[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 173 (Friday, September 8, 2023)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 62242-62283]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2023-18199]



[[Page 62241]]

Vol. 88

Friday,

No. 173

September 8, 2023

Part III





Department of Justice





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Executive Office for Immigration Review





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8 CFR Parts 1001, 1003, 1239, et al.





Appellate Procedures and Decisional Finality in Immigration 
Proceedings; Administrative Closure; Proposed Rule

Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 173 / Friday, September 8, 2023 / 
Proposed Rules

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DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Executive Office for Immigration Review

8 CFR Parts 1001, 1003, 1239, and 1240

[Docket No. EOIR 021-0410; AG Order No. 5738-2023]
RIN 1125-AB18


Appellate Procedures and Decisional Finality in Immigration 
Proceedings; Administrative Closure

AGENCY: Executive Office for Immigration Review, Department of Justice.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: In December 2020, the Department of Justice issued a final 
rule (the ``AA96 Final Rule'') establishing novel limits on the 
authority of immigration judges and the Board of Immigration Appeals 
(``BIA'' or ``Board'') to manage their dockets and efficiently dispose 
of cases. Among other changes, the AA96 Final Rule would have required 
the BIA to set simultaneous briefing schedules for every appeal, 
limited the authority of immigration judges and the BIA to temporarily 
pause cases while the United States Citizenship and Immigration 
Services (``USCIS'') adjudicates a noncitizen's pending visa 
application, and restricted the BIA's discretion to remand matters to 
immigration judges in light of legal and factual errors. The AA96 Final 
Rule was enjoined shortly after its issuance in March 2021, and it has 
not been in effect since that date. After careful reconsideration, the 
Department proposes to restore longstanding procedures in place prior 
to the AA96 Final Rule, including administrative closure, and to 
clarify and codify other established practices. Given the 
aforementioned injunction, the proposed regulatory language largely 
reflects the currently operative status quo. The Department believes 
that this rule will promote the efficient and expeditious adjudication 
of cases, afford immigration judges and the BIA flexibility to 
efficiently allocate their limited resources, and protect due process 
for parties before immigration judges and the BIA.

DATES: Electronic comments must be submitted, and written comments must 
be postmarked or otherwise indicate a shipping date on or before 
November 7, 2023. The electronic Federal Docket Management System at 
www.regulations.gov will accept electronic comments until 11:59 p.m. 
Eastern Time on that date.

ADDRESSES: If you wish to provide comments regarding this rulemaking, 
you must submit comments, identified by the agency name and reference 
RIN 1125-AB18 or EOIR Docket No. 021-0410, by one of the two methods 
below.
    <bullet> Federal eRulemaking Portal: www.regulations.gov. Follow 
the website instructions for submitting comments.
    <bullet> Mail: Paper comments that duplicate an electronic 
submission are unnecessary. If you wish to submit a paper comment in 
lieu of electronic submission, please direct the mail/shipment to: 
Raechel Horowitz, Chief, Immigration Law Division, Office of Policy, 
Executive Office for Immigration Review, 5107 Leesburg Pike, Suite 
1800, Falls Church, VA 22041. To ensure proper handling, please 
reference the agency name and RIN 1125-AB18 or EOIR Docket No. 021-0410 
on your correspondence. Mailed items must be postmarked or otherwise 
indicate a shipping date on or before the submission deadline.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Raechel Horowitz, Chief, Immigration 
Law Division, Office of Policy, Executive Office for Immigration 
Review, 5107 Leesburg Pike, Suite 1800, Falls Church, VA 22041, 
telephone (703) 305-0289.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Public Participation

    Interested persons are invited to participate in this rulemaking by 
submitting written data, views, or arguments on all aspects of this 
proposed rule via one of the methods and by the deadline stated above. 
The Department of Justice (``Department'') also invites comments that 
relate to the economic, environmental, or federalism effects that might 
result from this proposed rule. Comments that will provide the most 
assistance to the Department in developing these procedures will 
reference a specific portion of the proposed rule; explain the reason 
for any recommended change; and include data, information, or authority 
that support such recommended change.
    Please note that all comments received are considered part of the 
public record and made available for public inspection at 
www.regulations.gov. Such information includes personally identifying 
information (such as your name, address, etc.) voluntarily submitted by 
the commenter.
    If you want to submit personally identifying information (such as 
your name, address, etc.) as part of your comment, but do not want it 
to be posted online, you must include the phrase ``PERSONALLY 
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION'' in the first paragraph of your comment and 
identify what information you want redacted.
    If you want to submit confidential business information as part of 
your comment, but do not want it to be posted online, you must include 
the phrase ``CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION'' in the first paragraph 
of your comment. You also must prominently identify the confidential 
business information to be redacted within the comment. If a comment 
has so much confidential business information that it cannot be 
effectively redacted, all or part of that comment may not be posted on 
www.regulations.gov.
    Personally identifying information located as set forth above will 
be placed in the agency's public docket file, but not posted online. 
Confidential business information identified and located as set forth 
above will not be placed in the public docket file. The Department may 
withhold from public viewing information provided in comments that it 
determines may impact the privacy of an individual or is offensive. For 
additional information, please read the Privacy Act notice that is 
available via the link in the footer of www.regulations.gov. To inspect 
the agency's public docket file in person, you must make an appointment 
with the agency. Please see the For Further Information Contact 
paragraph above for agency contact information.

II. Legal Authority

    The Department issues this proposed rule pursuant to section 103(g) 
of the Immigration and Nationality Act (``INA''), 8 U.S.C. 1103(g), as 
amended by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (``HSA''), Public Law 107-
296, 116 Stat. 2135 (as amended). Under the HSA, the Attorney General 
retains authority to ``establish such regulations, . . . issue such 
instructions, review such administrative determinations in immigration 
proceedings, delegate such authority, and perform such other acts as 
the Attorney General determines to be necessary for carrying out'' the 
Attorney General's authorities under the INA. HSA 1102, 116 Stat. at 
2273-74; INA 103(g)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1103(g)(2).

III. History and Background

    On August 26, 2020, the Department published a notice of proposed 
rulemaking (``NPRM'' or ``proposed

[[Page 62243]]

rule'') that proposed to amend the Executive Office for Immigration 
Review (``EOIR'') regulations regarding the handling of appeals to the 
Board. Appellate Procedures and Decisional Finality in Immigration 
Proceedings; Administrative Closure, 85 FR 52491 (Aug. 26, 2020) 
(``AA96 NPRM''). The Department proposed multiple changes to the 
processing of appeals to ``ensure the consistency, efficiency, and 
quality of its adjudications.'' Id. at 52491. In addition, the 
Department proposed to amend the regulations to expressly state that 
immigration judges and Appellate Immigration Judges \1\ have no 
``freestanding'' authority to administratively close cases. Id. 
Finally, the Department proposed to delete inapplicable or unnecessary 
provisions regarding the forwarding of the record of proceeding on 
appeal. Id.\2\ The AA96 NPRM set forth a 30-day comment period, stating 
that any public comments must be submitted by September 25, 2020. Id. 
The Department received 1,287 comments during the comment period.\3\
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    \1\ Historically, Department rules, including the AA96 Final 
Rule, used the term ``Board member'' to refer to members of the 
Board. See Appellate Procedures and Decisional Finality in 
Immigration Proceedings; Administrative Closure, 85 FR 81588, 81590 
(Dec. 16, 2020). The Department has begun using the term ``Appellate 
Immigration Judge'' to refer to members of the Board, and that is 
the term used in this NPRM. Although ``Board member'' and 
``Appellate Immigration Judge'' are synonymous, see 8 CFR 
1003.1(a)(1)-(2), the Department believes that ``Appellate 
Immigration Judge'' is a more accurate description of the role of 
members of the Board. See Organization of the Executive Office for 
Immigration Review, 84 FR 44537, 44539 (issued as interim final 
rule) (Aug. 26, 2019).
    \2\ In addition, the Department proposed to update outdated 
references to the former Immigration and Naturalization Service 
(``INS''). 85 FR at 52507 n.36.
    \3\ The Department posted 1,284 of the comments received for 
public review. The Department did not post three of the comments 
received because they were either non-substantive or duplicates of 
other comments that were posted.
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    On December 16, 2020, the Department published a final rule, 
wherein it responded to comments received during the notice-and-comment 
period and adopted the regulatory language proposed in the AA96 NPRM 
with minor changes. Appellate Procedures and Decisional Finality in 
Immigration Proceedings; Administrative Closure, 85 FR 81588 (Dec. 16, 
2020) (``AA96 Final Rule''). The AA96 Final Rule's effective date was 
January 15, 2021, id. at 81588, but the rule was enjoined on March 10, 
2021, in litigation described in further detail below. See Centro Legal 
de la Raza v. Exec. Off. for Immigr. Rev., 524 F. Supp. 3d 919 (N.D. 
Cal. 2021).

A. Briefing Schedule Changes at the Board of Immigration Appeals

1. Before Promulgation of the AA96 Final Rule
    Prior to the AA96 Final Rule, the regulations specified that 
appeals involving detained noncitizens \4\ were subject to a 
simultaneous briefing schedule, wherein both parties had 21 days to 
file simultaneous briefs, unless the Board specified a shorter period. 
8 CFR 1003.3(c)(1) (2019). The regulations permitted parties subject to 
a simultaneous briefing schedule to submit reply briefs within 21 days 
of the deadline for the initial brief, when permitted by the Board. Id. 
For cases involving non-detained noncitizens, the regulations provided 
for a consecutive briefing schedule. The appellant had 21 days to file 
an initial brief, unless the Board specified a shorter period, and the 
appellee then had an equivalent amount of time, including any 
extensions granted to the appellant, to file a reply brief. Id.
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    \4\ For purposes of the discussion in this preamble, the 
Department uses the term ``noncitizen'' colloquially and synonymous 
with the term ``alien'' as it is used in the INA. See INA 101(a)(3), 
8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(3). This NPRM is also proposing to define the term 
``noncitizen'' to be synonymous with the term ``alien,'' as 
explained later in this preamble.
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    Appellate Immigration Judges were authorized, upon written motion, 
to extend the filing deadline of an initial brief or a reply brief for 
up to 90 days for good cause shown. Id. Appellate Immigration Judges 
generally granted briefing extensions in 21-day increments but would 
also grant longer extensions for good cause shown. The regulations also 
authorized Appellate Immigration Judges to request supplemental 
briefing from parties after the briefing deadline expired. Id.
2. Changes Made by the AA96 Final Rule
    The AA96 Final Rule amended 8 CFR 1003.3(c)(1) to require a 
simultaneous briefing schedule for all cases before the Board, 
regardless of the noncitizen's detention status. 85 FR at 81588. The 
AA96 Final Rule also reduced the allowable time to extend a briefing 
schedule from a maximum of 90 days to a maximum of 14 days and limited 
all parties to one briefing extension. Id. at 81654 (``If an extension 
is granted, it is granted to both parties, and neither party may 
request a further extension.''). The AA96 Final Rule specified that no 
party was entitled to a briefing extension as a matter of right and 
that briefing extensions should only be granted upon an 
``individualized consideration of good cause.'' Id. The AA96 Final Rule 
also shortened the maximum amount of time for submitting reply briefs 
from 21 days to 14 days, and only when the Board permitted filing of a 
reply brief. Id.

B. Administrative Closure Authority

1. Before Promulgation of the AA96 Final Rule
    Prior to the AA96 Final Rule, 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(1)(ii) (2019) and 
1003.10(b) (2019) stated that EOIR adjudicators ``may take any action 
consistent with their authorities under the [INA] and the regulations 
as is appropriate and necessary for the disposition'' of the case. 
Although the regulations have never explicitly stated that EOIR 
adjudicators have general administrative closure authority, numerous 
courts of appeals and the Board have interpreted ``any action'' to 
include using docket management tools such as administrative closure. 
See Romero v. Barr, 937 F.3d 282, 292 (4th Cir. 2019) (explaining that 
``[8 CFR] 1003.10(b) and 1003.1(d)(1)(ii) unambiguously confer[ ] upon 
[immigration judges] and the BIA the general authority to 
administratively close cases''); Meza Morales v. Barr, 973 F.3d 656, 
667 n.6 (7th Cir. 2020) (Barrett, J.) (concluding that ``[8 CFR] 
1003.10(b) grants immigration judges the power to administratively 
close cases''); Arcos Sanchez v. Att'y Gen., 997 F.3d 113, 122 (3d Cir. 
2021) (explaining ``that the plain language establishes that general 
administrative closure authority is unambiguously authorized by these 
regulations''); Matter of Avetisyan, 25 I&N Dec. 688, 692 (BIA 2012) 
(stating that EOIR adjudicators may utilize continuances or 
administrative closure ``to temporarily remove a case from an 
Immigration Judge's active calendar or from the Board's docket''). But 
see Hernandez-Serrano v. Barr, 981 F.3d 459, 466 (6th Cir. 2020) 
(concluding that ``[8 CFR] 1003.10(b) and 1003.1(d) do not delegate to 
[immigration judges] or the Board the general authority to suspend 
indefinitely immigration proceedings by administrative closure'' 
(internal quotation marks omitted)); Garcia-DeLeon v. Garland, 999 F.3d 
986, 991-93 (6th Cir. 2021) (subsequently ruling that immigration 
judges and the Board do have authority to grant administrative closure 
to permit a noncitizen to apply for a provisional unlawful presence 
waiver).
    Since 1958, regulations have authorized EOIR adjudicators to 
exercise their discretion as may be ``appropriate and necessary'' for 
the disposition of a case. Miscellaneous Amendments to Chapter, 23 FR 
2670,

[[Page 62244]]

2671 (Apr. 23, 1958) (``Subject to any specific limitation prescribed 
by the act and this chapter, special inquiry officers shall also 
exercise the discretion and authority conferred upon the Attorney 
General by the act as is appropriate and necessary for the disposition 
of such cases.''); \5\ see also Hernandez-Serrano, 981 F.3d at 464 
(``As early as 1958, regulations granted the predecessors to 
[immigration judges] (called `special inquiry officers') and the Board 
authority to take actions `appropriate and necessary for the 
disposition of' their cases.''). In 2000, the Department published an 
NPRM that proposed more expansive authority: that EOIR adjudicators 
could take ``any action'' appropriate and necessary for the disposition 
of a case. See Authorities Delegated to the Director of the Executive 
Office for Immigration Review, the Chairman of the Board of Immigration 
Appeals, and the Chief Immigration Judge, 65 FR 81434, 81436-37 (Dec. 
26, 2000). The Department adopted this regulatory language for Board 
members in 2002, and for immigration judges in 2007.\6\
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    \5\ Initially, the adjudicators who reviewed and decided 
deportation cases were known as special inquiry officers. INA 
101(b)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1101(b)(4) (1952). These adjudicators later 
became known as immigration judges. See INA 101(b)(4), 8 U.S.C. 
1101(b)(4) (defining ``immigration judge''); Immigration Judge, 38 
FR 8590 (Apr. 4, 1973) (``The term `immigration judge' means special 
inquiry officer.'').
    \6\ Although the same NPRM proposed this regulatory authority 
for both the Board and immigration judges, the regulatory language 
was codified for the Board and immigration judges in separate final 
rules. See Board of Immigration Appeals: Procedural Reforms to 
Improve Case Management, 67 FR 54877, 54902-904 (Aug. 26, 2002); 
Authorities Delegated to the Director of the Executive Office for 
Immigration Review, and the Chief Immigration Judge, 72 FR 53673, 
53677-78 (Sept. 20, 2007).
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    Since at least the 1980s,\7\ immigration judges and the Board have 
exercised their authority to use administrative closure as a docketing 
tool, where appropriate, to remove cases from their active dockets and 
to regulate the course of proceedings. See Arcos Sanchez, 997 F.3d at 
116-17 (recognizing that adjudicators have used administrative closure 
dating back to the 1980s).
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    \7\ Indeed, EOIR records indicate that administrative closure 
was used as early as 1974.
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    In 1984, the EOIR Office of the Chief Immigration Judge issued an 
Operating Policies and Procedures Memorandum (``OPPM'') setting forth 
options available to immigration judges in cases where noncitizens 
failed to appear for their hearings, including the option to 
administratively close cases. EOIR, OPPM 84-2: Cases in Which 
Respondents/Applicants Fail to Appear for Hearing, 1984 WL 582760 (Mar. 
7, 1984). The OPPM included language specifying that administratively 
closed cases were to be considered ``no longer pending before the 
Immigration Judge,'' and that no further action would be taken until 
``the case is presented for re-calendaring and further proceedings.'' 
Id. at *2. The OPPM provided a non-exhaustive list of factors for 
immigration judges to consider such as adequacy of notice; likelihood 
that a deportation order, if entered in absentia, would be enforced; 
the nature of charges; and the need for parties to be present. Id. at 
*1.
    The next significant development in the exercise of administrative 
closure came in 1986, shortly after President Reagan signed into law 
the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, Public Law 99-603, 100 
Stat. 3359. The Immigration Reform and Control Act created a pathway to 
lawful status for certain undocumented noncitizens who had entered the 
United States prior to January 1, 1982. Immigration judges used 
administrative closure to pause removal proceedings while noncitizens 
pursued this newly available pathway to lawful status. See, e.g., Veliz 
v. Caplinger, No. 96-1508, 1997 WL 61456, at *1 (E.D. La. Feb. 12, 
1997) (noting that the removal proceedings before the agency were 
administratively closed to allow noncitizens to apply for legalization 
under the Immigration Reform and Control Act).
    As administrative closure became more common, the Board began to 
address questions related to its use. For example, in 1988, the Board 
published a decision in which it determined that an immigration judge 
improperly exercised administrative closure authority. Matter of Amico, 
19 I&N Dec. 652, 654 (BIA 1988) (determining that the immigration 
judge's decision to administratively close a case rather than hold 
proceedings in absentia was ``inappropriate'' because administrative 
closure would have permitted the noncitizen to avoid an order of 
deportation by failing to appear). In its decision, the Board clarified 
that administratively closing a case ``does not result in a final 
order'' and ``is merely an administrative convenience which allows the 
removal of cases from the calendar in appropriate situations.'' Id. at 
654 n.1. In 1990, the Board published Matter of Lopez-Barrios and 
Matter of Munoz-Santos, both of which held that an immigration judge 
could not administratively close a case if either party to the 
proceedings opposed closure. Matter of Lopez-Barrios, 20 I&N Dec. 203 
(BIA 1990), overruled by Matter of Avetisyan, 25 I&N Dec. at 697; 
Matter of Munoz-Santos, 20 I&N Dec. 205 (BIA 1990), overruled by Matter 
of Avetisyan, 25 I&N Dec. at 697.\8\
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    \8\ These decisions did not suggest that adjudicators did not 
have the authority to administratively close cases. Rather, they, as 
well as numerous subsequent administrative decisions, addressed when 
using administrative closure might be ``appropriate'' under the 
regulations. See 8 CFR 236.1 (1958) (permitting adjudicators to 
exercise authorities only as ``appropriate and necessary''); see 
also 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(1)(ii) (2019); 8 CFR 1003.10(b) (2019).
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    Over the next decade, the Department entered into binding 
settlement agreements and issued numerous regulations that required 
immigration judges and the Board to administratively close cases or 
provided that parties could request administrative closure in a variety 
of specified situations. See, e.g., Barahona-Gomez v. Ashcroft, 243 F. 
Supp. 2d 1029, 1035 (N.D. Cal. 2002) (``[I]f the [Respondent] fails to 
appear for the scheduled hearing . . . the case shall be 
administratively closed, following which, should the Respondent come 
forward, the hearing shall be recalendared[.]''); American Baptist 
Churches v. Thornburgh, 760 F. Supp. 796, 805 (N.D. Cal. 1991) 
(``ABC'') (ordering that proceedings before EOIR be administratively 
closed, generally, for class members); Adjustment of Status for Certain 
Nationals of Nicaragua and Cuba, 63 FR 27823, 27830 (May 21, 1998) 
(implementing administrative closure procedures for noncitizens who 
appeared eligible to adjust status under the Nicaraguan Adjustment and 
Central American Relief Act of 1997 (``NACARA'')) (8 CFR 245.13(d)(3) 
(1999)); Adjustment of Status for Certain Nationals of Haiti, 64 FR 
25756, 25769 (May 12, 1999) (requiring EOIR adjudicators to exercise 
administrative closure in cases where noncitizens appeared to be 
eligible to file an application for adjustment of status under the 
Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act of 1998 (``HRIFA'') and met 
various other requirements) (8 CFR 245.15(p)(4) (2000)); Executive 
Office for Immigration Review; Adjustment of Status for Certain 
Nationals of Nicaragua, Cuba, and Haiti, 66 FR 29449, 29452 (May 31, 
2001) (providing that a noncitizen for whose case an immigration judge 
or the Board has granted a motion to reopen under particular statutes 
may move to have proceedings administratively closed to seek adjustment 
of status) (8 CFR 245.13(m)(1)(ii) (2002)); V Nonimmigrant 
Classification; Spouses and Children of Lawful Permanent Residents, 66 
FR 46697, 46700 (Sept. 7, 2001) (``If the [noncitizen] appears eligible 
for V nonimmigrant status, the

[[Page 62245]]

immigration judge or the Board, whichever has jurisdiction, shall 
administratively close the proceeding or continue the motion 
indefinitely.'') (8 CFR 214.15(l) (2002)); New Classification for 
Victims of Severe Forms of Trafficking in Persons; Eligibility for 
``T'' Nonimmigrant Status, 67 FR 4783, 4797 (Jan. 31, 2002) (stating 
that T-visa applicants may request administrative closure) (codifying 
language later moved to 8 CFR 1214.2(a)); Adjustment of Status for 
Certain Aliens from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in the United States, 
67 FR 78667, 78673 (Dec. 26, 2002) (authorizing certain nationals of 
Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos to move for administrative closure pending 
their applications for adjustment of status, but preventing the 
immigration judge or the Board from ``defer[ring] or dismiss[ing] the 
proceeding'' without the former Immigration and Naturalization 
Service's consent) (codifying language later moved to 8 CFR 
1245.21(c)).
    Since 2011, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (``DHS'') has 
issued a number of enforcement priority memoranda, some of which have 
subsequently been rescinded, that included discussions of when U.S. 
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (``ICE'') attorneys should exercise 
prosecutorial discretion in pursuing removal, which noncitizens were 
considered priorities for removal, and methods for implementing those 
priorities as to noncitizens who were already in removal proceedings, 
including by filing joint motions to administratively close 
proceedings. See, e.g., Memorandum for All Field Office Directors et 
al., from John Morton, Director, ICE, Exercising Prosecutorial 
Discretion Consistent with the Civil Immigration Enforcement Priorities 
of the Agency for the Apprehension, Detention, and Removal of Aliens at 
2 (Jun. 17, 2011) (describing prosecutorial discretion as a decision 
``not to assert the full scope of the enforcement authority available 
to the agency''), https://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/prosecutorial-discretion-memo.pdf; Memorandum for Tae D. Johnson, 
Acting Director, ICE, from Alejandro N. Mayorkas, Secretary, DHS, 
Guidelines for the Enforcement of Civil Immigration Law (Sept. 30, 
2021), https://www.ice.gov/doclib/news/guidelines-civilimmigrationlaw.pdf.
    Many pending removal-related cases before EOIR and the federal 
courts at the time potentially fell under the memoranda's criteria for 
low priorities for removal. Cf. In re Immigr. Petitions for Rev. 
Pending in U.S. Ct. of Appeals for Second Cir., 702 F.3d 160, 160 (2d 
Cir. 2012) (``[The petitioner] is one of more than a thousand cases in 
our Court that are actually or potentially subject to a future decision 
by the Government as to whether it will or can remove petitioners if 
their petitions are denied.''). The use of administrative closure 
served to facilitate the exercise of prosecutorial discretion by 
allowing DHS counsel to request that certain low-priority cases be 
removed from immigration judges' active calendars and the Board's 
docket, thereby allowing adjudicators to focus on higher priority 
cases.
    In 2012, the Board published Matter of Avetisyan, which overruled 
the Board's prior precedent in Matter of Lopez-Barrios and Matter of 
Munoz-Santos. In Matter of Avetisyan, the Board established that EOIR 
adjudicators could administratively close proceedings over a party's 
objection and set forth a list of factors that adjudicators should 
consider when determining whether administrative closure was 
appropriate.\9\ 25 I&N Dec. at 688. In so holding, the Board stated 
that EOIR adjudicators' authority to administratively close proceedings 
stemmed from their general regulatory authority, under 8 CFR 1003.10(b) 
and 1003.1(d)(1)(ii), to take any appropriate and necessary action. Id. 
at 691. The Board found that an EOIR adjudicator's determination to 
administratively close a case over DHS's objection would not undermine 
DHS's prosecutorial discretion, as prosecutorial discretion related to 
DHS's decision to commence removal proceedings. Id. at 694. In 
contrast, the Board determined that once jurisdiction over removal 
proceedings vests with EOIR, the EOIR adjudicator has the authority to 
regulate the course of proceedings, including to administratively close 
cases where appropriate. Id.
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    \9\ Notably, before Matter of Avetisyan overruled the Board's 
prior precedent on this issue, the Board had encouraged DHS to 
consider moving for administrative closure rather than multiple 
continuances in ``appropriate circumstances, such as where there is 
a pending prima facie approvable visa petition.'' Matter of Hashmi, 
24 I&N Dec. 785, 791 n.4 (BIA 2009); see also Matter of Rajah, 25 
I&N Dec. 127, 135 n.10 (BIA 2009). The Board described 
administrative closure as ``an attractive option in these 
situations, as it will assist in ensuring that only those cases that 
are likely to be resolved are before the Immigration Judge.'' Matter 
of Hashmi, 24 I&N Dec. at 791 n.4. The Board also noted that 
administrative closure could ``avoid the repeated rescheduling of a 
case that is clearly not ready to be concluded.'' Id.
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    The Board also explained that EOIR adjudicators should 
independently weigh all relevant factors in determining whether to 
administratively close a case, including but not limited to:

    (1) the reason administrative closure is sought; (2) the basis 
for any opposition to administrative closure; (3) the likelihood the 
respondent will succeed on any petition, application, or other 
action [the respondent] is pursuing outside of removal proceedings; 
(4) the anticipated duration of the closure; (5) the responsibility 
of either party, if any, in contributing to any current or 
anticipated delay; and (6) the ultimate outcome of removal 
proceedings (for example, termination of the proceedings or entry of 
a removal order) when the case is recalendared before the 
Immigration Judge or the appeal is reinstated before the Board.

    Id. at 696. The Board later held that ``the primary consideration 
for an Immigration Judge in determining whether to administratively 
close or recalendar proceedings is whether the party opposing 
administrative closure has provided a persuasive reason for the case to 
proceed and be resolved on the merits.'' Matter of W-Y-U-, 27 I&N Dec. 
17, 20 (BIA 2017).
    In 2013, DHS published a final rule that allowed certain 
noncitizens in removal proceedings to apply for provisional unlawful 
presence waivers of inadmissibility while still in the United States, 
but only if their removal proceedings had been administratively closed 
and not recalendared at the time they filed for the waiver. Provisional 
Unlawful Presence Waivers of Inadmissibility for Certain Immediate 
Relatives, 78 FR 535, 577 (Jan. 3, 2013) (codifying language that was 
later moved to 8 CFR 212.7(e)(4)(iii)).\10\ DHS further articulated 
that administrative closure is an appropriate and common procedural 
tool for dispensing with non-priority cases. Id. at 544 (``Under its 
prosecutorial discretion (PD) policies, ICE has been reviewing cases 
pending

[[Page 62246]]

before EOIR and all incoming cases to ensure that they are aligned with 
the agency's civil enforcement priorities and that ICE is effectively 
using its finite resources. For cases that ICE determines are not 
enforcement priorities, it exercises its discretion where appropriate, 
typically by moving for administrative closure.''). That same year, the 
Office of the Chief Immigration Judge encouraged immigration judges to 
use administrative closure where the parties reached an ``alternate 
case resolution'' through prosecutorial discretion. See EOIR, OPPM 13-
01: Continuances and Administrative Closure at 4 (Mar. 7, 2013) 
(rescinded), https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/03/08/13-01.pdf.
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    \10\ Pursuant to INA 212(a)(9)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)(B), 
noncitizens who are inadmissible because they accrued more than 180 
days of unlawful presence while in the United States and 
subsequently depart the United States may seek waiver of this ground 
of inadmissibility. Prior to the DHS rulemaking, such noncitizens, 
if not eligible to adjust status within the United States, had to 
request a waiver at their consular interview after leaving the 
United States and triggering the ground of inadmissibility. 78 FR at 
536. In 2013, DHS established the provisional unlawful presence 
waiver process. Id. It began allowing noncitizens who are immediate 
relatives (spouses, children, and parents) of U.S. citizens to apply 
for a waiver while remaining in the United States, and, upon 
provisional approval, travel abroad to attend their consular 
interview for an immigrant visa, thus mitigating the likelihood that 
such individuals would be required to wait outside of the United 
States, apart from their immediate relatives, while the waiver was 
adjudicated. Id. In 2016, to further improve administrative 
efficiency, DHS expanded the provisional unlawful presence waiver 
process to all noncitizens statutorily eligible for an immigrant 
visa and a waiver of inadmissibility based on unlawful presence in 
the United States. Expansion of Provisional Unlawful Presence 
Waivers of Inadmissibility, 81 FR 50244 (July 29, 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 2017, the effectiveness of administrative closure for 
streamlining EOIR's cases was briefly referenced in a study conducted 
by an outside consultant. See EOIR, Booz Allen Hamilton, Legal Case 
Study: Summary Report at 26 (Apr. 6, 2017) (recommending that the 
Department engage in discussions with DHS to explore the development of 
policies regarding administrative closure as one way to improve 
processing efficiency).\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ The Department has considered the various proposals made in 
the report. For example, in 2021, EOIR finalized a rule implementing 
electronic filing at all immigration courts and the BIA. See Booz 
Allen Hamilton, Legal Case Study: Summary Report at 23; Executive 
Office for Immigration Review Electronic Case Access and Filing, 86 
FR 70708 (Dec. 13, 2021) (``ECAS Rule'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 2018, the longstanding practice of administrative closure 
stopped when the Attorney General issued Matter of Castro-Tum, 
overruling Matter of Avetisyan and all Board precedents inconsistent 
with the Attorney General's decision. Matter of Castro-Tum, 27 I&N Dec. 
271, 271 (A.G. 2018), overruled by Matter of Cruz-Valdez, 28 I&N Dec. 
326 (A.G. 2021). In Castro-Tum, the Attorney General held that EOIR 
adjudicators lack the general authority under the regulations to 
administratively close cases and, as a result, lack the authority to 
administratively close cases unless a regulation or a settlement 
agreement expressly provided such authority. Id. at 272.
    Matter of Castro-Tum has been rejected by the majority of those 
courts of appeals that have considered it. The Third, Fourth, and 
Seventh Circuits rejected Matter of Castro-Tum, holding that the pre-
AA96 regulations unambiguously provide EOIR adjudicators with general 
authority to administratively close cases. See Romero, 937 F.3d at 297 
(concluding that 8 CFR 1003.10(b) and 1003.1(d)(1)(ii) ``unambiguously 
confer upon [immigration judges] and the BIA the general authority to 
administratively close cases''); Arcos Sanchez, 997 F.3d at 122 (``[W]e 
hold that the plain language establishes that general administrative 
closure authority is unambiguously authorized by these regulations.''); 
Meza Morales, 973 F.3d at 667 n.6 (concluding that 8 CFR 1003.10(b) 
``grants immigration judges the power to administratively close 
cases''). The Sixth Circuit reached a different conclusion, finding 
that the pre-AA96 regulations do not confer such general authority. 
Hernandez-Serrano, 981 F.3d at 466 (citing Matter of Castro-Tum, 27 I&N 
Dec. at 272). However, the Sixth Circuit subsequently clarified that 
``administrative closure for the limited purpose of permitting 
noncitizens to apply for provisional unlawful presence waivers'' was an 
``appropriate and necessary'' act under 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(1)(ii) and 
1003.10(b), as codified prior to the AA96 Final Rule. Garcia-DeLeon, 
999 F.3d 986 at 992-93.
    Recently, the Second Circuit held that neither the immigration 
judge nor the BIA abused its discretion in relying on Matter of Castro-
Tum--which was in effect at the time of the agency's adjudications--to 
deny a noncitizen's motion for administrative closure. Garcia v. 
Garland, 64 F.4th 62, 76 (2d Cir. 2023). The Second Circuit concluded 
that the pre-AA96 regulations were ambiguous as to whether they 
authorized general administrative closure and deferred to the Attorney 
General's interpretation in Matter of Castro-Tum. See id. at 72-75. 
However, the Second Circuit noted that--after the BIA issued its 
decision in the case--the Attorney General issued Matter of Cruz-
Valdez, 28 I&N Dec. at 326, which overruled Matter of Castro-Tum. 
Garcia v. Garland, 64 F.4th at 69. In Cruz-Valdez, the Attorney General 
explained that ``three courts of appeals have rejected Castro-Tum,'' 
that Castro-Tum ``departed from long-standing practice,'' and that the 
matter was the subject of an ongoing rulemaking. See Matter of Cruz-
Valdez, 28 I&N Dec. at 328-29 (directing EOIR adjudicators to continue 
applying the standard for administrative closure set forth in Matter of 
Avetisyan and Matter of W-Y-U-, except in jurisdictions where a court 
of appeals has held otherwise, while the Department reconsiders the 
AA96 Final Rule). Against this backdrop, the Second Circuit left open 
the possibility that other interpretations of the regulations could 
also be permissible. See Garcia v. Garland, 64 F.4th at 69 (noting that 
``the Attorney General has supplanted Matter of Castro-Tum with a new 
interpretation of the applicable regulations'').
2. Changes Made by the AA96 Final Rule
    The AA96 Final Rule amended 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(1)(ii) and 1003.10(b) 
and related provisions to expressly state that EOIR adjudicators do not 
have ``freestanding authority'' to administratively close cases before 
EOIR. 85 FR at 81651, 81655. Rather, the AA96 Final Rule expressly 
limited administrative closure authority to express grants of such 
authority by regulation or judicially approved settlement. See, e.g., 8 
CFR 1214.2(a), 1214.3, 1240.62(b), 1240.70(f)-(h), 1245.13(d)(3)(i), 
1245.15(p)(4)(i), 1245.21(c); Barahona-Gomez, 243 F. Supp. 2d at 1035-
36 (discussing settlement agreement requiring immigration judges and 
the Board to administratively close class members' cases).
    The AA96 Final Rule was consistent with the Attorney General's 
holding in Matter of Castro-Tum, 27 I&N Dec. at 284, that 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(1)(ii) and 1003.10(b) do not provide for general 
administrative closure authority.\12\ The AA96 Final Rule asserted that 
general administrative closure authority improperly allows immigration 
judges to determine which immigration cases should be adjudicated and 
which ones should not. 85 FR at 81599. The AA96 Final Rule stated that 
general authority to administratively close cases was improper because 
``in practice, unlike continuances, administrative closure has at times 
been used to effectively terminate cases through indefinite delay.'' 
Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ Moreover, the AA96 Final Rule cited the Attorney General's 
explanation that general administrative closure authority conflicts 
with regulatory requirements to resolve matters in a ``timely'' 
fashion. 85 FR 81588 (Dec. 16, 2020) at 81599.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Termination and Dismissal

    As discussed above, the regulations in place prior to the AA96 
Final Rule conferred on EOIR adjudicators the general authority to 
``take any action consistent with their authorities under the Act and 
regulations'' as ``appropriate and necessary for the disposition'' of 
such cases. 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(1)(ii), 1003.10(b). The regulations further 
state that immigration judge orders ``shall direct the respondent's 
removal from the United States, or the termination of the proceedings, 
or other such disposition of the case as may be appropriate.'' 8 CFR 
1240.12(c). Further, immigration judges are ``authorized to

[[Page 62247]]

issue orders in the alternative or in combination as [they] may deem 
necessary.'' Id.
    The regulations, as published prior to and unchanged by the AA96 
Final Rule, provide immigration judges with explicit authority to 
terminate or dismiss removal proceedings after the commencement of 
proceedings in certain circumstances. With respect to dismissal, 8 CFR 
1239.2(c) provides that after commencement of proceedings, government 
counsel or certain enumerated officers under 8 CFR 239.1(a) may move to 
dismiss proceedings on grounds set forth in 8 CFR 239.2(a), which 
include where: (1) the respondent is a national of the United States; 
(2) the respondent is not deportable or inadmissible under immigration 
laws; (3) the respondent is deceased; (4) the respondent is not in the 
United States; (5) the Notice to Appear was issued for the respondent's 
failure to file a timely petition as required by section 216(c) of the 
Act, but the respondent's failure to file a timely petition was excused 
in accordance with section 216(d)(2)(B) of the Act; (6) the Notice to 
Appear was improvidently issued; or (7) circumstances of the case have 
changed after the Notice to Appear was issued to such an extent that 
continuation is no longer in the best interest of the government. 8 CFR 
1239.2(c). Dismissal of proceedings is without prejudice to DHS or the 
noncitizen. Id.
    With respect to termination, 8 CFR 1239.2(f) provides that ``[a]n 
immigration judge may terminate removal proceedings to permit the 
[noncitizen] to proceed to a final hearing on a pending application or 
petition for naturalization when the [noncitizen] has established prima 
facie eligibility for naturalization and the matter involves 
exceptionally appealing or humanitarian factors[.]'' 8 CFR 1239.2(f). 
The regulation also provides that ``in every other case, the removal 
hearing shall be completed as promptly as possible notwithstanding the 
pendency of an application for naturalization during any state of the 
proceedings.'' Id.
    The regulations also confer authority on immigration judges to 
dismiss or terminate proceedings in other discrete circumstances. See, 
e.g., 8 CFR 1216.4(a)(6) (authorizing termination upon joint motion of 
the parties for failure to properly file a Petition to Remove the 
Conditions on Residence, Form I-751); 8 CFR 1235.3(b)(5)(iv) 
(authorizing termination where U.S. citizenship, permanent residence, 
or asylee or refugee status is found in claimed status review 
proceedings); id. at 1235.3(b)(5)(iv) (authorizing termination where 
U.S. citizenship, permanent residence, or asylee or refugee status is 
found in claimed status review proceedings); id. at 1238.1(e) 
(authorizing termination upon DHS motion in order for DHS to commence 
administrative removal under section 238 of the Act); see also id. at 
1245.13(l) (deeming proceedings terminated upon the granting of 
adjustment of status for certain Nicaraguan and Cuban nationals).\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ Although codified separately in the regulations, 
termination and dismissal authority have been referenced 
interchangeably by EOIR. See, e.g., Matter of Coronado Acevedo, 28 
I&N Dec. 648, 648 n.1 (A.G. 2022) (``This labeling distinction is 
not material when a movant asks an immigration judge or the Board to 
end a case pursuant to a provision that does not use one of those 
labels. Except where a distinction between the two terms exists in 
regulations, this opinion refers to `termination' and `dismissal' 
interchangeably.''); Matter of Vizcarra-Delgadillo, 13 I&N Dec. 51, 
55 (BIA 1968) (holding that the immigration judge had authority to 
terminate proceedings as ``improvidently begun'' in a case where INS 
moved for dismissal and both parties agreed to the motion to 
dismiss); Matter of G-N-C, 22 I&N Dec. 281, 284 (BIA 1998) (using 
the term ``dismissal'' and ``termination'' interchangeably in a case 
involving an INS motion for dismissal of proceedings under former 8 
CFR 239.2(c)); Matter of W-C-B-, 24 I& N Dec. 118, 122 (BIA 2007) 
(stating that once jurisdiction vests with an immigration judge, a 
Notice to Appear cannot be cancelled but instead DHS must ``move for 
dismissal of the matter, i.e., request termination of the removal 
proceeding'' under 8 CFR 239.2(c)); Matter of Andrade Jaso & 
Carbajal Ayala, 27 I&N Dec. 557, 559 (BIA 2019) (holding that the 
``immigration judge properly granted the DHS's motion to dismiss the 
proceedings without prejudice'' under 8 CFR 1239.2(c)); see also 78 
FR 535 (Jan. 3, 2013) at 544 (preamble to a DHS final rule stating 
that ``[i]f the Form I-601A is approved for [a noncitizen] whose 
proceedings have been administratively closed, the [noncitizen] 
should seek termination or dismissal of the proceedings, without 
prejudice, by EOIR . . . or risk becoming ineligible for the 
immigrant visa based on another ground of inadmissibility''). While 
used interchangeably, the regulations limit dismissal to only those 
cases where DHS has moved for dismissal. Nevertheless, both 
termination and dismissal result in concluding removal proceedings 
without entering an order of removal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the Board has held that the immigration judge may 
terminate proceedings when there is a proper reason to do so, such as 
where DHS cannot meet its burden to sustain charges of removability 
``or in other specific circumstances consistent with the law and 
applicable regulations.'' Matter of Sanchez-Herbert, 26 I&N Dec. 43, 45 
(BIA 2012); see also Matter of Lopez-Barrios, 20 I&N Dec. at 204.
    In 2018, the Attorney General held that, under the regulations, 
EOIR adjudicators lacked the ``inherent authority'' to terminate 
proceedings except as expressly authorized. Matter of S-O-G- & F-D-B-, 
27 I&N Dec. 462, 463 (A.G. 2018). In reaching that conclusion, the 
Attorney General relied heavily on the decision in Matter of Castro-
Tum. See id. at 463, 466. However, the Attorney General subsequently 
overruled Matter of S-O-G- & F-D-B-, explaining that ``[t]he 
precedential basis for that opinion ha[d] been significantly eroded by 
the overruling of Castro-Tum,'' \14\ and that it ``imposed `rigid 
procedural requirements that would undermine . . . fair and efficient 
adjudication' in certain immigration cases.'' Matter of Coronado 
Acevedo, 28 I&N Dec. 648, 651 (A.G. 2022) (quoting Matter of A-C-A-A-, 
28 I&N Dec. 351, 351 (A.G. 2021)). Accordingly, Matter of Coronado 
Acevedo held that ``immigration judges and the Board should be 
permitted to consider and, where appropriate, grant termination'' in 
certain limited circumstances pending the outcome of a rulemaking to 
reconsider the regulations at issue in both Matter of Castro-Tum and 
Matter of S-O-G- & F-D-B-. Id. at 652.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ In particular, the Fourth Circuit has indicated that it 
``fail[ed] to see how the general power to terminate proceedings'' 
would be inconsistent with the ``authorities bestowed by the INA.'' 
Gonzalez v. Garland, 16 F.4th 131, 141-42 (4th Cir. 2021) (``We have 
found no provisions stating that the [immigration judge] or BIA 
cannot terminate removal proceedings, and the Government does not 
cite to any.''). Further, in that case, the Fourth Circuit rejected 
the Government's position that section 240(c)(1)(A) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1229a(c)(1)(A), which states that ``[a]t the conclusion of 
the proceeding, the immigration judge shall decide whether [a 
noncitizen] is removable from the United States,'' precludes 
termination. Gonzalez, 16 F.4th at 141. Specifically, the court 
concluded that a statutory requirement that an immigration judge 
decide whether a noncitizen is removable does not limit the 
immigration judge's actions after making that determination, and 
that there are circumstances where delay or termination after such 
determination may be appropriate. Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Sua Sponte Reopening or Reconsideration and Self-Certification

1. Before Promulgation of the AA96 Final Rule
    EOIR adjudicators have long had the authority to sua sponte reopen 
or reconsider cases, under rules promulgated in 1958 that remained in 
effect until the issuance of the AA96 Final Rule. See Miscellaneous 
Amendments to Chapter, 23 FR 9115, 9117 (Nov. 26, 1958); 8 CFR 
1003.2(a)(1) and 1003.23(b)(1) (2019).\15\ However, even prior to 1958, 
courts recognized such authority. See Dada v. Mukasey, 554 U.S. 1, 12-
13 (2008) (discussing

[[Page 62248]]

reopening as ``a judicial creation later codified by federal statute'' 
and citing decisions using reopening as early as 1916).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ The 1958 rule amended, inter alia, part 3.2 of Title 8 of 
the CFR. Following the creation of DHS in 2003 after the passage of 
the HSA, EOIR's regulations were moved from Chapter I of Title 8 to 
Chapter V. Aliens and Nationality; Homeland Security; Reorganization 
of Regulations, 68 FR 9824 (Feb. 28, 2003). Part 3.2 was 
subsequently duplicated for EOIR at part 1003.2. Id. at 9830.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As originally implemented by the Department, the sua sponte 
authority of immigration judges and Appellate Immigration Judges was 
not limited by time or number requirements. In 1996, however, the 
Department issued a rule establishing time and number limitations on 
motions to reopen to implement statutory changes made by the 
Immigration Act of 1990, Public Law 101-649, 104 Stat. 4978. 
Immigration Act of 1990, sec. 545(d), 104 Stat. at 5066 (``[T]he 
Attorney General shall issue regulations with respect to . . . the 
period of time in which motions to reopen and to reconsider may be 
offered in deportation proceedings, which regulations include a 
limitation on the number of such motions that may be filed and a 
maximum time period for the filing of such motions[.]''); Executive 
Office for Immigration Review; Motions and Appeals in Immigration 
Proceedings, 61 FR 18900 (Apr. 29, 1996). At the time, the Department 
declined to include a ``good cause'' exception to the time and number 
limitations for motions to reopen filed by a party in proceedings 
because the same goal was accomplished by sua sponte authority. 61 FR 
at 18902; see also Avila-Santoyo v. U.S. Att'y Gen., 713 F.3d 1357, 
1363 (11th Cir. 2013) (same).
    Additionally, prior to the AA96 Final Rule, the Board had the 
authority to self-certify cases. 8 CFR 1003.1(c) (2019). Under this 
authority, the Board could, in its discretion, review decisions of an 
immigration judge and DHS by its own certification. 8 CFR 1003.1(b)-(c) 
(2019). The Board could exercise this authority even in cases where a 
party's appeal was untimely or defective, after determining that the 
parties were given a fair opportunity to make representations before 
the Board. Id.
2. Changes Made by the AA96 Final Rule
    The AA96 Final Rule revised the regulations to limit the 
longstanding general sua sponte authority to reopen or reconsider cases 
and established that sua sponte reopening or reconsideration could only 
be used to correct typographical errors or defects in service. 85 FR at 
81654-55 (8 CFR 1003.23(b)(1)). The AA96 Final Rule also limited 
exceptions to the time and numerical limits on filing a motion to 
reopen to cases where a change in fact or law post-dating the entry of 
a final order vitiated the grounds for removal and the movant 
demonstrated diligence in pursuing the motion. Id. (8 CFR 
1003.23(b)(4)(v)). The Department chose to apply these restrictions on 
immigration judges' and the Board's sua sponte reopening authority to 
all pending cases. Id. at 81646-47. The Department explained that this 
rescission was needed because sua sponte authority had been used 
improperly. Id. at 81628. Additionally, the Department explained that 
the Attorney General rescinded his delegation of sua sponte authority 
to reopen or reconsider given the lack of a meaningful standard to 
guide a decision whether to order reopening or reconsideration of cases 
through the use of sua sponte authority. Id.
    The AA96 Final Rule also amended 8 CFR 1003.1(c) to remove the 
Board's authority to self-certify cases in order to accept untimely or 
defective appeals in exceptional circumstances. The Department 
explained that the change was necessary due to similar concerns such as 
the lack of standards for the use of the self-certification authority, 
inconsistent applications resulting from the lack of a defined standard 
for determining when ``exceptional'' circumstances exist, the potential 
for lack of notice to the parties when the Board elected to use its 
self-certification authority, the potential for inconsistent 
application and abuse of self-certification authority, and the strong 
interest in finality of EOIR's adjudications. Id. at 81591.

E. Board Findings of Fact--Administrative Notice

1. Before Promulgation of the AA96 Final Rule
    Prior to the AA96 Final Rule, the regulations generally precluded 
the Board from engaging in fact-finding in the course of deciding 
appeals. 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv) (2019). However, the regulations 
authorized the Board to take ``administrative notice of commonly known 
facts such as current events or the contents of official documents.'' 
Id.
2. Changes Made by the AA96 Final Rule
    The AA96 Final Rule expanded the regulations regarding 
administrative notice in several ways. First, in addition to permitting 
the Board to take administrative notice of the content of official 
documents and current events, the rule further permitted the Board to 
take administrative notice of ``[f]acts that can be accurately and 
readily determined from official government sources and whose accuracy 
is not disputed'' and ``[u]ndisputed facts contained in the record.'' 
85 FR at 81651 (8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv)(A)(3), (4)). The AA96 Final Rule 
went on to state that where the Board intends to rely on 
administratively noticed facts to reverse an immigration judge's grant 
of relief or protection from removal, the Board is required to notify 
the parties of its intent and provide them at least 14 days within 
which to respond to the notice. Id. (8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv)(B)). 
However, the AA96 Final Rule did not require the Board to notify the 
parties if it relied on an administratively noticed fact to uphold an 
immigration judge's denial. See id. (8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(v)).

F. Board Findings of Fact--Voluntary Departure

1. Before Promulgation of the AA96 Final Rule
    Voluntary departure is a discretionary form of relief that ``allows 
certain favored [noncitizens] . . . to leave the country willingly'' 
either before the conclusion of removal proceedings or after being 
found deportable. Dada, 554 U.S. at 8. A noncitizen must apply for 
voluntary departure in the first instance before an immigration judge; 
otherwise, the opportunity to seek such relief will be deemed waived. 
See, e.g., Matter of J-Y-C-, 24 I&N Dec. 260, 261 n.1 (BIA 2007) 
(declining to consider claim raised for the first time on appeal). 
Likewise, the noncitizen must raise the issue of voluntary departure in 
any appeal to the Board; otherwise, it will be deemed waived. See 
Matter of Cervantes, 22 I&N Dec. 560, 561 n.1 (BIA 1999) (refusing to 
address an issue not raised on appeal).
    Prior to the AA96 Final Rule, the regulations described an 
immigration judge's authority to grant voluntary departure but did not 
articulate the Board's authority to do so. See generally 8 CFR 1240.26 
(2019). The regulations stated that in limited circumstances, the Board 
could reinstate an order of voluntary departure when removal 
proceedings had been reopened for a purpose other than solely 
requesting voluntary departure. 8 CFR 1240.26(h) (2019).\16\ The Board 
could remand cases to the immigration court to consider whether a 
noncitizen was eligible for voluntary departure or for the

[[Page 62249]]

immigration judge to review whether a noncitizen had received proper 
voluntary departure advisals. See Matter of Gamero, 25 I&N Dec. 164, 
168 (BIA 2010) (concluding that ``a remand is the appropriate remedy 
when the mandatory advisals have not been provided by the Immigration 
Judge'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ Although the regulations have never explicitly stated that 
the Board has the authority to grant voluntary departure, the 
Eleventh Circuit has stated that the Board has the authority to 
grant or deny voluntary departure in the first instance pursuant to 
its general (pre-AA96) regulatory authority under 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(3)(ii) to ``review questions of law, discretion, and 
judgment and all other issues in appeals from decisions of 
immigration judges de novo.'' Blanc v. U.S. Att'y Gen., 996 F.3d 
1274, 1278 (11th Cir. 2021) (``At the agency level, the Board of 
Immigration Appeals itself can grant--or deny--voluntary 
departure.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Changes Made by the AA96 Final Rule
    The AA96 Final Rule delegated explicit authority to the Board to 
consider issues relating to the immigration judge's decision on 
voluntary departure de novo and to issue final decisions on requests 
for voluntary departure based on the record evidence. 85 FR at 81652, 
81655 (8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(ii)(E); 1240.26(k)). The AA96 Final Rule 
barred the Board from remanding a case to the immigration court solely 
to consider a request for voluntary departure or for the immigration 
judge's failure to provide advisals following a grant of voluntary 
departure. Id. at 81652.
    Specifically, the AA96 Final Rule provided that the Board could 
issue an order of voluntary departure, with an alternate order of 
removal, where: (1) the noncitizen requested voluntary departure before 
the immigration judge; (2) the notice of appeal specified that the 
noncitizen was appealing an immigration judge's denial of voluntary 
departure and raised specific factual and legal challenges on this 
issue; and (3) the Board determined that the noncitizen was otherwise 
eligible for voluntary departure. Id. The AA96 Final Rule mandated that 
if the Board did not grant the request for voluntary departure, it 
would be required to deny the request. Id.
    The AA96 Final Rule further provided that in instances where the 
Board determined that the immigration judge incorrectly denied a 
noncitizen's request for voluntary departure or failed to provide 
appropriate advisals, it would be required to consider the request for 
voluntary departure de novo and, if warranted, it must enter an order 
granting voluntary departure with an alternate order of removal. Id. at 
81655.
    Furthermore, the AA96 Final Rule specified that in cases where DHS 
appealed an immigration judge's decision, the Board could not grant 
voluntary departure unless: (1) the noncitizen requested voluntary 
departure before the immigration judge and provided or proffered 
evidence to support the request; (2) the immigration judge either 
granted voluntary departure or did not rule on the request; and (3) the 
noncitizen otherwise met the statutory and regulatory criteria for 
voluntary departure. Id.
    Lastly, the AA96 Final Rule specified that the Board could impose 
conditions that it deemed necessary to ensure the noncitizen's timely 
departure from the United States and required the Board to provide 
written advisals of such conditions and other duties associated with 
voluntary departure. Id. at 81655-56. The noncitizen could accept the 
grant of voluntary departure or could decline by providing written 
notice within five days of receipt of the Board's decision, failing to 
timely post any required bond, or otherwise failing to comply with the 
Board's order. Id. at 81656.

G. Board Remand Authority--Additional Findings of Fact

1. Before Promulgation of the AA96 Final Rule
    The Board does not engage in fact-finding when adjudicating appeals 
of immigration judges' decisions. 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(i). Accordingly, 
under the pre-AA96 regulations, a party asserting that the Board could 
not properly resolve an appeal without further fact-finding would file 
a motion to remand. 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv) (2019).
    Generally, motions to remand are subject to the same substantive 
requirements as motions to reopen, particularly where a party seeks 
remand during the pendency of a direct appeal to present new evidence 
or to apply for a newly available form of relief not considered by the 
immigration judge. See Rodriguez v. INS, 841 F.2d 865, 867 (9th Cir. 
1987) (substantive requirements of a motion to remand are the same as a 
motion to reopen); Matter of Coelho, 20 I&N Dec. 464, 471 (BIA 1992) 
(explaining ``where a motion to remand is really in the nature of a 
motion to reopen or a motion to reconsider, it must comply with the 
substantive requirements for such motions''). Additionally, prior to 
the AA96 Final Rule, the Board had regulatory authority to sua sponte 
remand a case for further fact-finding where necessary. 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(3)(iv) (2019); see also Matter of S-H-, 23 I&N Dec. 462, 466 
(BIA 2002) (exercising sua sponte remand authority).
2. Changes Made by the AA96 Final Rule
    The AA96 Final Rule restricted the Board's authority to remand for 
further fact-finding or consideration of new evidence. 85 FR at 81651 
(8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv)(C)-(D)). First, the AA96 Final Rule provided 
that the Board may only grant motions to remand for further fact-
finding when: (1) the party seeking remand preserved the issue before 
the immigration judge; (2) the party seeking remand attempted to adduce 
the additional facts before the immigration judge, if it bore the 
burden of proof; (3) additional fact-finding would alter the outcome of 
the case; (4) additional fact-finding would not be cumulative of the 
evidence already presented or contained in the record; and (5) either 
the immigration judge's factual findings were clearly erroneous, the 
immigration judge committed an error of law that required additional 
fact-finding on remand, or remand to DHS was warranted following a de 
novo review. Id. (8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv)(D)). Second, the AA96 Final 
Rule prohibited the Board from sua sponte remanding a case for further 
fact-finding except when necessary to determine whether the immigration 
judge had jurisdiction over the case. Id. (8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv)(C)).
    The AA96 Final Rule provided exceptions to these general 
restrictions on remand authority under 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(6)(iii) and 
(d)(7)(v)(B). 85 FR at 81651-52. Under paragraph (d)(6)(iii), DHS could 
move the Board to remand the record to the immigration judge to 
consider whether, in light of new information gained by identity, law 
enforcement, or security investigations or examinations, any pending 
applications for relief or protection should be denied. Id. If DHS 
failed to report the results of such investigations or examinations, 
the regulations directed the Board to remand the case to the 
immigration judge for further proceedings under 8 CFR 1003.47(h). Id. 
Paragraph (d)(7)(v)(B) reiterated that the Board was not limited in 
remanding a case based on new evidence or information gained from 
identity, law enforcement, or security investigations or examinations; 
to address a question of jurisdiction over an application or 
proceedings; or to address a question regarding grounds of removability 
in sections 212 or 237 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182, 1227. 85 FR at 81652.

H. Board Remand Authority--Errors in Fact or Law

1. Before Promulgation of the AA96 Final Rule
    Prior to the AA96 Final Rule, the regulations broadly authorized 
the Board to remand cases ``as . . . appropriate, without entering a 
final decision on the merits of the case.'' 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7) (2019). 
However, as the AA96 Final Rule explained, the regulation granted this 
authority without any further guidance or instructions regarding when 
the Board

[[Page 62250]]

could order a remand instead of issuing a final order. 85 FR at 81589.
2. Changes Made by the AA96 Final Rule
    The AA96 Final Rule restricted the Board's authority to remand for 
errors in fact or law or consideration of material changes in fact or 
law. Id. at 81652 (8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(ii)). Specifically, the AA96 
Final Rule provided that the Board could not remand a case without 
first identifying the standard of review that it had applied, as well 
as the specific error or errors made by the immigration judge. Id. The 
Board also could not remand a case based on a ``totality of the 
circumstances'' standard of review or based on a legal argument that 
was not presented in 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(ii)(D) through (E), with 
certain exceptions. Id.
    Additionally, the AA96 Final Rule barred the Board from remanding a 
case sua sponte, unless the remand solely involved a question of 
jurisdiction. Id. As discussed above, the Board also could not remand a 
case solely for consideration of voluntary departure or as the result 
of the failure to give required advisals for a grant of voluntary 
departure. Id. Moreover, the AA96 Final Rule generally barred remanding 
based on any legal arguments that did not pertain to an ``issue of 
jurisdiction over an application or the proceedings,'' or to ``material 
change[s] in fact or law'' underlying a removability ground or grounds 
that occurred after the date of the immigration judge's decision and 
substantial evidence indicated that the material change would vitiate 
all grounds of removability. Id.

I. Background Check

1. Before Promulgation of the AA96 Final Rule
    In 2005, the Department implemented regulations covering background 
and security investigations in proceedings before immigration judges 
and the Board. See Background and Security Investigations in 
Proceedings Before Immigration Judges and the Board of Immigration 
Appeals, 70 FR 4743 (Jan. 31, 2005) (``Background Check Rule'') (issued 
as interim final rule). The Background Check Rule amended Department 
regulations to ensure that the necessary identity, law enforcement, and 
security investigations (hereinafter ``background checks'') are 
promptly initiated and have been completed by DHS prior to the granting 
of certain forms of relief or protection from removal. 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(6) (2019).
    Under the framework implemented by the Background Check Rule, 
applicants for relief or protection from removal in proceedings before 
EOIR have an obligation to comply with applicable requirements to 
provide biometrics and other biographical information, and failure to 
comply with such requirements within the time allowed constitutes 
abandonment of the application, with certain exceptions. Id.; 8 CFR 
1003.47(c), (d).
    Prior to the AA96 Final Rule, the Board could address incomplete or 
outdated background checks by either remanding the case to the 
immigration judge or placing adjudication of the case on hold until 
background checks were completed or updated. 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(6)(ii)(A), 
(B) (2019). However, the Board was not required to remand or hold a 
case if dismissing the appeal or when denying the relief sought. 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(6)(iv) (2019).
2. Changes Made by the AA96 Final Rule
    The AA96 Final Rule limited the Board's authority to remand a 
decision with incomplete or outdated background checks. 85 FR at 81651 
(8 CFR 1003.1(d)(6)(ii)-(iii)). Under the new framework, the Board was 
only permitted to place such cases on hold and to notify the parties 
about the hold, including certain advisals about the consequences for 
failure to comply with background check requirements. Id.
    Further, the AA96 Final Rule required the Board to deem an 
application for relief from removal abandoned if a noncitizen failed to 
comply with background check procedures within 90 days of DHS's 
instruction notice under 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(6)(ii), unless the noncitizen 
demonstrated good cause prior to the end of the 90-day period, or if 
the noncitizen was detained. Id. at 81651-52 (8 CFR 1003.1(d)(6)(iii)). 
If the noncitizen demonstrated good cause within the 90-day period, the 
Board could give the noncitizen one extension of up to 30 additional 
days to comply. Id. at 81652. The AA96 Final Rule further required that 
the Board adjudicate the remainder of the appeal within 30 days after 
an application was deemed abandoned and enter an order of removal or a 
grant of voluntary departure, as appropriate. Id.
    Regarding motions to remand, the AA96 Final Rule permitted DHS to 
file a motion to remand if it obtained relevant information when 
completing or updating background checks so that the immigration judge 
could consider whether, in light of the new information, any pending 
applications for relief or protection should be denied. Id. 
Additionally, the AA96 Final Rule instructed the Board to remand the 
case to the immigration judge if DHS failed to report the results of 
background checks within 180 days of the Board's notice. Id.

J. Adjudication Timelines

1. Before Promulgation of the AA96 Final Rule
    Prior to the AA96 Final Rule, the regulations provided for a case 
management system that set forth, in relevant part, procedures for 
initial screening for cases appealed to the Board and general guidance 
regarding a decision's timeliness. 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(1), (8) (2019). 
Regarding initial screening, the regulations established that cases 
would be referred to a screening panel for review and that appeals 
subject to summary dismissal must be ``promptly dismissed.'' 8 CFR 
1003.1(e)(1) (2019). However, the Board did not have a concrete 
timeline for such review or dismissal. Id. As for timeliness, the 
regulations provided that in all cases, other than those subject to 
summary dismissal, the Appellate Immigration Judge or panel should 
issue a decision on the merits ``as soon as practicable,'' prioritizing 
cases involving detained noncitizens. 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8) (2019). The 
regulations further set forth a 90-day decision deadline for cases 
adjudicated by a single Appellate Immigration Judge, beginning upon 
completion of the record on appeal, and a 180-day deadline for cases 
adjudicated by a three-member panel, beginning once an appeal was 
assigned to the three-member panel. 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(i) (2019). 
However, the Board Chairman \17\ could extend those deadlines in 
exigent circumstances. 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(ii) (2019). The Chairman 
could also suspend the regulatory deadlines and indefinitely hold a 
case or group of cases in anticipation of an impending decision by the 
United States Supreme Court, a United States Court of Appeals, the 
Board sitting en banc, or impending Department regulations. 8 CFR 
1003.1(e)(8)(iii) (2019). Moreover, the Chairman was required to notify 
the EOIR Director and the Attorney General if an Appellate Immigration 
Judge consistently failed to meet the assigned deadlines or adhere to 
the case management system, as well as to prepare an annual report 
assessing the timeliness of the disposition of cases by

[[Page 62251]]

each Appellate Immigration Judge. 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(v) (2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ The Board Chairman, or the Chairman, is also known as the 
``Chief Appellate Immigration Judge.'' See Organization of the 
Executive Office for Immigration Review, 85 FR 69465, 69466 (Nov. 3, 
2020) (final rule).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Changes Made by the AA96 Final Rule
    The AA96 Final Rule imposed numerous internal deadlines for 
adjudicating Board appeals. 85 FR at 81652-53 (8 CFR 1003.1(e)). For 
example, the rule required the Board screening panel to review cases 
within 14 days of the filing of a Notice of Appeal, the filing of a 
motion, or the receipt of a remand from a federal court. Id. (8 CFR 
1003.1(e)(1)). Following an initial review, the Board had to adjudicate 
requests for summary dismissal no later than 30 days after the filing 
of the Notice of Appeal, subject to limited exceptions, and 
interlocutory appeals within 30 days of the filing of the appeal, 
unless referred to a three-member panel. Id. After the screening panel 
completed its review, the Board would then have seven days to order a 
transcript and would be required to set a briefing schedule within 
seven days after the transcript was provided, subject to limited 
exceptions. Id. at 81653 (8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)).
    The AA96 Final Rule also required that the Board assign each case 
to a single Appellate Immigration Judge within seven days of the 
completion of the record on appeal. Id. The single Appellate 
Immigration Judge would then determine whether to adjudicate the appeal 
independently or to designate the case for decision by a three-member 
panel. Id.
    The AA96 Final Rule did not alter the completion deadlines of 90 
days for a single-member decision and 180 days for a three-member 
decision. 85 FR at 81653 (8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(i)). However, the AA96 
Final Rule changed the 180-day time period for completion of a three-
member decision to begin earlier, upon completion of the record, rather 
than beginning the clock after the case was assigned to a three-member 
panel, and added that the Chairman's determination as to whether 
exigent circumstances warranted extension of those deadlines would be 
subject to concurrence by the EOIR Director. Id.
    The AA96 Final Rule also limited the ``rare circumstances'' under 
which the Chairman could place cases on hold to only those groups of 
cases that would be substantially impacted by an impending decision by 
the United States Supreme Court or the Board sitting en banc and 
removed the ability to hold cases to await an impending decision by a 
United States Court of Appeals or impending Department regulations. 8 
CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(iii). The AA96 Final Rule also required the 
concurrence of the EOIR Director to hold cases under this provision. 
Id. at 81653 (8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(iii)). The AA96 Final Rule limited 
such holds to a maximum of 120 days. Id. The AA96 Final Rule also 
imposed additional reporting requirements on the Chairman for 
transcription processes and cases involving extensions, holds, or other 
delays. Id. at 81653 (8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8), (8)(v)).
    Furthermore, the AA96 Final Rule required that all cases that 
remained pending for more than 335 days after receipt of a filed appeal 
or motion, or remand from a federal court, would be referred to the 
EOIR Director for a decision unless subject to an extension, hold, 
deferral, or remand. Id. at 81653 (8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(v)). The Director 
would then exercise delegated authority from the Attorney General 
identical to that of the Board, including the authority to issue 
precedential decisions or refer cases to the Attorney General. Id. 
However, the AA96 Final Rule limited further delegation of such 
authority from the EOIR Director to other individuals. Id.

K. Director's Authority To Issue Decisions

1. Before Promulgation of the AA96 Final Rule
    Until 2019, the EOIR Director had no authority to adjudicate cases 
arising under the Act, including appeals before the Board. See 8 CFR 
1003.0(c) (2018). Instead, the regulations simply provided that for 
cases not completed within the relevant time limits and not subject to 
any exceptions, the Chairman should self-refer them or refer them to 
the Vice Chairman for completion within 14 days. Alternatively, the 
Chairman could refer them to the Attorney General. 8 CFR 
1003.1(e)(8)(ii) (2018).
    In 2019, the Department established a narrow discretionary 
authority for the EOIR Director to decide appeals in certain 
circumstances. See Organization of the Executive Office for Immigration 
Review, 84 FR 44537, 44539-40 (Aug. 26, 2019) (issued as an interim 
final rule), 85 FR 69465, 69466 (Nov. 3, 2020) (final rule); see also 8 
CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(ii) (authorizing the EOIR Director to decide an appeal 
that exceeded the 90- and 180-day regulatory time limits unless the 
Chairman self-referred the case or referred the case to the Vice 
Chairman); 8 CFR 1003.0(c) (providing that the EOIR Director may not 
adjudicate cases arising under the Act ``[e]xcept as provided by 
statute, regulation, or delegation of authority from the Attorney 
General, or when acting as a designee of the Attorney General''). The 
Department subsequently codified, at the final rule stage, language 
stating that the EOIR Director's authority to decide appeals in certain 
circumstances under 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(ii) could not be further 
delegated. 85 FR at 69480-81; 8 CFR 1003.0(b)(2)(ii) (``The Director 
may not delegate the authority assigned to the Director in [8 CFR] 
1003.1(e)(8)(ii) . . .'').
2. Changes Made by the AA96 Final Rule
    The AA96 Final Rule authorized the EOIR Director to decide cases in 
two distinct circumstances. First, the rule directed the Chairman to 
refer any case still pending 335 days after an appeal or motion was 
filed or a remand was received to the EOIR Director for adjudication. 
85 FR at 81653 (8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(v)). Under the AA96 Final Rule, the 
following categories of cases were not subject to the EOIR Director's 
adjudication authority: (1) cases subject to a hold under 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(6)(ii); (2) cases subject to an extension under 8 CFR 
1003.1(e)(8)(ii); (3) cases subject to a hold under 8 CFR 
1003.1(e)(8)(iii); (4) cases whose adjudication had been deferred by 
the EOIR Director pursuant to 8 CFR 1003.0(b)(1)(ii); (5) cases that 
were remanded by the EOIR Director under 8 CFR 1003.1(k) in which 335 
days had elapsed following remand; and (6) cases that were 
administratively closed prior to 335 days after the appeal was filed 
pursuant to a regulation promulgated by the Department or a previous 
judicially approved settlement that authorized such an action but for 
which the administrative closure caused the pendency of the appeal to 
exceed 335 days. Id. (8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(v)(A)-(F)).
    Second, the rule established a procedure for an immigration judge 
to certify a Board decision to the EOIR Director when the immigration 
judge believed the Board made one or more enumerated errors. Id. (8 CFR 
1003.1(k)). This authority is discussed in further detail in the 
section on the ``Quality Assurance Certification'' provision.
    For cases referred to the EOIR Director, the EOIR Director would 
exercise delegated authority from the Attorney General identical to 
that of the Board, including the authority to issue precedential 
decisions and the authority to refer cases to the Attorney General for 
review. Id. (8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(v)). The AA96 Final Rule prohibited the 
EOIR Director from further delegating this authority. Id. Of note, the 
AA96 Final Rule did not amend the existing regulatory provision 
reiterating that 8

[[Page 62252]]

CFR 1003.1(e)(8) did not confer substantive or procedural rights 
enforceable before any immigration judge, the Board, or any court of 
law or equity, 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(vi), which, under the AA96 Final 
Rule, included case referrals to the EOIR Director.

L. Quality Assurance Certification

1. Before Promulgation of the AA96 Final Rule
    Prior to the AA96 Final Rule, various options were available to 
ensure quality case adjudications. If a party were dissatisfied with a 
Board decision, the party could file a motion to reconsider. 8 CFR 
1003.2(a). Alternatively, the noncitizen could file a petition for 
review of a final order of removal with a federal court of appeals. INA 
242(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1252(a)(1). In addition, DHS could seek to certify 
a Board decision to the Attorney General for review, 8 CFR 
1003.1(h)(1)(iii), or the Attorney General could self-certify a Board 
decision for review, 8 CFR 1003.1(h)(1)(i). The Board could also 
reconsider or reopen a decision by exercising its sua sponte authority. 
8 CFR 1003.2(a) (2019) (providing that ``[t]he Board may at any time 
reopen or reconsider on its own motion'' any Board decision). The 
process by which an immigration judge could certify a decision to the 
EOIR Director did not exist prior to the AA96 Final Rule. See generally 
8 CFR 1003.23(b) (2019).
2. Changes Made by the AA96 Final Rule
    The AA96 Final Rule did not change some of the existing options to 
ensure quality case adjudications discussed above, including a party's 
ability to file a motion to reconsider with the Board, the ability to 
file a petition for review of a final order of removal with a federal 
court of appeals, and the case referral options outlined in 8 CFR 
1003.1(h).\18\ In addition to these options, the AA96 Final Rule 
implemented a quality assurance certification, wherein the immigration 
judge could forward a case by certification to the EOIR Director for 
further review if the Board decision: (1) contained a typographical or 
clerical error that affected the outcome of the case; (2) was clearly 
contrary to an immigration law or statute, applicable regulation, or 
published binding precedent; (3) was ``vague, ambiguous, internally 
inconsistent, or otherwise did not resolve the basis for the appeal''; 
or (4) did not consider a material factor pertinent to the issues 
before the immigration judge. 85 FR at 81653-54 (8 CFR 1003.1(k)(1)). 
To certify a decision, the immigration judge was required to issue an 
order of certification within 30 days of the Board decision, or within 
15 days if the noncitizen was detained, specifying the regulatory basis 
for the certification, summarizing the underlying factual basis, and 
providing notice of the certification to both parties. Id. at 81653 (8 
CFR 1003.1(k)(2)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ The AA96 Final Rule limited the Board's sua sponte 
authority to reopen or reconsider a decision as discussed in Section 
III.D of this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For such cases, the EOIR Director would exercise delegated 
authority from the Attorney General identical to that of the Board. Id. 
(8 CFR 1003.1(k)(3)). The Director could dismiss the certification and 
return the case to the immigration judge or remand the case back to the 
Board. Id. The Director could not, however, issue an order of removal, 
grant a request for voluntary departure, or grant or deny an 
application for relief or protection from removal. Id. The AA96 Final 
Rule further barred the quality assurance certification process from 
being used solely to express general disapproval or disagreement with 
the outcome of a Board decision. Id. at 81654 (8 CFR 1003.1(k)(4)).

M. Forwarding of Record on Appeal

1. Before Promulgation of the AA96 Final Rule
    The pre-AA96 regulation provided that, when a transcript of an oral 
decision was required, an immigration judge would review the transcript 
and approve the decision within 14 days of receipt (or within seven 
days following an immigration judge's return from leave or a detail). 8 
CFR 1003.5(a) (2019). Further, the regulation required the transcript 
to be forwarded to the Board upon its request or order. Id. The 
regulation instructed the Chairman and Chief Immigration Judge to 
determine the most effective and expeditious way to transcribe 
proceedings before immigration judges, including reducing the time 
necessary to produce transcripts and improving the quality of such 
transcripts. Id.
2. Changes Made by the AA96 Final Rule
    The AA96 Final Rule amended 8 CFR 1003.5(a) so that immigration 
judges would not need to forward the record to the Board if the Board 
already had electronic access to the record. 85 FR at 81654 (8 CFR 
1003.5(a)). The AA96 Final Rule also removed the requirement that 
immigration judges review transcripts of oral decisions, which included 
review of, potential revisions to, and approval of the transcript. 
Compare 8 CFR 1003.5(a) (2019) (``Where transcription of an oral 
decision is required, the immigration judge shall review the transcript 
and approve the decision . . .''), with 85 FR at 81654 (8 CFR 
1003.5(a)) (omitting that requirement).
    The AA96 Final Rule did not alter the requirement that the EOIR 
Director, in consultation with the Chairman and Chief Immigration 
Judge, determine the most effective and expeditious way to transcribe 
proceedings. 85 FR at 81654 (8 CFR 1003.5(a)). However, it directed the 
Chairman and Chief Immigration Judge to ``ensure,'' id. (8 CFR 
1003.5(a)), rather than simply ``improve,'' 8 CFR 1003.5(a) (2019), the 
quality of such transcripts.
    The AA96 Final Rule also amended 8 CFR 1003.5(b) by removing 
language describing procedures regarding appeals from DHS decisions 
that are within the BIA's appellate jurisdiction and stated that those 
procedures were not applicable to EOIR adjudicators. 85 FR at 81654 (8 
CFR 1003.5(b)).

N. Centro Legal de la Raza Litigation

    On March 10, 2021, the United States District Court for the 
Northern District of California granted a nationwide preliminary 
injunction barring the Department from implementing or enforcing the 
AA96 Final Rule or any portion thereof and staying the effectiveness of 
the rule under 5 U.S.C. 705. Centro Legal de la Raza v. Exec. Off. for 
Immigr. Rev., 524 F. Supp. 3d 919 (N.D. Cal. 2021). The preliminary 
injunction and stay of the rule's effectiveness remain in effect.\19\ 
In granting the preliminary injunction and stay under 5 U.S.C. 705, the 
court determined that plaintiffs were likely to ultimately succeed on 
several substantive and procedural challenges raised with respect to 
the AA96 Final Rule. Id. at 954-76.\20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ In addition to this preliminary injunction, the United 
States District Court of the District of Columbia granted a stay of 
the implementation of the AA96 Final Rule on April 3, 2021, 
determining that the 30-day comment period associated with the 
rulemaking was procedurally insufficient. See Catholic Legal 
Immigration Network, Inc. v. Exec. Off. for Immigr. Rev., No. 21-
00094, 2021 WL 3609986 (D.D.C. Apr. 4, 2021).
    \20\ Procedurally, the court stated that plaintiffs were likely 
to succeed on their claim that the Department's 30-day notice-and-
comment period was insufficient under the Administrative Procedure 
Act (``APA'') due to the rule's complexity, the COVID-19 pandemic, 
and other concerns. Centro Legal de la Raza, 524 F. Supp. 3d at 954-
58. The court also raised ``serious concerns'' with the Department's 
``staggered rulemaking'' approach, explaining that because 
``numerous intertwined proposed rules were promulgated at different 
times, including after the close of the comment period in this case, 
the true impact of the [AA96 Final Rule] was obscured and the public 
was deprived of a meaningful opportunity to comment.'' Id. at 958, 
962.

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[[Page 62253]]

1. ``Arbitrary and Capricious'' Challenges
    Substantively, the court determined that the plaintiffs 
demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits of their arguments 
that the AA96 Final Rule's changes to the briefing schedule for BIA 
appeals, administrative closure, and sua sponte reopening and 
reconsideration authority were arbitrary and capricious. Id. at 963-71. 
The court also made a generally applicable finding that EOIR's failure 
to adequately consider the Booz Allen Hamilton report that EOIR 
``specifically commissioned to analyze the very concerns that 
purportedly animate'' the AA96 Final Rule raised significant APA 
concerns. Id. at 963.
i. Changes to BIA Briefing Schedule
    The court found that there was a substantial likelihood that the 
AA96 Final Rule's changes to the briefing schedule for BIA appeals are 
arbitrary and capricious because the Department failed to adequately 
consider the impact on pro se individuals and how the changes would 
operate, in conjunction with existing BIA practices and procedures, to 
create difficulties for noncitizens and their attorneys in meeting 
briefing deadlines. Id. at 964-66. The court was not persuaded by the 
Department's position that noncitizens need not wait until the BIA 
briefing schedule had been issued to seek representation for an appeal 
because, the court stated, ``the vast majority of individuals appearing 
before immigration courts are pro se,'' \21\ and many face language 
barriers. Id. at 965. Additionally, the court noted that, ``of critical 
importance[,]'' immigration judges often issue oral decisions; 
accordingly, noncitizens may not have the documents necessary to seek 
representation until after the Board issues and mails the briefing 
schedule, transcript, and a copy of the immigration judge's order. Id. 
The court stated that the Department failed to address how challenges 
to the compressed briefing schedule might be exacerbated by the Board's 
mail-based system, failure to follow the ``mailbox rule,'' and 
unpredictable briefing schedules.\22\ Id. The court also found the 
Department's reliance on future implementation of an electronic filing 
system unpersuasive. Id. The court further stated that the Department 
failed to consider the challenges that the COVID-19 pandemic may 
present to compliance with the compressed briefing schedule. Id. at 
966.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ EOIR data reports an 86% representation rate for ``all 
completed appeals,'' a 90% representation rate for ``all pending 
appeals,'' and a 45% representation rate for ``overall pending'' 
adjudications. See EOIR, Adjudication Statistics: Current 
Representation Rates, https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1062991/download (data generated Apr. 21, 2023).
    \22\ The court noted that the ``U.S. Postal service is 
experiencing historic backlogs'' due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 
Centro Legal de la Raza, 524 F. Supp. 3d at 966.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Administrative Closure
    The court also determined that plaintiffs were likely to succeed on 
their argument that the AA96 Final Rule's restrictions on 
administrative closure are arbitrary and capricious. First, the court 
found that, although the Department cited efficiency reasons for 
promulgating the rule, it failed to meaningfully address the existence 
of ``extensive contrary evidence showing that administrative closure 
enhances efficiency.'' Id. at 967. The court also noted that EOIR's 
consultants had previously recommended that EOIR work with DHS to 
explore developing policies regarding administrative closure, and yet 
EOIR did not discuss or consider that recommendation in its rulemaking. 
Id. The court further stated that the Department improperly dismissed 
and minimized commenter concerns that eliminating administrative 
closure could lead to the removal of noncitizens with meritorious 
claims for relief or protection, including removal in violation of the 
United States' non-refoulement obligations under international law. Id. 
at 968. The court explained that, although the Department cited the 
availability of administrative closure in some circumstances, it did 
not adequately address the issue that administrative closure would no 
longer be available for ``the vast majority of noncitizens in removal 
proceedings, including people for whom Congress has specifically 
crafted humanitarian relief.'' Id.
    Additionally, the court determined that the Department did not 
adequately engage with commenter concerns that the AA96 Final Rule 
conflicted with section 212(a)(9)(B)(v) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(9)(B)(v), as DHS has interpreted it. Id.; see also 8 CFR 
212.7(e)(4)(iii) (rendering an individual in removal proceedings 
ineligible for an unlawful presence hardship waiver unless the 
proceedings are administratively closed); see also Garcia-DeLeon, 999 
F.3d at 993 (``We conclude that immigration judges and the BIA retain 
the authority to grant administrative closure so that noncitizens may 
apply for a provisional unlawful presence waiver.'').
    The court noted that, although DHS had previously determined that 
individuals who have been granted voluntary departure would not be 
eligible for such provisional waivers, see Expansion of Provisional 
Unlawful Presence Waivers of Inadmissibility, 81 FR 50244, 50256 (July 
29, 2016), EOIR nevertheless asserted in the AA96 Final Rule that 
eliminating general authority to administratively close cases would 
have no bearing on a noncitizen's ``ability to obtain an order of 
voluntary departure and then a provisional waiver before departing to 
receive the final waiver abroad.'' 85 FR at 81601. The court determined 
that the Department did not provide a ``reasoned basis'' for this 
position. Centro Legal de la Raza, 524 F. Supp. 3d at 969.
iii. Sua Sponte Reopening and Reconsideration Authority
    The court also determined that the Department's decision to 
eliminate adjudicators' sua sponte reopening and reconsideration 
authority was likely arbitrary and capricious. The court expressed that 
it was ``extremely troubled'' by the Department's contention that, 
because there is no right to sua sponte reopening, the Department was 
not required to assess commenter concerns about any reliance interests 
or weigh such interests against competing policy concerns. Id. at 970; 
see also Dep't of Homeland Sec. v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 140 S. 
Ct. 1891, 1913 (2020) (``When an agency changes course . . . it must be 
cognizant that longstanding policies may have engendered serious 
reliance interests that must be taken into account.'' (internal 
quotation marks omitted)).
    The court similarly expressed concerns with the Department's 
justifications for eliminating sua sponte reopening and reconsideration 
in light of ``the reality that its elimination will foreclose the only 
avenue of relief for some noncitizens who would otherwise be eligible 
for relief from removal.'' Centro Legal de la Raza, 524 F. Supp. 3d at 
971. For example, the Department asserted that the rule would promote 
fairness by withdrawing an authority that may be subject to 
inconsistent and potentially abusive usage and could undermine finality 
in proceedings. Id. However, the court found that the Department failed 
to provide examples of inconsistent application or abuse and did not 
adequately explain why ``it could not articulate or clarify a 
meaningful standard to govern'' when `` `exceptional situations' would 
permit sua sponte reopening or reconsideration.'' Id.; see also Motor 
Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n of U.S. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 
29, 48-49 (1983) (``[A]n agency must cogently

[[Page 62254]]

explain why it has exercised its discretion in a given manner.'').
2. Regulatory Flexibility Act Challenge
    The court determined that the plaintiffs raised serious questions 
that the AA96 Final Rule violated the Regulatory Flexibility Act 
(``RFA''), which requires federal agencies to analyze the impact of 
proposed rules on small entities. Centro Legal de la Raza, 524 F. Supp. 
3d at 971-74; see also 5 U.S.C. 601-12. Specifically, the court 
determined that the plaintiff, Centro Legal de la Raza, was likely a 
small entity under the RFA and that the AA96 Final Rule would apply to 
it because it would be required to comply with the changes implemented 
by the rule. Centro Legal de la Raza, 524 F. Supp. 3d at 973. Further, 
the court expressed doubt that the AA96 Final Rule's ``cursory'' 
statement that the rule would not have a substantial impact on small 
entities was a sufficient factual basis to avoid engaging in an RFA 
analysis, particularly in light of the scope of the AA96 Final Rule and 
the numerous comments from organizations claiming that the AA96 Final 
Rule would economically impact them. Id. at 974.
3. Delegation of Rulemaking Authority to the EOIR Director
    Lastly, the court determined that the plaintiffs had raised serious 
questions regarding whether the AA96 Final Rule's delegation of 
rulemaking authority to the EOIR Director, based on the specific facts 
of that case, violated the APA. Centro Legal de la Raza, 524 F. Supp. 
3d at 976. The court was troubled by the manner by which the delegation 
occurred. Id. Specifically, the court stated that while the Attorney 
General signed the AA96 NPRM, the Attorney General did not delegate 
rulemaking authority until after the close of the NPRM's comment period 
and did so through a non-public order. Id. The court also expressed 
particular concern that the AA96 Final Rule, signed by the EOIR 
Director pursuant to the delegated rulemaking authority, significantly 
expanded the EOIR Director's authority to adjudicate Board appeals. Id. 
The court stated that although the AA96 NPRM--as signed by the Attorney 
General--proposed expanding the EOIR Director's authority in this 
manner, the NPRM did not disclose that the EOIR Director would issue 
the final rule and, thus, would ultimately be in charge of considering 
the public's comments about expanding the EOIR Director's own 
authority. Id.

IV. Description of Proposed Regulatory Changes

    The Department has carefully reconsidered the AA96 Final Rule, the 
comments received on the AA96 Proposed Rule, the issues identified in 
the Centro Legal de la Raza decision, and other experience gained since 
that decision. The Department now proposes to restore the longstanding 
procedures in place prior to the AA96 Final Rule, subject to several 
changes. For the reasons described below, the Department believes that 
these amendments will promote the efficient and expeditious 
adjudication of cases, afford immigration judges and the BIA 
flexibility to efficiently allocate their limited resources, and 
protect due process for parties before immigration judges and the 
Board.

A. Briefing Schedule Changes

    The Department proposes to rescind changes that the AA96 Final Rule 
made to briefing schedules before the Board.
    Specifically, the Department proposes to restore regulatory 
language, in effect before the promulgation of the AA96 Final Rule, 
that would re-establish longstanding consecutive briefing schedules for 
non-detained noncitizens and simultaneous briefing schedules for 
detained noncitizens. 8 CFR 1003.3(c)(1) (proposed). The proposed 
language states that those subject to a simultaneous briefing schedule 
would have 21 days to submit simultaneous briefs unless the Board 
specifies a shorter period. Id. The proposed language also states that 
in appeals involving simultaneous briefing, the Board may permit 
parties to file reply briefs within 21 days of the deadline for the 
initial briefs. Id.
    Those subject to a consecutive briefing schedule would again have 
21 days to file initial briefs, unless the Board specifies a shorter 
period. Id. Parties would have the same amount of time to file reply 
briefs as was provided for filing the initial brief, including any 
extensions.\23\ Id. The Board would also again be authorized to grant 
one or more extensions for filing briefs or reply briefs for up to 90 
days for good cause shown. Id. The Board could also, in its discretion, 
request supplemental briefings from parties after the briefing deadline 
has expired. Id. The Board would remain authorized to consider untimely 
filed briefs. Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ In the ECAS Rule, the finalized regulatory language 
reverted 8 CFR 1003.3(c)(2) (Appeal from decision of a DHS officer) 
to pre-AA96 standards. See ECAS Rule, 86 FR at 70721. Specifically, 
the ECAS Rule removed the maximum 14-day period for the filing of a 
single permitted reply brief, the 14-day limitation on extensions, 
and procedures for filing supplemental briefs implemented by the 
AA96 Final Rule. Id. The ECAS Rule retained the AA96 Final Rule's 
technical edits to replace ``Service'' with ``DHS'' where 
appropriate, id., and this NPRM proposes additional minor, technical 
changes, as discussed at Section IV.O of this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As stated in the AA96 Final Rule, there is ``no entitlement'' to a 
briefing schedule under the Act. See 85 FR at 81636. Indeed, the Act 
does not enumerate the procedures that apply to the Board's 
adjudication of appeals. Nevertheless, a noncitizen, with certain 
limited exceptions, is entitled to seek appellate review before the 
Board of an immigration judge's decision and, in some cases, a decision 
of a DHS officer.\24\ 8 CFR 1003.3(a)(1)-(2). As part of that review, 
the noncitizen is entitled to certain rights under the Act, including 
the right to have legal representation before the Board (at no expense 
to the government). INA 292, 8 U.S.C. 1362. The Department believes 
that truncating the briefing schedule that had been in place for over 
20 years, see Board of Immigration Appeals: Procedural Reforms to 
Improve Case Management, 67 FR 54878, 54895 (Aug. 26, 2002) (discussing 
changes to 8 CFR 3.3(c)), could impact a noncitizen's ability to 
adequately prepare their case for appeal or secure legal representation 
to do so, and create undue confusion for pro se noncitizens and 
practitioners appearing before EOIR. Concerns about adequate 
preparation time are particularly relevant given the possibility of 
unique and unaccounted-for future issues, similar to the COVID-19 
pandemic, which may present new obstacles to seeking and securing 
representation, as well as preparing and submitting briefs. See Centro 
Legal de la Raza, 524 F. Supp. 3d at 965-66 (``[T]he agency completely 
disregarded the fact that the challenges of briefing on a compressed 
timetable are compounded by the BIA's mail-based system, failure to 
follow the `mailbox rule,' and unpredictable briefing schedules. . . 
Moreover, the agency entirely dismissed the impact of imposing the 
briefing schedule changes during the COVID-19 pandemic, a concern 
raised by numerous commenters.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ Examples of DHS officer decisions subject to appellate 
review before the Board include denials of waivers under INA 
212(d)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1182(d)(3), and denials of visa petitions made 
on a Form I-130.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department notes that it has now implemented electronic filing 
procedures for registered attorneys through the EOIR Courts & Appeals 
System, see ECAS Rule, 86 FR 70708, which may mitigate some concerns 
about mail service and its potential effect on briefing schedule timing

[[Page 62255]]

because parties will be able to view and download documents for cases 
with electronic records of proceeding. However, the Department has not 
yet fully implemented electronic filing and case access for pro se 
noncitizens, see 86 FR at 70709-10, and therefore believes that the 
current availability of electronic filing in most, but not all, 
circumstances is insufficient to address concerns about the AA96 Final 
Rule's truncated briefing schedules. Indeed, briefing schedules that 
allow adjudicators the flexibility to establish deadlines as 
appropriate for a particular case, within given parameters, are a 
fixture of legal practice. For example, in the federal courts, Rule 31 
of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure establishes a ``good 
cause'' exception to its specified time frame. Fed. R. App. P. 31(a)(1) 
(explaining that ``a reply brief must be filed at least 7 days before 
argument, unless the court, for good cause, allows a later filing''). 
Similarly, Rule 12 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure also builds 
flexibility into its established timeframes. Fed. R. Civ. P. 
12(a)(1)(C) (``A party must serve a reply to an answer within 21 days 
after being served with an order to reply, unless the order specifies a 
different time.'').
    Upon reconsideration, the Department believes that the Board should 
have the discretion to manage briefing schedules and extensions. An 
inflexible rule that requires all briefs to be filed within 35 days 
would be unable to accommodate the continually changing landscape that 
may affect parties' ability to seek and retain counsel, as well as to 
prepare and submit briefs within a specified period of time. To the 
extent that shorter briefing schedules or, conversely, extensions for 
both initial and reply briefs, might be appropriate given the 
particular facts and circumstances of an individual case, the Board is 
optimally situated to make such determinations on a case-by-case basis 
to ensure that briefing schedules do not impede access to the appellate 
process and the right to counsel. Cf. Meza Morales, 973 F.3d at 665 
(```[T]imeliness' is not a hard and fast deadline; some cases are more 
complex and simply take longer to resolve. Thus, not all mechanisms 
that lengthen the proceedings of a case prevent `timely' 
resolution.''). Under the proposed rule, the Board would again have the 
discretion to specify shorter briefing schedules as it deems 
appropriate.
    Numerous organizations and commenters on the AA96 Final Rule, 
including those who administer the Board Pro Bono Program, claimed that 
the policies set forth in the AA96 Final Rule would have (and in some 
cases already have had) an impact on their ability to provide appellate 
representation. See Complaint, CLINIC v. EOIR, No. 21-CV-094 (D.D.C. 
Jan. 11, 2021); Plaintiffs' Motion for a Preliminary Injunction, Centro 
Legal de la Raza v. EOIR, No. 21-CV-00463 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 22, 2021). 
This proposed rule is intended to remove the possibility that reducing 
the total amount of time that a noncitizen has to file an appeal brief 
would impede access to the appellate process and the fair and efficient 
adjudication of appeals for at least some pro se individuals and those 
seeking representation.
    The Department also proposes to amend the briefing schedule, with 
respect to motions to reopen or reconsider before the BIA, to extend 
the deadline to submit a reply brief from 13 days to 21 days. 8 CFR 
1003.2(g)(3) (proposed). The Department currently sees no reason to 
distinguish between applicable deadlines for reply briefs for appeals 
and for motions to reopen or reconsider.

B. Administrative Closure Authority--Immigration Judges and the Board

    The Department proposes to remove the AA96 Final Rule's language 
that would, if effectuated, limit an EOIR adjudicator's authority to 
administratively close cases. Instead, this NPRM proposes to explicitly 
state that EOIR adjudicators have the general authority to 
administratively close, and to recalendar,\25\ individual cases 
pursuant to a party's motion. The proposed rule would also set forth 
factors that adjudicators should consider, as the circumstances of the 
case warrant, in adjudicating such motions. The Department believes 
that the proposed changes will improve the efficiency and fairness of 
EOIR proceedings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ The Department notes that the term ``reinstate'' has been 
used interchangeably with ``recalendar'' before the Board. See, 
e.g., Matter of Avetisyan, 25 I&N Dec. at 692. However, consistent 
with longstanding practice and to avoid confusion, the Department is 
using ``recalendar'' for both the immigration courts and the Board 
in this regulation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As described above, there is a long history of EOIR adjudicators 
utilizing administrative closure as a helpful tool for managing dockets 
at both the immigration courts and the Board. See Garcia-DeLeon, 999 
F.3d at 989 (``For at least three decades, immigration judges and the 
BIA regularly administratively closed cases.''); Matter of Avetisyan, 
25 I&N Dec. at 690 (``Administrative closure is a procedural tool 
created for the convenience of the Immigration Courts and the 
Board.''). Indeed, the Attorney General acknowledged this longstanding 
practice in overruling Matter of Castro-Tum. See Matter of Cruz-Valdez, 
28 I&N Dec. at 329 (``Because Castro-Tum departed from long-standing 
practice, it is appropriate to overrule that opinion in its entirety . 
. .''). In Matter of Cruz-Valdez, the Attorney General restored 
administrative closure authority, specifically directing immigration 
judges and the Board to apply the standard for administrative closure 
set forth in Matter of Avetisyan and Matter of W-Y-U- while the 
Department reconsiders the AA96 Final Rule. Id.
    Additionally, circuit court case law undercuts the AA96 Final 
Rule's assertion that administrative closure is unsupported by the law 
and that Matter of Avetisyan was wrongly decided. See Romero, 937 F.3d 
at 294-95 (holding that the regulations ``unambiguously confer upon 
[immigration judges] and the [Board] the general authority to 
administratively close cases''); Meza Morales, 973 F.3d at 667 
(concluding that Matter of Castro-Tum was contrary to the unambiguous 
meaning of the regulations and that immigration judges and the Board 
are ``not precluded from administratively closing cases when 
appropriate''); Arcos Sanchez, 997 F.3d at 122 (holding that ``the 
plain language establishes that general administrative closure 
authority is unambiguously authorized by these regulations''); see also 
Zelaya Diaz v. Rosen, 986 F.3d 687, 691-92 (7th Cir. 2021) (applying 
Meza Morales).
    Although two circuit courts have rejected challenges to Matter of 
Castro-Tum, both left open the possibility that the regulations could 
permissibly be interpreted to permit administrative closure in at least 
some circumstances. In Garcia v. Garland, 64 F.4th 62 (2d Cir. 2023), 
the Second Circuit held that the pre-AA96 regulations were ambiguous as 
to whether they authorized general administrative closure and deferred 
to the Attorney General's interpretation in Matter of Castro-Tum. In 
reaching that conclusion, the Second Circuit did not interpret 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(1)(ii) and 1003.10(b) (2018) to foreclose general 
administrative closure authority. Rather, the Second Circuit focused 
narrowly on the text of those regulations and held that it was not 
unreasonable for the Attorney General in Matter of Castro-Tum to 
interpret them as not explicitly authorizing general administrative 
closure. See id. at 73-74. The Second Circuit acknowledged EOIR 
adjudicators' use of administrative closure since at least 1990, 
however, id. at 66, and recognized that before Castro-Tum, whether to 
allow administrative

[[Page 62256]]

closure was ``a matter reserved to the discretion of the Immigration 
Judge or the Board.'' Id. at 76 n.13.
    The Sixth Circuit agreed with Matter of Castro-Tum that the 
regulatory language prior to the AA96 Final Rule does not provide EOIR 
adjudicators a free-standing authority to administratively close cases. 
See Hernandez-Serrano, 981 F.3d at 466. However, it later clarified 
that immigration judges and the Board have the authority to grant 
administrative closure to permit a noncitizen to apply for a 
provisional unlawful presence waiver, even though this authority was 
not explicitly stated in the regulations. See Garcia-DeLeon, 999 F.3d 
at 992-93. As such, the AA96 Final Rule introduced novel restrictions 
on EOIR adjudicators' long-standing authority to manage the cases 
before them, including through the use of administrative closure when 
appropriate. See Matter of Cruz-Valdez, 28 I&N Dec. at 328-29 (stating 
that the AA96 Final Rule ``effectively codified Castro-Tum[,]'' which 
``departed from long-standing practice . . .'').
    Although several courts of appeals have determined that the 
authority to administratively close cases was clearly encompassed in 
the regulations prior to the AA96 Final Rule, that authority was not 
explicitly stated. As the decisions from the Second and Sixth Circuits 
make clear, this lack of explicit language has led to debate and 
confusion over the full scope of EOIR adjudicators' authority to manage 
cases before them. See, e.g., Garcia v. Garland, 64 F.4th 62 at 74 
(concluding the pre-AA96 regulations ``do not unambiguously permit 
[general] administrative closure.''); Hernandez-Serrano, 981 F.3d at 
466 (holding that the regulations prior to the AA96 Final Rule did not 
give adjudicators the general authority to administratively close 
cases); see also Garcia-DeLeon, 999 F.3d at 992-93 (concluding that an 
application for a provisional unlawful presence waiver ``is a limited 
circumstance where administrative closure is `appropriate and 
necessary' under [8 CFR] 1003.10(b) and 1003.1(d)(1)(ii)''). It is in 
the interests of the Department and the public to have a clear 
understanding of the scope of an adjudicator's authority. Accordingly, 
the Department proposes to amend the regulations to make an EOIR 
adjudicator's long-standing authority to administratively close cases 
explicit in the regulations.
    Additionally, the court in Centro Legal de la Raza identified a 
number of issues with the AA96 Final Rule's changes made with respect 
to administrative closure. 524 F. Supp. 3d at 966-69. Specifically, the 
court noted that the Department failed to adequately consider or 
meaningfully address: (1) the impact that the AA96 Final Rule would 
have on the vast majority of applicants for administrative closure or 
how it would affect noncitizens with meritorious claims for relief; (2) 
commenter concerns that the AA96 Final Rule's restriction on 
administrative closure conflicted with the inadmissibility waiver 
provision at section 212(a)(9)(B)(v) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(9)(B)(v), as it has been interpreted by DHS; and (3) the 
existence of ``extensive contrary evidence showing that administrative 
closure enhances efficiency.'' Id. In this NPRM, the Department 
proposes further rulemaking on this topic to address these concerns.
    The Department believes that codifying general administrative 
closure authority will serve the interests of the Department and the 
public in fairness and administrative efficiency. Immigration judges 
and the Board have used administrative closure as a safeguard to ensure 
fairness and to postpone cases in appropriate circumstances, such as 
cases involving certain juvenile noncitizens or those with mental 
competency issues. See Matter of Avetisyan, 25 I&N Dec. at 691 (stating 
that EOIR adjudicators may determine that it is ``necessary or, in the 
interests of justice and fairness to the parties, prudent to defer 
further action for some period of time''). Retaining the AA96 Final 
Rule's restrictions on administrative closure could limit the ability 
of noncitizens to pursue certain statutory immigration benefits and 
forms of discretionary relief, including: (1) Special Immigrant 
Juvenile status, INA 101(a)(27)(J), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(27)(J); (2) visas 
for victims of certain crimes who are cooperating with law enforcement 
(U visas), INA 101(a)(15)(U), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(U); (3) visas for 
certain family-sponsored immigrants (e.g., ``Petition for Alien 
Relative'' (Form I-130)), INA 203(a), 8 U.S.C. 1153(a); (4) adjustment 
of status as a VAWA self-petitioner, INA 204, 8 U.S.C. 1154; (5) 
Temporary Protected Status (``TPS''), INA 244, 8 U.S.C. 1254a; and (6) 
provisional unlawful presence waivers, 8 CFR 212.7(e)(4)(iii). USCIS 
approval of any of these benefits would generally eliminate the need 
for continued removal proceedings. Moreover, a removal order entered by 
an immigration judge and affirmed by the Board could cut off the 
noncitizen's ability to obtain such benefit or relief. Additionally, if 
EOIR moves forward with removal proceedings while a prima facie 
eligible application for relief is pending before DHS, the outcome of 
the case may ultimately depend upon which agency is the first to issue 
a final administrative decision. Administrative closure, therefore, 
allows for the full consideration of a noncitizen's application for 
relief without exposing the noncitizen to the risk of removal. See Meza 
Morales, 973 F.3d at 665 (acknowledging the Attorney General's 
efficiency justification in Matter of Castro-Tum but stating that cases 
must also be ``disposed of fairly, and granting a noncitizen the 
opportunity to pursue relief to which she is entitled may be 
appropriate and necessary for a fair disposition'').
    Without administrative closure, by contrast, individuals are often 
unable to sufficiently postpone their proceedings before EOIR and, as a 
result, often are issued a removal order from EOIR that impedes the 
ability of USCIS to grant relief unless the individual files a motion 
to reopen with EOIR to have that order lifted. Requiring individuals to 
file motions to reopen and accompanying stay of removal requests, if 
necessary, creates additional procedural hurdles that increase the risk 
of removal while a potentially valid request for relief is pending with 
USCIS. Moreover, such procedural hurdles are significantly more 
challenging to overcome if the individual is physically removed from 
the United States and must pursue a motion to reopen from abroad.
    In addition, upon reconsideration, the Department is now of the 
belief that the procedures set forth in the AA96 Final Rule would not 
improve efficient adjudication and may, in some cases, undermine the 
efficiency of certain adjudications. See Centro Legal de la Raza, 524 
F. Supp. 3d at 968 (``Indeed, the Fourth Circuit found that the 
Attorney General's efficiency justification in Matter of Castro Tum--
the same efficiency rationale cited in the NPRM and Final Rule--was 
`internally inconsistent.' '').
    In particular, speed in adjudicating an individual case is not the 
only factor that bears on administrative efficiency. But see AA96 Final 
Rule at 81598 (characterizing administrative closure as creating delays 
that conflict with EOIR's mission to expeditiously adjudicate cases 
before it). Efficiency also encompasses consideration of prioritization 
and allocation of resources among different cases. Cf. Meza Morales, 
973 F.3d at 665 (``[T]he . . . requirement that cases be resolved in 
`timely' fashion does not foreclose administrative closure. For one 
thing, `timeliness' is not a hard and fast

[[Page 62257]]

deadline; some cases are more complex and simply take longer to 
resolve. Thus, not all mechanisms that lengthen the proceedings of a 
case prevent `timely' resolution.''); Arcos Sanchez, 997 F.3d at 123 
(``The authority to administratively close cases, within the 
appropriate and necessary context of each case, can and does permit 
[immigration judges] and the Board to answer the questions before them 
in a timely and impartial manner consistent with the Act and the 
regulations. Or in other words, delay in the case through 
administrative closure does not, by definition, prevent the timely 
disposition of the case and resolution of questions.''). Moreover, as 
pointed out in Meza Morales, the Department is tasked with the dual 
imperatives to adjudicate cases with both speed and fairness--the 
combination of which offers a better measure of administrative 
efficiency than speed alone. 973 F.3d at 665.
    In addition, as observed by the Second Circuit, ``it is wasteful to 
commit judicial resources to immigration cases when circumstances 
suggest that, if the Government prevails, it is unlikely to promptly 
effect the petitioner's removal.'' In re Immigr. Petitions, 702 F.3d at 
160. Relatedly, it would be wasteful to commit judicial resources to 
cases where there are pending alternative resolutions to the case that 
would obviate the need for, or significantly narrow the issues in, 
removal proceedings. See Meza Morales, 973 F.3d at 665 
(``Unsurprisingly . . . an immigration judge might sometimes conclude, 
in exercising the discretion granted by [8 CFR 1003.10], that it is 
appropriate and necessary to dispose of a case through administrative 
closure.''); Matter of Hashmi, 24 I&N Dec. 785, 791 n.4 (BIA 2009) 
(noting that administrative closure could ``avoid the repeated 
rescheduling of a case that is clearly not ready to be concluded''). 
Given EOIR's overburdened dockets, as well as the growing backlog of 
pending cases, it is imperative that EOIR effectively allocate its 
limited resources--including docket time--to first adjudicate those 
cases where there are no pending alternative resolutions to removal. To 
do otherwise would expend precious judicial resources on a practically 
``empty exercise tantamount to issuing an advisory opinion'' where such 
resources could instead be used to adjudicate those cases where no 
alternative resolutions may be possible. See In re Immigr. Petitions, 
702 F.3d at 161 (internal quotations omitted).
    Procedurally, administrative closure is often more efficient than 
repeatedly postponing proceedings through multiple continuances, which 
requires repeatedly reserving hearing time on the immigration court's 
docket. Notably, before Matter of Avetisyan, the Board had encouraged 
DHS to consider moving for administrative closure rather than multiple 
continuances in ``appropriate circumstances, such as where there is a 
pending prima facie approvable visa petition.'' Matter of Hashmi, 24 
I&N Dec. at 791 n.4; see also Matter of Rajah, 25 I&N Dec. 127, 135 
n.10 (BIA 2009). The Board described administrative closure as ``an 
attractive option in these situations, as it will assist in ensuring 
that only those cases that are likely to be resolved are before the 
Immigration Judge.'' Matter of Hashmi, 24 I&N Dec. at 791 n.4. The 
Board also noted that administrative closure could ``avoid the repeated 
rescheduling of a case that is clearly not ready to be concluded.'' Id.
    With respect to those cases that could result in motions to reopen 
being filed with EOIR because of insufficient time to postpone the 
conclusion of proceedings for noncitizens to pursue pending relief 
outside of EOIR, the AA96 Final Rule framework would also create 
significant inefficiencies, as the immigration courts and the Board 
must adjudicate both the initial removal proceedings and the subsequent 
motion to reopen, as well as any stay of removal requests. 
Administrative closure could put such cases on hold until any related 
matters pending outside of EOIR are adjudicated, which, in turn, would 
allow the immigration judge or the Board to put that adjudication time 
towards another case before EOIR.
    Similarly, some statutes necessarily delay EOIR proceedings while 
noncitizens pursue collateral applications before USCIS. For example, 
the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization 
Act of 2008 (``TVPRA''), Public Law 110-457, 122 Stat. 5044, mandates 
that USCIS has initial jurisdiction over any asylum applications filed 
by unaccompanied children in removal proceedings before EOIR. See INA 
208(b)(3)(C), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(3)(C) (codifying the TVPRA's 
requirement). Under such circumstances, administrative closure of 
proceedings while USCIS considers any applications for asylum would 
likely be more efficient than repeatedly setting aside docket time for 
future hearings that are then continued. Matter of Hashmi, 24 I&N Dec. 
at 791 n.4 (noting that administrative closure could ``assist in 
ensuring that only those cases that are likely to be resolved are 
before the [i]mmigration [j]udge'' and prevent ``the repeated 
rescheduling of a case'' that is unready to be concluded).
    The AA96 Final Rule asserted that administrative closure, and in 
particular administrative closure over a party's objection, ``failed as 
a policy'' because of an increased backlog of immigration cases after 
Matter of Avetisyan was decided. 85 FR at 81599 (quoting AA96 NPRM, 85 
FR at 52504). However, to the extent that eliminating administrative 
closure was designed to control the backlog of cases, EOIR's pending 
case data does not support a conclusion that eliminating administrative 
closure led to such a result. Between May 17, 2018, when Matter of 
Castro-Tum was issued, and July 15, 2021, when Matter of Cruz-Valdez 
was issued, the backlog of pending cases at EOIR increased from 796,791 
on September 30, 2018, to 1,408,669 on September 30, 2021.\26\ Even 
accounting for the pandemic and looking only to the end of FY 2019, the 
number of pending cases at EOIR increased from 796,791 to 
1,088,499.\27\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ See EOIR, Adjudication Statistics, Pending Cases, New 
Cases, and Total Completions, https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1242166/download (data generated Apr. 21, 2023).
    \27\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While no single factor alone was responsible for the increase in 
the backlog, numerous factors may have contributed, including: a 
general increase in the number of proceedings initiated by DHS; 
increasing complexity in immigration cases; fluctuating numbers of 
defensive asylum applications filed in and adjudicated by EOIR; 
external factors requiring court closures that generally result in 
cancellation of non-detained hearings, such as the COVID-19 pandemic-
related closures and an appropriations lapse between December 2018 and 
January 2019; and the limited number of appropriated immigration judge 
positions. See Congressional Research Service, R47077, U.S. Immigration 
Courts and the Pending Cases Backlog, at 19-30 (Apr. 25, 2022); EOIR, 
Congressional Budget Submission for FY 2023 (Mar. 2022) (``Over the 
years, several factors have contributed to record growth in both the 
number of pending immigration cases and the time required to adjudicate 
them. . . Recently, this caseload increase has been exacerbated by the 
closures and reductions in service associated with the COVID-19 
pandemic, as well as the consistent rise in the number of new NTAs that 
DHS has filed before the immigration court over the last five years, 
even with the reduction in filings over FY 2020 and FY 2021 (from a 
high of almost 550,000 in FY 2019).'').

[[Page 62258]]

    Additionally, as discussed above, the growing backlog of cases is 
one significant reason it is important for EOIR adjudicators to be able 
to efficiently manage their dockets to first adjudicate those cases 
that are ripe for review, where removal is a priority, or where there 
are no pending alternative resolutions to removal. Administrative 
closure is a critical tool that helps EOIR adjudicators manage their 
dockets. See Cruz-Valdez, 28 I&N Dec. at 326 (noting that 
administrative closure has become ``a routine `tool used to regulate 
proceedings' and `manage an Immigration Judge's calendar (or the 
Board's docket)' '' (quoting Avetisyan, 25 I&N Dec. at 694)); Arcos 
Sanchez, 997 F.3d at 123 (``[D]elay in the case through administrative 
closure does not, by definition, prevent the timely disposition of the 
case and resolution of questions . . . Without the general authority to 
administratively close appropriate cases when necessary, the 
[immigration judges] and the Board . . . may be less effective in 
managing cases.''); Romero, 937 F.3d at 292-93 (``[D]ocket management 
actions such as administrative closure [ ] often facilitate . . . case 
resolution . . . As illustrated by Matter of Avetisyan and other BIA 
cases, administrative closure is `appropriate and necessary' in a 
variety of circumstances.'').
    Indeed, an outside consultant previously recommended that EOIR 
explore administrative closure as a potential tool that could enhance 
the efficiency for EOIR proceedings without compromising fairness. 
EOIR, Booz Allen Hamilton, Legal Case Study: Summary Report at 26 (Apr. 
6, 2017). Specifically, the consultant, after engaging in a year-long 
study of EOIR operations, identified numerous external factors that 
contribute to delays in adjudications. See generally id. Among other 
things, the consultant recommended that the Department engage in 
discussions with DHS to explore the development of policies regarding 
administrative closure as one way to improve processing efficiency. Id. 
at 26.
    Separately, while the AA96 Final Rule asserted that administrative 
closure would place the EOIR adjudicator in the position of the 
prosecutor, 85 FR at 81599, upon reconsideration, the Department now 
concurs with the reasoning in Matter of Avetisyan, which ``considered 
the respective roles and responsibilities of the DHS, the Immigration 
Judges, and the Board in removal proceedings'' and concluded that 
``[a]lthough administrative closure impacts the course removal 
proceedings may take, it does not preclude the DHS from instituting or 
pursuing those proceedings and so does not infringe on the DHS's 
prosecutorial discretion.'' 25 I&N Dec. at 694.\28\ Indeed, 
administrative closure is similar to the widespread practice of stays 
of proceedings in federal court, which are often utilized to avoid 
unnecessary litigation. See, e.g., Ayanian v. Garland, 64 F.4th 1074, 
1078-79 (9th Cir. 2023) (explaining that the court previously granted a 
motion to stay appellate proceedings ``to allow time to examine grounds 
for a possible alternative to litigation'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ The AA96 NPRM asserted that the Board, in Matter of 
Avetisyan departed, without explanation, from its prior precedent in 
Matter of Chamizo, 13 I&N Dec. 435 (BIA 1969), Matter of Quintero, 
18 I&N Dec. 348 (BIA 1982), and Matter of Roussis, 18 I&N Dec. 256 
(BIA 1982). 85 FR at 52503. However, upon further examination, the 
Department is now of the opinion that the AA96 NPRM's reliance on 
those cases for the proposition that administrative closure 
infringes upon DHS's prosecutorial discretion was inapposite. 
Notably, none of those cases involved administrative closure. 
Further, Matter of Chamizo cannot reasonably be read to implicate 
DHS's prosecutorial discretion authority, as that case was about the 
impropriety of an immigration judge granting voluntary departure 
without entering an alternative order of removal, as was required by 
the Act and pertinent regulations at the time. 13 I&N Dec. at 437. 
As to Matter of Quintero and Matter of Roussis, those cases are most 
logically read to stand for the proposition that an immigration 
judge is not permitted to take an action that is within the 
exclusive jurisdiction of or otherwise committed to the discretion 
of the former INS District Director. Matter of Quintero, 18 I&N Dec. 
at 350; Matter of Roussis, 18 I&N Dec. at 258. Accordingly, Matter 
of Avetisyan is not inconsistent with those cases because the 
administrative closure of a case does not usurp authority from DHS 
or require that DHS take or refrain from taking any specific action 
otherwise committed to its discretion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The AA96 NPRM stated that administrative closure precludes DHS from 
pursuing removal proceedings while the administrative closure order is 
in effect. 85 FR at 52503. However, either party can file a motion to 
recalendar a case at any time. Thus, if, for example, an individual's 
case has been administratively closed while the individual's prima 
facie eligible application for adjustment of status is pending before 
DHS and DHS has a strong interest in concluding proceedings, DHS need 
only complete adjudication of the application before it and file a 
motion to recalendar the case, actions well within its control. If the 
EOIR adjudicator grants the motion to recalendar, the case will 
proceed.
    Therefore, for the reasons discussed above, the Department proposes 
regulatory language explicitly providing that immigration judges' and 
the Board's authority to take ``any action'' includes administratively 
closing cases. See 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(1)(ii) (proposed), 1003.10(b) 
(proposed).\29\ The Department's proposed language emphasizes that the 
phrase ``any action'' is intended to be interpreted broadly to include 
the general authority to take actions regardless of whether they are 
explicitly described by regulation by stating that ``[s]uch actions 
include,'' but are not limited to, administrative closure, so long as 
such actions, are ``necessary or appropriate'' and are otherwise 
consistent with governing statutes and regulations. Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ As discussed above, the Department finds persuasive the 
reasoning of several circuit courts that have determined that this 
authority was previously inherent but not explicitly stated in the 
regulations as they existed prior to the AA96 Final Rule. See 
Romero, 937 F.3d at 294-95 (holding that the regulations 
``unambiguously confer upon [immigration judges] and the BIA the 
general authority to administratively close cases'' but stating that 
even if ambiguous, ``the Attorney General's reading of the 
regulations does not warrant deference because it amounts to an 
`unfair surprise' ''); Meza Morales, 973 F.3d at 667 (concluding 
that Matter of Castro-Tum was contrary to the unambiguous meaning of 
the regulations and that immigration judges and the Board are ``not 
precluded from administratively closing cases when appropriate''); 
Arcos Sanchez, 997 F.3d at 122 (holding that ``the plain language 
establishes that general administrative closure authority is 
unambiguously authorized by these regulations''); see also Zelaya 
Diaz v. Rosen, 986 F.3d at 691-92 (applying Meza Morales).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department does not believe that existing regulations that 
expressly authorize administrative closure in certain circumstances are 
sufficient to capture the numerous scenarios where it may be necessary 
or appropriate for EOIR adjudicators to administratively close 
proceedings based upon the particular facts of any given case. See, 
e.g., 8 CFR 1214.2(a) (referencing administrative closure for T visa 
applicants); 1214.3 (referencing administrative closure for V visa 
applicants); 1240.62(b) (referencing administrative closure for certain 
American Baptist Church (ABC) class members); 1240.70(f)-(h) 
(referencing administrative closure for ABC class members, among 
others); 1245.13(d)(3)(i) (referencing administrative closure for 
certain nationals of Nicaragua and Cuba); 1245.15(p)(4)(i) (referencing 
administrative closure for Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act of 
1998 (``HRIFA'') applicants); 1245.21(c) (referencing administrative 
closure for certain nationals of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos). Limiting 
administrative closure to these discrete scenarios would not permit 
EOIR adjudicators to consider other important factors that may render a 
case ripe for administrative closure. Thus, using administrative 
closure only in these enumerated circumstances would limit

[[Page 62259]]

administrative closure's efficacy as a docket-management tool. Nor do 
the regulations explicitly authorize administrative closure in common 
scenarios where administrative closure may be necessary or appropriate, 
such as where noncitizens may have pending applications for relief 
before DHS.
    The Department proposes revising the phrase ``appropriate and 
necessary'' to read ``necessary or appropriate'' to emphasize that 
adjudicators may choose to administratively close cases, or take other 
actions, even if such action is not required.\30\ For example, 
administrative closure may be appropriate even where other docket 
management tools, such as continuances, may be available. See Meza 
Morales, 973 F.3d at 665 (``Administrative closure is plainly an 
`action.' . . . in cases in which two coordinate offices in the 
executive branch are simultaneously adjudicating collateral 
applications, closing one proceeding might help advance a case toward 
resolution.''); Matter of Avetisyan, 25 I&N Dec. at 691 (stating that 
adjudicators may determine that it is ``necessary or, in the interests 
of justice and fairness to the parties, prudent to defer further action 
for some period of time''); Matter of Hashmi, 24 I&N Dec. at 791 n.4 
(noting that administrative closure could ``avoid the repeated 
rescheduling of a case that is clearly not ready to be concluded''). As 
another example, the Sixth Circuit recently determined that, although a 
noncitizen could theoretically apply for an unlawful presence waiver 
from outside of the United States if EOIR did not administratively 
close their case (a prerequisite for applying for a provisional 
unlawful presence waiver in the United States pursuant to 8 CFR 
212.7(e)(4)(iii)), administrative closure was still appropriate because 
it ``increases the likelihood that noncitizens will obtain legal status 
and resolve their immigration proceedings.'' Garcia-DeLeon, 999 F.3d at 
992; see id. (``True, a noncitizen in removal proceedings whose case[ ] 
is not administratively closed may still submit an I-601 Waiver of 
Inadmissibility after they complete their consular interview and are 
determined inadmissible. This old path, however, deterred noncitizens 
in removal proceedings from obtaining legal status as permanent 
residents.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ The Department would like to make this distinction clear in 
light of Hernandez-Serrano, which stated that the Romero ``court's 
conclusion--that any action for the disposition of the case is read 
most naturally to encompass actions of whatever kind appropriate for 
the resolution of a case--reads out of the regulations the 
requirement of necessity.'' 981 F.3d at 464 (cleaned up).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also proposes to amend the term ``disposition'' to 
read ``disposition or alternative resolution'' of a case. 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(1)(ii) (proposed), 1003.10(b) (proposed). The Department 
proposes this amendment to establish that actions other than those that 
lead to a final disposition in a case may still be necessary or 
appropriate for resolution of the case.\31\ See Arcos Sanchez, 997 F.3d 
at 117 (``Administrative closure allows an [immigration judge] or the 
Board to `temporarily pause removal proceedings' and place the case on 
hold because of a pending alternative resolution or because events 
outside the control of either party may affect the case.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ The Department would like to make this distinction clear in 
light of Hernandez-Serrano, which stated that ``the regulations 
expressly limit their delegation to actions `necessary for the 
disposition' of the case . . . [a]nd that more restricted delegation 
cannot support a decision not to decide the case for reasons of 
administrative `convenience' or the `efficient management of the 
resources of the immigration courts and the BIA.' '' 981 F.3d at 
464. But see Meza Morales, 973 F.3d at 665 (``Unsurprisingly, then, 
an immigration judge might sometimes conclude, in exercising the 
discretion granted by 8 CFR 1003.10, that it is appropriate and 
necessary to dispose of a case through administrative closure.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, the Department proposes to amend 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(1)(ii) 
(proposed) and 1003.10(b) (proposed) to explain that the adjudicator 
should determine whether the use of administrative closure meets the 
relevant standard in accordance with 8 CFR 1003.1(l) (proposed) or 
1003.18(c) (proposed), as applicable. The Department notes that some of 
the factors proposed for administrative closure may be similar to 
factors proposed for other authorities such as termination. Compare 8 
CFR 1003.1(l) (proposed Board administrative closure provision), and 
1003.18(c) (proposed immigration judge administrative closure 
provision), with 8 CFR 1003.1(m) (proposed Board termination 
provision), and 1003.18(d) (proposed immigration judge termination 
provision). Thus, an adjudicator should decide which of these tools, if 
any, to use based upon the specific facts of each particular case in an 
exercise of the adjudicator's independent judgment and discretion. 8 
CFR 1003.1(d)(1)(ii), 1003.10(b). Furthermore, the Department also 
proposes to clarify that the administrative closure authority would not 
be limited by the existence of any other regulations authorizing or 
requiring administrative closure. See, e.g., 8 CFR 1214.2(a), 1214.3, 
1240.62(b), 1240.70(f)-(h), 1245.13, 1245.15(p)(4)(i), and 1245.21(c).
    As discussed above, the Department proposes to add regulatory 
language that would define administrative closure and set forth 
guidance to assist adjudicators with determining whether administrative 
closure is necessary or appropriate for the disposition or alternative 
resolution of a case. 8 CFR 1003.1(l)(1), (3) (proposed), 
1003.18(c)(1), (3) (proposed). Such guidance is consistent with 
established precedent prior to Matter of Castro-Tum. See Matter of 
Avetisyan, 25 I&N Dec. at 688. Additionally, the proposed language 
would also define recalendaring and set forth guidance for adjudicators 
to consider when determining whether it is appropriate to recalendar a 
case. 8 CFR 1003.1(l), (l)(2) (proposed), 1003.18(c), (c)(2) 
(proposed).
    Specifically, the proposed rule would define administrative closure 
as ``the temporary suspension of a case.'' 8 CFR 1003.1(l) (proposed), 
1003.18(c) (proposed); see Matter of Avetisyan, 25 I&N Dec. at 695 
(stating that it is an ``undisputed fact that administrative closure 
does not result in a final order''). Accordingly, the regulations would 
describe administrative closure as an act that would remove a case from 
the Board's or immigration court's active docket or calendar until the 
case is recalendared. 8 CFR 1003.1(l) (proposed), 1003.18(c) 
(proposed).\32\ The proposed rule would specify that an EOIR 
adjudicator ``shall grant a motion to administratively close or 
recalendar filed jointly by both parties, or filed by one party where 
the other party has affirmatively indicated its non-opposition, unless 
[the adjudicator] articulates unusual, clearly identified, and 
supported reasons for denying the motion.'' \33\ 8 CFR 1003.1(l)(3)

[[Page 62260]]

(proposed), 1003.18(c)(3) (proposed). This language adopts the standard 
articulated in BIA precedent in the context of joint and affirmatively 
unopposed motions to continue. See Matter of Hashmi, 24 I&N Dec. at 791 
(``The [motion to continue should be granted] by the Immigration Judge 
in the absence of unusual, clearly identified, and supported reasons 
for not doing so.''). The Department believes that it is appropriate to 
extend this standard to motions for administrative closure or 
recalendaring, as well as motions to terminate, as discussed in Section 
IV.C of this preamble, to help promote greater administrative 
efficiency and eliminate needless confusion for adjudicators and 
parties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ The regulations also specify that immigration judges may 
manage their dockets through the use of continuances. 8 CFR 1003.29. 
Continuances keep the case on the immigration judge's active docket 
and are used ``to await additional action required of the parties'' 
to ready the case for final adjudication ``that will be, or is 
expected to be, completed within a reasonably certain and brief 
amount of time.'' Matter of Avetisyan, 25 I&N Dec. at 691. By 
comparison, administrative closure is a tool that removes a case 
from an immigration judge's active docket, normally to await some 
collateral event whose outcome is not yet known and may not be known 
within a definitive time period, that may impact the course of 
removal proceedings, and requires a party to move to recalendar in 
order to re-initiate adjudication. Id. at 692.
    \33\ In practice, immigration judges are encouraged to resolve 
administrative closure issues as early as possible in a case by 
affirmatively asking parties whether they wish for cases to be 
administratively closed. See EOIR, Director's Memorandum 22-03, 
Administrative Closure (Nov. 22, 2021) at 3-4. The Department notes 
that a motion to administratively close a case before the 
immigration court may be made in writing or, alternatively, orally 
in court.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, the Department believes that where a motion to 
administratively close or recalendar a case either is filed jointly or 
is affirmatively unopposed, a denial of such a motion serves no 
adversarial interest and that, absent other very compelling reasons, 
the interests in administrative efficiency dictate granting the motion. 
See Matter of Yewondwosen, 21 I&N Dec. 1025, 1026 (BIA 1997) (stating 
that the parties' ``agreement on an issue or proper course of action 
should, in most instances, be determinative''); see alsoBadwan v. 
Gonzales, 494 F.3d 566, 568 (6th Cir. 2007) (noting that when the 
government expressed ```no objection to opposing counsel's request' . . 
. the government's position demonstrate[d] at a minimum that, as 
between the parties to the case, no adversarial interest was served by 
the denial'' of the noncitizen's motion); Meza Morales, 973 F.3d at 665 
(discussing the interests served by the administrative closure of 
cases). By requiring the adjudicator to articulate on the record 
unusual, clearly identified, and supported reasons for denying a joint 
or affirmatively unopposed motion, the Department acknowledges that 
rare circumstances might arise when, in the adjudicator's judgment, 
administrative closure or recalendaring might be inappropriate. Thus, 
the standard provides adjudicators the flexibility to address the 
complexities of an individual case, while requiring the adjudicator to 
issue a reasoned explanation that provides the parties with due notice 
of the basis for a denial. 8 CFR 1003.1(l)(3) (proposed), 1003.18(c)(3) 
(proposed).
    In the case of motions to administratively close or recalendar 
proceedings that are neither presented jointly nor affirmatively 
unopposed, the proposed rule would permit EOIR adjudicators, having 
considered the totality of the circumstances, to grant such a motion 
over any party's objection. 8 CFR 1003.1(l)(3) (proposed), 
1003.18(c)(3) (proposed); see Matter of Avetisyan, 25 I&N Dec. at 694 
(holding that EOIR adjudicators may administratively close proceedings 
over a party's objection). The proposed rule would specify that, though 
administrative closure may be appropriate where a petition, 
application, or other action is pending outside of EOIR proceedings, 
there is no requirement of a pending petition, application, or other 
action for a case to be administratively closed. 8 CFR 1003.1(l)(3) 
(proposed), 1003.18(c)(3) (proposed). The proposed rule would specify 
that any other regulations that separately authorize or require 
adjudicators to administratively close cases in specific circumstances 
do not impact the adjudicator's general authority to administratively 
close cases. 8 CFR 1003.1(l)(1) (proposed), 1003.18(c)(1) (proposed); 
see Meza Morales, 973 F.3d at 667 (construing the term ``any action'' 
broadly).
    In all cases where only one party moves for administrative closure 
or recalendaring, and the motion is not affirmatively unopposed, the 
proposed rule would require adjudicators to weigh the totality of the 
circumstances, taking into consideration all relevant factors, 
including any relevant factors from a nonexhaustive list, before 
determining whether, in their discretion, administrative closure or 
recalendaring \34\ is appropriate. The nonexhaustive list of factors 
relevant to administrative closure includes: (1) the reason 
administrative closure is sought; (2) the basis for any opposition to 
administrative closure; (3) any requirement that a case be 
administratively closed for a petition, application, or other action to 
be filed with, or granted by, DHS; (4) the likelihood the noncitizen 
will succeed on any petition, application, or other action that the 
noncitizen is pursuing, or that the noncitizen states in writing or on 
the record at a hearing that they plan to pursue, outside of 
proceedings before the adjudicator; (5) the anticipated duration of the 
administrative closure; (6) the responsibility of either party, if any, 
in contributing to any current or anticipated delay; and (7) the 
ultimate anticipated outcome of the case. 8 CFR 1003.1(l)(3)(i) 
(proposed), 1003.18(c)(3)(i) (proposed); see Matter of Avetisyan, 25 
I&N Dec. at 696 (listing factors for consideration relevant to 
administrative closure).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ See Matter of W-Y-U-, 27 I&N Dec. 17, 18 n.4 (BIA 2017) 
(stating that the same factors should be considered for 
recalendaring as for administrative closure).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When considering whether it would be appropriate to 
administratively close a case, the EOIR adjudicator must weigh the 
totality of the listed factors to the extent they are applicable. See 
Matter of Avetisyan, 25 I&N Dec. at 696 (``[I]t is appropriate for an 
Immigration Judge or the Board to weigh all relevant factors presented 
. . .'') (emphasis added). Accordingly, the existence or absence of any 
one factor is not dispositive of the immigration judge's determination. 
Cf. Hernandez-Castillo v. Sessions, 875 F.3d 199, 209 (5th Cir. 2017) 
(explaining that Matter of Avetisyan only required the BIA to evaluate 
the ``relevant factors presented in the case'' and did not require the 
BIA to ``evaluate every factor in detail''). For example, there is no 
requirement that the noncitizen must be pursuing, or must plan to 
pursue, a petition, application, or other action outside of proceedings 
as a prerequisite for an immigration judge to administratively close a 
case. Instead, the immigration judge in such a case would consider the 
other factors that are applicable to the particular facts and 
circumstances of the case in order to determine whether to grant or 
deny administrative closure. Ultimately, the immigration judge's or the 
Board's determination whether to grant administrative closure is a 
discretionary decision. The Department notes that the proposed 
administrative closure factors differ from those set forth in Matter of 
Avetisyan by adding a factor for consideration: whether the need for 
administrative closure is a prerequisite to a petition, application, or 
other action being filed with, or granted by, DHS. The Department is 
proposing this factor in light of the fairness and efficiency interests 
that would be served by allowing a noncitizen to pursue relief that may 
be available, and that may resolve a case, without expending 
unnecessary EOIR and party resources on litigation.
    With respect to the second factor for consideration, the Department 
proposes to make it clear that adjudicators should consider whether 
there is any opposition to administrative closure, in addition to the 
basis for any such opposition. An EOIR adjudicator may administratively 
close a case based on a joint motion, a motion that is unopposed, or 
over any party's opposition. The principle that an adjudicator, having 
considered the totality of the circumstances, may administratively 
close a case over a party's objection is consistent with

[[Page 62261]]

Matter of Avetisyan. See 25 I&N Dec. at 694 (stating that ``neither an 
Immigration Judge nor the Board may abdicate the responsibility to 
exercise independent judgment and discretion in a case by permitting a 
party's opposition to act as an absolute bar to administrative closure 
of that case when circumstances otherwise warrant such action'').
    The Department notes that one reason administrative closure is 
sought could be a representation by DHS that it wishes for a particular 
case to be administratively closed based on an exercise of 
prosecutorial discretion. As described above, administrative closure 
has long been used to facilitate DHS's exercise of prosecutorial 
discretion, see Section III.B.1 of this preamble, and it generally 
would be inefficient for EOIR to otherwise press forward with 
proceedings in such cases. See, e.g., United States v. Texas, 143 S. 
Ct. 1964, 1972 (2023) (``In light of inevitable resource constraints 
and regularly changing public-safety and public-welfare needs, the 
Executive Branch must balance many factors when devising arrest and 
prosecution strategies.''). The Department believes that an EOIR 
adjudicator's role as a neutral arbiter is better served by devoting 
resources to those cases where DHS has expressed a continued interest 
in effectuating an order of removal. In other words, an EOIR 
adjudicator may grant administrative closure solely for equitable 
considerations in order to suspend the proceedings before EOIR, such as 
DHS's determination that it will not use its limited resources to 
proceed with removal proceedings against a particular noncitizen at 
that time.
    On the other hand, the Department notes that a noncitizen may, at 
times, oppose a motion for administrative closure due to the 
noncitizen's desire to seek immigration relief available in proceedings 
before EOIR. See Matter of W-Y-U-, 27 I&N Dec. at 20 (``The respondent 
is opposed to the continuation of administrative closure and has 
requested recalendaring of the proceedings. He has explained that he 
wants to pursue his application for asylum to its resolution.''). As 
set out in the proposed rule, the noncitizen's objection to 
administrative closure in such a situation would be considered as a 
factor in the analysis but would not by itself be dispositive. The 
Department notes that DHS may also have valid reasons for objecting to 
administrative closure where, for example, it is clearly unlikely that 
an individual will obtain relief in other proceedings. See, e.g., Jesus 
Garcia-Garcia, A092-286-960 (BIA May 28, 2009) (non-precedential) 
(``DHS has continued to oppose administrative closure by reason of the 
respondent's failure to meet the eligibility requirements [for a 212(c) 
waiver].'').
    The Department seeks comments regarding whether the proposed rule 
should include any further protections for noncitizens who wish to have 
their cases adjudicated despite DHS's desire to seek administrative 
closure, including whether the rule, if finalized, should provide that, 
where one party opposes administrative closure, the primary 
consideration for the adjudicator is whether the party opposing closure 
has provided a persuasive reason for the case to proceed. See Matter of 
W-Y-U-, 27 I&N Dec. at 20, n.5 (holding that ``the primary 
consideration for an Immigration Judge in determining whether to 
administratively close . . . proceedings is whether the party opposing 
administrative closure has provided a persuasive reason for the case to 
proceed and be resolved on the merits,'' but ``continu[ing] to hold 
that neither party has absolute veto power over administrative closure 
requests'' (quotation omitted)). As noted above, there may be 
situations where DHS opposes administrative closure.
    With respect to the fifth and sixth factors for consideration--the 
anticipated duration of the closure and the responsibility of either 
party, if any, in contributing to any current, anticipated, or 
continuing need for delay--the Department notes that adjudicators 
should consider both the noncitizen's and DHS's responsibility for any 
delay. DHS's responsibility for any delay may include DHS's failure to 
resolve the noncitizen's pending applications or requests for relief 
that, if granted, may obviate the need for removal proceedings or 
significantly narrow the issues before EOIR. Moreover, the potential 
duration of the administrative closure while awaiting DHS adjudication, 
for example, of a pending application before USCIS, should not weigh 
against the decision to administratively close proceedings.
    Although the Department generally agrees with Matter of W-Y-U-'s 
determination that the factors for administrative closure and 
recalendaring should be similar, recalendaring requires slightly 
different considerations than the initial decision to administratively 
close a case because, at the time an EOIR adjudicator may be 
considering recalendaring, there may be more available information 
regarding developments in the case that have happened during the 
administrative closure. Such information could aid adjudicators in 
their decisions. For example, while considering administrative closure, 
EOIR adjudicators can only anticipate the duration of the requested 
administrative closure; however, for recalendaring, adjudicators will 
have more definitive knowledge about the length of time that the case 
has actually been administratively closed. As another example, when 
considering recalendaring, EOIR adjudicators would have the benefit of 
knowing whether parties have taken important steps towards achieving 
the purpose of the administrative closure--such as filing for relief 
with another agency--or knowing whether another agency has completed 
adjudication of alternative forms of relief. In addition, EOIR 
adjudicators would have additional information about any new positive 
or negative factors, such as subsequent criminal history, that would 
weigh for or against recalendaring a case. Therefore, the proposed rule 
sets out a separate list of relevant factors that adjudicators should 
consider, as the circumstances of the case warrant, when evaluating a 
motion to recalendar.
    The nonexhaustive list of factors for recalendaring includes: (1) 
the reason recalendaring is sought; (2) the basis for any opposition to 
recalendaring; (3) the length of time elapsed since the case was 
administratively closed; (4) if the case was administratively closed to 
allow the noncitizen to file a petition, application, or other action 
outside of proceedings before the adjudicator, whether the noncitizen 
filed the petition, application, or other action and, if so, the length 
of time that elapsed between when the case was administratively closed 
and when the noncitizen filed the petition, application, or other 
action; (5) if a petition, application, or other action that was 
pending outside of proceedings has been adjudicated, the result of that 
adjudication; (6) if a petition, application, or other action remains 
pending outside of proceedings, the likelihood the noncitizen will 
succeed on that petition, application, or other action; and (7) the 
ultimate anticipated outcome if the case is recalendared. 8 CFR 
1003.1(l)(3)(ii) (proposed), 1003.18(c)(3)(ii) (proposed). 
Additionally, the proposed rule would permit EOIR adjudicators, having 
considered the totality of the circumstances, to recalendar a case over 
any party's objection. 8 CFR 1003.1(l)(3) (proposed), 1003.18(c)(3) 
(proposed).
    The Department emphasizes that the proposed list of factors for 
recalendaring is non-exhaustive, with no single factor necessarily 
dispositive. For example, with respect to the fourth factor--

[[Page 62262]]

measuring the duration between the administrative closure of the case 
and the time when the noncitizen filed a petition, application, or 
other action with DHS--the Department notes that the length of time is 
not, on its face, determinative. The Department is aware that some 
petitions, applications, or other actions are more complex or require 
more time, and that the passage of time is not necessarily a reflection 
of a lack of diligence or an intent to unnecessarily delay proceedings. 
Rather, the adjudicator may consider this as one of many factors, 
including whether the noncitizen has not exercised diligence in 
applying for collateral relief with DHS or is seeking to unnecessarily 
delay proceedings.
    Given the complexity of these issues, the Department specifically 
requests public comment on whether the specified factors for 
adjudicators to consider in adjudicating motions to administratively 
close and motions to recalendar cases are appropriate and whether the 
proposed factors should be revised in any way. Specifically, the 
Department seeks public input on whether the proposed rule should 
specify that a request for administrative closure to allow for the 
adjudication of a petition, application, or other action should 
generally be granted as long as the noncitizen demonstrates a 
reasonable likelihood of success on the merits, and that the noncitizen 
has been reasonably diligent in pursuing such relief. The Department 
also seeks comment on whether the proposed rule should set out specific 
scenarios in which administrative closure may be appropriate where 
there is no petition, application, or other action pending outside EOIR 
proceedings. Moreover, the Department seeks comment on whether 
administrative closure should be upon the motion of a party or whether 
it might be necessary or appropriate in certain situations for an 
immigration judge or a Board member to administratively close a case 
without having received a written motion and, if on appeal, in 
situations in which parties do not generally have the opportunity to 
make an oral motion before the Board.

C. Termination and Dismissal

    The Department proposes to amend its regulations at 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(1)(ii) (pertaining to Appellate Immigration Judges) and 8 CFR 
1003.10(b) (pertaining to immigration judges) to make clear that EOIR 
adjudicators' authority to ``take any action consistent with their 
authorities under the Act and the regulations that is necessary or 
appropriate for the disposition or alternative resolution of such 
cases'' includes the authority to terminate or dismiss proceedings.\35\ 
The Department believes that the termination or dismissal of 
proceedings in appropriate situations is consistent with immigration 
judges' and Appellate Immigration Judges' statutory authority and 
duties. See Matter of Coronado Acevedo, 28 I&N Dec at 651-52; Gonzalez, 
16 F.4th at 141 (``[W]e fail to see how the general power to terminate 
proceedings is inconsistent with the authorities bestowed by the 
INA.'') (cleaned up); see also 8 CFR 1240.12(c) (indicating that an 
immigration judge's order ``shall direct the respondent's removal from 
the United States, or the termination of proceedings, or other such 
disposition of the case as may be appropriate'').
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    \35\ The Department notes that termination is a case 
``disposition'' under 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(1)(ii) and 1003.10(b), not an 
``alternative resolution,'' and is only referred to as such 
throughout this NPRM. Gonzalez, 16 F.4th at 141 (``Termination of 
proceedings certainly falls within this court's reading of `any 
action'; indeed, termination actually ends a proceeding rather than 
merely facilitating its end.'') (cleaned up).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As an initial matter, while the terms ``dismissal'' and 
``termination'' have been used interchangeably in case law in some 
instances, see, e.g., Matter of Coronado Acevedo, 28 I&N Dec. at 648 
n.1; Matter of G-N-C-, 22 I&N Dec. 281, 284 (BIA 1998), the Department 
proposes to more clearly delineate the circumstances in which the 
immigration judge's order disposing of a case should be an order of 
dismissal as compared with circumstances in which the immigration 
judge's order disposing of a case should be an order of termination. 
See 8 CFR 1239.2(b) (proposed).
    The proposed rule would specify that EOIR adjudicators may only 
enter an order to dismiss proceedings upon a motion by DHS seeking 
dismissal pursuant to 8 CFR 1239.2(c) for the reasons specified in 8 
CFR 239.2(a). See 8 CFR 1239.2(b) (proposed). The Department proposes 
that a motion to dismiss proceedings for a reason other than those 
authorized by paragraph (c) should be deemed a motion to terminate and 
adjudicated pursuant to 8 CFR 1003.1(m) (proposed) or 1003.18(d) 
(proposed). Id.
    The Department further proposes to amend 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(1)(ii) and 
1003.10(b) to explain that an adjudicator should determine whether the 
use of termination or dismissal meets the appropriate standard in 
accordance with the provisions in 8 CFR 1003.1(m) (proposed), 
1003.18(d) (proposed), or 1239.2(c) (dismissal provision). The 
Department reiterates that some of the factors proposed for termination 
may be similar to factors proposed for administrative closure; however, 
as previously stated, the adjudicator will exercise their independent 
judgment and discretion to decide which of these tools to use, if any, 
based upon the specific facts of each particular case. 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(ii), 1003.10(b).
    Substantively, the Department does not propose to modify the 
dismissal grounds referenced by 8 CFR 1239.2(c). However, the 
Department believes that it is important for immigration judges and 
Appellate Immigration Judges to have the authority to terminate 
proceedings in circumstances outside of those explicitly identified in 
existing regulations, which do not expressly capture all situations 
where EOIR adjudicators' exercise of that authority may be necessary or 
appropriate for the disposition of a case. See Matter of Coronado 
Acevedo, 28 I&N Dec. at 651-52 (noting situations not explicitly 
enumerated in the regulations in which EOIR adjudicators have commonly 
deemed termination of proceedings to be an appropriate disposition of 
the case). In such circumstances, these proposed termination grounds 
can promote efficiency and fairness and help immigration judges and 
Appellate Immigration Judges better manage their calendars and dockets. 
See id. at 651 (indicating that precluding termination of proceedings 
in certain common situations not accounted for in the regulations 
``would undermine the fair and efficient adjudication'' of cases in 
some instances) (citing Matter of A-C-A-A-, 28 I&N Dec. 351, 351 (A.G. 
2021)).
    Accordingly, the Department proposes to codify EOIR adjudicators' 
termination authority as detailed below. The proposed rule 
distinguishes between EOIR adjudicators' authority to terminate 
removal, deportation, and exclusion proceedings and their authority to 
terminate all other types of proceedings. See 8 CFR 1003.1(m) 
(proposed), 1003.18(d) (proposed). Although the issue of termination is 
likely to occur most frequently in the context of removal, deportation, 
and exclusion proceedings, the Department is cognizant that issues 
related to termination may also arise in other types of proceedings, 
including asylum-only proceedings (8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1)) and withholding-
only proceedings (8 CFR 1241.8(e)).\36\ However, because the

[[Page 62263]]

scope of these proceedings is more limited than the scope of removal, 
deportation, and exclusion proceedings, many of the grounds for 
termination of removal, deportation, and exclusion proceedings will be 
inapplicable to or inappropriate for other types of proceedings.\37\ 
The Department thus believes it is appropriate to provide separate and 
distinct termination authority for other types of proceedings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ The Department identifies these types of proceedings as 
examples only. The proposed rule's framework for termination of 
other proceedings in 8 CFR 1003.1(m)(2) (proposed) and 8 CFR 
1003.18(d)(2) (proposed) applies to all proceedings other than 
removal, deportation, and exclusion proceedings, though the 
Department anticipates that grounds for termination in other types 
of proceedings will be less common.
    \37\ As an illustrative example, withholding-only proceedings 
involve noncitizens subject to reinstatement of prior removal orders 
under INA241(a)(5), 8 U.S.C. 1231(a)(5), and noncitizens subject to 
expedited removal under INA238(b), 8 U.S.C. 1228(b). See 8 
CFR1208.2(c)(2). The scope of review in withholding-only proceedings 
is limited to adjudication of whether the noncitizen is eligible for 
withholding of removal or protection under the Convention Against 
Torture pursuant to INA 241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3). See 8 CFR 
1208.2(c)(3)(i). Indeed, during withholding-only proceedings, ``all 
parties are prohibited from raising or considering any other issues, 
including but not limited to issues of admissibility, deportability, 
eligibility for waivers, and eligibility for any other form of 
relief.'' Id. Because of this explicit limitation in the scope of 
the proceedings, many of the grounds for termination of removal, 
deportation, and exclusion proceedings do not apply to withholding-
only proceedings. See also id. (discussing limited scope of review 
in asylum-only proceedings); cf. Matter of D-M-C-P-, 26 I&N Dec. 
644, 647 (BIA 2015) (stating that EOIR adjudicators lack the 
``jurisdiction to consider whether [asylum-only] proceedings were 
improvidently instituted pursuant to a referral under the [Visa 
Waiver Program]'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rule categorizes EOIR adjudicators' termination 
authority as follows: (1) mandatory termination in removal, 
deportation, or exclusion proceedings, 8 CFR 1003.1(m)(1)(i) 
(proposed), 1003.18(d)(1)(i) (proposed); (2) discretionary termination 
in removal, deportation, or exclusion proceedings, 8 CFR 
1003.1(m)(1)(ii) (proposed), 1003.18(d)(1)(ii) (proposed); and (3) 
mandatory and discretionary termination in other proceedings, 8 CFR 
1003.1(m)(2) (proposed), 1003.18(d)(2) (proposed).
    The proposed rule identifies specific circumstances where 
termination would be required, and others where termination would be 
discretionary. The proposed rule would require termination in removal, 
deportation, or exclusion proceedings where: (1) no charge of 
deportability, inadmissibility, or excludability can be sustained; (2) 
fundamentally fair proceedings are not possible because the noncitizen 
is not mentally competent and adequate safeguards are unavailable; (3) 
the noncitizen has, since the initiation of proceedings, obtained 
United States citizenship; (4) the noncitizen has, since the initiation 
of proceedings, obtained lawful permanent resident status, refugee 
status, asylee status, or nonimmigrant status under INA 101(a)(15)(S), 
(T), or (U), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(S), (T), or (U), that has not been 
revoked or terminated, and the noncitizen would not have been 
deportable, inadmissible, or excludable as charged if the noncitizen 
had obtained such status before the initiation of proceedings; \38\ (5) 
termination is required as provided in 8 CFR 1245.13(l); (6) 
termination is otherwise required by law; or (7) the parties jointly 
filed a motion to terminate, or one party filed a motion to terminate 
and the other party affirmatively indicated its non-opposition, unless 
the adjudicator articulates unusual, clearly identified, and supported 
reasons for denying the motion. 8 CFR 1003.1(m)(1)(i) (proposed), 
1003.18(d)(1)(i) (proposed).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ This proposed provision is not intended to amend an EOIR 
adjudicator's discretion to reopen cases. Where such lawful 
immigration status is obtained after the conclusion of removal 
proceedings, reopening and termination may well be appropriate; 
however, this proposed authority relates solely to termination, and 
the Department is not suggesting that reopening would be required.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regarding the mandatory grounds for termination of removal, 
deportation, or exclusion proceedings, the Board has held that 
termination of removal, deportation, or exclusion proceedings is 
appropriate where DHS cannot sustain the charges of removability. 
Matter of Sanchez-Herbert, 26 I&N Dec. at 44; see Matter of Ortega-
Quezada, 28 I&N Dec. 598, 604 (BIA 2022) (``Because the respondent is 
not removable as charged, we will sustain the appeal and terminate the 
proceedings.''). Furthermore, if the noncitizen has obtained one of the 
statuses enumerated above, and the noncitizen would not have been 
deportable, inadmissible, or excludable as charged if the status had 
been obtained prior to the initiation of proceedings, there would be no 
need to continue with the proceedings based upon charges that would not 
have been sustainable. Moreover, the Department proposes to make clear 
that termination is required where fundamentally fair removal, 
deportation, or exclusion proceedings are not possible because the 
noncitizen lacks mental competency and adequate safeguards are 
unavailable. 8 CFR 1003.1(m)(1)(i)(B) (proposed), 1003.18(d)(1)(i)(B) 
(proposed); cf. Matter of M-A-M-, 25 I&N Dec. 474, 483 (BIA 2011) (``In 
some cases, even where the court and the parties undertake their best 
efforts to ensure appropriate safeguards, concerns may remain. In these 
cases, the Immigration Judge may pursue alternatives with the 
parties.''). In addition, the Department further proposes to make clear 
that it is not limiting termination authority, as specified in the 
existing regulations or as otherwise required by constitutional, 
statutory, or binding case law. 8 CFR 1003.1(m)(1)(i)(E)-(F) 
(proposed), 1003.18(d)(1)(i)(E)-(F) (proposed).
    Finally, the proposed rule would mandate that EOIR adjudicators 
grant joint motions to terminate removal, deportation, or exclusion 
proceedings, or motions to terminate such proceedings by one party to 
which the other party has affirmatively indicated its non-opposition, 
unless the adjudicator articulates unusual, clearly identified, and 
supported reasons for denying the motion. 8 CFR 1003.1(m)(1)(i)(G) 
(proposed), 1003.18(d)(1)(i)(G) (proposed); cf. Matter of Hashmi, 24 
I&N Dec. at 791 (stating that in considering a noncitizen's motion to 
continue, ``[i]f the DHS affirmatively expresses a lack of opposition, 
the [motion should be granted] by the Immigration Judge in the absence 
of unusual, clearly identified, and supported reasons for not doing 
so''); see also Matter of Yewondwosen, 21 I&N Dec. at 1026 (stating 
that the parties' ``agreement on an issue or proper course of action 
should, in most instances, be determinative''); Badwan, 494 F.3d at 568 
(noting that when the government expressed `` `no objection to opposing 
counsel's request' . . . the government's position demonstrate[d] at a 
minimum that, as between the parties to the case, no adversarial 
interest was served by the denial'' of the noncitizen's motion). 
However, the Department notes that either party retains the ability to 
timely rescind its participation in a joint termination motion or its 
affirmative non-opposition to termination should circumstances change, 
such as the discovery of new relevant evidence.
    The proposed ``unusual, clearly identified, and supported'' 
language is based on the Hashmi standard for joint and affirmatively 
unopposed motions to continue, and also matches the proposed language 
in this rule for joint or affirmatively unopposed motions for 
administrative closure. See Section IV.B of this preamble. The 
Department believes that it is appropriate to extend this standard to 
motions for termination, which will help promote greater administrative 
efficiency and eliminate needless confusion for adjudicators and 
parties.
    In requiring that the adjudicator articulate on the record unusual, 
clearly identified, and supported reasons for denying a joint or 
affirmatively unopposed motion to terminate, the Department 
acknowledges that rare

[[Page 62264]]

circumstances might arise where, in the adjudicator's judgment, 
termination might be inappropriate, even when the motion is presented 
jointly or is affirmatively unopposed. Thus, the standard provides 
adjudicators needed flexibility to address the complexities of an 
individual case, while also requiring due notice to the parties of the 
reasons for the denial. 8 CFR 1003.1(m)(1)(i)(G) (proposed), 
1003.18(d)(1)(i)(G) (proposed).
    Additionally, the proposed rule would allow for discretionary 
termination of removal, deportation, or exclusion proceedings in the 
following specific circumstances: (1) where an unaccompanied child, as 
defined in proposed 8 CFR 1001.1(hh), states an intent, either in 
writing or on the record at a hearing, to seek asylum with USCIS, and 
USCIS has initial jurisdiction over the application pursuant to section 
208(b)(3)(C) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(3)(C); (2) where the 
noncitizen demonstrates prima facie eligibility for relief from removal 
or lawful status based on a petition, application, or other action that 
USCIS has jurisdiction to adjudicate, including naturalization or 
adjustment of status; (3) where the noncitizen is a beneficiary of 
Temporary Protected Status, deferred action, or Deferred Enforced 
Departure; \39\ (4) where USCIS has granted a provisional unlawful 
presence waiver pursuant to 8 CFR 212.7(e); (5) where termination is 
otherwise authorized by 8 CFR 1216.4(a)(6) or 1238.1(e); (6) where the 
parties have filed a motion to terminate as described in 8 CFR 
214.14(c)(1)(i) or 214.11(d)(1)(i); or (7) under other comparable 
circumstances, as discussed in further detail below. Termination is up 
to the adjudicator's discretion in these circumstances, and the 
adjudicator may consider any basis for opposition to termination in 
making their determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ The President may authorize Deferred Enforced Departure 
pursuant to the President's constitutional authority to conduct the 
foreign relations of the United States. See Deferred Enforced 
Departure, USCIS, https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/deferred-enforced-departure. The Department notes that Deferred Enforced 
Departure ``is not a specific immigration status,'' but noncitizens 
who are covered by Deferred Enforced Departure ``are not subject to 
removal from the United States for a designated period of time.'' 
See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department proposes these discretionary grounds for termination 
of removal, deportation, or exclusion proceedings for the following 
reasons. A number of these grounds focus on circumstances where 
alternative relief may be available to the noncitizen that would end 
the need for continued proceedings, thereby saving EOIR adjudicatory 
resources for other cases. These include: (1) a noncitizen 
demonstrating prima facie eligibility for relief from removal or for a 
lawful status based on a petition, application, or other action that 
USCIS has jurisdiction to adjudicate; (2) an unaccompanied child, as 
defined in proposed 8 CFR 1001.1(hh), intending to apply for asylum 
with USCIS; and (3) a beneficiary of Temporary Protected Status, 
deferred action, or Deferred Enforced Departure. See Matter of Coronado 
Acevedo, 28 I&N Dec. at 651-52 (explaining that EOIR adjudicators 
commonly exercised termination authority when termination was necessary 
for noncitizens ``to be eligible to seek immigration relief before 
USCIS''). With respect to termination where a noncitizen has 
demonstrated prima facie eligibility for relief from removal or for a 
lawful status based on a petition, application, or other action that 
USCIS has jurisdiction to adjudicate, the Department notes that EOIR 
adjudicators must make such determinations based on the particular 
facts of a given case and the Department does not intend this proposed 
ground for discretionary termination to authorize a general practice of 
terminating proceedings involving prima facie eligibility for asylum. 
Rather, consistent with 8 CFR 1208.2(b), the default rule that EOIR 
adjudicators continue to exercise authority over asylum applications 
filed by noncitizens in removal proceedings would continue to apply.
    In addition, where an immigrant visa is immediately available to a 
noncitizen and USCIS has granted a provisional unlawful presence waiver 
after the noncitizen filed a Form I-601A, Application for Provisional 
Unlawful Presence Waiver, it may be appropriate to terminate 
proceedings so the noncitizen can depart the United States to obtain a 
visa through consular processing without becoming inadmissible on 
another basis. See 78 FR at 544 (stating that ``[i]f the Form I-601A is 
approved for [a noncitizen] whose proceedings have been 
administratively closed, the [noncitizen] should seek termination or 
dismissal of the proceedings, without prejudice, by EOIR . . . or risk 
becoming ineligible for the immigrant visa based on another ground of 
inadmissibility''); see also Matter of Coronado Acevedo, 28 I&N Dec. at 
651 (suggesting that termination of proceedings may be appropriate 
where ``the pendency of removal proceedings [could] cause[ ] adverse 
immigration consequences for a respondent who must travel abroad to 
obtain a visa'').
    The proposed rule would also authorize immigration judges and 
Appellate Immigration Judges to terminate removal, deportation, or 
exclusion proceedings in the exercise of discretion in other comparable 
circumstances when similarly necessary or appropriate for the 
disposition or alternative resolution of the case. 8 CFR 
1003.1(m)(1)(ii)(G) (proposed), 1003.18(d)(1)(ii)(G) (proposed). The 
Department recognizes that there may be other circumstances not 
explicitly stated in the proposed rule in which termination may also be 
appropriate that are similar in nature to the explicit grounds in the 
proposed rule authorizing termination. Moreover, similar to the 
mandatory grounds for termination of removal, deportation, or exclusion 
proceedings, the Department proposes to clarify that this proposed rule 
is not intended to limit any pre-existing regulations authorizing 
termination under certain circumstances. See 8 CFR 1003.1(m)(1)(ii)(E)-
(F) (proposed), 1003.18(d)(1)(ii)(E)-(F) (proposed). This proposed 
standard would provide sufficient flexibility such that EOIR 
adjudicators may terminate a case if it presents similar circumstances 
to the enumerated grounds for termination and is otherwise necessary or 
appropriate.
    At the same time, this provision would implement important 
guardrails to limit adjudicators' termination authority. See 8 CFR 
1003.1(m)(1)(ii)(G) (proposed) (precluding termination by the Board for 
purely humanitarian reasons unless DHS expressly consents to 
termination, joins in a motion to terminate, or affirmatively indicates 
its non-opposition to a noncitizen's motion), 1003.18(d)(1)(ii)(G) 
(proposed) (same for immigration judges); see also 8 CFR 
1003.1(m)(2)(iii) (proposed) (providing that in proceedings other than 
removal, deportation, or exclusion proceedings, nothing in the proposed 
regulatory provisions authorizes the Board to terminate proceedings 
where prohibited by another regulatory provision), 1003.18(d)(2)(iii) 
(proposed) (same for immigration judges). The Department acknowledges 
that termination of removal, deportation, or exclusion proceedings is 
inappropriate in certain circumstances. The proposed rule would not 
change the longstanding principle that immigration judges and Appellate 
Immigration Judges have no authority to review or second-guess DHS's 
exercise of prosecutorial discretion, including its decision whether to 
commence removal proceedings. See, e.g., Matter of E-R-M- & L-R-M-, 25 
I&N Dec. 520 (BIA 2011)

[[Page 62265]]

(holding that an immigration judge could not second-guess DHS exercise 
of prosecutorial discretion to place an arriving noncitizen directly in 
removal proceedings rather than the expedited removal process); Matter 
of J-A-B- & I-J-V-A-, 27 I&N Dec. 168, 170 (BIA 2017) (explaining that 
immigration judges and the Board do not have the authority to review a 
DHS decision to initiate removal proceedings in a particular case); 
Matter of G-N-C-, 22 I&N Dec. at 284 (stating that the decision to 
institute deportation proceedings is not a decision that the 
immigration judge or Board may review because it is an exercise of 
prosecutorial discretion); see also Cortez-Felipe v. INS, 245 F.3d 
1054, 1057 (9th Cir. 2001) (observing that neither immigration judges 
nor the Board possess the authority to review DHS's ``discretion 
regarding when and whether to initiate [removal] proceedings'' (citing 
authorities)). Similarly, an adjudicator may not terminate removal, 
deportation, or exclusion proceedings for purely humanitarian reasons 
unless DHS expressly consents to such termination, joins in a motion 
for termination, or affirmatively states its non-opposition to a motion 
for termination on such a basis. See Lopez-Telles v. INS, 564 F.2d 
1302, 1303 (9th Cir. 1977) (holding that immigration judges have no 
statutory or inherent power to terminate deportation proceedings over 
the objection of INS to provide humanitarian relief not authorized by 
the statute to a deportable noncitizen).
    Moreover, in light of these proposed standards governing 
termination of proceedings, the Department proposes to remove and 
reserve 8 CFR 1239.2(f) as newly proposed language would cover the 
circumstances currently addressed in that subsection. Compare 8 CFR 
1003.1(m)(1)(ii)(B) (proposed) (authorizing termination by the Board 
where a noncitizen demonstrates prima facie eligibility for relief from 
removal or for a lawful status based on a petition, application, or 
other action that USCIS has jurisdiction to adjudicate, including 
naturalization or adjustment of status), and 1003.18(d)(1)(ii)(B) 
(proposed) (same authorization for immigration judges), with 8 CFR 
1239.2(f) (authorizing an immigration judge to terminate a noncitizen's 
removal proceedings in order to pursue a pending application or 
petition for naturalization).
    Finally, although such scenarios may be rare, the proposed rule 
also explicitly provides for termination in proceedings other than 
removal, deportation, or exclusion. See 8 CFR 1003.1(m)(2) (proposed), 
1003.18(d)(2) (proposed). Such proceeding types include, among others, 
withholding-only, asylum-only, credible fear, reasonable fear, 
rescission, and claimed status. The Department believes that providing 
immigration judges and the Board with termination authority in these 
limited proceedings will ensure that adjudicators are not limited from 
reaching a proper resolution, as determined by the specific facts of 
each case.
    Substantively, as with removal, deportation, and exclusion 
proceedings, the proposed rule requires immigration judges and the 
Board to terminate these other proceedings where the parties have 
jointly filed a motion to terminate, or one party has filed a motion to 
terminate and the other party has affirmatively indicated its non-
opposition, unless the adjudicator articulates unusual, clearly 
identified, and supported reasons for denying the motion. See 8 CFR 
1003.1(m)(2)(i) (proposed), 1003.18(d)(2)(i) (proposed). The proposed 
rule further requires immigration judges and the Board to terminate 
these other proceedings when required by law, including by statute, 
regulation, or binding Board or court decision. Id. In all other 
circumstances, the proposed rule provides adjudicators with the general 
discretionary authority to terminate these proceedings where necessary 
or appropriate for the disposition or alternate resolution of the case, 
subject to the same limitations as in removal proceedings. 8 CFR 
1003.1(m)(2)(ii) (proposed), 1003.18(d)(2)(ii) (proposed). Finally, the 
proposed rule specifies that nothing in the new provision allows 
adjudicators to terminate proceedings where prohibited by another 
regulatory provision; in other words, this new provision is not 
intended to trump other regulatory provisions governing these 
proceedings. 8 CFR 1003.1(m)(2)(iii) (proposed), 1003.18(d)(2)(iii) 
(proposed).
    The Department notes that, in some scenarios in these other 
proceedings, alternative options to termination are available. For 
example, it may be that an applicant in withholding-only proceedings is 
mentally incompetent and adequate safeguards are unavailable, but the 
adjudicator believes it would be inappropriate to terminate the 
proceedings because doing so would leave the applicant without any 
protection from removal, such as when, for example, a noncitizen is 
subject to reinstatement of a prior removal order under section 
241(a)(5) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1231(a)(5), and eligible only for 
withholding of removal. In such a situation, administrative closure 
would be available and would allow for the case to be recalendared in 
the future if appropriate.
    The Department seeks public comment on whether the proposed 
termination standards are warranted and whether these standards should 
be broadened, narrowed, or altered. Additionally, the Department seeks 
comment on the evidence that would best support certain proposed 
grounds for termination, for example, whether evidence of filings with 
USCIS should be required in some cases. The Department also seeks 
comment on the proposed framework in 8 CFR 1239.2(b) that would 
distinguish between the exercise of dismissal authority, which applies 
to a decision on a DHS motion to dismiss for the reasons specified in 8 
CFR 239.2(a), and termination authority, which applies when an EOIR 
adjudicator terminates proceedings for the reasons specified in 
proposed 8 CFR 1003.1(m) and 1003.18(d).
    Further, the Department seeks public comment on whether the 
regulations should impose additional constraints on the termination 
authority. Finally, the Department seeks comment on whether the 
regulations should specify that termination should generally be without 
prejudice to DHS's ability to recommence removal proceedings if 
circumstances change except where the termination was based on DHS's 
failure to sustain the removal charges. Similarly, the Department seeks 
comment on whether immigration judges or Appellate Immigration Judges 
may terminate a case only on a party's motion or whether there are 
situations where EOIR adjudicators may exercise termination authority 
sua sponte.

D. Sua Sponte Reopening or Reconsideration and Self-Certification

    The Department proposes to amend its regulations at 8 CFR 1003.2(a) 
and 1003.23(b), respectively, governing the ability of immigration 
judges and the Board to sua sponte reopen or reconsider a case by 
restoring the regulatory standard in effect before the promulgation of 
the AA96 Final Rule.\40\ The restored standard provides that an 
immigration judge and the Board may

[[Page 62266]]

reopen or reconsider a case upon their own motion at any time after 
they have rendered a decision if they have jurisdiction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ The Department recognizes that an action is not, by its 
literal definition, ``sua sponte'' when the action is undertaken 
pursuant to a request made by a party to the proceedings. See Sua 
sponte, Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (``Without prompting 
or suggestion; on its own motion.''). Nonetheless, immigration 
judges and the Board have long entertained motions for sua sponte 
reopening, Djie v. Garland, 39 F.4th 280, 282 n.1 (5th Cir. 2022), 
and the Department will continue to use this term for motions that 
may be granted in ``exceptional situations,'' Matter of G-D-, 22 I&N 
Dec. 1132, 1133 (BIA 1999); Matter of J-J-, 21 I&N Dec. 976, 985 
(BIA 1997).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Prior to the AA96 Final Rule, the original regulation conferring 
authority to sua sponte reopen or reconsider cases had been in effect 
since 1958, see Dada, 554 U.S. at 12-13, and had served as a vital tool 
to prevent injustices in the immigration system. See, e.g., Matter of 
X-G-W-, 22 I&N Dec. 71 (BIA 1998) (holding that, in a specific 
circumstance, a fundamental change in asylum law that made the 
noncitizen eligible for relief warranted sua sponte reopening); see 
also P-O-J-, No.: AXXX-XXI-700, 2016 WL 1084517, at *1 (BIA Feb. 24, 
2016) (non-precedential) (sua sponte reopening and terminating because 
noncitizen obtained asylee status). For example, without the 
availability of such a tool, noncitizens who would otherwise be 
eligible for an initial grant of, or return to, lawful status may be 
removed from the United States. See Centro Legal de la Raza, 524 F. 
Supp. 3d at 971 (stating that ``elimination [of sua sponte authority] 
will foreclose the only avenue of relief for some noncitizens who would 
otherwise be eligible for relief from removal'').
    The strong need for sua sponte authority in certain limited 
circumstances is underscored by the fact that, in promulgating prior 
regulations implementing statutory motions to reopen and reconsider, 
the Department specifically declined to add a good cause exception to 
the statutory time and number limits on such motions due to the 
availability of sua sponte reopening and reconsideration. See 61 FR at 
18902. Removing sua sponte authority without creating a similar safety 
valve would prevent EOIR adjudicators from remedying the types of 
exceptional circumstances described above.
    Moreover, the longstanding availability of sua sponte reopening and 
reconsideration operated under a workable scheme. For example, the 
Board has published decisions applying the ``exceptional 
circumstances'' standard in specific situations and has the ability to 
publish further decisions clarifying the standard as necessary. See, 
e.g., Matter of Yauri, 25 I&N Dec. 103, 110-11 (BIA 2009) (applying 
standard to case involving a pending application before DHS); Matter of 
G-D-, 22 I&N Dec. 1132 (BIA 1999) (applying standard to request based 
on a change in law). Maintaining the exceptional circumstances standard 
allows adjudicators sufficient discretion to reopen in meritorious 
circumstances.
    Similarly, the Department is aware of no evidence that immigration 
judges or the Board routinely used sua sponte authority to reopen cases 
in which a motion to reopen would have been time- or number-barred 
without considering whether the ``exceptional circumstances'' standard 
was met. See, e.g., AA96 Final Rule, 85 FR at 81631 (raising concerns 
that sua sponte reopening could be used to cure filing defects or 
circumvent regulations). Additionally, at the immigration court level, 
an immigration judge's exercise of sua sponte authority is subject to 
appellate review by the Board, and the Board can remand where such 
authority has been used improperly. See 8 CFR 1003.2(a); see also 
Matter of G-D-, 22 I&N Dec. at 1132.
    The Department finds that the need for sua sponte authority in 
certain cases outweighs any finality concerns in this context. See, 
e.g., AA96 Final Rule, 85 FR at 81632 (raising finality concerns 
regarding sua sponte motions). Sua sponte reopening and reconsideration 
are reserved for truly exceptional cases and, with limited exceptions, 
are fully committed to agency discretion. See Menendez-Gonzalez v. 
Barr, 929 F.3d 1113, 1116 (9th Cir. 2019) (explaining that sua sponte 
reopening authority is committed to agency discretion and that the 
court may only review for legal or constitutional error). As 
noncitizens are not entitled to sua sponte reopening or 
reconsideration, immigration judges and the Board can ensure that such 
authority only disturbs the finality of proceedings in the limited 
number of meritorious cases involving exceptional circumstances.
    For similar reasons as those described above, the Department 
proposes to reinstate the authority of the Board to accept untimely or 
defective appeals through self-certification. 8 CFR 1003.1(c) 
(proposed).

E. Board Findings of Fact--Administrative Notice

    The Department proposes to rescind all of the changes that the AA96 
Final Rule made to 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv) regarding administrative 
notice at the Board. The Board, like federal courts, has long had the 
power to take administrative notice of facts not reasonably subject to 
dispute. See Board of Immigration Appeals: Procedural Reforms to 
Improve Case Management, 67 FR 54877 (Aug. 26, 2002) (implementing 
regulations that codified administrative notice authority). The AA96 
Final Rule expanded the Board's administrative notice authority to 
allow it to resolve certain factual disputes in the first instance and 
to rely on those determinations to overturn a grant of relief or 
protection. See 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(i) (``The Board will not engage in 
de novo review of findings of fact determined by an immigration 
judge.''). The Department recognizes that it would be unnecessary and 
inefficient for the Board to remand a case to the immigration judge for 
facts that are not truly in dispute and would not be disputed once they 
are called to the parties' attention. However, upon review, the 
Department believes that the AA96 Final Rule's provisions could invite 
impermissible factfinding in practice, in contravention of the 
Department's longstanding regulatory approach. Accordingly, the 
Department proposes changes regarding administrative notice procedures. 
See 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv) (proposed).
    In addition, the Department proposes to rescind the AA96 Final 
Rule's restrictions on the Board's authority to remand to the 
immigration court for further findings of fact, as discussed in further 
detail below. Accordingly, the Department finds it unnecessary to 
retain broad and possibly confusing standards for administrative notice 
that may prejudice noncitizens, particularly pro se noncitizens, as the 
Board will have the discretion to either take administrative notice or 
remand for further fact-finding, as appropriate. See 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(3)(iv) (proposed) (``If further factfinding is needed in a 
particular case, the Board may remand the proceeding to the immigration 
judge or, as appropriate, to DHS.'').
    Additionally, the AA96 Final Rule, if made operative, would permit 
the Board to rely on any ``undisputed fact[ ] in the record'' to 
overturn a grant of relief even if the parties did not have a 
meaningful opportunity to address that fact in the proceedings at the 
immigration-judge level because, for example, neither the parties nor 
the immigration judge found it necessary to dispute or probe further 
about the fact because it appeared irrelevant or tangential. See 85 FR 
at 81651 (8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv)(A)(4)). Relatedly, the AA96 Final Rule 
added a new provision that would allow the Board to affirm the 
underlying decision ``on any basis supported by the record'' including 
by relying on ``facts that are not reasonably subject to dispute.'' See 
id. (8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(v)).
    Although the AA96 Final Rule, if enforced, would afford the parties 
an opportunity to respond to administratively noticed facts if those 
facts were used to overturn a grant of relief or protection, 85 FR at 
81603 (8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv)(B)), in practice this could be confusing 
to noncitizens, particularly those who are pro se.

[[Page 62267]]

Accordingly, the Department does not believe the AA96 Final Rule's 
opportunity-to-respond provision provides adequate procedural 
protections to noncitizens, such as allowing sufficient opportunity to 
be heard, to present testimony, and to develop the record on disputed 
facts. Cf. Quintero v. Garland, 998 F.3d 612, 626 (4th Cir. 2021) 
(``Today, we join the broad consensus among our sister circuits by 
holding that immigration judges have a legal duty to fully develop the 
record in the cases that come before them. Like the [Board] and the 
other circuits to have considered this issue, we are persuaded that 
such a duty necessarily arises from the dictates of [INA 240(b)(1),] 8 
U.S.C. 1229a(b)(1) . . .'').
    The Department is also concerned that the AA96 Final Rule, if 
effectuated, would permit the Board to affirm a denial of relief or 
protection on the basis of facts that may not have been developed by 
the parties or even considered by the immigration judge during removal 
proceedings, and which did not factor into the immigration judge's 
denial. Indeed, the AA96 Final Rule does not provide any requirement of 
notice or opportunity to respond if the Board relies on 
administratively noticed facts to affirm an immigration judge's 
decision to deny relief, even if those facts were not relied on by the 
immigration judge or developed at the hearing.

F. Board Findings of Fact--Voluntary Departure

    Generally, the proposed rule would retain the voluntary departure-
related changes adopted by the AA96 Final Rule, which prohibited the 
Board from remanding to the immigration judge for consideration of 
voluntary departure, as described at Section III.F.2 of this preamble. 
The Department believes that the changes adopted by the AA96 Final Rule 
with respect to voluntary departure created a workable framework that 
improved adjudicatory efficiency. See Section III.F.2 of this preamble 
(``Prior to the AA96 Final Rule, the regulations described an 
immigration judge's authority to grant voluntary departure but did not 
articulate the Board's authority to do so.'' (citation omitted)). 
However, the Department proposes to amend 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7) and 
1240.26(k)(1) to allow the Board to remand cases to the immigration 
court for the consideration of voluntary departure in the limited 
circumstances where further fact-finding is needed.
    Specifically, the Department proposes to remove the AA96 Final 
Rule's mandate that ``[i]f the Board does not grant the request for 
voluntary departure, it must deny the request.'' 85 FR at 81652 (8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(7)(iv)). In cases where the Board has a complete record and 
the immigration judge has made sufficient findings of fact, it is 
generally inefficient and unnecessary for the Board to remand to the 
immigration judge solely for consideration of the issue of voluntary 
departure. However, where the voluntary departure record is incomplete 
or otherwise requires further fact-finding to adjudicate the request, 
the Board should be permitted to remand the case to the immigration 
judge to consider the voluntary departure request.
    One such example is when a noncitizen makes multiple applications 
for relief or protection, including voluntary departure. In that case, 
the immigration judge may choose to grant at least one application but 
not address other applications, including voluntary departure. If DHS 
appeals the immigration judge's decision and the Board determines that 
the noncitizen is not eligible for the relief granted, the voluntary 
departure record is likely to be incomplete or additional fact-finding 
may be required to adjudicate the voluntary departure request. See 85 
FR at 81639-40 (describing commenter concerns with respect to this 
example).
    The AA96 Final Rule, if effectuated, would not allow the Board the 
option to remand. 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(iv) (``If the Board [did] not 
grant the request for voluntary departure, it must deny the 
request.''). However, under the circumstances described above, the 
Board should be permitted to remand the case to the immigration court 
to consider the voluntary departure request rather than mandate denial 
of a potentially eligible request or invite the possibility of improper 
fact-finding, in violation of 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv) (proposed). 
Accordingly, to make this remand authority clear, the Department also 
proposes to add a sentence to the end of 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(ii) 
(proposed), stating that ``[if] the record does not contain sufficient 
factual findings regarding eligibility for voluntary departure, the 
Board may remand the decision to the immigration judge for further 
factfinding.''
    Additionally, the Department proposes to remove the AA96 Final 
Rule's prohibition on remands to the immigration judge to consider 
voluntary departure and to amend the regulations to state that the 
Board ``may,'' rather than ``shall,'' consider a request for voluntary 
departure de novo. 8 CFR 1240.26(k)(1) (proposed). As described above, 
in cases where the Board has a complete record and the immigration 
judge has made sufficient findings of fact, it is generally inefficient 
and unnecessary for the Board to remand to the immigration judge solely 
to consider the issue of eligibility for voluntary departure. However, 
where the voluntary departure record is incomplete or otherwise 
requires further fact-finding to adjudicate the request, the Board 
should be permitted to remand the case to the immigration judge to 
consider the voluntary departure request.
    Except as described above, this proposed rule would not make 
further amendments to the voluntary departure provisions enacted by the 
AA96 Final Rule.
    When the Board grants voluntary departure in the first instance, 
written voluntary departure advisals served electronically or by mail 
in conjunction with the Board's order will provide adequate notice to 
noncitizens for purposes of voluntary departure. See 8 CFR 
1003.3(g)(6)(i)-(ii) (providing for electronic service in eligible 
cases). In making this decision, the Department considered that the Act 
authorizes service of the Notice to Appear by mail, including advisals 
of the consequences for failure to comply with certain requirements 
described in the Notice to Appear and the consequences for failure to 
appear. See INA 239(a)(1)(F)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1229(a)(1)(F)(iii) 
(consequences for failure to provide updated address and telephone 
information), INA 239(a)(1)(G)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1229(a)(1)(G)(ii) 
(consequences for failure to appear). The Department believes that 
given Congress's authorization of service by mail of such advisals, 
notwithstanding the significant consequences associated with failure to 
comply with such requirements, electronic or mail service is also 
sufficient for voluntary departure advisals.

G. Board Remand Authority--Additional Findings of Fact

    The Department proposes to rescind all changes that the AA96 Final 
Rule made to 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv) and proposes to remove the AA96 
Final Rule's addition of 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(v) \41\--the provisions of 
the AA96 Final Rule that eliminated the Board's authority to grant a 
motion to remand based on new evidence that arises while a noncitizen's 
case is on appeal before the Board. Rescinding these changes would 
reinstate the

[[Page 62268]]

Board's previous authority to remand based on new evidence (in addition 
to intervening changes in law) that could impact the basis for the 
immigration judge's removability determination or that could provide 
the noncitizen with a form of relief or protection, or other 
immigration benefit, that would obviate the need for continued removal 
proceedings or the Board's adjudication of the appeal. 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(3) (proposed). Similar to the provisions of the AA96 Final 
Rule that eliminated the authority of immigration judges and the Board 
to grant sua sponte reopening or administrative closure, the AA96 Final 
Rule's provisions that eliminated the Board's authority to remand sua 
sponte based on new evidence could impede certain noncitizens from 
obtaining an immigration benefit or relief from removal for which they 
have become prima facie eligible.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ As discussed above in Section IV.E of this preamble, the 
proposed rule would retain some of the administrative notice 
language at 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv)(A) but would move it to 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(3)(iv) and remove paragraph (A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Upon review, the Department believes that the AA96 Final Rule's 
limitations on the Board's remand authority raise fairness concerns and 
would create inefficiencies that contravene the rule's stated 
justification. For example, although the AA96 Final Rule would permit 
remands based on new evidence pertaining to grounds of removability, 
such as to allow DHS to present new facts regarding a noncitizen's 
removability, see 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv)(D) (barring remands except as 
provided in 8 CFR(d)(7)(v)(B)), 1003.1(d)(7)(v)(B) (not precluding 
remands for further fact-finding related to ``a question regarding a 
ground or grounds of removability specified in section 212 or 237 of 
the Act''), it would preclude the Board from remanding a case at the 
noncitizen's request for further fact-finding where the noncitizen 
became prima facie eligible for relief or protection, or other 
immigration benefit.
    This limitation is overly restrictive and raises fairness concerns 
due to the imbalance between the parties. First, it would not be fair 
to permit DHS to seek remand based on new evidence discovered during 
background or security checks that could render an individual 
ineligible for relief, 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(v)(B), but not on the basis 
of new evidence that could render an individual eligible for relief. 
Second, the AA96 Final Rule ignored that new evidence can relate not 
just to a ground of removability, but also to grounds for relief. If 
new evidence indicates that noncitizens have become eligible for new 
forms of relief from removal, protection, or other immigration benefit, 
the Board should be able to remand for consideration of that evidence. 
Such forms of relief from removal, protection, or other immigration 
benefit may include: special immigrant juvenile status, adjustment of 
status, cancellation of removal for certain lawful permanent residents 
(for example if the noncitizen is successful in obtaining vacatur of a 
criminal conviction that otherwise precluded applying for that relief 
before the immigration judge), or asylum or similar protection based on 
new evidence that only came to light during the appeal process.
    Additionally, the AA96 Final Rule suggested that an individual who 
wishes to obtain relief based on new evidence must file a motion to 
reopen in accordance with the standard procedures for such motions. See 
85 FR at 81589. While this is technically an available option, 
substantive and procedural limitations on motions to reopen might make 
this option more difficult or unavailable for many noncitizens, which 
raises fairness concerns for noncitizens in proceedings, as well as 
questions of efficiency, given that additional motions practice invites 
further litigation that could draw out the resolution of a proceeding. 
See, e.g., 8 CFR 1003.2(c)(2) (time and number bar on motions to 
reopen), 1103.7(b)(2) (filing fee for motions to reopen, but not 
motions to remand); cf. Garcia-DeLeon, 999 F.3d at 992 (``True, a 
noncitizen in removal proceedings whose case is not administratively 
closed may still submit an I-601 Waiver of Inadmissibility after they 
complete their consular interview and are determined inadmissible. This 
old path, however, deterred noncitizens in removal proceedings from 
obtaining legal status as permanent residents . . . Thus, 
administrative closure for the limited purpose of permitting 
noncitizens to apply for provisional unlawful presence waivers 
increases the likelihood that noncitizens will obtain legal status and 
resolve their immigration proceedings.'').
    In addition to fairness and efficiency concerns, the AA96 Final 
Rule's limitations on remands for new evidence also conflict with a 
permanent injunction to which the agency is subject in some 
circumstances. The permanent injunction requires the Board to accept 
new evidence related to mental health and to order a limited remand to 
assess an unrepresented, detained noncitizen's competency to represent 
themselves in proceedings before EOIR. See Franco-Gonzalez v. Holder, 
No. 10-02211, 2013 WL 8115423 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 23, 2013); Franco-
Gonzalez v. Holder, No. 10-02211, 2014 WL 5475097 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 29, 
2014). In addition, since the issuance of that injunction, EOIR has 
adopted similar procedures pursuant to its nationwide policy to provide 
enhanced procedural protections to unrepresented immigration detainees 
with serious mental disorders or conditions \42\ (``Nationwide 
Policy'') for similarly situated individuals detained outside of the 
three states covered by the Franco-Gonzalez injunction. Thus, adherence 
to the AA96 Final Rule would be irreconcilable with adherence to court-
ordered permanent injunctions in effect in three States and 
irreconcilable with EOIR's Nationwide Policy. The Department notes that 
the AA96 Final Rule would still preclude the Board from remanding 
proceedings to the immigration judge for the requisite factual findings 
required by the Nationwide Policy and permanent injunction even if the 
Board would have been permitted to accept new evidence related to 
mental competency.
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    \42\ See Press Release, EOIR, Department of Justice and the 
Department of Homeland Security Announce Safeguards for 
Unrepresented Immigration Detainees with Serious Mental Disorders or 
Conditions (Apr. 22, 2013), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/pr/department-justice-and-department-homeland-security-announce-safeguards-unrepresented.
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    The Department believes that Appellate Immigration Judges have the 
expertise, knowledge, and training to determine when further fact-
finding might be needed given the variables to consider on a case-by-
case basis when adjudicating an appeal and that it is in the interest 
of justice to charge Appellate Immigration Judges with doing so, rather 
than burdening litigants, many of whom are pro se, with strictly 
complying with the numerous, inflexible requirements that the AA96 
Final Rule set forth at 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv)(D)(1)-(5).\43\ As 
discussed below, the Department also proposes to reinstate the Board's 
authority to remand cases based upon a ``totality of the 
circumstances'' analysis.
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    \43\ For example, if enforced, the Board would only be permitted 
to remand a case based on a change in the law if the change were to 
render the initial decision legally erroneous or where the 
immigration judge's factual findings were ``clearly erroneous.'' 
Thus, the AA96 Final Rule would not have permitted remands for a 
change in circumstances, or in a case where the immigration judge 
failed to make any finding of fact that the Board might consider 
important to the case. There are undoubtedly other examples of 
scenarios where it might be appropriate to remand for further fact-
finding but that would not have been captured by the AA96 Final 
Rule. That concern supports leaving the Board the flexibility to 
make case-by-case determinations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Accordingly, given the fairness and efficiency concerns implicated 
in the AA96 Final Rule's limitation on the Board's ability to remand 
cases, the Department proposes to rescind the AA96 Final Rule's changes 
to section 1003.1(d)(3)(iv). Rescinding these

[[Page 62269]]

provisions would allow the Board to retain its prior authority to 
remand in cases involving new evidence that could impact a noncitizen's 
removability or render the individual prima facie eligible for relief.
    The AA96 Final Rule also precluded immigration judges from 
considering, on remand, any issues outside of the scope of the Board's 
remand order, unless pertaining to a question of the immigration 
judge's continuing jurisdiction over the case. But developments related 
to a noncitizen's removability or eligibility for protection or relief 
from removal could arise after a remand. In the Department's view, the 
better policy is to avoid inefficiencies that result from limiting the 
scope of a remand, which can lengthen proceedings by precluding 
immigration judges from addressing all relevant issues in the remanded 
proceedings. While the Department is cognizant that ``[b]oth the public 
and the Board have significant . . . interests in the finality of 
immigration proceedings,'' Hernandez-Rodriguez v. Pasquarell, 118 F.3d 
1034, 1042 (5th Cir. 1997) (citing Abudu v. INS, 485 U.S. 94, 106-08 
(1988)), the Department does not believe that finality interests 
outweigh the fairness and efficiency concerns that the AA96 Final 
Rule's inflexible approach creates. Hence, for similar reasons to those 
described above, the Department proposes to remove this restriction on 
the immigration judge's authority when considering a case on remand.
    The proposed rule would also add to 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(3)(iv) a 
statement that ``[i]f new evidence is submitted on appeal, that 
submission may be deemed a motion to remand and considered 
accordingly.'' This addition would make clear that new evidence 
submitted on appeal need not be dismissed solely because the party did 
not file a pleading entitled a ``motion to remand.'' This is in keeping 
with pre-AA96 Final Rule guidance pertaining to motions to reopen, 
which the Department also proposes to republish as part of this 
rulemaking. See 8 CFR 1003.2(c)(4) (2019); 8 CFR 1003.2(c)(4) 
(proposed). These amendments would clarify that the Board has 
discretion to consider new facts presented on appeal as a motion to 
remand. This parallels the pre-AA96 Final Rule treatment of new facts 
presented as part of a motion to reopen prior to the conclusion of 
proceedings.

H. Board Remand Authority--Errors in Fact or Law

    The Department proposes to rescind all of the AA96 Final Rule's 
restrictions on the Board's authority to remand decisions based upon 
errors of fact or law, specifically, all changes made to 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(7)(i), and proposes to remove 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(ii), (iii), 
and (v). As discussed above in Section IV.F of this preamble, the 
Department proposes to retain, with modifications, 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(7)(iv) (addressing voluntary departure), and to renumber that 
paragraph as 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(ii). These proposed changes would 
restore the Board's broad authority to remand decisions to the 
immigration judge or DHS for ``further action as may be appropriate.'' 
8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(i) (proposed).
    As previously noted in Section III.H.2 of this preamble, the AA96 
Final Rule restricted the Board from remanding a decision due to an 
error of law or fact in the immigration judge's decision if it did not 
identify the standard of review it applied and the specific error or 
errors made by the adjudicator. 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(ii)(A). The 
Department believes that, because the Board's standards of review are 
expressly delineated by regulation, it is unnecessary to require the 
Board to explicitly include them in every remand order. See 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(3) (requiring factual findings to be reviewed for clear error 
and legal determinations to be reviewed de novo).
    Additionally, as explained in Section III.H.2 of this preamble, the 
AA96 Final Rule prohibited the Board from remanding a case: (1) based 
upon a ``totality of the circumstances,'' 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(ii)(B); 
(2) based on new arguments or evidence, except where the new argument 
or evidence pertained to a material change in fact or law and 
substantial evidence supported the change vitiated all grounds of 
removal, 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(ii)(C); or (3) sua sponte, subject to 
limited exceptions, 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(ii)(D).
    The Department is now proposing to rescind these provisions, thus 
recodifying the longstanding, more flexible standard that allows the 
Board to return the case ``to DHS or an immigration judge for such 
further action as may be appropriate.'' 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(i) 
(proposed). The Department now believes that this longstanding standard 
is workable and sufficiently flexible to allow for remands in 
situations where an error of fact or law warrants remand, or where 
fairness or efficiency concerns may otherwise be implicated. Given the 
numerous variables that each case may present, the Department believes 
the Board requires the flexibility to conduct appellate review, 
including remanding proceedings when necessary, rather than being 
limited by the rigid restrictions that the AA96 Final Rule set forth at 
8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(ii).
    Specifically, the Department believes that Appellate Immigration 
Judges have the expertise, knowledge, and training to determine when an 
error of fact or law warrants remand to the immigration judge without 
the need for significant restrictions on such determinations. In 
addition, providing the Board with maximum flexibility to remand due to 
errors of fact or law ensures that the immigration court, which is most 
familiar with the record as the court tasked with receiving evidence, 
is able to correct any errors and issue revised orders based on those 
corrections in the first instance.
    Moreover, the Board may determine, under the totality of the 
circumstances, that remand is warranted in other situations, including 
based on fairness or efficiency concerns. For example, under the AA96 
Final Rule, the Board would arguably be unable to remand--as it has, 
for example, pursuant to Matter of S-H-, 23 I&N Dec. at 462-63--in 
situations where an immigration judge decision contains only a brief 
summary of the testimony and an ultimate pronouncement on the merits, 
without thorough discussion of each of the elements of the application 
for relief or protection. See Matter of Rodriguez-Carillo, 22 I&N Dec. 
1031, 1033 (BIA 1999) (discussing fairness concerns implicated by 
cursory decisions).\44\ The Department thus believes that rescinding 
the AA96 Final Rule's provision prohibiting a remand based upon a 
totality of the circumstances will return the longstanding flexibility 
to the Board to remand cases for further action as appropriate based on 
the circumstances presented in each case.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \44\ The Department also acknowledges that commenters previously 
raised concerns, in conjunction with the AA96 rulemaking, that the 
AA96 Final Rule does not provide an independent ground to remand 
based on superseding or intervening case law--including litigation 
surrounding regulations or precedential decisions that were the 
basis for denying relief--to the extent that such changes do not 
raise a question of jurisdiction, vitiate all grounds of 
removability, or relate to an error of law. See 85 FR at 81611 
(listing commenter concerns); see also (8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7) 
(discussing remand authority). The Department also now believes that 
this omission unduly restricts appellate review, particularly in 
light of the increasing number of significant litigation 
developments pertaining to immigration law in recent years. In some 
circumstances, for example, Appellate Immigration Judges may deem it 
appropriate to remand for immigration judges to consider in the 
first instance the effect of intervening case law, without 
determining whether the decision under review contains an error of 
law under this intervening case law. The Department's proposal to 
restore the Board's broad authority to remand decisions would 
correct such limitations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, under the AA96 Final Rule, the Board would be prohibited 
from

[[Page 62270]]

remanding based upon the availability of new evidence where the new 
evidence did not vitiate all grounds of removability applicable to the 
noncitizen, even where it might impact the noncitizen's eligibility for 
relief from removal. Accordingly, as discussed in Section IV.G of this 
preamble, this prohibition on remands would result in inefficiencies 
given that such a prohibition would invite additional motions practice 
and further litigation that could unnecessarily prolong the ultimate 
resolution of a proceeding. Thus, for the foregoing reasons, the 
Department proposes to largely rescind these restrictions that the AA96 
Final Rule placed on the Board's remand authority so as to restore the 
Board's flexibility to remand decisions to the immigration judge or DHS 
for ``further action as may be appropriate.'' 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(7)(i) 
(proposed).

I. Background Check

    The Department proposes to amend 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(6) regarding the 
completion or updating of background checks when a case is pending 
before the Board. Generally, the proposed rule would retain the 
background check-related changes from the AA96 Final Rule, which were 
intended to reduce the availability of Board remands to the immigration 
court due to background check concerns. The Department believes that 
the pre-AA96 Final Rule practice of remanding to the immigration court 
solely for a background check to be completed is an unnecessary 
procedural action that creates inefficiencies in case processing.\45\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ The Department recognizes that such procedures necessitate 
service of notices and advisals electronically or by mail, as 
opposed to in-person service, and the Department believes that such 
service is sufficient for the same reasons as those described above 
with respect to advisals related to voluntary departure. See Section 
IV.F of this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similar to the AA96 Final Rule, this NPRM proposes that, when 
completing or updating a background check is necessary to adjudicate an 
appeal or motion at the Board, the Board will issue a notice to the 
parties holding the case until such a check is completed and the 
results are reported to the Board. See 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(6)(ii) 
(proposed). The Board's notice to the parties will explain that DHS 
will contact the noncitizen with instructions for completing or 
updating any necessary checks if DHS is otherwise unable to 
independently update them. Id. The Board's notice will also advise the 
noncitizen of the consequences of failing to comply with these 
requirements. Id.
    However, this proposed rule includes a number of changes from the 
AA96 Final Rule's background check language. First, the Department is 
removing language that the AA96 Final Rule added to 8 CFR 
1003.1(d)(6)(iii) that would deem a noncitizen's failure to comply with 
these background check requirements at the Board as an automatic 
abandonment of their underlying relief application absent a showing of 
good cause. Instead, the Department proposes to revert to the pre-AA96 
Final Rule language, which provides that the Board retains the 
discretion to, on DHS's motion, remand to the immigration judge to 
consider such noncompliance in determining whether the underlying 
relief should be denied. See 8 CFR 1003.1(d)(6)(iii) (2019).
    Second, the Department proposes to allow the Board the option of 
further holding a case where DHS has failed to report the results of 
background checks within 180 days from the date of the Board's notice, 
rather than requiring the Board to remand to the immigration judge. 8 
CFR 1003.1(d)(6)(iii) (proposed). This would account for cases where 
180 days may not be a sufficient reporting period or where the case was 
placed on hold for other reasons. See 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(iii) 
(proposed) (specifying when cases may be placed on hold). This change 
will help ensure that cases are not unnecessarily remanded to an 
immigration judge when the Board determines that further holding the 
case would more efficiently contribute to the completion of the case.
    Lastly, the Department proposes to add a minor clarification to 8 
CFR 1003.1(d)(6)(v) that this background check section applies to 
applications for withholding of removal under the Act and applications 
for protection under the Convention Against Torture, by referencing 
``immigration relief or protection.'' See Matter of M-D-, 24 I&N Dec. 
138, 140 n.1 (BIA 2007) (``When referenced in connection with the 
background check regulations, the term `relief' includes any form of 
relief that permits [a noncitizen] to reside in the United States, 
including withholding of removal and protection under the Convention 
Against Torture . . .'').

J. Adjudication Timelines

    The Department proposes to retain the 90- and 180-day processing 
timelines for single-member and three-member Board decisions but amend 
8 CFR 1003.1(e)(1) and (e)(8), regarding internal processing timelines 
at the Board. The AA96 Final Rule added or modified a number of Board 
internal processing timelines, requiring: (1) screening panel review 
within 14 days of filing or receipt; (2) transcript ordering within 
seven days after the screening panel completes its review; (3) issuance 
of briefing schedules within seven days after receiving the transcript 
or, if no transcript is required, within seven days after the screening 
panel completes its review; (4) review by a single Appellate 
Immigration Judge within 14 days of assignment to determine whether a 
single- or a three-member panel should adjudicate the appeal; (5) 
summary dismissal of qualifying cases within 30 days of the appeal's 
filing date; (6) adjudication of interlocutory appeals within 30 days 
of the appeal's filing date; and (7) completion of three-member 
decisions within 180 days of the record being complete, rather than 180 
days from assignment to the three-member panel. See 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(1), 
(8). The AA96 Final Rule also added tracking and accountability 
requirements for the Chairman at 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(v).
    After further review, the Department has determined that these 
internal timelines are overly rigid and concern internal Board 
operations and processes that are not suitable for regulatory action. 
Given the wide variety of cases before the Board, the varying 
circumstances of different parties, and possible changes to EOIR's 
dockets, codifying strict internal timelines in regulatory text does 
not afford the Board adequate flexibility to process cases efficiently 
and fairly. Furthermore, processing timelines may be accomplished 
through internal guidance as necessary. See 5 U.S.C. 553(b)(3)(A) 
(exempting ``rules of agency organization, procedure, or practice'' 
from the APA's notice and comment requirements); see also 8 CFR 
1003.1(a)(2)(i)(C) (providing the Chairman with the authority to ``set 
priorities or time frames for the resolution of cases''). As a result, 
the proposed rule would remove the specific processing timelines from 
EOIR's regulations, retaining only the more general 90- and 180-day 
processing timelines for single-member and three-member Board 
decisions. This will ensure that the Board continues to resolve cases 
expeditiously, while giving the Board appropriate flexibility to set 
internal case management deadlines based on the particular 
circumstances of the cases at issue and possible changes to EOIR's 
dockets.
    To calculate the 180-day adjudication deadline for three-member 
panels, the Department believes that starting the

[[Page 62271]]

adjudication period at the time of panel assignment is most 
appropriate. See 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(i) (proposed). Three-member 
decisions require robust discussion among members of the panel, as well 
as detailed, thorough decisions, given that three-member decisions are 
intended to address significant legal issues. See 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(6) 
(explaining that three-member panel decisions are intended to address, 
among other issues, the need to establish precedent construing the 
meaning of laws, regulations, or procedures, or cases or controversies 
of national import). Thus, upon reconsideration, the Department is now 
of the belief that providing less time for the Board to consider and 
issue three-member panel decisions would be inefficient, as this 
truncated timeline could negatively affect the Board's ability to: (1) 
settle inconsistencies at the immigration court; (2) establish 
precedent that would clarify significant legal issues; (3) review 
decisions that may not be in conformity with the law or applicable 
precedent; (4) resolve cases or controversies of major national import; 
(5) review clearly erroneous factual determinations; (6) reverse 
decisions if appropriate to do so; or (7) resolve complex, novel, 
unusual, or recurring issues of law or fact. See 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(6) 
(2018). This, in turn, could have a cascading negative impact on all 
EOIR adjudications due to a resultant lack of clarity, consistency, or 
meaningful review and resolution of important issues that come before 
EOIR. Conversely, given that single-member Board decisions, 
historically, have been appropriate for the disposition of unopposed 
motions, 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(2), affirmances without opinion, 8 CFR 
1003.1(e)(4), or ``brief orders,'' 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(5), the Department 
continues to believe that calculating the 90-day adjudication period 
from the time of completion of the record on appeal is appropriate. See 
8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(i) (proposed). Returning the adjudicatory processing 
timelines to the pre-AA96 Final Rule standards would ensure that there 
is sufficient time for the Board to fully consider and address 
important issues requiring three-member panel decisions, while still 
allowing for flexibility and expediency in issuing single-member 
decisions.
    Additionally, the Department proposes to include all ``rare 
circumstances'' listed in the regulatory text prior to the AA96 Final 
Rule under which the Chairman was permitted to hold adjudication of a 
case or cases. Specifically, the Department proposes that the Board may 
hold a case or group of cases where an impending decision by the United 
States Supreme Court or the relevant United States Court of Appeals, 
impending Department regulatory amendments, or an impending en banc 
Board decision might substantially determine the outcome of the case or 
group of cases. 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(iii) (proposed). The Department also 
proposes to amend the pre-AA96 Final Rule language to account for the 
potential of ``rare circumstances'' other than those explicitly 
described by the regulation in which a hold may be appropriate. Id. 
Accordingly, the Department proposes to add the term ``such as'' before 
describing the rare circumstances to make clear that these 
circumstances are non-exhaustive. Id.

K. Director's Authority To Issue Decisions

    The Department proposes to amend 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8) to remove the 
EOIR Director's authority to adjudicate cases that are pending beyond 
the Board's regulatory adjudication timelines. As a result, the 
Department also proposes to remove the cross-reference prohibiting 
delegation of the Director's authority--as was set forth in 8 CFR 
1003.1(e)(8)--from the regulations at 8 CFR 1003.0(b)(2)(ii). The 
Department is proposing this change for clarity, as that cross-
reference to the Director's authority in 8 CFR 1003.0(b)(2)(ii) would 
be rendered nonsensical if the changes to proposed 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8) 
are finalized.
    As a general rule, the EOIR Director does not have the authority to 
adjudicate, or direct the adjudication of, cases before EOIR. See 8 CFR 
1003.0(c) (``Except as provided by statute, regulation, or delegation 
of authority from the Attorney General, or when acting as a designee of 
the Attorney General, the Director shall have no authority to 
adjudicate cases arising under the Act or regulations or to direct the 
result of an adjudication assigned to the Board, an immigration judge, 
the Chief Administrative Hearing Officer, or an Administrative Law 
Judge.''). Two recent Department rulemakings, however, provided 
exceptions by allowing the EOIR Director to adjudicate Board cases that 
are not completed within their regulatory adjudication timelines.
    In general, the regulations require single-member appeals to be 
completed within 90 days of completion of the record, and three-member 
appeals to be completed within 180 days. See 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(i). An 
August 26, 2019, interim final rule amended this section to require 
that if a case is not completed within the time limit and any 
extension, the Chairman must either assign the case to themselves or a 
Board Vice Chairman or refer the case to EOIR's Director for 
adjudication. See 84 FR at 44539-40; 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(ii); 
Organization of the Executive Office for Immigration Review, 85 FR 
69465, 69481 (Nov. 3, 2020) (adopting as final). Subsequently, the 
separate AA96 Final Rule further amended this section to require the 
Chairman to refer any case to the EOIR Director that is pending 
adjudication for more than 335 days after the appeal, motion, or remand 
was filed or received by the Board, subject to certain exceptions. See 
85 FR at 81591. Taken together, these rulemakings significantly 
expanded the EOIR Director's authority to adjudicate cases before EOIR.
    After further review, the Department has determined that providing 
the EOIR Director with such expansive adjudicatory authority is 
unnecessary. The Department proposes to remove the amendments made to 8 
CFR 1003.1(e)(8) by both the August 2019 interim final rule and the 
related final rule, as well as the AA96 Final Rule, and revert the 
language back to instructing the Board to refer cases that are not 
adjudicated in the time required to the Attorney General for decision. 
8 CFR 1003.1(e)(8)(ii) (proposed). Further, consistent with the 
Department's longstanding understanding of the EOIR Director's 
authorities and limitations, this proposed rule ``highlight[s] the 
Director's role as EOIR's manager,'' as opposed to an adjudicator, 
which is more properly the function of the immigration courts and the 
Board. See 65 FR at 81434 (detailing the EOIR Director's broad 
authority to direct and supervise EOIR's components).
    In the event that a Board case passes its regulatory deadline 
without adjudication, the Department believes that such cases are 
better addressed internally at the Board, including through the 
Chairman and Vice Chairman referrals included in this proposed rule, as 
well as any modified internal procedures, training, and hiring, as 
necessary. Therefore, the Department proposes to amend 8 CFR 
1003.1(e)(8) to remove the EOIR Director's authority to adjudicate 
Board cases that remain pending past regulatory deadlines.

L. Quality Assurance Certification

    The Department proposes to remove and reserve 8 CFR 1003.1(k), 
which was added by the AA96 Final Rule to create a procedure for 
immigration judges to certify cases remanded to them by the Board and 
allegedly involving Board

[[Page 62272]]

error to the EOIR Director. In addition, the Department proposes to 
remove language added by the AA96 Final Rule that references the EOIR 
Director's authority to remand cases as part of the quality assurance 
certification process. See 8 CFR 1003.1(e) (proposed).
    After further review, the Department believes that the pre-AA96 
Final Rule procedures are sufficient to address potential Board errors. 
As explained above, a party dissatisfied with a Board decision may file 
a motion to reconsider, 8 CFR 1003.2(a), the noncitizen may pursue a 
petition for review of a final order of removal in the federal courts 
of appeals, INA 242(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1252(a)(1), and DHS may also seek 
to refer a Board decision to the Attorney General for further review, 8 
CFR 1003.1(h). Within the Department, the Attorney General may certify 
a decision on the Attorney General's own initiative; an immigration 
judge may certify to the Board any case that is appealable to the 
Board; and the Board may reconsider a decision involving an error using 
the Board's sua sponte authority as described elsewhere in this 
proposed rule. See 8 CFR 1003.1(c), (h), 1003.2(a). All of these 
options that are already available to immigration judges, the Board, 
the Attorney General, and the parties to the case permit addressing 
alleged Board errors without the need for a lengthy ancillary process 
outside of the normal adjudicatory case flow.
    The AA96 Final Rule unnecessarily inserted the EOIR Director into 
the adjudication process. As previously explained, the EOIR Director 
has historically not possessed the authority to adjudicate, or direct 
the adjudication of, cases before EOIR, with limited exceptions. See 8 
CFR 1003.0(c). The AA96 Final Rule created a substantial exception to 
that general limitation on the Director's authority by allowing the 
EOIR Director to ``exercise delegated authority from the Attorney 
General identical to that of the Board . . . [including] the authority 
to issue a precedent decision, and the authority to refer the case to 
the Attorney General for review'' after certification from an 
immigration judge. 85 FR at 81653; 8 CFR 1003.1(k)(3). In effect, the 
AA96 Final Rule granted the EOIR Director broad authority to issue 
precedential decisions if an immigration judge certified a case to the 
EOIR Director alleging, for example, that the Board decision on remand 
was contrary to law or was vague, ambiguous, or internally 
inconsistent, among other reasons. 8 CFR 1003.1(k)(1)(iii). However, 
given the myriad other responsibilities of the EOIR Director, see 8 CFR 
1003.0(b)(1), and because other existing agency procedures are 
sufficient to address potential errors, the Department believes this 
broadening of the EOIR Director's adjudicative authority is unnecessary 
and unwarranted at this time.

M. Forwarding of Record on Appeal

    The Department proposes to amend the regulations at 8 CFR 1003.5 
regarding the forwarding of the record on appeal by largely returning 
to the regulatory text in effect prior to the AA96 Final Rule. First, 
the proposed rule would reinstate the requirements for immigration 
judges to review their oral decision transcripts and approve them 
within specified timeframes. 8 CFR 1003.5(a) (proposed). Second, the 
proposed rule would remove a reference to the EOIR Director when 
discussing the authority to manage the transcription process. Id.\46\
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    \46\ The proposed rule retains, however, changes made by the 
AA96 Final Rule to delete references to DHS procedures in paragraph 
(b) that are not relevant to EOIR and to change the phrase ``improve 
[transcript] quality'' to ``ensure [transcript] quality.'' 8 CFR 
1003.5(a), (b) (proposed). Due to the high quality of EOIR's digital 
audio recording system, the role of the Chairman and Chief 
Immigration Judge in the transcription process is more accurately 
defined as ensuring the continued quality of transcription, rather 
than improving it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department originally instituted timelines for immigration 
judges to review oral decision transcripts in order to ``expedite the 
handling of cases by the Board.'' Board of Immigration Appeals: 
Procedural Reforms to Improve Case Management, 67 FR 7309, 7311 (Feb. 
19, 2002) (proposed rule); 67 FR 54878, 54895 (Aug. 26, 2002) (final 
rule). Subsequently, the AA96 Final Rule completely removed the 
immigration judge transcript review process to further expedite the 
appeal process, stating that such review was no longer needed. 85 FR at 
81639. However, after further consideration, the Department proposes to 
reinstate the prior review procedures as necessary to ensure that 
accurate transcripts are produced. As the source of the oral decision, 
the immigration judge is in the best position to review the transcript 
to ensure it is an accurate written version of their oral decision. 
Moreover, the Department believes that the 14-day review period does 
not lengthen the appeal process sufficiently to justify completely 
removing the immigration judge review process. In retaining the 
immigration judge transcript review process, the Department notes that 
the process is not intended to allow immigration judges to change their 
decision after the fact but rather to ensure that the written 
transcript accurately captures the immigration judge's oral decision, 
particularly because minor transcription errors have the potential to 
cause outsized issues.
    The AA96 Final Rule also inserted a reference to the EOIR Director 
into 8 CFR 1003.5(a), regarding the management of the transcription 
process, but did not provide an explanation for the addition. On 
further review, the Department proposes to remove the reference to the 
EOIR Director in the management of the transcription process as 
unnecessary. The Chairman and the Chief Immigration Judge will continue 
to manage the transcription process.
    The Department also proposes to retain pre-AA96 Final Rule language 
at 8 CFR 1003.5(b) regarding procedures for appeals from DHS officer 
decisions to provide clarity to parties about how to manage the record 
of proceeding in cases where DHS, upon reconsideration, decides to 
grant a benefit that has been requested in the appeal to the Board.

N. Definitional Changes

    The Department proposes adding two definitions to 8 CFR 1001.1. 
Specifically, the Department proposes to define the terms 
``noncitizen'' and ``unaccompanied child.'' See 8 CFR 1001.1(gg)-(hh) 
(proposed).
    First, the proposed rule would define ``noncitizen'' to be 
synonymous with the term ``alien,'' which is defined by statute to mean 
``any person not a citizen or national of the United States.'' INA 
101(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(3). This change would be consistent with 
recent terminology usage changes at EOIR. See EOIR PM 21-27, 
Terminology (July 26, 2021), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/book/file/1415216/download; see also Barton v. Barr, 140 S. Ct. 1442, 1446 n.2 
(2020) (noting that the opinion ``uses the term `noncitizen' as 
equivalent to the statutory term `alien' ''). The Department notes that 
a person may claim United States citizenship or nationality during 
immigration court proceedings or may obtain United States citizenship 
or nationality after immigration court proceedings have commenced. The 
Department proposes to use the term ``noncitizen'' as equivalent to the 
term ``alien'' as used in the regulations to denote a person who is in 
immigration proceedings before EOIR, including those that claim or 
later obtain United States citizenship or nationality. The Department 
requests comments on whether there is an alternative term or terms that 
would better capture this concept.\47\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ The term ``respondent'' as defined in 8 CFR 1001.1(r) does 
not cover all persons appearing for proceedings before EOIR but 
instead describes noncitizens in removal or deportation proceedings. 
See 8 CFR 1001.1(r) (defining respondent ``as a person named in a 
notice to appear or an order to show cause''); INA 239(a)(1), 8 
U.S.C. 1229(a)(1) (defining a notice to appear as the charging 
document that initiates removal proceedings). EOIR conducts other 
proceedings including ``withholding-only'' proceedings and ``asylum-
only'' proceedings. See, e.g., 8 CFR 1208.30(g)(2)(iv)(C) (asylum-
only proceedings), 1208.2(c)(2) (withholding-only proceedings).

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[[Page 62273]]

    Second, the proposed rule would define ``unaccompanied child'' to 
be synonymous with ``unaccompanied alien child'' and its statutory 
definition at 6 U.S.C. 279(g)(2). Similar to the proposed 
``noncitizen'' definitional change, this change is more consistent with 
current terminology usage.

O. Technical Changes

    The Department proposes technical changes in paragraphs amended as 
noted in this section. Specifically, the Department proposes to replace 
gendered language with gender-neutral language at 8 CFR 
1003.1(e)(8)(ii), 1003.2(c)(1), 1003.23(b)(1), 1003.23(b)(1)(iii), and 
1240.26. The Department also proposes to decapitalize the term 
``Immigration Judge'' where appropriate. Lastly, the Department 
proposes to replace references to ``the Service'' with ``DHS'' and 
references to ``alien'' with ``noncitizen'' where appropriate.

P. Request for Comment

    In Matter of Pickering, 23 I&N Dec. 621 (BIA 2003), the Board of 
Immigration Appeals held that court orders that vacate a noncitizen's 
conviction will be given effect for immigration purposes only when they 
are based on a substantive or procedural defect in the underlying 
criminal proceeding. In Matter of Thomas & Thompson, 27 I&N Dec. 674 
(A.G. 2019), Attorney General Barr overruled three prior Board 
decisions--Matter of Cota-Vargas, 37 I&N Dec. 849 (BIA 2005), Matter of 
Song, 23 I&N Dec. 173 (BIA 2001), and Matter of Estrada, 26 I&N Dec. 
749 (BIA 2016)--and held that state-court orders that modify, clarify, 
or otherwise alter a noncitizen's criminal sentence will similarly be 
given effect for immigration purposes only when they are based on a 
substantive or procedural defect in the underlying criminal proceeding, 
and not when based on reasons unrelated to the merits, such as 
rehabilitation or avoiding immigration consequences.
    Recently, a circuit split has emerged on whether Matter of Thomas & 
Thompson may be applied retroactively in immigration proceedings to 
orders or criminal proceedings that predated the Attorney General's 
decision. Compare Zaragoza v. Garland, 52 F.4th 1006, 1010 (7th Cir. 
2022) (holding that applying Matter of Thomas & Thompson to a 
preexisting sentence-modification order ``is an impermissibly 
retroactive application of a new rule''), with Edwards v. U.S. Attorney 
General, 56 F.4th 951, 962 (11th Cir. 2022) (finding ``no retroactivity 
problem'' in similar circumstances). Questions have also arisen over 
how Matter of Thomas & Thompson and Pickering apply to particular types 
of orders. See, e.g., Matter of Sotelo, 2019 WL 8197756, at *2 (BIA 
Dec. 23, 2019) (giving effect to a vacatur order issued under Cal. 
Penal Code Sec.  1473.7); Khatkarh v. Becerra, 442 F. Supp. 3d 1277, 
1285-86 (E.D. Cal. 2020) (discussing Board decision denying effect to a 
vacatur order issued under Cal. Penal Code Sec.  1473.7); Talamantes-
Enriquez v. U.S. Attorney General, 12 F.4th 1340, 1354-55 (11th Cir. 
2021) (denying effect to a clarification order where the original 
sentence was not ambiguous, but distinguishing a ``sentence order 
[that] was ambiguous and needed clarification'').
    The Department invites comment on whether--and if so, to what 
extent--Matter of Thomas & Thompson should be given retroactive effect. 
In particular, the Department seeks comment and information on the 
appropriate reference point for the retroactivity inquiry; the extent 
to which individuals reasonably relied on the Board decisions 
overturned by Matter of Thomas & Thompson (e.g., in entering guilty 
pleas, in going to trial, in pursuing state-court modifications, 
clarifications, or alterations, or otherwise); the burden that 
retroactive application would impose (e.g., the consequence of removal 
and obstacles individuals may now face to obtaining relief that would 
satisfy Thomas & Thompson or in demonstrating case-specific reliance); 
and the interests, if any, in applying Matter of Thomas & Thompson 
retroactively. See, e.g., Zaragoza, 52 F.4th at 1023; Retail, Wholesale 
& Dep't Store Union, AFL-CIO v. NLRB, 466 F.2d 380, 390 (D.C. Cir. 
1972); see also INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 314-21 (2001). The 
Department also seeks comment on how Matter of Thomas & Thompson and 
Pickering apply to particular types of orders, such as those referenced 
in Matter of Sotelo, Katkarh, and Talamantes-Enriquez. Reconsideration 
of the approach of Matter of Thomas & Thompson or Pickering is beyond 
the scope of this rulemaking, which focuses on the application of those 
decisions without reaffirming or reconsidering their approach.

Q. Reliance Interests

    The Department perceives no reliance interest on the part of any 
party or entity in any existing policies implicated or effected by the 
proposed rule, apart from those discussed in the request for comment in 
Section IV.P of this preamble. Nonetheless, the Department invites 
commenters to identify any serious reliance interests that may be 
implicated by the provisions of this proposed rule. See FCC v. Fox 
Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 515 (2009) (requiring agencies 
to consider cognizable ``serious reliance interests'' when changing 
policies).

V. Regulatory Requirements

A. Administrative Procedure Act

    The Department is providing a 60-day comment period for this 
proposed rule to provide the public with ``an opportunity to 
participate in the rule making'' as required by the Administrative 
Procedure Act and in accordance with the guidance provided by Executive 
Order 12866 and Executive Order 13563. See APA, 5 U.S.C. 553(c); E.O. 
12866, Regulatory Planning and Review, 58 FR 51735 (Sept. 30, 1993) 
(stating that rulemakings ``in most cases should include a comment 
period of not less than 60 days''); E.O. 13563, Improving Regulation 
and Regulatory Review, 76 FR 3821, 3821-22 (Jan. 18, 2011) (``To the 
extent feasible and permitted by law, each agency shall afford the 
public . . . a comment period that should generally be at least 60 
days.'').
    The Department reiterates that it proposes discrete changes to the 
appellate process, decisional finality, and administrative closure. 
Should rulemakings arise prior to finalization of this proposed rule 
that impact the changes proposed herein, the Department intends to 
identify and explain the projected impact that this proposed rule, if 
finalized, would have on EOIR's operations in conjunction with those 
future rules in order to give the public notice of the projected 
intersection between related rulemaking efforts and the opportunity to 
comment, where appropriate.
    The Department does not anticipate that the comment period for this 
proposed rule will overlap or coincide with other rules, Attorney 
General decisions, or Board decisions that would affect the effect of 
the regulatory changes proposed by this NPRM. The Department invites 
the public to submit comments during the 60-day comment

[[Page 62274]]

period regarding anticipated interaction with related rules.\48\ For 
further information, the Department notes the most recent publication 
of the Unified Agenda outlining the Department's anticipated rulemaking 
activity through spring 2024. See Office of Information and Regulatory 
Affairs, Spring 2023 Unified Agenda of Regulatory and Deregulatory 
Actions, https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaMain.
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    \48\ The Department recognizes that litigation is pending for 
many of the rules noted by the court in Centro Legal de la Raza. 524 
F. Supp. 3d at 959-62. As provided in the Department's Unified 
Agenda submission, the Department anticipates modifying or 
rescinding the following rules identified by the court: Executive 
Office for Immigration Review; Fee Review, 85 FR 82750 (Dec. 18, 
2020); Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal; Credible 
Fear and Reasonable Fear Review, 85 FR 80274 (Dec. 11, 2020); and 
Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal, 85 FR 81698 (Dec. 
16, 2020). Further, rescission of the AA96 Final Rule addresses the 
court's concerns with the interactions of two other proposed rules--
Motions to Reopen and Reconsider; Effect of Departure; Stay of 
Removal, 85 FR 75942 (Nov. 27, 2020), and Good Cause for a 
Continuance in Immigration Proceedings, 85 FR 75925 (Nov. 27, 2020). 
Specifically, the court was concerned that the Department's 
responses in the AA96 Final Rule to various comments relied on 
regulatory provisions that it later proposed to amend. Centro Legal 
de la Raza, 524 F. Supp. 3d at 959-62. Publishing this new NPRM, 
which proposes to rescind the AA96 Final Rule, containing the 
responses causing concern, thereby eliminates such concerns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Department has reviewed this NPRM in accordance with the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 605(b)) and certifies that this 
NPRM will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial 
number of small entities. The proposed rule will not regulate ``small 
entities,'' as that term is defined in 5 U.S.C. 601(6). In the main, 
this proposed rule reverses the amendments made by the AA96 Final Rule 
and restores and expands on previously existing authorities exercised 
by EOIR adjudicators and processes governing appeals filed with the 
Board. Accordingly, this proposed rule regulates the conduct of 
immigration proceedings before EOIR and therefore may have a direct 
impact on noncitizens in such proceedings. The proposed rule may 
indirectly affect resources or business operations for legal providers 
representing noncitizens in proceedings before EOIR, but the proposed 
rule imposes no mandates or requirements on such entities and, 
therefore, the Department believes that the proposed rule will not have 
a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. Moreover, the Department believes it is unlikely that small 
entities, including legal service providers, have changed their 
practices since the AA96 Final Rule was enjoined, thus further 
minimizing the proposed rule's impact on small entities. The AA96 Final 
Rule was enjoined soon after becoming effective. Thus, the pre-AA96 
Final Rule status quo has been in effect since the injunction. Given 
that the proposed rule generally adopts the pre-AA96 Final Rule status 
quo--the framework that is currently in place--with only a few 
alterations, the Department does not expect the changes proposed by 
this NPRM to have a significant impact on any small entities, as it is 
unlikely to require any significant change in operations to accommodate 
the changes proposed herein.

C. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    This proposed rule would not result in the expenditure by State, 
local, and Tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private 
sector, of $100 million or more in any one year (adjusted annually for 
inflation), and it will not significantly or uniquely affect small 
governments. Therefore, no actions were deemed necessary under the 
provisions of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995. See 2 U.S.C. 
1532(a).

D. Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review), Executive 
Order 13563 (Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review), and Executive 
Order 14094 (Modernizing Regulatory Review)

    The Department has determined that this proposed rule is a 
``significant regulatory action'' under section 3(f) of Executive Order 
12866, as amended. Accordingly, this proposed rule has been submitted 
to the Office of Management and Budget for review.
    The Department certifies that this proposed rule has been drafted 
in accordance with the principles of Executive Order 12866, Executive 
Order 13563, and Executive Order 14094, Modernizing Regulatory Review, 
88 FR 21879 (Apr. 6, 2023). Executive Orders 12866, 13563, and 14094 
direct agencies to assess the costs and benefits of available 
regulatory alternatives and, if regulation is necessary, to select 
regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential 
economic, environmental, public health, and safety effects, 
distributive impacts, and equity). Executive Order 13563 emphasizes the 
importance of quantifying both costs and benefits, reducing costs, 
harmonizing rules, and promoting flexibility.
    Overall, the Department believes that the changes proposed in this 
NPRM will provide significant benefits to adjudicators, the parties, 
and the broader public, which outweigh the potential costs.
    For example, the proposed rule's provisions for the exercise of 
administrative closure, termination, and dismissal authority strike a 
balance between providing sufficient guidance for adjudicators and 
regulated parties while, at the same time, preserving flexibility that 
will promote fairer, more efficient, and more uniform case processing 
and adjudication. Likewise, eliminating projected inefficiencies that 
could have resulted from implementation of the AA96 standards, 
including rescinding restrictions on sua sponte authority for 
adjudicators to reopen or reconsider cases, would codify additional 
flexibility for adjudicators, which could provide significant benefits 
to noncitizens in certain cases with exceptional circumstances, as 
discussed above. Further, reinstating Board remand authority will also 
codify similar flexibility for adjudicators, and is expected to have 
efficiency benefits as noted in the preamble above. The Department 
believes that the costs of these provisions mainly relate to any 
necessary familiarization with the rule, but such costs should be de 
minimis, given that the AA96 Final Rule has never been implemented and 
this NPRM is proposing to codify the operative status quo. Further, the 
NPRM is largely either proposing to codify prior longstanding 
regulatory provisions (sua sponte authority, Board remand authority) or 
longstanding case law (administrative closure). On balance, overall, 
the Department believes that the fairness and efficiency benefits 
gained by the aforementioned proposed changes outweigh the potential de 
minimis costs.
    Similarly, many of the other proposed changes, including to 
briefing schedules, background check procedures, Board adjudication 
timelines, quality assurance certification, forwarding of the record on 
appeal, and the EOIR Director's case adjudication authority are largely 
internal case-processing measures with no measurable costs to the 
public. Moreover, many of these provisions will revert in large part to 
longstanding pre-AA96 Final Rule regulatory language, with which 
adjudicators and the parties should already be familiar. Additionally, 
to the extent that any provisions of the AA96 Final Rule are retained, 
such as the background check procedures allowing a case to be held at

[[Page 62275]]

the Board pending a background check, rather than remanded to the 
immigration court, the Department believes that such provisions will 
provide efficiencies to the immigration system, which will in turn 
benefit adjudicators and the parties.
    In sum, any changes contemplated by the NPRM would not impact on 
the public in a way that would render the proposed rule in conflict 
with the principles of Executive Orders 12866, 13563, and 14094.

E. Executive Order 13132--Federalism

    This proposed rule would not have substantial direct effects on the 
States, on the relationship between the National Government and the 
States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the 
various levels of government. Therefore, in accordance with section 6 
of Executive Order 13132, it is determined that this proposed rule does 
not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation 
of a federalism summary impact statement.

F. Executive Order 12988--Civil Justice Reform

    This proposed rule meets the applicable standards set forth in 
sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988.

G. Paperwork Reduction Act

    This NPRM does not propose new or revisions to existing 
``collection[s] of information'' as that term is defined under the 
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13, 109 Stat. 163, 44 
U.S.C. chapter 35), and its implementing regulations, 5 CFR part 1320.

H. Congressional Review Act

    This proposed rule is not a major rule as defined by section 804 of 
the Congressional Review Act. 5 U.S.C. 804.

List of Subjects

8 CFR Part 1001

    Administrative practice and procedure, Immigration.

8 CFR Part 1003

    Administrative practice and procedure, Immigration.

8 CFR Part 1239

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Immigration.

8 CFR Part 1240

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens.

    Accordingly, for the reasons set forth in the preamble, the 
Department proposes to amend 8 CFR parts 1001, 1003, 1239, and 1240 as 
follows:

PART 1001--DEFINITIONS

0
1. The authority citation for part 1001 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301; 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103; Pub. L. 107-296, 
116 Stat. 2135; Title VII of Pub. L. 110-229.

0
2. Amend Sec.  1001.1 by adding paragraphs (gg) and (hh) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  1001.1  Definitions.

* * * * *
    (gg) The term noncitizen means any person not a citizen or national 
of the United States.
    (hh) The term unaccompanied child means, and is synonymous with, 
the term ``unaccompanied alien child,'' as defined in 6 U.S.C. 
279(g)(2).

PART 1003--EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW

0
3. The authority citation for part 1003 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301; 6 U.S.C. 521; 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 
1154, 1155, 1158, 1182, 1226, 1229, 1229a, 1229b, 1229c, 1231, 
1254a, 1255, 1324d, 1330, 1361, 1362; 28 U.S.C. 509, 510, 1746; sec. 
2 Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1950; 3 CFR, 1949-1953 Comp., p. 1002; 
section 203 of Pub. L. 105-100, 111 Stat. 2196-200; sections 1506 
and 1510 of Pub. L. 106-386, 114 Stat. 1527-29, 1531-32; section 
1505 of Pub. L. 106-554, 114 Stat. 2763A-326 to -328.

0
4. Amend Sec.  1003.0 by revising paragraph (b)(2)(ii) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  1003.0  Executive Office for Immigration Review.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (ii) The Director may not delegate the authority assigned to the 
Director in Sec.  1292.18 of this chapter and may not delegate any 
other authority to adjudicate cases arising under the Act or 
regulations of this chapter unless expressly authorized to do so.
* * * * *
0
5. Amend Sec.  1003.1 by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (a)(2)(i)(E), (c), (d)(1) introductory text, 
(d)(1)(ii), (d)(3)(iii) and (iv);
0
b. Removing paragraph (d)(3)(v);
0
c. Revising paragraphs (d)(6)(ii) and (iii), (d)(6)(v), (d)(7), (e) 
introductory text, (e)(1) through (3), (e)(4)(i) introductory text, 
(e)(4)(ii), (e)(7), (e)(8) introductory text, (e)(8)(i) through (iii), 
and (v), and (f);
0
d. Removing and reserving paragraph (k); and
0
e. Adding paragraphs (l) and (m).
    The additions and revisions read as follows:


Sec.  1003.1  Organization, jurisdiction, and powers of the Board of 
Immigration Appeals.

    (a) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) * * *
    (E) Adjudicate cases as a Board member, including the authority to 
administratively close and recalendar cases in accordance with 
paragraph (l) of this section; and
* * * * *
    (c) Jurisdiction by certification. The Secretary, or any other duly 
authorized officer of DHS, an immigration judge, or the Board may in 
any case arising under paragraph (b) of this section certify such case 
to the Board for adjudication. The Board, in its discretion, may review 
any such case by certification without regard to the provisions of 
Sec.  1003.7 if it determines that the parties have already been given 
a fair opportunity to make representations before the Board regarding 
the case, including the opportunity to request oral argument and to 
submit a brief.
    (d) * * *
    (1) Generally. The Board shall function as an appellate body 
charged with the review of those administrative adjudications under the 
Act that the Attorney General may by regulation assign to it. The Board 
shall resolve the questions before it in a manner that is timely, 
impartial, and consistent with the Act and regulations. In addition, 
the Board, through precedent decisions, shall provide clear and uniform 
guidance to DHS, the immigration judges, and the general public on the 
proper interpretation and administration of the Act and its 
implementing regulations.
* * * * *
    (ii) Subject to the governing standards set forth in paragraph 
(d)(1)(i) of this section, Board members shall exercise their 
independent judgment and discretion in considering and determining the 
cases coming before the Board, and a panel or Board member to whom a 
case is assigned may take any action consistent with their authorities 
under the Act and the regulations as necessary or appropriate for the 
disposition or alternative resolution of the case. Such actions include 
administrative closure, termination of proceedings, and dismissal of 
proceedings. The standards for the administrative closure, dismissal, 
and termination of cases are set forth in paragraph (l) of this 
section, 8 CFR

[[Page 62276]]

1239.2(c), and paragraph (m) of this section, respectively.
* * * * *
    (3) * * *
    (iii) The Board may review de novo all questions arising in appeals 
from decisions issued by DHS officers.
    (iv) Except for taking administrative notice of commonly known 
facts such as current events or the contents of official documents, the 
Board will not engage in factfinding in the course of deciding cases. A 
party asserting that the Board cannot properly resolve an appeal 
without further factfinding must file a motion for remand. If new 
evidence is submitted on appeal, that submission may be deemed a motion 
to remand and considered accordingly. If further factfinding is needed 
in a particular case, the Board may remand the proceeding to the 
immigration judge or, as appropriate, to DHS.
* * * * *
    (6) * * *
    (ii) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(6)(iv) of this section, if 
identity, law enforcement, or security investigations or examinations 
are necessary in order to adjudicate the appeal or motion, the Board 
will provide notice to both parties that the case is being placed on 
hold until such time as all identity, law enforcement, or security 
investigations or examinations are completed or updated and the results 
have been reported to the Board. The Board's notice will notify the 
noncitizen that DHS will contact the noncitizen with instructions, 
consistent with Sec.  1003.47(d), to take any additional steps 
necessary to complete or update the identity, law enforcement, or 
security investigations or examinations only if DHS is unable to 
independently update the necessary identity, law enforcement, or 
security investigations or examinations. The Board's notice will also 
advise the noncitizen of the consequences for failing to comply with 
the requirements of this section. DHS is responsible for obtaining 
biometrics and other biographical information to complete or update the 
identity, law enforcement, or security investigations or examinations 
with respect to any noncitizen in detention.
    (iii) In any case placed on hold under paragraph (d)(6)(ii) of this 
section, DHS shall report to the Board promptly when the identity, law 
enforcement, or security investigations or examinations have been 
completed or updated. If DHS obtains relevant information as a result 
of the identity, law enforcement, or security investigations or 
examinations, or if the noncitizen fails to comply with the necessary 
procedures for collecting biometrics or other biographical information 
after receiving instructions from DHS under paragraph (d)(6)(ii) of 
this section, DHS may move the Board to remand the record to the 
immigration judge for consideration of whether, in view of the new 
information, or the noncitizen's failure to comply with the necessary 
procedures for collecting biometrics or other biographical information 
after receiving instructions from DHS under paragraph (d)(6)(ii) of 
this section, immigration relief or protection should be denied, either 
on grounds of ineligibility as a matter of law or as a matter of 
discretion. If DHS fails to report the results of timely completed or 
updated identity, law enforcement or security investigations or 
examinations within 180 days from the date of the Board's notice under 
paragraph (d)(6)(ii) of this section, the Board may continue to hold 
the case under paragraph (d)(6)(ii) of this section, as needed, or 
remand the case to the immigration judge for further proceedings under 
Sec.  1003.47(h).
* * * * *
    (v) The immigration relief or protection described in Sec.  
1003.47(b) and granted by the Board shall take effect as provided in 
Sec.  1003.47(i).
    (7) * * *
    (i) The decision of the Board shall be final except in those cases 
reviewed by the Attorney General in accordance with paragraph (h) of 
this section. The Board may return a case to DHS or an immigration 
judge for such further action as may be appropriate without entering a 
final decision on the merits of the case.
    (ii) In cases involving voluntary departure, the Board may issue an 
order of voluntary departure under section 240B of the Act, with an 
alternate order of removal, if the noncitizen requested voluntary 
departure before an immigration judge, the noncitizen's notice of 
appeal specified that the noncitizen is appealing the immigration 
judge's denial of voluntary departure and identified the specific 
factual and legal findings that the noncitizen is challenging, and the 
Board finds that the noncitizen is otherwise eligible for voluntary 
departure, as provided in 8 CFR 1240.26(k). In order to grant voluntary 
departure, the Board must find that all applicable statutory and 
regulatory criteria have been met, based on the record and within the 
scope of its review authority on appeal, and that the noncitizen merits 
voluntary departure as a matter of discretion. If the record does not 
contain sufficient factual findings regarding eligibility for voluntary 
departure, the Board may remand the decision to the immigration judge 
for further factfinding.
    (e) Case management system. The Chairman shall establish a case 
management system to screen all cases and to manage the Board's 
caseload. Unless a case meets the standards for assignment to a three-
member panel under paragraph (e)(6) of this section, all cases shall be 
assigned to a single Board member for disposition. The Chairman, under 
the supervision of the Director, shall be responsible for the success 
of the case management system. The Chairman shall designate, from time 
to time, a screening panel comprising a sufficient number of Board 
members who are authorized, acting alone, to adjudicate appeals as 
provided in this paragraph (e). The provisions of this paragraph (e) 
shall apply to all cases before the Board, regardless of whether they 
were initiated by filing a Notice of Appeal, filing a motion, or 
receipt of a remand from Federal court or the Attorney General.
    (1) Initial screening. All cases shall be referred to the screening 
panel for review. Appeals subject to summary dismissal as provided in 
paragraph (d)(2) of this section should be promptly dismissed.
    (2) Miscellaneous dispositions. A single Board member may grant an 
unopposed motion or a motion to withdraw an appeal pending before the 
Board. In addition, a single Board member may adjudicate a DHS motion 
to remand any appeal from the decision of a DHS officer where DHS 
requests that the matter be remanded to DHS for further consideration 
of the appellant's arguments or evidence raised on appeal; a case where 
remand is required because of a defective or missing transcript; and 
other procedural or ministerial issues as provided by the case 
management plan.
    (3) Merits review. In any case that has not been summarily 
dismissed, the case management system shall arrange for the prompt 
completion of the record of proceeding and transcript, and the issuance 
of a briefing schedule, as appropriate. A single Board member assigned 
under the case management system shall determine the appeal on the 
merits as provided in paragraph (e)(4) or (5) of this section, unless 
the Board member determines that the case is appropriate for review and 
decision by a three-member panel under the standards of paragraph 
(e)(6) of this section. The Board member may summarily dismiss an 
appeal after completion of the record of proceeding.
    (4) * * *
    (i) The Board member to whom a case is assigned shall affirm the 
decision of

[[Page 62277]]

the DHS officer or the immigration judge without opinion if the Board 
member determines that the result reached in the decision under review 
was correct; that any errors in the decision under review were harmless 
or nonmaterial; and that
* * * * *
    (ii) If the Board member determines that the decision should be 
affirmed without opinion, the Board shall issue an order that reads as 
follows: ``The Board affirms, without opinion, the result of the 
decision below. The decision below is, therefore, the final agency 
determination. See 8 CFR 1003.1(e)(4).'' An order affirming without 
opinion issued under authority of this provision shall not include 
further explanation or reasoning. Such an order approves the result 
reached in the decision below; it does not necessarily imply approval 
of all of the reasoning of that decision but does signify the Board's 
conclusion that any errors in the decision of the immigration judge or 
DHS were harmless or nonmaterial.
* * * * *
    (7) Oral argument. When an appeal has been taken, a request for 
oral argument if desired shall be included in the Notice of Appeal. A 
three-member panel or the Board en banc may hear oral argument, as a 
matter of discretion, at such date and time as is established under the 
Board's case management plan. Oral argument shall be held at the 
offices of the Board unless the Deputy Attorney General or the Attorney 
General's designee authorizes oral argument to be held elsewhere. DHS 
may be represented before the Board by an officer or counsel of DHS 
designated by DHS. No oral argument will be allowed in a case that is 
assigned for disposition by a single Board member.
    (8) Timeliness. As provided under the case management system, the 
Board shall promptly enter orders of summary dismissal, or other 
miscellaneous dispositions, in appropriate cases consistent with 
paragraph (e)(1) of this section. In all other cases, after completion 
of the record on appeal, including any briefs, motions, or other 
submissions on appeal, the Board member or panel to which the case is 
assigned shall issue a decision on the merits as soon as practicable, 
with a priority for cases or custody appeals involving detained 
noncitizens.
    (i) Except in exigent circumstances as determined by the Chairman, 
or as provided in paragraph (d)(6) of this section, the Board shall 
dispose of all cases assigned to a single Board member within 90 days 
of completion of the record, or within 180 days after a case is 
assigned to a three-member panel (including any additional opinion by a 
member of the panel).
    (ii) In exigent circumstances, the Chairman may grant an extension 
in particular cases of up to 60 days as a matter of discretion. Except 
as provided in paragraph (e)(8)(iii) or (iv) of this section, in those 
cases where the panel is unable to issue a decision within the 
established time limits, as extended, the Chairman shall either self-
assign the case or assign the case to a Vice Chairman for final 
decision within 14 days or shall refer the case to the Attorney General 
for decision. If a dissenting or concurring panel member fails to 
complete the member's opinion by the end of the extension period, the 
decision of the majority will be issued without the separate opinion.
    (iii) In rare circumstances, such as when an impending decision by 
the United States Supreme Court or a United States Court of Appeals, or 
impending Department regulatory amendments, or an impending en banc 
Board decision may substantially determine the outcome of a case or 
group of cases pending before the Board, the Chairman may hold the case 
or cases until such decision is rendered, temporarily suspending the 
time limits described in this paragraph (e)(8).
* * * * *
    (v) The Chairman shall notify the Director of EOIR and the Attorney 
General if a Board member consistently fails to meet the assigned 
deadlines for the disposition of appeals, or otherwise fails to adhere 
to the standards of the case management system. The Chairman shall also 
prepare a report assessing the timeliness of the disposition of cases 
by each Board member on an annual basis.
* * * * *
    (f) Service of Board decisions. The decision of the Board shall be 
in writing. The Board shall transmit a copy to DHS and serve a copy 
upon the noncitizen or the noncitizen's representative, as provided in 
8 CFR part 1292.
* * * * *
    (l) Administrative closure and recalendaring. Administrative 
closure is the temporary suspension of a case. Administrative closure 
removes a case from the Board's docket until the case is recalendared. 
Recalendaring places a case back on the Board's docket.
    (1) Administrative closure before the Board. Board members may, in 
the exercise of discretion, administratively close a case upon the 
motion of a party, after applying the standard set forth at paragraph 
(l)(3) of this section. The administrative closure authority described 
in this section is not limited by the authority provided in any other 
provisions in this chapter V that separately authorize or require 
administrative closure in certain circumstances, including 8 CFR 
214.15(l) and (p)(4), 1214.2(a), 1214.3, 1240.62(b), 1240.70(f) 
through(h), 1245.13, 1245.15(p)(4)(i), and 1245.21(c).
    (2) Recalendaring before the Board. At any time after a case has 
been administratively closed under paragraph (l)(1) of this section, 
the Board may, in the exercise of discretion, recalendar the case 
pursuant to a party's motion to recalendar. In deciding whether to 
grant such a motion, the Board shall apply the standard set forth at 
paragraph (l)(3) of this section.
    (3) Standard for administrative closure and recalendaring. The 
Board shall grant a motion to administratively close or recalendar 
filed jointly by both parties, or filed by one party where the other 
party has affirmatively indicated its non-opposition, unless the Board 
articulates unusual, clearly identified, and supported reasons for 
denying the motion. In all other cases, in deciding whether to 
administratively close or to recalendar a case, the Board shall 
consider the totality of the circumstances, including as many of the 
factors listed under paragraphs (l)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section as 
are relevant to the particular case. The Board may also consider other 
factors where appropriate. No single factor is dispositive. 
Accordingly, the Board, having considered the totality of the 
circumstances, may grant a motion to administratively close or to 
recalendar a particular case over the objection of a party. Although 
administrative closure may be appropriate where a petition, 
application, or other action is pending outside of proceedings before 
the Board, such a pending petition, application, or other action is not 
required for a case to be administratively closed.
    (i) As the circumstances of the case warrant, the factors relevant 
to a decision to administratively close a case include:
    (A) The reason administrative closure is sought;
    (B) The basis for any opposition to administrative closure;
    (C) Any requirement that a case be administratively closed in order 
for a petition, application, or other action to be filed with, or 
granted by, DHS;
    (D) The likelihood the noncitizen will succeed on any petition, 
application, or other action that the noncitizen is pursuing, or that 
the noncitizen states in writing or on the record at a hearing that

[[Page 62278]]

they plan to pursue, outside of proceedings before the Board;
    (E) The anticipated duration of the administrative closure;
    (F) The responsibility of either party, if any, in contributing to 
any current or anticipated delay; and
    (G) The ultimate anticipated outcome of the case.
    (ii) As the circumstances of the case warrant, the factors relevant 
to a decision to recalendar a case include:
    (A) The reason recalendaring is sought;
    (B) The basis for any opposition to recalendaring;
    (C) The length of time elapsed since the case was administratively 
closed;
    (D) If the case was administratively closed to allow the noncitizen 
to file a petition, application, or other action outside of proceedings 
before the Board, whether the noncitizen filed the petition, 
application, or other action and, if so, the length of time that 
elapsed between when the case was administratively closed and when the 
noncitizen filed the petition, application, or other action;
    (E) If a petition, application, or other action that was pending 
outside of proceedings before the Board has been adjudicated, the 
result of that adjudication;
    (F) If a petition, application, or other action remains pending 
outside of proceedings before the Board, the likelihood the noncitizen 
will succeed on that petition, application, or other action; and
    (G) The ultimate anticipated outcome if the case is recalendared.
    (m) Termination. The Board shall have the authority to terminate 
cases before it as set forth in paragraphs (m)(1) and (2) of this 
section. A motion to dismiss a case in removal proceedings before the 
Board for a reason other than authorized by 8 CFR 1239.2(c) shall be 
deemed a motion to terminate under paragraph (m)(1) of this section.
    (1) Removal, deportation, and exclusion proceedings--(i) Mandatory 
termination. In removal, deportation, and exclusion proceedings, the 
Board shall terminate the case where at least one of the requirements 
in paragraphs (m)(1)(i)(A) through (G) of this section is met.
    (A) No charge of deportability, inadmissibility, or excludability 
can be sustained.
    (B) Fundamentally fair proceedings are not possible because the 
noncitizen is mentally incompetent and adequate safeguards are 
unavailable.
    (C) The noncitizen has, since the initiation of proceedings, 
obtained United States citizenship.
    (D) The noncitizen has, since the initiation of proceedings, 
obtained at least one status listed in paragraphs (m)(1)(i)(D)(1) 
through (4) of this section, provided that the status has not been 
revoked or terminated, and the noncitizen would not have been 
deportable, inadmissible, or excludable as charged if the noncitizen 
had obtained such status before the initiation of proceedings.
    (1) Lawful permanent resident status.
    (2) Refugee status.
    (3) Asylee status.
    (4) Nonimmigrant status as defined in section 101(a)(15)(S), (T), 
or (U) of the Act.
    (E) Termination is required under 8 CFR 1245.13(l).
    (F) Termination is otherwise required by law.
    (G) The parties jointly filed a motion to terminate, or one party 
filed a motion to terminate and the other party affirmatively indicated 
its non-opposition, unless the Board articulates unusual, clearly 
identified, and supported reasons for denying the motion.
    (ii) Discretionary termination. In removal, deportation, or 
exclusion proceedings, the Board may, in the exercise of discretion, 
terminate the case where at least one of the requirements listed in 
paragraphs (m)(1)(ii) (A) through (G) of this section is met.
    (A) An unaccompanied child, as defined in 8 CFR 1001.1(hh), states 
an intent in writing or on the record at a hearing to seek asylum with 
USCIS, and USCIS has initial jurisdiction over the application pursuant 
to section 208(b)(3)(C) of the Act.
    (B) The noncitizen demonstrates prima facie eligibility for relief 
from removal or for a lawful status based on a petition, application, 
or other action that USCIS has jurisdiction to adjudicate, including 
naturalization or adjustment of status.
    (C) The noncitizen is a beneficiary of Temporary Protected Status, 
deferred action, or Deferred Enforced Departure.
    (D) USCIS has granted the noncitizen's application for a 
provisional unlawful presence waiver pursuant to 8 CFR 212.7(e).
    (E) Termination is authorized by 8 CFR 1216.4(a)(6) or 1238.1(e).
    (F) The parties have filed a motion to terminate under 8 CFR 
214.11(d)(1)(i) or 214.14(c)(1)(i).
    (G) Due to circumstances comparable to those described in 
paragraphs (m)(1)(ii)(A) through (F) of this section, termination is 
similarly necessary or appropriate for the disposition or alternative 
resolution of the case. However, the Board may not terminate a case for 
purely humanitarian reasons, unless DHS expressly consents to such 
termination, joins in a motion to terminate, or affirmatively indicates 
its non-opposition to a noncitizen's motion.
    (2) Other proceedings--(i) Mandatory termination. In proceedings 
other than removal, deportation, or exclusion proceedings, the Board 
shall terminate the case where the parties have jointly filed a motion 
to terminate, or one party has filed a motion to terminate and the 
other party has affirmatively indicated its non-opposition, unless the 
Board articulates unusual, clearly identified, and supported reasons 
for denying the motion. In addition, the Board shall terminate such a 
case where required by law.
    (ii) Discretionary termination. In proceedings other than removal, 
deportation, or exclusion proceedings, the Board may, in the exercise 
of discretion, terminate the case where one party has requested 
termination, and terminating the case is necessary or appropriate for 
the disposition or alternative resolution of the case. However, the 
Board may not terminate the case for purely humanitarian reasons, 
unless DHS expressly consents to such termination, joins in a motion to 
terminate, or affirmatively indicates its non-opposition to a 
noncitizen's motion.
    (iii) Limitation on Termination. Nothing in paragraphs (m)(2)(i) 
and (ii) of this section authorizes the Board to terminate a case where 
prohibited by another regulatory provision.
0
6. Amend Sec.  1003.2 by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (a) and (b)(1);
0
b. Removing the words ``Immigration Judge'' and adding in their place 
``immigration judge'' in paragraph (c)(2);
0
c. Revising paragraphs (c)(3)(iii) and (iv);
0
d. Removing paragraphs (c)(3)(v) through (vii);
0
e. Adding paragraph (c)(4); and
0
f. Revising paragraphs (f), (g)(3), and (i).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:


Sec.  1003.2  Reopening or reconsideration before the Board of 
Immigration Appeals.

    (a) General. The Board may at any time reopen or reconsider on its 
own motion any case in which it has rendered a decision. A request by 
DHS or by the party affected by the decision to reopen or reconsider a 
case the Board has decided must be in the form of a written motion to 
the Board. The decision to grant or deny a motion to reopen or 
reconsider is within the discretion of the Board, subject to the

[[Page 62279]]

restrictions of this section. The Board has discretion to deny a motion 
to reopen even if the moving party has made out a prima facie case for 
relief.
    (b) * * *
    (1) A motion to reconsider shall state the reasons for the motion 
by specifying the errors of fact or law in the prior Board decision and 
shall be supported by pertinent authority. When a motion to reconsider 
the decision of an immigration judge or of a DHS officer is pending at 
the time an appeal is filed with the Board, or when such motion is 
filed subsequent to the filing with the Board of an appeal from the 
decision sought to be reconsidered, the motion may be deemed a motion 
to remand the decision for further proceedings before the immigration 
judge or the DHS officer from whose decision the appeal was taken. Such 
motion may be consolidated with and considered by the Board in 
connection with the appeal to the Board.
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (3) * * *
    (iii) Agreed upon by all parties and jointly filed. Notwithstanding 
such agreement, the parties may contest the issues in a reopened 
proceeding; or
    (iv) Filed by DHS in exclusion or deportation proceedings when the 
basis of the motion is fraud in the original proceeding or a crime that 
would support termination of asylum in accordance with 8 CFR 1208.24.
    (4) A motion to reopen a decision rendered by an immigration judge 
or DHS officer that is pending when an appeal is filed, or that is 
filed while an appeal is pending before the Board, may be deemed a 
motion to remand for further proceedings before the immigration judge 
or the DHS officer from whose decision the appeal was taken. Such 
motion may be consolidated with, and considered by the Board in 
connection with, the appeal to the Board.
* * * * *
    (f) Stay of deportation. Except where a motion is filed pursuant to 
the provisions of Sec.  1003.23(b)(4)(ii) and (b)(4)(iii)(A), the 
filing of a motion to reopen or a motion to reconsider shall not stay 
the execution of any decision made in the case. Execution of such 
decision shall proceed unless a stay of execution is specifically 
granted by the Board, the immigration judge, or an authorized DHS 
officer.
    (g) * * *
    (3) Briefs and response. The moving party may file a brief if it is 
included with the motion. If the motion is filed directly with the 
Board pursuant to paragraph (g)(2)(i) of this section, the opposing 
party shall have 21 days from the date of service of the motion to file 
a brief in opposition to the motion directly with the Board. If the 
motion is filed with a DHS office pursuant to paragraph (g)(2)(ii) of 
this section, the opposing party shall have 21 days from the date of 
filing of the motion to file a brief in opposition to the motion 
directly with DHS. In all cases, briefs and any other filings made in 
conjunction with a motion shall include proof of service on the 
opposing party. The Board, in its discretion, may extend the time 
within which such brief is to be submitted and may authorize the filing 
of a brief directly with the Board. A motion shall be deemed unopposed 
unless a timely response is made. The Board may, in its discretion, 
consider a brief filed out of time.
* * * * *
    (i) Ruling on motion. Rulings upon motions to reopen or motions to 
reconsider shall be by written order. Any motion for reconsideration or 
reopening of a decision issued by a single Board member will be 
referred to the screening panel for disposition by a single Board 
member, unless the screening panel member determines, in the exercise 
of judgment, that the motion for reconsideration or reopening should be 
assigned to a three-member panel under the standards of Sec.  
1003.1(e)(6). If the order directs a reopening and further proceedings 
are necessary, the record shall be returned to the Immigration Court or 
the DHS officer having administrative control over the place where the 
reopened proceedings are to be conducted. If the motion to reconsider 
is granted, the decision upon such reconsideration shall affirm, 
modify, or reverse the original decision made in the case.
0
7. Amend Sec.  1003.3 by revising paragraphs (c)(1) and (2) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  1003.3  Notice of appeal.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (1) Appeal from decision of an immigration judge. Briefs in support 
of or in opposition to an appeal from a decision of an immigration 
judge shall be filed directly with the Board. In those cases that are 
transcribed, the briefing schedule shall be set by the Board after the 
transcript is available. In cases involving noncitizens in custody, the 
parties shall be provided 21 days in which to file simultaneous briefs 
unless a shorter period is specified by the Board. Reply briefs shall 
be permitted only by leave of the Board and only if filed within 21 
days of the deadline for the initial briefs. In cases involving 
noncitizens who are not in custody, the appellant shall be provided 21 
days in which to file a brief, unless a shorter period is specified by 
the Board. The appellee shall have the same period of time in which to 
file a reply brief that was initially granted to the appellant to file 
their brief. The time to file a reply brief commences from the date 
upon which the appellant's brief was due, as originally set or extended 
by the Board. The Board, upon written motion, may extend the period for 
filing a brief or a reply brief for up to 90 days for good cause shown. 
In its discretion, the Board may consider a brief that has been filed 
out of time. In its discretion, the Board may request supplemental 
briefing from the parties after the expiration of the briefing 
deadline. All briefs, filings, and motions filed in conjunction with an 
appeal shall include proof of service on the opposing party.
    (2) Appeal from decision of a DHS officer. Briefs in support of or 
in opposition to an appeal from a decision of a DHS officer shall be 
filed directly with DHS in accordance with the instructions in the 
decision of the DHS officer. The applicant or petitioner and DHS shall 
be provided 21 days in which to file a brief, unless a shorter period 
is specified by the DHS officer from whose decision the appeal is 
taken, and reply briefs shall be permitted only by leave of the Board. 
Upon written request of the noncitizen, the DHS officer from whose 
decision the appeal is taken or the Board may extend the period for 
filing a brief for good cause shown. The Board may authorize the filing 
of briefs directly with the Board. In its discretion, the Board may 
consider a brief that has been filed out of time. All briefs and other 
documents filed in conjunction with an appeal, unless filed by a 
noncitizen directly with a DHS office, shall include proof of service 
on the opposing party.
* * * * *
0
8. Revise Sec.  1003.5 to read as follows:


Sec.  1003.5  Forwarding of record on appeal.

    (a) Appeal from decision of an immigration judge. If an appeal is 
taken from a decision of an immigration judge, the record of proceeding 
shall be promptly forwarded to the Board upon the request or the order 
of the Board. Where transcription of an oral decision is required, the 
immigration judge shall review the transcript and approve the decision 
within 14 days of receipt, or within 7 days after the immigration judge 
returns to their duty station if the immigration judge was on leave or 
detailed to another location. The Chairman and the Chief Immigration

[[Page 62280]]

Judge shall determine the most effective and expeditious way to 
transcribe proceedings before the immigration judges, and shall take 
such steps as necessary to reduce the time required to produce 
transcripts of those proceedings and to ensure their quality.
    (b) Appeal from decision of a DHS officer. If an appeal is taken 
from a decision of a DHS officer, the record of proceeding shall be 
forwarded to the Board by the DHS officer promptly upon receipt of the 
briefs of the parties, or upon expiration of the time allowed for the 
submission of such briefs. A DHS officer need not forward such an 
appeal to the Board, but may reopen and reconsider any decision made by 
the officer if the new decision will grant the benefit that has been 
requested in the appeal. The new decision must be served on the 
appealing party within 45 days of receipt of any briefs or upon 
expiration of the time allowed for the submission of any briefs. If the 
new decision is not served within these time limits or the appealing 
party does not agree that the new decision disposes of the matter, the 
record of proceeding shall be immediately forwarded to the Board.


Sec.  1003.7  [Amended].

0
9. Amend Sec.  1003.7 by:
0
a. Removing the words ``Immigration Judge'' and adding in their place 
the words ``immigration judge'' wherever they appear; and
0
b. Removing the word ``Service'' and the words ``the Service'' and 
adding in their place the word ``DHS'' wherever they appear.
0
10. Amend Sec.  1003.9 by revising paragraph (b)(5) to read as follows:


Sec.  1003.9  Office of the Chief Immigration Judge.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (5) Adjudicate cases as an immigration judge, including the 
authority to administratively close and recalendar cases in accordance 
with Sec.  1003.18(c); and
* * * * *
0
11. Amend Sec.  1003.10 in paragraph (b) by:
0
a. Revising the second sentence;
0
b. Adding two sentences following the second sentence;
0
c. Revising the newly redesignated fifth sentence; and
0
d. Removing the newly redesignated eight and ninth sentences.
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  1003.10  Immigration judges.

* * * * *
    (b) * * * In deciding the individual cases before them, and subject 
to the applicable governing standards set forth in paragraph (d) of 
this section, immigration judges shall exercise their independent 
judgment and discretion and may take any action consistent with their 
authorities under the Act and regulations that is necessary or 
appropriate for the disposition or alternative resolution of such 
cases. Such actions include administrative closure, termination of 
proceedings, and dismissal of proceedings. The standards for the 
administrative closure, dismissal, and termination of cases are set 
forth in Sec.  1003.18(c), 8 CFR 1239.2(c), and Sec.  1003.18(d), 
respectively. Immigration judges shall administer oaths, receive 
evidence, and interrogate, examine, and cross-examine noncitizens and 
any witnesses. * * *
* * * * *
0
12. Amend Sec.  1003.18 by revising the section heading, adding 
paragraph headings to paragraphs (a) and (b), and adding paragraphs (c) 
and (d) to read as follows:


Sec.  1003.18  Docket management.

    (a) Scheduling. * * *
    (b) Notice. * * *
    (c) Administrative closure and recalendaring. Administrative 
closure is the temporary suspension of a case. Administrative closure 
removes a case from the immigration court's active calendar until the 
case is recalendared. Recalendaring places a case back on the 
immigration court's active calendar.
    (1) Administrative closure before immigration judges. An 
immigration judge may, in the exercise of discretion, administratively 
close a case upon the motion of a party, after applying the standard 
set forth at paragraph (c)(3) of this section. The administrative 
closure authority described in this section is not limited by the 
authority provided in any other provisions in this chapter that 
separately authorize or require administrative closure in certain 
circumstances, including 8 CFR 214.15(l), and (p)(4), 1214.2(a), 
1214.3, 1240.62(b), 1240.70(f) through (h), 1245.13, 1245.15(p)(4)(i), 
and 1245.21(c).
    (2) Recalendaring before immigration judges. At any time after a 
case has been administratively closed under paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section, an immigration judge may, in the exercise of discretion, 
recalendar the case pursuant to a party's motion to recalendar. In 
deciding whether to grant such a motion, the immigration judge shall 
apply the standard set forth at paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
    (3) Standard for administrative closure and recalendaring. An 
immigration judge shall grant a motion to administratively close or 
recalendar filed jointly by both parties, or filed by one party where 
the other party has affirmatively indicated its non-opposition, unless 
the immigration judge articulates unusual, clearly identified, and 
supported reasons for denying the motion. In all other cases, in 
deciding whether to administratively close or to recalendar a case, an 
immigration judge shall consider the totality of the circumstances, 
including as many of the factors listed under paragraphs (c)(3)(i) and 
(ii) of this section as are relevant to the particular case. The 
immigration judge may also consider other factors where appropriate. No 
single factor is dispositive. Accordingly, the immigration judge, 
having considered the totality of the circumstances, may grant a motion 
to administratively close or to recalendar a particular case over the 
objection of a party. Although administrative closure may be 
appropriate where a petition, application, or other action is pending 
outside of proceedings before the immigration judge, such a pending 
petition, application, or other action is not required for a case to be 
administratively closed.
    (i) As the circumstances of the case warrant, the factors relevant 
to a decision to administratively close a case include:
    (A) The reason administrative closure is sought;
    (B) The basis for any opposition to administrative closure;
    (C) Any requirement that a case be administratively closed in order 
for a petition, application, or other action to be filed with, or 
granted by, DHS;
    (D) The likelihood the noncitizen will succeed on any petition, 
application, or other action that the noncitizen is pursuing, or that 
the noncitizen states in writing or on the record at a hearing that 
they plan to pursue, outside of proceedings before the immigration 
judge;
    (E) The anticipated duration of the administrative closure;
    (F) The responsibility of either party, if any, in contributing to 
any current or anticipated delay; and
    (G) The ultimate anticipated outcome of the case.
    (ii) As the circumstances of the case warrant, the factors relevant 
to a decision to recalendar a case include:
    (A) The reason recalendaring is sought;
    (B) The basis for any opposition to recalendaring;

[[Page 62281]]

    (C) The length of time elapsed since the case was administratively 
closed;
    (D) If the case was administratively closed to allow the noncitizen 
to file a petition, application, or other action outside of proceedings 
before the immigration judge, whether the noncitizen filed the 
petition, application, or other action and, if so, the length of time 
that elapsed between when the case was administratively closed and when 
the noncitizen filed the petition, application, or other action;
    (E) If a petition, application, or other action that was pending 
outside of proceedings before the immigration judge has been 
adjudicated, the result of that adjudication;
    (F) If a petition, application, or other action remains pending 
outside of proceedings before the immigration judge, the likelihood the 
noncitizen will succeed on that petition, application, or other action; 
and
    (G) The ultimate anticipated outcome if the case is recalendared.
    (d) Termination. Immigration judges shall have the authority to 
terminate cases before them as set forth in paragraphs (d)(1) and (2) 
of this section. A motion to dismiss a case in removal proceedings 
before an immigration judge for a reason other than authorized by 8 CFR 
1239.2(c) shall be deemed a motion to terminate under paragraph (d)(1) 
of this section.
    (1) Removal, deportation, and exclusion proceedings--(i) Mandatory 
termination. In removal, deportation, and exclusion proceedings, 
immigration judges shall terminate the case where at least one of the 
requirements in paragraphs (d)(1)(i)(A) through (G) of this section is 
met.
    (A) No charge of deportability, inadmissibility, or excludability 
can be sustained.
    (B) Fundamentally fair proceedings are not possible because the 
noncitizen is mentally incompetent and adequate safeguards are 
unavailable.
    (C) The noncitizen has, since the initiation of proceedings, 
obtained United States citizenship.
    (D) The noncitizen has, since the initiation of proceedings, 
obtained at least one status listed in paragraphs (d)(1)(i)(D)(1) 
through (4) of this section, provided that the status has not been 
revoked or terminated, and the noncitizen would not have been 
deportable, inadmissible, or excludable as charged if the noncitizen 
had obtained such status before the initiation of proceedings.
    (1) Lawful permanent resident status.
    (2) Refugee status.
    (3) Asylee status.
    (4) Nonimmigrant status as defined in section 101(a)(15)(S), (T), 
or (U) of the Act.
    (E) Termination is required under 8 CFR 1245.13(l).
    (F) Termination is otherwise required by law.
    (G) The parties jointly filed a motion to terminate, or one party 
filed a motion to terminate and the other party affirmatively indicated 
its non-opposition, unless the immigration judge articulates unusual, 
clearly identified, and supported reasons for denying the motion.
    (ii) Discretionary termination. In removal, deportation, or 
exclusion proceedings, immigration judges may, in the exercise of 
discretion, terminate the case where at least one of the requirements 
listed in paragraphs (d)(1)(ii)(A) through (G) of this section is met.
    (A) An unaccompanied child, as defined in 8 CFR 1001.1(hh), states 
an intent in writing or on the record at a hearing to seek asylum with 
USCIS, and USCIS has initial jurisdiction over the application pursuant 
to section 208(b)(3)(C) of the Act.
    (B) The noncitizen demonstrates prima facie eligibility for relief 
from removal or for a lawful status based on a petition, application, 
or other action that USCIS has jurisdiction to adjudicate, including 
naturalization or adjustment of status.
    (C) The noncitizen is a beneficiary of Temporary Protected Status, 
deferred action, or Deferred Enforced Departure.
    (D) USCIS has granted the noncitizen's application for a 
provisional unlawful presence waiver pursuant to 8 CFR 212.7(e).
    (E) Termination is authorized by 8 CFR 1216.4(a)(6) or 1238.1(e).
    (F) The parties have filed a motion to terminate under 8 CFR 
214.11(d)(1)(i) or 214.14(c)(1)(i).
    (G) Due to circumstances comparable to those described in 
paragraphs (d)(1)(ii)(A) through (F) of this section, termination is 
similarly necessary or appropriate for the disposition or alternative 
resolution of the case. However, immigration judges may not terminate a 
case for purely humanitarian reasons, unless DHS expressly consents to 
such termination, joins in a motion to terminate, or affirmatively 
indicates its non-opposition to a noncitizen's motion.
    (2) Other proceedings--(i) Mandatory termination. In proceedings 
other than removal, deportation, or exclusion proceedings, immigration 
judges shall terminate the case where the parties have jointly filed a 
motion to terminate, or one party has filed a motion to terminate and 
the other party has affirmatively indicated its non-opposition, unless 
the immigration judge articulates unusual, clearly identified, and 
supported reasons for denying the motion. In addition, immigration 
judges shall terminate such a case where required by law.
    (ii) Discretionary termination. In proceedings other than removal, 
deportation, or exclusion proceedings, immigration judges may, in the 
exercise of discretion, terminate the case where one party has 
requested termination, and terminating the case is necessary or 
appropriate for the disposition or alternative resolution of the case. 
However, immigration judges may not terminate a case for purely 
humanitarian reasons, unless DHS expressly consents to such 
termination, joins in a motion to terminate, or affirmatively indicates 
its non-opposition to a noncitizen's motion.
    (iii) Limitation on termination. Nothing in paragraphs (d)(2)(i) 
and (ii) of this section authorizes immigration judges to terminate a 
case where prohibited by another regulatory provision.
0
13. Amend Sec.  1003.23 by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (a);
0
b. Revising the first sentence and removing the second sentence of 
paragraph (b)(1) introductory text;
0
c. In paragraph (b)(1), removing the words ``the Service'' and adding 
in their place the word ``DHS'', wherever they appear;
0
d. Revising paragraphs (b)(1)(iii) through (v), (b)(2) and (3), and 
(b)(4)(i) and (ii);
0
e. In paragraph (b)(4)(iii)(B), removing the words ``Immigration 
Judge'' and adding in their place the words ``immigration judge''; and
0
f. Removing paragraphs (b)(4)(v) and (vi).
    The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  1003.23  Reopening or reconsideration before the Immigration 
Court.

    (a) Pre-decision motions. Unless otherwise permitted by the 
immigration judge, motions submitted prior to the final order of an 
immigration judge shall be in writing and shall state, with 
particularity the grounds therefor, the relief sought, and the 
jurisdiction. The immigration judge may set and extend time limits for 
the making of motions and replies thereto. A motion shall be deemed 
unopposed unless timely response is made.
    (b) * * *
    (1) In general. An immigration judge may upon the immigration 
judge's own motion at any time, or upon motion of DHS or the 
noncitizen, reopen or

[[Page 62282]]

reconsider any case in which the judge has rendered a decision, unless 
jurisdiction is vested with the Board of Immigration Appeals. * * *
* * * * *
    (iii) Assignment to an immigration judge. If the immigration judge 
is unavailable or unable to adjudicate the motion to reopen or 
reconsider, the Chief Immigration Judge or a delegate of the Chief 
Immigration Judge shall reassign such motion to another immigration 
judge.
    (iv) Replies to motions; decision. The immigration judge may set 
and extend time limits for replies to motions to reopen or reconsider. 
A motion shall be deemed unopposed unless timely response is made. The 
decision to grant or deny a motion to reopen or a motion to reconsider 
is within the discretion of the immigration judge.
    (v) Stays. Except in cases involving in absentia orders, the filing 
of a motion to reopen or a motion to reconsider shall not stay the 
execution of any decision made in the case. Execution of such decision 
shall proceed unless a stay of execution is specifically granted by the 
immigration judge, the Board, or an authorized DHS officer.
    (2) Motion to reconsider. A motion to reconsider shall state the 
reasons for the motion by specifying the errors of fact or law in the 
immigration judge's prior decision and shall be supported by pertinent 
authority. Such motion may not seek reconsideration of a decision 
denying a previous motion to reconsider.
    (3) Motion to reopen. A motion to reopen proceedings shall state 
the new facts that will be proven at a hearing to be held if the motion 
is granted and shall be supported by affidavits and other evidentiary 
material. Any motion to reopen for the purpose of acting on an 
application for relief must be accompanied by the appropriate 
application for relief and all supporting documents. A motion to reopen 
will not be granted unless the immigration judge is satisfied that 
evidence sought to be offered is material and was not available and 
could not have been discovered or presented at the former hearing. A 
motion to reopen for the purpose of providing the noncitizen an 
opportunity to apply for any form of discretionary relief will not be 
granted if it appears that the noncitizen's right to apply for such 
relief was fully explained to them by the immigration judge and an 
opportunity to apply therefor was afforded at the hearing, unless the 
relief is sought on the basis of circumstances that have arisen 
subsequent to the hearing. Pursuant to section 240A(d)(1) of the Act, a 
motion to reopen proceedings for consideration or further consideration 
of an application for relief under section 240A(a) of the Act 
(cancellation of removal for certain permanent residents) or 240A(b) of 
the Act (cancellation of removal and adjustment of status for certain 
nonpermanent residents) may be granted only upon demonstration that the 
noncitizen was statutorily eligible for such relief prior to the 
service of a Notice to Appear, or prior to the commission of an offense 
referred to in section 212(a)(2) of the Act that renders the noncitizen 
inadmissible or removable under sections 237(a)(2) or (a)(4) of the 
Act, whichever is earliest. The immigration judge has discretion to 
deny a motion to reopen even if the moving party has established a 
prima facie case for relief.
    (4) * * *
    (i) Asylum and withholding of removal. The time and numerical 
limitations set forth in paragraph (b)(1) of this section shall not 
apply if the basis of the motion is to apply for asylum under section 
208 of the Act or withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the 
Act or withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture, and 
is based on changed country conditions arising in the country of 
nationality or the country to which removal has been ordered, if such 
evidence is material and was not available and could not have been 
discovered or presented at the previous proceeding. The filing of a 
motion to reopen under this section shall not automatically stay the 
removal of the noncitizen. However, the noncitizen may request a stay 
and, if granted by the immigration judge, the noncitizen shall not be 
removed pending disposition of the motion by the immigration judge. If 
the original asylum application was denied based upon a finding that it 
was frivolous, then the noncitizen is ineligible to file either a 
motion to reopen or reconsider, or for a stay of removal.
    (ii) Order entered in absentia or in removal proceedings. An order 
of removal entered in absentia or in removal proceedings pursuant to 
section 240(b)(5) of the Act may be rescinded only upon a motion to 
reopen filed within 180 days after the date of the order of removal, if 
the noncitizen demonstrates that the failure to appear was because of 
exceptional circumstances as defined in section 240(e)(1) of the Act. 
An order entered in absentia pursuant to section 240(b)(5) may be 
rescinded upon a motion to reopen filed at any time upon the 
noncitizen's demonstration of lack of notice in accordance with section 
239(a)(1) or (2) of the Act, or upon the noncitizen's demonstration of 
the noncitizen's Federal or State custody and the failure to appear was 
through no fault of the noncitizen. However, in accordance with section 
240(b)(5)(B) of the Act, no written notice of a change in time or place 
of proceeding shall be required if the noncitizen has failed to provide 
the address required under section 239(a)(1)(F) of the Act. The filing 
of a motion under this paragraph shall stay the removal of the 
noncitizen pending disposition of the motion by the immigration judge. 
A noncitizen may file only one motion pursuant to this paragraph 
(b)(4)(ii).
* * * * *

PART 1239--INITIATION OF REMOVAL PROCEEDINGS

0
14. The authority citation for part 1239 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  8 U.S.C. 1103, 1221, 1229.

0
15. Amend Sec.  1239.2 by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (b); and
0
b. Removing and reserving paragraph (f).
    The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  1239.2  Cancellation of notice to appear.

* * * * *
    (b) Ordering termination or dismissal. After commencement of 
proceedings, an immigration judge or Board member shall have authority 
to resolve or dispose of a case through an order of dismissal or an 
order of termination. An immigration judge or Board member may enter an 
order of dismissal in cases where DHS moves for dismissal pursuant to 
paragraph (c) of this section. A motion to dismiss removal proceedings 
for a reason other than those authorized by paragraph (c) of this 
section shall be deemed a motion to terminate and adjudicated pursuant 
to 8 CFR 1003.1(m), pertaining to cases before the Board, or 8 CFR 
1003.18(d), pertaining to cases before the immigration court, as 
applicable.
* * * * *

PART 1240--PROCEEDINGS TO DETERMINE REMOVABILITY OF NONCITIZENS IN 
THE UNITED STATES

0
16. The authority citation for part 1240 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  8 U.S.C. 1103, 1158, 1182, 1186a, 1186b, 1225, 1226, 
1227, 1228, 1229a, 1229b, 1229c, 1252 note, 1361, 1362; secs. 202 
and 203, Pub. L. 105-100 (111 Stat. 2160, 2193); sec. 902, Pub. L. 
105-277 (112 Stat. 2681).

0
17. The heading for part 1240 is revised to read as set forth above.

[[Page 62283]]

0
18. Amend Sec.  1240.26 by:
0
a. As shown in the following table, removing the words in the left 
column and adding in their place the words in the right column wherever 
they appear:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
An alien..................................  A noncitizen.
an alien..................................  a noncitizen.
the alien.................................  the noncitizen.
alien's...................................  noncitizen's.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

0
b. By removing the words ``his or her'' and adding in their place the 
words ``the noncitizen's'' in paragraphs (b)(3)(i) introductory text, 
(b)(3)(i)(A), (b)(4)(ii), and (i);
0
c. By removing the words ``his or her'' and adding in their place the 
words ``the ICE Field Office Director's'' in paragraph (c)(4); and
0
d. revising paragraphs (k)(1), (k)(2) introductory text, (k)(3) 
introductory text, (k)(4), and (l).
    The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  1240.26  Voluntary departure--authority of the Executive Office 
for Immigration Review.

* * * * *
    (k) * * *
    (1) If the Board finds that an immigration judge incorrectly denied 
a noncitizen's request for voluntary departure or failed to provide 
appropriate advisals, the Board may consider the noncitizen's request 
for voluntary departure de novo and, if warranted, may enter its own 
order of voluntary departure with an alternate order of removal.
    (2) In cases in which a noncitizen has appealed an immigration 
judge's decision or in which DHS and the noncitizen have both appealed 
an immigration judge's decision, the Board shall not grant voluntary 
departure under section 240B(a) of the Act unless:
* * * * *
    (3) In cases in which DHS has appealed an immigration judge's 
decision, the Board shall not grant voluntary departure under section 
240B(b) of the Act unless:
* * * * *
    (4) The Board may impose such conditions as it deems necessary to 
ensure the noncitizen's timely departure from the United States, if 
supported by the record on appeal and within the scope of the Board's 
authority on appeal. Unless otherwise indicated in this section, the 
Board shall advise the noncitizen in writing of the conditions set by 
the Board, consistent with the conditions set forth in paragraphs (b), 
(c), (d), (e), (h), and (i) of this section (other than paragraph 
(c)(3)(ii) of this section), except that the Board shall advise the 
noncitizen of the duty to post the bond with the ICE Field Office 
Director within 10 business days of the Board's order granting 
voluntary departure. If documentation sufficient to assure lawful entry 
into the country to which the noncitizen is departing is not contained 
in the record, but the noncitizen continues to assert a request for 
voluntary departure under section 240B of the Act and the Board finds 
that the noncitizen is otherwise eligible for voluntary departure under 
the Act, the Board may grant voluntary departure for a period not to 
exceed 120 days, subject to the condition that the noncitizen within 60 
days must secure such documentation and present it to DHS and the 
Board. If the Board imposes conditions beyond those specifically 
enumerated, the Board shall advise the noncitizen in writing of such 
conditions. The noncitizen may accept or decline the grant of voluntary 
departure and may manifest a declination either by written notice to 
the Board, by failing to timely post any required bond, or by otherwise 
failing to comply with the Board's order. The grant of voluntary 
departure shall automatically terminate upon a filing by the noncitizen 
of a motion to reopen or reconsider the Board's decision, or by filing 
a timely petition for review of the Board's decision. The noncitizen 
may decline voluntary departure when unwilling to accept the amount of 
the bond or other conditions.
    (l) Penalty for failure to depart. There shall be a rebuttable 
presumption that the civil penalty for failure to depart, pursuant to 
section 240B(d)(1)(A) of the Act, shall be set at $3,000 unless the 
immigration judge or the Board specifically orders a higher or lower 
amount at the time of granting voluntary departure within the 
permissible range allowed by law. The immigration judge or the Board 
shall advise the noncitizen of the amount of this civil penalty at the 
time of granting voluntary departure.

    Dated: August 18, 2023.
Merrick B. Garland,
Attorney General.
[FR Doc. 2023-18199 Filed 9-7-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4410-30-P