Filed 10/15/13 In re Daniel O. CA2/4 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION FOUR 

In re DANIEL O., III, et al., 

Persons Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law. 

 B243435 

 (Los Angeles County 

 Super. Ct. No. CK67881) 

LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT 

OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

 v. 

DANIEL O., 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, 

Jacqueline H. Lewis, Juvenile Court Referee. Affirmed. 

 Daniel G. Rooney, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant. 

 John F. Krattli, County Counsel, James M. Owens, Assistant County 

Counsel, and Kimberly A. Roura, Associate County Counsel, for Plaintiff and 

Respondent. 
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INTRODUCTION 

 Father, Daniel O. (Daniel), appeals from a dependency court order 

sustaining dependency jurisdiction over his three minor children: (1) Heaven O., 

age 14, whose mother is Wendy Y.; (2) Mariah, age four, whose mother is Ashley 

G.; and (3) Daniel O., III (Danny), six months of age, whose mother is Tina L. 

Jurisdiction was sought over these children largely based on allegations that Daniel 

physically and sexually assaulted Aileen C., the four-year-old daughter of one of 

his female companions, Virginia M. Daniel asserts that the dependency court erred 

in admitting the out-of-court statements of Aileen C. regarding the abuse, when 

Aileen was found not competent to testify at trial and thus could not be crossexamined. He further asserts that substantial evidence did not support the findings 

that he assaulted Aileen, or that his three children were at serious risk of physical 

or sexual abuse. We affirm the order sustaining jurisdiction. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

I. Initial Police Report and Hospital Records Regarding Aileen 

 On Sunday, October 9, 2011, Aileen was taken to the hospital, where staff 

called law enforcement. At the hospital, Deputy Sheriff Guadalupe Lopez 

interviewed Aileen’s paternal grandmother (Grandmother), her father Mario C., 

and Aileen herself. According to the police report, Grandmother stated that Aileen 

began to complain of pain in her lower abdominal and vaginal areas as soon as 

Grandmother picked her up on the afternoon of Friday, October 7, 2011. When 

Grandmother questioned Aileen about what had happened, Aileen responded by 

holding her vaginal area with both hands and saying “tu-tu.” When Grandmother 

took Aileen to the bathroom later, she saw a clear discharge with blood in her 
3

underpants. When Aileen was done urinating, Grandmother wiped her and more 

clear discharge with blood appeared on the toilet paper. 

 Grandmother said she waited until Sunday to tell Mario because she thought 

maybe Aileen had just bumped herself and the pain was going to go away, but 

Aileen continued to complain of abdominal and vaginal pain. Grandmother and 

Mario drove her to the hospital on Sunday evening. 

 Deputy Lopez sat next to Aileen’s hospital bed and spoke with her. Aileen 

was excited to have her there, asked her questions about her equipment, and played 

with her flashlight. When asked why she was in the hospital, Aileen said she was 

not sure. Deputy Lopez asked her if she felt pain anywhere, and Aileen said, 

“Daniel punched me,” and made a fist with her left hand and motioned toward her 

stomach. Deputy Lopez asked who Daniel was, and Aileen looked down and did 

not want to talk about Daniel. Deputy Lopez asked if she could draw a picture of 

Aileen so Aileen could show her where she was hurt. Aileen answered, “I was 

holding hands with my friend and he touched us both and grabbed us right here,” 

as she motioned to her vaginal area. Deputy Lopez drew a sketch of a figurine, 

and Aileen took her pencil and drew what she described as a “sad face, ‘cause I’m 

hurt of Daniel.” She also scribbled in the hand areas and said, “Daniel hit me here 

when I’m with Mom.” When asked what else Daniel did, Aileen began to scribble 

in the breast area and stopped and motioned with both hands in her breast area. 

She said, “Daniel rubbed me and my friend here and grabbed me hard here,” as she 

motioned towards her vagina and closed her right hand to make a grabbing motion. 

Deputy Lopez asked who her friend was and Aileen said, “A girl who lives there 

with my mom, I don’t know.” She refused to write on the sketch and placed the 

pencil back on Deputy Lopez’s uniform shirt. Deputy Lopez attempted to ask her 
4

more questions, but Aileen stayed quiet, looked down, and played nervously with 

her hands. 

 Grandmother said Mario and Aileen’s mother, Virginia, had been separated 

for two years, and per their agreement to share custody, Grandmother picked up or 

dropped off Aileen and her siblings Jeremiah and Nalani every other Friday. She 

believed Virginia had a live-in boyfriend named Daniel. Aileen and her siblings 

had previously told her that Daniel punched them in the stomach, and after one 

stay at Virginia’s home they had returned home with bruises. 

 Mario said that Grandmother had informed him that she found blood spots 

and discharge on Aileen, and he reported that Aileen had complained of pain in her 

abdominal area for two days. He indicated that during the custody proceedings 

regarding Aileen and her siblings, the children alleged that Daniel hit them and 

caused bruising. The judge in their case was notified of the incidents but a 

criminal report was not generated. In order to avoid problems, Mario only 

communicated with Virginia through Grandmother, and Grandmother picked up 

and dropped off the children. He had not seen or communicated with Daniel and 

did not know who Daniel was. 

 Deputy Lopez spoke to the attending physician, who did not find anything 

abnormal but stated he was not a specialist and could not determine if foul play had 

occurred. A sexual assault kit was performed on Aileen the next day, but the nurse 

who administered it could not confirm or negate sexual abuse and did not question 

Aileen. Deputy Lopez recovered from Mario’s house the clothing Aileen wore on 

the day bloody discharge was found in her underwear. The underwear reportedly 

had been washed and worn once since the incident. 

 The emergency physician record lists the chief complaint as an “alleged 

sexual assault possibly at mom’s house.” It records an observation by 
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Grandmother that Aileen’s vaginal opening looked “wider than usual,” that Aileen 

was afraid to be touched there, and that there were “a lot of men” going to Aileen’s 

mother’s place. No bleeding, discharge, swelling or tenderness of the genitalia 

were found. 

 The report from the rape kit examination states that the examination neither 

confirmed nor negated sexual abuse. The aftercare instructions for Aileen included 

recommendations for treating “child vulvitis.” 

II. Pre-Adjudication Investigation by DCFS 

A. Witness Interviews Regarding Allegations of Abuse of Aileen 

1. Aileen’s Statements 

During a caseworker’s private interview with Aileen, the girl appeared very 

shy, quiet, and apprehensive. The caseworker asked if Aileen knew what her 

private parts are, and she nodded her head, “yes.” When asked to point to her 

private parts, Aileen shook her head, “no.” When asked two times if anyone had 

ever touched her private parts, Aileen stayed quiet and played with her puppy. 

When the caseworker asked if it was okay that she was asking these questions, 

Aileen shook her head “no.” When the caseworker told her she did not have to talk 

to her if she did not want to, Aileen grabbed her puppy and ran inside the house. 

 Subsequently, a deputy from the Special Victim’s Bureau questioned Aileen 

about whether anyone had touched her vagina, using a drawing of a girl’s body, 

and Aileen said no. When asked if anyone had ever hit her, she again said no. 

 When another dependency investigator later interviewed Aileen, she was 

friendly, cooperative, and outgoing until questioned about Daniel, at which point 

her demeanor changed, and she became tense and quiet and would not make eye 

contact. She gave only limited responses to questions regarding the alleged abuse. 
6

When asked if Daniel had been physically abusive towards her, Aileen responded, 

“I don’t want to talk about him.” When asked why, she said, “He’s mean.” She 

went on to state, “He threw me on the bed and it hurt.” In response to multiple 

further questions about possible physical abuse by Daniel, Aileen kept repeating, 

“He’s mean.” With respect to alleged sexual abuse, when shown a diagram of a 

female girl and asked if she knew where the private parts were, Aileen nodded 

“yes,” and stated, “I don’t want to talk, can I go home?” The caseworker asked if 

Daniel ever touched her in her private parts, and Aileen responded by stating, “I 

want to sleep in my room,” and when asked to explain, she stated, “Mom says I 

have to sleep in there (referring to mother’s bedroom), but I want to sleep in my 

room.” When asked who else sleeps in the mother’s room, Aileen said, “I don’t 

want to talk, I am scared.” The caseworker terminated the interview because it 

appeared Aileen was experiencing a great deal of distress. 

2. Daniel’s Statements 

 Daniel denied the allegations and said he was never alone with Aileen. He 

stated that he lived with his mother as well as Tina, the mother of his youngest 

child, Danny. He sometimes brought his daughter Mariah to Virginia’s home on 

weekends so she and Aileen could play together, but he denied ever touching either 

child, or any child, inappropriately. He said he was rarely alone with Mariah 

either. 

 Daniel agreed to take a polygraph examination, which was conducted on 

October 25, 2011. Daniel passed all the questions except five or six regarding 

whether he touched Aileen’s vagina. He later stated that he did not believe the 

results, and that when the examiner was asking questions about the sexual abuse he 
7

kept hitting the button. The dependency court ultimately excluded the evidence of 

the polygraph results. 

 Daniel claimed that Grandmother was “putting stuff in [Aileen’s] head.” He 

reported that Aileen’s paternal grandfather had confronted him at Aileen’s 

preschool one day, cursing at him and saying he had hit the kids. Daniel claimed 

that when Aileen and her siblings go to Mario’s house, they come back dressed in 

old clothes and once Jeremiah came back with a bruise. 

3. Virginia’s Statements 

 In an interview with a caseworker, Virginia appeared shocked by the 

allegations of Daniel’s sexual abuse of Aileen and denied that they were true. She 

stated that she was always with her children and did not leave Daniel alone with 

them, and if she had to go out, the maternal grandmother watched them. She stated 

that she was very aware of who her children were around because she was 

molested as a child by a family friend and she never wanted that to happen to her 

daughters. She denied that Daniel lived with her but stated he slept over 

sometimes. When the caseworker informed her that it was also alleged that Daniel 

had touched another little girl who was with her daughter, Virginia stated that 

Daniel had a daughter named Mariah, who is also four years old, who comes over 

to play with Aileen when Daniel has her on the weekends. 

 Virginia stated that when the children are going to Mario’s home, the two 

girls cry and say they do not want to go. The week before, Aileen had stated, “I’m 

a bad girl.” When Virginia asked her what had happened, Aileen would not tell 

her. 

 In a later interview, Virginia told a dependency investigator that she had 

never seen anything to lead her to suspect Daniel. Aileen had never mentioned any 
8

abuse or complained of pain. According to Virginia, Aileen was an active, happy 

girl, who liked to play with Daniel and was always excited to see him. She insisted 

that Daniel was never alone with the children. When told that Daniel had failed a 

polygraph test about the molestation, Virginia stated that this was “concerning” 

and that she wanted to find out what had really happened. 

4. Statements by Aileen’s Siblings 

 Aileen’s five-year-old brother Jeremiah denied ever being touched in his 

private parts. When asked if he liked Daniel, Jeremiah said, “sometimes yes, 

sometimes no.” He said sometimes Daniel and Virginia fought, but he denied that 

they pushed or hit each other. He said he felt safe with Virginia and Daniel, and 

with Mario. 

 In a subsequent interview, a dependency investigator asked Jeremiah if 

Daniel had been physically abusive towards him or any of the other children. 

Jeremiah stated, “I want to live with my mom but no Daniel scares me.” When 

asked why Daniel scares him, Jeremiah stated, “He makes my mom cry . . . in the 

car he went like this,” and Jeremiah demonstrated a slapping or pushing 

movement. When asked if Daniel hits him, his siblings, or his mother, Jeremiah 

responded by stating, “He makes my mom cry.” Daniel again said he had never 

been touched in his private parts and had not seen his sisters being touched there. 

 Aileen’s two-year-old sibling Nalani was not able to provide a meaningful 

statement. 

5. Statements by Aileen’s Paternal Relatives 

 Mario stated that Aileen had never said anything about Daniel prior to this 

incident, but that she appeared to be afraid every time his name was mentioned. 
9

He also said that lately she had been really quiet and only wanted to play by 

herself, which was unlike her. He had not noticed any sexualized behavior. 

 In a later interview with a dependency investigator, Mario said he believed 

his daughter “100 percent” and asserted that she would not make this up. He stated 

that it was the police officer at the hospital who told him what Aileen had said, and 

Aileen had never said anything to him before. He said that Aileen had told him 

several months before that Daniel hit Jeremiah, but that his children did not talk 

about Daniel much, except Jeremiah would sometimes talk excitedly about 

Daniel’s car and about how he drives really fast. Mario also said that when he asks 

Aileen about Daniel she gets really nervous, so he does not bring it up. He noticed 

that around the time of the hospital visit Aileen had been playing by herself and not 

really wanting to play or talk with anyone else, but that was better now. He also 

noticed that she “plays with herself” a lot while watching television. 

 Grandmother told a caseworker that on the Friday evening after she picked 

up Aileen, she was putting a diaper on Aileen, who sometimes still wet the bed. 

Aileen pointed to her private parts and said they hurt.1

 Grandmother asked her 

why they hurt, and Aileen said, “Daniel Ochoa touch me.” Grandmother said she 

told Aileen, “No, Daniel Ochoa did not touch you.” Aileen stated “Yes he did.” 

Grandmother did not ask Aileen how or when Daniel touched her. Grandmother 

stated that she called one of her sons and told him, but she did not tell Mario 

because she was afraid he would overreact and do something stupid. She wanted 

her other son to talk to Mario. When asked why she waited until Sunday to take 

Aileen to the hospital, she said she was at the hospital all day Saturday with her 

 

1

 Aileen’s daycare provider reported that Aileen had not complained of falling or 

injuring herself at daycare, and had not been crying as if she had injured herself. 
10

sick and blind husband. When asked if Aileen had ever mentioned Daniel before, 

Grandmother stated that the children would tell her and Aileen’s father that Daniel 

hit them. 

 The caseworker asked Grandmother if she had noticed Aileen exhibiting any 

sexualized behavior, and Grandmother said that about five months earlier, she 

noticed that Aileen was taking a long time in the bathroom, and Grandmother 

caught her touching herself in the bathroom. When Grandmother asked her why 

she was touching herself, Aileen looked at her and cried. Grandmother had also 

observed Aileen looking at herself in the mirror and touching her breast. On 

another occasion, when Mario’s adult friend came over for the first time, Aileen 

tried to rub herself on him and sit on his lap, to the point that the friend became 

uncomfortable and left. 

 Grandmother told a dependency investigator that she had not asked Aileen 

about the abuse because she did not want to upset her more. The only thing Aileen 

had said was that she did not want to see her mother or Daniel and that she was 

scared. Aileen had been waking up in the night complaining of nightmares and 

Grandmother would find her curled up in a ball in the corner of the bed. She 

would not talk to Grandmother and only wanted to talk to Mario. She had also 

been wetting the bed lately. 

6. Maternal Relatives’ Statements 

 Aileen’s maternal grandmother stated she had no concerns of abuse by 

Daniel, and said she and Virginia were always home with the children. She 

claimed that Mario’s family was upset that Virginia had a boyfriend. Virginia’s 

father, who lives in the back duplex of Virginia’s home, stated he had never seen 

Daniel hit Aileen or touch any of the children inappropriately. Aileen’s maternal 
11

aunt, who also lives in Virginia’s home, stated that Daniel seemed like a “good 

guy” and that he got along well with the kids. 

B. Investigation Regarding Possible Abuse of Mariah

 A caseworker interviewed Mariah and her mother Ashley on October 12, 

2011. Ashley was very concerned about the allegations regarding Aileen and 

Mariah. She stated that she had full custody and Daniel had been out of Mariah’s 

life prior to April 2011 because he had been in jail. After he got out of jail, 

however, Daniel was successful in procuring unmonitored visitation with Mariah 

every other weekend, beginning in April 2011, although sometimes Mariah would 

refuse to go with Daniel. 

 The caseworker assessed that Mariah was not able to tell the difference 

between truth and lies and could not identify her body parts. The caseworker 

pointed to her chest and vaginal area and asked if anyone had touched Mariah 

there, and Mariah shook her head. The caseworker asked if Mariah’s mother had 

ever helped her use the bathroom and touched her there, and Mariah said, “no.” 

The caseworker determined that Mariah was too young to make a meaningful 

statement. 

 Mariah had a medical examination on October 13, 2011, which neither 

confirmed nor negated the possibility of sexual abuse. Mariah told the medical 

examiner that she liked living with Ashley, but did not like staying with Daniel, 

although she would not explain why. Ashley reported that Mariah told her that 

when she stayed at the home of Daniel’s girlfriend Tina, she slept in a bed with 

Daniel, Tina, and Danny. She reported that she slept with Daniel when she stayed 

at Virginia’s house. 
12

 Subsequently, Ashley reported that Mariah had begun having toilet accidents 

since the allegations surfaced. Ashley had asked her if anyone touched her private 

parts, but Mariah would become embarrassed and not respond. 

 Ashley had a restraining order in place against Daniel for domestic violence 

against her and her son, Ruben, who was Mariah’s half-brother. When Ruben was 

four, and Daniel and Ashley had separated, Daniel came to the house and he and 

Ashley got into an argument. Ruben became scared that Daniel was going to hurt 

Ashley and he threw his yogurt at Daniel. Daniel then kicked Ruben in the 

stomach, leaving Ruben gasping for breath and unable to breathe. 

C. Daniel’s History 

 Daniel disclosed that he had been molested by a neighbor growing up, and 

there were seven DCFS referrals alleging sexual abuse, all of which were found to 

be inconclusive. 

 In addition, Daniel had a criminal history involving sexual and physical 

abuse of women and teenage girls. He acknowledged that was accused of 

inappropriate touching when he was 12 or 13 years old and stated he was arrested 

at age 14 for domestic violence and committed to the California Youth Authority 

until age 18. In addition to numerous drug and firearm offenses, his adult criminal 

history includes (1) when he was 25 years old, an offense involving a 16-year-old 

girl for which he initially was charged with forcible rape, but was convicted of the 

lesser offense of sex with a minor; (2) a separate conviction for sex with another 

minor girl no more than 15 years old, when Daniel was over 21; (3) assault of a 

spouse with bleach, and (4) multiple convictions for domestic violence involving 

different women. In interviews with caseworkers, he claimed that the police as 

well as the women lied in all these cases. 
13

 A 2004 police report regarding one of the statutory rape offenses discloses 

that the 16-year-old victim contacted the Sheriff’s Department to report a rape. 

The victim stated she had been in a dating relationship with Daniel for 

approximately one month. They previously had consensual sex, but on the 

occasion in question, Daniel started to get rough with her while they were kissing 

and pinned her wrists against the bed. She told him to stop and tried to punch him 

and kick him off her, and Daniel punched her on the head, arms and thighs, 

overpowered her, and pulled her jeans off and forcibly raped her, ignoring her 

pleas that he stop. Afterwards he threatened to send someone to kill her if she told 

the police, and she believed he could carry this threat out because he was a gang 

member. The police officer observed large bruises on her arms, wrists, and thighs. 

A rape kit examination was performed and evidence of sexual assault was found. 

During the subsequent investigation, the victim reported that Daniel had begun 

beating her up for no apparent reason soon after they began dating, but she did not 

report the abuse because she was afraid of him. Daniel admitted that he knew the 

victim was under age, but claimed the sex was consensual and denied hitting her. 

III. Jurisdiction Hearing and Findings 

A. Dependency Jurisdiction Allegations 

 Dependency petitions filed with respect to Heaven, Mariah, and Danny 

alleged that jurisdiction was appropriate under Welfare and Institutions Code 

section 300, subdivision (a)2

 based on the fact that Daniel had punched Aileen in 

the abdomen with his fists. Jurisdiction was alleged under section 300, subdivision 

 

2

 All subsequent undesignated code references are to the Welfare and Institutions 

Code. 
14

(b) based on Daniel’s sexual and physical abuse of Aileen. Jurisdiction under 

section 300, subdivision (d) was alleged based on Daniel’s sexual abuse of Aileen. 

 In addition, as to Heaven, jurisdiction was sought under section 300, 

subdivisions (b) and (d), based on Daniel’s criminal history of sex with minors. 

Further, jurisdiction was sought under subdivisions (a) and (b), based on the 

allegation that Heaven’s mother, Wendy Y., inappropriately disciplined Heaven by 

striking her with a belt. Further, jurisdiction under subdivision (b) was asserted 

based on the fact that Heaven suffers from mental and emotional problems, 

including depression and deficit hyperactive disorder, that Heaven’s mother failed 

to regularly provide her with psychotropic medication, and that Heaven had 

exhibited aggressive and assaultive behavior towards a law enforcement officer. 

 As to Mariah, jurisdiction was additionally sought under section 300, 

subdivisions (b) and (d), based on Daniel’s criminal history, including a conviction 

for sex with a minor, and under subdivisions (a) and (b) based on Daniel’s physical 

abuse of Mariah’s half-brother Ruben by kicking him in the stomach. Further, 

jurisdiction was alleged under subdivision (b) because Daniel allowed his female 

companion Tina, whom he knew to be a current user of methamphetamine, to have 

unlimited access to the Mariah. Allegations under subdivision (j) were also 

included based on Daniel’s sexual and physical abuse of Aileen and his physical 

abuse of Mariah’s sibling. 

 As to Danny, jurisdiction was additionally alleged under section 300, 

subdivision (b) based on Tina’s history of drug abuse and current use of 

methamphetamine and amphetamine, and because she previously had two other 

children permanently removed from her as a result of her substance abuse. 
15

B. Jurisdiction Hearing

 Beginning on April 4, 2012, the court held a joint hearing to adjudicate the 

four cases as to Danny, Mariah, Heaven, and Aileen and her siblings. DCFS 

reports memorializing the DCFS investigation and incorporating the police reports 

were admitted into evidence. Although no objection was made at trial at the time 

these exhibits were introduced, Daniel had previously filed objections to the 

admission of hearsay in the DCFS reports. 

1. Testimony of Aileen 

 The court questioned Aileen in chambers to determine whether she was 

competent to testify at the hearing. After asking her a number of questions, the 

court determined she was not competent to testify because she was not able to 

understand the consequences of telling lies versus the truth. The jurisdiction 

hearing was continued so that Daniel could file a motion to strike Aileen’s out-ofcourt statements as hearsay. 

 Daniel filed a motion to exclude Aileen’s out-of-court statements to 

Grandmother on October 7, 2011, and to Deputy Lopez on October 9, 2011. The 

court denied the motion, finding that Aileen’s statements were admissible under In 

re Cindy L. (1997) 17 Cal.4th 15 (Cindy L.) and In re Lucero L. (2000) 22 Cal.4th 

1227 (Lucero L.) Although Aileen was not competent to testify as she was unable 

to understand the duty to tell the truth, the court found that the time, content, and 

circumstances of her out-of-court statements bore sufficient indicia of reliability 

because (1) Aileen made the majority of the statements contemporaneously with 

reporting the physical sensation of pain in her abdomen and vagina; (2) the 

statements were made close in time to the alleged incident; (3) the statements were 

spontaneous and did not appear to be the result of suggestive or leading 
16

questioning; (4) the statements were consistent over time; (5) there was no 

indication of a motive to lie on the part of Aileen or her relatives; (6) Aileen’s 

statements were consistent with the court’s observations of the child; and 

(7) Aileen used terminology expected of a child of her age talking about subjects 

that were not within the knowledge of a child of that age. The court further found 

that independent evidence corroborated the statements, including the bloody 

discharge from Aileen’s vagina. 

2. Testimony of Deputy Lopez 

 Deputy Lopez testified that she and her partner, Deputy Ed Hernandez, had 

responded to Monterey Park hospital on Sunday, October 9, 2011, and spoke to 

Grandmother first, while Aileen’s father was with the child in her hospital room. 

Grandmother told her that for two days, Aileen had been complaining of 

abdominal pain. In addition, two days earlier, when Grandmother took Aileen to 

the restroom and wiped her, she saw discharge and blood. Grandmother said she 

thought Aileen might have hit herself, but she stated that she did not know what 

the cause of the blood and discharge could be. Grandmother reported that she had 

told Mario earlier that day that she had found some discharge in Aileen’s 

underwear, and he became concerned and decided to take Aileen to the hospital. 

 Deputy Lopez met with Mario next, and he told her he was concerned about 

the discharge and the blood and he stated Aileen had never had this issue before. 

He stated that Grandmother had just told him what she had discovered, and he had 

not seen the discharge or blood himself. 

 Next, Deputy Lopez spoke with Aileen in her hospital room, while Mario 

and Grandmother were outside the room. Aileen was excited and smiling, and 

wanted to play with Deputy Lopez’s equipment and her radio. She freely 
17

answered questions about her age and what she liked to do for fun. Deputy Lopez 

asked her if she knew why she was at the hospital, and she said she did not know. 

Deputy Lopez then drew a figurine of a person and told Aileen that it was her, and 

asked her to show her on the picture if she was hurt anywhere. Aileen responded 

by taking the pencil from Deputy Lopez’s uniform pocket and scribbling on the 

hands, breast, and vaginal area of the figure, and as she scribbled she said that 

Daniel rubbed her, and she used her hands to show where she was touched. She 

first rubbed her chest area, and then motioned towards her vaginal area and said 

Daniel grabbed her there. She said that she played with another little girl and that 

Daniel touched both of them in the breast area, but she would not tell Deputy 

Lopez the name of the other child or give her any more information about the 

child. Aileen would look down and stop every time she mentioned Daniel. Then 

she “shut down” and would not answer questions about where her mother was at 

the time, who “Daniel” was, or when she was hurt. Deputy Lopez said Aileen 

appeared to be holding something inside that she would not let out. 

 Deputy Lopez then spoke again with Grandmother and, without explaining 

why she was asking, asked her who Daniel was. Grandmother told her Daniel was 

Virginia’s live-in boyfriend. She provided a description of Daniel, but she did not 

ask why Deputy Lopez needed the information. She stated that she had seen 

Daniel when she picked up or dropped off Aileen at Virginia’s home, but she had 

not talked to him. She had last seen him two days earlier when she picked up 

Aileen at Virginia’s house. 

 Deputy Lopez then spoke with Mario again and told him what Aileen had 

said. He reacted angrily and started to curse. He was concerned and wanted to 

know what he could do to help Aileen. 
18

 Deputy Lopez also spoke with the treating physician, who was concerned 

Aileen was having discharge and bleeding from her vagina. He could not see any 

indication of foul play, but he recommended a sexual assault kit because he had 

concerns that she may have been sexually assaulted. 

C. Dependency Court Findings 

 After the hearing, the court noted that it considered the case “relatively 

close,” and that it had been concerned when Aileen did not qualify as a witness, 

but that Deputy Lopez’s testimony giving context to Aileen’s statements led the 

court to conclude that the allegations were true by a preponderance of the 

evidence. The court found compelling Aileen’s statements as well as the drawing 

she made over the portions of her body she believed had been injured. Further, the 

court noted the corroborating evidence, specifically the blood and discharge in 

Aileen’s underwear. The court noted that no evidence had been presented that 

Grandmother and Mario had a motive to falsely accuse Daniel or that they had 

coached Aileen to make the accusations. The court found it telling that neither 

Grandmother nor Mario had accused Daniel, and instead had seemed surprised by 

Aileen’s spontaneous statements to Deputy Lopez. 

 As to Heaven, her mother pled no contest to the allegation under section 

300, subdivision (a) regarding physical abuse by the mother. The court also 

sustained dependency jurisdiction under subdivisions (a), (b) and (d) based on 

Daniel’s physical and sexual abuse of Aileen, noting that Daniel’s criminal history 

was relevant as well. 

 As to Mariah, the court sustained jurisdiction under section 300, 

subdivisions (a) and (b) based on Daniel’s physical abuse of Aileen and Mariah’s 

sibling Ruben, and his criminal history, which the court found showed that Daniel 
19

was likely to “cross societal bounds.” In addition, the court sustained jurisdiction 

under subdivision (b) based on Daniel’s allowing Tina, a current drug user, to have 

unlimited access to Mariah. The court dismissed the allegation under subdivision 

(j). 

 As to Danny, the court dismissed the allegation under section 300, 

subdivision (a) (based on serious physical harm inflicted on Aileen), but sustained 

dependency jurisdiction pursuant to subdivision (b) based on Daniel’s physical and 

sexual abuse of Aileen as well as Tina’s drug abuse. Although the court noted that 

it was aware of disagreements in the case law with respect to the probability of 

sexual abuse of a male child when his parent has sexually abused a female child, 

the court sustained jurisdiction under subdivision (d) based on the sexual abuse of 

Aileen. The court found that it was not determinative that Danny was not the same 

sex as Aileen, and found it more compelling that, like Aileen, Danny was very 

young and pre-pubescent. The court’s decision predated the recent Supreme Court 

decision in this area, In re I.J. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 766, 773. 

 Father appealed from the jurisdictional orders. After the notices of appeal 

were filed, the court terminated jurisdiction as to Mariah. We granted County 

Counsel’s motion to augment the record to include the order terminating 

jurisdiction and providing for supervised visitation of Mariah by Daniel. The order 

states that visitation must be supervised due to Daniel’s “sex abuse of [a] very 

young child.” 

DISCUSSION 

 Daniel alleges that the dependency court erred in sustaining allegations as to 

him under section 300, subdivisions (a), (b), and (d), with respect to Heaven, 
20

Mariah, and Danny. We conclude that substantial evidence supported the court’s 

findings. 

I. Daniel’s Appeal Is Not Moot 

A. Danny and Heaven 

 As a preliminary matter, County Counsel argues that Daniel’s appeal 

challenging the jurisdictional findings against him is moot as to Danny and 

Heaven, because as to Danny, dependency jurisdiction under section 300, 

subdivision (b) is unchallenged based on his mother’s history of drug abuse, and, 

as to Heaven, jurisdiction is unchallenged under subdivision (a) based on her 

mother’s physical abuse. Given the circumstances here, we disagree that Daniel’s 

appeal is moot. 

 “‘When a dependency petition alleges multiple grounds for its assertion that 

a minor comes within the dependency court’s jurisdiction, a reviewing court can 

affirm the juvenile court’s finding of jurisdiction over the minor if any one of the 

statutory bases for jurisdiction that are enumerated in the petition is supported by 

substantial evidence. In such a case, the reviewing court need not consider 

whether any or all of the other alleged statutory grounds for jurisdiction are 

supported by the evidence.’ (In re Alexis E. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 438, 451.)” 

(In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 773.) However, we may exercise our discretion 

and reach the merits of a challenge to any jurisdictional finding when the finding 

could be prejudicial to the appellant or have other consequences for him outside 

the dependency proceedings. (In re Drake M. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 754, 762-

763; In re D.C. (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1010, 1015.) “Here, the outcome of this 

appeal is the difference between father’s being an ‘offending’ parent versus a ‘nonoffending’ parent. Such a distinction may have far-reaching implications with 
21

respect to future dependency proceedings in this case and father’s parental rights. 

Thus, although dependency jurisdiction over [Daniel] will remain in place because 

the findings based on mother’s conduct are unchallenged, we will review father’s 

appeal on the merits.” (In re Drake M., supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 763.) 

B. Mariah 

 County Counsel also argues that because dependency jurisdiction has been 

terminated over Mariah, the appeal from the earlier order sustaining jurisdiction in 

her case is moot. We disagree. 

 Although, as a general rule, an order terminating juvenile court jurisdiction 

renders an appeal from a previous order in the dependency proceedings moot (In re 

Michelle M. (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 326, 330), dismissal in such circumstances is not 

automatic, and instead “must be decided on a case-by-case basis.” (In re Kristin B.

(1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 596, 605.) 

In re Joshua C. (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 1544 is instructive. In that case, the 

juvenile court sustained dependency jurisdiction after finding that the appellant had 

sexually abused his daughter and that her sibling was in danger of being sexually 

abused. At the subsequent dispositional hearing, the court awarded sole custody of 

the minors to their mother, restricted the appellant’s visitation, and terminated 

dependency jurisdiction. (Id. at p. 1547.) On appeal, the court rejected the 

respondents’ contention that the appellant’s appeal from the jurisdictional order 

was moot due to termination of the dependency proceedings. The court concluded 

the jurisdictional findings were reviewable because they were basis for the 

continuing custody and visitation orders and the appellant would be collaterally 

estopped from relitigating the jurisdictional issues in family court. (Id. at p. 1548.) 

“As the jurisdictional findings are the basis for the restrictive visitation and 
22

custody orders, error in the former undermines the foundation for the latter. [¶] 

The fact that the dependency action has been dismissed should not preclude review 

of a significant basis for the assertion of jurisdiction where exercise of that 

jurisdiction has resulted in orders which continue to adversely affect appellant. If 

the jurisdictional basis for orders restricting appellant’s visitation with, and custody 

of, [Daniel] is found by direct appeal to be faulty, the orders would be invalid.” 

(Id. at p. 1548; see also In re J.K. (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 1426, 1431 [holding that 

despite termination of the jurisdiction of the juvenile court, father could appeal the 

jurisdictional order resulting from findings that he abused his daughter in part 

because these findings had an adverse effect on his custody rights]; In re Daisy H.

(2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 713, 716 [holding that termination of jurisdiction did not 

moot father’s appeal where jurisdictional findings, “if erroneous, could have severe 

and unfair consequences to Father in future family law or dependency 

proceedings.”].) 

 Similarly, in this case, the jurisdictional findings regarding Daniel’s sexual 

abuse of Aileen were the explicit basis for the continuing visitation order 

restricting his visitation. That visitation order would be directly affected were 

Daniel successful in having the dependency court’s jurisdictional findings reversed 

in this appeal. Therefore, the appeal from the jurisdictional order in Mariah’s case 

is not moot. 

II. Sufficient Evidence Supported Jurisdictional Findings as to Daniel 

 Daniel challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the findings 

that he physically and sexually abused Aileen, which findings in turn were used as 

a basis for exercising jurisdiction over Heaven, Mariah, and Danny under section 

300, subdivisions (a), (b), and (d). Daniel further contends that there was no 
23

substantial evidence demonstrating that Heaven, Mariah, or Danny were at serious 

risk of physical or sexual abuse. 

 In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting 

jurisdictional findings, we determine if substantial evidence, contradicted or 

uncontradicted, supports them, drawing all reasonable inferences from the 

evidence to support the findings and orders of the dependency court. We do not 

reweigh the evidence or exercise independent judgment, and review the whole 

record in the light most favorable to the judgment below to determine whether it 

discloses substantial evidence such that a reasonable trier of fact could find that the 

order sustaining jurisdiction is appropriate. (In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 773.) 

A. Evidence of Physical and Sexual Abuse of Aileen by Daniel 

1. Standard for Admissibility of Aileen’s Out-Of-Court Statements 

Regarding Abuse 

 Daniel contends that the dependency court violated his right to due process 

by admitting into evidence social study reports by DCFS containing Aileen’s 

hearsay statements to her grandmother and Deputy Lopez suggesting that she had 

been physically and sexually abused. Daniel contends that the statements were 

inadmissible because they were uncorroborated. We disagree with Daniel’s 

contention that Aileen’s hearsay statements must be corroborated in order to be 

admissible. In any event, there was corroborating evidence of abuse. 

 Section 355 provides that hearsay evidence contained in a social study report 

may be admissible and constitute competent evidence upon which a finding of 

dependency jurisdiction may be based. (§ 355, subd. (b).) If, however, a party 

timely objects to the admission of specific hearsay evidence contained in such a 

study, that evidence “shall not be sufficient by itself to support a jurisdictional 
24

finding or any ultimate fact upon which a jurisdictional finding is based,” unless 

one of several exceptions applies. (§ 355, subd. (c)(1).) The relevant exception 

here is for hearsay by a minor under 12 years of age who is the subject of the 

jurisdictional hearing. (§ 355, subd. (c)(1)(B).) Hearsay by such a minor is 

admissible in a dependency proceeding unless the objecting party “establishes that 

the statement is unreliable because it was the product of fraud, deceit, or undue 

influence.” (§ 355, subd. (c)(1)(B).) 

 In Lucero L., our Supreme Court considered whether section 355 controls 

when the hearsay statement comes from a minor who is deemed incompetent to 

testify because he or she lacks the capacity to distinguish between truth and 

falsehood. In such a case, the court held that, section 355 notwithstanding, due 

process concerns require that the dependency court find that “‘the time, content 

and circumstances of the statement provide sufficient indicia of reliability’” in 

order for the statement to form the exclusive basis for sustaining jurisdiction over 

the minor. (Lucero L., supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 1248; see id. at pp. 1250–1251 

(conc. opn. of Kennard, J.) [out-of-court statements of a child who is subject to a 

jurisdictional hearing and disqualified as a witness because of the lack of capacity 

to distinguish between truth and falsehood at the time of testifying may not form 

the sole basis for a jurisdictional finding unless they show special indicia of 

reliability].) So long as the minor’s hearsay statements are deemed sufficiently 

reliable, corroboration is not necessary. (Lucero L., supra, 22 Cal.4th at pp. 1248-

1249; see In re April C. (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 599, 610, fn. 5.) 

 Although Lucero L. is directly controlling here, Daniel fails to cite it in his 

opening brief, and relies on Cindy L., supra, 17 Cal.4th 15, to argue that hearsay 

statements of a child not available for cross-examination must be supported by 

“significant corroborating evidence” in order to be admissible. However, in 
25

Lucero L., the Supreme Court limited its earlier holding in Cindy L., which had 

held that the out-of-court statements of a child, including a child’s hearsay 

statements contained in social workers’ reports, were admissible in dependency 

jurisdiction proceedings (1) if the statements show particular indicia of reliability; 

(2) if, where the child is not available for cross-examination, the statements are 

corroborated; and (3) if interested parties have notice that the statements will be 

used. (Lucero L., supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 1231.) The Lucero L. court recognized 

that the Legislature had amended section 355 in 1997 to codify a somewhat 

broader “child dependency” exception to the hearsay rule than that articulated in 

Cindy L. Whereas Cindy L. had required corroboration of a child witness’s hearsay 

statements where the child was not available for cross-examination, Lucero L. held 

that such corroboration is not required in cases involving a “truth incompetent” 

minor who is the subject of a jurisdictional hearing where the statements are 

sufficiently reliable. (Lucero L., supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 1242, 1246.) 

 Thus, under Lucero L., Aileen’s hearsay statements are admissible, whether 

or not corroborating evidence exists, if they are sufficiently reliable, i.e., the time, 

content, and circumstances of the statements provide sufficient indicia of 

reliability. 

2. Aileen’s Statements Were Sufficiently Reliable to be Admissible 

Without Corroborating Evidence 

 We review for substantial evidence the dependency court’s finding that the 

time, content, and circumstances of Aileen’s statements provide sufficient indicia 

of reliability. (In re Lucero L., supra, 22 Cal.4th at pp. 1248-1249 [reviewing for 

substantial evidence the dependency court’s finding that hearsay statements were 

reliable].) Factors bearing on the inherent reliability of a child witness’s 
26

statements in sex abuse cases include, but are not limited to “‘(1) spontaneity and 

consistent repetition; (2) the mental state of the declarant; (3) use of terminology 

unexpected of a child of a similar age; and (4) lack of motive to fabricate. 

[Citation.]’” (Id. at p. 1239.) 

 According to Grandmother, while she was putting a diaper on Aileen after 

picking her up from a stay at Virginia’s home, Aileen made spontaneous 

statements about Daniel touching her vaginal area. These statements were made 

contemporaneously with statements that she was hurting and behavior suggesting 

that she was in pain. Further, she made the statements soon after being picked up 

from Virginia’s home. She then consistently complained of pain for the next two 

days. 

 Similarly, Aileen’s statements to Deputy Lopez in the hospital about 

physical and sexual abuse by Daniel were made spontaneously, in reaction to 

general questions about whether she was hurt. Deputy Lopez did not ask Aileen 

who had hurt her or ask if her private parts had been touched. Asked if she felt 

pain anywhere, Aileen stated, “Daniel punched me,” while making a fist and 

directing it towards her stomach. When Deputy Lopez asked who Daniel was, 

Aileen looked down and did not want to talk about him. Then, when Deputy 

Lopez drew the figurine and asked Aileen to show her where she was hurt, Aileen 

scribbled on the hands, chest, and vaginal areas of the rough figurine Deputy 

Lopez had drawn, grabbed her chest area and motioning towards her vagina with a 

grabbing motion, and stated, “I was holding hands with my friend and [Daniel] 

touched us both and grabbed us right here.” The simple, demonstrative manner in 

which Aileen conveyed this information was age-appropriate and supports the 

reliability of her statements. Moreover, the dependency court concluded that the 
27

reported statements were consistent with the court’s observations of the child’s 

capacity. 

 The record shows that after providing Deputy Lopez with limited answers to 

her questions, Aileen “shut down” and refused to answer the deputy’s further 

questions, and looked down every time Daniel’s name was mentioned. In 

subsequent questioning by other deputies, caseworkers and investigators, Aileen 

consistently was withdrawn, tense, uncooperative, and fearful when asked about 

possible abuse. Further, her demeanor and conduct consistently demonstrated that 

she was afraid of Daniel. Her general statements that Daniel was “mean,” her 

refusal to further elaborate, and her general denial in response to a deputy’s 

questions asking whether anyone had ever hit her or touched her vagina, were all 

made after she had “shut down,” and they do not diminish the reliability of her 

initial, spontaneous statements providing specific information about abuse by 

Daniel. 

 Further, there was no indication that Aileen was coached into implicating 

Daniel. Aileen’s use of hand motions to describe the physical abuse and 

molestation are not indicative of coached accusations. (See Lucero L., supra, 22 

Cal.4th at p. 1250 [“Lucero’s language, while not precocious, was age appropriate 

and her statements had the mark of being made in her own words, without 

evidence of prompting.”].) Further, no evidence was introduced of any animus 

towards Daniel on the part of Aileen’s paternal relatives. It does not appear that 

Mario had ever met or seen Daniel, and Grandmother had seen him but had never 

spoken with him. Neither Grandmother nor Mario mentioned Daniel to Deputy 

Lopez; instead, Aileen was the first one to mention him. Moreover, although 

Grandmother stated that Aileen had told her that Daniel had touched her private 

parts, Grandmother says she told Aileen this was not true, and she did not tell 
28

Mario because she was scared of his reaction. At the hospital, Mario reacted with 

shock and anger upon hearing Deputy Lopez repeat Aileen’s allegations about 

Daniel. These facts suggest that Aileen was not coached to allege physical and 

sexual abuse by Daniel and that her statements were true. 

 In sum, we conclude that Aileen’s statements to Grandmother and to Deputy 

Lopez regarding physical and sexual abuse by Daniel were sufficiently reliable to 

constitute substantial evidence of such abuse. 

3. Aileen’s Statements Were Corroborated 

 Even if Aileen’s statements, standing alone, did not bear sufficient indicia of 

reliability, they were still properly admitted because there was corroborating 

evidence of physical and sexual abuse. (Lucero L., supra, 22 Cal.4th at pp. 1248-

1249.) 

 “‘Corroborating evidence is “[e]vidence supplementary to that already given 

and tending to strengthen or confirm it. Additional evidence of a different 

character to the same point.” [Citation.] In this context, corroborating evidence is 

that which supports a logical and reasonable inference that the act described in the 

hearsay statement occurred. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (In re Christian P. (2012) 

208 Cal.App.4th 437, 448.) “[W]ith respect to dependency jurisdictional findings, 

corroborative evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, (1) is sufficient if it tends 

to connect the allegedly offending parent with the alleged negligent act even 

though it is slight and ‘“entitled, when standing by itself, to but little consideration 

[citations], nor does it need to establish the precise facts”’ in the hearsay 

statements; (2) is sufficient if it tends to connect the allegedly offending parent 

with the alleged negligent act and the parent’s ‘“own statements and admissions, 

made in connection with other testimony, may afford corroboratory proof 
29

sufficient”’ to find jurisdiction; (3) need not ‘“go so far as to establish by itself, 

and without the aid of the testimony of [the hearsay declarant], that the [allegedly 

offending parent] committed the [negligent act] charged”’; (4) may include the 

allegedly offending parent’s ‘“own testimony and inferences therefrom, as well as 

the inferences from the circumstances surrounding the entire transaction”’; and 

(5) may consist of ‘[f]alse or misleading statements to authorities . . . or as part of 

circumstances supportive of corroboration.’ [Citation.] ‘“‘[W]hether the 

corroborating evidence is as compatible with innocence as it is with guilt is a 

question of weight for the trier of fact [citations].’ [Citation.]” [Citation.]’ 

[Citation.]” (Ibid.) 

 In this case, corroborating evidence supported Aileen’s statements regarding 

physical abuse by Daniel. Grandmother had previously observed bruises on Aileen 

and her siblings when she returned from a stay at Virginia’s house. In addition, 

through her non-verbal behavior, Aileen consistently demonstrated a fear of 

Daniel. Moreover, Daniel had a restraining order against him based on the fact 

that he had kicked Mariah’s then four-year-old sibling, Ruben, in the stomach. 

Further, Daniel had suffered convictions for physical abuse of his romantic 

partners, including teenage girls. 

 Substantial evidence corroborating Aileen’s statements regarding sexual 

abuse was also introduced. Grandmother found blood and discharge on Aileen’s 

underwear, and on toilet paper after wiping her, on the day she picked up Aileen 

from a stay at Virginia’s house, where Daniel was present. Grandmother also 

observed that Aileen did not want to be touched in her private area and appeared to 

be in pain when Grandmother was putting a diaper on her. Further, Daniel and 

Virginia admitted that Daniel sometimes brought his four-year-old daughter 

Mariah with him to stay at Virginia’s house while Aileen was there, corroborating 
30

Aileen’s statements that she was holding hands with her “friend” who stayed at 

Virginia’s house when the abuse occurred. In addition, Grandmother and Mario 

reported changes in Aileen’s behavior, such as becoming more withdrawn and 

antisocial, having nightmares, and exhibiting some sexualized behaviors. Both 

Aileen and Mariah reportedly had more toilet accidents after the allegations 

surfaced. Finally, Daniel’s past criminal history involving sexual abuse of teenage 

girls constitutes additional corroborating evidence. Substantial evidence thus 

supported the dependency court’s findings that Daniel physically and sexually 

abused Aileen. 

 “[S]ection 300 does not require that a child actually be abused or neglected 

before the juvenile court can assume jurisdiction. The subdivisions at issue here 

require only a ‘substantial risk’ that the child will be abused or neglected. . . . ‘The 

court need not wait until a child is seriously abused or injured to assume 

jurisdiction and take the steps necessary to protect the child.’ [Citation.]” (In re 

I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 773.) Given its findings regarding physical and sexual 

abuse of Aileen, the dependency court properly exercised jurisdiction under section 

300, subdivision (a) (substantial risk of serious non-accidental physical harm) over 

Heaven and Mariah, and under subdivision (b) (substantial risk of serious physical 

harm) and subdivision (d) (substantial risk of sexual abuse) over Heaven, Mariah, 

and Danny. 

A. Risk of Physical Abuse of Heaven, Mariah, and Danny 

 Daniel first argues that it was inconsistent for the dependency court to 

dismiss the allegation under section 300, subdivision (a) that Danny was at risk of 

physical abuse based on Daniel’s physical abuse of Aileen, but to sustain 

substantially identically counts under subdivision (a) with respect to Heaven and 
31

Mariah. Daniel notes that the allegation under subdivision (a) was dismissed with 

respect to the dependency petition involving Aileen and her siblings. He asserts 

that in dismissing the allegation in Aileen’s case, the court found that Daniel did 

not inflict serious physical harm on Aileen, and that this finding was binding with 

respect to the other minors. However, the court made no such finding. Rather, the 

court explained that it was dismissing the allegation under subdivision (a) as to 

Aileen and her siblings because abuse by a parent is required under that 

subdivision, and Daniel is not Aileen’s parent. That rationale does not apply as to 

Heaven, Mariah, and Danny. It is likely that the court mistakenly dismissed the 

allegation under subdivision (a) with respect to Danny, but it was not required to 

repeat the same mistake as to Mariah and Heaven. 

 Daniel also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting jurisdiction 

under section 300, subdivisions (a) with respect to Heaven and Mariah, and under 

subdivision (b) as to Heaven, Mariah, and Danny, based on the alleged risk of 

physical abuse. In order for the minors to be declared dependent children within 

subdivision (a), there must be substantial evidence that they have suffered or there 

is a “substantial risk” that they will suffer, “serious physical harm” inflicted nonaccidentally by Daniel. (§ 300, subd. (a).) Similarly, for purposes of jurisdiction 

under subdivision (b), DCFS must establish that the children suffered, or there is a 

substantial risk that they will suffer, “serious physical harm or illness,” as a result 

of neglectful conduct by a parent in one of several specified forms. (§ 300, subd. 

(b); see In re James R. (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 129, 135.) Evidence of a single 

incident of serious physical harm to a child may be sufficient for the juvenile court 

to assume jurisdiction. (See In re J.K., supra, 174 Cal.App.4th at p. 1439 

[jurisdiction appropriate under subdivision (a) where father broke down door and 

struck daughter, dislocating her shoulder]; In re Mariah T. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 
32

428, 438 [jurisdiction proper where on one occasion mother used a belt on her 

three-year-old’s stomach and arms, leaving “deep, purple bruises”].) While we are 

not aware of any case defining the term “serious physical harm,” in this context the 

word “serious” is defined as “having . . . dangerous possible consequences.” 

(Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dict. (11th ed. 2006) at p. 1136.) 

 In this case, there was evidence that Daniel had hit Aileen and her siblings in 

the past, causing bruises. In addition, Aileen reported that Daniel had hit her 

hands, punched her in the stomach, and hurt her by throwing her hard on the bed. 

Moreover, Daniel had a restraining order against him as a result of kicking 

Mariah’s four-year-old sibling, Ruben, in the stomach, hard enough that he could 

not breathe. In addition, Daniel had a long history of engaging in serious domestic 

violence, including with his minor girlfriends, resulting in two felony convictions. 

This unrelenting pattern of physical abuse by Daniel of minors, from four years old 

to teenagers, constituted substantial evidence that Heaven, Mariah, and Danny 

were at substantial risk of serious physical harm from Daniel. 

B. Risk of Sexual Abuse of Heaven, Mariah and Danny 

 Daniel challenges the exercise of jurisdiction over his three children under 

section 300, subdivision (d) based on the court’s finding that they were at 

“substantial risk” of being sexually abused by him. (§ 300, subd. (d).) Daniel 

contends that even assuming that he sexually abused Aileen, the dependency court 

erred in finding that Heaven, Mariah, and Danny are at substantial risk of sexual 

abuse. He relies on the fact that his children are not related to Aileen and none of 

them live in the same household as him, and he further argues that his alleged 

touching of Aileen is not the kind of sexually aberrant behavior that reasonably 

would lead to the conclusion that all his children are at risk. 
33

 That Aileen is not related to Heaven, Mariah and Danny does not undermine 

the court’s finding, particularly given that Daniel had assumed the role of a 

pseudo-stepfather to Aileen as a frequent houseguest in Virginia’s home who 

shared a bed with Aileen and Virginia when he was there. (Los Angeles County 

Dept. of Children & Family Services v. Superior Court (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 

962, 970 [rejecting the juvenile court’s distinction between a stepdaughter and a 

biological daughter when considering whether sexual abuse of one child in the 

household puts at risk other children in the household, and noting that focus should 

be on whether adult has assumed a parenting role towards the child]; In re Ricky T.

(2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 515, 523 [dismissing argument that jurisdiction could not 

be asserted where the sex abuse victims were not siblings of child over whom 

dependency was sought, because all three children saw the abuser as their 

grandfather].) Further, despite Daniel’s claim that he did not live in the same 

household as any of his children, the evidence showed that Daniel spent significant 

unmonitored time with both Mariah and Danny, including overnight visits. 

According to Mariah, when Daniel stayed in Tina’s home, he slept in a bed with 

Danny, Mariah, and Tina, and when he stayed in Virginia’s home he slept in a bed 

with Aileen, Mariah, and Virginia. Thus, he had access to Mariah and Danny. 

And although he did not stay in a household with Heaven, he did have 

unmonitored visits with her. 

 Moreover, Aileen stated that there was another little girl staying at 

Virginia’s house who was touched by Daniel, and it was established that Mariah 

stayed at Virginia’s house with Daniel. Therefore, it is likely that the other girl 

being touched by Daniel was Mariah. Further, the fact that Mariah is the same age 

as Aileen puts her at heightened risk of sexual abuse by Daniel. As for 14-year-old 

Heaven, Daniel had a history of sexually assaulting, and even forcibly raping, 
34

teenage girls not much older than she. In sum, Daniel’s sexual abuse of Aileen, 

coupled with his extensive history of sexual crimes beginning at age 12 or 13, 

constitute substantial evidence that his three minor children were at risk of sexual 

abuse. 

 Daniel makes the additional argument that the allegations that he sexually 

abused Aileen, a girl, do not support the dependency court’s finding that his son, 

Danny, was at risk of sexual abuse. 

 In the recent decision In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th 766, our Supreme Court 

addressed the issue of “whether a father’s sexual abuse of his daughter supports a 

determination that his sons are juvenile court dependents when there is no evidence 

the father sexually abused or otherwise mistreated the boys, and they were unaware 

of their sister’s abuse.” (In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 770.) In that case, the 

daughter was 14, and she had three younger brothers, 12–year-old twins and an 

eight year old. (Id. at p. 771.) The Supreme Court found that jurisdiction over the 

three boys was appropriate given that father’s behavior was “aberrant in the 

extreme,” in that he forcefully raped his daughter by placing his penis in the child’s 

vagina and repeatedly abused her over a three-year period. (Id. at pp. 770, 778.) 

The court held as follows: “For present purposes, we may assume that father’s 

other daughter is at greater risk of sexual abuse than are his sons. But this does not 

mean the risk to the sons is nonexistent or so insubstantial that the juvenile court 

may not take steps to protect the sons from that risk. ‘Although the danger of 

sexual abuse of a female sibling in such a situation may be greater than the danger 

of sexual abuse of a male sibling, the danger of sexual abuse to the male sibling is 

nonetheless still substantial.’ [Citation.]” (In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at pp. 779-

780.) 
35

 The Supreme Court concluded as follows: “All we are holding at this point 

is that when a father severely sexually abuses his own child, the court may assume 

jurisdiction over, and take steps to protect, the child’s siblings [including siblings 

of a different sex]. [¶] . . . . In upholding the assertion of jurisdiction in this case, 

we are not holding that the juvenile court is compelled, as a matter of law, to 

assume jurisdiction over all the children whenever one child is sexually abused. 

We merely hold the evidence in this case supports the juvenile court’s assertion of 

jurisdiction.” (In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 780.) 

In re I.J. is not directly on point, in that the instant case does not involve 

severe or prolonged sexual abuse of a sibling. Most significant for the instant case 

is I.J.’s rejection of In re Alexis S. (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 48, In re Maria R.

(2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 48, and In re Rubisela E. (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 177, to 

the extent these decisions held that sexual abuse of a female child may not, 

standing alone, support the jurisdictional finding that a male child was at risk of 

sexual abuse. (In re I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at pp. 780-781.) 

In re P.A. (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 1339, more closely resembles our case 

with respect to the severity of the alleged abuse. In that case, the dependency court 

concluded that there was substantial evidence that on two occasions the father had 

sexually abused his nine-year-old daughter by touching her vagina under her 

clothes and on top of her underwear, and further concluded that her two younger 

brothers, ages eight and five, were at risk of sexual abuse. Despite the less 

shocking abuse in that case, the court concluded that “where, as here, a child has 

been sexually abused, any younger sibling who is approaching the age at which the 

child was abused, may be found to be at risk of sexual abuse. . . . [A]berrant 

sexual behavior by a parent places the victim’s siblings who remain in the home at 

risk of aberrant sexual behavior.” (In re P.A., supra, 144 Cal.App.4th at p. 1347.) 
36

Notably, in I.J., the court discussed In re P.A. and left its holding intact. (In re I.J., 

supra, 56 Cal.4th at pp. 775-776.) 

 In the instant case, the dependency court found that the fact that Danny was 

a boy was not determinative, because Aileen was only four years old and obviously 

pre-pubescent at the time of the abuse. Thus, the court found that the closeness of 

Aileen’s and Danny’s ages more compelling than their sexes. Moreover, evidence 

was also presented that Danny had a history of sexually abusing teenage girls, 

beginning when he was a young teenager himself, and that he himself had been the 

victim of sexual abuse as a child. The record shows that Daniel has engaged in 

long-term aberrant sexual behaviors. Thus, dependency jurisdiction was properly 

exercised over Danny based on a risk of sexual abuse. 
37

DISPOSITION 

 The orders sustaining jurisdiction are affirmed. 

 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS 

 WILLHITE, J. 

 We concur: 

 EPSTEIN, P. J. 

 MANELLA, J.