NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 09a0322n.06

Filed: May 6, 2009

No. 08-4154

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

MOHAMED BEKHIT,

Petitioner,

v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States Attorney

General,

Respondent.

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PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN

ORDER OF THE BOARD OF

IMMIGRATION APPEALS

Before: SILER, GILMAN, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

SILER, Circuit Judge. Mohamed Bekhit appeals the decision of the Board of Immigration

Appeals (“BIA”) affirming the decision of the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) and denying his petition

to remove the conditional basis of his lawful permanent resident status because his marriage to

Teresa Lauren Huss was not bona fide. He argues that the BIA erred in finding that he failed to

object to the introduction of improper evidence; he was deprived of his constitutional right to due

process of law because he could not question a material witness and the IJ improperly considered

unreliable hearsay evidence; and the IJ improperly considered post-marriage conduct. For the

following reasons, we DENY the petition for review.

I. BACKGROUND
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Bekhit, a native and citizen of Egypt, entered the United States in 1997 as a nonimmigrant

with authorization to remain until June 1998. In August 2001, he received conditional permanent

resident status based on his marriage to Teresa, a United States citizen. In 2003, Bekhit and Teresa

jointly filed a Form I-751 to remove the conditional status. In 2004, the United States Citizenship

and Immigration Service (“USCIS”) determined that their marriage was a “sham” and terminated

Bekhit’s permanent resident status. 

At a removal hearing before the IJ, Bekhit claimed that he moved from Egypt to Greece in

1994, where he obtained legal status after marrying a Greek citizen. There, he met an Egyptian

woman named Zizi. In 1997, he divorced and moved to the United States. Zizi later came to the

United States and located him. In 1999, he had his first child with Zizi and met Teresa. In January

2001, he had his second child with Zizi and then married Teresa. He started having marital problems

eight or nine months later. He admitted that his relationship with Zizi may have been partially to

blame. He lived only with Teresa from 2001 until the beginning of 2003, and he lived on and off

with Teresa and Zizi for the rest of 2003 and 2004. In May 2003, he and Teresa filed a joint Form

I-751 that did not list his two children with Zizi. In 2004, he moved out of Teresa’s house for the

last time in April; had histhird child with Zizi in June; and moved to Jackson, Tennessee, with Zizi

and without Teresa in July. In December 2004, after living apart for several months, he and Teresa

were separately interviewed about their marriage in relation to the joint Form I-751. In November

2005, he had another child with Zizi. He and Teresa are divorced, and he still lives in Jackson with

Zizi and his four children.
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The IJ denied Bekhit’s petition to remove the conditional basis of his lawful permanent

resident status and ordered removal to Egypt. The IJ found that Bekhit’s marriage was not bona fide.

The IJ noted that Bekhit’s testimony was “unconvincing,” the timeline of events showed “how

insubstantial the marriage to Teresa was,” neither Teresa nor Zizi testified about their relationship

with Bekhit, and the case “reeks of fraud.”

The BIA dismissed Bekhit’s appeal, finding (1) no error in the IJ’s determination that the

Government “sustained its burden of establishing that the information in [Bekhit’s] Form I-751 was

not true and that [Bekhit] had entered into a marriage for the purpose of evading the immigration

laws” and (2) no clear error in the underlying factual findings. In response to Bekhit’s arguments

that the Notice of Termination and supporting interview notes were improperly admitted or

considered, the BIA reasoned that the IJ was required to review the Notice of Termination (i.e., the

termination decision that Bekhit was appealing) and was permitted to admit the supporting interview

notes because both documents were “clearly relevant and material”; Bekhit’s counsel did not object

to the reliability of the documents, even though he had the opportunity to do so; there was no

“showing of specific disagreement with the accuracy of the interview” that would necessitate crossexamination; and Bekhit did not persuasively challenge the authenticity or accuracy of either

document. It also noted that his testimony revealed the same information as the Notice of

Termination and found that he was not denied due process because he “received a full and fair

hearing, on the merits of his claim, . . . was represented by counsel and afforded the opportunity to

present, examine, and object to evidence that affected his claim,” and he failed to demonstrate

prejudice. In response to Bekhit’s argument that the IJ improperly considered post-marriage
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conduct, the BIA found that “the conduct of the parties after the marriage is relevant to their intent

at the time of marriage.” 

II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

This court has jurisdiction to review a final order of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. “Where,

as here, the BIA adopts and affirms the IJ’s opinion, but provides additional reasons for its ruling,

we review the IJ’s opinion as well as the BIA’s additional reasons.” Zoarab v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d

777, 780 (6th Cir. 2008). We reverse only if the evidence “not only supports a contrary conclusion,

but indeed compels it.” Fang Huang v. Mukasey, 523 F.3d 640, 649 (6th Cir. 2008).

III. DISCUSSION

If an alien has been granted conditional permanent resident status based on a marriage to a

United States citizen, the alien and his spouse must petition for removal of the conditional status

within ninety days of the second anniversary of obtaining that status. Id. at 648-649 (citing 8 U.S.C.

§ 1186a(a)(1), (d)(2)). After reviewing the petition and interviewing the spouses, the Attorney

General (“AG”) will determine whether the marriage “was entered into for the purpose of procuring

an alien’s admission as an immigrant.” Id. at 649 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1186a(b)(1)). If the AG

determines that the marriage was entered into for immigration purposes (or was not bona fide), the

conditional permanent resident status will be terminated. Id. 

The IJ found that the “Government has shown by [a preponderance of the evidence] that

[Bekhit’s] is not a bona fide marriage” based on his omission of vital information from various

immigration petitions, his self-serving and unconvincing testimony, and the timeline of events

leading up to and subsequent to his marriage. The BIA agreed, finding “no error in the [IJ’s
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decision] finding that [the Government] sustained its burden of establishing that the information in

respondent’s Form I-751 was not true and that the respondent had entered into a marriage for the

purpose of evading the immigration laws.” These findings are reasonable and supported by

substantial evidence in the record, considered as a whole. 

A. Post-Marriage Conduct

The IJ properly considered post-marriage conduct in finding that Bekhit’s marriage was not

bona fide. While the “central question” in determining the nature of a marriage is the parties’ intent

at the time of marriage, the conduct of the parties before and after marriage is relevant to determine

that intent. In re Soriano, 19 I. & N. Dec. 764, 765-66 (BIA 1988) (citing Lutwak v. United States,

344 U.S. 604 (1953)). 

B. Evidentiary Rulings and Due Process

Immigration proceedings are not subject to the Federal Rules of Evidence. Hassan v.

Gonzales, 403 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir. 2005). The IJ “may receive in evidence any oral or written

statement that is material and relevant to any issue in the case previously made by the respondent or

any other person during any investigation, examination, hearing, or trial.” 8 C.F.R. § 1240.7(a);

Dallo v. INS, 765 F.2d 581, 586 (6th Cir. 1985). And, “we review evidentiary rulings by IJs only

to determine whether such rulings have resulted in a violation of due process.” Hassan, 403 F.3d

at 435-36 (“Fifth Amendment guarantees of due process extend to aliens in [removal] proceedings,

entitling them to a full and fair hearing.”). 

The IJ did not err in admitting into evidence the Notice of Termination and supporting

interview notes. The BIA correctly found that both were “clearly relevant and material.” Bekhit was
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appealing the USCIS’s decision to terminate his permanent resident status. To determine whether

the USCIS properly denied the petition, it was appropriate for the IJ to admit and consider its

decision as well as the underlying reasons. See 8 U.S.C. § 1186a(c)(3)(D). The BIA also correctly

found that Bekhit could not challenge the reliability of the Notice of Termination or interview notes

on appeal because his counsel did not object to their reliability at the hearing. See Gill v. Gonzales,

127 F. App’x 860, 863 (6th Cir. 2005) (finding that the petitioner was bound by the representation

of his counsel to the IJ). Even though Bekhit’s counsel objected to the admission of the documents

at a master calender hearing, he did not object to their admission or reliability at the merits hearing

when given the opportunity to do so. 

The BIA correctly found that Bekhit was not denied due process of law and that he “received

a full and fair hearing on the merits of his claim.” Even though he alleged error, he failed to

demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the claimed violations. The IJ did not reference or rely on the

interview notes in reaching his conclusion, relying instead on Bekhit’s testimony and immigration

petitions. At the removal hearing, Bekhit did not object to the admission or reliability of the

interview notes, dispute any of the information included in the interview notes, or request to crossexamine the interviewer. Further, his testimony supported, rather than contradicted, the contents of

the interview notes. Thus, the admission of the interview notes was not “fundamentally unfair.” See

Alexandrov v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 395, 406-07 (6th Cir.2006) (“[W]here a hearsay document is

admitted but not primarily relied upon and the petitioner receives the opportunity to rebut the

document’s conclusions through his witnesses, the fundamental fairness of the proceedings has not
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been impinged.”). As a result of his failure to show prejudice, his due process claims must fail. See

Warner v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 534 539 (6th Cir. 2004).

PETITION DENIED.