IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

FUTUREWISE and PILCHUCK

AUDUBON SOCIETY, DIVISION ONE

Appellants, No. 79663-1-I

v. OPINION PUBLISHED IN PART

SNOHOMISH COUNTY and THE

GROWTH MANAGEMENT HEARINGS FILED: July 15, 2019

BOARD,

Respondents.

DWYER, J. — Following the 2014 Oso landslide, Snohomish County

updated its regulations designating and protecting critical areas, including

geologically hazardous areas (GHA5) such as landslide hazard areas.

Futurewise and the Pilchuck Audubon Society (collectively Futurewise) believe

that the County’s regulations fail to meet the requirements of the Growth

Management Act (GMA), codified primarily in chapter 36.70A RCW. Futurewise

challenged the County’s new regulations before the Growth Management

Hearings Board, but the Board concluded that the majority of the regulations

complied with the GMA. On appeal, Futurewise seeks reversal of the Board’s

decision to uphold the regulations.

Futurewise asserts that the County’s new regulations fail to protect the

public health and safety from GHAs as required by the GMA and that the Board

erred when it concluded that Futurewise presented inadequate briefing on certain
No. 79663-1 -1/2

issues and deemed those issues abandoned. We disagree. The GMA does not

mandate that local governments consider the protection of the public health and

safety when developing critical area regulations, and the Board did not err when

it concluded that Futurewise had abandoned several issues by presenting

inadequate briefing to the Board.1 We affirm.

Following the Oso landslide in 2014, the Snohomish County Council

adopted Amended Ordinance 15-034 (Ordinance 15-034) on September 2, 2015,

updating its critical area regulations. The Ordinance amended sections of the

Snohomish County Code (SCC) pertaining to wetlands and fish and wildlife

habitat conservation areas (chapter 30.62A SCC), geologically hazardous areas

(chapter 30.62B SCC), and critical aquifer recharge areas (CARA5) (chapter

30.62C SCC).

Futurewise and the Tulalip Tribes challenged Ordinance 15-034 and the

amended regulations protecting critical areas before the Board. The Board

subsequently concluded that Futurewise and the Tulalip Tribes failed to meet

their burden to establish the invalidity of the challenged regulations except as to

one issue not pertinent to this appeal.2 Most pertinent to this appeal are the

Board’s conclusions that (1) the GMA does not mandate that the County consider

the public health and safety when developing critical area regulations, and (2)

that Futurewise abandoned all issues set forth under “Issue C-i”in its briefing

1 In the unpublished portion of this opinion we address several additional assignments of

error presented by Futurewise, none of which merit appellate relief.

2 The Tulalip Tribes are not a party to this appeal.

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No. 79663-1-1/3

before the Board because it presented inadequate argument linking the County’s

regulations to specific violations of the GMA. After the Board reached its

decision, Futurewise appealed to the Thurston County Superior Court, which

affirmed the Board’s decision in a brief order.

Futurewise timely appealed to Division Two, which transferred the matter

to us for decision.

Futurewise’s primary contention on appeal is that the Board erred by

concluding that the GMA does not require local governments to consider the

protection, against GHAs, of the public health and safety when developing critical

area regulations. This is so, Futurewise asserts, because RCW 36.70A.030(1O)

defines GHA5 as “areas that because of their susceptibility to erosion, sliding,

earthquake, or other geological events, are not suited to the siting of commercial,

residential, or industrial development consistent with public health or safety

concerns.” According to Futurewise, the Board’s conclusion that the GMA does

not require local governments to consider the protection of the public health and

safety during the development of critical area regulations improperly writes

“consistent with public health or safety concerns” out of the statutory definition of

GHAs.

In response, the County asserts that RCW 36.70A.030(1O) does not set

forth any affirmative mandate to consider the public health and safety during the

development of critical area regulations. Instead, the County asserts that RCW

36.70A.172(1) sets forth the requirements for counties and cities when

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No. 79663-1-1/4

developing regulations and that this statute does not require consideration of the

public health and safety. The County has the better argument.

A

Our review of decisions by the Growth Management Hearings Board is

governed by the Washington Administrative Procedure Act, chapter 34.05 ROW

(APA). Kittitas County v. E. Wash. Growth Mgmt. Hearings Bd., 172 Wn.2d 144,

155, 256 P.3d 1193 (2011). We review the Board’s decision directly, rather than

reviewing the decision of the superior court. King County v. Cent. Puget Sound

Growth Mgmt. Hearings Bd., 142 Wn.2d 543, 553, 14 P.3d 133 (2000). ‘Under

the judicial review provision of the APA, the ‘burden of demonstrating the

invalidity of [the Board’s decision] is on the party asserting invalidity.” Thurston

County v. Cooper Point Ass’n, 148 Wn.2d 1, 7-8, 57 P.3d 1156 (2002) (alteration

in original) (quoting ROW 34.05.570(1 )(a)).

We review issues of law de novo. Thurston County v. W. Wash. Growth

Mgmt. Hearings Bd., 164 Wn.2d 329, 341, 190 P.3d 38(2008). We accord

substantial weight to the Board’s interpretation of the GMA, but we are not bound

by the Board’s interpretations. Thurston County, 164 Wn.2d at 341. Any

deference we show to the Board’s interpretations, however, is superseded by the

deference both we and the Board must show to county planning actions.

Quadrant Corp. v. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hearings Bd., 154 Wn.2d

224, 238, 110 P.3d 1132 (2005). Additionally, we will not defer to the Board’s

interpretations of the GMA where the Board’s interpretation expands the scope of

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No. 79663-1-115

its own authority. See Ma’ae v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 8 Wn. App. 2d 189, 197,

438 P.3d 148 (2019).

The Board’s decision must be supported by substantial evidence, which

requires that there be “‘a sufficient quantity of evidence to persuade a fair-minded

person of the truth or correctness of the order.” Kittitas County, 172 Wn.2d at

155 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Thurston County, 164 Wn.2d at

341). “On mixed questions of law and fact, we determine the law independently,

then apply it to the facts as found” by the Board. Cooper Point Ass’n, 148 Wn.2d

at 8 (citing Hamel v. Emp’t Sec. Dep’t, 93 Wn. App. 140, 145, 966 P.2d 1282

(1998)).

“A county has broad discretion under the GMA in creating development

regulations tailored to local circumstances.” Yakima County v. E. Wash. Growth

Mgmt. Hearings Bd., 168 Wn. App. 680, 691, 279 P.3d 434 (2012) (citing

Swinomish Indian Tribal Cmty. v. W. Wash. Growth Mgmt. Hearings Bd., 161

Wn.2d 415, 430, 166 P.3d 1198 (2007)). When a party challenges a county’s

regulations under the GMA, the Board must find compliance unless the

challenged regulations are clearly erroneous in view of the entire record and the

goals and requirements of the GMA. Lewis County v. W. Wash. Growth Mgmt.

Hearings Bd., 157 Wn.2d 488, 497, 139 P.3d 1096 (2006) (citing RCW

36.70A.320(3)). “To find an action ‘clearly erroneous,’ the Board must have a

‘firm and definite conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Lewis County,

157 Wn.2d at 497 (citing Dep’t of Ecology v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 of Jefferson

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No. 79663-1-1/6

County, 121 Wn.2d 179, 201, 849 P.2d 646 (1993), affd, 511 U.S. 700, 114 S.

Ct. 1900, 128 L. Ed. 2d 716 (1994)).

B

Futurewise contends that several of the County’s updated critical area

regulations do not comply with the GMA because they were developed without

considering the protection of the public health and safety from critical areas. But

Futurewise fails to identify any provision of the GMA that sets forth such a

requirement. Instead, Futurewise asserts that by failing to consider the public

health and safety when developing critical area regulations, the County ignored

the definition of GHA5 set forth in RCW 36.70A.030(1 0)—which specifies that

GHAs are areas “not suited to the siting of commercial, residential, or industrial

development consistent with public health or safety concerns.” According to

Futurewise, this definition requires the County to consider the protection of the

public health and safety from GHAs when developing critical area regulations.

Local governments subject to the GMA are required to “adopt

development regulations that protect critical areas” designated under RCW

36.70A.170. RCW 36.70A.060(2). The GMA further specifies that “[i]n

designating and protecting critical areas under this chapter, counties and cities

shall include the best available science in developing policies and development

regulations to protect the functions and values of critical areas.” RCW

36.70A.172(1). This provision sets forth the affirmative obligation the GMA

places on counties developing critical area regulations to protect critical areas’

“functions and values,” and it does not include any requirement that counties

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No. 79663-1-1/7

consider the public health and safety when developing critical area regulations.3

Indeed, when interpreting the requirements of RCW 36.70A.172(1), our Supreme

Court has analyzed the statute as requiring the protection of critical areas

themselves, rather than anything external to critical areas, such as the public

health or safety. See Swinomish, 161 Wn.2d at 427-28 (concluding that a no

harm regulation setting the baseline for measuring harm as the current condition

of critical areas complied with the GMA because the word protect in RCW

36.70A.172 required only the prevention of further harm to critical areas, rather

than the enhancement of already damaged critical areas).4

Furthermore, Futurewise’s argument ignores longstanding Board

precedent establishing that GMA definitions do not, by themselves, create any

GMA duties. Hanson v. King County, No. 98-3-001 5c, 1 998 WL 990439, at *6.7

(Wash. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hrgs Bd. Dec. 16, 1998) (Final

Decision and Order). In fact, the Board has previously applied this general rule

specifically to determine that the GMA does not require local government entities

to consider the public health and safety when developing critical area

regulations.5 Audubon Soc’y v. Pierce County, No. 05-3-0004c, 2005 WL

~ Futurewise appears to also assert that RCW 36.70A.060 sets forth broader

requirements than RCW 36.70A.172(1), and that it required the County to consider public health

and safety when developing GHA regulations. Futurewise points to no authority to support such

an assertion, and RCW 36.70A.060 does not set forth any requirement that local government

entities consider the public health and safety while developing critical area regulations.

~ The Swinomish court was not asked to determine whether consideration of the

protection of the public health and safety was required by the GMA, but it was asked to determine

the meaning of “protect” as used in RCW 36.70A. 172, and concluded that it required local

government regulations to prevent new harm from coming to critical areas. 161 Wn.2d at 429-30.

~ Futurewise urges us to ignore these decisions and to instead apply the reasoning from

Honesty in Envtl. Analysis & Legislation (HEAL) v. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hearings

~, 96 Wn. App. 522, 979 P.2d 864 (1999) and from Olympic Stewardship Found. v. W. Wash.

Growth Mgmt. Hearings Bd., 166 Wn. App. 172, 274 P.3d 1040 (2012). But these decisions are

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No. 79663-1-1/8

2227915, at *21 (Wash. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hrgs Bd. July 12,

2005) (Final Decision and Order).

In Audubon Society, the Board analyzed the duties set forth in the GMA

related to critical area regulations and concluded that the definition of GHAs set

forth in RCW 36.70A.030 does not contain any affirmative mandate requiring

counties to consider the public health and safety when developing critical area

regulations. The Board acknowledged that the GMA defined GHA5 as areas that

“are not suited to [the] siting of. . . development consistent with public health or

safety concerns,” but concluded that “there is no affirmative mandate associated

with this definition” except that set forth in RCW 36.70A.172 to protect the

functions and values of critical areas.6 Audubon Soc’y, 2005 WL 2227915, at *21

(quoting RCW 36.70A.030(10)). The Board therein also noted that, under Board

precedent, GMA definitions, by themselves, do not create any GMA duties.

Audubon Soc’y, 2005 WL 2227915, at *21 n.18 (citing Hanson, 1998 WL 990439,

at *78)

Numerous subsequent Board decisions have analyzed whether the GMA

sets forth a duty to protect people and property during the development of critical

area regulations, and they have consistently held that the GMA does not require

critical area regulations to protect the public health and safety from GHA5. See

not on point. Neither of these decisions analyzes whether the GMA requires local governments

to consider the public health and safety when developing critical area regulations.

6 As the County notes in its briefing, this does not mean that the public is unprotected

from GHAs. Building codes and other similar regulatory schemes within the province of state and

local elected officials provide the public with protection against personal and property damage

from GHAs. See Seattle Audubon Soc’y v. City of Seattle, No. 06-3-0024, 2006 WL 3791721, at

*16 (Wash. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd. Dec. 11, 2006) (Final Decision and

Order) (concluding that people and property must be protected against GHAs through building

codes, not the GMA).

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No. 79663-1-1/9

Blair v. City of Monroe, No. 14-3-0006c, 2015 WL 10684571, at *29 (Wash. Cent.

Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd. April 1, 2015) (Order Finding Continuing

Non-Compliance) (“risk to life and property in geologically hazardous areas is a

policy decision”); Friends of the San Juans v. San Juan County, No. 13-2-0012c,

2013 WL 5212385, at *22 (W. Wash. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd.

Sept. 6, 2013) (Final Decision and Order) (“The GMA does not impose an

independent duty to protect life and property.”); Friends of Pierce County v.

Pierce County, No. 12-3-0002c, 2012 WL 3060647, at *53 (Wash. Cent. Puget

Sound Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd. July 9, 2012) (Final Decision and Order) (the

GMA definition of GHA5 “by itself does not impose an independent duty upon the

County to protect life and property”); Seattle Audubon Soc’y v. City of Seattle,

No. 06-3-0024, 2006 WL 3791721, at *16 (Wash. Cent. Puget Sound Growth

Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd. Dec. 11,2006) (Final Decision and Order) (concluding that

people and property must be protected against GHAs through building codes, not

the GMA).7

~ Futurewise did not, in its opening brief, acknowledge the existence of any of these prior

decisions analyzing whether the GMA required counties to consider public health and safety while

developing GHA regulations. Instead, it cited to Dept of Ecology v. City of Kent, No. 05-3-0034,

2006 WL 1111353 (Wash. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd. April 19, 2006) (Final

Decision and Order) asserting that the case’s holding—that a GMA definition has substantive

effect in identifying wetland critical areas requiring designation and protection—means that the

definition in RCW 36.70A.030(10) is a mandate to protect people and property from GHAs. Br. of

Appellant at 18. But that case directly states “that GMA definitions do not, in themselves, create

enforceable obligations.” City of Kent, 2006 WL 1111353, at *21. It further notes that the

enforceable obligation is the duty to designate and protect wetland critical areas. It does not say

that the definition of wetlands itself creates that obligation but, rather, that the definition explains

which wetlands the duty applies to. City of Kent, 2006 WL 1111353, at *21. Similarly, RCW

36.70A.030(10), setting forth the definition of GHAs, explicates the scope of areas to which the

duty set forth in RCW 36.70A.172—to protect the functions and values of critical areas—attaches.

It does not independently set forth any duty.

Futurewise does, belatedly, address these Board decisions in its reply brief. But we

reject Futurewise’s attempts to distinguish these Board decisions from the present case. All of

Futurewise’s attempts to distinguish these cases fail to address the holding that Futurewise seeks

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No. 79663-1-1110

We decline to overturn over 20 years of Board precedent holding that

GMA definitions do not, by themselves, create GMA duties, and almost 15 years

of Board precedent holding that the GMA imposes no duty on local governments

to consider the public health and safety when developing regulations to protect

critical areas, including GHAs. The Board’s interpretation aligns with the plain

language of RCW 36.70A.172 and our Supreme Court’s consideration, in

Swinomish, of ROW 36.70A.172 as requiring protection of critical areas. 161

Wn.2d at 427-28. Furthermore, deference to the Board’s interpretation of the

GMA is appropriate herein because the Board is interpreting a statute it

administers within its administrative expertise and its interpretation restrains,

rather than expands, the scope of its own authority to overrule decisions made by

elected county and city officials. Port of Seattle v. Pollution Control Hearings Bd.,

151 Wn.2d 568, 612, 90 P.3d 659 (2004); Ma’ae, 8 Wn. App. 2d at 197.

Finally, we note that our legislature has also tacitly acquiesced to the

Board’s interpretation of the GMA. The Board’s decisions concluding that GMA

definitions do not, on their own, create GMA duties, extend back over 20 years,

and decisions concluding specifically that no definition in the GMA sets forth a

duty to consider the public health and safety when developing critical area

regulations extend back almost 15 years.8 See Hanson, 1998 WL 990439, at *7

to escape: that the GMA does not mandate consideration of the public health and safety during

the development of critical area regulations.

8 In a statement of additional authorities, Futurewise cites to Skagit Surveyors & Eng’rs,

LLC v. Friends of Skagit County, 135 Wn.2d 542, 566, 958 P.2d 962 (1998) as pertaining to

whether the legislature has acquiesced to the Board’s rulings. Skagit Surveyors, however, is

distinguishable from the present matter.

Therein, the court explained that legislative acquiescence may not be presumed from the

failure to amend a statute “where the administrative interpretation is not by regulation or rule but

is, instead, included in a ruling in a contested case and where the interpretation is not consistent

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No. 79663-i-I/li

8; Audubon Soc’y, 2005 WL 2227915, at *21. The Washington State Legislature

has amended the GMA, including RCW 36.70A.172 and RCW 36.70A.030,

several times during this period without disavowing the Board’s rulings. See

LAwsoF 2017, 3d Spec. Sess., ch. 18, §2; LAWS OF 2012, ch. 21, § 1; LAWSOF

2010, ch. 211 § 3; LAWS OF 2009, ch. 565, § 22; LAWS OF 2005, ch. 423, § 2.

The plain language of the GMA, interpretations of the GMA by our

Supreme Court, and over a decade of Board decisions—with clear

accompanying legislative acquiescence to those decisions—strongly support the

Board’s conclusion herein that the GMA does not impose a duty on local

governments to consider the public health and safety when developing

regulations to protect critical areas. The Board did not err by so holding.

Ill

Futurewise next contends that the Board erred by concluding that

Futurewise inadequately briefed Issue C-I in its briefing before the Board and,

thus, abandoned Issue C-i. This is so, Futurewise asserts, because its briefing

adequately cited provisions of the GMA alleged to be violated in its issue heading

and cited to prior Board decisions and orders in its argument under that heading.

We disagree.

within the tribunals charged with hearing petitions under the statute.” Skagit Surveyors, 135

Wn.2d at 566. In written decisions, the three Growth Management Hearing Boards interpreted

the provision of the GMA at issue in Skagit Surveyors differently. 135 Wn.2d at 566. Therefore,

assuming silent legislative acquiescence to any one of the different Boards’ interpretations was

inappropriate. But that is not the situation presented herein. There are not inconsistent rulings

from different Boards about whether GMA definitions set forth any duties under the GMA. Thus,

the legislature’s failure to amend the GMA may be viewed as evidence of acquiescence to the

interpretation set forth in Board rulings.

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No. 79663-1-1112

RCW 36.70A.270(7) authorizes the Board to adopt its own general

procedural rules.9 The Board has done so, and its procedural rules are set forth

in chapter 242-03 WAC. WAC 242-03-590 sets forth the following pertinent

requirements for briefs presented to the Board:

(1) A petitioner, or a moving party when a motion has been

filed, shall submit a brief addressing each legal issue it expects the

board to determine. Failure by such a party to brief an issue shall

constitute abandonment of the unbriefed issue. Briefs shall

enumerate and set forth the legal issue(s) as specified in the

prehearing order.

The Board has further clarified that an issue is briefed only when “legal

argument is provided; it is not sufficient for a petitioner to make conclusory

statements, without explaining how, as the law applies to the facts before the

Board, a local government has failed to comply with the [GMA].” Tulalip Tribes of

Wash. v. Snohomish County, No. 96-3-0029, 1997 WL 29145, at *4 n.1 (Wash.

Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd. Jan. 8, 1997) (Final Decision and

Order). Furthermore, the Board has also explained that a party’s inadequately

briefed issues are treated the same as unbriefed issues when the briefing

provides “insufficient supporting facts and legal arguments” to satisfy the party’s

burden of proof. Finis Gerald Tupper v. City of Edmonds, No. 03-3-0018, 2004

WL 3275211, at *5 (Wash. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd. March

22, 2004) (Final Decision and Order).

~ “All proceedings before the board, any of its members, or a hearing examiner appointed

by the board shall be conducted in accordance with such administrative rules of practice and

procedure as the board prescribes.” ROW 36.70A.270(7). “Unless otherwise specified in the

GMA, the Washington Administrative Procedure Act (APA) chapter 34.05 ROW, governs the

practice and procedure of the board.” Stafne v. Snohomish Oounty, 174 Wn.2d 24, 32, 271 P.3d

868 (2012) (citing ROW 36.70A.270(7)).

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No. 79663-1 -1/13

Futurewise does not challenge the validity of the Board’s procedural rules

but, rather, challenges the Board’s finding that Futurewise’s briefing on Issue C-i

failed to provide the necessary links between the challenged code sections

referenced in Issue C-i and the GMA. Therefore, we must determine whether

the Board’s finding—that Futurewise’s briefing did not include links between the

challenged code sections and the GMA—is supported by substantial evidence,

which requires that there be “a sufficient quantity of evidence to persuade a fairminded person of the truth or correctness of the order.” Kittitas County, 172

Wn.2d at 155 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Thurston County, 164

Wn.2d at 341).

The Board explained its finding that Futurewise had not provided sufficient

argument connecting challenged code sections in Issue C-i to the GMA with the

following rationale:

Here, Futurewise-Pilchuck failed to cite any GMA

requirement supposedly violated by the County’s geologically

hazardous area regulations listed in Issue C-i. It is incumbent

upon a petitioner to relate an adopted regulation to a specific GMA

statute/requirement and provide argument establishing that the

provision violates the statute/requirement. That was not done here.

Rather, the petitioners’ brief includes statements such as the

regulation “. . . fails to protect development from landslides as the

GMA commands”,”. . . these sections violate the GMA for the same

reasons . . .“, and ‘are not supported by the scientific evidence”.

(Alterations in original.)

The Board’s description of Futurewise’s briefing on Issue C-i is accurate.

Futurewise did not cite to any provisions of the GMA in its briefing before the

Board for Issue C-i. While Futurewise included numerous citations to GMA

provisions in its heading for Issue C, its briefing for Issue C-i failed to connect

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No. 79663-1-1/14

any of the challenged code sections addressed in Issue C-I to a violation of any

of the sections of the GMA listed in the heading for Issue C. Instead, Futurewise

made the general conclusory assertions identified in the Board’s decision, such

as, “these sections violate the GMA.” Not once in Futurewise’s briefing on Issue

C-I did Futurewise attempt to link any of the challenged code sections discussed

therein to any particular provision of the GMA, whether included in Issue C’s

heading or otherwise. The record therefore supports the Board’s finding that

Futurewise failed to provide the necessary legal argument connecting challenged

code sections to violations of a provision of the GMA, and thus supports the

Board’s ruling that Futurewise abandoned Issue C-I.

We affirm the Board’s decision that the GMA does not require the County

to consider the protection of the public health and safety when developing critical

area regulations and that Futurewise abandoned the issues presented in Issue

C-i in its briefing before the Board.

The remainder of this opinion has no precedential value. It will, therefore,

be filed for public record in accordance with the rules governing unpublished

opinions.

IV

We now address Futurewise’s remaining contentions, none of which merit

appellate relief.

A

Futurewise next contends that the Board failed to rule on a motion

Futurewise brought to supplement the record with an additional article with

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No. 79663-1-1115

supporting data (the “LaHusen article”) and that such failure requires us to

remand the matter to the Board for resolution. This is so, Futurewise asserts,

because RCW 34.05.570(3)(f) requires that we grant relief from agency orders in

situations in which the agency has not decided all issues requiring resolution by

the agency.

Although Futurewise correctly quotes the rule set forth in ROW

34.05.570(3)(f),1° Futurewise makes no attempt to explain why resolution of its

motion was required, as mandated by that section. Futurewise does not present

any argument that resolution of its motion would, in any way, affect the Board’s

ruling on the validity of the challenged code sections.

Furthermore, even if Futurewise had presented any such argument in its

briefing, it is simply incorrect that the Board never ruled on its motion. Despite

being titled “Deferring Decision on Motion For Supplementation,” the Board’s

order is clear that the deferral was a general denial that offered the opportunity

for further argument if certain conditions were met. Specifically, the Board noted

that “[i]f, after reviewing the record and argument submitted by the parties in their

opening briefs, the Board wishes to consider the LaHusen material for any

purpose, the presiding officer will request additional directed briefing by both

parties and argument at the hearing on the merits.” In other words, the Board’s

decision not to request additional briefing and argument did not indicate that it

10 Subsection (3)(f) states that courts will grant relief from agency orders if “[t]he agency

has not decided all issues requiring resolution by the agency.” (Emphasis added.)

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No. 79663-1-1/16

failed to resolve the motion but, rather, indicated that it did not wish to consider

the LaHusen article presented by Futurewise.11

B

Futurewise next contends that the Board erred in footnote 85 of its final

decision and order when it found that there was “no disagreement with the fact

the County has designated landslide hazard areas.” This is so, Futurewise

asserts, because it did argue before the Board that “Snohomish County did not

properly designated geologically hazardous areas.” Br. of Appellant at 13.

This argument fails for several reasons. First, the argument is facially

flawed; arguing that the County made improper designations is not the same as

arguing that it made no designations. Second, the record shows that Futurewise

did not argue before the Board that the County had made no designations.

Third, even if Futurewise had argued that the County failed to designate GHAs,

footnote 85 is clearly dicta because the section it is taken from in the Board’s

final decision and order pertains to an issue unrelated to the designation

requirement set forth in RCW 36.70A.170. Finally, Futurewise did not present

any argument that reversal of footnote 85 would have an impact on the Board’s

conclusion that the County’s regulations comply with the GMA.

~ Such a decision by the Board is understandable given that the LaHusen article

Futurewise sought to add to the record was not available to the County at the time it developed

and implemented its new regulations. Information unavailable to a local governmental entity until

after it has adopted challenged regulations is only rarely admitted, and only on a showing of “the

necessity of such evidence to the board’s decision concerning invalidity.” WAC 242-03-565(2).

See also Blair v. City of Monroe, No. 14-3-0006c, 2014 WL 2624391, at *7 (Wash. Cent. Puget

Sound Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Bd. May 23, 2014) (Order on City’s Dispositive Motion and

Petitioner’s Motion to Supplement) (“While the Board is extremely sensitive to the now

heightened concerns related to unstable slopes, it is nevertheless inappropriate to supplement

the record with specific materials that could not have been considered by the City prior to the

enactment of the challenged ordinance.”).

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No. 79663-1-1/17

C

Futurewise next contends that the trial court erred when it concluded that

‘the top of slope and toe of slope areas were buffers, rather than geologically

hazardous areas.” Br. of Appellant at 16.

This argument fails for two reasons. First, citing to the County’s amended

definition of landslide hazard areas, SCC 30.91 L.040, the Board stated only that

“[ljandslide hazard areas are defined to not only include the potential slide area

itself but also ‘buffer’ areas.” This is an accurate description by the Board of the

County’s regulation,12 and it plainly does not state that the top of slope and toe of

slope areas are not part of landslide GHA5. In fact, it states the opposite, that

“buffer” areas, such as the top of slope and toe of slope areas are included in the

definition of landslide hazard areas under the County’s regulations. Second,

even if, somehow, the Board’s use of the term “buffer” was improper, as opposed

to merely shorthand, Futurewise did not present any argument that reversal of

the Board’s use of the term “buffer” would have any effect on the Board’s

conclusion that the County’s updated critical area regulations comply with the

GMA.

D

Futurewise next contends that the Board erred when it concluded that

numerous challenged provisions of the SCC comply with the GMA. Specifically,

12 That section states that the landslide hazard area also includes lands within a distance

from the top of the slope equal to the height of the slope or within a distance of the toe of the

slope equal to two times the height of the slope.” SOC 30.91 L.040. The shorthand use of the

word buffer” to describe the top of slope and toe of slope areas included in the landslide hazard

area did not take those areas outside of the definition of landslide hazard area under the

regulation.

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No. 79663-1-1118

Futurewise asserts that SOC 30.62A.130, SOC 30.62B.390, SCO 30.620.130,

and SOC 30.62C.140(3)(f)(iv) do not comply with the GMA.13 We address each

challenged section separately and conclude that none of Futurewise’s challenges

merit appellate relief.

First, the Board found that SOC 30.62A.130 was not “amended in any

relevant, substantive manner” by Ordinance 15-034 and concluded that

“challenges are thus time barred.”14 Futurewise does not challenge the Board’s

finding or conclusion on appeal.15 Thus, we accept the Board’s finding and

conclusion that challenges to SCC 30.62A.130 are time barred and decline to

consider Futurewise’s arguments addressing SOC 30.62A.130 on the merits.

Second, Futurewise asserts that SOC 30.62B.390 violates the GMA

because it grants the county planning and development services director

discretionary authority to expand GHA boundaries. This is so, Futurewise

asserts, because the discretionary nature of that authority conflicts with the

requirement in ROW 36.70A.170(1) that the County designate critical areas. But

5CC 30.62B.390 authorizes the director to expand the boundaries of already

designated critical areas. Thus, SOC 30.62B.390 operates as an additional

protection after the GMA requirement to designate and protect critical areas has

already been satisfied.

13 Futurewise also asserts that SOC 30.62B.130, SOC 30.62B.140, SOC 30.62B.340, and

SOC 30.91 L.040 do not comply with the GMA. But Futurewise presented its challenge to these

code sections to the Board only in Issue C-i, which the Board concluded was abandoned. We

therefore decline to further consider Futurewise’s challenge to these code sections.

14 ROW 36.70A.290(2) requires that petitions relating to whether a development

regulation is in compliance with the goals and requirements of the GMA be filed within 60 days

after publication of the regulation.

~ In fact, in its briefing Futurewise never even acknowledges that the Board concluded

that its challenge to SOC 30.62A.130 was time barred.

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No. 79663-1-1/19

Third, Futurewise failed to preserve its right to challenge SCC 30.62C.130

on appeal. Futurewise’s briefing before the superior court did not include any

reference to SOC 30.62C.130, and thus Futurewise failed to preserve the issue

for appeal. See State v. Chacon, 192 Wn.2d 545, 547, 431 P.3d 477 (2018)

(Ordinarily, we do not consider unpreserved errors raised for the first time on

review.”). Even if Futurewise had presented a challenge to SOC 30.620.130 to

the superior court, it also failed to include its challenge to SOC 30.62C.130 in its

assignments of error on appeal. We will “review only a claimed error that is

included in an assignment of error or clearly disclosed in the associated issue

pertaining thereto.” Phillips v. Greco, 7 Wn. App. 2d 1 9, 433 P.3d 509 (201 8).

Therefore, we decline to consider Futurewise’s challenge to SCO 30.620.130.

Fourth, Futurewise bases its challenge to SOC 30.62C.140(3)(f)(iv) on

building code statutes pertaining to requirements for applications for building

permits and subdivisions, not GMA requirements pertaining to critical area

regulations. To support its assertion that SCC 30.62C.140(3)(f)(iv) violates the

GMA, Futurewise cites to RCW 19.27.097, which requires applicants for building

permits for buildings requiring potable water to provide evidence of a physically

and legally available water supply, and ROW 58.17.11 0, which requires the same

for applications for subdivisions. Neither of these provisions address critical area

regulations, nor do any of the cases Futurewise cites in support of its claim of

error.

Futurewise seeks to apply laws governing applications for building permits

and subdivision applications to code sections intended to designate and protect

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No. 79663-1 -1/20

CARAs as critical areas. As noted by the Board, “[w]hile local jurisdictions are

now required to address both the legal and actual availability of water for

development activity, inclusion of such a requirement within the hydrogeologic

report section of the Snohomish County Code protecting CARAs makes little

sense.” The challenged code section is intended to designate and protect

CARAs, not to address the availability of water for development activity, and

Futurewise has not established that SCC 30.62C.140(3)(f)(iv) violates any

provision of the GMA.

E

Finally, Futurewise asserts that the interests of justice require us to

remand to the Board consideration of the County’s amended CARA regulations

in light of recently enacted legislation, specifically LAWS OF 2018, ch. 1. We

disagree.

RCW 34.05.554(1)(d) permits a party to raise a new issue on

appeal if “[t]he interests of justice would be served by resolution of

an issue arising from . . . (i) A change in controlling law occurring

after the agency action.” The remedy is to remand to the agency

for determination. RCW 34.05.554(2).

Olympic Stewardship Found. v. W. Wash. Growth Mgmt. Hearings Bd., 166 Wn.

App. 172, 200, 274 P.3d 1040 (2012) (footnote omitted) (alteration in original).

In 2018, the legislature enacted Engrossed Substitute Senate Bill (ESSB)

6091, LAWS OF 2018, ch. 1, entitled “Water Availability.” ESSB 6091 made

numerous changes to the GMA to ensure water availability for development. See

LAWS OF 2018, ch. 1, at 1. The law primarily adjusted requirements for

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No. 79663-1-1/21

subdivision and building permit applications. It did not modify the statutory

requirements regarding regulations intended to protect CARAs as critical areas.

We reject Futurewise’s assertion that we must remand consideration of

the County’s CARA critical area regulations based on ESSB 6091 because

ESSB 6091 has no impact on the analysis of the County’s CARA critical area

regulations.16 It pertains to issues of water availability for development, not to the

protection of CARAs as critical areas. The new law has nothing to do with the

challenged sections of the SCC addressing the protection of CARAs as critical

areas.17

Affirmed.

WE CONCUR:

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16 The terms “critical area” and critical aquifer recharge area” do not appear even once in

the text of the legislation.

17 Even if it did have an impact and the challenged code provisions were in violation of

the new law, the legislation was not made retroactive. LAWS OF 2018, ch. 1, § 307. Thus,

pursuant to RCW 36.70A. 1 30(5)(a) the County has until 2023 to update its code to be in

compliance with the new law.

21