IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

No. 14–0632

Filed June 3, 2016

DES MOINES FLYING SERVICE, INC.,

Appellee,

vs.

AERIAL SERVICES INC.; CEDAR VALLEY AVIATION, LLC; 

and KIRK P. FISHER,

Appellants.

On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, 

Andrea J. Dryer, Judge.

Defendants seek further review of court of appeals decision 

affirming a grant of summary judgment on counterclaim based on 

statutory immunity. DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS AFFIRMED 

IN PART AND VACATED IN PART; DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT 

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

John R. Walker Jr. and Kate B. Mitchell of Beecher, Field, Walker, 

Morris, Hoffman & Johnson, P.C., Waterloo, for appellants. 

Steven V. Lawyer of Law Firm of Steven V. Lawyer & Associates, 

P.L.C., West Des Moines, for appellee. 
2

CADY, Chief Justice.

In this appeal, an aviation company challenges the application of a 

statutory immunity provision to its claim of a breach of the implied 

warranty of merchantability found in the Uniform Commercial Code 

(UCC) arising from an alleged defect in product design or manufacturing. 

On our review, we must determine whether the immunity provision only 

applies in tort cases or if it also applies to contracts. We hold the 

statutory immunity only applies in products liability cases involving 

personal injury or property damage, not in cases based solely on 

economic loss. On our review, we affirm in part and reverse in part the 

court of appeals, reverse the district court judgment, and remand. 

I. Factual Background and Proceedings. 

On February 20, 2009, Cedar Valley Aviation, a wholly owned 

subsidiary of Aerial Services, Inc. (ASI), brought a Piper 522AS 

(Cheyenne II) in for maintenance to Des Moines Flying Service, Inc. 

(DMFS). Among numerous other checks and repairs, DMFS noted both 

the pilot’s and copilot’s windshields were “delaminated” and installed 

new windshields. The replaced windshields were original to the aircraft, 

thirty-three years old. The new windshields cost $19,323.63 each with 

an additional $6300 charge for labor. The entire bill, dated August 31, 

2009, included many other services and totaled $69,655.58. No 

warranties or disclaimers were contained on the invoice. 

Replacement windshields in aircraft are limited to the part number 

in the original type design or one approved under a Parts Manufacturing 

Authorization. The windshields DMFS installed were the part specified 

by the manufacturer, Piper Aircraft, Inc. (Piper), and manufactured by 

PPG (Pittsburgh Plate Glass) Industries, Inc. No other windshield was 

approved for installation under a Parts Manufacturing Authorization. 
3

DMFS is an authorized dealer for Piper parts. Piper provided a 

limited warranty on parts.1 The warranty extended for six months after 

purchase of the part, not to exceed twenty-four months from when the 

part shipped from the Piper Factory. According to the dealer agreement 

between DMFS and Piper, DMFS was required to ask each customer to 

read and acknowledge in writing the warranty policies for the parts 

provided. 

DMFS purchased the windshields from Piper. Piper had inspected 

the windshields to confirm they met with design specifications prior to 

sale. DMFS did not provide ASI with a copy of Piper’s written warranty 

or otherwise inform ASI of the limited time period covered by the 

warranty for any of the parts installed. DMFS installed the windshields 

sometime between February 20 and August 30, 2009, resulting in 

February 28, 2010, as the last possible date for Piper’s warranty 

coverage. 

On June 24, 2010, ASI was making a routine photography flight at 

24,000 feet when the copilot’s windshield cracked without impact from 

another object. The pilot performed an emergency descent and 

proceeded to Des Moines for inspection and repair. The crack occurred a 

few days shy of ten months after the new windshield was installed and 

the plane had been returned to ASI. ASI submitted an affidavit from an 

expert stating that the average life of the windshield should be “ten (10) 

or twenty (20) years absent improper installation, a product defect, or an 

1The warranty limited Piper’s liability to repair or replace any defective part that 

fails during the warranty period. It also expressly provided in red capital letters that 

Piper gave no implied warranty of merchantability (or other warranty express or 

implied). Other provisions excepted Piper from liability for general consequential, 

incidental, or punitive damages including those arising from personal injury or death, 

property damage, or economic loss, including loss of use or profits. 

 
4

impact with a foreign object.” No person or property (other than the 

windshield) was harmed by the crack in the windshield.2 Only economic 

losses resulted—the cost of the windshield repair and the cost to hire 

another aviation company to complete contracted work during the 

repairs.

On June 29, 2010, DMFS replaced the cracked copilot’s

windshield, returned the aircraft, and invoiced ASI on June 30. The 

invoice total for the part, labor, and adhesive used to install the part 

came to a total of $23,046.08. Of that total, $19,323.63 was the cost of 

the replacement windshield. Trident Engineering Associates examined 

the broken windshield to determine the cause of the crack. The firm 

made three findings:

1. the primary crack in the pilot’s windshield from N522AS 

originated at a point on the ground edge of the exterior 

glass lamination;

2. the point of origin was most probably a grinding mark 

which raised the local stress on the edge of the outer 

glass ply and initiated cracking; and,

3. there is no evidence of impact by a foreign object.

ASI refused to pay the June 30 bill from DMFS. On October 22, 

DMFS brought suit against ASI in Polk County for breach of contract (for 

failure to pay the invoice) and fraudulent misrepresentation (for 

assurances of future payment made to get DMFS to release the aircraft 

and give up its artisan lien). On January 24, 2011, a change of venue 

was granted moving the case to Black Hawk County. Upon transfer, ASI 

raised affirmative defenses regarding negligent inspection and 

installation and defective product. ASI also counterclaimed against 

2If other damage or injury had occurred, PPG Industries, Inc. would have been 

strictly liable. 

 
5

DMFS for product defect, negligence for failure to inspect, negligent 

installation, res ipsa loquitur, breach of warranty of implied 

merchantability, breach of implied warranty of fitness for a particular 

purpose for the windshield, and breach of implied warranty of fitness for 

a particular purpose for the services installing the windshield. 

On November 9, ASI filed a cross-claim against Piper, alleging 

product defect, negligent inspection, and breach of implied warranty of 

merchantability. On July 13, 2012, Piper moved for summary judgment, 

claiming the economic loss doctrine barred recovery of economic 

damages against Piper, citing Iowa Code section 554.2318 (2009) 

(limiting third-party warranty recovery to one “who is injured by breach 

of the warranty”). In a reply to the resistance to summary judgment, 

Piper asserted for the first time it was immune from suit under Iowa 

Code section 613.18. On December 4, the district court found ASI was 

not in privity with Piper and granted Piper’s motion for summary 

judgment, as the third-party plaintiffs could not recover indirect 

economic losses from Piper. 

On December 19, DMFS filed a motion for summary judgment on 

all of ASI’s counterclaims and partial summary judgment on the original 

claims. DMFS also argued the economic loss doctrine, lack of control for 

the res ipsa loquitur claim, immunity under section 613.18, a failure to 

establish elements for the implied warranty of fitness for particular 

purpose, and that delivery of the aircraft to DMFS for repair created an 

implied contract under which no party had alleged DMFS’s performance 

was defective. ASI conceded the economic loss doctrine barred the 

product defect, negligence, and res ipsa loquitur claims. However, ASI 

alleged that the grinding mark was not the sole cause of the damage to 

the windshield and the installation process may have been part of the 
6

cause of the crack.3 ASI further contested the implied warranty of 

fitness and the contract claim. ASI argued the costs of the replacement 

windshield and installation are equitable benefits owed to ASI for the sale 

and installation of an unmerchantable windshield. 

On February 7, 2013, the district court granted summary 

judgment in favor of DMFS on the tort claims based on the economic loss 

doctrine. As to the implied warranty of merchantability, the district 

court found ASI did not set forth facts under which the crack arose from 

anything other than a product defect and barred the claim under Iowa 

Code section 613.18. The implied warranty of fitness for a particular 

purpose claims were denied because DMFS had no reason to know the 

windshield would not be put to anything other than ordinary use 

(ordinary use is a merchantability claim) and had no discretion in what 

windshield to install. The court denied DMFS summary judgment on its 

breach of contract claim, finding a genuine issue of material fact.

On May 6, DMFS filed another motion for summary judgment, this 

time on the affirmative defenses offered by ASI. As support, DMFS 

argued that the February 7 summary judgment ruling decided all the 

defenses. ASI resisted, but the court found in DMFS’s favor on 

September 12. A bench trial was held on October 21 on the breach of 

contract issue after the fraudulent misrepresentation count was 

dismissed at the request of DMFS. The court found no evidence of any 

factor other than the grind mark causing the windshield crack and that 

the defect was concealed beneath a seal attached during manufacturing. 

The court held the defect in the windshield did not negate ASI’s duty to 

3DMFS notes that if the installation was part of the problem with the windshield, 

that claim would be under the implied warranty of workmanship, not merchantability. 

 
7

pay for the replacement costs incurred in June 2010 and ordered ASI to 

pay the invoice plus interest. 

ASI appealed the judgment, and DMFS cross-appealed the 

calculation of interest. We sent the case to the court of appeals. The 

court of appeals held that the UCC applied to the action, but that the 

claim was barred under section 613.18 immunity because the plain 

language of the statute had no limiting language excepting suits claiming 

economic loss based on contract law from its coverage. The court of 

appeals also recalculated the interest owed DMFS to a lower rate and 

remanded for entry of the award. DMFS does not appeal, and we do not 

address, the interest calculation. ASI applied for further review on the 

question of the applicability of section 613.18 immunity to economic 

losses under section 554.2314. 

II. Scope of Review. 

“We review the district court’s summary judgment ruling to correct 

errors at law.” Vossoughi v. Polaschek, 859 N.W.2d 643, 649 (Iowa 

2015). Our review is limited to determining whether the law was applied 

correctly or whether there is a genuine issue of material fact. Sanford v. 

Fillenwarth, 863 N.W.2d 286, 289 (Iowa 2015). In this case, no genuine 

issue of material fact is in dispute, and our decision will rest entirely on 

interpretation of law. We concur with the court of appeals decision 

regarding the application of the UCC to this case and do not address the 

issue here.

III. Analysis. 

Today the parties ask us to clarify the application of Iowa Code 

section 613.18(1)(a). The section states, 
8

613.18 Limitation on products liability of 

nonmanufacturers.

1. A person who is not the assembler, designer, or 

manufacturer, and who wholesales, retails, distributes, or 

otherwise sells a product is:

a. Immune from any suit based upon strict liability in 

tort or breach of implied warranty of merchantability which 

arises solely from an alleged defect in the original design or 

manufacture of the product.

Id. We are asked to decide whether the legislature intended section 

613.18(1)(a) to apply to all retailer breaches of implied warranty of 

merchantability due to product defect or if the legislature intended the 

immunity to be limited to cases resulting in property damage or personal 

injury. Before turning to the provision itself, we must frame how strict 

liability and the implied warranty of merchantability work with each 

other and the lines we have drawn regarding liability for each.

A. Implied Warranty of Merchantability. 

The warranty of merchantability . . . is based on a 

purchaser’s reasonable expectation that goods purchased 

from a “merchant with respect to goods of that kind” will be 

free of significant defects and will perform in the way goods 

of that kind should perform. 

Van Wyk v. Norden Labs., Inc., 345 N.W.2d 81, 84 (Iowa 1984) (quoting 

Iowa Code § 554.2314). To be merchantable under the statute, goods 

must 

a. pass without objection in the trade under the 

contract description; and

b. in the case of fungible goods, are of fair average 

quality within the description; and

c. are fit for the ordinary purposes for which such 

goods are used; and

d. run, within the variations permitted by the 

agreement, of even kind, quality and quantity within each 

unit and among all units involved; and

e. are adequately contained, packaged, and labeled as 

the agreement may require; and
9

f. conform to the promises or affirmations of fact 

made on the container or label if any.

Iowa Code § 554.2314(2). 

Under section 554.2318, express and implied warranties extend to 

third-party beneficiaries—for example, remote buyers—reasonably 

expected to use or otherwise be affected by the goods who are injured by 

the warranty breach, and the remote seller cannot exclude or modify the 

extension of the warranty as applied to the injury incurred. Id. 

§ 554.2318. Express and implied warranties can generally be limited or 

modified as part of the contract for sale; disclaimers or modifications of 

the implied warranty of merchantability require specific language and, if 

in a writing, must be conspicuous. Id. § 554.2316. In fact, “[t]he implied 

warranty of merchantability is usually disclaimed and to the extent a 

warranty exists, remedy limitations, notice requirements, or the statute 

of limitations generally prevent the plaintiff from recovering 

consequential economic losses.” Linda J. Rusch, Products Liability 

Trapped by History: Our Choice of Rules Rules Our Choices, 76 Temp. L. 

Rev. 739, 761 (2003). 

The statutory remedies available for a breach of the implied 

warranty of merchantability are explained in Part 7 of Article 2 of the 

UCC, found at Iowa Code sections 554.2701 through .2725. As it relates 

to products liability, the damages we are concerned with today include 

both the direct and indirect damages provided for in sections 554.2714 

and .2715. Section 554.2714 provides the buyer’s “damages for breach 

of warranty is the difference . . . between the value of the goods accepted 

and the value they would have had if they had been as warranted.” Iowa 

Code § 554.2714(2). Incidental and consequential damages may also be 

recovered. Id. § 554.2714(3). Incidental damages are those expenses 
10

reasonably incurred incident to the breach. Id. § 554.2715(1). 

Consequential damages include losses caused by the breach the seller 

had reason to know were possible at the time of contracting and any 

“injury to person or property proximately resulting from any breach of 

warranty.” Id. § 554.2715(2). For the first kind of consequential 

damages, “the buyer who has accepted goods and then discovers their 

defects must show that the seller had reason to know at the time of 

contracting of the buyer’s possible losses caused by a breach to recover 

consequential damages.” Nachazel v. Miraco Mfg., 432 N.W.2d 158, 160 

(Iowa 1988). 

B. Products Liability and the Economic Loss Doctrine. 

“Products liability law broadly refers to the legal responsibility for injury 

resulting from the use of a product.” Huck v. Wyeth, Inc., 850 N.W.2d 

353, 373 (Iowa 2014); Lovick v. Wil-Rich, 588 N.W.2d 688, 698 (Iowa 

1999). “Product liability may involve causes of action stated in 

negligence, strict liability or breach of warranty.” Bingham v. Marshall & 

Huschart Mach. Co., 485 N.W.2d 78, 79 (Iowa 1992). Warranty theories 

of liability relate to products liability through the statutory 

consequential-damages remedy for “injury to person or property 

proximately resulting from any breach of warranty.” Iowa Code 

§ 554.2715(2)(b). Section 1 of the Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products 

Liability, adopted by our court in Wright v. Brooke Group Ltd., 652 

N.W.2d 159, 169 (Iowa 2002), imposes tort liability on sellers or 

distributors of defective products “for harm to persons or property 

caused by the defect.” Restatement (Third) of Torts: Prods. Liab. § 1, at 5

(1998). 

We examined the general contours of the economic loss doctrine

relating to the recoverability of losses when no injuries are incurred or 
11

property damaged or destroyed in Annett Holdings, Inc. v. Kum & Go, 

L.C., 801 N.W.2d 499, 503–04 (Iowa 2011) (examining the economic-loss 

doctrine’s relation to contract, tort, and certain exceptions to the general 

rule). In the case of purely economic damages, a plaintiff cannot recover 

in tort. Van Sickle Constr. Co. v. Wachovia Commercial Mortg., Inc., 783 

N.W.2d 684, 692–93 (Iowa 2010). We have found “that a plaintiff who 

has suffered only economic loss . . . has not been injured in a manner 

which is legally cognizable or compensable” whether that loss arose out 

of negligence or strict liability cases. Nelson v. Todd’s Ltd., 426 N.W.2d 

120, 123 (Iowa 1988) (quoting Neb. Innkeepers, Inc. v. PittsburghDes Moines Corp., 345 N.W.2d 124, 126 (Iowa 1984)). Instead, the 

parties to a contract are assumed to have allocated that risk of economic 

loss as part of the contract; therefore, “that document should control the 

party’s rights and duties.” Annett Holdings, 801 N.W.2d at 503–04. 

In American Fire and Casualty Co. v. Ford Motor Co., we developed 

the distinction between tortious and contractual products liability when 

damage beyond economic loss did occur, specifying tort theory was 

“available when the harm results from ‘a sudden or dangerous 

occurrence, frequently involving some violence or collision with external 

objects, resulting from a genuine hazard in the nature of the product 

defect.’ ” 588 N.W.2d 437, 439 (Iowa 1999) (quoting Nelson, 426 N.W.2d 

at 125). Thus, if the damage resulted from a failure of the product to 

work properly, the claim would sound in contract, but if it resulted from 

a genuine hazard resulting in a sudden or dangerous occurrence based 

on the nature of the product defect, the claim would sound in tort. See 

id.; Nelson, 426 N.W.2d at 125. 

Under contract law, the economic loss doctrine can apply when “a 

contractual chain of distribution lead[s] to the defendant.” Annett 
12

Holdings, 801 N.W.2d at 505. We have applied this principle when 

determining the third-party coverage of warranties under Iowa Code 

section 554.2318 in the context of consequential economic losses. In one

case, we looked at the damages a third-party plaintiff could recover from 

the manufacturer under an express warranty. Beyond the Garden Gate, 

Inc. v. Northstar Freeze-Dry Mfg., Inc., 526 N.W.2d 305, 306, 309–10

(Iowa 1995). First, we noted that a nonprivity buyer can recover for 

direct economic loss damages when the remote seller/manufacturer 

breaches an express warranty. Id. at 309. However, when considering 

the compensability of consequential economic loss damages, we agreed 

with an academic treatise noting that a seller cannot foresee the uses a 

remote purchaser might have for the product, that a seller has the right 

to sell product at a lower price and exclude consequential economic 

losses, and that the buyer should have to bargain with the immediate 

seller for consequential economic losses. Id. at 309–10 (discussing 

James J. White & Robert S. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code § 11-5, 

at 539–40 (3d ed. 1988)). We held “nonprivity buyers who rely on 

express warranties are limited to direct economic loss damages.” Id. at 

310. 

Another 1995 case examining the economic loss doctrine under the 

UCC was Tomka v. Hoechst Celanese Corp., 528 N.W.2d 103, 107–08

(Iowa 1995). The plaintiff had sued a manufacturer of growth hormones 

for breach of express warranty and the implied warranties of 

merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, as well as under 

tort theories of negligence and strict products liability. Id. at 105. First, 

we dismissed the tort claims because the cattle belonged to a third party,

were not actually damaged by the hormone but simply failed to grow at 

the rate expected, and the defect did not result in danger to the user. Id.
13

at 106–07. We then turned to Tomka’s warranty theories, dismissing his 

express warranty claim as using the same reasoning as in Beyond the 

Garden Gate—he was not in privity with the manufacturer and only 

sought consequential economic losses with no recoverable direct 

economic loss. Id. at 107–08. We found the same reasoning applied to 

disallow using implied warranty theories against remote manufacturers 

for only consequential economic losses and that allowing such losses 

would undermine the legislative scheme of the UCC. Id. at 108. Instead, 

we directed the plaintiff to look to the immediate sellers to recover under 

warranty theories. Id. Thus, although the section 554.2318 warranty 

extension applies to those damaged by defective goods, it does not extend 

when a remote buyer seeks only economic loss damages. Kolarik v. Cory 

Int’l Corp., 721 N.W.2d 159, 163 & n.3 (Iowa 2006). 

C. Application. Our goal in interpreting statutes is to resolve 

conflicting constructions in a way consistent with the intent of the 

legislature. Teamsters Local Union No. 421 v. City of Dubuque, 706 

N.W.2d 709, 713–14 (Iowa 2005). To determine legislative intent, we look 

to the language used, the purpose of the statute, the policies and 

remedies implicated, and the consequences resulting from different 

interpretations. Iowa Individual Health Benefit Reins. Ass’n v. State Univ. 

of Iowa, 876 N.W.2d 800, 804–05 (Iowa 2016). We assess the entire 

statute and its enactment to “give the statute its proper meaning in 

context.” Sanon v. City of Pella, 865 N.W.2d 506, 511 (Iowa 2015). “[A]

statute should not be interpreted to read out what is in a statute as a 

matter of clear English” and should not render terms superfluous or 

meaningless. 1A Norman J. Singer & Shambie Singer, Statutes and 

Statutory Construction § 21:1, at 163 (7th ed. 2009) [hereinafter Singer]. 
14

If two provisions conflict, we construe them to give effect to both, if 

possible. Iowa Code § 4.7. 

The UCC is to be “liberally construed and applied to promote its 

underlying purposes and policies,” which include simplifying, 

standardizing, and modernizing contract law. Iowa Code § 554.1103. 

Moreover, “no part of it shall be deemed to be impliedly repealed by 

subsequent legislation if such construction can reasonably be avoided.” 

Id. § 554.1104. “[R]emedies . . . must be liberally administered to the 

end that the aggrieved party may be put in as good a position as if the 

other party had fully performed . . . .” Id. § 554.1305(1). 

Section 613.18 was passed as part of an act on “Liability and 

Liability Insurance.” 1986 Iowa Acts ch. 1211 (codified in scattered 

sections of Iowa Code (1987)); see id. ch. 1211, § 32 (codified at Iowa 

Code § 613.18). Other examples of provisions found in the Act include a 

change in social host liability and the dramshop law, insurance 

assistance, the creation of a tort liability state-of-the-art defense, a new 

chapter on punitive or exemplary damages, and the creation of a study 

commission on liability. Id. ch. 1211, §§ 11–12, 26–31, 41–42, 44 

(codified at Iowa Code §§ 123.49, .92; id. § 507D.1–.6; id. § 668.12; id. 

§ 668A.1). These sections relate to types of tort liability or insurance 

coverage for that liability, all of which depend on the presence of 

personal injury or property damage to be in effect. The Act was referred 

to in the 1986 Summary of Legislation as “a major revision of Iowa’s tort 

liability system,” further indicating the legislature’s specific intention for 

the act. Iowa Legislative Serv. Bureau, Summary of Legislation 25, 29–30

(Iowa 1986), https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/SOL/

401754.pdf (describing one modification to tort liability effected by the 

Act as “[c]reating a retailer’s exemption in products liability actions”). 
15

The title of the Iowa Code section we seek to interpret, and part of 

the statute passed, is “Limitation on products liability of 

nonmanufacturers.” Iowa Code § 613.18 (2009); see 1986 Iowa Acts 

ch. 1211, § 32. “Although the title of a statute cannot limit the plain 

meaning of the text, it can be considered in determining legislative 

intent.” State v. Tague, 676 N.W.2d 197, 201 (Iowa 2004) (quoting T & K 

Roofing Co. v. Iowa Dep’t of Educ., 593 N.W.2d 159, 163 (Iowa 1999)). 

This is known as the title-and-headings canon.” Antonin Scalia & Bryan 

A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 221 (2012) 

(noting titles and headings can be useful to shed light on an ambiguous 

word or phrase as tools for the resolution of doubt). “A statute’s title may 

be used only to resolve existing doubts or ambiguities as to the statutory 

meanings and not to create ambiguity where none existed.” 1A Singer 

§ 18:7, at 78–79. We have used this principle—along with our other 

statutory interpretation rules—to exclude “claims for purely economic 

loss or non-torts” from the Iowa Comparative Fault Act despite a 

statutory definition including breach of warranty within the meaning of 

“fault.” Flom v. Stahly, 569 N.W.2d 135, 140–41 (Iowa 1997). Similarly, 

the title of section 613.18, “Limitation on product liability of 

nonmanufacturers,” indicates the statutory immunity limits product 

liability claims for personal injury or other property damage, not contract 

claims for damage to the product itself. 

Moreover, words must be interpreted in context. U.S. Bank Nat’l 

Ass’n v. Lamb, 874 N.W.2d 112, 117–18 (Iowa 2016). The 

noscitur a sociis canon of construction “summarizes [a] rule of both 

language and law that the meanings of particular words may be 

indicated or controlled by associated words.” Peak v. Adams, 799 

N.W.2d 535, 547–48 (Iowa 2011) (quoting 11 Richard A. Lord, Williston 
16

on Contracts § 32:6, at 432 (4th ed. 1999)). Section 613.18 couples the 

phrases “strict liability in tort” and “breach of implied warranty of 

merchantability.” Context is king, and this juxtaposition signals the 

breach of warranty should be construed to require personal injury or 

property damage apart from the product itself, consistent with strict tort 

liability and the title of the act. 

The legislature knows how to cross-reference the immunity statute 

and UCC warranty statute with other enactments.4 Although the official 

version of Iowa Code section 554.2314 includes the editor’s note

“Limitation; § 613.18” at its end, that limitation was added by the Code 

editor and is not an indication of the legislature’s intention. If the 

legislature had intended the retailer statutory immunity provision to 

defeat contractual warranty claims, it could have done so by adding 

section 613.18 immunity to the limitations in section 554.2314(1) or to 

the exclusion and modification of the warranties statute in section

554.2316. Indeed, considering the express modifications and limitations 

on warranties found in sections 554.2316 through .2318, it seems far 

more likely that the legislature, if it had intended to do so, would have 

provided the implied warranty of merchantability does not apply to a 

seller of a product with any design or manufacturing defects in chapter 

554 rather than among the tort liability provisions in chapter 613. The 

4For example, Iowa Code section 554A.1 governing the sale of livestock expressly 

excludes the implied warranties of section 554.2314 when certain disclosures are made. 

See, e.g., Iowa Code § 554A.1(1) (“Notwithstanding section 554.2316, subsection 2, all 

implied warranties arising under sections 554.2314 and 554.2315 are excluded from a 

sale of cattle . . . if the following information is disclosed to the prospective buyer . . . .”). 

Conversely, Iowa Code section 455B.803 expressly extends section 613.18’s immunity 

to vehicle recyclers. Id. § 455B.803(4) (“A vehicle recycler that performs as required 

under a removal, collection, and recovery plan shall be afforded the protections 

provided in section 613.18.”). 

 
17

legislature did not cross-reference either statute to the other. Our job is 

to harmonize these statutes to give effect to each. Our interpretation 

does so. 

Contrary to the position advocated by DMFS, section 613.18(1)(a) 

cannot be interpreted to grant nonmanufacturing sellers complete 

immunity from suit in manufacturing and design defect cases. Such a 

construction would run counter to the construction provision in section 

554.1104 against implied repeal and to the mandates of Iowa Code 

chapter 4 to construe conflicting statutes to give effect to both, promote a 

“just and reasonable result,” and promote public interests over private 

interests. Iowa Code §§ 4.4, .7; id. § 554.1104. The interpretation 

sought by DMFS would effectively invalidate the implied warranty of 

merchantability for the majority of consumer and commercial 

transactions involving product failure. Further, it would place solely on 

the buyer the entire burden of risk of a product purchased for general 

use that suffers a manufacturing or design defect but does not injure a 

person or cause additional property damage. As a result, this 

interpretation could promote adverse behaviors by product consumers. 

Here, such a construction would penalize ASI because the pilot of the 

aircraft took immediate steps to mitigate any potential damage to the 

aircraft or injury to himself, thereby preventing compensable damage. 

Moreover, it could encourage reckless behavior so product failure would 

result in damage and a compensable claim. This kind of harm to 

consumers and its possible result could not have been the legislature’s 

intention in passing section 613.18. 

We hold a products liability case must exist—requiring that

personal injury or property damage occur due to a manufacturing or 
18

design defect—to trigger the immunity provision of section 613.18(1)(a).5 

In so holding, we utilize the same distinctions consistently used in our 

cases to determine if a party is liable for damages under tort products 

liability law and third-party beneficiary warranty claims. If a defective 

product results only in economic loss, we only allow the buyer to bring a 

claim under an express warranty for direct economic losses against a 

remote seller and warranty claims for consequential economic losses 

against the seller in privity with them unless disclaimed. See Tomka, 

528 N.W.2d at 108; Beyond the Garden Gate, 526 N.W.2d at 310. Once 

any property damage or personal injury exists resulting from a 

manufacturing or product defect, the manufacturer becomes the liable 

party under tort law and Iowa Code section 554.2318. The manufacturer 

then has access to the tort defenses and any permissible disclaimers 

made in the warranty. See Iowa Code §§ 554.2316, .2318; id. § 668.12 

(products liability defenses). In economic loss cases, the immediate seller 

is liable for the breach of implied warranty, subject to any warranty 

exclusions, modifications, or disclaimers found in the sales contract. Id.

§ 554.2316. 

IV. Conclusion. 

For the reasons stated, we conclude the district court erred in its 

application of Iowa Code section 613.18(1)(a) in a case limited to 

economic losses. Section 613.18(1)(a) immunity only applies to claims 

that include claims of personal injury or property damage. The decision 

of the court of appeals is therefore affirmed in part and vacated in part, 

5The federal court also uses this interpretation: “[Defendant]’s statutory 

protection [under section 613.18(1)(a)] from claims of breach of the implied warranty of 

merchantability is co-extensive with its statutory protection from product defect 

claims.” Nationwide Agribusiness Ins. Co. v. SMA Elevator Constr. Inc., 816 F. Supp. 2d 

631, 666 (N.D. Iowa 2011). 

 
19

and the district court summary judgment dismissing ASI’s implied 

warranty claim is reversed. The case is remanded for further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS AFFIRMED IN PART AND

VACATED IN PART; DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED AND 

REMANDED. 

All justices concur except Wiggins, Mansfield, and Zager, JJ., who 

dissent. 
20

#14–0632, Des Moines Flying Serv., Inc. v. Aerial Servs., Inc.

WIGGINS, Justice (dissenting).

The interpretation of section 613.18 the majority adopts does not 

reflect the intent of the legislature. In interpreting a statute, we observe 

the following rules:

The goal of statutory construction is to determine legislative 

intent. We determine legislative intent from the words 

chosen by the legislature, not what it should or might have 

said. Absent a statutory definition or an established 

meaning in the law, words in the statute are given their 

ordinary and common meaning by considering the context 

within which they are used. Under the guise of 

construction, an interpreting body may not extend, enlarge 

or otherwise change the meaning of a statute. 

Auen v. Alcoholic Beverages Div., 679 N.W.2d 586, 590 (Iowa 2004) 

(citations omitted). 

The statute in question provides,

A person who is not the assembler, designer, or 

manufacturer, and who wholesales, retails, distributes, or 

otherwise sells a product is:

a. Immune from any suit based upon strict liability in 

tort or breach of implied warranty of merchantability which 

arises solely from an alleged defect in the original design or 

manufacture of the product.

b. Not liable for damages based upon strict liability in 

tort or breach of implied warranty of merchantability for the 

product upon proof that the manufacturer is subject to the 

jurisdiction of the courts of this state and has not been 

judicially declared insolvent.

Iowa Code § 613.18(1) (2009).

Section 613.18 is not ambiguous; rather, its plain language 

precludes courts awarding any damages in suits based on strict liability 

or breach of implied warranty brought against nonmanufacturers due to 

alleged design or manufacturing defects. Had the legislature intended to 
21

extend immunity to nonmanufacturers in suits based on strict liability or 

breach of implied warranty unless an alleged defect resulted in purely 

economic losses, it could have done so by adding additional language to 

section 613.18. Instead, the legislature enacted a bill that created broad 

statutory immunity from such claims for nonmanufacturers and 

contained no language limiting that immunity based on the damages 

claimed. The majority opinion ignores the meaning of the plain language 

of the statute to eliminate immunity for nonmanufacturers in strict 

liability and breach of implied warranted suits involving purely economic 

losses. Because the plain language clearly precludes recovery regardless 

of what damages are claimed, we cannot ignore it to fashion a remedy. 

Moreover, the legislative history of section 613.18 clearly 

demonstrates that, under a proper interpretation of the statute, 

nonmanufacturers are not liable for any damages in suits alleging strict 

liability or breach of implied warranty based on alleged design or 

manufacturing defects in products they did not design or manufacture. 

As early as 1970, we established the principle that a person may collect 

purely economic damages in suits for breach of an implied warranty 

under the Uniform Commercial Code.6 W & W Livestock Enters., Inc. v. 

Dennler, 179 N.W.2d 484, 488 (Iowa 1970). Thus, by 1986 when the 

legislature enacted section 613.18, it was well-settled law that purely 

economic losses were recoverable as damages in breach of warranty 

suits. This fact indicates we should not interpret section 613.18 to limit 

nonmanufacturers’ statutory immunity in breach of implied warranty 

suits involving defective products they did not design or manufacture to 

6The legislature refers to chapter 554 as the Uniform Commercial Code. Iowa 

Code § 554.1101.

 
22

cases in which the alleged defect caused property damage or personal 

injury. 

The title of the bill the legislature enacted in 1986 clearly indicated 

the provision to be codified at section 613.18 was intended to “limit[] the 

liability of nonmanufacturers for claims based upon strict liability in tort 

or breach of implied warranty.” S.F. 2265, 71st G.A., 2nd Sess. (Iowa 

1986). The attached bill explanation made clear that if the bill passed, 

nonmanufacturers would be “liable for damages . . . only where the 

original manufacturer is not subject to service or has been judicially 

declared insolvent” in suits for damages in strict liability or breach of 

implied warranty suits based solely on alleged design or manufacturing 

defects in a product. Id. explanation. 

Though the legislature knew Iowa recognized breach of implied 

warranty as a viable cause of action in cases involving purely economic 

losses, it enacted a bill granting broad statutory immunity from breach of 

implied warranty claims to nonmanufacturers. The bill plainly did not 

contain an exception to that statutory immunity for breach of implied 

warranty claims resulting in purely economic losses. Even the Code 

editor recognized the legislature’s enactment of section 613.18 

unambiguously limited claims for breach of implied warranty against 

nonmanufacturing merchants. Thus, the Code editor added a note to the 

1987 Code following section 554.2314 indicating section 613.18 

constituted a “Limitation” on the availability of breach of implied 

warranty claims provided for in that section. Iowa Code § 554.2314 

(1987).

The note indicating section 613.18 constitutes a “Limitation” on 

the scope of claims available under section 554.2314 has appeared in 

every subsequent edition of the Code. See Iowa Code § 554.2314 (2015). 
23

Yet the legislature has not acted. Surely, if the legislature thought the 

Code editor incorrectly interpreted section 613.18 to limit the scope of 

claims that may be brought under section 554.2314, it would have 

enacted clarifying legislation by now. 

The majority asserts interpreting section 613.18(1)(a) to grant 

nonmanufacturers complete immunity from suit in manufacturing and 

design defect cases would impliedly repeal the cause of action afforded 

against sellers under section 554.2314. However, the majority does not 

deny the legislature’s subsequent passage of section 613.18 was 

intended to limit the cause of action provided for in section 554.2314. 

This dispute concerns the scope of that limit. The majority has grafted a 

limiting principle onto section 613.18(1)(a) that has no basis in the text 

of either section 613.18 or section 554.2314. 

In contrast, my interpretation of section 613.18 gives the words the 

legislature adopted in that section their clearly intended effect. Section 

613.18(1)(a) grants nonmanufacturers immunity from strict liability and 

breach of warranty claims arising due to product defects. Iowa Code 

§ 613.18(1)(a). Section 613.18(1)(b) clarifies that a nonmanufacturer 

may conclusively establish it is not liable for damages when such claims 

are brought against it by proving the courts of this state have jurisdiction 

over the product manufacturer and the product manufacturer has not 

been declared insolvent. Id. § 613.18(1)(b). Section 554.2314 permits 

breach of warranty claims not premised on product defects against 

nonmanufacturing merchant sellers. Unlike the interpretation adopted 

by the majority, this interpretation gives effect to section 554.2314 

without grafting an arbitrary limit onto the plain language of section 

613.18.
24

Under a proper interpretation of section 613.18(1), Des Moines 

Flying Service is not liable for any damages for breach of implied 

warranty based on the alleged manufacturing defect in the windshield it 

did not manufacture, including damages based on purely economic loss. 

The majority has narrowed the statutory immunity that section 613.18 

grants nonmanufacturers in claims based on design or manufacturing 

defects by crafting an exception to it. Had the legislature intended to 

create such narrow statutory immunity for nonmanufacturers, it could 

have done so. However, the statutory text provides no indication that 

was its intent. I cannot agree with the majority’s reasoning or its 

conclusion. Therefore, I dissent.

Mansfield and Zager, JJ., join this dissent.