[Cite as State v. Spencer, 2019-Ohio-3800.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

PICKAWAY COUNTY 

STATE OF OHIO, : Case No. 19CA6 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, : 

v. : DECISION AND 

 JUDGMENT ENTRY 

THOMAS J. SPENCER, : 

 

 Defendant-Appellant. : RELEASED: 09/11/2019

______________________________________________________________________ 

APPEARANCES: 

Jerry L. McHenry, Esq., Pickerington, Ohio, for appellant. 

Judy C. Wolford, Pickaway County Prosecutor, and Justin B. Benedict, Assistant 

Pickaway County Prosecutor, Circleville, Ohio, for appellee. 

______________________________________________________________________ 

Hess, J. 

{¶1} Thomas Spencer appeals his convictions for two counts of forgery in 

violation R.C. 2913.31(A)(3). Spencer contends that the trial court erred when it 

admitted unauthenticated surveillance footage and photographs that depicted him 

cashing checks and that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not objecting to 

this evidence. However, the state introduced evidence sufficient to support a finding 

that the surveillance footage and photographs were what the state claimed. Thus, we 

conclude that the trial court did not err, let alone commit plain error, and counsel’s 

failure to make a futile objection did not constitute ineffective assistance. 

{¶2} Spencer also contends that the trial court violated his right to confrontation 

when it admitted hearsay evidence that the checks had been forged and that trial 

counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not objecting to this evidence. Even if we 
Pickaway App. No. 19CA6 2 

presume error occurred, Spencer has not demonstrated a reasonable probability that it 

affected the outcome of the trial. Thus, he has not established plain error or ineffective 

assistance, and we affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

I. FACTS 

{¶3} The Pickaway County grand jury indicted Spencer on two counts of 

forgery and two counts of receiving stolen property, and he pleaded not guilty. At trial, 

Carol Smiley, Assistant Vice President of Accounting at The Savings Bank, testified that 

a customer notified the bank that checks had been paid on its account that the customer 

had not issued. The bank closed the account and contacted police. 

{¶4} Detective Jon Farrelly of the Circleville Police Department testified that he 

received an email from Connie Campbell, a Savings Bank employee, about “false 

activity at the bank” and investigated the matter. Campbell gave him copies of two 

checks that appeared to be drawn on the account of Custom Maintenance Service, Inc., 

but had not been issued by the business. The checks were dated August 10, 2018, and 

the check numbers were sequential. Each check was payable to Spencer in the 

amount of $879.14. The back of the first check had a handwritten endorsement and 

printed information indicating a transaction had occurred on August 17, 2018, at 

12:20:52 p.m. The back of the second check had a handwritten endorsement, a 

handwritten driver’s license number, and printed information indicating a transaction had 

occurred on August 17, 2018, at 1:10:59 p.m. Detective Farrelly ran the driver’s license 

number through OLEG and learned that it belonged to Spencer. Detective Farrelly also 

contacted Custom Maintenance, which did not recognize Spencer’s name. 
Pickaway App. No. 19CA6 3 

{¶5} Detective Farrelly testified that Campbell gave him surveillance footage 

from The Savings Bank branches in Ashville, Ohio, and Circleville, Ohio, along with still 

photographs made from the Circleville footage. The Ashville footage, dated August 17, 

2018, depicts Spencer and another man entering the bank together. Spencer 

approaches a teller, endorses a check, gives it to the teller, and appears to put his 

driver’s license on the counter. The teller begins to process the check through a device 

at 12:20:51 p.m. Later, Spencer puts his license away, and the teller gives him cash. 

The other man also cashes a check, and the men leave. The Ashville footage also 

depicts two women entering the bank together around 12:32 p.m., cashing checks, and 

leaving around 12:37 p.m. The Circleville footage, also dated August 17, 2018, depicts 

Spencer and the other man inside the bank together wearing the same clothing as in 

the Ashville footage. Spencer approaches a teller, endorses a check, and gives it to the 

teller along with his driver’s license. The teller appears to write something, begins to 

process the check through a device at 1:11:14 p.m., and gives Spencer his license and 

cash. The other man also cashes a check. 

{¶6} Sheila Sagraves testified that she had gone to school with Spencer. They 

later reconnected, and he asked if she “wanted to make a little bit of money cashing 

checks.” She did and gave Spencer her “I.D. information.” One day in August 2018, 

Sagraves, Jeremiah Palladino (her boyfriend), Spencer, and Michelle Fernan met with a 

man who went by the name “Black.” They went to The Savings Bank in Ashville, where 

Black handed out pre-printed checks. Spencer and Palladino, who Sagraves identified 

as the other man in one of the photographs, went into the bank together. Sagraves and 

Fernan also went into the bank together. When they returned to the car, they gave the 
Pickaway App. No. 19CA6 4 

money from the cashed checks to either Black or Spencer and got $100 each in return. 

The group then went to another Savings Bank location. Black did not threaten anyone 

and did not have a weapon. During trial, Sagraves examined one of the checks made 

payable to Spencer and testified that the checks she cashed were “exactly the same 

kind” except they listed her name and address. She also testified that she never 

worked for Custom Maintenance or thought that the checks were legitimate. Sagraves 

admitted that she participated in the scheme to get drug money, had pleaded guilty to 

criminal conduct in connection with these events, and hoped to get probation because 

of her testimony. 

{¶7} Spencer testified that he and his wife, Fernan, agreed to perform work for 

a construction company whose name Spencer could not recall. They received their first 

paycheck on July 17, 2018, and two men from the construction company took them to 

cash it. The men told Spencer they needed to “hold the money,” and because Spencer 

saw they had a gun, he gave the money to them. The men explained that they needed 

Spencer to cash checks from other companies for work that he was going to perform. 

Spencer claimed that he was forced to cash more checks for about a month. 

{¶8} The trial court dismissed the receiving stolen property counts. The jury 

rejected Spencer’s affirmative defense of duress and found him guilty on the forgery 

counts. The court sentenced Spencer to 12 months in prison on each forgery count and 

ordered him to serve those sentences consecutive to one another for an aggregate 

sentence of 24 months. 

II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR 

{¶9} Spencer assigns the following errors for our review: 
Pickaway App. No. 19CA6 5 

1. The Appellant was denied his right to a fair trial, due process of law, 

his right to confront witnesses and equal protection of the law when 

Detective Farrelly and Bank Vice President Smiley testified as to 

hearsay evidence as to what another person(s) told them. This was in 

violation of the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the 

United States Constitution and Article I, Sec. 10 of the Ohio 

Constitution. 

2. Evidence of a videotape and still photographs from that tape, were not 

properly authenticated by the witness Detective Farrelly and were 

improperly admitted into evidence. As a result, the Appellant was 

denied his right to confront and cross-examine evidence designed to 

prove his guilt. He was denied his right to have only competent 

evidence adduced against him. He was denied a fair trial. This was a 

denial of his rights pursuant to the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth 

Amendments of the United States Constitution and Article I[,] Section 

10 of the Ohio Constitution. 

3. Trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel to the 

Appellant, by failing to object to the evidence of the videotapes and the 

still photographs, and subsequently their admission into evidence. 

This was a denial of Appellant’s rights to counsel, a fair trial, due 

process of law and equal protection of the law as guaranteed by the 

Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States 

Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution. 

For ease of discussion, we address the assignments of error out of order. 

III. LAW AND ANALYSIS 

A. Authentication 

{¶10} In the second assignment of error, Spencer contends that the trial court 

erred when it admitted the surveillance footage and photographs. He asserts that the 

state laid no foundation to establish the authenticity of this evidence, noting that 

Detective Farrelly did not operate the cameras at the banks or create the photographs 

from the surveillance footage. In the third assignment of error, Spencer contends in part 

that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not objecting to the surveillance 

footage and photographs. 
Pickaway App. No. 19CA6 6 

{¶11} Spencer essentially seeks plain error review in connection with his claim 

that the trial court erred. “Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be 

noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court.” Crim.R. 52(B). “A 

silent defendant has the burden to satisfy the plain-error rule and a reviewing court may 

consult the whole record when considering the effect of any error on substantial rights.” 

State v. Davis, 4th Dist. Highland No. 06CA21, 2007-Ohio-3944, ¶ 22, citing United 

States v. Vonn, 535 U.S. 55, 59, 122 S.Ct. 1043, 152 L.Ed.2d 90 (2002). 

{¶12} “To establish plain error, a defendant must show that (1) there was an 

error or deviation from a legal rule, (2) the error was plain and obvious, and (3) the error 

affected the outcome of the trial.” State v. Mohamed, 151 Ohio St.3d 320, 2017-Ohio7468, 88 N.E.3d 935, ¶ 26. The defendant must “demonstrate a reasonable probability

that the error resulted in prejudice—the same deferential standard for reviewing 

ineffective assistance of counsel claims.” (Emphasis sic.) State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio 

St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22. “Notice of plain error under Crim.R. 

52(B) is to be taken with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only 

to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 

N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus. 

{¶13} To prevail on an ineffective assistance claim, a defendant must show: “(1) 

deficient performance by counsel, i.e., performance falling below an objective standard 

of reasonable representation, and (2) prejudice, i.e., a reasonable probability that, but 

for counsel’s errors, the proceeding’s result would have been different.” State v. Short, 

129 Ohio St.3d 360, 2011-Ohio-3641, 952 N.E.2d 1121, ¶ 113, citing Strickland v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). 
Pickaway App. No. 19CA6 7 

Failure to satisfy either part of the test is fatal to the claim. See Strickland at 697. The 

defendant “has the burden of proof because in Ohio, a properly licensed attorney is 

presumed competent.” State v. Gondor, 112 Ohio St.3d 377, 2006-Ohio-6679, 860 

N.E.2d 77, ¶ 62. We “must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls 

within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must 

overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action ‘might 

be considered sound trial strategy.’ ” Strickland at 689, quoting Michel v. Louisiana, 350 

U.S. 91, 101, 76 S.Ct. 158, 100 L.E. 83 (1955). 

{¶14} “Before a trial court may admit evidence, Evid.R. 901 requires the 

proponent to identify or authenticate the evidence.” State v. Vermillion, 4th Dist. Athens 

No. 15CA17, 2016-Ohio-1295, ¶ 13. Evid.R. 901(A) states: “The requirement of 

authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by 

evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent 

claims.” “This threshold requirement for authentication of evidence is low and does not 

require conclusive proof of authenticity.” State v. Pyles, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 17CA3790, 

2018-Ohio-4034, ¶ 48. The proponent of the evidence need only show a reasonable 

likelihood of authenticity. Id. “Circumstantial, as well as direct, evidence may be used 

to show authenticity.” Vermillion at ¶ 14. 

{¶15} Two methods for authenticating photographic evidence are the pictorial 

testimony theory and the silent witness theory. Midland Steel Prods. Co. v. Internatl. 

Union, United Auto., Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of Am., Local 486, 61 

Ohio St.3d 121, 129-130, 573 N.E.2d 98 (1991). Under the pictorial evidence theory, 

“ ‘the photographic evidence is merely illustrative of a witness’ testimony and it only 
Pickaway App. No. 19CA6 8 

becomes admissible when a sponsoring witness can testify that it is a fair and accurate 

representation of the subject matter, based on that witness’ personal observation.’ ” Id.

at 129, quoting Fisher v. State, 7 Ark.App. 1, 5, 643 S.W.2d 571 (1982). The state 

failed to establish admissibility pursuant to this theory because no witnesses testified 

that they saw Spencer cash the checks and that the surveillance footage and 

photographs were a fair and accurate representation of what occurred. 

{¶16} Pursuant to the silent witness theory, “ ‘the photographic evidence is a 

“silent witness” which speaks for itself, and is substantive evidence of what it portrays 

independent of a sponsoring witness.’ ” Id. at 130, quoting Fisher at 6. The 

“photographic evidence may be admitted upon a sufficient showing of the reliability of 

the process or system that produced the evidence.” Id. at paragraph three of the 

syllabus. Testimony from an individual with personal knowledge of the surveillance 

system’s recording process is not required. Vermillion at ¶ 17, 20.

{¶17} The state satisfied the low threshold requirement for authentication under 

the silent witness theory. Detective Farrelly testified that he obtained the surveillance 

footage and photographs from a bank employee. The footage depicts tellers processing 

two checks for Spencer on the same date that appears in the transactional information 

printed on the back of the checks and at nearly the exact time. The teller in the 

Circleville footage appears to write something after Spencer gives the teller his check 

and driver’s license, which is consistent with the fact that his driver’s license number 

was handwritten on the check with a 1:10:59 p.m. transaction time. The surveillance 

footage is also consistent with Sagraves’ testimony about the check cashing scheme. 

The Ashville footage depicts Spencer and Palladino entering the bank together and 
Pickaway App. No. 19CA6 9 

cashing checks and two women entering together and cashing checks. The Circleville 

footage depicts Spencer and Palladino entering the bank to cash checks less than an 

hour later wearing the same clothing they wore in the Ashville bank. Under these 

circumstances, the trial court could reasonably determine that the surveillance systems 

were reliable and that the footage and photographs were what the state claimed. 

{¶18} The trial court did not err when it admitted the footage and photographs, 

and counsel’s failure to make a futile objection did not constitute deficient performance. 

State v. Cordor, 2012-Ohio-1995, 969 N.E.2d 787, ¶ 29 (4th Dist.). Accordingly, we 

overrule the second assignment of error, and we overrule the third assignment of error 

to the extent it asserts trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in connection with 

the admission of the surveillance footage and photographs. 

B. Hearsay 

{¶19} In the first assignment of error, Spencer contends the trial court violated 

his right to confrontation when it admitted hearsay evidence. Specifically, he asserts 

that Detective Farrelly and Smiley testified about statements others at The Savings 

Bank or Custom Maintenance made about the checks being forged without any showing 

by the state that the declarants were unavailable to testify. In the third assignment of 

error, Spencer argues in part that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not 

objecting to this evidence. We set forth the standards for plain error review and 

ineffective assistance of counsel in Section III.A. 

{¶20} Even if we presume error occurred, Spencer has not demonstrated a 

reasonable probability that it resulted in prejudice. Spencer asserts that without this 

evidence, he likely would have been entitled to a judgment of acquittal at the close of 
Pickaway App. No. 19CA6 10 

the state’s case. Thus, he would not have testified and essentially incriminated himself 

by asserting the affirmative defense of duress. 

{¶21} Spencer’s argument is not well taken because even without the 

challenged evidence, the state still presented sufficient evidence to convict him, i.e., 

“ ‘viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of 

fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable 

doubt.’ ” State v. Maxwell, 139 Ohio St.3d 12, 2014-Ohio-1019, 9 N.E.3d 930, ¶ 146, 

quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the 

syllabus, following Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 

(1979). To convict Spencer of the forgery offenses, the state had to show that he 

uttered, i.e., issued, published, transferred, used, put or sent into circulation, delivered, 

or displayed, writings he knew to have been forged with purpose to defraud or knowing 

that he was facilitating a fraud. R.C. 2913.31(A)(3); R.C. 2913.01(H). The surveillance 

footage and checks show that Spencer uttered two writings. Sagraves’ testimony about 

how Spencer recruited her to cash forged checks similar to the ones Spencer cashed 

and the fact that Spencer cashed checks with the same date and dollar amount less 

than one hour apart at different bank locations is circumstantial evidence that he knew 

the checks were forged and acted with purpose to defraud or knowing he was 

facilitating a fraud. 

{¶22} Accordingly, we overrule the first assignment of error, and we overrule the 

third assignment of error to the extent it asserts that trial counsel rendered ineffective 

assistance in connection with the admission of hearsay evidence. 

 
Pickaway App. No. 19CA6 11 

IV. CONCLUSION 

{¶23} Having overruled the assignments of error, we affirm the trial court’s 

judgment. 

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED. 
Pickaway App. No. 19CA6 12 

JUDGMENT ENTRY 

 It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED and that Appellant shall pay the 

costs. 

 The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

 It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Pickaway 

County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution. 

 IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS 

BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is 

temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously 

posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme 

Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. 

If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the 

sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the 

Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of 

the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court 

of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as 

of the date of such dismissal. 

 A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of 

the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

Abele, J. & McFarland, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion. 

 For the Court 

 BY: ________________________ 

 Michael D. Hess, Judge 

NOTICE TO COUNSEL 

 Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment 

entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing 

with the clerk.