LRK SCIENCE \ A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT BULLETIN 

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

FALL 

VOLUME 3 - NUMBER 1 1982 
’ PARK SCIENC 

In This Issue: 

What You See is Sometimes 

page 

What You Miss 

Genetrcs Conference Draws 

3 

300 Attendance _. 5 

From the Everglades One 

Scientist’s View _. 5 

And From Hawaii Another 

Observation 6 

If it’s Loose and Dry SIR 

Can See Thru It 6 

Glacier Bay Staff Honors Two for 

Venerable Research Record 7 

Spotlight on a Region: Science 

and Resources Management 

Activities in Alaska _. 8 

Sometimes Science Can Only Give 

Reasons Instead of Solutions 9 

Research lntegratron Into Management 

Was Conference Objective.. . 10 

Regional HIghlights 10 

Michael Frome Joins UI Faculty 11 

Coral Reef Research Reprints 

Prove Popular 11 

A Dne Page Summary for Resource 

Management Plans,. 12 

Glacier National Park Scientist Refines 

Low-cost Resource Mapping 

Alternative _. 14 

Letters to the Editor 16 

Germplasm Bank Network Grows 17 

Information Crossfile 16 

The Scientist and the Communicator.. 20 

Superintendent’s Corner _. _. 21 

Voyageurs National Park Installs 

Composting Toilets ._. _. 22 

Atlantic Ridley Turtle Update _. 22 

Plant-poaching Study at Smokies 23 

Graber Reviews Giraffe’s Neck _. 23 

Cover Photo: Muir Glacier, one of the sites 

visited during a nine-day scientific study 

trip through Glacier Bay NPandsitesalong 

the Park’s Gulf of Alaska coastline. 

: FALL A report toparkmanagersofrecent andon-going research inparks ti 

I 1982 with emphasis on its implications for planning and managerneiL 

Editor’s Note: 

A who/e newlevelofscienceandmanagementisemergingin thepreservationofgenetic 

materials, We germplasm bank network that is forming up to meetsuchrisingspecters 

as monoculture disaster and species exhausfion, combining the efforts of Forest, Park, 

and Soil Conservation Services among others. 

To feed and clothe and medicate a world of ever-increasing human density is putting 

unbearable strains on fhe few species thatpeople have leanedso hardonsincecivilization 

began. The preservation ofgenetic materialis “the cupboard”to which -if we don’!aUow 

it to go bare - we can go for such new properties as can be injected into old strams for 

added values, such as flavor, nutrition, and stamina, or simply to cut down on the labor 

involved in planting, tending, and harvesting. Improvements such as these can be 

accomplished through the collection, study, and use of new plant materials -research at 

its most basic. 

How does a// this involve the National Park System? 

The dawning recognition, on a worldwide basis, of the need to catalogue,, understand, 

and preserve the genetic materials thaf are in many cases slipping into exhnction under 

pressures from human development, has brought into sharp focus what may well turn out 

to be one of the highest values of the National Park System -its preservation of untested 

plant and animal germplasm in its natural environment and the natural dynamics of the 

process of genetic evolution. 

Last November (198i), the U.S. Department of State and AID co-sponsered a U.S. 

Strategy Conference on the Preservation ofBiological Diversity.(Park Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, 

p. 78). Under Secretary of State James Buckely addressed the conferences on the 

worsening condition of what he called ‘The safety net”of global genetfc diversity - the 

accelerating impoverishment of that resource, and the danger it represents for a// life on 

earth. He suggested that these are resources “we are still too Ignorant to understand”and 

likened them to “books yet to be deciphered and read.” 

At that conference, the call went up forimprovedgermplasmrepositories -better ways 

of collecting, holding. and using the materials we discover. The entire proceedings from 

the November 1981 conference is available from Bill Long,, Director, Officer of Food and 

Natural Resources, Bureau of Oceans and International Ennronment and Science, Dept. of 

State, Washington, D.C. 20520. 

Now comes the National Park Service in conjunction with other Federal, State and 

private organizations with a five-day international symposium and workshop on the 

application ofgenetics to the managementofwildplants andanimalpopulations. Purpose 

of the meeting was 10 provide guidance to the U.S. government on how to proceed 

domestically and through internahonalchannels to promote fhe maintenance of b/ological 

diversity. 

In this issue (page 5 ) is a preliminary report on the August 1982 conference. In the 

previous issue (Vol. 2, No. 4, p.2) is an editorial about ihe World Biosphere Reserve 

conference at Kalispell, MT, in June 1982. The two approaches are destined to be tightly 

associated in any future where humanity is focusing on long-term surwval. 

Mostofthescientificandmanagement work we do todayhas itsmostprofoundmeaning 

within the context of the whole earth. The proportions of our problems are irreversibly 

global and on/y a global context will do as a framework for our continuing efforts at 

research and management, The conferences of the kind that began in Stockholm in 1972 

have been, in effect, writing the caption thatgoes with the blue marble picture of earth as 

seen from space. 

But global problems almost never /end themselves to global solutions. Most of them are 

best solved by taking advantage of local situations and resources -marshaling them in 

ways that respect both the physical and the social environmental patterns of the locality. 

U.S. solutions do not apply to the countries of, say, Africa and Asia, and v!ce versa. 

Pluralism and regionalism are interesting, powerful forces -a tremendous reservoirof 

creativity that matches, at the human social level, the genetic diversity we seek to 

preserve at the biological systems level. Within the enormous cultural range of responses 

to environmental issues there exist a myriad of undefined, untried capabihtles for solving 

our various problems. 

Man and the Biosphere’s Project 14 --the establishment ofa network of World Biosphere 

Reserves consisting of paired areas (natural and manipulated) that represent all the 

world’s great biomes -is one of the promising moves toward an organized study, 

collection, and preservation of a retrievable inventoryofgeneticmaterialsona worldwIde 

information basis. 

So far as we know, we are the only speck of matter in the known universe that carries 

life. We human beings have risen to the awesome position ofdominance that carries with it 

a Promethean choice: We can continue to destroy the precious germplasm fhat makes 

earth unique in a// of Creation, or we can assume the role of Good Steward andunselfishly 

shepherd these tiny links with the future. 

Genes have the longest life potential of anything alive. Essentially, the August 

conference asked: “Who among OS short-lived beings has the right to eliminate any of this 

material?” 

2 
What You See Is 

Sometimes What 

You Miss 

By Keith A. Yarborough 

Visitors to the national parks want air 

they can see through, not air theycansee! 

They want to view the grand vistas without 

a curtain of unnatural haze obscuring 

their grandeur. This desire underlines one 

of the main goals of the National Park 

Service Air Quality Program -to secure 

undegraded natural v!slblhty and to 

preserve it in the future. 

Since the 1950’s public concern has 

grown as the scenic beauty of many parks 

was dimmed by air pollution. Often this 

pollution is emitted at great distances - 

even hundreds of miles away from the 

parks. In the 1960’s and 1970’s the Grand 

Canyon sometimes was filled with haze 

and smoke, Yosemite Valley was 

subjected to smog, Arches. was 

periodically engulfed in smoke, and 

Capitol Reef almost had a huge coal-fired 

power plant as its neighbor. 

Simultaneously, in the east, Great Smoky 

Mountains became more hazy, but not 

from the natural hazethat gave the park its 

name. The same was occurring at 

Shenandoah, Acadia, and others. 

In August 1977 the Congress responded 

by adopting the nation’s first vlslblllty 

protection requirementsfornational parks 

and national wilderness areas. In these 

amendments to the Clean Air Act, the 

Congress explicitly recognized clean air as 

a nationally important natural resource 

which is to be protected. This recognition 

extends the mandate of the 1916 Organic 

Act “to conserve the scenery and the 

natural and historic objects and the 

wildlife” in the national parks. Visitor 

enjoyment and health, the preservation of 

certain fragile cultural resources, and 

sustaining the integrity of natural resource 

systems are all dependent on good air 

quality in the parks. 

Inherent in the preservation of the parks’ 

grandeur is the protection of their scenery 

and inspiring vistas. This protection 

requires clean air and good vlstblllty 

the “seeing” of distant objects. 

Historically, Americans have placed high 

value on good vlstblltty in the national 

parks. Judging vlslblhty is a qualitative 

process - perceiving the characteristics 

of objectsinavista,theirdistancefromthe 

viewer, the quality of the atmosphere, and 

the illumination along the sight path. It 

also involves the nature of the human eye, 

and the brain’s interpretation of the image 

at the eye. 

Beginning in late 1977, the National Park 

Service developed a comprehensive Air 

Quality Program. This effort has included 

both the physical, quantitative 

measurement of visibility parameters in a 

number of parks throughout the system, 

and the qualitative assessment of its 

perception by visitors. The Southwest 

Region has been actively engaged in 

quantitative work since its inception. 

Because we needed a means to measure 

visibility so as to capture details of form, 

line, size, texture, and color differences 

when viewing distant objects, a dual 

purpose research and monitoring program 

was established. 

1. Visibility measurements are made at 

9 stations (Bandelier. Big Bend, Capulin 

Mountain, Carlsbad Caverns, Guadalupe 

Mountains, Chaco Culture, Navajo, White 

Sands, and Wupatki). as part of the 

Servicewide project VIEW (Visibility 

Investigative Experiment in the West) 

network of 28 stations. The network 

concept provides a cost-effective 

coverage, allowing the results from a few 

carefully selected sites to be applied to 

many parks within the network’s extent. 

Each station is important because it 

supports the greater whole. Furthermore, 

the network supplies data for a large area, 

a vital function in view of the fluidity of 

atmosphere and the ease with which air 

masses move quickly over vast distances. 

The multispectral contrast teleradiometer 

(“tele” or MCTfor short), developed by Drs. 

Bill (Big Daddy) Malm and Ken O’Dell, was 

chosen for this work. The instrument 

measures the brightness (radiance) of a 

dark-colored target along a sight path, 

using four different visible light wave 

lengths (violet, blue, green, and red). It 

also gives a comparison ratio between the 

brightness of the target and the brightness 

of the sky behind the target. Four to six 

targets are sighted around each park’s 

station. Readings are taken at 9 a.m., 

noon,and 3p.m.dailythroughouttheyear. 

From this brightness ratio, the visual 

range (Vr), for each target can be 

calculated. Vr is a measure of the degree of 

visibility degradation caused by the 

“gunk” in the air between the target and 

the observer material that scatters and 

attenuates light along the sight path. Thus, 

Vr represents the distance at which an 

object is just barely visible under any set 

of viewing conditions. The greater the Vr 

value, the better the vlslbthty is. The 

measuretellstheconditionof theairat any 

time, and permits comparisons to be made 

among various observation stations in the 

network. 

However, Vr should not be taken 

literally. The targets used in the west can 

only be seen at a maximum distance of 

about 200 kilometers (km) because of the 

earth’s curvature. Yet the theoretical upper 

limit for the cleanest air is 391 km and the 

visual ranges reported from many Project 

VIEW stations often exceed 200 km. 

2. Total and fine particulate 

measurements, with chemical analyses, 

are made in order to determine the nature 

of the material degrading the vlslblhty at 

any given time. This material can be of 

natural origin: blowing dust or water 

vapor; it can also be produced by 

emissions from human sources: smelters, 

steel mills, coal-fired power plants, autos 

and residential heating in urban areas, etc. 

Analysis can establish the difference. 

The particulate measurements are made 

at: 

A) Nine total suspended particulate 

(TSP) stations (Aztec Ruins, Bandelier. Big 

Bend, Capulin Mountain, Guadalupe 

Mountains, Chaco Culture, Navajo, White 

Sands, and Wupatki) under a continuing 

contract with Dr. Jarvis Moyers of The 

Analytical Center at the University of 

Arizona in Tucson. 

B) Five fine particulate stations (Chaco 

Culture, Fort Union, Gila Cliffs, Grand 

Quivira. and Carlsbad Caverns) as part of 

EPA’s Western Fine Particulate network of 

40 stations; with analyses done by the Air 

Quality Physics Group of the University of 

California at Davis. 

Stacked Filter Unit /or measunng coarse and f;ne partfculate concentrafions at Bandelier Nahonal 

Monument. 

3 
I E

Fine particulates (size range from 0.1 to 

2.5 microns) are especiallv important for 

determining thevisibilityat a station.These 

scatter the greatest proportion of light and 

degrade vtslbrhty the most. This effect is 

especially noticeable in very clean air such 

as still exists in the Southwestern U.S. For 

example, if the Vr is 120 miles and a tiny 

amount cf sulfate aerosol is added, the Vr 

can be reduced to 80 miles. However, for 

dirty air, the effect is much less noticeable. 

If the Vr initially is 15 miles, a tiny 

incremental addition of sulfate aerosol will 

decrease the vlslblhty to 14.1 miles. 

The data from the VIEW network are 

reported seasonally. Table 1 summarizes 

the geometric mean values of visual range 

at the Southwest Region stations. In 

general, vlslblhty is better in the winter 

and spring and more degraded in the 

summer and fall. However, these western 

visual ranges are very much better than 

those found in the eastern United States. 

The best vlslblhty throughout the entire 

VIEW network has been found consistently 

at Chaco Culture in northwestern New 

Mexico. Its overall arithmetic mean Vr for 

all seasons is 203.5 km with Navajo in 

northeastern Arizona as a close second. 

The Four Corners area of Colorado, Utah, 

Arizona and New Mexico has the best 

vlslbthty remaining in the contiguous 48 

states. No long-term trends are noticeable 

as yet. 

Particulate data are summarized in table 

2. These show the TSP and fine maSS_ 

loadings and selected species. They 

characterize both natural (Al and Ca from 

soils/dust) and human-caused emission 

sources (Carbon,SO’, and N03, and Pb). 

Aztec Ruins is located close to the 2250 

megawatt Four Corners Power Plant. 

Hence, its high TSP, carbon and lead 

concentration levels. Capulin Mountain, 

Chaco Culture, and Navajo show cleaner 

air, while Bandelier and Big Bend are less 

clean. The Amended Clean Air Act permits 

incremental increases in the annual TSP 

geometric mean above the area’s baseline 

of 5 micrograms/cubic meter for Class 1 

air qualityareasand 19micrograms/cubic 

meter for Class II areas. Bandelier and Big 

Bend are Class I while all the others are 

Class II. The values for TSPgiven in Table 2 

give an idea of the baseline 

concentrations. These values are low 

compared with those in urban areas and in 

central and eastern United States. 

Seasonal particulate data show increases 

in TSP and fine mass in the summer over 

the winter. This agrees with the vlslblhty 

(Vr) findings. Regional haze, generated in 

southern California and transported by 

cycionicairmasses, causes considerable 

vlslblhty degradation in west Texas and in 

the Four Corners Area. Local smelter and 

power plant emissions add to this impact. 

Support for this work has been supplied 

by the WAS0 Air Quality Division SiOCs 

1978. Especially effective have been the 

efforts of the team of technical experts of 

that Division located in Denver (AIR). 

Most important, is the work of field and WAS0 people - with perseverance 

managers and personnel at each of the and good humor. They are thesineqoanon 

park stations. They continue to make the - the real NPS Air Quality Program. 

daily measurements in all kinds of 

weather, while performing their many Keith Yarborough is a physicalscientist 

other duties in the parks. They grapple with the Division of Nature Resources, 

with the vagaries of equipment, operatmg Southwest Region, NPS, and serves as Air 

instructions, budget shortages, Regional Ouality Coordinator. 

Telephotometer, aVectIonare/y referred to at Bandelrer NM es “our artillery for fighting a~rpoliution, ” 

is read by Christi Daugherty, Student Conservatmn Association worker af the Monument. 

TABLE 1 

SEASONAL “,s”AL RANGE (‘Jr) for SWR STATIONS 

- (Geometric Means) km. 

STATION 

TABLE 2 

AVERAGE ~~NCENTRAT~~N~ OF PARTICULATE SPECIES AT swR STATIONS 

_ Micro gmdcubic meterofair (geometric mearm) 

(TSP data take” from May 1980 lo May 1981) 

pine Particulate data lake” from August 1979 lo October, 1980) 

STATION 
I B 

Genetics Conference Dr,aws 

300 Attendance 

More than 300 field scientists and 

resource managers from Federal, State, 

and private sectors met for five days in 

Washington, DC., Auqust 9- 13to listen to 

two dozen of the world’s leading 

geneticists and to consider the state of the 

art in managing natural populations, 

including the newest developments from 

the fields of evolution and genetics. 

The international symposium and 

workshop was billed as “The Application 

of Genetics to the Management of Wild 

Plant and Animal Populations,” and the 

actual proceedings hewed closely to the 

five workshop aims: 

l to review the scope, magnitude, and 

sources of worldwide plant and animal 

species losses; 

l to assess the economic, social, 

ecological, political, and strategic 

implications to the US and other countries 

of a continuing decline in species 

diversity, particularly as it may relate to 

world food supply, energy demand, and 

industrial output; 

l to identify and evaluate technologies, 

institutions, and scientific knowledge 

available for conserving biological 

diversity; 

l to review the nature and effectiveness 

of U.S. government domestic and 

international policies and programs, and 

l to recommend initiatives the U.S. 

should undertake to stimulate and assist 

an expanded worldwide effort in this area. 

Each morning session consisted of five 

lectures by such authorities as Sir Otto 

Frankel, Paul R. Erhlich. and Michael E. 

Some; the afternoon sessions were given 

over to workshops on specific problems. 

The bringing together of people from a 

variety of communities - zoos, small 

state parks, huge National Parks - had 

much the same effect as a series of 

overlays, showing up the similarity of 

problems faced by all. If we choose to 

interfere in natural genetic events, what 

measures are available to us ? How can we 

find out more about the long-term effects 

of implementing these measures? For 

instance, what happens when historically 

isolated populations are mixed ? 

The week-long discussions pointed 

steadily to one conclusion: that the health 

or collapse of ecosystems frequently 

depends on management’s ability (or 

failure) to forsee the vulnerability of 

populations and how various populations 

interact in the long time-frame. 

General topics for the five days were (1) 

isolation of populations, (2) extinction of 

populations, (3) founding populations, (4) 

merging of naturally diverging 

populations, and (5) preserving the natural 

integrity of populations. 

Chrrstine Schonewald-Cox, who 

organized and ran the conference, is 

presently compiling and editing a volume 

to be published by Addison-Wesley of 

Reading, MA 01867, scheduled for 

publication in May 1983 for about $25 a 

volume. In addition to a compilation of the 

conference papers, with editorial inserts, 

the book will contain a complete glossary 

of terms, a set of exercises in genetics, and 

an extensive literature list. 

Schoenewald-Cox observed that most of 

the park areas now in existence are 

relatively small, static ecosystem scraps, 

containing what are, in effect, enlarged 

captive populations. She suggested that 

what is most needed by managers is an 

understanding of their role in dealing with 

the problems of managing genetic material 

in small areas. “The reasons for this are 

two,” she said. “First, the aesthetic (and 

possibly the moral) obligation to keep as 

many species as possible from 

disappearing. Second, the possibility that 

in some future time we might again beable 

to re-estabhsh sustaining populations of 

the species we have kept alive.” 

The book that is growing out of this 

conference in envisioned by ShonewaldCox as “a reference/text, primarily for 

those interested in managing natural 

populations.” 

A mailing list of all those who attended 

is available from Schoenewald-Cox at the 

Natural Sciences Division, National park 

Service, Department of the Interior. 

Washington, D.C. 20240. 

5 

From the Everglades 

One Scientist’s View 

By James A. Kushlan 

Research Biologist, Everglades, NP 

One should feel fortunate if the benefits 

of attending meetings match, over the long 

run, the time and energy expended in 

attending them. The Symposium on 

Application of Genetics to the Management 

of Wild Plant and Animal Populations will 

balance many more of the more usual 

sorts of meetings. Arriving with no special 

expectations, a nearly open mind, and an 

active Interest in the topic (a matter of 

concern for a park faced with a small and 

in many cases rapidly decreasing animal 

populations), I found myself a few days 

later with many expectations, a well 

exercised mind crammed with ideas and 

information, and an increased concern for 

the genetic consequences of resources 

management. 

I judge the symposium to have been an 

outstanding success. It was, first of all, 

exquisitely organized. Facilities, readily 

available background material (actually 

homework), selectron of topics, 

progression of ideas, and choice of 

participants left little to be desired. Clear 

goals and crisp execution allowed the real 

work to move unrelentingly forward 

without distraction. That work was to have 

been the transfer of information and 

techniquesfrom scientific practitioners to 

conservation-oriented biologists and 

managers. This the symposium 

accomplished, but not, perhaps, in 

ways some might have expected. Few 

simple recipes for management action 

were provided, but the ingredients were 

identified and mixed well. Early in the 

conference, which provided ample 

opportunity for discussion, the scarcity of 

answers was viewed with disappointment. 

Few thought so by the end. when everyone 

had been taught what questions to ask. 

Simple solutions do not exist for 

management of wild populations. Ecology 

and genetics under the best of 

circumstances can provide their theories 

and their new ways of approaching old 

problems. This conference supplied both, 

and any manager willing to concern 

himself seriously with resource problems 

could not help but benefit from the new 

ways of thinking offered by the speakers, 

workshop leaders, and participants. Such 

a manager would now realize that 

preservation of genetic resources is as 
fundamental a concern as preservation of 

species diversity, population size, 

demography, community structure, and 

ecosystem processes. Ignoring any of 

these concerns will lead to the loss of 

resources. 

That approaches and insight were 

offered rather than recipes is not 

surprising in retrospect. Population 

genetics, especially at the molecular level, 

is one of !he most rapidly developing, 

changing. and diversifying fields of 

biology. All but a few population 

geneticists, supported solely and poorly 

by funding for pure research, have had 

little opportunity to think about the 

practical application of their work to wild 

populations. The guidance of the pioneers 

of conservation genetics was much in 

evidence at the conference, which should 

be viewed as a beginning, not the end, of 

the difficult task of transferring ideas and 

techniques across disciplines. The 

beginnings were mutualistic. most of the 

genecists benefitted as much as did the 

field people. 111e geneticists had their 

interests broadened, their fruit-fly oriented 

ideas debated, and their contributions 

appreciated. Some of the most 

distinguished of evolutionary geneticists 

will be devoting much moreeffortto reallife problems in the years ahead, and that 

may be the most lasting accomplishment 

of this landmark symposium. 

We should not. though. let the 

excitement of drscovery cause us to 

swallow new approaches in their entirety. 

In the recent past, uncritical acceptance of 

the management applicability of concepts 

such as island biogeographic theory and 

the once axiomatic correlation between 

species diversity and community stability 

has become somewhat embarrasing when 

more thorough debate revealed 

fundamental weaknesses and ambiguities. 

Likewise, application of molecular 

genetics, to ecosystem management 

stands in need of thorough and prolonged 

debate. By the conference’s end nearly all 

participants had converted to the belief 

that conservation of genetic diversity was 

a worthwhile goal under nearly all 

circumstances. 

But an ecosystem manager might need 

to search a brt further for guidelines. The 

logic of maximizing the genetrc diversity 

of captive tigers does not necessarily hold 

for all wild populatrons. In some parks 

where natural selection has been highly 

drrectional. might not genetrc diversity be 

naturally low m populations specifically 

adapted to their local environment? We 

have, for example, found that Everglades 

alligators have very low levels of 

electrophoretic variability but are 

genetically distinctive from other 

populations. Should it not be the purpose 

of a national park to preserve the genetic 

distinctiveness of the local populations 

irrespective of how genetically diverse 

they might be or what portion of their 

species genes they might retain? That we 

may have more thinking to do should not 

detract from what has been accomplished. 

Thesymposium forcefully opened the way 

to exploring such problems, and that is as 

much or more than anyone should have 

hoped for. 

And From Hawaii 

Another 

Observation 

By Charles P. Stooa 

Research Scientist, Hawaif Volanoes NP 

The Genetics/Management Conference 

was one of the top three meetings I have 

ever attended. I especially enjoyed the 

interaction among the geneticists. The 

workshop served to bring me up to speed 

and made me feel more confident about 

recommending things to management. 

Several others expressed thesamefeeling. 

I had long conversations with two 

managers who also felt it was excellent. 

Their main criticism the last night, was 

that there should have been more 

brologists other than geneticists. I was 

surprised too that more State Forest 

Service and Fish and Wildlife biologists 

didn’t show up. but unless distribution of 

the brochures was badly skewed that is 

not the fault of the organizers. 

My one criticism is that not nearly 

enough was said about preserve size and 

design with respect to genetics, island biogeography theory, etc. I guess maybe 

Craig Shaffer will have a workshop to 

handle that; but it can come nonetoo soon. 

I really think we’re wastmg time and effort 

on tracts that are unmanageable for the 

long term. Preserve strategy, to me, is one 

of the most important applications of 

genetics to management. 

I would encourage more efforts of this 

kind. Please keep them in a workshop 

6 

format so people can attend. Whoever 

decided to do that for NPS people should 

find out how to do it for other agenciesand 

organizations so more of them can attend. 

Congratulations to Dr. Briceland. Chris 

Schonewald-Cox and the others involved 

for conceiving and hosting this landmark 

Conference-Workshop. 

If It’s Loose and Dry 

SIR Can See Thru It 

The Sahara Desert unmasked!Thisisthe 

possibility raised by a strip of film bearing 

picture-like data from SIR-A, a syntheticaperture imaging radar system that had 

been carried over the region on the space 

shuttle’s second test flight in November, 

1981. 

.sc,ence NEWS (A Science Service 

Publication), for June 26, 1982, describes 

the excitement felt by U.S. Geological 

Survey’s Carol Breed when she rolled the 

film out on her light table: “My God, where 

is the sand sheet’?’ The image revealed a 

vast network of channels, “their dendritic 

patterning reminiscent of riverbeds and 

tributaries, from little ditches just at the 

radar’s limit of resolution to huge swaths 

as wide as the Nile Valley.” Maurice 

Grolier. one of Breed’s colleagues, had 

been to the area barely a month before. He 

had driven over the terrain and testified 

that there was no trace of what the 

imagery showed. “Just thousands upon 

thousands of square kilometers of sand, 

sand,’ sand, in places piled tens of meters 

thick.” 

In effect, the radar acted as an x-ray eye. 

Instead of reflecting the radar beam, as a 

solid surface or a layer of water will do, the 

low-densrty surface of loosely packed 

sand allowed most of the beam’senergy to 

pass right through and be reflected by 

whatever lay beneath. Modifications ofthe 

method will be tried on another shuttle 

flight inthesummerof 1984on SIR-B, being 

developed at Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 

Pasadena, CA, under direction of Charles 

Elachi. 

Most of the geological work on the 

Saharan core that was unveiled is being 

done at the USGSBranch of Astrogeologic 

Studies in Flagstaff, AZ. The desert studies 

group is headed by Jack McCauley. 
Glacier Bay Staff Honors Two 

For Venerable Research Record 

By Gary Vequisl the develooment of olant succession 

Two scientists with a combined total of 

97 years spent in research were honored at 

a June 19 dinner arranged by the Glacier 

Bay National Park and Preserve staff. Staff 

members and other scientists spent a 

rewarding evening discussing their longterm research efforts and the history 

of scientific discoveries made at 

Glacier Bay with Dr. Donald Lawrence, a 

plant ecologist from the University of 

Minnesota, and Dr. William Field, glacial 

geologist with the American Geographical 

Society. 

Dr. Lawrence and Dr. Field returned to 

Glacier Bay to re-examine their research 

sites and to familiarize accompanying 

scientists with their studies. 

The research team boarded the NPS 

vessel “Nunatak” on June 17th for a Cday 

trip to study sites throughout Glacier Bay 

followed by a 5-day trip to sites along the 

Park’s Gulf of Alaska shore, primarilv in 

Lltuya Bay. 

William Field made his first visit to 

Glacier Bay in 1926 and Initiated a longterm project to record glacier variations by 

means of precise ground measurement 

and photography of glacier termini. done 

at several year intervals. On this trip, Field 

was able to make observations of most 

major tldewater glaciers. Monitoring 

efforts will be undertaken by park rangers 

in 1962 to mamtain the data base on 

movement of glacier fronts. Dr. Field is 

attempting to locate other scientists to 

resume and expand glacier monitoring 

from specific observation stations. 

Nowhere in Alaska has there occurred 

within recent years so rapid a 

disappearance of glacial ice. Glacier Bay is 

an ideal location for more sophisticated 

scientific techniques to develop a better 

understanding of the relationshlp between 

glacier regime and the climatic 

environment. The measurement of ice 

mechanics, mass balance and 

meteorological variations, when 

evaluated with long term data records, 

could provide valuable knowledge of the 

relationships behind the creation of this 

spectacular landscape. 

Dr. Lawrence evaluated changes at eight 

permanent research plots m Glacier Bay. 

His plant studies, begun m 1941, continue 

the research begun in 1916 by Professor 

William S. Cooper. These permanent plots 

are the longest record of vegetative 

development on terrain of known age 

followmg glacier recession. 

The rapidity of vegetation change 

followmg glacier recession has made it 

possible to map and photograph the 

course of plant succession. These studies 

have provided important contributions to 

theory. 

Other researchers pa:ticlpated on this 

trip to investiqate various aspects of the 

glacier receSsion on paiterns and 

processes of physiographic ecology. Dr. 

Peter Wardle, an authority of arctic and 

alpine timberlines. from the New Zealand 

Department of Scientific and Industrial 

Research, examined the remnant forests 

above 2.400 feet that were left uncovered 

by glacier ice 200 years ago. Dr. Mark 

Noble of the Arctic Alpine Research 

Institute of Colorado, and Dr. Ian Worleyof 

the University of Vermont participated to 

obtain experience needed to contmue 

monitoring of the plant succession study. 

The accurately documented glacial 

recession creates a unique opportunity for 

the study of glacier geology and plant 

ecology. 

Gary Vequist is a resource management 

specialist at Glacier Bay NP. The photos of 

Dr. Field and Dr. Lawrence were taken bv 

Dr. Mark Noble, research associate at tie 

institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, 

University of Colorado. 

Dr. tlonald B. Lawrence suiveys one of the 

permaneotplors that were remapped dunng the 

recent research trip ,n Glaoer Bay NP. This was 

Dr Lawrence’s 71th trrp to the Park 

Dr. William 0. Field 15 shown llere oii June 76, 1982 aboard the NPS vessel M ‘I/ Nuilatak in Johns 

Hopkins ,n,ef Glacrer Bay NP Gary Veqwst’s profile can be seen to the /e/f of Dr Lzwrence. Lookmg 

DU over Glacier Bay IS Dr tan A Worley. professor of botany at the Un~vers~ly of Vermont 

Rainier Disturbances Described 

A recent history of catastrophic Corvallls, 0R97331. Fires werefound to be 

disturbances IS described in “Fire and by far the most Important major 

Other Disturbances of the Forests in Mount disturbers, followed by snow avalanches 

Rainier National Park,” by Miles A. and lahars (volcanic mudflows). The 

Hemstrom and Jerry F. Franklin in largest fire episode, in 1230. affected 

Quaternary Research 18. 32-51 (1982). approximately 47 percent of the forests m 

Hemstom is area ecologist at the what is now Rainier NP. Most of the forests 

Willamette NatIonal Forest. Eugene, OR are over 350years old, and several stands 

97440, and Franklin is chief plantecologist are more than 1.000 years old. Natural fire 

of the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range rotation was estimated at about 434years. 

Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service. 

7 
Spotlight on a Region 

Science And Resources .M’anagement Activities’ 

In Alaska 

Fire Ecology/FIRE-PRO 

During the 1982 field season, a pilot 

study was initiated that will contribute to a 

comprehensive fire management plan for 

Denali National Park and Preserve. Joint 

irre ecology research and FIRE-PRO 

monitoring efforts were concentrated in 

that portion of the park and preserve 

located north of the Alaska Range. The 

helicopter supported operation was based 

at Wonder Lake. 

Veaetation and fuel loads were samoled 

in plots on a variety of burned sites’and 

fuel types to obtain information about past 

occurrences of fire, fire effects on 

vegetation, plant succession and fuel 

loads. FIRE-PRO and research teams 

established before and after burn plots and 

momtored fire behavior on two lightningcaused fires that burned nearly 3.000 

hours before rain extinguished them. 

Alaska Regional Research Ecologist Gary 

Ahlstrand and Denali Resources 

Management Specialist John Dalle-Molle 

drrected the integrated research and 

resources monitormg study. 

MAB Fire Ecology Project 

Dr.Charles Racine. Johnson State 

College in Johnson, Vermont, was funded 

by Man and the Biosphere Program to 

conduct studies on the ecologrcal role of 

fire in the tundraecosystemsofthe Noatak 

Rover Preserve during 1981-82. Racine and 

his crews focused their studies in the lower 

Noatak about 140 km upriver from 

Kotzebue in an area where 1977 and 1981 

fires were available for studies. The 

studies and investigators covered: 1) 

mapping of fires in the Noatak from fire 

records and LANDSAT photos (Racine). 2) 

intensrve study plots rn the 1977 fire and 

experimentally burned sites (Racine). 3) 

biomass and productivity studies (J. 

Dennis, of the National Park Service. 

Washington Office), 4) responses of white 

spruce and mountain alder to fire(W. 

Patterson, University of Massachusetts). 

and 5) vegetal implications of past fires 

from pollen cores in tundra ponds (W. 

Patterson). 

Fisheries StudPfaerskin Benali National 

The second summer of fisheries 

inveshgations in Denalr NP have focused 

on the Kantishna Hills area in parklands 

that were added in the 1980Alaska Lands 

Act. Thus area is heavily mineralrzed. has 

been extensively mined in the past, and 

placer mmmg IS continurng. Studies 

focused on determrning distribution and 

abundance of Archc graylmg.habrtat loss 

documentation, fish collections, stream 

gauging, temperature, turbrdity and heavy 

metal sampling. Recently mined 

tributaries offered little fish habitat, 

apparently because of numerous 

alterations such as stream channelizahon. 

loss of bank coves and pools, artificral 

barrrers, acute perrodrc hrgh turbrdrties. 

potentially toxic mine drainage from 

riparian landfills, and reduced aquatic 

invertebrate populations. Streams heavrly 

mined many years ago. however, such as 

Caribou Creek, stdl offer fair to good 

aquatic habrtat in unmined stream 

reaches. Denaii fisheries studies were 

conducted by Alaska Regional Fishery 

Biologist Ross Kavanagh and Denali 

Fishery Biologist Scott Meyer. Heavy 

metals samplmg and analysrs of water and 

fish tissues were accomplished through a 

reimbursement agreement wrth the U.S. 

Fish and Wddlife Service. 

Wildlife Research in Oenali 

Grizzly bear-human interactions tops 

the list of wildlife priorities rn Denali NP. 

Substantial numbers of Incidents in the 

park began occurring only about 1977.The 

date corncrdes with both total and 

backcountry visitatron increases 

following greater access to the park in 

1971 when the Parks Highway opened. 

Prior to that date, Denali Park was 

accessible only by railway or by the 

circuitous and unpaved Denali Highway. 

Work in 1982 directed by Kathy Jope. 

focused on the greatest perceived source 

of bear problems -inadequate storage of 

food. Tests were made with backpackable 

food containers (also being tested in 

Sequoia/Kings Canyon and Yosemite) and 

storing food in waterproof containers in 

tundra ponds. The treeless tundraof Denali 

presents almostnopossrbilitiesfor hanging 

food away from bears. 

Caribou calving was observed for the 

second year in relation to potential mining 

development on the Cantwell or Dunkle 

Hills calving grounds. Also, monitoring of 

road-wildlife relations was conducted 

along the Denali Park road. In particular. 

visrtor athtudes to the shuttle bus were 

compared to attitudes sampled in 1972. 

and numbers of wildlife seen and reactions 

were compared to similar data collected 

by Dr. Fred Dean and Diane Tracy, 

University of Alaska, in 1974. Close 

attention was paid to comparrsons In 

wildlife response between shuttlebus and 

private vehicular traffic. 

Wildlife Surveys 

Inventory work in 1982rncluded a raptor 

survey along a portion of the Noatak River 

and Dall sheepcount rn portions of Gates of 

8 

the ArcticNP. Wildhfe studies are directed 

by Francis Singer. 

Humpback Whales in Glacier Bay 

In FY 1981 the NPS funded three 

humpback whale research contracts rn 

Glacier Bay. The studres focused on (1) 

whale feed, (2) acoustics, and (3) whale 

behavior in relation to vessel traffic. A 

consortium of cruiseship companres 

donated additional money and a research 

vessel to assist rn the feed study. Asecond 

and final summer of similar humpback 

whale research activities is underway with 

the National Marine Frsheries Servrce 

providing on-the-ground contract 

admrmstration as in 1981. Preliminary 

results are due by winter 198211983. 

A contract with the University of Alaska 

CPSU to conduct an expanded statistical 

analysis of whale behavior (prrmarily 

stressed and unstressed breath logs)wrll be 

completed m December, 1982. Durmg 

winterisprmg 1983 another Sectron 7 

Endangered Species Act Consultation with 

the Nahonal Marine Fisheries Service is 

anticipated and possibly another 

humpback whale conference, sponsored 

by the Marrne Mammal Commrssion. The 

results of all research activities should 

receive a full review at this trme and may 

determine the extent and direction of 

continued restrictions (if any) on vessel 

traffic in Glacier Bay NP. 

Future Oirections of the Alaska 

Science Program 

Regronal Chref Scientist, Al Lovaas, 

concluded that the main resource 

problems facing Alaska m the future 

Include bear-human interachons at Denali 

and Katmar, pressures to alter the road 

system in Denali. fire prediction and 

behavior informatlon. mining activities, 

present and possrbleaquacultureprojects. 

and potential stresses on both fish and 

wildlife populations from subsistence 

harvests in parksorfrom bothsubsistence 

and sport hunting in preserves. Many 

populations still are undetermined as to 

srze or distribution. Productivity and 

allowable harvest of many Alaska 

populations, especially those in northern 

areas, is being understood for the first 

ttme. All the biological implications of the 

management goal m Preserves (“healthy 

populations”) and in Parks (“natural and 

healthy populahons”) need to beexplored. 

The State Subsrstence Act and subsistence 

on National Parklands continue to be 

controversral subjects at the State level 

and will no doubt reauire attention. 
Sometimes 

Reasons 

Editor’s Note: There are Some areas where 

nature calls the shots. A// we can do about 

it is try to understand, and then get the 

message out so that others too will 

understand. The role ofscience in this case 

is to find out what is happening, and then 

to spread the word. The idea that science IS 

the key to control - of everything - IS 

erroneous and can lead to the frustration 

described in the following article 

by Jim Gladson 

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildhle 

While I was attending a service club 

luncheon recently, a gentlemanasked me a 

very good question. In a frustrated tone of 

voice he said, “The ocean salmon season 

was a mess this year. Now we hear that 

upland bird populations are way down and 

that duck and geese numbers will also be 

low this fall. What has gone wrong and 

why don’t you correct it?” 

As I paused a moment to collect my 

thoughts before responding, I wished to 

myself that I could give him a snappy, twominute answer that would send hrm away 

with a smile on his face. But that was not 

possible. The subject was too complex and 

time to explain was too short. 

Even a 20.minute answer would not 

have completely erased his concern, but I 

gave it my best shot anyway. I don’t thmk 

either of us was satisfied when I finished. 

What heessentially wanted to know was 

why can’t fish and wildlife populations be 

consistently high all the time. He seemed 

to feel that somehow theCepartmentof Fish 

and Wildlife should be able to correct the 

ups and downs. 

To me his question implied a belief that 

the Department had some sort of master 

control. Failure to use this power was 

somehow a result of incompetence, 

laziness or outright ill-intent. He had 

placed his trust and had been let down. 

I will give one mare try, here, at answering 

his questions. What has gone wrong and 

why don’t we correct rt? 

Fish and wildlife managers do not have 

their hands on any master control. What 

these managers do have is a set of tools 

that allows them to work on the machine. 

Every day scientists learn more about how 

the machine works. They can even identify 

some malfunctions and fix them, or at 

least anticipate them and reduce the 

impacts on wildlile. 

But when the machine that is nature 

decides to produce cold winters or wet 

springs, biologists often must stand back 

then try to pick up the pieces later. 

That is essentially what has happened 

Science Can Only Give 

Instead of Solutions 

to upland bird and water fowl populatrons 

this past winter and spring. In Oregon, 

spring populations of some adult upland 

birds were high but a wet spring caused 

widespread nesting failures. Hunting 

seasons had to be cut back or not enough 

birds would go into this winter to rebuild 

their numbers. 

The big waterfowl populations nest in 

Canada and Alaska. The story was the 

same there. Widespread nesting failures 

reduced the number of birds expected to 

come south this fall and winter. 

Weather Is not the whole story on the 

decline of coho salmon returns in recent 

years, but climate, winds, and related 

ocean conditions have been identified as 

possible contributors to the problem. 

Fish habitat in the ocean can change just 

as bird habitats do on land. We can see 

snow or ice. We cannot see as easily what 

goes on beneath the waves. 

tn some years, poor ocean conditions 

may have a direct influence on the survival 

of young coho salmon first entering the 

ocean. 

Specifically, the presence or absence of 

an ocean condition called upwelling may 

play a large role in whether those young 

coho smelts live or die. 

Upwelling. which is brought on by a 

combination of northwest winds and 

certain weather patterns, pushes cool. 

nutrient-rich waters from the bottom 

toward the surface. 

The rich waters allow the smelts to feed 

and grow more rapidly while also tending 

to reduce the killing of the small fish by 

predators. 

A study going back several years has 

compared the occurrence of spring 

upwelling with coho salmon smelt 

survival and adult returns. The study 

shows a very close relationship between 

good upwelling years and higher returns of 

coho adults the next season. Similar 

relationships do not appear for chinook 

salmon or steelhead. 

Because cohodeclines in the last five years 

have been accompanied by poor ocean 

upwelling, biologists are becoming more 

convinced that these ocean conditions are 

a major factor affecting coho survival. 

Like the snows in Eastern Oregon, ocean 

currents are beyond anyone’s control. But 

rather than serving as a convenient 

excuse, dealing with environmental 

disturbances becomes one of the major 

challenges in fish and wildlife 

management. 

Habitat is the keyfor survival ofanyfish 

or wildlife species. Without a place to live, 

feed, rest and reproduce, no animal can 

survive. For upland birds this means 

9 

developing and protectrng watering Sites 

in the desert, maintenance of areas where 

cover and nesting space is available, and 

preservation of needed habitatthroughout 

the state. For waterfowl the story is the 

same. Marshes and wetlands are 

developed on Department lands protected 

on private or other public lands. 

These habitat protection and 

improvement programs do not guarantee 

that a bird will not freeze or that its nest 

will not fail, but they do help maintain a 

strong population that can bounce back 

from bad years. 

For coho salmon, habitat protec?ion and 

stream improvement is a constant activity 

for Department workers. Now. with the 

Salmon Trout Enhancement Program 

running at a good level, the public is also 

pitching in to see that spawning beds are 

protected and that once useless areas are 

restored to productivity. But the coho 

crisis also involves research. Why do 

these fish not survive while chinook 

salmon populations are doing fine? A 

recently completed comprehensive coho 

management program plan calls for 

improved quality hatchery smelts, 

extensive studies on the best time to 

release the fish from hatcheries and 

continued efforts to save wild populations 

through stream habitat protection and 

harvest regulations. 

The coho declines are not just an Oregon 

problem. Similar problems are appearing 

in Washignton. British Columbia and 

Alaska. The concentrated efforts of 

fisheries scientists in all those areas are 

being brought into the fight to turn the 

situation around. 

The tendency to place blame foraserious 

problem is a natural human reaction. the 

successive bad coho years, culminating in 

ocean recreational and commercial 

seasons this year, has led to a lot of finger 

pointing. 

Some critics have accused the Department 

of intentronal mismanagement. In a 

recent speech, Department director, John 

Ft. Donaldson, called the accusations 

“Bilge!” He also noted that public hatch. 

ery production is materially unchangeo 

from tne same levels that produced the 

coho bonanza in 1976. 

Increased production alone IS not a cure 

all since recent adult returns have steadily 

;ey;;;ed in the face of high production 

Like the gentlemen at the luncheon, 

Department researchers, field biologists 

and hatchery workers want coho 

populations to be healthy again, and they 

are using every tool in the management kit 

to accomplish that goal. 
Research Integration Into Management 

Was Conference Objective 

September 9-10, 1982 marked the 

beginning of biennial conferences on 

“Research in California National Parks, ” 

sponsored by the Cooperative Parks 

Studies Unit, Davis, and hosted by the 

University of California at Davis. The 

theme of this conference was “the 

integration of research into National Park 

Resource Mangement Decision-making,” 

wrth a major aim of helping researchers 

and managers to better coordinate their 

respective expertise. 

More than 150 participants listened to 

papers from 76 scientists who had 

conducted research in a California 

National Park. Topics dealt with California 

plant communities, geology, water 

quality, forest rehabilitation (particularly 

in Redwood NP)California mammals, birds, 

fish and amphibians. Also dealt with were 

the effects of fire on the ecosystems of 

California’s National Parks, and the 

scientific study of lakes, ponds, and 

streams. A number of papers were 

concerned with visitors in the parks - 

their perception of park areas and the 

impacts they are havmq on various 

resources, backcountry campgrounds in 

particular. 

In addition to the paper sessions, one 

evenmg was spent vtewing 15 poster 

presentations and 3 NPS films on the 

Channel Islands and Sequoia & Kings 

Canyon NPs. Sections of each day were 

devoted to panel discussions in which 

participants discussed how research was 

implemented into management decisions 

in their respective expertise areas. Panel 

members consisted of NPS research 

scientists, resource managers, and 

superintendents, in addition to university 

and other governmental agency 

personnel. The closing panel, chaired by 

Dr. David Parsons from Sequoia & Kings 

Canyon NP. dealt with positive aspects of 

the conference and how it miqht be 

improved in future years. In all discussion 

sessions, the audience was invited to 

partrcipate. 

Key-note speaker was Dr. Roderick 

Nash, a professor of history at the 

University of California at Santa Barbara, 

and a noted historian of the National 

Parks. Dr. Nash stated that National Parks 

reflect the social and cultural values of 

society, and that these values have 

changed over the past century. In taking 

the audience through a historic tour of 

National Parks, from their inception to the 

present, he stressed that many of the 

mrstakes park managers have made in the 

past were a direct result of their 

responding to the needs and desire of the 

public at that time. For instance, in the 

early stages of the National Park Service, 

people wanted a resort-type of situation. 

The grandiose hotels still extant in many of 

the parks reflect that period’s desire. Also, 

people then wanted to lounge around and 

at the same time be able to view the 

wildlife. Bear feeding was instituted as a 

result. Today, visitor r&sires have shifted 

in the direction of more wilderness 

experience, leading to elimination of the 

bear feeding programs and emphasis on 

preserving the natural conditions of the 

National Parks. 

Limited copies of abstracts of the 

conference are available from Dr. Charles 

van Riper Ill, Unit Leader CPSUIUCD. 

Institute of Ecology, Wickson Hall, 

University of California, Davis, CA 95616. 

The proceedings of this conference will be 

published by the CPSU and the Institute of 

Ecology at UC Davis, and is expected to be 

ready by late 1982. Copies may be 

purchased by contacting Dr. van Riper. 

Regional Highlights 

North Atlantic Region 

The Barrier Island Forum and Workshop 

Proceedings, based on the May 1980 

meeting, now are available for $10 from 

Cape Cod National Seashore, South 

Wellfleet. MA 02663. The 207-page book, 

with full color cover, contains 17 papers, 

introductory material, and 27 pages of 

transcript of a problem-solving, brainstorming session held during the 

conference. 

Pacific Northwest Region 

“Foreign Visitors at Grand Canyon NP: A 

Preliminary Study.” is the title of the 

University of Idaho CPSU Study NO. S82-2 

by Gary E. Machlis and Ellen L. Wenderoth. 

available from Dr. Machlis at UI/CPSU. 

MOSCOW, ID 83843. The study focused on 

organized tours to the South Rim. using 

four different research methods: a timebudget analysis, a questionnaire in 

French, Japanese, German, and Spanrsh. 

oarticioant observation, and informal 

interviews. 

After observino 40 tours (1.440 

observations were made) and tallying the 

89 percent response from the 

questionnaire (908 responders), it was 

found that 19percent of the average tour’s 

time was spent on park-oriented activities 

such as viewing scenery and interpretive 

facilities, taking pictures, and so forth. In 

contrast, 33 percent of the tour was spent 

traveling from place to place and 23 

oercent was devoted to eatina in 

restaurants. 

The CPSU studv describes the research, 

including an appendix with all the 

questionnaires in each of four foreign 

languages, and contains 37 specific 

recommendations for consideration by 

NPS management and Grand Canyon NP 

concessionaires. The recommendations 

cover information services, interpretation, 

visitor protection, and general visitor 

services of the kind provided by 

concessionaires. * * * 

The 1981 year of operation, with 

emphasis on knowledge and technology 

transfer, is described in the 1981 Annual 

Report of the NPSiCPSU at the University 

of Washington, now available from PNR 

Headquarters, Seattle, WA. A wide range 

of projects in both sociology and biology 

are described, and planning has been 

completed for release of a continued series 

of reports for public land managers. 

Alaska 

The 1982 Bear Bibliography project now 

is available in both hard-copy (8% x 11) 

and microfiche form, according to word 

from the University of Alaska CPSU. The 

10 

Brown Bear Bibliography contains 4,154 

citations; the Black Bear Bibliography, 

3,569. Each has been extensively 

keyworded and includes vocabulary 

listings for title and keyword fields as well 

as indices by author and keywords. A 

complete user’s manual and description of 

the oroiect is included with each 

bibliography. 

Comes can be obtained from Alaska 

Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Biology 

and Resource Management Program, 211 

Irving Bldg., 902 Koyukuk Ave.. North, 

University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK99701. 

Cost and search information regarding the 

bibliographies also can be had by calling 

Teresa M. Jordan, administrative 

assistant, at (907) 474-7672. 

Southwest Region 

Regional Director Robert I. Kerr has 

announced reestablishment of the 

Cooperative Park Studies Unit at A&M 

University. Director Kerr indicated that the 

Unit would become operational in October 

1982. and he expects the Unit to begin to 

play a major role in the science activities 

of the Southwest Region.TheA&M Unit will 

be housed in the Department of Recreation 

and Parks, within the Experimental Station 

of the College of Agriculture. 

Chief Scientist Milford Fletcher will have 

primary responsibility for the Unit’s 
operation. Dr. Fletcher recently negotiated 

a Revised Memorandum of Understanding 

between the Region and the Universdy. 

laying the groundwork for a diverse 

program of biological and sociological 

scientific work. 

Dr. Robert F. Newkirk will direct the new 

Unit. A graduate of the University of 

Maryland, he has eight years of Interior 

experience in a variety of parks and 

recreation programs. Although biological 

projects in support of the Regional parks 

will be the priority emphasis ofthe Unit, Dr. 

Newkirk has expressed interest in 

expanding research priorities to include 

much needed visitor profile data, revenue 

impact studies, and sociological carrying 

capacity studies on the Region’s rivers 

trails systems. 

Correspondence to the new Unit should 

be addressed to: 

Dr. Robert F. Newkirk. CPSU 

Director, Department of 

Recreation and Parks, Texas 

A&M University, College Station, 

Texas 776432261 

Midwest Region 

What probably is the oldest mammalian 

den complex ever found was uncovered in 

Agate Fossil Beds NM, Gering, Nebraska, 

by Dr. Robert Hunt, Jr., and three student 

assistants this summer. On the side of a 

weathered outcrop a mile south of the 

Niobrara Rover. they found two prehistoric 

“bear-dogs” (Dapheonodon) and evidence 

of several underground dens where the 

animals lrved. Bear-dogs roamed the flat 

plains of western Nebraska 20 million 

,years ago, and were the dominant species 

Inn North America at the time. Their size 

ranged from that of an Irish setter to a 

small grizzly bear. Hunt was even able to 

match up the bones from his recent find 

with those uncovered in 1905 by Olaf 

Peterson of the Carnegie Museum, and in 

addition discovered that two burrows led 

to the spot where Peterson had made his 

find. Dr. Hunt is returning to do more field 

work this fall, and will do a completestory 

on the bear-dogs for a future issue of Park 

Science. 

Southeast Region 

Great Smoky Mountains NP held its 

Eight Annual Scientific Research meeting 

at the Park’s Tremont Environmental 

Education Center Near Townsend, Term., 

on June 24 - 25, More than 70 attended, 

including agency and institutional officials 

from the Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service, Oak Ridge 

Natronal Laboratory (operated by Union 

Carbide Corp.), the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers, and EG&G Idaho, Inc. (Idaho 

National Engineering Laboratory). 

Academic representatives came from the 

unrversities of Tennessee, Maryland, 

Rochester, North Carolina State, Cornell, 

Georgia, Clemson, Ohio State, 

Pennsylvannia. Bowling Green, Tennessee 

Tech and Western Carolina. 

Forty-six research papers were given, 

covering the ecological spectrum from 

vegetation, wildlife, air quality and water 

quality to geology, soils, and atmospheric 

precipitation. Several social science 

papers also were given. Most of the 

Presentations centered on current 

research within the Great Smokies and the 

immediate surrounding area, but seven 

other parks, (Buffalo River, Shenandoah, 

Blue Ridge Parkway, Big South Fork, 

Cumberland Gao. Obed Wild and Scenic 

River, and Acadia), also were covered. 

Discussions on black bear research, air 

and water quality monitoring activities, 

and acid precipitation effects research 

allowed participants to exchange 

information and to familiarize themselves 

with research, monitoring, and 

development needs of the southern 

Appalachian region. Supt. Dave Beal’s 

welcoming address dealt with the 

aoolication of scientific information to 

park management. 

The oroceedinas will beoublished bvthe 

Southwest Regional Office in August: 

**a 

A Workshop of National Diversity in Forest 

Ecosystems will be held at the Umversity of 

Georgra’s Center for Continuing Education 

in Athens, Nov. 29 through Dec. 1, 1982. 

accordmg to Jay Gogue, Regional Chief 

Scientist for the Southeast Region. Gogue 

will moderate the panel on Forest 

Recreation and Cultural Resourceson Nov. 

30. Appearing on the panel will be Peter S. 

White, research botanist, Great Smoky 

Mountains NP. 

Western Region 

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has 

recommended Charles van Riper III, unit 

leader of the UCallDavis CPSU, as a 

member of the Peregrine Falcon Recovery 

Team for the Western United States. Van 

Riper will serve as the National Park 

Service representative on the team. 

Five of van Riper’s papers concerning 

research on Hawaii’s ecosystems, 

completed while he was working at Hawaii 

Volcanoes NP, are now available in reprint 

form from the author, Wickson Hall, 

University of California, Davis, CA 95616. 

“Within-Territory Division of Foraging 

Space by Male and Female Amakihi 

(LOXOPS virens).” written with Alan C. 

Kamil, appeared in Condor 64:117-119. 

1962. publication of the Cooper 

Ornithological Society; Summarizing 

Remarks on “Comparison of Methods” 

appeared in Studies in Avian Biology No. 

6:217-216, 1961; a book review of The 

Hawaiian Goose: An Experiment m 

Conservafmn. by Janet Kear and Andrew 

J. Berger, appeared in The W;lson Bulletin. 

Vol. 93. No. 3, September 1961; “The 

Phenology of the Dryland Forest of Mauna 

Kea, Hawaii, and the Impact of Recent 

11 

Environmental Perturbations” was in 

Biotropica 12(4): 262-291. 1960; and 

“Observations on the Breeding ofthe Palila 

Psittirostra badleui of Hawair.” was 

carried in a 1960issue of Ibis. journal of the 

British Ornithologists’ Union. 

Michael Frome 

Joins UI Faculty 

Michael Frame. award-wrnning 

conservation author and columnist, has 

joined the University of Idaho faculty for a 

one-year term as writer-in-residence as 

Visiting Associate Professor of 

Communication and Wildland Recreation 

Management. 

Frame is theauthor of more than a dozen 

books on travel and conservation topics. 

These have included Whose Woods These 

Are, The Forest Service, The National 

Parks, Battle for the WUderness and 

Hosfeling USA. He has also served in a 

variety of writing and editing positions 

with the Washington Post, Los Angeles 

Times and the international News Service, 

and as conservation editor and columnist 

of Field & Stream. 

Frame will teach courses in the School 

of Communication on public affairs 

reporting and news writing. He will be 

housed in the College of Forestry’s 

Department of Wildland Recreation 

Management. He is working on the 

preparation of two more books on parks 

and natural resources. 

Coral Reef Research 

Reprints Prove 

Popular 

The Ispage article on “A Century of 

Natural Change in Coral Distribution at the 

Dry Tortugas: A Comparison of Reef Maps 

from 1861 and 1976.” by Gary E. Davrs, is 

now available in reprint form from Davisat 

Channel Islands NP, 1901Spinnaker Drive, 

Ventura, CA 93003. The reprint includes 

two handsome full color maps of the Dry 

Tortugas, the 1661 map according to 

Alexander Agassiz. and the 1976 map 

according to Marine Biologist Davis. 

The paper describes major changes in 

coral species distributions and reef types, 

the natural dynamic nature of coral reefs, 

and the role played by occasional shortterm, extreme climatic events in shaping 

reef structure and species distribution. It 

also discusses the importance of 

protecting living corals and the value of 

ecosystem level sanctuaries as dynamic 

standards. More than 200 reprint requests 

have been received from 35 countries, 

which, according to Davis, makes it “very 

popular by my standards,” 
I 

A ONE PAGE SUMMARY FOR RESOUI 

SYSTEM 

GEOLOGY [SOILS) 

ABIOTIC 

Oil&GAS MINERALS 

Resource Management Plan User Table for 

RESOURCE BASICINVENTORY NATURAL INFLUENCES HUMAN INFLUENCES 

No Data Base 

Corrosive Atmosphere 

Laguna Madre Excellerit 

Gulf of Mexico - Adequate 

Fresh Water Insufficient 

Excellent 

Geophysical Base - Insufficient 

Good General References 

Fire Weather - None 

Microclimates - None 

General Information Excellent 

Historical Data Insufficient 

Assumed to be little Air Pollution Industrial. Vehi 

Aircraft 

Laguna Madre-Water Circulation, Salinity Boatlog. Oil & Gas Operations 

Gulf - Assumed not to be significant Oil Spills, Litter, Human Wasti 

Ponds-Drought/Flooding, Oxygen. PH Vehicles. Pedestrians, Oil 8 G: 

Hurricanes Operations, Roads & Uttlitles 

None known at present Extraction 

All Historic 

Hurricane effects known Hurricane Mantpulatlon, 

Many variables unknown Cloud Seeding 

Lightning Fires Frequency Fireworks, Accidental Ignition 

Intensity Suppressmn. External Encroa~ 

General Information - Adequate 

Historic Data - Insufficient 

Population Dynamics 

SUCCeSSlOo 

Visitor Use, Oil 8 Gas. 

Suppression 01 Wildfire 

Sea Oat Collectina 

Tamerlsk known, Landscapmg Not applicable at this time lntroductlon of Exotic Species 

Vegetation known. Others suspected. 

Excellent overall 

Update sea grass 

dlstributmn in 

Laguna Madre needed 

Not endangered or threatened 

General Information Adequate 

Historical data insufficient 

Succession - Limtted knowledge 

Not applicable at this time 

Population DynamicsLimited knowledge 

Oil A Gas Operations. Dredgln 

Boat Operation, Sport & Comn 

Fishmg. Oil Spills 

Unknown 

Visitor Use. 011 A Gas Operati 

Mosquito Abatement, 

Insect Pest Control. suppress 

01 Wildfwe. 

Peregrine Falcon - excellent 

Transient Exotic - deficient 

White Pelican -adequate 

Population Dynamics - 

Limited Knowledge 

Visitor Use. 011 8 Gas 0~s.. 

Aircraft, Illegal Capture. Trar 

Trarwent Exotic, Feral Dogs 

Excellent Salinity VisItor Use, Boat Operations. 

oxygen Levels 8 Gas Ops Sport & Commerc 

PH Flshlng. 011 Spills, Poaching 

Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle adequate Nesting / Not Nesting Commerclal Fishing, Collectic 

Loggerhead Sea Turtle - adequate Poaching. Harrasment 

Maline Mammals adequate 

This table is a summary of the Park’s Resource Management Program. 

To use the table, simply ask yourself which subject you are interested in. If it is 

geology for example, the next column provides an evaluation of the knowledge of the 

system. Four categories have been chosen: 

Excellard Satisfies all present and anticipated future needs 

for resowx mformation on which to base 

management actions. 

Adequate Satisfies all present needs for resource information 

on which to base management action. 

lnsufllclent Indicates a lack of knowledge specific to 

Padre Island. Such information would be needed 

before a management decision could be made. 

Inadequate lndlcates a lack of mformatmn on the sub 

[No data base) general as well as specific to your area. 

None 01 the above presuppose that the inlormation IS not availabletr 

just that it has not been located nor is It available on site for manag 

To find out the actual extent of the knowledge. consult the Blbllograp 

sublect. 

Known natural and man-related influences on the subject are mdlcal 

columns. 

The documentation of man’s influence (next to the last column) indil 

documentation IS available. 

Visual Indicates that a trained person can go onwsually recognize the influence. 

12 
I a 

CE MANAGEMENT PLANS 

‘adre Island NS 

DOCUMENTATION OF HUMAN INFLUENCES NEEDS [PROJECT NUMBER] CATEGORY 

A G C 0 E 

Some visual, otherwise none 

Vn~al -good 

Plans of Operation good 

Research weak 

N-005 N-012 

N-013 

N-001 N-005 $9; N-025 

N-002 

N-014 

Visual good 

Research fair to good 

Plans of Operation good 

Extraction Records good 

None Available 

N-001 

N-002 ::;;; ;:oO;; 

N-018 

;:;;: 

N-025 

N-001 N-005 N-010 N-025 

N-002 N-012 

N-011 N-024 

ent 

FII-e Reports - good for past 10 yrs. 

Visual fair to good 

Research weak 

N-005 N-015 N-025 

N-016 

Research tar to good 

Visual -fair to good 

Plans of Operation good 

Documentation-weak 

N-001 N-005 N-009 N-015 N-018 

N-002 N-006 N-011 N-016 N-021 

N-017 N-025 

Visual good 

Research none 

N-001 N-005 N-009 F 

N-002 N-006 

t-015 N-018 

N-011 N-016 N-021 

;I-017 N-025 

ial 

Visual far to good 

Research -fair to good 

Plans ot Operatmn good 

Documentation weak 

N-001 N-005 N-009 N-019 

N-002 N-006 N-011 N-020 

ats, 

None 

Visual fair to good 

Research -fair 

Plans of Operations - good 

Documentation -fan 

Visual weak 

Research -fair 

Plans of Operations good 

Documentation -weak to fair 

N-001 N-005 N-009 N-019 

N-002 N-006 N-011 N-020 

N-001 N-005 N-009 N-015 N-018 

N-002 N-006 N-011 N-016 N-021 

N-017 ;:Q; 

N-001 N-005 N-009 N-015 N-018 

N-002 N-006 N-011 N-016 N-021 

N-004 N-017 ;:;LX; 

Visual weak 

Research -fair 

Plans of Operations good 

Documentation lair to good 

Visual Weak 

Research -fair 

Documentation gqod 

N-001 N-005 N-009 N-019 

N-002 N-006 N-011 N-020 

N-001 N-005 N-009 N-019 

N-002 N-006 N-011 N-020 

N-003 N-007 

I” 

othersources, 

:nt use. 

rider the same 

Plans 01 

Operation 

Research 

Extraction 

Records 

“the next two 

s what type of 

Oocumentation 

Indicates that the influence is documented in an 

approved oil and gas Plan 01 Operation. 

lndlcates that the influence is documented in 

research literature (see Bibliography) 

These records are maintained by the Oil company. 

The information may be available through a state 

regulatory agency. 

Indicates the relative value of the informatIon in the 

documented sources noted. 

and 

The last column Needs (Project Number) lists the resource management project 

numbers for current and projected needs. Projects are listed by major priority categories 

(A. Et C, 0. E). Information about the action is contained in the Project Statement. 

13 

By William M. Lukens 

Superintendent. Padre /s/and N.S 

Since 1968. I’ve been fighting the Battle 01 the 

Resources Management Plan. One of the 

problems which constantly arises is 

determining to the satisfaction of everyone - 

user and reviewer - how much detail is 

necessary. The solution we’ve come up with is 

the use of a table which summarizes the 

significant partsot the Plan in one page for the 

reader, yet allows the user to incorporate all the 

information he needs into the body of the Plan. 

The Plan user has reviewed a great deal of 

information and literature in the preparation of 

the Plan. Much of thedataaccumulated and any 

references located are needed in order that the 

Plan be executed consistent with the findlngs. 

Sometimes 4 or 5 years may pass between the 

time the Plan is written and var~oos phases are 

executed. Personnel have changed. To relocate 

the information is time consuming and in some 

instances, impossible The reader reviewer. on 

the other hand. generally is not interested in 

detail: he wants pertinent facts. Yet reviewers, 

who have approval responsibility. want some 

assurance that the data presented is backed up 

in writing. 

The method of presentation we’ve developed 

uses the generally accepted taxonomic 

classification (kingdom), but this can be 

modified down to species if the need exists. We 

have defined the term unique (endangered. 

threatened. endemic. exotic) as “peculiar to 

Padre Island” in contrast to the dictionary 

definition of “one of a kind.” 

The maior headinas of the table oose 

questions doncerning ihe systems. What db we 

know about each system? What are the natural 

influences on the system? What are the human 

influences on the systems? What 

documentation is available to substantiate 

influences? What is needed (Projects) to answer 

the questions or to mitigate influences so the 

system can function in accordance with 

resource management objectives. 

Accompanymg the table is a series of 

definitions for the terms used: excellent, 

adaquate, visual. etc. The bibliography is 

arranged by systems. Cross referencing by key 

word has not been done but would be helpful. 

Project numbers have been duplicated where 

one oroiect satisfies morethan one need. Listina 

the broiect title would be more informative b;t 

requres too much space. 

Comments on the table have been vew 

favorable. The biggest weakness is lack df 

standardization servicewide. If each area had a 

one page summary similar to this, then in most 

cases Region and WASOoffices would beableto 

work with the one page summary while the 

areas could continue with the full plan at 

whatever depth they felt necessary. A similar 

approach is applicable to cultural resources. 

Editor’s Note: Last spring a Departmental 

Trainee working in the NPS Division of Natural 

Resource Management, Richard Coon, sampled 

17 National Parks to compare high prionties 

(SRPs) with Project Statements identified in the 

RMPs , and to determine If the high priority 

threats are being adequately addressed in the 

RMPs. Coon found ‘great vanability in 

ctassifytngprojects, ” which henoted “maylead 

to confusion as the RMPs are used.” His 

conclusion was that more ~nstructlonalmateriat 

may be needed ‘aid in standardizing the 

classification of projects as to management, 

monitoring, or research. ” 
Glacier National Park Scientist Refines 

Low-Cost Resource Mapping Alternative 

Editor’s Note: The Flathead River Basin 

Riparian Study Team, under the direction 

of Dr. R Gerald Wright, CPSUleader at the 

University of Idaho. is in the final year of 

an 18month study, funded by EPA through 

the Flathead River Basin Environment 

Impact Study, to inventory riparian 

communities and Investigate specific 

impacts within the River corridor. Carl H. 

Key, b/ological technician at Glacier NP, in 

January 1982 completed a resource map 

series for the project, using the method he 

describes below. Key now is completing a 

Landsat project for the Park and working 

to develop a digital resource information 

system. A full color Landsat picture of a 

75square mile area of Glacier NP and a 

description of the technique’s applications 

;$Fears on page 7. Ocfober issue, Science 

Transparent overlays such as the two shown here can be regNeredon a 

USGS topographx map fo dlspiay the relationship of such mformation 

es is desired The upper overlay ldenhfies natural non-forest 

comm”nif,es (labeled A, D, and H) and logged areas (Cand Pi. The lower 

overlay mcorporates fhe relat;onsh!p of /and type to geographfc relief 

and mformation fhat allows monitoring of changes in lhe river channel. 

A forest typesoverlayhas been prepared. anda hnaloverlayof trrbutary 

streams and roads has been drafted and could be added, to document 

dramage patterns and access. 

By Carl H. Key 

The proliferation of remote sensing 

technology and digital cartography has 

produced a multitude of useful and 

exciting tools for resource management. 

The need persists, however, to apply what 

some might view as “archaic 

methodology” to synthesize resource 

information in low-budget, short-term 

situations. Managers of small parks, 

researchers studying a relatively small 

area, and managers confronting an 

immediate problem need to gather and 

manipulate resource information without 

investing large sums of money, time, and 

expertise. The resource mapping 

alternative described below, mimmizes 

the latter quantities while developing a 

useful product. It applies a simple 

projection/tracing method to map directly 

from aerial photographs and achieves 

proper scale with minimum distortion. 

Limitations. Results and Applications 

As with all mapping techniques, 

limitations exist. Some of the method’s 

timeliness is lost if the analyst must 

undertake extensive ground surveys to 

become familiar with the environment. 

Appropriate photography also must be 

available. The method works best when 

applied to high altitude and medium to 

small scale imagery. Large scales are 

acceptable, however, where typography 

varies less than 305m (1000 ft) 

elevationally. No limit to map scale 

appears to exist as long as image features 

are adequately resolved and the map draft 

is sufficiently controlled. The technique 

should be tested beforehand by mapping a 

small area and verifying the results 

against a USGS topographic map. A 

measurement of map accuracy can then be 

made. My experience has shown that 

l:z4,000 scale maps produced from 

1:30.000 scale high-altitude imagery are 

geometrlcally accurate to 0.5 mm (map 

distance) when carefully drafted. 

Overshadowing these limitations is the 

fact that resource maps produced by this 

method are easy to draft, inexpensive and 

versatile. The Flathead River Basin 

Riparian Study Team invested less than 60 

man days and $200 in materials to produce 

land cover maps for portions of the 

Flathead River corridor (figure 1). Six map 

series at 1:24.000 depicting five unique 

environmental components (a total of 30 

overlays) were completed for the 690 sq. 

km studyarea.Theimagesourcewasaset 

of U2 color infrared transparencies at a 

nominal scale of 1:30.000. Twenty five 

polyester and 60 ozalid reproductions 

14 
Two aerialphotographs of fhe identlcai site wrthin the North Fork study 

area. The iefl photo was made August 2, 7965; the right pholo. June 30, 

1977. Takenabout a decade apart, fheyfllusfratemeasurable~mpacts to 

vegetation, as mdicated by therecentclearcutsin thephoto on theright. 

increased road access. changes ;/I the river channel, and vegetative 

s”ccess,o” on the floodplain are also detectable Resource map 

overlays help quantify such changes and provide fhe manager with an 

effectwe momtonng capabitity. In the photos, Glacier National Park lies 

to the r!ght of the River. 

were made at low cost. Overlays were 

produced singly and in combination to 

evaluate relationships between two or 

more environmental components (i.e. 

legend hierarchies). Ozalids were used as 

base maps for transparent overlays, and 

were colored, written on,, and taken m the 

field without the risk of Irretrievable loss 

or damage 

Figure 1. A map of the study area along the west 

boundary of Glacier Nat,ona/ Park and above 

Flathead Lake, Montana. 

figure 2. A simple adaptor, constructed from 1 x 

72 mch lumber, sits under the prqector and 

dispenses film rolls of large-format 

transparencies. Overall dimensions may vary 

depending on projector and film size. 

Prior Considerations 

A major objective of resource mapping 

iS to maximize relevance, accuracy, and 

practicality. The following relate directly 

to that objective and must be determined 

before initiating any mapping project: I) 

the map’s purpose; 2) the environmental 

components that are both identifiable and 

relevant to that purpose; 3) the scale and 

type of imagery that most faithfully 

resolve the relevant components; and 4) 

the map structure or organization that 

leads to easiest interpretation. 

To facilitate map planning, a basic 

legend should be constructed beforehand; 

preferably one that fits a hierarchical 

design. In that form, it groups components 

in a manner that displays relationships, 

indicates environmental complexity, and 

enables the analyst to efficiently 

determine the requirements of the 

15 

mapping objective (See Baily. R.G.. R.D. 

mister. and J.A. Henderson. 1976. Nature 

of Land and Resource Classification -A 

Review. J. of Forestry 76 (10):65&655.) 

When the legend has several hierarchies (a 

complex environment), for example, a 

system of overlays, one for each major 

hierarchy group, should be planned to 

simplify map interpretation and provide a 

means for evaluating related components. 

Only with an appropriate legend and a 

concept of the map’s purpose and 

structure can the analyst proceed 

confidently to the mechanics of map 

drafting. 

&Me 3. To minimue distortmn, the straght 

edges of a small square wall target should 

parallel the edges of a projected image. An 

accurate bubble level can be used mitially to 

orrent waft target andprojectorsoangles (a)are 

90 degrees. Move the projector away from or 

toward wall to adjust scale. 
a 

Glacier National Park Scientist 

Materials and Methods 

The materials needed to complete this 

technique include standard drafting 

instruments, velum. matte-polyester 

drafting film, USGS topographic maps, 

aerial imagery. and a quality projector 

capable of projecting the imagery. Any or 

all components can be adapted to suit a 

particular situation. while making 

maximum use of available or inexpensive 

hardware and supplies. If aerial photos do 

not fit conveniently onto the projector’s 

platen, for example, construct an adaptor 

(fig. 2) but take care to adequately vent the 

platen so images remain cool during long 

periods of projection. 

The mapping procedure involves 

projecting a land image without distortion 

at a desired scale onto matte polyester or 

velum and simply outlining the features of 

interest. First. the projector is oriented 

correctly relative to a wall or. other 

projection surface, and the image is 

approximately scaled (fig. 3). Next, a 

matrix of control points is traced onto 

velum from appropriate topographic maps 

and placed on the projection surface. The 

image is then adjusted precisely to the 

control sheet so that controls on the 

imagery match or overlay their conjugate 

points on the control sheet. In that state, 

the image is at the desired scale with 

minimum distortion. 

Control points must be readily 

identifiable on both maps and imagery, 

evenly distributed throughout the map 

area, and sufficiently numerous to 

represent the true plan position of 

vertically displaced points in the scene. 

Since the method’s accuracy depends on 

adequate geometric control and correct 

projector orientation, careful attention to 

the above is a necessary prerequisite to 

drafting. 

A sheet of matte polyester film is then 

placed over the control sheet and 

appropriate features are drafted in blue 

pencil from the projected image. Generally, 

all areas of the image can be mapped 

within the bounds of matching control 

points, increasing in sizewith higher photo 

altitudes and smaller scales. 

To proceed to the next photo. realign 

points on the control sheet with controls 

on the imagery, reposition the map draft. 

and continue drafting. Partially overlap a 

new image with a region that was drafted 

previously to insure uniformity between 

images and consistency throughout the 

map. The process is reiterated until all 

areas are mapped. 

Overlays should be drafted in sequence 

using the same image position to insure 

that lines on sequential overlays begin and 

end at correct points. Accuracy should be 

checked periodically by placing the drafts 

over the appropriate topographic map. 

When completed, map drafts are placed 

on a horizontal surface, retraced in ink, 

labeled, and geographically referenced to 

matching topographic maps. Either the 

first draft, or aclean sheet of polyester can 

be used for the final product. Various 

colors or line types can be applied to 

highlight certain features. Again, overlays 

should be finished in sequence, stacking 

one on the other while maintaining their 

correct relative position. 

Currently. the study team is using the 

maps to locate transects to 

proportionately census available habitat 

for animal abundance, distribution and 

movement. In the future, the team plans to 

quantify, with a digital planimeier, the 

amount of available habitat for selected 

animal species, describe the relationship 

between the available habitat and animal 

distribution. and define the effect of human 

disturbance on habitat availability. 

The overlay system produced by this 

method is easy to amend and add to for 

future reference. All features can be 

digitized and contribute to a computerized 

information system (in fact, manually 

produced resource maps are usually the 

necessary source of digital cartographic 

information). When superimposed on 

topographic maps, these overlays provide 

an understanding of natural plant 

community distribution as it relates to 

terrain and hydrology. When compared to 

older photography or previous resource 

maps, these can be used to estimate 

changes in landuse and monitor 

vegetative succession, thus establishing a 

baseline for multiple environmental 

components. 

Letters to the Editor 

To the Editor: 

I find your excerpts in Park Science Vol. 2 

(4):17. of Norman L. Christensen’s review 

of the NPS Scientific Monograph Series 

that appeared in Ecology (Vol. 63(2):601- 

602), most inieresiisng and worthy Of 

further comment. 

Christensen points out the worthiness of 

these publications to the scientific 

community and their impact on shaping 

and interpreting Park policy on resources 

management matters. His final statement. 

“these volumes represent an appropriate 

vehicle for synthesis of that research and 

deserve more attention than they have 

received,” is a gem and should be called to 

the attention of those persons managing 

the Research Grade Evaluation Program. 

It is my understanding that during 

research grade evaluation NPS scientists 

receive higher point values for papers 

published in professional journals than 

those published in Servicewide. Regional, 

and Park publications. I hope that 

Christensen has set a trend for more 

periodic reviews by the scientific 

community of Service publications on 

research/resources management matters. 

In many instances. these latter 

publications can have as great. if not 

greater, an impact on the development and 

implementation of NPS resources 

management policy as that resulting from 

professional journal publication. 

Garrett A. Smathers 

Senior Scientist 

NPSICPSU 

Western Carolina University 

Cullowhee, NC 28723 

16 

To the Editor: 

I read with interest “Composiing:Solve a 

Problem and Create a Useful Product.” in 

the Summer 1982 issue of Park Science. 

There’s considerable evidence that toilet 

deodorant chemicals interfere with 

biodegradation of sewage. I think that J.C. 

Patterson and J.R. Short (and perhaps 

other readers) would be interested in 

“Recreation Vehicle Waste Disposal in Roadside 

Rest Septic Tank Systems.” in which the 

effects of various toilet chemicals on 

biodegradation are explored. 

The report is one I have found to be very 

practical and multipurpose, and it 

deserves the attention of any park that has 

to deal with RVlportable toilet wastes. The 

authors are F.H. Pearson, D. Jenkins, H. 

McLean, and S.W. Klein. It was published 

in 1980 and can be ordered, for $6, from 

Regents of the University of Cahfornla 

Sanitary Engineering and Environmental 

Health Research Laboratory, Richmond 

Field Station - Bldg. 112 47th and 

Hoffman Blvd., Richmond, CA 94804. 

Steve Zarv 

NP$ NERL/iXl 

Fort Collins. CO 80523 

Errata 

The family names “Embioiicidae” and 

“Hexagrammidae” were erroneously 

italicized in Jeffrey C. Laufle’s story on 

“Biological Studies and Materials 

Comparisons on a Pugei Sound Artificial 

Reef,” appearing in the Summer issue (Vol. 

2 No. 4) of Park Science. 
Germplasm Bank Network Grows 

The first of what eventually will be a 

letwork of 12 clonal crop germplasm 

)anks for agricultural researchers and 

genetic engineers now is a fully-staffed, 

loing concern at Oregon State University 

n Corvallis. This unit joins the Regional 

Yant Introduction Stations and the 

Vational Seed Storage Laboratory, which 

?ave been maintaining seed propagation 

:rops since the 1940’s. 

Construction of the Northwest Plant 

;ermplasm Repository (NWPGR) began in 

1979, nine years after a Southern corn-leaf 

Ilight destroyed half the corn crop in some 

;tates. The collection and preservation of 

:housands of varieties of germplasm (the 

:ellular material that determines plant and 

animal heredity) is being undertaken in 

Iart as insurance against similar near 

disasters that are bound to occur again. A 

liversity of genetic materials will be on 

land in the banks to provide disease- 

,esistant strains or substitute crop plant 

3s “tide avers” while researchers use the 

lermplasm repository materials to design 

and reshape lhrough genetic engineering 

:he characteristics of the plants in 

question. 

The chain of repositories is being 

:stablished under the aegis of the 

Department of Agriculture, which has 

awarded the project a high priority 

Jnderlined by a one-third increase in the 

proposed budget. 

Naturally, the concern for vulnerabilty 

n crop plants is of paramount interest in 

this USDA project. However, Otto Jahn. 

:urafor and N.M. Westwood 

norticultu;ist and research director at thi 

OSU facility, are very much interested in 

maintaining working contact with other 

agencies such as the National Park Service 

as sources for wild plant species. 

Both Jahn and Westwood are involved 

periodically in searches for native wild 

species connected with small fruits, pears, 

hazelnuts, hops and mint. the species 

toward which the Oregon facility work is 

oriented. Inside the series of screenhouses 

and greenhouses sit row on row of pear. 

hops, strawberry, blueberry, cranberry, 

and other plants, each tagged with the 

data describing its pedigree and origin. 

Specifically, the NWPGR is charged 

nationally with collection, evaluation, 

maintenance, and distribution of clonal 

germplasm for the above listed species. 

Laboratories for tissue culture and plant 

analysis are presently being equipped for 

use in propagation and germplasm 

evaluation. 

The plants come from all over the world. 

Last year, Westwood spent 48 days 

collecting in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea, 

and returned to Corvallis with more than 

200 seed collections of fruit and nut 

species, representing 29genera. However, 

the exhilaration of this horticultural coup 

was somewhat dimmed by the fact that at 

least seven of the species he sought 

appear now to be extinct in the wild 

three apples.Malus floribunda, M. 

taconoskii, and M. asiatica, and four 

pears, Pyres aromatica, P. hondoensis, P. 

kawakamii, and P dimorphophylla. The 

Pyrushondoensis still exists as a very few 

trees growing at the OSU facility - 

products of seeds sent to Westwood in 

1968 by a professor at Kyoto University 

who collected them in the foothills of Mt. 

Fuji. Westwood said he also had a few of 

the dfmorphophylla pear trees growing at 

the repository. All of these seven species 

now seem to have been reduced to a few 

clones growing in arboretums or 

collections. 

Westwood journeyed to an old orchard 

near Seoul on the last day of his 1981 trip to 

see for himself whether a reported orchard 

of Ma/us asiatica, the only edible native 

apple of Asia, actually was that species. “I 

suspected,” he said, “that it would turn out 

to have been hybridized by European 

strains of apples. But when I arrived I 

found an orchard of crisp, sweet, oblate 

apples, one tree of which was more than 

100 years old. This predates the 

introduction of European stock into Asia 

and I had to conclude that the orchard was 

authentically Ma/us asiafica in origin.” 

He described the old tree at the edge of a 

hill, its trunk no more than 20centimeters 

in diameter. The ancient specimen had 

been planted more than a century before 

by the owner’s great grandfather,and had 

survived all those years on a sterile 

granite slope. “It really was a great find,” 

Westwood said. “Especially after having 

;~~ilei at all previous turns. It made my. 

Both Westwood and Jahn expressed 

interest in the Man and The Biosphere 

Project 14. worldwide biosphere reserves, 

as a measure for continuation of 

speclation - the gradual process by 

which species evolve into new forms. 

National Park natural areas and the world 

biosphere reserves are among the 

remaining protected sites where wild plant 

species still can continue their 

contributions to some future world and its 

needs. 

Jahn will be traveling to Scotland. 

Germanv. Denmark. and Sweden late in the 

summeiio attend meetings and do some 

collecting. Westwood will be visiting three 

universities in mainland China at 

approximately the same time. 

Because so many species, most of 

whose characteristics still are unknown, 

are disappearing forever, the first priority 

for both Jahn and Westwood is to identify 

the most endangered of the species known 

to be important to man, and to concentrate 

their efforts on finding and preserving 

them. They are using plant geography 

maps, worldwide, and carefully planning 

their exploration time, money and energies 

in the dlrection of the species seen as most 

useful and least likely to survive on their 

own. 

“Wild species are especially valuable to 

us,” Westwood said, “because many of 

them are immune to our insect and disease 

pests.” With urban and agricultural 

encroachments threatening many of the 

Eastern Asia wild species, Westwood said 

he felt it imperative to focus on these 

species. 

Otto Jahn. Repository Curator. and Peggy Co//ins Research Techmoan ,n one of the 

NWPGR greenhouses. 

17 
Germplasm 

Presently the Corvallis repository 

consists of 40,000 square feet of enclosed 

floor space, 20,OOOin screenhouses, about 

3,OOOin greenhouses, and the remainder in 

offices, laboratories and service buildings. 

The staff of IO is now at full complement. 

The pilot facility stores about 1,500 

individual clones, some 700 of whichare 

varietres of pear. The total in all catagories 

may eventually reach 12.000. 

The second link in the repository chain is 

nearing completion in Davis, Calif. where 

Dan Parfitt is curator. The mission there is 

to handle stone fruits, grapes, walnuts, 

almonds and pistachios. A third 

repository, still in the design and planning 

stage at Geneva, N.Y., will focus on apples 

and grapes. 

Second Repository 

On Line at Davis 

Word comes from Charles van Riper, Ill, 

leader of the NPS Cooperative Research 

Studies Unit at U/Cal-Davis, that the newly 

established fruit and nut crops germplasm 

repository at Davis is now operating and 

has accepted several collections of plant 

germplasm. 

Four greenhouses, a lath house, screen 

house, labs and offices have been 

constructed on a two-acre site west of 

State Highway 113 near Davis. A diverse 

selection of germplasm and relevant 

information will be maintained at the 

repository, which will function as a 

resource for plant breeders. Research on 

germplasm storage methods also will be 

conducted. 

Dr. Daniel E. Parfitt, assistant 

pomologist and curator of the reposdory, 

has announced that collections of genetic 

materials so far accepted represent figs, 

cherries, plums, and grapes, and “were 

under imminent threat of destruction.” 

Parfitt noted that rare varieties often are 

not recognized in areas where they grow 

wild, and that care is needed to preserve 

them. The disappearence of wild species, 

Parfitt said, “is the same as the extinction 

of animals, only Involving a lot more 

species with a lot less noise.” 

Bill Bowler, chairman of the USDA Special 

Microbial Collections Committee, in 

Washington, D.C., reported in July the 

receipt from several departmental heads 

and representatives and from research 

leaders of “several thoughfully prepared 

letters outlining concerns, needs, and 

suggestions on microbral and subcellular 

germplasm collectrons.” He suggested 

that the committee is contemplating a 

simple newsletter that would provide 

methodology, ideas, comparrsrons. 

recommendatrons, etc., from partrcrpatmg 

screntrsts. 

The Northwest Plan1 Germplasm Repository ar Corvali~s. Oregon. as ii appearea ar lhe dedicatron on April 

15, 1981 Since Ihen. iwo greenhouses and three screenhouses have been added fo the facrhly. 

Information Crossfile 

John Ciardi, poet and critic, recently 

discussed on public radio the “premier 

social climber” among all words - 

namely, “steward.” Since the National 

Park Service has long been linked to the 

concept of stewardship, the exercise held 

added interest. 

Ciardi traced the word back to the 

middle ages, where it was “steig ward,” 

literally (in Old English) meaning keeper of 

the sties, or pig warden. A succession of 

superintendents at Great Smoky National 

Park would nod vigorously in 

acquiescence to this meaning. 

Later, stewards were among the lowest 

of the feudal army components -those 

who tagged along in the rear of the military 

tide, without uniforms or weapons, and 

who moved up into action only as death 

and defeat made weapons available at the 

front. Still -a step above swine herding. 

Eventually, Ciardi said, the word 

became the root for the Stewart line of 

English kings. From pig pen to castle -not 

a bad rise in the world of words -even if it 

took a thousand years. 

*** 

The beneficiaries of Preservation now 

have a new name in the lists - mining! 

The August 1982 issue of Scientific 

American devotes 10 pages to an article by 

Corale L. Brierley on “Microbiological 

Mining,” exploring the central role of 

bacteria in the leaching of copper from 

low-grade ore and other ways the minerals 

industry now stands to gain from the 

applications of novel methods of 

microbiological technology. 

18 

Sources include the swirling filiments of 

organic matter in thesulfurous hot sprmgs 

of Yellowstone NP, made up of the fused 

cells of millions of microorganisms of 

various species. “Genetic manipulation of 

certain species found in such natural 

habitats may result in new strains with an 

enhanced capability for recovering 

nonferrous metals from sulfide ores or 

from metal-contaminated waste water,” 

according to Brierley. Other microorganisms 

with extraordinary adaptability were 

found in the harsh volcanic environment Of 

the Mount St. Helens crater. 

The article describes the controlled use 

of microorganisms for the extraction of 

metals from ores and solid waste 

materials and the application of biological 

technology to the restoration of 

particulate-laden and metal-contaminated 

industrial waste water. 

*** 

A new 72Dpage book on Elk Is North 

American Elk - Ecology and 

Management, compiled and edited by Jack 

Thomas of the USFS and Dale Toweill of 

the Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. 

Twenty-seven authors contributed to the 

book, published by the Wildlife 

Management Institute. The work contains 

340 photos, 117 maps and figures, 100 

tables, 18 original art pieces, and some 

1,600 references. Copies are available 

from Stackpole Books, Box 1831 

Harrisburg, PA 17105, at a cost of $39.95 

plus $2.50 handling and shipping charges. 

*** 
Ecological Research in National Parks 

of the Pacific Northwest. a 150~page 

publication of the Nahonal Park Service, 

the U.S. Forest Service, and the Forest 

Research Laboratory at Oregon State 

Umversity. contains 20 papers from the 

Proceedings of the Second Conference on 

Screnttfic Research in National Parks, San 

Francisco, 1979. The book is available 

through Pactfic Northwest Regional 

headquarters. 1920 Westin Building, 2001 

Sixth Ave., Seattle, WA 98121. 

*** 

A study of the lood webs and energetics 

of tne acorn woodpecker, Melanerpes 

formicivorus, is featured in a new 

publication, the NLWRS Transect, Vol. 1, 

No. 1 appearing in Spring 1982. Transect is 

named for the line along which physical 

and biological data are collected, and it is 

published by the University of California 

Natural Land and Water Reserves System, 

2111 Bancroft Way, Room 544, Berkeley, 

CA 94720. issues of the newsletter will 

appear in fall, winter, and spring, and 

contain news of research and educational 

activities going on in the 26 state reserves 

- undisturbed areas representing the 

state’s vast ecological diversity and 

designated for use as outdoor classrooms 

and laboratories by students, teachers, 

and researchers from any Institution of 

higher education. 

*** 

Natural History, magazine of the 

Amerman Museum of Natural History in 

New York City, in its June 1982 issues 

carries a story by Joseph L. Sax entitled 

“Free Enterprise in the Woods.” It catalogs 

the “vandalism of improvement” that has 

threatened almost every major national 

park through the years. Sax is a professor 

of law at the llniversity of Michigan and 

author of Mountains Without Handrails: 

Reflectmns on the National Parks, 

published by the University of Michigan 

Press. 

+** 

Wildlife Digest. carries news of a natural 

insect “zap” similar to the electronic 

devfces people use to keep their cookouts 

free of insect pests. Sunflower family 

members (daisies, black-eyed Susans, and 

marigolds) have chemicals known as 

polyacetylenes. that sop up sunlight and 

become toxic to insects. Their poison loses 

its punch after dark. Researchers, who do 

not know yei precisely how the plants 

convert solar energy into lethal “zap.” say 

they have found one compound to be more 

toxic to mosquito larvae in the light than 

DDT. 

***. 

Professor T. M. Llas of the Agricultural 

University of Calcutta, India. estimates 

that a tree with a normal life span of 50 

years would produce about $31.25O(U.S.) 

worth of oxygen, $62.500 in air pollution 

control, $3;250 in so11 erosion control and 

additions to soil fertility, $37,500 in 

recycling water and controlling humidity, 

$31.250 in shelter for animals and birds, 

and $2,500 worth of protein, for a total of 

nearly $196.250. Add to that tree values of 

flowers, fruit and wood. A tree sold for 

commercial purposes brings less than 0.3 

perceni of Its real value, according to 

Professor Das. This item appears in the 

March 1982 Oregon Wdhfe. publication of 

the Oregon State Dept. of Fishand Wildlife, 

P.O. Box 3503, Portland, OR 97208. 

*** 

Roger Lewin wrttes a two-page 

Research News article for Science (the 

Aug. 20. 1982 issue) on the Darwin 

centennial held recently in Cambridge, 

England. Two paragraphs from the Lewin 

article have relevance to the NPS genetics 

conference reported elsewhere in this 

Issue. 

“Until recently, the mechanisms of 

genetic tinkering were difficult to imagine, 

said (Francois) Jacob. The new 

discoveries in molecular biology provide 

the missing material, the odds and ends. 

‘Now we can see that it is at the molecular 

level that the tinkering aspect of evolution 

IS most apparent.’ 

“No one failed to be impressed by what 

the molecular biologrsts had to say. In 

case molecular biologists should come to 

believe that they now guard the routeto all 

the important answers in evolutionary 

biology, Ernst Mayr cautions that ‘these 

people must learn to think like 

evolutionists, to understand the 

importance of population effects.” 

*** 

Entomologist Stephen L. Wood of 

Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, is 

the author of a 1,359-page volume, The 

Bark and Ambrosia Beetles of North and 

CentralAmerica (BYU Press, 1982). In 1981, 

the current pine beetle epidemic killed 

more than 13 million trees across a 

4.285.000-acre in Western U.S. The loss 

was the same in 1980and is anticipated to 

be the same again this year, according to 

Thomas H. Hofacker, USFS entomologist. 

Particularly hard hit were the fine forests 

in Glacier and Yellowstone NPs. 

The mountain pine beetle is one of 

almost 500 bark beetle species of North 

America. The imported European elm bark 

beetle is the primary carrier of Dutch elm 

disease in North America. The southern 

pine beetle has been a threat to trees in the 

southern states, Mexico, and Central 

America for years. 

In natural forests, bark beetles perform 

a vital role by weeding out aged, 

weakened, or injured trees and recycling 

dead plant tissues. 

*** 

19 

A brand new “news journal for the plant 

genetic resources community” began 

publication in the Spring of this year 

(1982). Entitled Diversity. the publication 

will cover activities related to the National 

Plant Genetics Resources Board (NPGRB). 

established by the Department of 

Agriculture as a result of a 1973 report 

from the Committee on Genetic 

Vulnerability. (issued by the USDA and the 

National Association of State Universities 

and Land Grant Colleges). Vol. 1 No. 2 

(June/July 1982) lists the U.S. Man and the 

Bfosphere Program, U.S. Committee for 

UNESCO, National Park Service-sponsored 

International Symposium and Workshop 

on the Application of Genetics to the 

Management of Wild Plant and Animal 

Populations - held in Washington, D.C. 

Aug. 413. 1982. Subscription requests 

should be addressed to Laboratory for 

Information Science in Agriculture, 

Colorado State University, 302 

Aylesworth, Fort Collins, CO 80523. 

*** 

Wildlile refuges constitute the main 

immediate weapon against extinction, 

according to Daniel Simberloff in the Aprd 

issue of Natural History (“Big Advantages 

of Small Refuges”) but the question of how 

to design such refuges is a matter of 

debate. Whereas a larger area (all other 

things being equal) contains morespecies 

than a smaller one, several smaller 

refuges would entail a longer total border 

and thus would multiply theadvantagesof 

‘the edge effect.” Simberloff considers the 

small amount of data available and finds 

evidence that several small refuges often 

contain more species than one large one. 

He surmises that more detailed ecological 

knowledge about habitat needs for various 

species “would likely make theadvantage 

of several small reserves over one large 

one even more pronounced.” 

*** 

A full.cotor poster, destgned to assist in 

the identification of the endangered 

peregrine falcon, has been produced by the 

Peregrine Fund of Cornell University and 

can be obtained free from the Publications 

Unit, US Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Department of the Interior. Washington, 

D.C. 20240, or through the Peregrine Fund, 

Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell 

University, Ithaca, NY 14850. 

*** 
The Scientist and the Communicator 

Editor’s Note: The following is excerpted 

from the opening presentation made at the 

Fourth Conference on Natural Sciences at 

the Hawaii Field Research Center, Hawaii 

Volcanoes NPin June 1982. Shimoda, now 

superintendent of Puukohola Heliau NHS 

and Pu’uhonua 0 Honaunau NHP, has 

served as a communications instructor at 

the NPS Stephen Mather Training Center, 

Harpers Ferry, WV. 

By Jerry Shimoda 

Supt. Robert Earbee (of Redwoods NP). 

in his notice to participants at this 

conference, asked that we transmit our 

research into easily understood language 

so that our papers can be enjoyed by this 

highly mixed group. I consider myself a 

layman in the midst of scientists, so let me 

express some of my own concerns. 

Most of you will be usmg what you think 

is the easiest form of public 

communication -the lecture. Actually, it 

is the fastest and easiestform to use but it 

is the most difficult way of transmitting a 

message. If the scientist needs public 

support for his research projects, he must 

be able to arouse the interest of people 

beyond the scientific community; he must 

help them understand. 

The scientist often uses scientific names 

of plants and animals without giving their 

common names. I suggest writing out both 

-Caladiom colocasia and Taro. and then 

using the word “tare” for the rest of the 

presentation. 

One of the dangers any group can fall 

into is the use of “in-house”Ianguage. 

For example, I work for NPS. DI; our central 

office is WASO. and it establishes policies 

that are interpreted and come to PUHO 

through WRO and PAAR. The uninitiated 

would never know that NPS is National 

Park Service, DI is Department of the 

Interior. WAS0 is the Washington Office in 

D.C.. PUHO is Pu’uhonua 0 Honaunau 

National Historical Park, WROis Western 

Regional Office, and PAAR is Pacific Area 

Office. 

Some years ago, I worked at Saratoga 

National Historic Park, a Revoluntionary 

War Battlefield in uostate New York. We 

sold a booklet about the battle there. One 

day I noticed some visitors laughing over 

the book. I found their merriment stemmed 

from another example of “in-house” talk. 

For those of you unfamilair with the Battle 

of Saratoga, the American army was 

commanded by Gen. Horatio Gates; the 

British army, by Gen. John Burgoyne. One 

passage in the booklet described the 

advance of Burgoyne’s army toward the 

American position as follows: 

“Burgoyne’s right and left flanks lay in 

the woods, but his front was open.” 

We quickly revised that passage ! 

In good communications we must 

simplify without reducing the presentation 

to a childish one. 

The scientist needs to be “bilingual” and 

have a good understanding of objectives, 

human relations, and the techniques of 

presentations, - both verbal and nonverbal. 

By “bilingual” I mean that in addition to 

a mastery of scientific language, the 

scientist needs the language of the 

communicator. Use the active voice - “I 

went to the woods” instead of “I had gone 

to the woods”; “We decided” instead of “It 

had been decided by us”. Concentrate on 

short sentences. Your listener will find it 

easier to follow your presentation if 

i/he doesn’t have to follow you through 

a forest of semi-colons and commas 

before you get to your point. 

Use words that touch emotions so your 

listeners become involved in what you’re 

saying. It may be bettertosay”stink”than 

“oderiferous”, or “killed” instead of 

“dispatched”. Graphic words are better but 

stop short of the point of nausea. 

One may say. “But there is no simple word 

for that flower or animal.” My reaction to 

that IS, “Use the word, but explain it. Write 

it on the board !” 

A speaker should avoid profanity or 

delving into the gory as a shock treatment. 

This tends to turn off a good part of the 

audience and to arouse negative 

reactions. 

In speaking leave out as many “l’s” as 

possible “I did this” and “I did that.” 

The constant use of “I” is irritating. 

Remove the static so your listeners can 

hear the music. 

In preparing a speech, decide your 

objective in grving it, then prepare an 

outline. For instance, my objective here is 

to try to help you think of your listeners as 

people who need a better understanding of 

what you’re saying. They represent an 

opportunity for you to recruit a wider body 

of truly interested people - not just a 

chance for you to recite the great things 

you’ve accomplished in language they 

can’t understand. 

In a ID-minute paper you must clearly 

state your objective; you haven’t time to 

ramble. Choice of words and thoughts 

becomes important. As the presentations 

are made at this conference you will notice 

that some of the lO-minute papers will 

seem short, others of the same length will 

seem long. The difference will lie in the 

way they’re written and the way they’re 

presented. Remember, there isn’t a boring 

subject in the world, only a boring 

presentation. 

To make a good speech it’s also 

necessary to understand human 

20 

relatrons to be sensitive to the 

listeners’ feelings. Try to relate what 

you’re saying to your listeners’ 

experience. When addressing a luncheon 

meeting of the local Lions Club, don’t 

present the same paper you gave last night 

at the dinner meeting of the botanical 

society. Too many times this happens 

because we’re not as interested in having 

the listeners understand what we’re 

saying as we are m having our names 

in the newspaper as luncheon speakers. 

If you’re going to present a paper or give 

a talk you must be willing to pay the price 

of preparation. Decide on your objective 

and use an outlme. The beginner 

should write his talk out, re-write until 

he’s satisified. then practice out loud on 

lay persons and re-write again, based on 

their feedback. 

Arrive early at the meeting place, set up 

your equipment and look at the layout. It’s 

better to provideyourown equipment, e.g.. 

movie projector, slide projector or tape 

recorder, because you’re more familiar 

with it than one the facility might provide. 

When you come up to the stand, be ready 

to speak. Don’t play with your papers, your 

glasses, etc. In making your presentation, 

relax, be natural. and talk to the people in 

the last row. Eye contact is very important. 

Movements help, but not distracting 

movements, like playing with your 

glasses, shifting your weight from one leg 

to the other, playing with the coins in your 

pocket. If you use gestures be sure they 

look natural. 

In communicating with the public, the 

burden is on you, the speaker. Keep in 

mind that the hardest parts of a day to give 

a speech are : bright and early in the 

morning, right after lunch, and right aftera 

dinner. This, of course. is when most 

speeches are scheduled. You need to use 

all the tricks in the book to keep the 

audrence’s attention. 

Communications is serious business. 

The price of success is preparation, 

practice, and keeping the interest of the 

listeners in mind. We need to ask 

ourselves, “For whom am I presenting this 

paper, for listeners or myself ?’ Give your 

audience full credit -without the student, 

there is no need for a teacher. 

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Superin tendents’ Corner 

Editor’s Note: Dave Beal,superintendent of 

Great Smoky Mountains NP, welcomed 

attendees to the 8th Annual Scientific 

Research meeting at the Park’s Jremont 

Environmental Education Center in June. 

His remarks deserve the wider circulation 

this corner affords. 

I have some observations to make on 

the usefulness of science programs. 

Traditionally, research in the national 

parks has been done in search of 

knowledge for its own sake. National 

parks are excellent outdoor laboratories 

and attract researchers. Our response was 

opportunistic and involved finding 

common ground with scientists and 

sharing resulting information. Over the 

years this relationship was mutually 

rewarding; knowledge increased 

substantially and was incorporated in 

interpretive programs and resource 

management activities. 

More recently, however, science has 

been strongly supported and resources 

allocated for the express purpose of 

developing knowledge to help resolve 

management problems related to planning 

and development, resource management, 

interpretive information and visitor use. 

For a time it appeared that some managers 

believed science to be the answer to all 

problems; dependence on such studies for 

planning efforts and program 

implementation led to long term efforts, 

which could, at least partially, be 

responsible for Secretary Watt’s 

observation about “paralysis in analysis.” 

But research produces data and information, not necessarily solutions. We should not 

expect it to do much more. Recommendations may be made, but objections are frequently 

raised. Interest groups, individuals, and other levels of government have accessto science 

information too, and occasionally retain their own “hired guns” to dispute us. When 

researchers or scientists with access to the same data base arrive at highly conflicting 

interpretations, it is wise to reflect on whether the differencesarescientificorideological. 

In this new era of public involvement in government activities, we need the best science 

we can afford. But with or without research efforts you can depend on the following “Beal’s 

generalization,” submitted with full knowledge of Oliver Wendell Holmes caveat that “no 

generalization is worth a damn, including this one.” It is: 

Those who disagree with any significant management decision will attack it at any 

level possible. A “hierarchy of vulnerability” is being established. 

Let me illustrate: 

Situation 

1. Attempts to manage 

intuitively or in 

compliance with law and 

policy 

2. Corrective measures to 

remedy observed 

complications or effects 

3. Managers have some 

knowledge, but seek 

funding for more work 

4. Extensive data but 

differing interpretations 

5. Conclusive or absolute 

Accusations of authoritarian 

and arrogant conduct. 

Insufficient data base to 

justify. 

Belittle efforts, stress 

“common knowledge,” 

award “golden fleeces.” 

Expand or prolong study. 

Political aooeal - chanoe law 

evidence to make exception. - 

You can see it is a “no win” proposition! 

Timing and procedure may be more important than scientific fact in getting acceptance 

of change in our society. 

Increasingly. government is being subjected to a burden of proof that is impossible to 

properly discharge. There is not enough time, money, or expertise available to us. 

Additionally, most problems cannot be resolved to the satisfaction of all parties, and our 

democratic system of government supports this. 

A politician can be nominated by a simple majority of his fellow party members; he can 

be elected by a bare majority of thevoters. Heand others similarly selected can pass a law 

with a majority vote of the legislative body. At that point the career bureaucrat takes over. 

He and his kind are expected to implement the new law and satisfy everyone, including 

those who opposed it from the beginning. 

By this process we have armed the public and interest groups with an arsenal of political 

and legal weapons, all well intended, with which to delay, obstruct and often defeat 

necessary resource preservation efforts. These valuable, but frequently abused twoedged weapons include but are not limited to: Freedom of Information Act, Privacy Act, 

National Environmental Act, Historic Preservation Act, Endangered Species Act, Clean Air 

Act, and others. 

Management oriented science seems to be moving in the direction of the legal system 

(perhapsforcedtodoso bythelawscited).Theapproachis bestdescribedasadversaryas 

opposed to referred - and it is one in which technicalities and “winning” may be 

improperly substituted for the goal of a search for knowledge. 

Let me offer my fervent hope that we do not letthis happen!This conference is a time for 

constructive dialog and learning -we can all grow in our disciplines and better serve our 

employers as a result, 

21 
Atlantic Ridley 

Turtle Update 

By Millard Fletcher 

On August 16. 1982. Biologist Robert 

King of Padre Island NScompleted the NPS 

phase of reintroduction of the Atlantic 

Ridley Sea turtle. A total of 2,017eggswas 

received from Mexico on June 23. Of thts 

number 1,563 turtles hatched (77.6%) 

which we felt was quite good considering 

the eggs sat in boxes for 5 days at the 

Mexican border owing to, shall we say, 

administrative mixup between the two 

countries. 

Of this number, 1.524were imprinted and 

transported to the National Marine 

Fisheries Laboratory at Galveston for the 

head-start program. Heavy surf caused 

the loss of 34 animals during the 

imprinting process. A great number of 

beach profiles and nest box temperatures 

were taken and these data will be of great 

value. Although the beach sand 

temperature has considerable effect on the 

sex of the turtles, it does not appear that 

metabolic temperature will be asignificant 

factor. 

Another interesting development is the 

work done by the National Marine 

Fisheries with graftmg. It is extremely 

difficult to mark a turtle in such a way that 

the mark (or tag) is distinguishable after 

several years of immersion in sea water. 

In short,grafts are taken from thebottomof 

the animal (the plastron) and transferred 

to the animal ‘s back. Since records can be 

maintained on which scute (scale) the 

graft was taken from and with the bottom 

scales being cream colored and the back 

ones black, it is quite conceivable that we 

now have a method of permanently 

marking the animal without flippertagging or other external devices. If this 

method works, we will have a method to 

uniquely identify any turtle which is found 

either dead or nesting and was part of the 

reintroduction project. This would provide 

us with a wealth of data on their 

movements, time to reach adulthood, 

nesting frequency, and many other facets 

of their life cycle and habits. 

We are still ignorant of thefactors which 

“imprint” turtles to return to the nesting 

beaches and may not have any meaningful 

answers for several years. Meanwhile, 

some wags have suggested that the adult 

turtles will return to the Laboratory at 

Galveston at maturity and attempt to mate 

with the green plastic buckets in which 

they spent their first year. Maybe. 

Fletcher is Chief, Division of Natural 

Resources Management, for the 

Southwest Region of NPS. 

Solar Outhouse at Voyageurs NP soives remote area toilet problem. courtesy of the sun 

Voyageurs National Park Installs 

Cornposting Toilets 

By Ron Erickson Public Information Officer, Voyageors NP 

When conventional methods of waste disposal failed at two heavily-used, remote sites 

fn Voyageurs National Park, managers installed composting toilets.Althoughcomposting 

systems have been used for the past 30years in Scandinavia, theyarejust beginning to be 

used in this country. 

Voyageurs National Park’s glacially carved landscape stretches along Minnesota’s 

northern border. Four large and 23 smaller lakes cover one-third of the park’s 219,000 

acres. Motorboats and other watercraft transport visitors to fishing hotspots and other 

destinations during the May to November open-water season. One hundred developed 

campsites and approximately 65 private resorts accommodate park visitors. 

Mukooda Lake is one of three trout lakes in the park. Its clear water surrounded by tall 

red and white pines draws people to the group campsite, located in the southeastern 

corner of the park. This campsite, which is designed to accommodate five separate 

groups, is also the site of the annual Voyageur Days, a celebration of canoe races and a 

walleye feed sponsored by the Crane Lake Community Club. As many as 700people have 

attended this special event. 

The popularity of the campsite and the Voyageur Day Celebration make it one of the most 

heavily used campsites in the park. Two pit toilets could not handle the use without 

offensive odors and frequent need for relocation. Thin soils made reposrtioning difficult. 

The lack of road access and electricity precluded vault toilets or more sophisticated 

disposal systems. 

The Clivus Multrum composting toilet provided an environmentally sound, long-term 

solution. A buildino with seoarate roomsformen and women, adecomposing tank and a 

solar-powered veniilation fan make up the system.The pre-fab building waspurchased on 

GSA contract and features walls of 1” thick plywood. A plastic laminate makes the inside 

easy to clean, and the panel presents an attractive appearance from the outside. 

The composting tank sits underneath the building and isvented byafan which operates 

on electricity provided by a bank of photovoltaic cells. This venting moves air through 

baffles in the pile to allow aerobic, odor-free decomposition to occur. The tank is exposed 

to the heat of the sun through a window on the back of the building. Little maintenance is 

needed -about one shovelful of useable manure is produced each year. The total cost of 

the system installed at the site was $15,000. 

The toilet at the Mukooda camosite was installed in June 1982. It is the second installed 

in the park. The first was placed in 1981 at the Kettle Falls Hotel and portage area. 

Rod Booth, maintenance foreman in charge of the project, feels both units are operating 

successfully at present. Funds are being sought for a third unit in 1983. In the long run, 

these composting toilets provide an environmentally sound and cost efficient system and 

an example to the public of alternatives in waste management and energy use. 
I Plant-Po;;h;;,sStudy at 

. 

i Plant-poaching in the National Parksand the 

efforts of two NPSscientists to combat It in 

the Great Smoky Mountains NP are 

described in detail in the Fall 1982tssue of 

Earthwatch by Susan P. Bratton. research 

btologist with the NPS Cooperative 

Research Unit at University of Georgia’s 

Institute of Ecology. In the “Fteld Notes” 

sectton. Bratton tells of a park naturalist 

showing visitors an excepttonally fine 

stand of blooming pink ladyslippers - 

more than 200plants -and then returning 

to find later every plant gone. 

Accordrng to Sratton, “poachers come in 

all varieties, from Ignorant tourists who 

dig up a few wildflowers for their home 

gardens to big-time thieves who clean out 

hundreds of high-priced cacti in one 

night.” 

Bratton and Peter White, research 

botanist from the Uplands Field Research 

Laboratorv (where Bratton was stationed 

prior to’ her Georgia assignment) 

organized volunteer Earthwatch members 

for a lgweek investigahon (from early 

April to mid-June). They covered nearly 50 

sampling routes and the orchid 

populations along these routes, then 

computerized the summaries. The study 

documented the fact that human activity is 

depleting the number of showy flowers 

that casual park visitors can seefrom 

moderately easy routes. 

Bratton and White will use their results 

to justify better enforcement, but they 

belteve that education of the pubhc is the 

real key to reducing plant poaching. 

RUSSELL E. DICKENSON, Director 

National Park Service 

US. Department of the Interior 

Editorial Board: 

Danrel J. (Jrm) Tobrn. Regional Dkector and 

Donald R. Field, RegIonal Chlel Sclentlst. Pacific Northwest Regron; 

Roland C. Wauer, Chrel. Natural Resources Management, and 

John Dennis. brologist. Washington Ofkce; 

Supt Willlam M. Lukens, Padre Island National Seashore, and 

Ass1 Supt Dale B. Engqulst, IndIana Dunes National Lakeshore. 

Jean Manhews, EdItor: Oregon State University NPSCPSU, Room 126 Forestry Sciences Lab, 

3200 Jefferson Way, Coruall~s, OR 97331 (503) 757.4579; 6-420-4579 

Graber Reviews 

Giraffe’s Neck 

Francis Hitching’s new book, The Neck 

of the Graffe (Ttcknor & Fields, 513.95). is 

reviewed for the Los Angeles Times by 

David Graber. NPS ecologist at Sequoia 

and Kings Canyon NPs. The review 

appeared in client papers throughout the 

country in September. 

Graber describes Hitching’s suggestion 

of “a mystical’organizing principle of life,’ 

using the similarity of organs tn different 

creatures asevidence. That sameevidence 

in living fossil creatures traditionally has 

been used to demonstrate how evolution 

uses the parts at hand to fashion new 

creatures, proceeding step by incremental 

step.” 

Some alternabve views are considered 

in the Graber review. 

“There are important and exciting new 

ideas in the wind,” he writes. “it may well 

be that forces in addibon to natural 

selection will be found to contribute 

significantly to evolution. Darwin’s belief 

in the necessity of minute progressive 

changes has been rejected by many 

prominent evolutionists, who nonetheless 

call themselves ‘Darwinians.’ Steven 

Stanley (“The New Evolutionary 

Timetable”) and Stephen Jay Gould (“The 

Panda’s Thumb”) offer well-written and 

learned fare for the non-biologist, both 

wtth better science than ‘Gtraffe.’ ” 

Wild Mammal 

Management 

A new book, Probiemsm Managementof 

Locally Abundant Wild Mammals. (1981, 

P.A. Jewel1 and Sidney Holt. Academic 

Press) should be required reading for park 

biologists, resource specialists and park 

managers who deal with large mammals, 

accordtng to word from Doug Houston, 

NPS research biologist. The book contains 

419 pagesmany of which deal with the 

management of herbivores m parks or 

reserves. Papers by G. Caughley. 

“Overpopulation,” and A.R.E. Sinclair, 

“Environmental Carrying Capacity and the 

Evidence for Overabundance,” are 

particularly thought-provoking. In 

addition, the book contains the 

proceedings of a workshop in which case 

histories of “overabundance” were 

reviewed. Workshop participants provide 

an S-point outline for managers (on p. 352) 

on how to approach perceived “problems” 

in mammal management. 

“Protecting Mountain Meadows: A 

Grazing Management Plan,” by David 

Parsons and Steven DeElenedetti; a 30-year 

,etrosoective on NPS natural resource 

In the Next Issue: 

-I manaqement from Wylliam Briaole: “Elk 

John Lissoway. Chief of Resources Research at Mount Rainier: A Cooperative 

Management at Bandeiier, adjusts parf~culafe Effort,” by Alan Ewert; an Agate Fossil 

monitormg equpment fhaf measures both Beds story on prehistoric bear-dogs, the 

coarse and fine parhculafes (Fme part~culafes first in a series by Ro Wauer on the NPS 

degrade nsibihty most because of lheu hght- Resource Management Traimng Course, 

scartenng acr~on.) iStory on page four) and more provocative letters to the editor. 

23 
m