997 995 998 999 995 993 993 

(mb) 

Ave['age air' 27 . 2 27 .6 28.2 27 .6 26 . 4 26 . 9 25.7 25 .3 26.0 26.4 26 .8 27 .0 26.7 

temperature (OC) 

Maximum temperaturet 31 32 31 32 29 33 32 31 30 30 31 31 33 

( OC) 

Minimum temperaturet 24 23 24 24 22 22 22 21 23 21 24 23 21 

( GC) 

Average dewpoint 26.0 26 . II 26 .9 26.3 25 . II 

temperature (GC) 

Maximum dewpointt JO 31 30 31 zr 

temperatu['e (OC) 

Minimum dewpointt 21 21 22 20 24 tempecatu~e (OC) 

P~ecipitatlon (am) 357 336 165 437 353 147 141 66 80 268 211 (2562) 

·Instrument heights: wind, 14 mj pressuce , 30 m (MSL) ; ai~ and dewpoint tempe~atuce , 9 m. Wind and tempe~atuce 

sensors located atop Lauagae Ridge, a distance 110 m noctheast of the station. P['essu~e sensors ace located in the statton. 

tMax lmum and minimum values ace houcly avecages . 

68 
The remainder of the meteorological variables measured in 1986 were 

reasonably close to seasonal and annual norms (table 3). The average station 

pressure of 1000.1 mb was only 0.5 mb above the long-term average. The 

average air temperature, measured at a height of 9 m above the level section 

on the east end of Lauagae Ridge, was 26.7°C, just 0.4°C below normal. In the 

case of both pressure and temperature, the extreme values are within normal 

limits. The dewpoint hygrometer was returned to service in September 1985 

after being sent to the manufacturer for repair and recalibration. 

Nonetheless, problems developed in June 1986 and much of the data taken after 

this time is questionable. The average monthly precipitation for the year of 

233 mm is only 20 mm above normal. 

South Pole 

The most distinguishing feature of the distribution of the surface wind 

directions at SPO is the large percentage (81%) of wind flow from the NE 

quadrant (N-E). As shown in fig. 4, the distribution of surface wind speed 

with direction is very similar to the distribution for the preceding 9 

years. The main difference in 1986 is that the predominant wind direction was 

grid northerly. For five of the months, the prevailing wind direction was 

also northerly (table 4). A second feature of the 1986 wind rose is the 

celati~rly large number of occurrences of wind speeds equal to or greater than 

10 m s : 7% as compared with 3% in the pr~ge ing 9 years. N~~etheless, the 

average wind speed for the year of 6.0 m s was only 0.7 m s greater than 

the long-term average. New maximum wind speeds were observed for the months 

of January and March. 

SOUTH POLE 

1986 

w 

WISO SPEED(W/ 9) 

_ ~S"9 ~ 

tz==l 6'''' < l() 

D W!~IO 

• 

S WISD fRf:O 

, 

E 

SOlJl'H POLE 

77- 85 

w 

WISO SPEE:D(II/ S) 

_ lI"S ~ 

~ $"9 < 10 

o "S~IO 

N 

S 

• 

WIND ROSE 

WIND F'REQ 

, 

E 

Figure 4.--Wind roses of the surface wind for SPO for 1986 (left) and 1974-

1984 (right). The distribution of the resultant wind direction and speed are 

in units of percent occurrence for the year and 9-yr period, respectively. 

Wind speed is displayed as a function of direction in three speed classes. 

69 
Table 4.--SPO 1986 monthly climate summar'Y* 

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jut Aug 50p Oct "ov Dec 1986 

Prevailing wind " lINE " Il E ESE E N IlE NilE N NNE N 

dIrection 

Average '.tind 

speed (rn s·' ) 

6.0 5.9 6 . 1 5.9 6.5 ~.9 6.3 7. ~ 6.1 6.2 5.7 ~.9 6.0 

Maximwn ',.;oind 

speedt (m 5·') 

13 12 15 13 12 13 1~ 15 13 12 12 11 15 

Direction of max . 360 5 5 5 355 350 10 10 20 320 15 35 5 

windt (deg.) 

Average station 690 . 2 693.~ 68~. 3 680.5 68~. ~ 679.9 673.9 672.0 664.3 672 . 5 676.6 68~.9 679.7 

pressure (mb) 

Maximum pressuret 700 705 701 692 696 705 692 693 678 690 691 698 705 

(rob) 

Minimum pressuret 682 682 667 668 665 657 653 658 6~7 652 656 677 647 

(mb) 

Average air -21j.7 - 3<;.1 -51 .7 -54.9 -61. 8 -63.6 -60.0 -58.6 -64.3 -52 .8 -37. 8 -27.0 -49.7 

temperature (OC) 

Maximum temperaturet -18 -24 -34 -41 -48 -34 . 3~ -41 -~9 -38 -28 -18 -18 

( GC) 

Minimum temperaturet -35 -~2 -70 -66 -7~ -78 -7~ -7~ -80 -71 -~8 -3~ -80 

(Oc) 

Average dewpont -28.0 -38.9 -52 .1 -63 . 5 

temperature (Oe) 

Maximum dewpoint -21 -27 -37 -60 

temperature (Oe) 

Minimum dewpoint -~O -48 -81 -7~ 

temperature (Ge) 

'Instrument heights: wind, 12 mj pressure , 2841 01 ( MSL)i air temperature. 2 m. The anemoneter and thenncxneter are 

located on a tower 100 m grid east-southeast of CAF . Pressure measurements are made inside CAF. 

tKaximum and minimum values are hourly averages. 

The distribution of the wind di~ection for' June is unique in th3t it is 

one of only a ver'y few instances in which the p~evailing wind direction has a 

souther'ly component . In' this par'ticulac case, the wind was fr'om the east 

southeaster'ly dir'ection 29% of the month . . ESE wind dir'ections in June 

usually occur' about 11% of the time . The aver'age wind speed is usually below 

avecage as well . 

The aver'age pr'essur'e for' the year' was 679.7 mb, wnich is 1. 6 mb above the 

long-tenn avet'age . The aver'age temper'atur'e for' the year' was -49 .7°C, less 

than 1°C above the climatological aver'age . A ser'ies of equipment pr'oblems 

limited the amount of r'eliable fr'ost-point measur'ements obtained in 1986. 

DATA MANAGEMENT 

The automated data acquisition system (CAMS) continued oper'ation thr'ough 

1986 with few pcoblems. Table 5 shows the ope~3tions r'ecor'd fo~ CAMS at the fou~ obser'vatocies in tenns of the number' of blocks r'ecor'ded .fo~ each block 

type. SMO has the most blocks miSSing, not because of CAMS oper'ations, but 

because two data cassettes wer'8 lost in the mail: an ASR cassette cove~ing the 

per'iod fr'om DOY 91 to DOY 105 and an M03 cassette fr'om DOY 69 to DOY 76. To 

help pr'event such losses in the future, a per'manent label with GMCC's addr'ess 

was affixed to each new cassette. Not r'eflected in the number' of missing 

r'ecocds is the pr'oblem that SMO had with the inte~face between the M03 CAMS 

and the Dasibi ozone meter , causing all nines to be r'ecor'ded in the data field fo~ a significant pOr'tion of the yea~ . About a dozen power' outages wer'e 

r'epor'ted fo~ SMO dUr'ing the year' , while MLO r'epor'ted ove~ twice that number ; 

SR\v ' s ASR clock boar'd failed and was r'eplaced; at SPO a bad CPU and moni tor' 

boar'd we~e r'epair'ed ; and MLO had CPU boar'd pr'oblems as well that wer'e 

diagnosed and fixed . 

70 
The softwa~e fo~ the C02 CAMS was ~evised to co~~ect some mino~ bugs. 

New PROMs we~e installed at BRW in Ap~il and June, at MLO in June, at SMO in 

May, and at SPO in June. The softwa~e in the othe~ two CAMS is also being upg~aded. 

Table 5.--GMCC CAMS ope~ations summa~y, 1986 

Block Expected no.of Blocks ~eco~ded and [blocks missingJ 

type Desc~iption blocks/y~* BRW MLO SMO SPO 

A Hou~ly ae~osol 2190 2164[26] 2188[2] 2016[174J 2189[2J 

data 

H Daily ae~osol 365 364[2J 365[OJ 337[ 28] 367[0] 

data 

S Hou~ly sola~ 8760 8659[101J 8754[6] 8754[6] 8057[703] 

t'adiation data 

C Hou~ly CO2 Va~iable 8255[171J 8371[43] 7875[553J 8363[13] 

data <8760 

D Daily CO2 data 365 365[4J 370[0] 347[22] 368[0] 

E Hou~ly CO2 cali- Va~iable 331 345 332 376 b~ation data 

F CO2 calib~ation -52 49 53 50 58 

~epo~t 

M Hourly meteo~- 4380 4359[23] 4378[3J 4249[ 132] 4375[3J 

ological data 

0 Daily ozone data 365 368[0] 366[0] 354[11J 365[0] 

W Daily meteo~- 365 368[0] 366[0 ] 354[11 ] 365[OJ 

ological data 

I Meteo~ological 365 367[0] 366[OJ 357[ 11] 364[1] calib~ation 

info~mation 

*Disc~epancies between the expected numbe~ of blocks and (blocks ~eco~ded + 

blocks missing) a~e due to clock pt'oblems o~ auto~esta~ts. 

6.2 Special P~ojects 

ATMOSPHERIC TRAJECTORIES 

Desc~iptions of va~ious atmosphe~ic t~ajecto~y p~og~ams developed within 

GMCC have appea~ed in p~evious summat'y ~epo~ts (Bodhaine and Ha~~is, 1982, pp. 

71-74; Ha~~is and Bodhaine, 1983, pp. 67-75; Ha~~is and Nicke~son, 1984, pp. 

73-80; Nicke~son, 1986, pp. 71-75; Schnell and Rosson, 1986, pp. 68-72). 

71 
Table 6 lists most of the t~ajecto~ies computed du~ing 1986. These we~e 

p~ovided fo~ atmosphe~ic ~esea~che~s within GMCC and ARL as well as scientists 

at nume~ous unive~sities and ~esea~ch institutes of fo~eign gove~nments 

affiliated with GMCC. In all, about 44 station-yea~s of t~ajecto~ies we~e 

computed. Table 7 lists expe~iments suppo~ted. 

Table 6.--GMCC t~ajecto~ies calculated in 1986 

Location 

Bemuda 

Medite~~anean 

Kathe~ine, Aust~alia 

Amste~dam Island 

La R<!!union Is. To~~es del Paine, Chile 

Cape Point, South Af~ica 

Ad~igole, I~eland 

Cha~lottesville, VA 

Illinois location No~folk, VA 

Ohio location 

Boston 

Sy~acuse 

BRW 

Ba~te~ Island Ale~t, Canada 

Augustine Island McMu~do 

SPO 

MLO 

Big Sp~ing, TX 

Cienfuegos, Cuba Vi~gin Islands 

Lewes, DL 

Dates 

1985 

1985 

Jan-Ap~ 1985 

1985 

1985 

1981-1985 

1983-1985 

1980-1985 

1977 -1985 

July 1979 Feb-Ap~ 1985 Feb-Ap~ 1985 

Jan-Feb 1986 

Jan 1986 

1980-1985, Ma~-Ap~ 1986 Ma~-Ap~ 1986 Ma~-Ap~ 1986 Ma~-Ap~ 1986 

1985 

Jan 1986 

1980-1985 

Ap~ 1984 

1984-1985 

1985 

1979-1980 

Input data fo~ the No~the~n Hemisphe~e model (65 x 65 g~id) consists of 

E-W and N-S wind components f~om 1975 to the p~esent . Data fo~ the global 

model (2.5° g~id) began 2 yea~s late~ in 1977 and extended until the p~esent. Data a~e available on a monthly basis so that t~ajecto~ies can be p~oduced in a timely manne~. Beginning Ma~ch 1986, the 70- and 50-mb levels we~e added to the input data set to make 12 mandato~y levels of meteo~ological 

data (f~om 1000 to 50 mb) available fo~ t~ajecto~y computation. 

A visit to NMC was made to investigate the quality of the data, pa~ticula~ly those data used to calculate t~ajecto~ies ove~ the Anta~ctic 

continent. Appacently NMC has had p~oblems p~oducing ~eliable data ove~ 

Anta~ctica. Specifically, p~io~ to 30 May 1986, an e~~o~ in the code fo~ the 

default climatology caused spu~ious ~idges ove~ the continent. Often the 

default climatology diffe~ed enough f~om the ~eal data obse~vations that the ~eal data we~e ~ejected. Du~ing this time no satellite data we~e available 

72 
ove~ the continent. Beginning 30 May 1986, the e~~o~ in the default 

climatology was co~~ected and ~awinsonde and satellite data we~e accepted; howeve~, at the same time, a computational e~~o~ affecting data at the 100, 

70, and 50 mb levels was int~oduced. This e~~o~ was co~~ected on 11 Septembe~ 

1986. T~ajecto~ies computed fo~ dates afte~ 11 Septembe~ 1986 should be mo~e 

~eliable than ea~lie~ ones, although caution is advised when using them 

because the cove~age of meteo~ological observations is spa~se. Ove~ land o~ 

ice, the satellite data a~e useful only at 100, 70, and 50 mb. 

Nume~ous ~equests fo~ isent~opic t~ajecto~ies have p~ompted some st~eamlining of the isent~opic model. Imp~ovements made this yea~ allow 

multiple destinations, both di~ections, and longe~ time pe~iods ove~ which t~ajecto~ies a~e calculated du~ing one ~un. The~e a~e .still some limitations fo~ this model, mostly ~elated to the finite natu~e of the compute~ . These 

include the a~ea ove~ which isent~opic t~ajecto~ies can be calculated (No~the~n Hemisphe~e and Anta~ctica only), the fact that only one su~face at a 

time can be computed, and ~est~ictions on the size of the subg~id . Mo~eove~, 

finding the co~~ect isent~opic sucface is quite often an ite~ative p~ocess 

that is time and compute~ intensive. Fu~the~ st~eamlining is planned to make 

the isent~opic model even mo~e usable . 

Table 7.--Expe~iments suppo~ted du~ing 1986 

Expe~iment Dates O~ganization 

MY Atlantic c~uise 1984-1985 Univ. of Vi~ginia 

SS Oceanic c~uise 1984-1985 Univ. of Vi~ginia 

AGASP-II flights Ma~-Ap~ 1986 GMCC 

RV Pola~ Duke c~uise Ma~-Ap~ 1986 Univ. of Vi~ginia 

A~ctic haze flights Ma~-Ap~ 1986 Univ. of Washington 

NOAA R/V Resea~che~ 

equato~ial c~uise Aug 1986 Univ . of Vi~ginia 

FIRE flights Aug 1985 WPL 

Gulf c~uise Jul-Aug 1986 ARL 

6.3 Refe~ences 

Bodhaine , B. A., and J. M. Ha~~is (eds.), 1982. Geophysical Monito~ing fo~ 

Climatic Change, No. 10: Summa~y Repo~t 1981. NOAA Envi~onmental Resea~ch 

Labo~ato~ies , Boulde~, CO, 158 pp . 

Chi n, J. F. S., H. T. Ellis, B. G. Mendonca, R. P. Pueschel, and H. J. 

Simpson, 1971 . Geophysical monito~ing at Mauna Loa Obse~vato~y. NOAA 

TeCh. Memo. ERL APCL-13, NOAA Envi~onmental Resea~ch Labo~ato~ies, 

Boulde~, CO, 34 pp. 

DeLuisi, J. J. (ed.) , 1981. 

9: Summary Repo~t 1980. Boulde~, CO , 163 pp. 

Geophysical Monito~ing fo~ Climatic Change, No. 

NOAA Envi~onmental Resea~ch Labo~ato~ies , 

73 
Harris , J. M., and B. A. Bodhaine (eds.) 1983. Geophysical Monitoring for 

Climatic Change, No. 11: Summary Report 1982. NOAA Environmental Research 

Laboratires, Boulder, CO, 160 pp. 

Harris, J. M., and E. C. Nickerson (eds.), 1984. 

Climatic Change, No. 12: Summary Report 1983. 

Laboratories, Boulder, CO, 184 pp. 

Geophysical Monitoring for 

NOAA Environmental Research 

Herbert, G. A., E. R. Green, J. M. Harris, G. L. Koenig, and K. W. Thaut, 

1986a. Control and monitoring instrumentation for the continuous 

measurement of atmospheric CO2 and meteorological variables. Journal of 

Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 3:414-421. 

Herbert, G. A., E. R. Green, G. L. Koening, and K. W. Tnaut, 1986b. 

Monitoring instrumentation for the continuous measurement and quality 

assurance of meteorological observations. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-148, 

NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO , 44 pp. 

Nickerson, E. C. (ed .), 1986. 

13: Summary Report 1984. 

Boulder, CO, 111 pp. 

Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change, No. 

NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, 

Schnell, R. C., and R. M. Rosson (eds.) , 1986. Geophysical ~onitoring for 

Climatic Change, No. 14: Summary Report 1985. NOAA Environmental Research 

Laboratories , Boulder, CO, 146 pp. 

74 
7. AIR QUALITY GROUP 

7.1 Continuing P~og~ams 

AQG ~esea~ch du~ing 1986 had th~ee objectives: (1) to imp~ove the unde~standing of the mechanisms ~esponsible fo~ the formation of acidic ae~osols; (2) to explain the effects of these ae~osols and of t~ace gases on 

the formation, colloidal stability, optical p~ope~ties, and chemical 

composition of clouds; (3) to supply obse~vational data to validate and imp~ove the acid deposition models now unde~ development. AQG acqui~ed data 

to satisfy these objectives using the NOAA King Ai~ ai~c~aft. Table 1 summa~izes the ~esea~ch flights made by the King Ai~ in suppo~t of ou~ 

activities du~ing 1986. 

THE NATIONAL ACID PRECIPITATION ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (NAPAP) 

The Inte~agency Task Fo~ce on Acid P~ecipitation, c~eated by Cong~ess, 

sponso~s NAPAP. This p~og~am consists of task g~oups entitled (A) Natu~al 

Sou~ces, (3) Manmade Sou~ces, (C) Atmosphe~ic P~ocesses, and (D) Deposition Monito~ing. AQG continued its pa~ticipation in NAPAP du~ing 1986 by cont~ibuting to Task G~oups A and C. 

The Weste~n Atlantic Ocean Expe~iment (WATOX) 

WATOX, a NAPAP-sponso~ed p~oject, continued du~ing 1986. Its pu~pose 

was to quantify the flux of va~ious t~ace species, notably sulfu~ and nit~ogen, away f~om the U.S. east coast. WATOX used the NOAA King Ai~ du~ing 

Janua~y, Feb~ua~y, and June 1986 and a NOAA WP-3D du~ing Janua~y 1986. 

Sulfu~ dioxide flux measu~ements ove~ the weste~n Atlantic Ocean. One pu~pose of WATOX was to dete~mine the eastbound flux of anth~opogenic emissions f~om the No~th Ame~ican continent to the Atlantic Ocean atmosphe~e. 

Eight ai~ sampling flights ca~~ied out between 1 Ma~ch and 26 Ma~ch 1985, ~oughly 100 km east of Newpo~t News, VA, p~oduced valid S02 data. Lu~ia et 

al. (1987) summa~ized the data obtained in these flights. 

They also calculated the SO~ flux away f~om the US east coast using the ai~c~aft data. The ~esults of ~~is_9alculation (fig. 1) show that the flux 

was nea~ly constant at 100 ~ m s within the ma~ine bounda~y laye~ (top at 

1000 m) and that it decayed exponentially above the bounda~y laye~. 

This flux estimate was highe~ than that of Galloway et al. (1984) by a facto~ of 2.7. Howeve~, this estimate was based on samples taken ove~ a pe~iod of less than a month and ext~apolated fo~ an enti~e yea~ to compa~e 

with the Galloway et al. ~esults. Fu~thermo~e, these data we~e gathe~ed only sho~tly afte~ the passage of cold f~onts. Cold f~onts pass along the U.S. 

east coast often du~ing the winte~ months; even so, the composition of the ai~ 

behind cold f~onts may have int~oduced a bias into the sulfu~ flux estimates. 

It is obvious that accu~ate flux estimates ~equi~e mo~e meas~ements, 

with imp~oved analytical methods, in othe~ seasons, and at diffe~ent locations 

along the coast. The wo~k of Lu~ia et al. (1987) showed that an ag~eement 

between climatological flux estimates and field obse~vations is possible. 

75 
Table 1.--NOAA King Air research flights during 1986 

Project Location Flight date Flight time (local time) 

WATOX Boston, MA 860102 1504-1751 

860104 0718-1118 and 1409-1652 

860106 0719-1134 

860108 0744-1028 and 1407-1705 

860109 0909-1446 and 1457-1841 

860206 1754-2153 

860208 1221-1721 

860209 1102-1553 and 1555-1819 

860210 1140-1640 

860212 1359-1805 

860213 0810-1148 and 1409-1744 

860215 1211-1706 

860216 1212-1625 

860220 1116-1452 

WATOX Bermuda 860607 1136-1357 

860608 1230-1613 

860609 1302-1631 

860610 1100-1334 

860612 1112-1255 

860613 0821-1144 

PRECP Sy t'acuse , NY 860117 1330-1639 

860118 1321-1730 

860119 1233-1620 

860120 1311-1709 

860122 1303-1610 

860125 1600-1913 

860127 1358-1751 

PRECP Raleigh, NC 860223 1400-1747 

860224 1418-1717 and 1941-2309 

860226 1424-1755 

860227 1427-1813 

860301 1104-1343 

860303 1218-1556 

RITS Miami, FL 860701 0851-1256 

860916 0906-1217 

861003 0900-1300 

861103 0900-1300 

861203 0900-1300 

SAFE Alaska 860506 0900-1135 and 1315-1600 

860507 0900-1130 and 1300-1540 

860508 0915-1230 and 1500-1815 

860509 0915-1140 and 1330-1605 

860510 0800-1000 and 1100-1400 

Washington 860510 1500-1715 

Montana 860511 0900-1300 

Colot'ado 860511 1400-1800 

76 
10.000 r-----,-------------, 

g 

~ 

1 

LIm 

100 

1.0 

/ F(S}rr.=1 = 161 e-l~l l0c0 

r ~ I>-----<) 

fS) =81 -14~l/I COO (i!'.'! e 

'----- -I 

10.0 100.0 

Sulfur DIoxide Flu:.: (fig ~l f l) 

10000 

Figure 1.--Elevation profiles of S02 

flux (after Luria et al., 1987). The 

circles represent maximum 1-min 

averages, and the triangles represent 

the entire flight leg average. 

Size distributions of sea-source aerosol particles: a physical 

explanation of observed differences, near shore vs. open sea. Atmospheric 

aerosols contribute significantly to the physical process of mass exchange at ai~-water interfaces and to chemical processing of the elements in the Earth's 

troposphere. Sea-salt aerosol particles may have a predominant role in this 

processing during the transport of continental anthropogenic and natural 

source material over near-shore air environments. WATOX provided an 

opportunity for the AQG to measure the concentration and size distribution of 

sea-derived coarse-fraction (diameter, D ~ 1 ~) aerosol particles with the 

externally mounted optical particle counters (Particle Measuring Systems, 

Boulder, CO) on the NOAA King Air. Lognormal fits to the particle size data 

provided the opportunity to accurately compare the size distributions of nearshore vs. open-sea particles. Detailed results of this investigation are 

given by Sievering et al . (1987). 

The particle data showed that a bimodal aerosol distribution prevailed 

throughout WATOX-85 sampling; a coarse-mode fraction predominated for aerosol 

sizes larger than about .8-~ diameter. A lognormal fitting analysis of the 

probe data was done. A description of the fitting technique was given by 

Horvath et al. (1988) . The number and volume geometric median diameters 

(VGMD) , geometric standard deviations, and total particle number and volume 

were determined for all representative distributions. 

For the near-shore environment, 502 minutes of data were used; for the 

open sea , 133 minutes of data were used. The fitting showed no significant 

differences between fine-mode aerosol size distributions, nearshore vs. open 

sea. The coarse-mode data did exhibit a significant difference. The VGMD was 

8.08 ± 1.41 ~ for near-shore cases and 5.65 ± 0.78 ~ for open-sea cases, at 

a 99.6% confidence level. This striking difference requires an explanation. 

Sievering et al. (1987) discounted several potential explanations, 

including data base outliers, instrumentation, meteorological differences, and 

the advection of soils from the continent. The nearshore research flights 

composing this data set were made under predominantly offshore flow 

77 
conditions. Sievering et al. (1987) also investigated this offshore flow as a 

cause for the observed differences and showed that it was a possible 

explanation. They found that, during offshore flow, larger sea-derived 

particles will prevail. The combination of developing ocean waves along with 

shoreline disturbed conditions produced the effect. 

More large, sea-derived aerosol particles occur during offshore flow. 

This may be of geophysical significance. Also, enhanced cloud growth in nearshore environments during offshore flow periods is possible, and the rate of 

liquid-phase gas-to-particle conversion (e.g., sulfur dioxide gas to aerosol 

sulfate) may be different over the open sea from that over nearshore areas. 

Dimethyl sulfide over the western Atlantic Ocean. DMS samples were taken 

with the NOAA King Air during WATOX-86 using the technique of Andreae et al. 

(1985). Figure 2 shows the DMS data obtained near Boston during January and 

February 1986. Typical DMS values during the January field operation were in 

the range 0.5-5 pptv in both the marine layer (ML) and free troposphere 

(FT). On 9 January the DMS value of 18 pptv was exceptionally high at the 

lowest flight altitude of 200 m above sea level. In the February measurements 

the DMS concentrations ranged from 1 to 12 pptv in the ML and 1 to 3 pptv in 

the FT. 

3200 .--------,,.,--,-----,-----,------, ('J , 

J<N 0 

FEBO 

,- 3200.-----;-----;-, 

2800 

2400 r- QffEl 2000 -

0; , 

IS 

, 

2800 

_ 24()() 0 

.£ 2000 --

] 1600 

~ 1200 1.? 

8001 .. "'""-

'00 -G o O!--- ---,-I,-O --"'-e20'_ , , [DMSJ_PP1V 

1200 I800 - o ill 

: ffi QO tl ',<-' ,>, G 

0" .. ;.. . -"Y,- --~~ I v(-vi- 400 

£illl'l ill <ib Q ' {j] 

°0L--~2~-=~'---~-~8--~1O--~12 

IDMS~. pptv 

Figure 2.--Dimethyl sulfide concentration as a function of altitude, measured near Boston during 

January and February 1986 

(after Van Valin et al., 1987b). 

The numbers in the circles or 

squares indicate the date of that 

measurement. The dashed lines 

connect samples from different 

altitudes during a given flight. 

3200.-_______ J=UN"'E _ ______ _ ~ 

3200,--------, 

2800 ' 

2400 

2400 0 \3-0 

2000 ' 

800 .£ G [}-'-O 

~ 1600 -

" 

78 

1200 0 m 

= , 400 3--8' ~ 

G--:E ~~!3:: ::---:.£---=::=:;_ °0!--~170~2=0-3~O~'~O-~50~~W~~70~~~~7-7100~~11O 

[OMS] pptll 

Figure 3.--Dimethyl sulfide concentration as a function of altitude, measured near Bermuda during 

June 1986 (after Van Valin et al., 

1987b). The numbers in the 

squares indicate the date of that 

measurement. 
Figu~e 3 p~esents the DMS data obtained du~ing eight flights nea~ Be~muda 

in June 1986. The values at the lowest flight level (90 m) we~e in the ~ange 

30-195 pptv. The individual profiles showed a ve~y st~ong dec~ease in DMS concent~ation as the altitude inc~eased, the concent~atio n ~ange being 5-45 

pptv in the uppe~ ML (600-1000 m) and <1-17 pptv in the FT (1000-3000 m). 

Exceptions occu~~ed only on 8 June and 16 June, when the concent~ations at 

90-m altitude we~e low. On both of these days the DMS concent~ations obtained 

at both ML flight altitudes were nea~ly the same, unlike fo~ the p~ofiles 

obtained on the othe~ five flights. Concu~~ent S02 measurements suggested 

that S02 th~oughout the sampling pe~iod was less than the detection limit of 

0.3 ppbv. 

DMS ave~age concent~ations obse~ved in the ML nea~ Boston du~ing the winte~ season we~e lowe~ by a factor of ten than those observed in Be~uda 

during the summer. DMS concent~ations in the ML did not dec~ease with 

altitude nea~ Boston . In Bermuda, a st~ong altitude g~adient appea~ed in five 

of the seven ML flights. Two majo~ featu~es cont~ibuted to the differences 

between the Boston and Bermuda data sets. The fi~st is active mixing within 

the ML in the coastal ~egion compared with a mo~e stable atmosphere at 

Bermuda. The second is the ~adically diffe~ent times of t~anspo~t of the ai~ 

masses ove~ the ocean. Van Valin et al. (1987b) give a mo~e complete desc~iption of this wo~k. 

The P~ocessing of Emissions by Clouds and P~ecipitation Experiment (PRECP) 

PRECP, anothe~ NAPAP p~oject, p~ovided AQG the opportunity to investigate 

the complex chemical t~ansformations occu~~ ing in and nea~ clouds. PRECP 

field effo~ts we~e completed at Oklahoma City, OK (June 1985) , Sy~acuse, NY (Janua~y 1986) and Raleigh, NC (Ma~ch 1986). The Oklahoma City expe~iment 

used the NOAA King Ai~ to examine the chemical and physical p~ocesses that occu~ in la~ge thunde~storms of the high plains. The Sy~acuse and Raleigh 

experiments used the NOAA King Air to examine the chemical and physical p~ocesses occu~~ing in winte~ cloud systems. 

THE RADIATIVELY IMPORTANT TRACE SPECIES (RITS) PROJECT 

GMCC found that concent~ations of ce~tain t~ace gases we~e increasing at 

its obse~vatories. This spawned conce~n that these RITS gases (notably ca~bon 

monoxide and methane) would soon become impo~tant contributo~s to the "g~e enhouse effect" along with ca~bon dioxide . The~efo~e, GMCC began to 

obtain climatologically ~ep~esentative ve~t cal p~ofiles of them to supplement su~face measu~ements. The NOAA King Ai~ made 14 ~esea~ch flights (one flight 

per month) nea~ Miami, FL, in 1986 to gathe~ these data. 

THE SOUTHEAST ALASKA FLUX EXPERIMENT (SAFE) 

Nuclear ~eacto~ no. 4 at Che~nobyl, Soviet Union, exploded on 26 Ap~il 

1986 at 0123 LT. The NOAA King Air made six resea~ch flights to examine the 

radioactive cloud p~oduced by the accident. The initial goals of the resea~ch 

we~e to dete~mine the width of the ~adioactive plume as it ~eached the No~th 

American continent, the ~adioactive isotopes p~esent, and the concent~ation of 

each ~adioisotope. 

79 
The project used two research aircraft, the King Air and the Battelle 

Pacific Northwest Laboratories DC-3. Measurements were made from Anchorage, 

AK, to Reno, NV. The radioactive cloud from Chernobyl was first detected over 

the west coast of North funerica using gamma-ray spectrometers on 8 May 1986. 

Later analysis of air filters showed that the leading edge of the cloud just 

reached the west coast on 6 May 1986. This was in good agreement with 

trajectory model calculatio?11 A comparison of the reported Soviet discharge 

concentrations §rlative §~ Cs showed agreement for the volatile 

radionuclides 1 I and 1 Cs collected1~8 the airborne air filters. Agreement 

was also observed for the nonvolatile Ba. Lepel et al. (1987) give a 

detailed description of the results from the project. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS USED IN AIR QUALITY PROGRAMS 

The Air Quality Group uses the NOAA King Air aircraft as a data 

collection platform in its researcl1 projects. This platform provides the 

unique capability to obtain physical and chemical observations of the 

atmosphere in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. Its range 

(2100 km), flight duration (4.5 h), and service ceiling (7.6 km) make it an 

ideal platform for atmospheric research in the troposphere above North 

funerica. 

The Use of an Airborne Air Sampling Platform for Regional Air Quality Studies 

The use of aircraft is common for studying a wide variety of atmospheric 

processes on the local, regional, and global scales. Airborne atmospheric 

chemistry studies expanded during the 1970's with the goal of understanding 

the various aspects of gas-to-particle conversion in pllli~es emanating from 

point sources. Large aircraft (the four-engine Lockheed Electra and WP-3D) 

were instrumented and used in global-scale atmospheric chemistry studies. The 

need to investigate regional air quality issues motivated the AQG to develop 

an airborne platform capable of providing complete air quality information 

using limited resources, on the one hand, but retaining the flexibility to 

operate anywhere above the North funerican continent, on the other hand. Since 

our objectives called for operation over areas affected by anthropogenic 

pollution, the analytical instrument package on board used commercially 

available units. These units are sometimes less sensitive than "experimental" 

or "developmental" instrumentation but provide a higher degree of reliability. 

A LORAN system (Advanced Navigation Inc. model 7000) determines the 

aircraft position accurately to 0.5 km. A radar altimeter (King, KRA10) aids 

in maintaining constant altitude at low elevations «760 m) and enhances 

flight safety at low altitude. 

The air intake system aboard the aircraft has different intakes for 

different applications. For the HATOX, PRECP, RITS, and SAFE studies, a fivetube stainless steel configuration was employed. Three tubes pointed forward 

and two pointed vertically. One forward-pointing inlet tube, used for total 

aerosol sampling, was isokinetic at any flight sampling speed; another had an 

inner Teflon tube and supplied air for the gas monitors; a third supplied air 

to a "cyclone" particle separator described by Boatman et al. (1988) . Additional air samples, for intermittent sampling devices, were drawn from the 

vertical tubes and the sextant port at the top center of the fuselage. 

80 
A fully computerized data acquisition system digitizes the data from all 

continuous monitors, aerosol probes, and mass flow meters and records it to 

magnetic tape. The onboard computer system displays the data during flight. 

Magnetic tape also records the data from the navigation system (Algo, Inc.). 

All magnetic tape data are later merged into one file for analysis using an 

HP-1000 computer system. 

An illustration of the aircraft configured for scientific research is 

gi ven in fig. 4. Wellman et al. (1987) provide a more detailed discussion of 

the aircraft platform. 

In-Flight Intercomparisons of Some Aircraft Meteorological and Chemical 

Measurement Techniques 

The NOAA King Air and one of the two NOAA WP-3D's were flown side by side 

on 8 January 1986 to compare the scientific measurements being made using the 

two platforms. The King Air was flown side by side with a Beechcraft Queen 

Air (Brookhaven National Laboratory) and a Douglas DC-3 (Battelle Pacific 

Northwest Laboratories) on 1 March 1986. Accuracy limits were established 

during a comparison of the scientific data collected aboard the four aircraft. 

Table 2 summarizes the results found during these comparison flights. 

Different groups prepared and calibrated the scientif i c instruments aboard the 

four research aircraft at different times and in different locations. 

Instrument preparation and calibration procedures were similar but not 

identical. The agreement between the various instruments was very good even 

laan 

tnstn.rrErt Racks 

"'-

Pilot 

lech~tlan 

lophcna! 

! 

kfosd Plebe 

81 

Figure 4.--The NOAA King Air C-90, 

configured for research. 
Table 2.--Results of the aircraft intercomparison flights 

Aircraft involved Mea~urements _~ccuracy Res20nse timet,,) 

A B compared A (Unit) B A B 

-------------- ----------------- King Air WP-3D Tempecature 1 ( °C) 1 1 1 

Dew Point 3 ( °C) 3 1 1 

Pressure 1 (mb) 1 0.5 0.5 

Position 0.5 (km) 1 1 1 

Wind speed* 2 (m/s) 2 60 1 

Wind direc.* 10 (deg) 10 60 1 

Ozone 1 (ppbv) 1 30 15 

S02 FP-GC 1000 (pptv) 50 10 600 

S02 PF-GC 1000 (pptv) 50 60 600 

King Air Queen Air Temperature 1 (OC) 2 1 1 

Wind speed* 2 (m/s) 2 60 1 

Wind direc. * 10 (deg) 10 60 1 

S02 FP-F?** 5 ( %) 5 1 ,~ 10 

S02 PF-FP*"' ::> (%) 5 60 10 

Ozone 1 (ppbv) 1 -'u 2 

King Air DC-3 Temperature 1 (OC) 1 1 1 

Dew Point 3 ( °C) 3 1 1 

Pressure 1 (mb) 1 0. 5 0.5 

Wind speedt 2 (m/s) 60 

Wind dicec. 10 (deg) 10 60 1 

Ozone 1 (ppbv) 1 30 30 

S02 FP-FP** 5 (%) 5 10 10 

S02 PF-FP** 5 (%) 5 60 10 ---------------------- - ---- ----------- ----

*KA turns unaccept~ble 

**0-30 ppbv 

tDC-3 overestimates 

under diverse conditions . A detailed discussion of the scientific instruments 

aboard the King Ai!' is given in Boatman et al . (1988). 

7.2 Special Projects 

AEROSOL AND CLOUDWATER PROPERTIES AT WHITEFACE MOUNTAIN, N~d YORK 

During the summers of 1981, 1982, and 1983 the AQG conducted projects at 

the Vincent Schaefer Observatory, IVhiteface Mountain, NY , in cooperation with 

SUNYA/ASRC. The purpose was to document some. of the physical and chemical 

characteristics of aerosols and clouds in polluted and nonpolluted air masses, 

and to relate differences to source areas or meteorology. The characteristics 

of intere~t included aerosol and cloud size distr'ibutions , the chemical 

composi tion of aerosol and watec samples, especially the air' mass sour'ce 

sectors, the nucleation of cloud , and the incorporation of aerosols in the 

cloud liquid phase. A detailed description of the results from this study is 

given by Van Valin et al. (1987a) . 

82 
sw 

NV;I N 

0.30 043 !: 0_64 !: 0.31 

\./ 

41 + 2_2 

NE 

0.33 

11.1 !: 3_6 0.3 ~m 

pore sue 

N 

M-\I 0_10 

0.11 !: 0_09 

!: 0.14 NE 

W 0.27 

O'6±O~ 

swV 1.2 !: 12 

Figu~e 5. Ae~o~ol S exp~essed as 

sulfate (~g m- ), mean and 1-0 

standa~d deviation , du~ing cloud- f~ee sampling times, a~~anged 

acco~ding to 45° sou~ce di~ection 

secto~s (afte~ Van Valin et al ., 1987a). The scale of the ~ight 

pie g~aph is expanded by a facto~ 

of 2.5 ~elative to the left g~aph . 

The ae~osol S (exp~essed as sulfate) sou~ce secto~s, based on ai~ mass t~ajecto~ies, a~e shown in fig. 5. The left pie g~aph ~ep~esents analyses of 0.3-~m-po~e-size filte~s ; the ~ight ~ep~esents the 8-~m filte~s (the ~ightside scale contains a 2.5 enhancement facto~ compa~ed with the left side) . All filte~ samples f~om cloud events we~e excluded. No air masses from the S, 

SE, o~ E occu~~ed du~ing the sample collection pe~iod. The g~eatest 

concent~ations of sulfate we~e in the SW and W secto~s. Mo~e impo~tant, -90% 

of the sulfate at Whiteface Mountain is in the accumulation mode. Wate~ samples collected f~om clouds formed in ai~ masses with back t~ajectocies to indust~ial ~egions southwest of Whiteface Mountain had the 

highest median concent~ations of most of the measured substances. In these 

samples ~042- and N03- we~e highly co~~elated to each othe~ and to f~ee H+, 

CA'·, Cl , Pb , and Ba . Othe~ metallic elements we~e p~esent i n all t~ee 

t~ajecto~y secto~s in p~opo~tions suggestive of c~ustal o~igin , and had st~onge~ co~relations to S04'- and NO,- in the NE than in the SW secto~ . The fo~mation of a wate~ cloud in a polluted atmosphere ~esulted in the ~emoval of 

-90% of the dry-aerosol sulfate by the time the cloud reached full density. 

7.3 Refe~ences 

And~eae, M. 0., R. J. Fe~ek, F. Bermond, K. P. Byrd, R. T. Engst~om, S. Ha~din, P. D. Houme~e, F. LeMa~~ec, H. Raemdonck, and R. B. Chatfield, 

1985. Dimethyl sulfide in the ma~ine atmosphe~e. Jou~nal of Geophysical Resea~ch 90 :12891-12900. 

Boatman , J. F., D. L. Wellman, R. C. Schnell, K. M. Busness, M. Lu~ia , and C. 

Van Valin, 1988. In-flight in te~compa~isons of some ai~c~aft 

meteorological and chemical measu~ement techniques. Global Biogeochemical 

Cycles (Accepted). 

Galloway, J. N. , D. M. Whelpdale, 

eastward f~om North Ame~ica. 

and G. T. Wolff, 1984. Atmosphe~ic Envi~onment 

83 

The flux of S and N 

18 :2595-2607. 
Ho~vath, H., R. L. Gunte~, and S. W. Wilkison, 1988. Dete~mination of the Coa~se Mode of the Atmosphe~ic Ae~osol with Optical Counte~s. Ae~osol 

SCience and Technology submitted; (available th~ough Ai~ Quality G~oup, 

NOAA/GMCC, 325 B~oadway, Boulde~, CO). 

Lepel , E. A., W. K. Hensley, J. F. Boatman, K. M. Busness, W. E. Davis, D. E. Robe~tson, and W. G. N. Slinn, 1987. In situ gamma-~ay measu~ements in 

the Che~nobyl plume. P~oceedings of the Inte~national Confe~ence on 

Methods and Applications of Radioanalytical Chemist~y., Ap~il 5-10, 1987, 

Kona, HI., Ame~ican Nuclea~ Society, Richland, WA, 1-19. 

Lu~ia, M., C. C. Van Valin, J. F. Boatman, D. L. Wellman, and R. F. Pueschel, 

1987. Sulfu~ dioxide flux easu~ements ove~ the Weste~n Atlantic Ocean. Atmosphe~ic Envi~onment 21(7):1631-1636. 

Sieve~ing, H., J. Boatman, L. Gunte~, H. Ho~vath, D. Wellman, and S. Wilkison, 

1987. Sea sou~ce of ae~osol pa~ticle size dist~ibutions: A physical 

explanation of obse~ved diffe~ences, nea~sho~e vs. open sea. Journal of 

Geophysical Resea~ch (accepted). 

Van Valin, C. C., H. Be~~esheim, M. O. And~eae, and M. Lu~ia, 1987b. Dimethyl 

sulfide ove~ the Weste~n Atlantic Ocean. Geophysical Resea~ch Lette~s 

(accepted). 

Veal, D. L., W. A. Coope~, G. Vali, and J. D. Ma~witz, 1978. Some aspects of ai~c~aft inst~umentation fo~ storm resea~ch . American Meteo~ological 

Society Monog~aph 38:237-255. 

Wellman, D. L., M. Lu~ia, C. C. Van Valin, and J.F. Boatman, 1987. The use of 

an ai~bo~ne ai~ sampling platform for ~egional ai~ quality studies., 

Global Biogeochemical Cycles (accepted) . 

84 
8. NITROUS OXIDE AND HALOCARBONS GROUP 

8.1 Continuing Programs 

ORGANIZATION 

The NOAH Group was created in July 1986 as a result of the reorganization 

of the Trace Gases Group under the RITS initiative and the arrival of the new 

group chief in Boulder. The chief is a former NBS employee with expertise in 

gas standard preparation, EC-GC, and IR spectroscopy. A CIRES research 

associate joined the group at the same time as leader of special projects 

(KOROLEV cruise and LEAPS, discussed below). 

CONTINUOUS AND FLASK NETWORK (CFN) 

Weekl y collection of air samples in 0.3 L flasks from BRW, NWR, MLO, and 

SMO continued as in the past; station personnel at SPO exposed flasks only 

during January, November, and December 1986. These air samples were analyzed 

for halocarbons CC13F (F-ll) and CC1 2F2 (F-12),and N20 using EC-GC at the 

Boulder laboratory. Figure 1 presents the flask data for F-ll, F-12, and N20 

from BRW, NWR, MLO, and SMO. Estimated secular trends and standard deviations 

(at the 95% confidence level, C.L.) are also presented. 

The Shimadzu Mini-2 GC at SPO measured N20, F-12, and F-ll in situ twice 

a week . SPO flask data are combined with the in situ GC data in fig. 2. N20 

data for 1986 were excluded from fig. 2, because of excessive drift of the N20 

signal. A new detector and gas sample valve will be sent on the 1981 midwinter drop to fix this problem. 

Latitudinal profiles of F-12 and F-ll using annual mean flask data are 

presented in fig. 3 for 1911-1986 from the GMCC baseline stations and NWR. 

The increases in the growth rates of F-ll and F-12 at all stations between 

1985 and 1986 are probably the result of switching to a new calibration tank 

whose calibration is drifting with time. This tank was last calibrated 

against OGC's scale in 1985. An intercomparsion is planned with OGC in late 

1981, which may resolve this change in growth rate. 

The new RITS automated GC and data processing system was installed at SMO 

i n June and BRW in October. Representative data for F-12 daily means from the 

RITS GC at SMO are compared with flask data in fig. 4. It is planned that MLO 

will receive its system in early 1981 and SPO late next year. Using an HP 

model no. 5890 GC, Nelson Analytical interface, HP9816 computer, HP9133 hard 

disk, and printer, the system measures air concentrations of N20, F-12, F-ll, 

methyl chloroform (CH,CCl,), and carbon tetrachloride (CC1 4) every 2 hours. 

Commericially prepareB calibration gases in 29.5-L aluminum high-pressure 

cylinders were found to be contaminated with l,l,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane 

(F-113), making quantitation of CH,CC1 3 impossible. Also, low concentrations 

of CC14 (about 30 ppt) were found Eo be unstable in the untreated aluminum 

cyl i nders; CC14 completely disappeared after 6 months. Changes will be made 

in 1981 to correct these problems. 

85 
00 

0-. 

~;~o ~--- ---

i I () 

~ ~ 

C>, 

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~ 

~ 

=, 

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=., 

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a 

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13 ~ \\" 

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N " r l"O\! 

~ ~1" b{:!0~:~\-.?"'·: j 

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\'f L O 

~~

" . . _.' '~ .J ?:~:~'-"'?~ 

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~ 

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~ ·1 00 

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V 

" 

.' 7:~ O::! ppL ,\ ' J o 

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.'- S l o p L' 1 ";;' G I. 0 2: ppl y r' 

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~~ ~ -....; l o p Co I (j B t 0 .2 P P l \' I '- +-- S 1\ 1 0 

:1 \ 0 

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=, 

'\ no j::;;~:::'~~ -= ;~r ~ ; ' 00 -1 ~ :)00 

~: , 0 1 ppl Y ' 

:~ f) 0 ,'7 

opl:" .l: 0 05 pp b v ,' , 

'7 8 '7 n t3 0 tJ 1 t3 2 t3:.3 II ! 13::> U U (17 

T I I E: (Y E ,\ R ) 

:-: 0 0 t-.--'r --r--' -----.--- --,- -. -,-----.- ., I -/,' -/U 79 UO 0 1 0 2 l l : \ 8·] 8~ 8({ tl7 

T IM E (YEAH) 

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.'\11 

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J 00 - ,-----,- .-_~ T _. 

-1-1 71j 70 00 IJ ] U:': UJ IJ I U~ 

T r \ 1 F: (Y Ie: ,\ H ) 

Figu~e 1.--G~owth ~ates of (a) N20, and haloca~bons (b) F-12 and (c) F-l1 at BRW, NWR, MLO, and SMO fo~ 

1977-1986. The g~owth ~ates and thei~ standa~d deviations at the 95% confidence level (C.L. ) a~e also p~esented. 

c 

, 

,-

](0 'I,· 
~ 

~ 

J 

J 

330 ~~~~-

a 

FI" .1 

3 I 0 

-.. .... - = 

= 200 

:::"[ope 0 G::} () 08 ppb yl 

270 -

77 70 70 80 HI H~ e~ B~ 85 B6 87 

-

·1 10 

100 

:160 

]~O 

280 

:!--!O 

:~OO 

.5 00 -~~~~~-

:J 50 -

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-300 

200 -

1 00 77 

- 86 

65 

8 I 

:': PO 

FI", ;1.; 

- G' 

.-':[op(>= [~i :3 o :3 ppl ~T 

,"S -,. Y 80 III B "~ 83 8-1 8 :) 

:-CPO 

Fl" , G 

l: 

---:-

.:":[opc,=[O 1 0'> ppt \. I " 

78 -,. 9 80 81 R:? 0:"1 51 85 

T[ \[ r' I y 1-;_-\ H I 

f/<lioc,nbon F12 from !(C ~tatlons 

-:~ 

- - --- ,~" .~--- - -_. 

.-------~ ~ 

83 ~~~~-~ 

62 , 81 

~ 80 

79 

~ 76 

" 

.'·PO 

-90 -60 

0,;::-- ~ •. -

c-

- --, 

~\to ~,lLO \\ll~ BRI't 

30 o 

L;d Itud,· 

(1977-1966) 

30 60 90 

b 

, 

56 87 

c 

,:.-' . 

--. - ':' 

86 8,: 

a 

~ 

~ 

~ 

J 

~ 

Figure 2. --Gr'owth r'ates of (a) N2O. 

and halocar'bons (b) F-12 and (c ) 

F-11 at SPO for' 1977 -1986. Cr'osses 

denote in situ GC r'esults and ovals 

indicate flask samples analyzed in 

Boulder'. Toe gr'owth r'ates and their' 

standard deviations at the 95% C. L. 

for' the combined data sets ar'e also 

pr'esented. 

2')0 

2~5 

200 

17::; ~ 

[50 ~ 

125 

I!.tloc,.rbon Fl i from (;'.1<:C ~tatlO s 

86 

65 

8 ' 

83 

8' 

81 

80 'c ______ 

79 

78 

7, 

.sPO 

-90 -60 

. .~- . 

,::,-

-~-, 

------', 

3~1O \!LO :-;\\R BR W 

-30 o :;0 

L1it Itude 

(1917-11186/ 

60 90 

Figur'e 3.--Latitudinal pr'ofiles of (a ) F-12 and 

flask data ar'e pr'esented for' 1977-1986 fr'om the 

NWR. 

(b) F-l1 using annual mean 

GMCC baseline stations and 

87 

b 
' ;0------------__________________ __ 

-tJo110 -

390 -

J7t, - - 0<1111-;( \( e"n~ 

Fld~~ :'"r:lpl"s 

~ ". -

_c. 

.... .....--- ".-

350----------________________ ~----

Figu~e 4. --F-12 daily means ( +) 

f~om the RITS GC at SMO compa~ed 

with flasl< samples (0) that we~e 

analyzed in Boulde~ . The g~owth 

~ate and its standa~d deviation at 

tl1e 95% C. L. for the canbined data 

sets a~e given. 

Jo J Aug ~I'P 

1956 

LOW ELECTRON ATTACHMENT POTENTIAL SPECIES (LEAPS) 

The NOAH G~oup has received incremental RITS funding to begin measuring 

sane of the "m ino~ " atmospheric haloca~bons. Specifically, plans are to 

develop o~ adapt techniques to investigate F-22 (CHC1F2) , F-l13 (CC12F-CClf'2)' 

Halon-1211 (C8rC1F2) , and Halon-1301 (CB~F3) . Although currently l ow in 

concentration , these halocarbons have been introduced into the atmosphe~e in 

much greater quantities in recent years, and thei r atmospheric lifetimes are 

long. These gases are involved in the ~adiati ve budget of the Earth 's 

atmosphere , and all appear to be increa:>ing in concentr-ation at alar-ming 

rates. As with most halocarbons , they also may be important in the chemistr-y 

of the str-atosphe~e . This is espec ially true of the brominated species, as 

stratospheric bromine is 10 times more effective t han chlorine in ~emoving 

ozone. These gases have been historically difficult to meas~e by EC-GC 

techniques because of their low electron affinity, their low atmosphe~ic 

concentration , or both. Hence, they have been designated as LEAPS gases. Physical data are outlined in table 1. Infor-mation for table 1 came f~om 

Brake~ and Mossman (1980), Weast and Ostle (1979 ), L' Air Liquide (1976), and 

HMO (1986) . 

Table --Prope~ties of LEAPS GE ;8S 

---------- Boiling Atmospheric Residence Annual 

point concent~ation time increase 

Halocarbon Formula (OC) (ppt) (yeac) (years) % Sources * 

F-22 CHClf'2 -40 . 8 52 1980 75 11.7-25 1, 2,3,6 

F-l13 CC12F- 47.7 32 1985 90 10 5 

eC1F2 

Halon-1211 CB~Clf'2 -4.0 1.5 1984 25 20 4 

Halon-1301 CBrF3 -57 . 8 1.0 1984 110 30 1, 2, 3, 4 -------------------------------- *1 = Refrige~ant ; 2 = fr-eezing ; 3 = ai~ conditioning ; 4 = fir-e extinguishing; 

5 = solvent; 6 = inter-mediate in polymer- chemistry. 

88 
GRAVIMETRIC STANDARDS 

NOAH ~eceived RITS inc~emental funding in 1986 to develop an independent 

scale fo~ the absolute gas calib~ation of RITS gases using g~avimet~ic 

techniques. Since there a~e no standa~ds available fo~ many of the LEAPS 

gases, NOAH must p~epa~e these ~tanda~ds. A standa~js labo~ato~y complete 

with high-accu~acy analytical balances will be installed in 1987. The NBS N20 

SRM which was developed and prepa~ed by the G~oup Chief of NOAH, is c~~en~ly 

being used fo~ the absolute calib~ation of N20. NOAA pe~sonnel prepa~ed a se~ies of g~avimet~ic standa~ds fo~ CH4' F-ll, F-12, CH,CC13, and CC14 at NBS 

in the sp~ing of 1986. The new CH4 g~avimet~ic standa~Qs compa~e bette~ than 

±1% with the NBS SRM, the most commonly used standa~d fo~ atmosphe~ic methane 

studies. The haloca~bon standa~ds a~e being used fo~ ou~ automated RITS ce . Howeve~, the oce scale is still being used fo~ F-ll and F-12 fo~ oontinuity 

with the flask p~og~am until inte~compa~sions can be made with othe~ 

inte~national standa~ds. 

8.2 Special P~ojects 

PLANS FOR JOINT U.S.-U.S.S.R. RESEARCH IN 1987 

Planning was begun fo~ a joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. ~esea~ch c~uise aboa~d the ~esea~ch vessel AKADEMIK KOROLEV, to take place May-August 1987. The 

expedition, SAGA II, will involve tile measur'ement of atmosphe~ic and dissolved t~ace gases along a t~ansect f~om Hawaii to Kamchatka, then down the 1600 E me~tdian f~om about 45°N to 45°S, a~ound Australia, up to Singapore, and back 

along the equator' to Hawai i. The wor'k will be conducted in conjunction with 

the Ca~bon Cycle G~oup of GMCC, as well as pa~ticipants f~om NOAA/PMEL, oce, 

SIO, Unive~sity of Washington, Washington State Unive~sity, mld Unive~sity of 

Hawaii. It is anticipated that GMCC will be able to obtain conside~able valuable information on a numbe~ of gases along this ~oute. TIle gases to be measllr'ed a~e N20 in the atmosphe~e, in the surface wate~, and at depth, and F-ll, 

F-12, CO2, and CH4 in the atmosphe~e and surface wate~s. In addition, we plan 

to collect flask samples along the 160th mer'idian fo~ subsequent analysis of 

CC14' CH3CC1 3, CO2, CH4' and pe~haps the LEAPS gases as well. 

Ou~ objectives a~e (1) to test ou~ new, highly p~ecise technique fo~ 

measu~ing N20 under' ~igo~ous ope~ating conditions, (2) to test a new automated 

headspace sa'11ple~ fo~ measudng dissolved N20, (3) to compat'e the lati tudinal, atmosphe~ic gr'adients obtained f~om these data with those indicated f~om ou~ 

station sampling netwo~k, (4) to detect any sha~p inte~hemispheric g~adients 

of N20, F-ll, F-12, CO2, or CH4 nea~ the equato~, (5) to evaluate the fluxes 

of these gases from the sea su~face to the atmosphe~e along this t~ansect, and 

(6) to obse~ve any signals that may be associated with the recent ENSO 

event. We also hope to intercalibrate some of ou~ measurements with those of 

the S')viets as well as other US participants on the cruise. 

FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED ARCHIVE PROGRAM 

The total atmosphe~ic content of a strong IR abso~bing gas is required to 

determine the "g~eenhouse effect" of a pa~ticula~ species. Although groundbased measurements of these species give a ~eliable tempo~al indication of the 

89 
total atmosphe~ic content, a ve~tical p~ofile must eithe~ be assumed o~ 

measured using expensive balloon o~ airc~aft studies in order to calculate the 

total gas concentration in the atmosphere. It is possible with new computer 

technology and instrumentation to measure the "column density" o~ the total 

con?entration above a site using an FT-IR spectrometer at a resolution (0 .1 2 

cm- or better) sufficient to resolve possible overlapping IR absorption lines 

of interfering species. The measurement of the column density involves 

tracking the sun, using it as an IR source at various zenith angles, yielding 

atmospheric path lengths between 10 and 70 km with a ground-based FT-IR 

spectrometer coupled to a cooled (70 K) IR detector. Many of the RITS gases, 

i ncl uding °

3, CO2, CH4 ' CO , N20, F-12, and F- 11, have been observed using this 

technique to precisions of a few percent. A great many IR absor bi ng lines 

have not been i dentified in solar spectra , and archiving spect~a can be used 

to establish a baseline for futu~e molecules not analyzed by GMCC (e.g ., hydroca~bons , oxides of t~ogen , heavie~ halocarbons). It is also possible 

to measu~e the greenhouse effect directly by observi ng warming trends on 

ni ght-time emission of atmosphe~ic IR lines. 

A proposal was w~itten by the NOAH , ARM , and Ca~bon Cycle Groups in GMCC 

to start this ~esearch. This proposal received partial support from the 

~ecto~ s Office of ERL to purchase a used FT-IR spectrometer wi th a maximum 

resolution of 0.06 cm-' from NBS i n Gaithersburg , MD. Plans a~e to field test 

this instrument in an obse~vatory on the roof of RL-3 in Boulder. After 

successful tests, the plan is to move the instrument to MLO where both the 

water vapor content and atmospheric pressure broadening are lower . 

8.3 References 

Braker , W. , and A. L. I~ossman , 1980. Matheson Gas Data Book_, 6th ed. Matheson 

Gas Products, Secaucus , NJ , 711 pp . 

Weast , R.C., and M.J . Astle (eds . ) , 1979. CRC Handbook of Chemist ry and 

Physics, 59th ed . CRC P~ess , I nc ., West Palm Beach, FL. 

Ai~ Li quide, 1976 . Encyclopedie des Gas. Elsevie~/No~th-Holland , New York, 

1150 pp. 

WMO (World Meteo~ological Organizat ion) , 1986 . AtmospheriC ozone 1985. WMO 

Global Ozone Research and Monitoring P~oject, Report No . 16 . Vols . 

1-3 , Geneva , Switze~la . 

90 
9. DIRECTOR'S OFFICE 

9.1 Alkaline Ae~osols 

DUST EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR THE UNITED STATES: 

APPLICATION TO NAPAP NEEDS 

Wo~ke~s in GMCC a~e estimating emissions of alkaline ae~osols that 

potentially neut~alize some acidity in p~ecipitation, specifically, dust 

emissions by wind action on soils, as pa~t of NOAA's cont~ibution to Task A of 

the NAPAP. Du~ing the past yea~, a model of dust emissions has been 

developed. Its validity is being tested in a ~egion of active wind e~osion, 

USDA Majo~ Land Resou~ce A~ea 77 (MLRA 77 ) , which is ~oughly located in the 

panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma. 

SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL 

The model gives the mathematical expectation fo~ wind e~osion soil loss 

and fo~ dust emission, integ~ated f~om the th~eshold velocity fo~ wind e~osion 

to infinity. The model uses 1 month fo~ its basic time pe~iod and uses the 

Wei bull dist~ibution as its p~obability density function fo~ each month . This fo~malism allows the specification of soil conditions by the month. The soil 

conditions a~e ente~ed into the model by th~eshold velocities, the e~osion and 

dust emission functions, and d~ag coefficients. The ~id e ~oughness function 

of the USDA wind e~osion equation (WEE) is used along with simplified t~eatments of the field length effect and vegetative ~esidue. 

THRESHOLD VELOCITIES USED IN THE MODEL 

C~usting of the soil and cloddiness of the soil a~e two ext~emely 

impo~tant facto~s in dete~mining th~eshold velocities fo~ wind e~osion. Since c~usting and cloddiness a~e g~eatly affected by p~ecipitation and a~e c~itical 

to the model, we had as a majo~ goal to int~oduce p~ecipitation climatology 

into models of the th~eshold velocity exp~essed as monthly values. The 

th~eshold velocities used in the model follow a p~evious model developed f~om 

obse~vations of th~eshold velocities for a va~iety of soil textu~es, from wind 

tunnel testing in the field, and from tests of change of th~eshold velocity as 

it responds to cultivation, rainfall, and d~ying. 

The th~eshold velocities were expressed as depending upon cultivation procedu~es (fall planting, spring planting, fallowing), soil textures, 

vegetative residue, crops, and five classes of soil moistu~e co~~esponding to 

five climatological classes. The five climatological classes cor~esponded to 

(1) below ave~age p~ecipitation 2 yea~s previous to the present and below ave~age precipitation the p~esent yea~, (2) below-ave~age p~ecipitation by at 

least 8 inches for the 2 yea~s previous to the present and below-average p~ecipitation the present year, (3) below-no~mal precipitation fo~ the 

previous 2 yea~s and above ave~age p~ecipitation by at least 4 inches fo~ the 

present year, (4) above average p~ecipitation by at least 4 inches fo~ the 

previous 2 years and less than 4 inches above average precipitation the p~esent year, and (5) above average p~ecipitation by at least 4 inches for the 

p~evious 2 years and above average by at least 4 inches fo~ the present 

year. ARL analyzed the precipitation climatology for MLRA 77 and fu~nished 

data that could be organized in the above five classes. 

91 
OTHER DATA USED BY THE MODEL 

In addition to the p~ecipitation climatology data, the model uses the 

following data sets: 

(1) NRI point sample unit (PSU) data . 

desc~iption of soil , c~opping, and land use 

of 84 1,860 ~eco ds . 

This data set is an extensive 

of nonfede~al lands. It consists 

(2) Wind E~osion Coefficients. This data set consists of 259 ,628 ~eco~ds of dge ~oughness , "I " facto~ , field lengt h , and vegetative ~esidue 

on ag~icultu~al land. 

(3) Wind Ene~gy Resou~ce Invento~y. This set consists of 1735 bl ocks of 

data ~ep~esenting wind ~ecords over the enti~e United States sumrna~ized int o 

monthly sumrna~ies of hou~ly means . The pe~iod of ~eco~d is 1948-1978 . 

TEST OF THE MODEL IN MLRA 77 

At this time , the model has been tested only in MLRA 77. The a~ea was 

chosen because it was the location of seve~al dust sto~m measu~ements in the 

1970 's and because i t includes pa~t of the a~ea whe~e the WEE was developed. 

New estimates ~om t he model should ~oughly ag~ee with the WEE fo~ this a~ea 

fo~ the yea~s 1954, 1955 , and 1956 because it was during these yea~s that 

cri t i cal measur ements were taken for the development of the WEE. 

The ~es lts f or the period 1948-1978 for MLRA 77 f or dust emissions are 

shown [or 100 PSU 's (a small f~action of the entire area in MLRA 77) i n 

fig . 1. Variabil ity wi thin this period for dust emission is almost 2 orders 

of magnitude . Model estimates for 100 PSU 's of wind erosion fo~ MLRA 77 i n 

1954-1956 are within a facto~ of 2 of the WEE estimates fo~ the same period 

(see table 1). 

Year 

1954 

1955 

1956 

Tabl e 1.--Total erosion and dust production fo~ MLRA 77 

in 1954-1956 (in million tonnes) 

Wind erosion 

WEE estimate Model estimate Dust production 

349 221 19 

349 154 11 

349 122 8 

Because of the highly nonlinear nature of dust production , it was 

estimated t hat production from ve~y large dust storms was practically equal to 

the entire monthly dust producti on . Data for dust production , estimated by ai~craft sampling , were taken from Gillette et al . (1978) . Table 2 gi ves the 

results of the measured production and the model-estimated production . Since 

the measured injection of dust was limited to particle size range smaller t han 

20 ~m , and suspended dust particles produced in these storms were as large as 

about 100 , the measu~ed injections were multiplied by a facto~ of 3 to 

compensate . The model monthly injections in table 2 a~e highe~ than the 

92 
7.94E+ 11 

6.31E+l1 

5.01E+l1 

3.98E+ 11 

~ 

~ 

0 3 .16E+l 1 ~ 

>- "- 2.5 1E+l1 

E " 

0 2.00E+ 11 ~ 

01 ~ 

1.58E+l1 

Z 

0 

Vl 1.26E+ 11 

Vl 

::! 1.00E+ 11 

w 

f- 7.94E+ l 0 Vl 

::> 

0 6.31E+ l 0 

5 .01E+l0 

3.98E+l0 

3.16E+l0 

2.5 1E+ l0 

48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 

YEAR 

Figure 1.--Dust emission vs. year for 100 PSU 's in MLRA 77. 

observed, adjusted injections by less than a factor of 2. The difference may 

be because the model estimates are for the entire month 's production , whereas 

the measurements are for large storm production , or it may be that aircraft 

measurements of dust concentrations were low because the aircraft did not fly 

into the most severe and most concentrated parts of the storm. 

Table 2.--Monthly total input from individual dust storms (in million tonnes) 

Measured Estimated 

Year Month and adjusted by model 

1972 April 2.4 4.9 

1973 April 3.6 5.8 

1975 April 3.0 4.6 

REFERENCES 

Gillette , D., R. Clagton, T. Mayeda, and M. L. Jackson, 1978. Tropospheric 

aerosols from some major dust storms of the southwestern United States. 

Journal of Geophysical Research 17:832-845. 

93 
9.2 Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program 

INTRODUCTION 

A "MAJOR" ARCTIC HAZE EVENT 

NORTH OF POINT BARROW, April 1986 

Russell C. Schnell 

Cooperative Institute for Research in 

Environmental Sciences 

University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 

The Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP) is a multifaceted 

cooperative research program designed to determine the distribution, transport, chemistry, aerosol physics, and radiative effects of the polar-wide air 

pollution phenomenon know as Arctic haze. The reseaech was conceived, 

organized, and directed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

(NOAA), and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SCiences 

(CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder. AGASP has involved participants 

from the United States, Canada, Norway, Sweden, Federal Republic of Germany, 

and Denmark and has covered two intensive field study periods in March-April 

1983 and March-April 1986 . The core field research program consists of 

airborne measurements tied to similar baseline station measurements at Pt. 

Barrow, Alaska; Alert, Northwest Territories; and Ny Alesund, Spitzbergen. 

The results of the 1983 program were published in special issues of 

Geophysical Research Letters (Vol. 11, no. 5, May 1984) and Atmospheric 

Environm-ent (Vol. 19, no. 12, December 1985). 

Tne second phase of the AGASP (AGASP-II) began in March 1986 with 

intensive ground-based operations at various locations in the Arctic, followed 

in April by research flights covering the Arctic from Alaska to Greenland. 

One component of the airborne operations was flights by an extensively 

instrumented NOAA WP -3D Orion research aircraft. T.~is aircraft flew three 

missions to the Alaskan north slope in support of baseline monitoring at 

Barrow, and three missions in the Canadian Arctic, based at Thule, 

Greenland. The latter flights were related to the Canadian Baseline Station 

at Alert, operated by the Atmospheeic Envieonment Service, Canada. They weee 

flown in conjunction with the Twin Ottee research aieceaft of the National 

Aeeonautical Establishment of Canada and the C-131 reseaech aiecraft of the 

University of Washington. 

On the fiest AGASP-II flight, a haze zone with exceptionally laege 

condensation nuclei (CN), and S02 concenteations was encountered 100 km 

northwest of the Bareow GMCC Baseline Station. The chaeacteristics of the 

haze and information on its source and teansport are peesented below. 

HAZE DISTRIBUTION 

A veetical profile through the edge of the "major haze layer" is shown in 

fig. 1 for an ascending profile between 0056 and 0126 GMT, Apeil 3, at 72.35°N 

latitude, 159°W longitude. The haze, as deteemined by CN concenteations and 

94 
0056-0126 GMT APR 3, 1 9 8 6 

500r-------------, 

:0 600 

E 

~ 

w 700 

II: 

5l 800 

(/) 

~ 900 

0. 

AGASP II 

80 

, I 

10 100 1000 10000 

eN (cm3

) 

, ! , ! I " , 

o 20 40 60 80 100 

OZ (ppb) 

-40 -30 

, I 

0 20 

-20 -10 0 10 0 

TA (OC) 

, , . , , , 40 60 80 100 0 

RH ('\,) 

5 

4 

3 

WD 2 

1 

10 20 30 40 50 

WS (m 5') 

, , , 100 200 300 

WD (0) 

Figure 1.--Vertical profiles of ozone (OZ) , b P' eN concentration, ambient 

temperature (TA), relative humidity (RH), wina speed (WS) , and wind direction 

(WD) through the major haze layer, 2-3 April 1986. 

E 

"" 

W 

0 

:::) 

ff-

..J 

<t 

aerosol light scattering (bsp ) had a sharp lower boundary at 950 mb at the top 

of the surface temperature inversion. The lower portion of the haze layer was 

associated with relatively moist_gir_~d slightly elevated ozone concentrations. The peak in bsp (90 x 10 m ) occurred just below the top of the 

moist laY~3 at 870 mb. eN concentrations held fairly steady, in the 9,000-

10,000 cm range , from 880 to 790 mb both within and above the moist layer . S02 concentrations within the layer peaked at 15 ppb. The haze and the higher 

moisture correlate well with the layer of warmer air between 940 and 830 mb . Wind direction t~oughout the profile was stea~y from 270°-280° , increasing in 

speed from 4 m s- near the surface to 15 m s- at 600 mb . 

T.1is haze zone had been penetrated earlier at 72 . 28°N, 158.27°W, 2332 

GMT, 794 mb, as shown in fig. 2. After flying level for 10 min in the haze , the aircraft reversed track from 1880 to 22° and flew out of the side of the 

haze zone at a point 30 km from the entry §oint. In fig . 2, an abrupt 

inct'ease in eN concentration to 70,000 cm- occurred at ti1e haze boundat'y 

coincident w~5h ~lsharp increase in RH fr~ 5~~ to 75%. Aet'osol bsp increased 

ft'om 35 x 10 m at the edge to 60 x 10 m neat' where the airc~aft 

t'eversed direction. The penetrations shown in figs. 1 and 2 were separated by 

2.5 h; the data shown in fig. 1 were collected 90 k~lupwind of the data 

exhibited in fig. 2. At a haze flow t'ate of 10 m s ,these two penetrations 

occurred about 190 km apart with reference to the flowing haze stt'eam. By 

comparing figs. 1 and 2, we can observe that bsp at the same level (794 mb) 

and 36 km in from the edge of the haze at the turning point (thought to be 

about equivalent to the point where the pgofite shown in fig. 1 was 

undertaken) wet'e both in the 55-60) x 10- ~- t'ange. eN concentrations were 

higher in th~ side penetration (=16,000 cm- ) compared with the profile 

(=10,000 cm-j ) , but were in agreement 4 min latet' (14 km ground distance) . 

Ozone was 39 ppb at both locations. 

95 
50000 

20000 

_ 10000 

7E 5000 

2 

z 2000 

U 

1000 

500 

200 

'E 60 

~o 50 

~ 40 ~ 

rt 30 JJ 

NE 50 

o~ 40 

30 

50 -

'0> 

.:.: 40 "'NO> 

:;'0 

~ 30 >< 

e -20 

<t 

.... -30 

APRIL 2, 1986 

I 

J 

~~ "II-

>0. wlo 

il! 

I 

I 

Figu~e 2.--Time se~ies (top to bottom) 

of CN concent~ation , bs ' ozone (OZ), ~elative humidity , and gempe~atu~e f~om 2330 to 2400 GMT when the ai~c~aft 

encounter'ed the majo~ haze laye~ (794 

mb, 1825 m altitude) , 2-3 Ap~il 1986 . 

TIME (GMT) 2330 2340 2350 2400 At the ~eve~sal ;:Joint , the ai~e~aft 

LAT 7 2.34 71.76 72.19 72.35 N changed di~ection f~om 1880 to 22° and ~I __ ~ __ ~I~~~~I __ ~ __ ~I flew out of the side of the haze laye~ 

LON 158.24 158.5 1 157.70 158.110 W at 2351 GMT. 

HAZE CROSS SECTION 

The magnitude of the va~iation of the haze expe~ienced du~ing a t~anseet 

90° to the pr'evailing wind di~ection, 190 km upwind of the descent p~of le is 

shown in Figu~e 3. This po~poising segment took 55 minutes to e~oss the majo~ 

pOr'tion of the plume, thus it offe~s a relatively quick ccoss-section look at 

th~6ha~T laye~ and its su~~oundings . The plot of bSQ shows a maximum of >70 x 

10 m at 71.4°N (870 mb) , and a minimum at 72°N \~15 mb). The values of 

bs at the edges of the cha~t a~e generally ~ep~esentative of the bagkg~ound. The CN concent~ations a~e gene~ally above backg~~und levels th~oughout the enti e segment, and the maximum is >23,OO~ em at 72°N (820 

mb). Tne minima in CN conce~5~~rions at 71 .5°N (500 cm- ) co['['espond to the 

highest bsp values (>70 x 10 m ). 

By compa~ing the moistu~e dist~ibution with the bsp and CN dist~ibutions, 

it is obse~ved that high bs co~[' elates with higher mixlng ratio (MR), and 

high CN cor~elates with lowg~ MR. It should be emphasized at this point that 

the feed ai~ to the nephelomete~ that measu~es bso is heated f~om ambient ai~ 

tempe~atu~e to +29-32°C befo~e the bsp measu~ement. Thus , it is expected t hat 

96 
:a 

E. 

w 

a: 

::> 

<f> 

<f> 

w 

a: 

a. 

water droplets and/or ice crystals are not detected in the nephelometer . That 

this is probably the case is supported by observations that bsp does not 

change when the aircraft passes through clouds. Thus , we assume that the bsp signals measured on these profiles are for dry aerosols. 

These relationships between higher moisture-higher bs and lower 

moisture-lower eN might be explained by assuming that the gOister air had 

enhanced particle growth from nucleation mode (eN) aerosols to accumulation 

mode aerosols measured as bSQ ' Thus, former eN would now be detected in the 

aerosol bsp signal. Higher eN concentrations in dry air may indicate recent 

S02 gas-to-particle conversions to H2S04 droplets which have not yet grown to 

accumulation mode aerosol size. Such growth would be enhanced by greater 

moisture supplies. 

During AGASP-I, Radke et al. (1984) measured high eN concentrations and 

coincident nucleation mode aerosols in Arctic haze when ambient S02 concentrations exceeded 1 ppb. Similar results were observed by Flyger et al . (1976) 

in the Greenland area where tbey measured S02 concentrations )1 ppb and peak 

eN concentrations )10,000 cm-3. 

0154-0251 GMT APR 3. 1986 0154-025 1 GMT APR 3.1986 

810 

820 

830 

840 

850 

860 

870 

880 

\II 4~ , m..2. 40 L. ~ I 50 

~ 1\: 8 ,t/21 ''31284~ ([ \''1' \ !LJ' \ r : , . :. 1tsf :L, I J , , " , " \ 1_', \ I ( ' I rI 1 " I , 8 

: i ; 1'/ : ' ds I . :. , 

1Ii:' ~ . IL; ~ ""-'rJ~' -,::::'-'.- i!\ LV \,' ~ ' , . ~I I : , J I I I 

2.8 I \ ' l : I :! l ' I , I " 32 

, \ : I : : ';\ 

eN (xl0l cm' : I : :' \ f ',L:I I I I I I , I ,' , '1 , I " , I 'S 6 , 5.6 'f / ~ I '" 

u.. I I ~~' 880L-______ -==-____ 5~.6~8~'6L_~~ ____ ~ 

,/ 

" 

:\ ' 40 , 

" 

L50 

810 

820 

:a 830 E. 

w 

a: 840 ::> 

<f> 

<f> 

w 

a: 850 a. 

860 

870 

LAT 70 7 1 72 73 N lAT 70 71 72 73 N , L-__ ~ ____ _LI ____ ~ ____ LI ____ ~ __ ~I L' ____ ~ ____ L' ____ ~ __ ~'L_ __ ~ ____ ~' 

810 

820 

:a 830 

E. 

w 

a: 840 ::> 

<f> 

<f> 

w 

a: 850 a. 

860 

870 

880 

LAT 70 

I 

0154-0251 GMT APR 3, 1986 

L 40 40 I\, 40 

"'--45 

., . 

71 

I 

:~ \ 

, \ 

\ 

\ 

" " 40 L-----' 

72 

I 

30 

73 N I 

Figure 3.--Latitude-altitude cross 

sections of b ,eN, and water vapor 

mixing ratio r~R) for the porpoising 

segment (150 km NW of BRW , 0154-0251 

GMT, 3 April 1986. Intermediate 

isolines are indicated by thick dashed 

lines. eN concentrations are scaled 

logarithmically. The thi nk dashed line 

with arrow denotes the flight ~,ack. 

For wind speed, 1 barb = 5 m s . 

97 
HAZE SOURCE AND TRANSPORT 

Back trajectories from the haze zone north of Barrow indicated a path 

crossing Svalbard and Scandinavia 10 days earlier. Sulphate and S02 data from 

the Norwegian Air Quality Network for March 1986 are shown in fig. q. rrom 

this figure, it may be observed that a major air pollution episode flowed 

northward across Norway and past Svalbard on the same pathway and timing as 

suggested by the trajectories and the aircraft penetrations of the haze. 

rurther extensive forward and back trajectories from the Norwegian 

stations and meteorological analyses have defined a probable source region for 

the haze as being industrialized central Europe. 

This source region, the centerline of the trajectory, and the meteorologically derived pathway for the haze encountered by the aircraft off Barrow 

is shown in fig. 5. In this figure, a map of the United States is superimposed on the Arctic to provide a relative scale for the long-range transport 

of the pollution. ror instance, the April 2-3 haze event travelled a distance 

equivalent to air pollution originating in the Ohio Valley flowing east to New 

York City then south to ~iami before turning to the west and flowing past 

Houston onto Los Angeles. At Los Angeles, it turns north and flows to Seattle 

where it turns and heads east and crosses the continent again back to New 

York. 

9.0 

8.0 

7.0 

" 6.0 I 

E 

OJ 5.0 .;, 

rfJ 

I 4.0 

" . 0 

rfJ 3.0 

2.0 

1.0 

-Birkenes 504' -8 Concentrations 9.0 

58°23'N, 08° 15'E 

- - - Skreadalen 

580 4g'N, 06°43'E 

.... Hummetjell 

62°27'N, IIOI6'E 

I : 1 , . I 

{ ',: 1 

,' ~ : .. I 

" ' • I 

• I 

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 

Day (March 1986) 

8.0 

7.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.0 -

2.0 

1.0 

804' -8 Concentrations 

- Kavatn 62° 47'N , 08°53'E 

--- Tustervaln 65°SO'N , 13"55'E 

.... Jergul 69° 24'N, 24°36'E 

.. 

. . .. 

o~~~r;-r-r-r'-~~~-r-r~ 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 

Day (March 1986) 

rigure 4.--Daily S04 - S concentrations for March 1986 showing the northbound 

movement of the pollution over Norway into the Arctic . 

98 
180 °1-~ ____ ~~~~-+ __ -4==~~ __ +-__ ~~~OO 

::--_ \~ ° 50---l---

900W 

Figure 5.--0verlay of the United States on the Arctic with the track of the 

major haze event shown by the broken line. Tnis haze traveled -10,000 km. 

After travelling this 10,000 km distance, the April 2-3 haze episode 

still had S02' aerosol black carbon, b$ and CN concentrations in excess of 

those measured with the same aircraft lR air pollution episodes sampled off 

the east coast of the United States in January of the same year. This 

suggests that both diffusion and haze removal by precipitation are severely 

limited in the cold, stable Arctic atmosphere, thus allowing for exceptional 

long-range transport of anthropogenic pollutants into and across the Arctic 

basin. 

REFERENCES 

Flyger, H., Heidam, N. Z., Hanse, K., Megan, W. J., Walther, E. G., and Hogan, 

A. W., 1976. Toe background level of the summer tropospheric aerosol, 

sulphur dioxide and ozone over Greenland and the North AtlantiC Ocean, J. 

Aerosol Sci. 7:103-140. 

Radke, L. F., Lyons, J. H., Hegg, D. A., Hobbs, P. V., and Bailey, I. H., 

1984. Airborne observations of Arctic aerosols, I: Characteristics of 

Arctic haze, Geophys. Res. Lett. 11 :393-396. 

99 
9.3 Cooperative Programs 

POTENTIAL FOR ALKALINE DUST SCAVENGING AND DRY DEPOSITION 

OF S02 AND OTHER ACIDIC TRACE GASES 

John W. Winchester* 

Florida State University 

Tallahassee, FL 32306-3048 

Dale A. Gillette 

NOAA/ARL/GMCC 

Boulder, CO 80303 

An assessment of the acid-base balance of the natural atmosphere and its 

perturbation by the emission of acidic air pollutants, including oxides of 

sulfur and nitrogen, is one of the goals of NAPAP. Natural aerosols formed by 

the dispersion of soil dust and sea spray are generally alkaline, having the 

base capacity to neutralize acidic gases that diffuse to particle surfaces or 

into rainwater that has entrained alkaline particles. To evaluate whether 

pollutants cause a displacement from the natural acid-base balance, it is 

important to estimate the magnitudes of fluxes of alkaline particles to the 

atmosphere and to compare these with the fluxes of acids from pollution and 

natural sources. 

It is also important to determine whether the effects of aerosols that 

have reacted with acidic pollutants can differ from the effects of acidic 

pollutants in particle-free air. Whereas alkaline particles could mitigate 

acid deposition onto aquatic or terrestrial surface areas and their biota, 

particles coated with sulfates, nitrates, or other soluble pollution-derived 

compounds deposited onto sensitive tissues could cause localized biological 

damage that may not have occurred by the uptake of gaseous pollutants 

directly . It is especially important to determine the consequences for human 

health of inhaling pollutant-coated particles. 

Winchester et al. (1986) proposed that the alkaline capacity of soil dust 

aerosols that occur commonly in terrestrial areas may be comparable with the 

concentration of S02 expected from anthropogenic emissions. They calculated 

that the rate of scavenging of acidic gases by basiC particles is rapid and 

may exceed the rate of direct deposition of the gases to the Earth's 

surface. Thus, the process of dry deposition of the pollution gases may be 

mediated by heterogeneous reaction with particle surfaces, and the overall 

rate of deposition to the ground may be limited by deposition rates of aerosol 

particles rather than of gas molecules to the Earth's surface. Failure to 

recognize the possibility of reactive gas removal by dust scavenging could 

lead to an error in estimating the dry-deposition rate of S02 and other acidic 

pollutant gases. 

*Visitlng scientist at NOAA/ARL/GMCC, Boulder, CO 80303. 

0~ 
We have now evaluated the compositional relationships in soil-derived 

aerosol particles statistically in order to ascertain if air pollution sulfur 

uptake has occurred. On the bais of measurements made in China, Japan, and 

Hawaii, factor analysis (Hopke, 1985) could resolve externally mixed aerosol 

components, some of which appeared to contain sulfur in association with soil 

dust but at concentrations much higher than could be attributed to natural 

soil composition (Wang et al., 1987; Winchester, 1986a, 1986b). In further 

statistical analysis of more recent data from Japan, using microcomputer 

software (STSC, 1986), we have compared the composition of resolved aerosol 

factors with that expected by interactions between alkaline dust and acidic 

pollution sulfur gases (Winchester, 1987; Winchester et al., 1987). 

It is important that sulfur is largely associated statistically with 

aerosol factors (combination of elements mixed in determined proportions) that 

also contain soil dust elements in proportions similar to average Earth 

crust. Moreover, the sulfur loading approaches, but does not greatly exceed, 

that expected by acid-base neutralization reactions between the gases and 

dust. These findings imply a mechanism of acid gas scavenging by alkaline 

dust up to a saturation, or titration, limit beyond which further uptake is 

inhibited. 

Natural silicate particles coated with the reaction products of acidic 

vapors can be identified by electron microscopy (Marshall, 1987) , and in the 

Denver urban atmosphere a substantial portion of nitrate is found in 

association with coarse dust (Wolff, 1984). Wind erosion is a source of much 

of the soil dust found in continental areas, and dust fluxes to the atmosphere 

can be predicted from wind and soil conditions (Gillette, 1986). Because of 

the conditions that prevail over much of the United States, throu~lout the 

western states and extending at least into the midwest region, the alkalinity 

flux to the atmosphere is calculated to be comparable with or in excess of the 

flux of acidic gases from combustion and industrial sources. Consequently the 

ultimate fates of acidic gases, and their effects, may be determined in part 

by the presence of alkaline dust. 

REFERENCES 

Gillette, D. A., 1986. 

National Resources 

DC, 129-157. 

Wind erosion. In Soil Conservation, Assessing the 

Inventory, Vol. 2. National Academy Press, Washington, 

Hopke, P. K. , 1985. Receptor Modeling in EnVironmental Chemistry. Wiley, New 

York , 155-197. 

Marshall, J. R., (ed.), 1987. Clastic Particles, Scanning 

and shafie Analysis of Sedimentary and Volcanic Clasts. 

York, 3 1 pp. 

Electron Microscopy 

Van Nostrand, New 

STSC, 1986. Statgraphics: Statistical GraphiCS System QL Statistical Graphics 

Corporation, User's Guide. STSC, Inc., Rockville, MD. 

Wang Ming-xing, J. W. Winchester, and Li Shao-meng, 1987. Aerosol composition 

in the drylands of northwestern China. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in 

Physics Research, 822:275-282. -------

101 
Winchester , J . W. , 1986a . Aerosol sulfur and terrestrial dust components in 

the troposphere over eastern Asia and the North Pacific. Paper for 

discussion at World Meteorological Organization Expert Meeting on the 

Strategy of BAPMoN SPM Monitoring (Background Air Pollution Monitoring 

Network for Suspended Particulate Matter), Xiamen (Amoy) , China, 

13-17 October 1986 (A . Koehler, convenor). 

Winchester , J . W., 1986b. Use of PIXE analysis and multielemental statistical 

analysis for resolving tropospheric aerosol sulfur and terrestrial dust 

components i n eastern Asia and the North Pacific. Paper for discussion at 

International Atomic Energy Agency Advisory Group Meeting on NuclearRelated Techni ques in Environmental and Occupational Health Studies, 

Vienna , 15-19 December 1986 (R. M. Parr , convenor) . 

Winchester , J . w., 1987. Aerosol components resolved by statistical factor 

analysis: A case sLudy of time sequence concentration measurements by 

PIXE in samples from Niigata , Japan , May 7-16 , 1986. Paper for 

present ation at annual meeting of American Association for Aerosol 

Research , Seattle , Washington , 14-17 September 1987. 

Wi nchester , J . W. , Li Shao-meng, and D. A. Gillette, 1986. Potential for 

ai rborne dust scavengi ng and dry deposition of S02 ' Technical report for 

discussion at NAPAP Workshop on Dry Deposition, Harper's Ferry, WV , 25-27 March 1986, (B. B. Hicks , S. E. Lindberg, and M. L. Wesely, cochairmen) . 

Winchester , J. W., Y. Hashimoto, and Wang Ming-xing, 1987. Base capacity 

effects on pollution aerosol sulfur transported over the Pacific. Paper 

for pr esent at ion at 6t h CACGP Symposium on Global Atmospheric Chemistry, 

Peterborough , Ontario , 23-29 August 1987. 

Wolff , G. T., 1984 . On the nature of nitrate in coarse continental aerosols. 

Atmospheric Environment 18:977-981 . Notes for report and GilletteWinchester CIRES seminar July 29 , 1987. 

102 
INTRODUCTION 

PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY 

R.S. Artz 

Air Resources Laboratory, NOAA 

Silver Spring, MD 20910 

Routine and special precipitation chemistry measurements continued at the 

four GMCC sites and at the 14 regional sites. Special studies continued at MLO 

through the use of the Dionex ion chromatograph and through the continuation of 

a cooperative project instituted through the University of Virginia designed to 

measure organic acids in precipitation. 

During the summer, a major upgrade in the routine monitoring protocol was 

planned for SMO and MLO with the goal of implementing most changes by January, 

1987. Important changes include the following: 

o Halai Hill, 22 Mile, MLO, and S~!O GMCC precipitation collections will 

become daily instead of weekly except for weekends and holidays. 

o In order to accommodate the increased sample load, sites at Kauai and 

Kulani Mauka will be closed. The Cape Kumukahi site will remain closed. 

o The QIC and Model 10 Dionex chromatographs will be used to analyze all 

anions and monovalent cations typically found in precipitation (K+, Na+, NH4+, 

N03-, 504=' Cl-). The pH (H+) and conductivity measurements will continue. 

Surface snow collections at BRW and SPO will continue. A Canadian snow bag 

and bucket system will be mailed to BRW to attempt the collection of precipitating snow, and the suitability of installing a Nipher gauge on a Belfort precipitation collector at BRW will be explored. 

BASELINE MEASUREMENTS 

The four-site special network on the island of Hawaii and a fifth site on 

Kauai continued to operate on a weekly schedule. Monitoring ceased on Kauai and 

at Kulani Mauka at the beginning of September in order to reduce the sampling 

load on the laboratory and to allow for the preparation of the daily sampling 

network at the remaining sites. 

As seen in Figure 1, high sulfate and hydrogen ion concentrations were 

observed only sporatically during the months of January, February, March, and 

October. As noted in past years these observations can be explained by the very 

low precipitation received at the affected sites (Figure 2) and are probably not 

due to anthropogenic or volcanic activity. Agreement for sulfate and hydrogen 

ion concentrations at Halai Hill and Kauai, sites with simi liar elevation and 

orientation to the trade winds, appeared reasonable although a thorough evaluation was not possible due to repeated vandalism at the Halai Hill site and 

the closing of the Kauai site in September. 

In Figure 3 monthly precipitation weighted S04= and H+ means for the 

Hawaiian sites are presented. The typical situation of highest sulfate values 

occurring at low elevation sites was not clearly observed this year except for 

103 
'" 

"0 -I 

'00 -

,,- 7-

/~ 

~- /1 

.'J " " /h 

,'J> 00-

Z2l •• ISS! SOh 

r<U: ... f~l'-: \~i,UKA 1986 

"" '" 

I '00 

'" '" '" '" 

'00 

'" '" '" '" '00 

" w 

" 

" " " " " , , 

[=:J H. "'" SO" 

22 '.:,LE S:TE 1986 00 ______ _ 

H.A.LAI HILL 1986 

'" 

"0 ...: 

'" '" ~ ," 

'00 :J 

10 -i 

00 

" ~ .. 

" " 

" ~P:J 

tzLl ... cs:sJ 50h 

KAUA; - 986 

" ". 

., 1 

,,-

"1 ~ 

~ , ~ I~ , 

= ". := ,~ . 

Figure 1. --Monthly precipitation weighted 

means for five sites on the islands of 

Hawaii and Kauai during 1986. 

104 
c:::::: .... 0 

1--":':,;" -; ',~ o:rHLY P9ECIP' ..... ~ .... IO~ . O.\Th 100, 

90 .~ 

o 

Figure 2. --Monthly precipitation at 

Hawaiian sites for 1986. 

rl~ .'';.1.':''· . '.I0i-:iHLY YYOROGEf'. :01'1 Ot-TA 

120.,... 

I 

'OJ ". 

"1 

M~ 

1 

'j 

;1 ~ ~ I 

ZZI "'.0 :w n ',.! 

Figure 3b.--Monthly precipitation 

weighted hydrogen ion means for the 

Hawaiian network. 

B.:.r.;>RQ." . 986 

<0 " 

: j 10.., 

10 j 

o 

no ~--------

,,. 

'00 

"0 

'M 

1'0 

'00 

'00 

Figure 3a.--Monthly precipitation 

weighted sulfate means for the 

Ha\va i ian ne two rk. 

CA::JE :,IL,-", iULA. 1986 

'0 

, , 

»- L ' 

>0- (: 

~ 

':::: ~~ ~ nJ ij~'l r~'l t ~ f:! ~l : 71 r~i 1 (I." R 1 : l~ ,- , , ".J : / 1 • ', ' , / 1 , ','.1 1 1 ,1. 1 1'1 ' 

',1",1"/.,, ,I. j,. V(A' . /1 ,/1 V 'I 1 ,I 

Figure 4. --Monthly precipitation 

weighted sulfate and hydrogen ion 

means for Samoa during 1986. 

" -,--

,,~ 

\} j 

SOUTH POLE ~ 986 

• 

Figure 5. --Monthly average hydrogen ion and sulfate concentrations for 

snow samples collected in Barrow and at the South Pole for 1986. 

105 
July, probably due to the fact that fewer samples were analyzed because of vandalism, site closings, and dry weather. The other trend, increasing H+ concentrations with elevation, was somewhat more evident. 

In Figure 4 Samoa H+ and S04= monthly precipitation weighted means are presented. With the exception of January, values are nearly constant. The cause 

of this high value for S04= is not known. 

Snow sample data for BRW and SPO are shown in Figure 5. SPO samples, as 

usual, are exceptionally clean and constant, typically sho~ing concentrations of 

about I peq/l of S04= and approximately 7 peq/l of H+ (except for December). 

Barrow values remain consistant with measurements from other background sites 

but are quite variable. Shipping problems continue to result in the loss of 

measurements. 

REGIONAL MEASUREMENTS 

All 14 of the existing NOAA NADP/NTN regional precipitation sites remained 

in operation through 1986. One new site was added to the network at Newton, MS 

(32°20'N lat, 89°09'W lon, elev. 147 m) during November, in an effort to assess 

the representativeness of an existing site in Meridian, MS. A paired site 

intercomparison between Caribou and Presque Isle, Maine and Victoria and 

Beeville, Texas stations is planned for 1987. 

106 
INTRODUCTION 

O"C IN ATMOSPHERIC CO2 1982-1987 

Ir'ving Fciedman, Jim Gleason, Augusta War'den 

U.S. Geological SUr'vey 

Denver', CO 80225 

The bi-monthly sampling of atmospher'ic CO2 in 10 ~ stainless steel flasks 

at ambient pr'essur'e was continued at South Pole, Mauna Loa, Samoa , illld Point 

Bar'r'ow . The samples IVer'e tr'eated and the separ'ated CO2 was analyzed for' 0" C 

in the same manner' as pr'eviously. 

RESULTS 

The r'esults fr'om 1981 to October' 1987 ar'e shown in fig. 1-4 in which the 

dates ar'e plotted consecutively beginning with Januar'Y 1, 1981 as zer'o. 

Linear' least squar'e solutions to the data wer'e made f('om 1981 to September' 

1984, fr'om September' 1984 to October' 1987, and to the whole data set. 

September' 1984 was chosen because it appear'ed that a change in slope of oD vs. 

time occur'r'ed at about that date in data sets fr'om sever'al stations. TI1e 

sOopes of the least squar'es lines ar'e given in the figur'es as per'mil 

(/oo)/yr'. The r'eason for' the change in slopes pr'e- and post-September' 1984 

is not known. 

o 200 ",DO 600 800 1000 1200 

DRY 

~r-----------------' 

., 

POINT BARROW 

+ 0.04 'X. J year 

1984 1965 1986 1987 ., -l-~"-r:-l'~,.....,...lf-~..-l 

1200 140016001800 2000 2200 2<100 

DAY 

m.'r-------------~~~~~~------------, 

o POINT BARROW 

q. + 0.01 X.I yeer :> 

E·, 

~ 

w 

c. 

<:]' 

, 

m 

5·8t-~~~~_\~~~~~~=f~~~~'"~1 

a: 

a: 

u 

~.,+-'_98~1~~r-~~19~83~~1~98~4~~1~98~5~~19rB6~~1~9B~'~ 

soo 1000 1500 2000 2500 

DRY 

Figur'e 1.--Bi-monthly O"C at Point Bar'r'ow fr'om 1981 to mid-1987 showing 

segments of the r'ecor'd separ'ated at September' 1984 and the long-ter'm tr'end. 

107 
m·6 ,--------------------, o MAUNA LOA 

'\- ·0.18%./year 

:> 

E·' 

~ c. 

t!1 

I z ., o 

m 

([ 

a: 

u 1981 1982 1983 ~.,+-~r_~--_r~~~~~ 

o 200" 00 600 800 1000 1200 

DAY 

·6 ,-----------....,..--------, MAUNA LOA 

+ 0.05 X.I year 

., 

., 

1984 1985 1986 1987 ., .J.-:.;:.::;.:~:;::;:_:z......-"~.J!_:,::;--l 

1200 1400 1600 I BOO 2000 2200 2<100 

DRY 

~.6~--------------....,..~~....,..~--------------_. 

~ MAUNA LOA 

'\- • 0.04%.1 year :> 

E·' 

L. 

.. 

C. 

",' 

I 

z ·a o 

ID 

a: 

a: 

u 1981 1982 1987 ~.,+-~~~.=~~~~~~-Y~~~~~~~~ 

'igure 2. --Bi-monthly aile 

at Mauna Loa from 1981 to 

mid-1987 showing segments 

of the record separated at 

September 1984 and the longterm trends . o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 

DRY 

·6 ·6 ID SAMOA SAMOA 0 · 0.18 %.1 ye.r 0.00 X.I year '\-

:> 

E' ., L. 

.. 

C. 

",' 

I ~ ·a c 

0 

.J:> 

L. 

U " 1981 1982 1983 ~ .. 1984 1985 1986 1987 ., 0 200 .00 600 aoo 1000 1200 1200 1400 1600 lBOO 2000 2200 2~OO DRY 

·6 ID 

0 

'\-

:> 

E·' L. 

'" c. 

",' 

I 

z·a 

0 

ID 

a: 

a: 

u 

~ ., 0 

SAMOA 

· 0.04 X.I year 

1981 V 19B2 V 1983 

500 1000 1 SOD 

DRY 

DRY 

1985 V 1986 V 1987 

2000 2500 

108 

Figure 3.--Bi-monthly aile 

at S~noa from 1981 to 

mid-1987 showing segments 

of the record separated at 

September 1984 and the longterm trends. 
OJ~ ·6 

0 SOUTH POLE SOUTH POLE 

q. ~O.11 X./year ·0.02 X.I year :> 

.-

E ·7 '- ·7 

.. 

0-

r<)' 

:!.a ·8 0 

OJ 

(( 

a: 

u 198 1 1982 1983 'If 1984 1985 1986 " ., ., 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1200 14 00 1600 1800 2000 DRY DRY 

~.6'---------------~S~O~U=T~H~P=O~L=E----------------' 

q. -0.03 %.1 year 

:> 

o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 

DRY 

109 

1987 

2200 2400 

Figure 2. --Bi-monthly aile 

at South Pole from 1981 to 

mid- 1987 showing segments 

of the record separated at 

September 1984 and the longtet'm tt'ends . 
I NTRODlJC"r IO" 

llliROSOL OP'rICAL THICKNESS Nr MLO 

G.M. Shah and W.F.J. Evans 

Atmospheric Environment Service 

4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview, Ontario, M3H 5T4 

l1easurements of spectral solar radiation extinction at MLO were continued 

with a multi-wavelength sunphotometer Bince the eruption of EL Chichon volcano 

in 14exico in March and April 1982. These measurements are supported through 

the cooperative programme of the NOAA GMCC Observatory. 

This report presents the results of the analysis of aerosol optical 

thickness calculated from the solar extinction measurements at 380 nm , 500 nm 

and ~62 rum wavelengths [or the period April, 1982 to December, 1986. 

OBSERVATIONS 

The instrument used for taking the extinction measurements is the handheld Sonotek sunphotometer manufactured by Sonotek limited of Canada. The 

description of the instrument is reported elsewhere (Shah, 1979). Sonotek 

Limited of Canada has discontinued manfacturing of sunphotometers. The 

instruments are now helng manufactured by Sci-tec Instruments Inc. of Canada. 

1'he instrument was calibrated by the Langley method at MLO in 1982 and 

1984. A substantial change in calibration constant especially at 380 nm 

wa.velength was found. This was taken into account while calculating aerosol 

optical thickness. 

Aerosol optical thicknesses were calculated from the measurements of the 

solar spectral extinction made during the day. The values reported in this 

report are the monthly means of the daily averages of aerosol optical 

thickness. Observations contaminatea by local volcanic fumes or high haze are 

also included in daily averages. 

RESlJLTS AND DISClJSSIONS 

Figure 1 presents the plot of monthly means oE aerosol optical thickness 

at 380 nm, 500 nm and 862 nm wavelengths at ~~O tor the period 1982 to 1986. 

It is evident from the figure that the elevated values of aerosol optical 

thickness at all the three wavelengnts observed after the eruption of EL 

Chichon volcano in ~1exico have continuously declined with time and attained 

the normal baCkground values by the fall oE 1984. The values have remained 

more or less constant since then. 

It is Eurther noted that the aerosol optical thickness becomes a maximum 

in the spring and a minimum in the winter months. 

110 
B.3 

B.2 

B.I 

en 

en B.3 cu 

~ 

~ 

" 

=c B.2 e-

-J 

a: B.I " 

eCL 

co 

B.3 

B.2 

B.I 

MONTHLY MEAN OF AEROSOL OPTICAL THICKNESS AT MLO 

19B2 1983 19B~ 

MONTHS 

862 NH 

SBB NH 

3BB NH 

19B5 19B6 

Figure 1.--Monthly means of aerosol optical thickness in the atmosphere at 

3~0 nm, 500 nm and 862 nm wavelengths measured with the sunphotometer at MLO. 

The effects of the eruption of the Nevado de Ruiz volcano in Colombia in 

November 1985 (SEAN 1985) and of the Augustine volcano in Alaska in March 1986 

(SEM, 1986) are barely discernable above the measurements in December 1985 and 

April 1986. 

Figures 2 and 3 present the plots of aerosol optical thickness versus 

wavelengths on a log - log scale graph, in the months of April and December 

for the years 1982 to 1986. 

The variation of aerosol optical thickness with wavelength was 

essentially flat with occasional inflexion near 500 nm wavelength until 

September, 1983. Since October 1983 the aerosol optical thickness decreased 

monotonically with an increase in wavelength. 

111 
'" ~ 

~ 

BBBr-----~--~--

S. ISB 

HAUNA LDA 

HDNTHLY HE AN 

APRIL 

'~~"' 8Y 

81 86 

B.BIB 

B.BBI+------------

1 

BBBr-----~--- -~-~ 

B .ISS 

B.BIB 

HAUNA LDA 

HDNTHL Y HEAN 

DECEHBER 

.--------. 82 

~ ~8J 

,~ 8'1 

~ ">< 81 

".86 

IBB 2BB YBB 

WAVELENGTH (NH) 

B.BBI±:------:-':':--__ ~_~ 

IBBB IBB 2BB yaS 

~; "! lr.~ , - ', ,'ave l e ngth CPf-~"rler Ct~ of 

ml) fltll ] Y mpans of the a~ros01 op tical 

t'1.ick ness i 'l the month of April for 

the years lq fl2 -~Q ~r, . 

ACKNOWLEDGMEN" 

WAVELENGTH (NH) 

r.i g ur e ··~1 :J 'Jt.'l.~ I\ ~~ ':1 d'~p, ~. 1.1,'11 t> of 

month l y :neans or: t he r\er :h o~ (..pt iC3. 1 

::h j cknt=!:o.; ~; l'l tht-' month of neC ~:n~er 

f')r rile 'll~ lr s 1982-1986 . 

We acknowledge the important contributions of the NOAA/GMCC staff at MLO 

observatory in making sunphotometer measurements in this cooperat i ve project. 

REFERENCES 

SHAH, G.M., A flultiwavelength sunphotometer, AES Internal Report No. 

ARQA-70-79, Atmospheric Environment Service, 4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview , 

Ontario, Canada, 22 p, 1979. 

Smithsonian Institution, SEAN Bulletin, 10. (11 and 12) Washington, D.C., 

1985. 

Smithsonian Institution, SEAN Bulletin, 11 (3), Washington, D.C., 1986. 

112 
MONITORING fOR SULfUR DIOXIDE AND TOTAL 

SUSPENDED PARTICULATE AT MAUNA LOA OBSERVATORY 

Heney Yee , Wilfl:'ed Ching , and Richaed Sasaki 

Hawaii State Depaetment of Health 

Honolulu , HI 96813 

INTRODUCTION 

Sulfur. dioxirie (302) ,111(\ total sllspended particulate (TSP) monitol:'ing 

were rein>situed as a long-teem study at MLO by the state of Hawaii at the 

t'eo."est of E.P . A. Region IX. The long-tet'm tcends in SU1"ll:' dio xide and 

pat'Ciculate (10 ~m dia'neter and smalled concentr.ations will be stu<iied to 

detet'mine the factors contributing to i nct'eas8s obset'ved i n the past . Also , 

the study 'di.ll w0ek towat'ds detet'ffiining the atmosphe ric lifetime of t he 

paeticillar gases and particulates , and the chemi cal composition of t he other 

particlJlates collected at the elevation of MLO . 

Tab18 1 and fig . 1 show the integt'ated concentrations of 24-11r TSP and 

Si)2 f)l' da'np,es ,~ )llecc8<l at MLO in 1986 . 

" E 

"-'" :> 

30 

50 2 • 

20 T5P .. 

10 

o~~~~~~~ __ ~~~~~-- JJFFFMMAAAMMJJJJJJAASSSOONNNDD 

~O~M~m~N.~~O~M~~m~N~~~m_M.~~ON 

N ~N N PN N ~N ~M~N ~N~N ~N~N 

1986 

fig"lt'c 1. - ··Twenty-fout'··h:>ur integrated concentt'ations of 

TSP and $02 sallples collected at MLO f:>c 1986 . 

113 
Table 1 . --Twenty-four'-hour' concentrations 

of TSP (Ili-vol, gr'avimetr'ic) and S02 

(par'ar'osanillne method ) at MLO (~g m3 ) 

-------- -------------------------

1986 TSP so 2 ----------- ------------ --- ---- ---- ---

Jan 08 0 1.5 

20 0.4 1.6 

Feb 01 2. 3 

13 0 3.1 

25 0 1.4 

Mar' 09 2.1 1.5 

21 2.4 3.8 

Apr' 02 2 .1 0 

14 0.4 6. 2 

26 0 .4 

11ay 08 10 .5 26 . 8 

20 0 . 4 3.9 

Jun 01 2.1 0 

13 0 7.3 

25 0 8.2 

Jul 07 0 2.4 

19 

31 1.3 0 

Aug 12 1.7 0 

24 1.6 0 

Sep 05 3.1 0 

17 1 .0 0.8 

29 0 2. 3 

Oct 11 3.5 0 

23 1 .:1 0 

Nov 04 0.8 1.5 

16 1.3 0. 8 

28 5. 4 1.5 

11 4 
SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF VOLATILE AND REFRACTORY ARCTIC HAZE AEROSOL COMPONENTS 

MEASURED AT BARROW DURING AGASP II, 1986 

INTRODUCTION 

Antony D. Clarke 

Hawaii Institute of Geophysics 

University of Hawaii 

Honolulu, HI 96822 

Thermal and optical techniques were us ed at Barrow, Alaska during AGASP II 

(3/20/86-4/7/86) to measure in-situ variability of major aerosol components 

present in Arctic Haze . The experiment provided continuous data on the 

concentration, size distribution and relative proportions of sulfate species 

and refractory aerosol for particle diameters of O.lS to S um. Filter samples 

were also taken for determination of aerosol optical absorption due to soot (ECelemental carbon). The measurement system uses a laser optical particle 

counter, LOPC, (Particle Measurement Systems, Boulder CO.) modified to 

accomodate a 2S6 channel pulse height analyser and microcomputer to provide 

detailed size resolution and extensive software capabilities. First the 

aerosol is conditioned by S environments that alter the size distribution in 

ways that can be interpreted in terms of aerosol physio-chemical properties. In 

this Thermo-Optic Aerosol Descriminator (TOAD) ambient aerosol is dried to 30% 

RH prior to being split into S flows. Channel A is heated to 40 C to drive off 

bound water and low-temperature volatiles. Channels B,C and D are heated to ISO 

C to volatilize sulfuric acid in the system but leave ammoniurn 

sulfate/bisulfate intact. Channel Chad RH controlled at 6S% since the 

difference in deliquescence of ammonium sulfate (80% RH) and ammonium bisulfate 

(33% RH) is used to help identify the latter from an increase in the size 

distribution (mass) at 6S%. Channel D had ammonia added prior to heating in 

order to convert any sulfuric acid to ammonium sulfate (not volatile at lSO C), 

such that a return to ambient mass concentrations confirms the presence of 

sulfuric acid. Channel E is held at 300 C in order to eliminate common 

volatile species and leave a refractory aerosol. The latter is frequently EC in 

the fine particle mode (less than O.S um diameter) and crustal dust, sea salt 

or fly ash in the coarse particle mode (generally greater that O.S urn). Since 

we have found no significant refractory fine particle mass in the remote cntral 

Pacific, this aerosol is considered continental and, as shown below, often 

dominated by EC. An example of typical size distributions obtained from the 

LOPC-TOAD is shown in Fig 1. for Julian Day 93 at 13.27 GMT for the S 

conditions described above and an ammonium bisulfate calibration curve. 

Interpretation of data based upon the light scattering properties of 

atmospheric aerosol must consider the the real and complex refrac~tve indices 

for various particles and the combined effects on their integrated light 

scattering. LOPC calibrations were developed in our laboratory for both dry and 

wet (6S%RH) sulfate aerosol. Comparison of the response characteristics for 

the LOPC with sulfate and EC aerosol have been published (Garvey and Pinnick, 

1984) and is used here with our calibration to provide a LOPC calibration curve 

for fine particle EC. The dashed line in panel E indicates the reduction in 

apparent fine mode mass resulting from application of the EC calibration 

mentioned above. This was applied only to the fine mode aerosol size 

distribution (dp<0.42 urn) after being heated to 300 C since EC is both 

refractory and usually found in this size range when souces are distant. Damage 

to the RH control circuit during shipping resulted in little information gained 

from channels C and D, otherwise the LOPC/TOAD performed as intended. The data 

presented here is for the fine mode only since particle losses occured in this 

system for particles over 2 urn which make quantitative interpretion of these 

results for the coarse particles more uncertain. 

115 
5 5 5 

4 A B C 

- 4 4 

C. 

't! 

II> 3 3 3 

oS! 

-'t! 2 2 2 

"-

> 1 1 1 't! 

0 0 0 

.12 .2 .4.8 1 2 48 .12 .2 .4.8 1 2 48 .12 .2 .4.8 1 2 48 

5 ( 5 

4 0 E 

- 4 

C. 

't! 

II> 3 3 

oS! 

-'t! 2 2 

"-

> 1 1 't! Figure l.- -Typical Arctic 

0 ~'--.. 0 ~ haze aeroBol LOpe/TOAD 

.12 .2 .4.8 1 2 48 .12.2 .4.8 1 2 4 8 output (see text). 

DISCUSSION AND RESULTS 

Size resolved volume distributions of the components mentioned above can 

be obtained by appropriate differencing of the various size distributions _ This 

was done for abou t 40% of these data plots and provide a good example of the 

variability in aerosol composition during this period _ Only the mass below 0.5 

um is compared here since it is of most interest to us and is generally both 

physicall y and chemically distinct from the rest. Figure 2 is a plot of total 

aerosol mass, sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate(bisulfate, and refractory EC 

(soot) obtained as described. Note that a sudden reduction in sulfuric acid and 

increase in ammoniated sulfate occurs for JD 95-97, a weekend when the 

NOAA/GMCC staff discovered a disconnected sample tube that resulted in room air 

being measured. Although room aerosol concentrations remained at or below 

outdoor l evel s ammoni a present in the station is sufficient to significantly 

neutralize the ambient aerosol. Otherwise the concentrations of components 

trend down to a minimum about JD 95 and then increase again by a factor of 

two. A plot of the ratios of aerosol volatile at 160 C (sulfuric acid) to 

total mass; t he molar ratio of inferred sulfuric acid to inferred ammonium 

sulfate(bisul fate; and the non-volatile (soot) to volatile (sulfates) are 

presented in Figure 3 for the same data set. The sulfuric acid appears as a 

relative constant fraction of the aerosol mass except for the above mentioned 

contamination period and short periods of local contamination. The relative 

ratio of "sul furic acid" to "ammoniated sulfates " ranges from 1 to 2 and 

suggesting a mixture of sulfuric acid and ammonium bisulfate. The "soot-EC" 

concentation ranges from about 0.1 to 0.4 ug/m3 and accounts for about 10% of 

the total fine particle mass . The relatively small excursions in these ratios 

suggest that t he haze during this period was nearly homogeneous in relative 

constituents and differed by less than a factor of two in concentration. Some 

short term variations in aerosol perturbed locally can be seen (eg. JD 89, 92). 

116 
ct: 

W 

t;; 

:::; 

u 

iii 

:J 

U 

ct: 

w 

a. 

ARCTIC HAZE AEROSOL COMPONENTS 

MEASURED AT BARROW ALASKA-AGASP II 7,----------------------------------------------, 

6 

5 

4 

III 3 

~ '-' 

o 2 ct: 

u 

~ 

83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 101 

JULIAN DAY 1986 

a TOTAL MASS + H2S04 <> AMS04 6 NON VOL 

Figure 2.-" Arctic haze aerosol from LOpe/TOAD system. 

ARCTIC HAZE AEROSOL % TOTAL MASS 

MEASURED AT BARROW ALASKA-AGASP II 

0.7 

0.6 

0 .5 

z 

0 

;:: 0.4 

~I 

COST. 

U 

~ "-

III 0.3 

III 

<{ 

:::; 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 101 

JULIAN DAY 1986 

a r. H2SO4 + r. AMS04 0 r. NON VOL 

Figure 3.-·~~ss fractions for aerosol in Figure 1. 

117 
The aerosol light absorption coefficient (540 nm) measured on filter 

samples is plotted in Fig. 4 with the scattering coefficient at 550nm measyred 

by the NOAA 4- nephelometer. The value of the single scatter albedo (SSA) 

(xlO) derived from them is also shown as nearly constant over the period (exept 

during possible local pollution) with an average value of 0.86. This is the 

same mean value observed during our aircraft flights out of Barrow during AGASP 

I (Clarke, et al., 1984) and supports our earlier contention that this value 

may be a useful mean for modeling typical Arctic haze optical properties. 

Figure 5 compares EC concentrations estimated from the light-absorption data 

(based on a specific absorption for soot of 9.68 m2/g) with the refractory 

aerosol mass observed by the OPC/TOAD below 0.42 urn. Although sample intervals were not always coincident, a remarkable agreement exists between estimates of 

EC for these entirely different measurement methods. This report presents a 

limited analysis of a portion of our data collected at Barrow during AGASP II 

but it illustrates the utility of in-situ thermo-optic analysis . Substantial 

improvements have since been made in reducing coarse particle losses below 5 urn 

and a more reliable RH controler been added. The curent configuration is 

optimized for in-situ measurement suitable for future aircraft deployment. 

ARCTIC HAZE OPTICAL PROPERTIES 

MEASURED AT BARROW ALASKA-AGASP II 

28 ,---------------------------------------------------, 

o 

x 

~ Vl 

I 

E 

~ 

to 

+ 

o 

26 

24 

22 

20 

; 8 

16 

14 

~2 

x 10 

o 

(!l 

ol! 

8 

6 

81 

Bs(top) 

83 

/ j 

85 87 89 91 93 

JULiA:..J DAY 1986 

8o(lower) () SSA local po!!. 

Figure 4. - Scattering and absorption coefficients and single scatter 

albedo (xlO) (see text). 

118 
~ 

'" E 

"-

'" ~ " 

,..: 

Vl 

w 

Z 

0 

ID 

'" lS 

...J « 

>-

Z 

W 

:::!; 

w 

...J 

W 

COMPARISON OF OPC & IS ESTIMATED EC 

MEASURED AT BARROW ALASKA - AGASP II 

0.9 -

0.8 -

0.7 - ... 

~ o 

0.6 - o 

.. 0.5 - .. 

0.4 -

0 .:3 - .. 

0.2 -

0.1 - .. 

0 , , , 

81 8:3 85 87 89 91 9:3 95 97 99 101 

JULIAN DAY 1986 

o OPC NON. VOL. .. IS SOOT EST. 

Figure 5., Comparison of estima ted EC concentrations from LOPC/TOAD 

and Integrating Sandwich. 

REFERENCES 

Clarke, A.D., R.J. Charlson and L.F. Radke, Airborne observations of Arctic 

aerosol, IV: Optical properties of Arctic haze, Geophysical Research 

Letters, 5:405-408 (1984) 

Garvey, D.M. and R.G. Pinnick, "Response Characteristics of the Particle 

Measuring Systems Active Scattering Aerosol Spectrometer Aerosol Probe, 

Aerosl Science and Technology, 2:477-488 (1983) 

119 
NITRIC ACID AND AEROSOL NITRATE VARIATIONS AT MALINA LOA 

INTRODUCTION 

B. J. Hueber·t 

Graduate School of Oceanography 

University of Rhode Island 

Narragansett. RI 02882-1197 

L. J. Salas 

M. A. Baugh 

SRI International 

333 Ravenswood Ave. 

Menlo Park. CA 94025 

Mu c h of the NO and NOZ which is emitted into the atmosphere is 

converted to nitric acid vapor or aerosol nitrate before it is 

removed by dry or wet deposition. This convers i on to nitrate is 

largel y comp lete within a few days of the odd-nitrogen 's 

emission. so that in remote areas (s uch as at the Mauna Loa 

Observatory) the total nitrate concentration (vapor plus ae roso l) 

represents a fair estimate of the total odd-nitrogen 

concentrati o n. (It is poss ible. however. that there may be 

similar amounts of PAN at high altitudes in clean air. but there 

are st ill far too few meas urements to say for ce rtain.) 

With support From NSF, we measured nitrate concentrations 

at MLO for several years. to help identify the important sources 

of odd-nitrogen compounds in remote parts of the globe. 

MATERIAL S AND METHODS 

We use a teflon/nylon fi Iter pack method for co l lecting 

atmospheric nitrate. The fi Iter packs are exposed by a sequential 

sampler during eight-day visits to the site approx imatel y every 

two months. Fi Iters are returned to the laboratory for extraction 

and ana lysis by ion chromatography. Our f i nal data are sorted 

using three cr iteria (wind direction. humidity. and CN count) to 

el imi nate those samples which might have been influenced by 

local sources on the island. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Diurnal Variation 

We find a distinct diurnal cycle in nitric acid concentration 

(see figure). even when we remove the island-influenced samples. 

Nighttime concentrations are sometimes only half the d ayt ime 

values. We bel ieve this is the result of the rapid drydeposition of nitric acid vapor. which is resuppl ied from t h e 

free troposphere more rapidly in the daytime than at night. 

120 
Annual Variation 

We have observed a sharp maximum in nitric acid and aerosol 

nitrate concentrations in thc late summer (Figure). Possible 

reasons For this peak includE reduced loss rates during this time 

period (which seems unl ikely), increased natural sources (such as 

I ightning in the ITCZ, which is closer in summer), and increased 

transport of anthropogenic material to MLO. One possible 

anthropogenic source is the North American continent, which is in 

the general direction From which MLO back trajectories origi nate. 

This i s of course a very controversial suggestion, since the MLO 

is considered to be a pristine sampl ing site which i s largely 

Free of anthropogenic inFluence. A communit y-wide discussion has 

begun as to the origin of the late summer maximum: The best 

avai lable 10 day back-trajectories do not quite cross the west 

coast of North America, yet we have Found unmistakably 

anthropogenic material several hundred miles west of Cal iFornia 

o n three separate late summer aircraFt sampl ing programs. 

We sincerely hope that this investigation and discussion wi I I 

lead to improvements in our abi I ity to describe those coastal 

eddies and diurnal Flows which are missed by (relatively coarse) 

trajectories using input winds From GCM's. The search For an 

explanation of the maximum is having a stimulati ng eFFect on our 

science. 

ONGOING RESEARCH 

We are now making measurements both at the surFace and on the new 

tower at MLO, in an attempt to demonstrate whether or not dry 

deposition is indeed the cau se of the observed diurnal variation. 

We are also continuing our year-round measurements to learn more 

about the reasons For the observed annual variation. Finally, we 

are planning to participate in a joint program with numerous 

other investigators during the spring of 1988 to study the clean 

troposphere's nitrogen cycle at MLO in much greater detai I. 

REFERENCES 

Galasyn, J.F., K.L Tschudy, and B.J. Huebert, 1987. Seasonal and 

Diurnal Variabi I ity of Nitric Acid Vapor and Ionic Aerosol 

Species in the Remote Free Troposphere at Mauna Loa, Hawaii. . 

Geophys. Res. 92:3105-3113. 

Huebert, B.J., J.F. Galasyn, and K.L. Tschudy, in press. Authors' 

Response to the Comment of Robinson and Harris. J. Geophys. Res. 

Robi nson, E., and J. 

by Galasyn, Tschudy, 

Harris y in press. Comment ..... n "Seasonal 

& Huebert. J. Geophys. Res. 

121 

" 
100 

90 

80 

70 

'" 60 0 

Z 

l: 

> 50 

<> 

<> 40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

OCT DEC 84 FEB 85 APR JUN AUG OCT DEC 85 

MONTH 

FlqUt-P i . -,- Ihe dlurna] cycle in nitrIC aCld concentratIon 

at !-launa Lc'!a . 

122 
INTRODUCTION 

ATMOSPHERIC BRmlINE IN THE POlAR REGIONS 

~1. A. K. Khalil 

R.A.Rasmussen 

R.Gunawardena 

Institute of Atmospheric Sciences 

Oregon Graduate Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006 

In some cases long - lived bromine-containing trace gases can deplete 

stratospheric ozone more effectively than the chlorofluorocarbons. Furthermore, 

gases \"ith bromine can act synergistically with chlorine gases to destroy even 

more ozone than each group would by itself (l.,Iofsy et al., 1975). At present 

there is very little gaseous bromine in the atmosphere and only a fraction of it 

is from human activities. However. the levels of the anthropogenic species are 

increasing. Here we \.,i11 discuss the concentration of gaseous bromine in the 

polar regions, specifically at Barrow, Alaska, in the arctic and at the South 

Pole in the antarctic. 

METHODS AND DATA 

Air samples collected in stainless steel containers at the two sites were 

sent to our laboratory for analysis. Samples are collected once a \.Jeek at Barro\o1 

throughout the year and only during the Austral summers at the South Pole. Our 

data span January 1984 to January 1987 during which time samples were obtained 

for 29 months from Barrow and 11 months from the South Pole. The samples "ere 

analyzed using a Perkin-Elmer gas chromatograph with a capillary column and an 

electron capture detector. l.,Ie have described the analytical methods in our 

earlier paper (Rasmussen & Khalil, 1984) . 

RESULTS 

In all we studied 9 bromine-containing trace gases: CBrF3, CBrC1F2, CH3Br 

C2HSBr, CH2BrCl, CH2Br2 , CHBr2Cl, C2H4Br 2, and CHBr3. Of these CBrF3 and 

CBrC1F2' which are used in modern fire extinguishers, are probably entirely manmade and their concentrations are increasing at 0.15-0.3 pptv/yr (see Khalil & 

Rasmussen, 1985). CH2BrCl, CH2Br2, CH3Br, and C2H4Br2 have anthropogenic sources 

but also have natural origins. Some of these gases are more concentrated in 

arctic haze, reflecting their anthrop~genic origins (Rasmussen & Khalil, 1984). 

There are indications that CH3Br and CH2Br2 are increasing. The remaining gases 

probably corne from natural sources. Except for CBrF3 and CBrC1F2' the 

concentrations of these gases are quite variable, both from year to year and by 

seasons. 

He calculated the average concentration of each gas between 1/1984 and 

1/1987 since in most cases there were no significant trends. For CBrF3 and 

CBrC1F2 \ve took the average during 1986. These average concentrations are sho\o1n 

in Figure 1. From the data in Figure 1 we estimated the concentration of total 

bromine in the polar regions both as number of molecules of bromine gases per 

trillion molecules of air (gas concentration in pptv) and as the number of 

123 
bromine atoms per trillion molecules of 

concentration of bromine- containing gases 

bromine) at the South Pole and about 42 

arctic. 

air (bromine in pptv). The total 

is only about 17 pptv (or 23 pptv as 

pptv (or 76 pptv as bromine) in the 

There may be other bromine-containing gases that He have not yet detected, 

but assuming that their concentrations are small, He calculated the relative 

abundances of the 9 bromine gases as shmffi in Figure 2. Hethylbromide is more 

concentrated than any other gas in the Antarctic and second only to bromoform in 

the arctic. Bromoform is abundant in the arctic and has more bromine atoms per 

molecule that any other gas. The two fire extinguishing compounds are a greater 

fraction of the bromine budget in the antarctic (about 20%) than in the arctic 

(about 9%). This observation is partly a reflection of their long atmospheric 

lifetimes compared to the other bromine-containing gases, Hhich causes a more 

even distribution throughout the atmosphere. 

> 

..... 

0. 

0. 

c 

o 

..... 

(\l 

.... 

..... 

c 

Q) 

(.) 

c 

o 

o 

15 

3 

o 

Distribution of Brominated Gases 

CBrF3 CBrCIF2 CH38r C2H5Br CH2BrCI CH2Br2 CHBr2CI C2H48r2 CHBr3 

Gas 

«;(1 Arctic c.:::::J Antarctic 

Figure 1. _ . The concentrations of bromine-containing trace 

Alaska, and at the South Pole. gases 

124 

at BarroH, 
Arctic Br omine 

CH 2S fl 10.3% 

CH2BrCI 6.7% 

CH8 r J 34 .S % 

CH 3Br 29 .6% 

CH2Br- CH 2Br 0 .9% 

CBeF J 4 .9% 

CBrC1 F 1 4.0% 

Antarc tic Br omine 

CH2BrCI 8.5% 

C2 H5Br 2.3% 

CH l Be 41. 8% 

CHI Dr l 14. 1% 

2.9% 

CHBrJ 9.S% 

CHI Dr- CHI De 0 . 7% 

CBrF] 10.4% 

CBrCIF 2 9.1 % 

Figure 2. " The relative abundances in the polar regions expressed as the percent 

of the total concentration of bromine gases. 

REFERENCES 

Ho fsy , 

bromine. 

S.C., H.B .HcElroy, and Y.L.Yung, 1975. 

Geophvsical Research Letters 2 : 215-2 18. 

The chemistry of atmospheric 

Rasmussen, R.A" and H.A.K.Khalil, 1 984 . Gase ous bromine in the arctic and 

arctic haze. Geophvsical Research Letters 11: 433 - 436. 

Khalil, H.A.K., and R.A.Rasmussen, 1985. The trend of bromochlorodifluoromethane 

and the concentrations of other bromine-containing gases at the south pole. 

An tarc tic Journal of the United States 19: 206-207 . 

125 
SPECTRAL DATA IN THE UVB REGION OF DAYLIGHT 

FROt'j THE SOUTH POLE AND MAUNA LOA 

Bernard Goldberg 

Smithsonian Institution 

Washillgton,D.C. 20560 

During the last part of the Austral spring at the South 

Pole a UVB monitoring unit developed at the Smithsonian 

Institution was placed in service . The unit started collecting 

data from late November to mid February The latter data has not 

as yet a rrived from Antarctica. Although there was considerable 

depletion in the ozone at the pole, by the time the instrument 

started gathering data the ozone was at normal levels and so was 

the ultraviolet from 290nm to 325nm. 

The data were collected in eight 5nm bands from 290nm to 

about 325nm at both Mauna Loa and the South Pole. Because the 

air mass at the South Pole does l)ot vary to any extent during 

the day and the sun is up for 24 hours, we could calculate t.he 

the solar secant at noon for the pole,find the time this 

occurred at Mauna Loa and use this time to compare data taken 

simultaneously at these two sites. The data used in the three 

figures were determined in this way. 

The ozone depletion had disappeared by the time these data 

were obtained. However,in mid to late November,the ozone was at 

a very high level and declined to a much smaller level in 

January 1987. The amount of ozone at the South Pole was almost 

to the values recorded at Mauna Loa. The major data trend shown 

in figure 1 is due to the change in air mass not changes in 

ozone. The fluctuations in the data curves are due to variations 

in ozone ,c louds and albedo. The albedo at Mauna Loa is almost 

zero while the snow field at the pole is very high . 

Fi gure 2 shows the change in the ratio of like bands at the 

two sites. As stated earlier the high ozone levels in November 

of 1986 attenuated the 304nm band much more then the 314nm band. 

Since the ozone at Mauna Loa was fairly constant during the 

three months under study,the irradiance in both bands at Mauna 

Loa also remained quite constant. Also from the figure it can 

clearly be seen that the 314nm band does not track the changes 

in ozone as well as the shorter wavelength band. To further see 

how the irradiance varied with ozone at the two sites,the ozone 

values were multiplied by the air mass used for the day and the 

values plotted as shown in figure 3. It is readily apparent that 

the weather was much more constant at Mauna Loa tllen at the 

South Pole. 

126 
COMPARISON OF 304NM DATA 

0.36 

0.34 

0.32 

0.3 

0.28 

0.26 z 0.24- :; 

"- 0.22 :> 

z 0.2 :i 

iii 0.18 

"- 0.16 

'" !oj 0.14-

" J 

0 0.12 ., 0 .1 

0.08 

0.06 

0.04 

0.02 

0 

86322 86332 86342 6&352 66362 87007 87017 87027 

YEAR AND DAY NJPr.4BER 

+ MA~ LOA ¢- SOUTH POLE 

Figure 1.··Measured irradiances at various air masses. The 

maximum air mass is about 3 .1 . 

0:-

J '" 

,; 

Q 

I< 

'" 

RATIO OF 304·NM AND 314NM DATA 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

66332 

-+ 304.6NM/J03.8NM 

AT MAUNA LCl.'. .AND SOVfH POLE 

86342 86352 86362 

YEAR AND DAY MJMSER ., 

67007 87017 

314.3N"/314.7N" 

87027 

Figure 2.--Ratio of irradiances from Mauna Loa to South Pole . 

No weather factors were taken into account. 

127 
z 

:; 

"-

~ 

z 

"-

~ 

iii 

"-'" 

~ 

" 0 

-, 

.304NM BAND ENERGY VS OZONE DEPTH 

0.36 

0.34 -

0.32 

0 .3 

0.28 

0.26 

0.24 -

0.22 

0 .2 

0. 18 

0. 16 

0. 14 

0 .12 

0 .1 

0.08 

0.06 

0.04 

0.02 

0 

+ + 

++-~ + ++ 

+ ...... ~ 

++ .. + + 

+ 

+ 

'" + + 

"'S 0 + 

() ¢..oo 0 <>0 

0 0 

<>¢() 00 

00 <f' 

% '" 0 

'" 

'" 

0.6 0 .7 

+ ~AVNA LOA 

...... 

Co 

... 

0 

+++ 

0", 

+ 

'" 

+ 

+ 

0 .8 

EXPONENT 

+ 

+ 

0.9 

SOVTH POLE 

Figure 3 ... Irradiance value vs. 

normal incidence calculations , 

the exponent term used in 

exp (03 *m) . 

128 
RESOLUTION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPONENTS 

OF THE 1982 WINTER AEROSOL AT SOUTH POLE STATION 

BY FACTOR ANALYSIS 

John W. Wincheste~ 

Flo~ida State Unive~sity, Tallahassee, FL 32306-3048; 

Visiting SCientist, NOAA GMCC, Boulde~, CO 80303 

B. A. Bodhaine 

GMCC/NOAA Envir.onmental Resea~ch Labo~atories 

Boulder, CO 80303 

Bodhaine et al. [1986 , 1987J have compa~ed meas~ements of aerosol 

extinction coefficients at four wavelengths (oSD)' condensation nucleus (CN) 

concentration , and the concentrations of aerosol sodium (Na) , chlorine (Cl), 

and sulfur (S) at South Pole Station du~ing calendar year 1982. By trend 

analysis over the full yea~ and detailed study of co~relations among the va~iables ove~ a 2-mo winter period, August-September, they found correlations 

that suggest links between the physical p~operties and chemical composition of 

aer.osol. 

Ove~ the year, fluctuations in ° were correlated with those in Na and 

Cl and these three variables rose to ~~ghest values in winte~. Mo~eover, in 

winter the relative asp values were skewed to long wavelengths (implying a preponde~ance of la~ge particles). This obse~vation is suppo~ted by 

calculated air' tr'ajector'ies that indicate fr'equent winter incursions over' the 

Antarctic continent of coarse ae~osol seasalt in which Na and Cl are major 

constituents. Du~ing the two winte~ months, 8-h mean values of Na 

concentration were strongly correlated with corresponding asp meas~ements. 

Ove~ the year both CN and S gene~ally dec~eased from highest values in 

summer to low winte~time values. This observation is consistent with a nonseasalt origin of most of the S, and the pa~allel seasonal trends of CN and S 

suggest that non-seasalt S is a fine aerosol constituent most abundant in 

summer . Except when wintertime seasalt incursions we~e strong, the ~atio 

Cl/Na tended to be lower than expected from seawater composition, hinting at a 

volatility loss of HCl from seasalt aerosol by reaction with sulfu~ic acid 

(no~ally a fine ae~osol product of the atmosphe~ic oxidation of gaseous 

S02)' However, no detailed short-term correlation between va~iations of Sand 

those of either eN or sho~t wavelength (fine pa~ticle) extinction was 

demonstrated. 

These general conclusions, based on co~relations and trend analysis, have 

now been tested statistically by facto~ analysis of the eight meas~ed 

variables. The analysis used 166 cases with no missing values of the 61 days 

of t~ee times daily obse~vations (8-h means) in August-Septembe~ 1982. A p~ocedure for classical factor analysis with Varimax rotation [Hopke , 1985J 

contained in the microcomputer package Stat graphics , Version 2.1 [STSC, 1986J 

was used. 

The procedure fits the measured values of the variables to a linear 

mixing model that computes the composition of each of the factors found and thei~ mixing ~atios in the different cases (samples) measured. The 

129 
investigato~ is allowed to decide the numbe~ of factors to be ~etained, always fewe~ than the numbe~ of va~iables ente~ed into the computation and usually 

the numbe~ needed to account fo~ about 95% of the va~iance of the data set. 

In the p~ocedure the va~iables ente~ed, as well as each of thei~ measured 

values, a~e assigned equal weights. 

The p~ocedu~e fi~st t~ansfo~ms each va~iable by subt~acting its mean and 

dividing by its standa~d deviation, then computes a mat~ix of linear co~~elation coefficients between pairs of va~iables. The co~relation mat~ix 

is used to compute an initial set of facto~s by least squa~es minimization, 

followed by an o~thogonal "Vadmax" ~otation of axes to a~~i ve at a new set of facto~s . The ~otation causes each of these to have co~~elation coeffiCients facto~ loadings " ) with each input vadable that a~e eithe~ nea~ unity o~ 

nea~ ze~o , ~athe~ than intermediate. The investigato~ can then compa~e these facto~s with components he expects to be p~esent in the mixture in an effo~t 

to inte~p~et them physically. 

In o~de~ to test the ~obustness of the facto~ analysis, the p~ocedu~e was 

applied 15 times to diffe~ent combinations of the eight measu~ed va~iables: 

N1 , N2, N3, N4 - 0SD in 4 nephelomete~ channels, o~de~ed sho~t to long 

wavelength (smaller to la~ge~ pa~ticles) 

CN - condensation nucleus concent~ation by continuous GE counte~ (fine pa~ticles) 

Na, Cl , S - element concent~ations by PIXE analysis of time sequence filte~ samples 

A selection of the ~esults, exp~essed as facto~ loadings (co~~elation 

coefficients) with the va~iables, is p~esented he~e. 

When all 166 sets of obse~vations of 8 va~iables a~e ente~ed into the facto~ analysis, 4 facto~s a~e found with co~~elations with the va~iables as 

shown in table 1. These factors place the as va~iables togethe~ in one 

(F11), the seasalt in anothe~ (F12) , CN in a ghi~d (F1 3), and S by itself in a fou~th (F14). When just the highest half of the values (cases that include 

the highest 83 values of N1) a~e used in the facto~ analysis, the composition 

of the fou~ facto~s is essentially the same, as shown in tabl e 2. CN , Na , and 

Cl a~e only weakly co~~elated with the asp facto~ . 

Table 1. --All eight va~iables, fou~ facto~s 

Va~iable F11 F12 F13 F14 

N1 . 90 .35 . 22 .07 

N2 .90 .36 .23 .06 

N3 .90 .36 .24 .04 

N4 .89 .37 .22 .03 

CN .31 .08 .95 -.02 

Na .46 .85 . 11 . 11 

Cl .56 .75 .06 .22 

S .05 .13 -.01 .99 --------------------- -- ---

130 
Table 2.--Highest half (83 cases) of N1 data, 

all eight va~iables, fo ~ facto~s 

Var'iable F21 F22---- F23 F24 

N1 . 93 .28 . 11 .13 

N2 .94 . 30 .09 .14 

N3 .94 .30 .04 .14 

N4 .92 .32 .02 . 13 

CN .21 -.05 - .04 .98 

Na .40 . 89 .12 -.01 

CI .45 .80 .32 -.10 

S .07 .20 . 97 - .03 

Possibly the ~edundancy of the four' asp measur'ements biases the facto~ 

analysis and obsc~es a significant link to seasalt . The~efor'e, we can use 

factor' analysis to descr'ibe these four' var'iables by two factor's, in analogy to 

conventional t~eatment of light scatte~ing data by its magnitude and 

wavelength dependence exp~essed as the Angst~om coefficient. Table 3 shows 

that, although one facto~ (a magnitude) can account for' 99.1% of the var'iance, 

two factor's (F31 and F32) ver'Y pr'ecisely account for' 99 . 8%. One (F31) is 

weighted somewhat towar'd the shor't wavelength var'iable N1, wher'eas the other' 

(F32) is towar'd t he long wavelength N4 , being measur'es of finer' and coar'ser' 

aer'osol par'ticles, r'espectively . The same tr'eatment given to the thr'ee 

element var'iables , Table 4, clear'ly separ'ates a seasalt factor' (F41) fr'om a 

non-seasalt S factor' (F42). 

Table 3.--0nly four' 0gP var'iables, two factor's . Note : Only one 

factor' can explain 9 . 1% , but two factor's 99.8% of the var'iance 

Var'iable F31 -F32 

N1 .78 .62 

N2 .73 . 68 

N3 .68 .73 

N4 . 62 .78 

Table 4.--0nly thr'ee element var'iables , two factor's 

Var'iable 

Na 

Cl 

S 

131 

F41 

.97 

. 94 

.1 5 

F42 

.09 

.21 

.99 
Now we can introduce into the factor analysis as as variables the two 

factors (F31 and F32) that express their essential charagteristics, together 

with the remaining four variables, with results shown in table 5. Seasalt is 

largely in a factor (F51) that is much more strongly correlated with the 

coarse asp factor (F32) . The fine asp factor (F31) stands alone (factor F52) 

without strong correlation with CN or S. Instead, CN and S continue to stand 

in single factors of their own (F53 and F54) . This analysis repeated using a 

combined Na and CI factor (F41) as a variable, instead of these two elements 

separately, gives results nearly the same, as shown in table 5. 

Table 5.--Two a

sr 

factors, CN , and three element 

var ables, four factors 

Variable F51 F52 F53 F54 

F31 (fine) .18 .95 .14 .09 

F32 (coarse) .78 -.41 .36 - .05 

CN .18 .13 .97 -.01 

Na .92 .21 .10 .12 

Cl .89 .30 .09 .20 

S .14 .08 -.01 .99 

The independence of CN from the asp variables, as well as from S, is a 

striking feature of all the factor analyses. We can force a test of 

correlation between CN and the two factors (F31 and F32) that describes the 

asp measurements by performing a factor analysis of these three as variables, 

wlthout the three element concentrations. The results, shown in table 6, show 

that CN is about equally (poorly) correlated with each measure of asp (F31 and 

F32); the slightly higher correlation with the fine factor (F31) is probably 

not significantly better than with the coarse (F32) . 

Table 6. --Two asp factors and CN, two factors 

Variable 

F31 (fine) 

F32 (coarse) 

CN 

F62 --------------------- . 93 

-.03 

.66 

-.09 

.94 

.56 

We conclude from these results that factor analysis can provide a more 

sensitive test of the relationship among these several variables than can be 

achieved by long-term trend analysis or by pairwise correlations bet He en 

measured variables. The results reaffirm most of the conclusions reached 

earlier by Bodhaine et al. [1986 , 1987J, but the independence of measured 

variance in CN from that in S or in fine asp extinction is a new finding. 

132 
REFERENCES 

Bodhaine B. A., Deluisi J.J., Harris J.M. , o~mere P. , and Bauman S. (1986). 

Aerosol measurements at the South Pole. Tellus 38B:223-235 . 

Bodhaine B. A., Deluisi J.J. , Harris J.M., 

PIXE analysis of South Pole aerosol. 

B22 :241-247 . 

Houmere P. , and Ba~man S. (1986). 

Nucl. Instrum. Met~ Phy,,~ Res. 

Hopke P.K. (1985). Receptor Modeling in Environm~ntal Chemistry . Wiley, New 

York , pp. 155-197. 

STSC (1986) . Statgraphics, Statistical Graphics System by Statistical 

Graphics Corporation, User 's Guide. STSC , Inc. , Rockville, MD 20852, USA . 

133 
INTRODUCTION 

THE GLOBAL PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY PROJECT 

W. C. Keene 

J. N. Galloway 

Department of Environmental Sciences 

University of Virginia. Charlottesville. VA 22903 

G. E. Likens 

Institute of Ecosystems Studies 

Cary Arboretum. Millbrook. NY 12545 

J. M. Miller 

Air Resources Laboratory 

NOAA. Silver Spring. MD 20910 

Anthropogenic emissions of S02 and NOx have resulted in widespread 

acidification of precipitation and subsequent environmental damage in eastern 

North America and Northern Europe. Of numerous research questions posed by 

this phenomenon. two are of special interest: (1) What was the composition of 

precipitation prior to the advent of fossil-fuel combusti on; and (2) To what 

degree does the long-distance transport of sulfur and nitrogen species 

influence the composition of precipitation in remote regions of the world? The 

Global Precipitation Chemistry Project (GPCP) was initiated in 1979 to address 

these questions. Principal objectives are to measure the chemical composition 

of precipitation in remote areas of the world and to determine major processes 

controlling measured composition. Earlier reports of the GPCP compare the 

composition of precipitation in remote and impacted regions (Galloway et aL, 

1982; 1984). quantify the importance and evaluate sources for organic acids in 

precipitation (Keene et aL. 1983; Keene and Galloway 1984a.b; 1985; 1986). 

assess the influence of airmass source region on the composition of 

precipitation at remote locations (Jickeils et al .• 1982; Church et al •• 1982; 

Galloway and Gaudry. 1984; and Dayan et aL. 1985). and present objective 

methods for differentiat.ing sea-salt and non-sea-salt constituents in marine 

precipitation and aerosols (Keene et aL. 1986). This report summarizes 

current research and reviews more recent contributions of the project. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Samples of precipitation are collected by event in scrupulously washed 

polyethylene containers. Immediately after collection, pH is measured, 

samples are treated CHC1 3 to prevent biological activity and aliquots are 

subsequently sent to the University of Virginia for analyses for major organic 

and inorganic chemical constituents. To-date we have analyzed approximately 

2035 samples of precipitation collected at 14 land-based sites and during 8 

oceanic cruises. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

The Chemistry of Precipitation ~ Katherine, Australia 

Wet-only rain samples were collected during 1980-1984 at Katherine. 

Australia and analyzed for maj or chemical constituents (Likens et aL. 1987). 

During this period rainfall averaged 104 cm/yr and ranged from 74.6 to 135.7 

134 
cm/yr. The volume-weighted concentration of total cations was about 29 ueq/l. 

The volume-weighted mean H+ expressed as pH was 4.73 with 64% of the free 

acidity contributed by formic acid (HCOOH) and acetic acid (CH3 COOH). The pH 

associated with strong mineral acids only was 5.08. Air-mass trajectories 

during the wet season (September to April) were predominately from the 

northeast (51%), and this source region was most important in terms of 

deposition. Although there is a high frequency of lightning during the wet 

season, no evidence was found that it contributed significantly to the nitrate 

concentration in rain. Because concentrations decreased markedly with amount 

of precipitation, total deposition of dissolved substances was not correlated 

directly with amount of rain. 

Acid Rain: China, United States, and a Remote Area 

The composition of precipitation in China is highly influenced by fossil 

fuel combustion and agricultural and cultural practices (Galloway et aL, 

1987). Compared to the eastern United States, precipitation in China 

generally has higher concentrations of sulfate, ammonium, and calcium. Wet 

deposition rates of sulfur in China are 7 to 130 times higher than those in a 

remote area of the Southern He.misphere. In many areas of the world, 

significant ecological changes have occurred in ecosystems receiving lower 

rates of acidic deposition than those currently existing in China. 

Intercomparison of Measurement Systems for Atmospheric Organic Acids 

During June 1986, nine measurement systems for vapor phase, and five for 

particulate phase. concentrations of HeOOH and CH3 COOH were intercompared in 

central Virginia. Gases were sampled by condensate, mist, Chromosorb 103 GC 

resin, NaOH coated annular denuders, NaOH, K2C03 and Na2C03 impregnated quartz 

and cellulose filters, and nylasorb filters. Particles were sampled on teflon 

filters by both hi-vol and lo-vol systems. Samples were collected during 31 

discrete day and night intervals over a four day period. Measured gaseous 

HCOOH and CH3COOH ranged from 13-266 nmol/m3 and from <22 to 198 nmol/m3 , 

respectively. with highest concentrations during the day and lowest 

concentrations during the night. Particulate concentrations were 1-2 orders 

of magnitude lower than those for vapor phase species. The generation and 

destruction of organic acids in sampling media subsequent to collection 

resulted in significant bias between most data sets. 

Ongoing Research 

Research efforts currently underway within the GPCP include: 

o 

o 

REFERENCES 

Assessment of airmass back trajectories using cluster analysis and 

non-parametric statistics to reevaluate processes controlling 

precipitation composition on Bermuda and on Amsterdam Island. 

Measurement and interpretation of organic acid concentrations in 

cloudwater. 

Church, T. M .. J. N. Galloway, T. D. Jickells, and A. H. Knap, 1982. The 

chemistry of western Atlantic precipitation at the mid-Atlantic coast and 

on Bermuda. Journal of Geophysical Research 87: 11013-11018. 

135 
Dayan. U •• J. M. Miller. W. C. Keene. and J. N. Galloway. 1985. A 

meteorological analysis of precipitation chemistry from Alaska. 

Atmospheric Environment 19: 651-657. 

Galloway. J. N. and A. Gaudry. 1984. 

Amsterdam Island. Indian Ocean. 

The chemistry of prec~pHation on 

Atmospheric Environment 18: 2649-2656. 

Galloway. J. N .. G. E. Likens. and M. E. Hawley. 1984. Acid precipitation: 

Natural versus anthropogenic components. ~cience 226: 829-830. 

Galloway. J. N .• G. E. Likens. W. C. Keene. and J. M. Miller. 1982. The 

composition of precipitation in remote areas of the world. Journal of 

Geophysical Research 87: 8771-8786. 

Galloway. J. N •• D. Zhao. J. Xiong. and G. E. Likens. 1987. Acid rain: 

China. United States. and remote are& Science 236: 1559-1562. 

Jickells. T. C •• A. H. Knap. T. M. Church. J. N. Galloway. and J. M. Miller. 

1982. Acid precipitation on Bermuda. Nature 297: 55-56. 

Keene. W. C .• and J. N. Galloway. 1984a. A note on acid rain in an Amazon 

rainforest. Tel1us 36: 137-138. 

Keene. W. C. and J. N. Galloway. 1984b. Organic acidity in precipitation of 

North America. Atmospheric Environment 18: 2491-2497. 

Keene. W. C .• and J. N. Galloway. 1985. Gran's 

in measuring the acidity of precipitation. 

199-202. 

titrations: 

Atmo~heric 

Inherent errors in 

Environment 19: -- -

Keene. W. C. and J. N. Galloway. 1986. Considerations regarding sources for 

formic and acetic acids in the troposphere. Journal of Geophysical 

Research 91: 14.466-14.474. 

Keene. W. C .• J. N. Galloway and D. H. Holden. Jr .• 1983. Measurement of weak 

organic acidity in precipitation from remote areas of the world. ~ournal 

of Geophysical Research 88: 5122-5130. 

Keene. W. C .• A. A. P. Pszenny. J. N. Galloway and M. E. Hawley. 1986. Seasalt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine 

precipitation. Journal of Geophysical Research 91: 6647-6658. 

Keene. W. C .• R. W. Talbot. M. O. Andreae. K. Beecher. H. Berresheim. J. C. 

Farmer. J. N. Galloway. M. R. Hoffman. S.-M. Li. J. R. Maben. J. W. 

Munger. R. B. Norton. A. A. P. Pszenny. H. Puxbaum. H. Westberg and W. 

Winiwarter. 1987. An intercomparison of measurement systems for vapor 

and particulate phase concentrations of formic and acetic acids 

(unpublished manuscript). 32 pp. 

Likens. G. E •• W. C. Keene. J. M. Miller and J. N. Galloway. 1987. The 

chemistry of precipitation from a remote terrestrial site in Australia. 

Journal of Geophysical Research (in press). 

136 
MAUNA LOA AEROSOL BACKSCATTER INTERCmlPARISON EXPERUlENT (MABIE) 

David A. BOI.,dle 

Johnson Research Center 

University of Alabama/Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899 

William D. Jones 

Guidance, Control, and Optical Systems Division 

NASA/~!arshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812 

Antony D. Clarke 

Hawaii Institute of Geophysics 

University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 

Stanley A. Johnson 

Chemical Technology Division 

Argonne National Laboratories, Argonne, IL 60439 

Daniel E. Fitzjarrald 

Earth Science and Applications Division 

NASA/Harshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 3581 2 

INTRODUCTION 

The Hauna Loa Aerosol Backscatter Intercomparison Experiment (MABIE) was 

conducted at Hauna Loa Observatory (MLO) on August 1-9, 1986, as part of 

NASA ' s GLObal Backscatter Experiment (CLOBE) to develop a global-scale aerosol 

backscatter data base for the background free troposphere (Bowdle, 1986). 

MABIE focused on direct backscatter measurements at CO2 \"avelengths. Concurrent GMCC measurements of visible Have length aerosol scattering coefficients 

were used to derive empirical scaling relationships bet\veen the short and long 

wavelength aerosol scattering properties, and thereby to incorporate the longterm HLO aerosol climatology (Bodhaine , 1983) into the GLOBE backs catter data 

base . Measurements of aerosol size dis tributions, size -segregated aerosol 

chemistry, and aerosol infrared absorption spectra were also obtained for Mie 

computations of scattering properties at the various wavelengths . GMCC 

measurements of surface meteorological quantities and condensation nuclei concentrations were used for airmass classification and contamination screening. 

EXPERIMENT DESIGN 

MLO was selected for this activity because its nocturnal downslope flo\o1 

pattern frequently allows extended ground-based sampling of free tropospheric 

aerosols (Bodhaine, 1983). HABlE took place in mid summer to avoid weather 

extremes of the winter season, without encountering aerosol concentrations 

markedly higher than typical winter values. Duri ng ~1ABIE, nocturnal sample 

runs ",ith all instruments lasted from about 2000 to 0800 Local Time. 

~1ABIE ins truments sampled from the HLO Camera Building about 50 m \, of the 

main MLO instrument building, ",ell removed from other GMCC facilities. During 

steady dm.,nslope flm." anthropogenic contaminati on from local upwind sources 

should not have been significant at this location. However, during light and 

variable wind conditions, ",ith local stagnatio'i and recirculation, 

137 
anthropogenic contamination may have affected MABIE measurements . To avoid 

local contamination, activity near the equipment shed was minimized. 

INSTRUHENTATION 

Heasurements of aerosol backscatter coefficients were obtained from a 

focused, monostatic, continuous ''lave (C\.J) , CO 2 lidar with coherent detection, 

operating at 10.6 micrometers wavelength (Jones et al, 1983). The lidar had a 

dual signal processor, with a photometric (volume backscattering) mode for 

high aerosol concentrations and a single particle backscattering mode for low 

concentrations. During HABlE, the lidar was directed along the axis of a 

thin-walled, stainless steel vacuum cleaner extension tube (approximately 1 m 

long and 3 em inside diameter) I attached to a home vacuum cleaner. The tube 

was leveled about 1 m above the rough lava surface, 10 m from the lidar, with 

its axis nearly normal to the prevailing downslope wind. The lidar focal 

volume was located near the tube midpoint . The nominal axial velocity in the 

tube was set at about 25 m s -1 well above the 5 -10 m s -1 ambient values, 

while still maintaining laminar flow with small velocity variance in the focal 

volume . The center frequency of the lidar receiver passband was locked to the 

sample velocity, and the receiver bandwidth was set to encompass the backscatter signal. This simple configuration provided a well-defined sample volwne, 

with negligible sampling losses at the ambient wind speeds encountered during 

HABlE. To establish a noise floor, the beam "as diverted a few deg from the 

aspirator axis, where it encountered only particles with velocities well outside the passband. The lidar controller automatically cycled bet"een 60 s 

aerosol samples and 60 s noise samples for several h. System alignment 

remained stable during these long runs, even in brisk winds. 

Concurrent measurements of size-segregated aerosol composition and particle size distributions were obtained with a high-resolution Laser Optical 

Particle Counter (LOPC) "ith thermal, relative humidity, and ammoniation 

preconditioning (Clarke, personal communication). The LOPC data "ere available in real time. Measurements of aerosol bulk composition and of infrared 

absorption spectra between 2.5 and 40 micrometers were obtained with an Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) impactor (Johnson et al, 1983), in conjuction 

with a Perkin Elmer dispersive infrared spectrophotometer. These measurements 

were usually available within a few hours after sample collection. 

RESULTS 

Four nocturnal experiments were conducted during ~ffiBIE, with aerosol concentrations near climatological averages on three nights. In addi tion, the 

LOPC and ATR operated nearly continuously during most of the experimental 

period. All of the aerosol instrumentation worked remarkably well. Initial 

processing of the entire MABIE data set has been completed. Analysis and 

detailed intercomparison of the individual lidar, ATR, and LOPC data sets is 

in progress. The results shm·, that measurements of aerosol backscatter coefficients at CO 2 wavelengths can be obtained at flLO with sample times of 1 h or 

less, even in very clean airmass conditions, as can measurements of sizesegregated aerosol composition with the LOPC and measurements of aerosol composition and infrared aerosol absorption spectra with the ATR. 

138 
Preliminary analyses from the LOPC and ATR measurements suggest that sulfate compounds dominated background aerosol optical properties at CO 2 

wavelengths between 9 and 10 micrometers. In many samples I the sulfate \oJ8S 

present as sulfuric acid in the sub-micrometer range, sometimes possibly mixed 

with ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate. Occasionally. sulfate was also 

present in micrometer-sized particles. It is possible that the sulfate 

detected by the LOPC and the ATR may have been partially neutralized before 

sampling by residual ammonia around the ~~BIE equipment shed, since both instruments sampled from low stacks (only a few m above the roof of the shed) . 

Additional neutralization could have occurred in some of the ATR samples between the time they were collected and analyzed. Micrometer-sized refractory 

material, possibly crustal, was apparently present in some of the LOPC data. 

However, preliminary analysis of the ATR spectra showed no positive indications of crustal silicate absorption bands. Resolution of this discrepancy 

will require careful comparison of the relative sampling efficiencies of the 

OPC and the ATR for micrometer-sized crustal particles. 

Aerosol concentrations for all downslope flow conditions were low enough 

for the lidar data to be analyzed in the single particle mode. Particle count 

rates with the lidar appeared to be consistent with count rates from the OPC. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

We gratefull y acknowledge the assistance of the Geophysical Monitoring for 

Climatic Change program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, particularly Bernard Mendonca, Barry Bodhaine, and Elmer Robinson. 

This work was supported in part by the University of Alabama / Huntsville under NASA contract NAS8-36279. 

REFERENCES 

Bodhaine, B. A .. 1983. Aerosol measurements at four background sites. 

Journal of Geophysical Research, 88:10,753-10,768. 

Bowdle, D. A., 1986. A global-scale model of aerosol backscatter at CO 2 

wavelengths for satellite-based lidar sensors. Preprints, Second Conference on Satellite Heteorology / Remote Sensing, \Jilliamsburg, Virginia, May 13-16, 1986. American Meteorological Society, Boston, Hassachusetts , 303-306. 

Johnson, S. A., R. Kumar, and P. T . Cunningham, 1983 : Airborne detection of 

acidic sulfate aerosol using an ATR impactor. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2 : 401-405. 

Jones, W. 

focal 

733. 

D., L. 

volume 

z. Kennedy, J. W. Bilbro, and H. B. 

mapping of a cw CO 2 Doppler lidar. 

139 

Jeffreys, 1984. 

Applied Optics, 

Coherent 

23 : 730 -
INTRODUCTION 

AEROSOL BLACK CARBON I"EASUREl"ENTS AT BARROW, ALASKA, 

DURING AGASP-II 

A. D. A. Hansen and T. Nbvakov 

Applied Science Division , Law~ence Be~keley Labo~atory 

Unive~sity of Cal'fot'nia, Be~keley, CA 94720 

8. A. Bodhaine 

GMCC/~IOAA Env i~onmental Resea~ch Labot'atodes 

Boulder , CO 80303 

ThE' main globa'. 30u~ce of ene~gy p,'oducLon is the combustion of so'.id 

liquid, Ot' gaseous ca~bonaceous fupls . Th!.s ~esults in the dischat'ge to the 

atmosphere of the major species carbon dioxide and water vapot' and of minol' 

and t~ace effluents: Tnese latte~ species include emissions of both gaseous 

and parti.culate poll utants that a~e strongly dependent on the natu~e of the 

fue 1 , the qual; ty of the combust i.on, al'Jd the extent and efficiency of em:ss ion 

controls. One combustion bYPI'oduct is g~aphi t ic o~ "b.l ack" pa~t iculate ca~bon 

emitted as aerosol particles of submic"on size. 111is mate~ia'. is a good 

t~acer for combustion emissions : it cannot be p~oduced by secondary mechanisms 

.Pt'Om p~ecu~sors in the atmosphe~e. It can have a long atmosphe~ic lifetime, 

~esulting i n ; ts t~anspot't to and detect ion at. all. pat'ts of the globe . 

In winter' months , favorable meteo~ological conditions may transpo~t 

emissions f"om ce~tain northern 0emisphe~e ~egions to al' parts of the Arcti.c 

Basin . The A~ctic haze has been documented fo~ many yea~s at nume('ous 

l ocat i ons in t.he western hemi sphe~e and appea:'s to conta' n car'bonaceous, 

si l.icaceous , and sulfate components, all of which could be ~elated to 

combustion emisstons . The fuel consumption I-/'thin the region i.s insufficient 

to account fOl' t he obse~ved concentr'3tions of these specIes, and the~efor'e 

ong-~ange teansport ft'om inte"l)Iediate '.atitudes to the Ar'ctic is indicated . 

Du('ing Ma~ch and April, 1986 , we installed and ope~ated an aethalomete~ 

at the NOAA ,'GMCC obser'vato~y at Ba~row , Alaska . This inst~ument collects the 

ambient ae~osol on a fi 1.te~ and ~esponlis in ('eal time to the concentrati on of 

pa~t icu '.ate b' ack car bon . The data we,'e taken ever y six minutes and 

integrated over' 1··h periods. The fi.lte~ in the instrument was changed eve~y 

113Y, and the accumu', ated depos i t was ana' yzed for tot al black carbon 

content . these totals represented the 24-h integrals of the real-time data 

and agt'eed "ell wit.h the instr'ument ' s caUbration . 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Hou~ly mean concent~ations of aerosol black carbon and condensation 

nuclei (CN) at'e shown in Fig . 1 . Cal' bon concentmtions ranged feom minima of 

approximately 50 ng m-3 to occasional spikes exceeding ')00 ng m- 3. The I arge 

events that occurt'ed du~jng DOY 89-94 Heee coree'ated Hith winds not from the 

clean secto~ and \lere most likely caused hy emissions from vehicle use, space 

heating , and othec burning in the nea~by to.m. Tnese local contamination 

140 
events also t'esulted in E'xcut'sions i.n the measut'ements of other' combustion 

effluents, for example CN (shown i n the f i gure) , methane , and carbon dioxide . 

! 

iii [ 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 

: ;:;:;::;c;c 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 :r;: 10 11 12 : 

13 

= 

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 

~ 

1 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 

::6 7 8 9 ~ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 

March 1986 April 

Figure 1.- ' Hourly mean (CMT) CN and aer-osol car-bon concentration at the Ba['ro\'1 

CMCC Obset'vatory . 

A mOt'e interest.; ng type of event takes the for-m of a smooth fluctuation 

i n aerosol black carbon lasti ng 1 or- 2 days . Such events may be seen clearly 

dur- ing the time pet'iod DOY 100-105 . It has been found that these events 

consist of highly correlated variations of the combustion -derived species CO2 , 

CH4 ' and aer-osol black ca~bon , and occur- with steady winds bloHing [r-om the 

clean sector- . Seven such events wer-e identified during the per-jod of 

operation of the aethalometer- and a r'e char-acterized by r-atios of the 

increments of these species t hat at'e similar- to those expected fr-om combustion 

effluent plumes . A detailed study o[ these events (Hansen et al., 1988) 

discusses whether they may represent the passage over the BarToH observatory 

of compositionally pt'eset'ved plumes from oistant t'egions of substantia] fuel 

combustion . 

The data in F g . 1 show that the CN and carbon concentrations ar-e 

strongly cor)'e lat ed , suggesting that car-bon is associated with par-ticles in 

the sma'l or Aitken particle size range . Bodha'ne et a1. (1988) have sho.m 

using diffusion battery data that the event on DOY 100- 101 Has pl'imarily a 

small. particle event and that the DOY 105 events Here composed primarily of 

lar ge particles. Further-mar-e, dur- i ng DOY 89-94 , the aer-osoJ. par-t i cles were 

pr-imar i ' y i n the small size range and were c '.eady poU ution particles 

produced from local combustion sources. 

CONCLUSIONS 

Aethalometer measur-ements during tr e spl'ingtime Acctic haze season of 

1986 at Bar-r-ow , AK , showed evidence suggesting both local combustion impacts 

and passage over' the station of pl umes fr-om distant sout'ces. Aerosol black 

cat'bon c<:>~cent.rations for nonl ocal source wind directions r anged from 50 to 

300 ng m and cor-celated wel l. 'Iit.h other measu·.'ements 

141 
Events in the aerosol black car'bon data appear better' correlated wi til the 

CN events than with aeroso'. scattering extinction events (Bodhaine et al., 

1988) , suggesting that ae~osol blClck cat'bon is more 1.ike'.Y to be associated 

with particles i n the sma'.l particle size range . Diffdsion hattery data also 

shol-l that ell and car:)on events tend to be smal ' par ticle events . 

Tnese aerosol black carbon data rept'esent the ftr st continuous carbon 

measUl.'ements made at Barrow. Because of the success of t h is oxpet'iment lind 

the demonstration that the aethlilometec is a sui.table instrument for thcse 

measurements, it is hoped t o mav.e aetha'.ometer measurements a permanent part 

of t he ae>"osol monitoring program at Bar'row . 

REFCRF:Nr.ES 

I3odl1iline , B A, E. G. Dutton, .J . J . DeLuisi 

A. D. A. Hansen, 1988 . SUr'face aerosol 

AGASP II. J . Atmos . Chem ., submitted 

GA. Hel' iJcl't , G. F:. "hal{ and 

measut'ements at BarTO\-! during 

Hansen, A. D. A., T. Novakov , B. A. Bodhaine , T. ComJaY , L. P. Steele , 

P. Tans , and K. W. Thoning, 1988. The co>"re: ation of combust 'on effluent 

species i n local and cjistant plume .impacts at [larrow , Alaska. .J. Atmos. 

Chem . , submitted . 

142 
ATMOSPHERIC SUBMICRON PARTICLE COLLECTION 

AT THE SPO 

INTRODUCTION 

R. E. Witkowski and W. A. Cassidy 

University of Pittsburgh 

Pittsbu rgh , P A 15260 

G. W. Penney 

Carnegie-Mellon University 

Pittsburgh, PA 15213 

More than 20,000 hours of operation have been logged on an electrostatic 

precipitation (ESP) particle collector operating in the clean air sector at the South Pol e 

Observatory (S PO). At the end of the 1986 season (J a nu a ry, 1987), the particle 

collector was shut down, packaged in a sealed polyethylene bag and returned to the 

University of Pittsburgh. Our particle collection program at the Clean Air Facility 

(CAF) has been completed . 

The purpose for which we designed this device was to collect delicate 

submicron-size particles from the atmosphere in an undamaged state and preserve them 

as individual grains (Cassid y and Witkows ki , 1984); the collector fulfill ed these 

requirements. 

A few of the particles we collected may be of extraterrestrial oflgln 

(Witkowski, et aI., 1985). These include single-element or singl e-compound particles 

whose simple compositions may represent sublimates generated in the solar nebula or in 

the strato sp here by condensation of vapor spec ies from volatilized infalling 

micrometeoroids. Single-particle characterization contin ues (Witkowsk i, et a I. , 1987) via 

scan nin g transmission electron microscopy (STEM) coupl ed with energy dispe rsive 

spectrometry (EDS) and selected area electron diffraction (SA ED) measurements. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

To date, we have identified one particle as extraterrestrial: it contains the 

elements Mg, AI, Si, Ca, Fe, S(?) and Ni(?) (see Figure 1) in proportions matching the 

larger chondri tic in terplanetary dust particl es (IDP ) that have been coll ected in t he 

stratosphere by high flying aircraft. Another particle shows a Mg single-element EDS 

signature. It may be of cosmic origin: Mg is about as abundant as Si and Fe in t he 

solar system . In addition, ionized clouds of Mg have been detected high in the 

iono sp here (Swens on an d Mende, 1985) . This, combined with t he difficulty of 

explaining a pure Mg or MgO terrestrial contaminant suggests that th is particle is more 

likely to be extraterrestrial in origin . A collection of very tiny (0.08 pm) agglomerated 

"fume-type" particles of Al (with a trace of Fe) have a lso been collected : these also 

may be of extraterrestrial origin. These particles are no t dimensionally similar to the 

large 10-20 pm a luminum oxide spheres (AOS) produced by solid fuel rocket exhausts; 

they may be similar to the amorphous products produced experimentally in the 

laboratory to simulate stellar condensation processes (Nuth and Donn , 1983). 

143 
0.0 En irkeVI I ...,... 

Ca Cr 

FUTURE PROGRAM 

Plate 

8-14 

III LJ "'---T"-' NI Cu 

Fe 

10.0 

Figure l.--The energy dispersive 

spectrometry (EDS) spectrum of a 

submicron-size partic l e showing a 

chondri tic elemental signat ure. The Cu 

peaks are from the collector sampling 

grid. 

For this ESP collector, any large particles (> 5 pm) entering the system would 

have been trapped in the charging section of the device. A search for these particles 

will be made; the collector will be disassembled and carefully inspected. If large 

particles are found, they will be removed and studied; it is felt that Scanning Electron 

Microscopy (SEM) sampling handling techniques and methods will be adequate for this 

initial inspection. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

This continuing effort is part of the University of Pittsburgh Antarctic Search 

for Meteorites Project and is made possible through NSF Grant DPP 83 14496. We 

gratefull y acknowledge the assistance of the SPO CAF station staff who maintained this 

experiment throughout the 1986 winter season. 

REFERENCES 

Cassidy, W. A., and R. E. Witkowski 1984. Atmospheric submicron particle 

collection at the South Pole Station, 1983-84. Antarctic Journal of the United 

States 19 (5):207-209. 

Nuth, J. A., and B. Donn 1983. Laboratory studies of the condensation and 

properties of amorphous silicate smokes. Journal of Geophysical Research 

Supplement 88:A847-A852. 

Swenson, G. R., and S. B. Mende 1985. Ionized Mg clouds in the 

taken in the ultraviolet (2800 A). EOS 66 (12): Cover Story. 

high ionosphere 

Witkowski, R. E., W. A. Cassidy, and G. W. Penney 1985. Atmospheric 

submicron particle collection at the South Pole Observatory (Abstract) . 

Meteoritics 20:786. 

Witkowski, R. E., W. A. Cassidy, and G. W. Penney 1987. A search for 

submicron size cosmic dust particles at the South Pole Observatory 

(unpublished manuscript). 47 pp. 

144 
10. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES 

The Wo~ld Lida~ Netwo~k has been p~oviding st~atosphe~ic ae~osol p~ofile 

data to GMCC and to the WODC at To~onto. These data will be pe~manently 

a~chi ved in the "Redbook" issued by WODC. The data will be used by GMCC to 

calculate e~~o~s to ozone p~ofiles deduced f~om Umkehc meas~ements. The o~ganization of the netwo~k is spea~headed by GMCC . In 1986 a new lida~ site, Abe~ystwyth College in Wales, was added to the netwo~k. The netwopk o~ganization is beginning to be mo~e fo~al, and a meeting of pa~ticipants is 

planned fo~ the XIV Inte~national Lase~ Radap Confe~ence, which will be held 

20-24 June 1988, at Innichen-San Candido, Italy . 

In May 1986, J. DeLuisi was a student pa~ticipant in a NATO-sponso~ed 

coupse on physically based modeling and simulation of climate and climate 

change. The cou~se was given at E~ice, Sicily. Afte~ completion of the cou~se, DeLuisi met with G. Giocco and F. Ccngeduti in Rome, Italy, to assess p~og~ess with thei~ collabo~ative wo~k on El Chichon lida~ obse~vations , and fut~e activities of the Wo~ld Lida~ Netwo~k. 

Du~ing July-August 1986, 24 flask samples we~e collected aboa~d the 

Mexican ~esea~ch vessel H-02 du~ing a joint U.S.-Mexico c~uise in the Gulf of 

Mexico. These samples we~e collected in suppo~t of the mo~e extensive meas~ement pt.'ogr'am of the Envir'onmental Sciences Gr'oup of ERL. The samples 

wer'e analyzed for' CO2 and CH4 concentr'ation. The r'esults showed backgr'ound 

levels of these gases that ar'e consistent with the GMCC flask networ'k, but 

with some concentmtions that tended to be high and var'iable due to the 

pr'oximity of local anthr'opogenic sour'ces. 

Flask sample pair'S wer'e collected monthly d~ing 1986 at the Japanese 

Antar'ctic Resear'ch P~ogr'am site at Syowa Station (69.00 S, 39 .6°E) . The 

collection pr'oject, conducted in cooper'ation with T. Nakazawa of the Upper' 

Atmospher'e and Space Resear'ch Labor'ator'Y , TOhoku Univer'sity , Sendai, Japan , will allow for' a compar'ison of GMCC CO2 data with the data fr'om Japanese in 

situ and flask measur'ement pr'ogr'ams at Syowa . 

As par't of ongoing ope~ations of the CO2 flask sampling networ'k, 

cooper'ative flask sampling continued with No~ay (Station M); Fr'ance 

(Amster'dam Is.); the United Kingdom (Halley Bay, South Geor'gia Is.) ; Canada 

(Aler't, Mould Bay); and Austr'alia (Cape Gr'im). Toe cooper'ative pr'ogr'ams with 

Fr'ance, Canada, and Aust~alia also include exchanges of data which enable 

compar'isons of flask and in-situ meas~ements and p~ovide info~ation on the 

compar'ability of the CO2 measu~ements made by diffe~ent countr'ies. 

A WMQ-sponsor'ed CO2 measu~ement inte~compa~ison was successfully 

completed in 1986. Thr'ee cylinder's containing C02-in-ai~, pr'ovided by NBS we~e analyzed by gr'oups in Canada (lOS, C.S. Wong ; AES, N. Tcivett); New 

Zealand (DSIR, M. Manning); Austr'alia (CSIRO, G. Pear'man); and the United 

States (NBS , GMCC). The ~esults wer'e sent to J. Pete~son, Dir'ector' , GMCC , and 

will be included in a fOr'thcoming WMO r'epo~t. 

In Febr'ua~y, P. Steele visited the CSIRO Division of Atmospher'ic Resea~ch 

fo~ consultation with P. Fr'aser' and other' membe~s of the Division on 

collabor'ative pr'ogr'ams . In Ap~il , P. Steele acted as examiner' for' a Ph . D. thesis submitted to the Aust~alian National Unive~sity, Canbe~~a , Aust~alia . 

145 
W. Komhy~, R. G~ass, R. Evans, and K. Leona~d pa~ticipated in the inte~­

compa~ison of total ozone measu~ing inst~uments at Arosa, Switze~land, in 

August 1986. See Sec. 8. of this ~epo~t fo~ additional details. This was the l~agest inte~compa~ison eve~ unde~taken between total ozone measu~ing 

inst~uments, including B~ewe~ and Dobson spect~ophotomete~s. Pa~ticipants 

included both easte~n- and weste~n-block scientists f~om 13 nations. 

Coope~ative Umke~ obse~vation p~og~ams with automated Dobson ozone spect~ophotomete~s continued in 1986 at Obse~vato~y Haute P~ovence, F~ance; 

Pe~th, Austcalia; and Huancayo, Pe~u. 

S. Oltmans visited the DSIR Observato~y at Laude~, New Zealand, to 

install g~ound t~acking and ~eceiving equipment and initiate ope~ation of an 

ozonesonde p~og~am. 

As part of a cooperative prog~am with INPE in Natal, Brazil, Dobson ozone 

instrument No. 93 was revamped and recalibrated. 

As a participant in AGASP-II, G. Herbe~t accompanied the NOAA WP-3D ai~craft to Thule, Greenland, ducing the period 13-16 April 1986. G. Herbert 

also attended the AGASP-II data workshop held in Fenelon Falls, OntariO, 

Canada, during Septembe~ 1986 to discuss meteorological conditions experienced 

during the six Arctic flights. 

The Air Quality Group participated in SAFE f~om 6-10 May 1986. A portion 

of the SAFE flights was made along the west coast of Canada. Data collected 

during SAFE were sha~ed with the Canadian gove~nment. 

The Ai~ Quality G~oup also pa~ticipated in I-iATOX on the island of Bermuda 

on 7-13 June 1986. The Be~muda Biological Station was host to the expe~iment, 

p~oviding housing and laborato~y facilities. In ~etu~n, the Ai~ Quality ~oup 

collected t~ace chemical species using a special sampler p~ovided by the 

Bermuda Biological Station. 

H. Sieve~ing and M. Lu~ia ~ep~esentated the Ai~ Quality G~oup at a WATOX 

data analysis meeting held in Fenelon Falls, Onta~io, Canada, du~ing Septembe~ 

1986. P~eliminary ~esults f~om the WATOX study we~e p~esented by va~ious 

~esea~che~s. 

D. Gillette wo~ked with P. R. Owen of the Imperial College (Unive~sity of 

London) on expe~imentation fo~ dust flux as a function of wind st~ess. 

D. Gillette also p~esented expe~imental ~esults and inte~acted in a panel 

discussion at the 17th Annual Binghamton Geomo~phology Symposium, Septembe~ 

1986 at Guelph, Ontario. 

Two Soviet SCientists, V. Ko~opolov and V. Yego~ov visited Boulde~ du~ing 

Novembe~ 1986 unde~ the U.S.-U.S.S.R. bilate~al agreement, Wo~king G~oup 

VIII . The pu~pose of the meeting was to discuss the p~oposed schedule of the 

Soviet oceanog~aphic ship Akademic Ko~olev in the Pacific du~ing sp~ing 

1987. GMCC scientists we~e invited to pa~ticipate in t~ace gas measu~ements 

in the ai~ and ocean. Ko~opolov and Yego~ov desc~ibed U.S.S.R. plans to 

establish a site fo~ long-te~m monito~ing of haloca~bons, and lea~ned about 

146 
U.S. gas chromatographic techniques for such measurements. They also 

participated in an ECC ozonesonde launch and in filling standard gas tanks at 

Niwot Ridge. 

J. Peterson attended the First Annual Meeting of the Australian Baseline 

Monitoring Program held at Aspendale, Australia, 5-7 November 1986. He gave a 

pesentation on recent highlights of the GMCC program and discussed issues of 

mutual interest with Australian baseline project leaders. 

In March and April, R. Schnell directed the AGASP-II flight program that 

flew NOAA WP-3D missions covering the Arctic from Alaska to Greenland. From 

Thule, Greenland, the NOAA WP-3D flew a joint mission with the Canadian 

National Aeronautical Establishment Twin Otter, upwind and above the canadian 

AES baseline station at Alert, NWT. 

In September, H. Bridgman and R. Schnell attended WATOX and AGASP-II 

workshops in Fenelon Falls, OntariO. The AGASP-II workshop was jointly 

organized by R. Schnell and N. Trivett of AES, and was attended by 40 

participants. From the two programs, a total of 60 reviewed publications are 

in press bearing authorship representing eight countries. 

147 
11 . PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTAfIONS BY GMCC STAFF , 1986 

Bo3.tman , J., and D. Hendet'son , 1986. Grand Canyon ,,,ind study aids in smoke 

management . Pat'k Sci . 6 (~) : 13-19. 

Boatman, J ., M. Lut'ia, C. C. Van Valin, al')d D. L. Wellman , 1986. Continuous 

atmospheric SO? measurements at vat'ious altitu,jes: A comp3.t'ison between 

the fla'Tle photOmetr:'ic and fluor'escence methods . Paper:' A52-10 pt'esented at 

the AGU Fall Meeting , 8-12 Decembet' 1986 , San Ft'ancisco, CA . EOS 

67(~~) :903 . 

Bodhaine , B. A., 1986. The Bat't'ow aet'os01 ~ecot'd. In At'ctic Ait' POll'ltion. 

B. Stonehouse (Ed . ) , Cambridge Univet'sity Press, Ul')itedKingdoiii';159-173. 

Bodhaine , B. A., E. G. Dutton , J . J . DeLuisi. , G. E. Sha\o/ , al')d A. D. A. Hansel') , 

1986. S'lt'face aet'osol measurements at BarToH during AGASP- II. Paper' A51-

03 pt'esented at the AGU ['all. Meeting, 8-1 2 December 1986, San ['t'ancisco , 

CA. EOS 67(~4) :900 . 

Bodhaine , B. A. , .J. J. DeLuisi, .J. M. Hat'ris, P. Houmet'e, and S. Bauman, 

1986. Ae['os.)l measut'ements at the South Pole. Tellus 38 :223-235 . -----

&Jdhaine, B. A., .J. J. DeLuisi, ,J. M. HalTis, P. HOllmere, and S. Bauman , 

1986. PIXE aClalysis of SOilth Pole ae['0'301 . Papet' p('esented at the Fout'th 

International Confet'ence on Pat'tic1e Induced X-r'ay Emission an<1 n." 

Analytical AppliC3.tions , 9-13 JWle , Tallahassee, [,L . 

Bodhaine , B. A., J. 

CetS '-i llo, 1986 . 

tr'ajectot'ies at 

Rep. ERL ARL-8, 

J. DeLuisi , .J. M. Hart'is , R. A. Castillo, and R. A. 

Light scattet'ing , cOl')densation nuclei, and ;J.it' mass 

Whiteface Mountain: Su~ne['s of 1983 and 1985. NOAA Data 

Ait' Resoll('ces Labot'atot'y , 3i1vet' Spt'ins, MD, 82 pp . 

Bt'idgman , H. A., and R. C. Schnell, 1986. Vet'tica1 cross sections of 

condensa':.ion nuclei ovet' the \1estet'n Atlantic deleing 't/ATOX ,January 4-10, 

1986. P3.pet' pt'esented at t'le AGU ['all Meet ing, 8-12 December:' 1986, San 

Ft'ancLsco , CA. EOS 67(44):902 . 

Butler' , J. H., "lnd L . 1. Gordon, 1986. Hydt'oxy1dmine an,j nLtroLlS oxLrI" in the 

CacLaco Trench . Invited poster pr'esented at the AGU Pall Me~ting , 8-12 

Decembet' 1986 , San ['('anciseo , CA. EQS , 67(~~):1067. 

Rl1;1er , J. H. , and L. 1. Got'don , 1986. Rates of nitr'olls oxide pt'oduction in 

ti'Je oxirl'l.tion of hydt'.)xy1;J.lnine by il'Jn (III). l~or . Chern .. 25(25) :~ 5'73-

4577 . 

Il.ltle(' , J. H., R. D. Jones , .J . E. Pequegnat, al')d L . 1. Got'don, 1936. CyclLng 

of methane ana carbon monoxide in a meromictic, coa'5trtl lagoon . Papet' 

O~lE-O~ pt'esente(j at the AGlJ Fall Meeting , 8-1 2 Decemjet' 8-12 1986, San 

['rancLsco , CA. EOS 67(411) :1 051. 

Butlet', ,J. H., and L . I. Got'don , 1986. An improved gas chr:'omatogt'dphic metho(j 

fot' t'le measurement of ily,jroxylarnLne in mahne and fresh waters . i~'l.t'. 

Chern . 19: 4573 -457'7. 

1~8 
Codispoti , L. A., G. E. Fciedecich , T. T. Packacd , H. E. Glovel', P. J . Kelly , 

R. W. Spincad , R. T. Bacber' , J . W. Eli<ins , B. B. Wacd, F. Lipschultz , and 

N. Lostaunau, 1986. High nitrit'O l'Ovels off nocthecn Pet'u: A signal of 

inst'l.bility in the macine clenitcific3.tion cate . SC~<onc~ 233 :1200-1202 . 

Conway, T. J., ancl L. P. Steele , 1986 . Vectical pt'ofiles of CO2 and CH4 in 

the Acctic. Papet' A51-09 pcesented at tne AGU Fall Meeting , 3-12 December 

1986, San Ft'ancisco, CA . EOS 67(44) :901 . 

DeLllisi , J . J ., T. DeFooc , and D. Longeneckec, 1986. Lidat' obser'v3.tions of 

stt'atospileric 'l.eCOsot over' ;~auna Loa Obsecvatory : 1934 -1 985. NOAA Data 

Rep. ERL ARL-9 , Air' Resollcces Labocator'Y , Boulder' , CO , 66 pp. 

DeLuisi, J . J. , E. Dutton , and D. Longeneckec , 1986 . 

direct solal' cadiation measucement of El Chichon 

pcesented at A~S Sixth Confet'ence of Atmospheric 

Williamsbucg , Vicginia. 

An analY·3 is of di ffuseaecosols. Papec 

Radiation, May 13-16, 

Dickecson , R. R., G. J. Huffman, W. T. Luke, L. J. Nunnermackec, K. E. 

Pickecing , A. C. D. Leslie, C. G. Lindsey , W. G. N. Slinn , T. J . Kelly , P. H. Daum , A. C. Delany , J. P. Gceenbecg, P. R. Zimmecrnan, .J . F. Boatman, 

J . D. Ray, and D. H. Stedman , 1986 . Thundecstocrns: An i mpoctant mechanism 

in the tr'anspoct of air pollutants. , Science 235 :460-455. 

Dutton , E. G, 1986. Aicbocne meaSllr'ements of Ac:;tic aec0501 optical thickness 

during AGASP-II. Papec A51-14 pcesented at the Fall AGU Meeting, 8-12 

Decembec 1986 , San Fcancisco , CA. EOS 6'7(44) :901. 

Dutton, E. G. , and J . J. DeLuisi, 1986. Cloud infocmation contained in 

global-sky solac flux mea5ucements at foul' cemote si tes. Extended 

Abstcacts , SiXUl Confecence on At:nosphet'ic Radiation, 13-16 May 1986 , 

Williamsbur'g , VA. American Meteorological Society , Boston , MA, 149-152 . 

Elkins, .J. W., F. Lipschultz , S. C. Wofsy, M. B. McElr'oy , L. A. Cod ispoti, and 

G. Friedecich , 1986. Dissolved N20 and the appeacance of two N20 minima 

in Pet'uvian water's dueing NITROP-85. Papec 92B-l0 pcesented at the AGU 

Ocean SCiences Meeting, 13-17 January 1986. EOS , 66(51) :1 320 . 

Elki ns , ,J . W., R. L. Sams, and .J. Wen, 1986. Tempecatut'e dependence on the 

infra~ed band st rengths and shapes fot' halocat'bons F-ll and F-12. Paper 

A32C-13 pcesented at the AGU Spcing Meeting, 19-22 May 1986 . EOS 

67(16) :254. 

G~~on, R. H., W. D. Komhyt' , and J . T. Peteeson, 1986. The global atmosphecic 

CO2 distcib.ltion 196,g-1983: Intecpretations of the t'esults of the 

NOAA/GI1CC measurement pcogcam. In The Changi ng Cal' bon Cycle A Global 

Analysis. J. Tt'abalka and D. Reichle (Eds.) , Spr-inget'-Verlag-;- New Yot'k, 

1-15. 

Gillette, D. A. , 1986.Wind Ecosio~. In Soil Consecvation Assessing the 

National Resources Inventor'Y, Committee on Conse~vation Needs and---

Oppa-hun-it i es-,---sGard on -Ag~ cult .Ire , National Reseacch Council (Ed.), 

National Academy Press, Viashington, DC, 129-158 . 

149 
Gillette , D. A., and E. O. Box , 1986 . Modeling seasonal changes of 

atmospheric carbon <1ioxide and carbon 13 . .!:!.. Ge0P!1Ys . Res. 91 :5287-5304. 

Gillette , D. A., and P. H. Stockton , 1986. Mass , momentum , and kinetic energy 

fluxes of salt'lting particles. In Ae,?_l..~~l]. Geom.o.r:P0Q~,?~' \,. G. Nickling 

(Ed . ) , Allen and Unwin , Boston , 35-50. 

Hansen , A. D. A., B. A. Bodhaine , and T. Novakov, 1986 . Ground-level 

measur-ements of aerosol black caebon at GMCC-Barrow , Alaska , during the 

AGASP-II program . Paper A51-18 p~esented at the AGU rall Me~ting , 8-12 

December 1986, San rrancisco , CA . EOS 67(44) :901. 

Herbert, G. A. , E. R. Green, G. L. Koening , and K. W. Thaut , 1986 . i~onitoring 

instrumentation foe the continuous measur-ement and q1lallty assucance of 

meteot'ological obset'vations. NOAA Tech . Memo ERL ARL-148, NOAA Aie 

Resources Laboratoeies , Bouldec , CO , 44 pp. 

Herbert, G. A. , E. R. Green , J . M. Harris , G. L. Koening , S. J . Rougl1ton , al1d 

K. W. Thaut , 1986. Control and monit.)ring instrumentation for the 

continuous measurement of atmospheC'ic CO2 and meteorologioal var'iables . ~Atmos . Ocean . ,!:echnol. 3(3) :414-421 . 

Herbert, G. A. , J. M. Harris, B. A. Bodhail1e , and R. C. Schl1ell, 1986 . Meteorological conditions and air mass teanspoct dllt'ing AGASP-II. Paper 

A51 -02 p,'esented at t he AGU rall Meeti ng , 8-12 December 1986, San 

rrancisco, CA . EOS 67(44):900 . 

Hilsenrath , E. , W. Attmannspacher , A. Bass , W. Evans, H. Hagemeyer' , R. A. Barnes, W. Komhyr , K. I~aueraberger , J. Mentall , M. Proff itt, D. Robbins, 

S. Taylor, A. Torres, al1d E. Weinstock , 1986 . Results fcom the Ball.o0n 

Ozone Inteecompat'ison Campaign (BOlC) . ~ Geop_hy~ Res~_ 91 :13137-13152. 

Komhyr , W. D., 1986 . Operations handbook -- Ozone measurements to 40-km 

altitude with model 4A electrochemical concentcation cell (ECC) ozonesondes (used wit'! 1680-Mhz radiosondes). NOAA Tech . Memo . ERL ARL-149 , NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Boulder , CO , 49 pp. 

Komhyt', W. D., R. D. Grass, and R. K. Leol1aed, 1986 . Total O7.one decrease at 

South Pole , Antarctica, 1964-1985. Geoph~~ es _ Lett-C. 13 :1 248-1251. 

Luria , M. , C. C. Van Valin, D. L. Wel lman , and R. r . ~leschel , 1986 . Contr'ib ltion of Gulf area natllt'al. .sulfur to the Nort.h American sulfur 

budget . ~~viron . Sci. !echnol . 20 :91-95 . 

Lut'ia, M., C. C. Van Valin, and J . r. Meagher , 1986 . Boundary layer transport 

over the westecn Atlantic Ocean . Paper A5 2- 13 presented at t'1e AGU rall 

Meeting, 8-12 December 1986 , San rrancisco , CA. EOS 67(44) :903 . 

Oltmans, S. J. , 1986 . Water vapor' pcofiles for Washington , DC ; Palestine, TX; 

Laramie , WY ; and ra i cbanks , AK dilcing the period 1974 to 1985. NOAA D3.ta 

Report ERL ARL-7, NOAA Env ir'orlmental Reseat'ch Laboratorie'l , Bouldec , CO , 360 pp. 

150 
Oltmans , S. J ., and \-I. D. Komhyr, 1986. Surface ozone distributions and 

variations f r om 1973-1984 measurements at the NOAA Geophysical Monitoring 

for Climatic Change baseline observatories. ~ Geophys. Res . 91 :5229-

5239 . 

Chien , P. R. , and D. Gillette , 1986 . Wind turmel constraint on saltation. III 

Proceedings of International Workshop on the Physics of Blown Sand . B. WilletES-("Ed:T.-Memoic~s-NQ." 8,1%5-,- Department- of Theoratical-' 

Statistics, Institute of Mathematics , UniV2"sity of Aarhus, 253-269 . 

Peterson , T. J . 

1982. 

J. T, W. D. Komhyr, L. S. Waterman , R. H. Ganunon , K. W. Thoning , and 

Conway , 1986. Atmospheric CO2 variations at BarTOW , Alaska , 1973-

Atmos. Chem . 4:491-510. 

Porch , W. M. , J . E. Penner , and D. A. Gillette , 1986. Parametric study of 

wind generated super-~ pa~ticle effects in large fires. At'!!os . Envi~:on. 

20 :919-929 . 

Pueschel R. F. , C. C. Van Valin, R. A. Castillo, J. J. Kadlecek, alld E. Ganor , 1986 . Aerosols in polluted vs. non-polluted airmass : Long-range 

transport and effects on clouds. ~ ~~im. Appl . Mete~rol . 25:1908-1917. 

Quakenbush , T. K. , and B. A. Bodhaine , 1986. 

GMCC Observator y : Data from 1976 through 

Ai r Resources Labocatory, Silvec Spring, 

Surface aar0501s at the Barrow 

1985. NOAA Data Rep . ERL ARL-10 , MD , 230 pp. 

Schnell , R. C., 1986 . Bacter'ia i ce nuclei , frost , and precipitation: A 

regulatory wild card . Paper presented at BIOTECH-86 , 18-20 November 1986 , San Franciso, CA. 

Schnell, R. C. , 1986 . The international Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling 

Program. In Arctic Air Pollution. B. Stonehouse (Ed . ) , Cambridge 

Uni versity Press , \Jni ted Kingdom-;- 135-142 . 

Schnell, R. C. , and R. M. Rosson (Eds.) , 1986. Geophysical Monitoring for 

Climatic Change , No . 14 : Summary Report 1986 . NOAA Environmental Research 

Laboratories, Boulder, CO , 146 pp. 

Schnell , R. C. , W. E. Raat7. , and J . T. Peterson , 1986 . Arctic Gas and Aerosol 

Sampling Program (AGASP) . Paper presented at the 15th Annual Arctic 

Workshop , Boulder , 24-26 April 1986 , University of Colorado . 

Schnell , R. C., and P. J . Sheridan, 1986. Lower stratosphere in-situ airborne 

gas and aerosol measurements in the Arctic: Spring 1986 . Paper presented 

at the Upper Atmosphere Tneory and Data Analysis Program Meeting , 23-27 

June 1986 , Seattle , WA . 

Shapiro, M. A., and R. C. Schnell, 1986 . Lower stratosphere 

gas and aerosol measurements in the Arctic: Spring 1983. 

at the Upper Atmosphere Tileory and Data Analysis Program 

June 1986, Seattl e , WA. 

151 

in-situ airborne 

Paper presented 

Meeting, 23-27 
Sieve~ing, H., 1986. G~adient measu~ements of sulfu~ and soil mass d~y 

deposition ~ates unde~ clean ai~ and high-wind-speed conditions. Atmo~ 

Envi~on. 20(2) :341-345. 

Sievedng , H., 1986. Sea sou~ce ae~osol measu~ements du~ing WATOX: Oirfe~ences between nea~sho~e and open sea size dist~ibutions . Pape~ A52-

11 p~esented at the AGU Fall Meeing , 8-12 Decembe~ 1986, San F~ancisco, 

CA. EOS 67(44) :903. 

Stea~ns, L. P., R. F. Pueschel, D. L. Wellman, 1986 . Anth~opogenic haze in 

upstate New Yo~k : Impact on the physical and optical state of the atmosphe~e. Paper' pr'esented at the 7th Wo~ld Clean Ai~ Congr'ess, 24-27 

August 1986, Sydney, Austcalia . 

Tiao , G. C. , G. C. Reinsel , J. H. Pedr'ick , G. M. Allenby , C. L. Mateer' , A. J. 

Mille~ , and J. J . DeLuisi , 1986 . A statistical tr'end analysis of 

ozonesonde data . .{. Geoyhys. Res . 91 :1 3121-13136 . 

Van Valin, C. C., M. Lu~ia, H. Becr'esheim, and M. O. And~eae, 1986 . DMS measu~ements ove~ the weste~n Atlantic Ocean. Paper' A52-12 p~esented at 

the AGU Fall Meeting , 8-12 December', 1986 , San F~ancisco, CA. EOS 

67(44) :903. 

Wein~eb , M. P., L. D. Johnson, P. A. Br'idges , M. L. Hill , I. Chang, S. 

Oltmans, A. Sanyal , and W. A. i~or'gan , 1986. Balloon-based occultation 

measurements of st~atosphe~ic constituent pr'ofiles. Paper' pr'esented at 

American Meteocological SOCiety 2nd Confccence on Satellite Remote Sensing 

and Applications, 13-16 May 1986, Wil iamsbu~ , VA . 

Wellman, D.L., M. Lu~ia, C. C. Van Valin, and J. F. Boatman, 1986. The use of 

an aicbo~ne ai~ sampling platfocm foe cegional air quality studies. 

Postec pcesented at the AGU Fall Meeting, 8-12 Decembe~ 1987, San 

F~ancisco, CA. EOS 67(44):885 . 

152 
ADN 

AES 

AGASP 

AH 

ALE 

AOS 

ARL 

ARM 

ASCS 

ASR 

ASRC 

ATS 

AQG 

BAPMoN 

BAO 

BBS 

BRAM 

BRW 

BUV 

CAF 

CAMS 

CFC 

CFN 

CIRES 

C. L. 

CMA 

CN 

CNC 

CSIRO 

CSU 

DEC 

DEW 

DMS 

DOE 

DSIR 

DOY 

D.U. 

DWR 

EC 

EC-GC 

ECC 

EDS 

EKTO 

EML 

ENSO 

EPA 

EPOCS 

ERL 

ESG 

ESP 

12. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 

Automated Dobson Network 

Atmospheric Environment SerVice, Canada 

Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program 

ArctiC haze 

Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment 

Aluminum oxide sphere 

Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring , MD (ERL) 

Aerosols and Radiation Monitoring Group, Boulder, CO (GMCC) 

Alaska Soil Conservation Service 

Aerosols and Solar Radiation 

Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, Albany, NY 

Applications Technology Satellite 

Air Quality Group, Boulder, CO (GMCC) 

Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network 

Boulder Atmospheric Observatory 

Bulletin Board System 

battery random access memory 

Barrow Observatory, Barrow, Alaska (GMCC) 

biologically-active ultraviolet 

Clean Air Facility 

Control and Monitoring System 

chlorofluorcarbon 

Continuous and Flask Network 

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, 

University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 

confidence level 

Chemical Manufacturers Association 

condensation nuclei 

condensation nucleus counter 

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 

Australia 

Colorado State University 

Digital Equipment Corporation 

distant early warning 

dimethyl sulfide 

Department of Energy 

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Zealand 

day of year, Julian 

Dobson unit 

Daily Weather Report 

elemental carbon 

electron capture gas chromatography 

electrochemical concentration cell 

Energy Dispersive Spectrometry 

(A commercial name for a prefabricated building) 

Environmental Measurements Laboratory (DOE) 

El Nino Southern Oscillation 

Environmental Protection Agency 

Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies 

Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO (NOAA) 

Environmental SCiences Group, Boulder, CO (ERL) 

electrostatic precipitation 

153 
FIRE 

IT 

~ 

G.E. 

GMCC 

~ 

GPCP 

GSA 

HASL 

HP 

IBM 

IDP 

INPE 

1m 

IPC 

IR 

ISCCP 

ISWS 

LBL 

LOPC 

~T 

LEAPS 

LORAN 

~O 

~3 

~M 

~L 

MUSIC 

NADP 

NAPAP 

N~A 

NBS 

NCAR 

NCDC 

NESDIS 

NIP 

NMC 

NOAA 

NOAH 

NRI 

NRIP 

NSF 

N~ 

NWS 

Nm 

NZARP 

O~ 

ppb 

ppt 

PC 

P~L 

PRECP 

PROM 

PSU 

First ISCCP Regional Experiment 

Fourier transform 

gas chromatograph 

General Electric 

Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change, Boulder, CO (ARL) 

Greenwich mean time 

Global Precipitation Chemistry Project 

General Services Administration 

Health and Safety Laboratory (EPA) 

Hewlett-Packard 

International Business Machines 

interplanetary dust particles 

Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brazil 

Institute of Ocean Sciences, Canada 

International Pyrheliometer Comparison 

infrared 

International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program 

Illinois State Water Survey 

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (DOE) 

laser optical particle counter 

local standard time 

low electron attachment potential species 

long-range aid to navigation 

Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii (GMCC) 

meteorology and ozone (CA~ unit) 

Major Land Resources Area 

mean sea level 

Multiple Species Intercomparison (a software package) 

National Atmospheric Deposition Program 

National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

National Bureau of Standards 

National Center for Atmospher.ic Research, Boulder , CO 

National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC 

National EnVironmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service 

normal incidence pyrheliometer 

National Meteorological Center, Suitland, MD 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

Nitrous Oxide And Halocarbons Group, Boulder, CO (GMCC) 

National Resource Inventory 

New River Intercomparison of Pyrheliometers 

National Science Foundation 

Niwot Ridge, CO 

National Weather Service 

Northwest Territories, Canada 

New Zealand Antarctic Research Program 

Oregon Graduate Center, Beaverton, OR 

parts per billion 

parts per trillion 

personal computer 

Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA ( ERL) 

Processing of Emissions by Clouds and Precipitation Experiment 

programmable read-only memory 

point sample unit 

154 
p3 

RITS 

RL-3 

SAED 

SAGA 

SAGE 

SBW 

SEASPAN 

SEAREX 

SEM 

SERI 

S10 

SMO 

SUNYA 

SPO 

SRF 

SRM 

STEM 

TOAD 

TSI 

URI 

USDA 

USGS 

UV 

UPS 

WATOX 

WEE 

WODC 

WMO 

ZRAM 

Po~table P~essu~ize~ Pack (ai~ sample~) 

Radiatively Impo~tant T~ace Species Resea~ch Laboratory No.3, Boulder, CO (GMCC) 

selected a~ea elect~on diffraction 

Soviet-American Gas and Ae~osol Experiment 

Stratospheric Ae~osol and Gas Experiment 

solar backscatte~ed ultraviolet (satellite ozone instrument) 

SEAREX South Pacific Ae~osol Network 

Sea-Air Exchange P~ogram 

scanning elect~on microscopy Sola~ Ene~gy Research Institute 

Scripps Institution of Oceanog~aphy, La Jolla, CA 

Samoa Observatory, American Samoa (GMCC) 

State University of New Yo~k at Albany 

South Pole Obse~vatory, Antarctica (GMCC) 

Solar Research Facility standa~d reference mate~ial 

scanning t~ansmission elect~on microscopy the~mal optic ae~osol descriminator 

Thermo Systems Inco~po~ated 

Unive~sity of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 

United States Department of Agric ltu~e 

United States Geological Survey 

ultmviolet 

uninterruptible power supply Weste~n Atlantic Ocean Experiment 

wind erosion equation 

World Ozone Data Cente~ 

World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 

"Z" ~andom access memo~y 

155 ,":; u.s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1988-573-002 / 80514