#### § 531.5 Fuel economy standards.

(a) Except as provided in [paragraph (e)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(e)) of this section, each manufacturer of passenger automobiles shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy standards in table 1 to this [paragraph (a)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(a)), expressed in miles per gallon, in the model year specified as applicable:

Table 1 to Paragraph (a)

| Model year | Average fuel economy standard (miles per gallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 | 18.0 |
| 1979 | 19.0 |
| 1980 | 20.0 |
| 1981 | 22.0 |
| 1982 | 24.0 |
| 1983 | 26.0 |
| 1984 | 27.0 |
| 1985 | 27.5 |
| 1986 | 26.0 |
| 1987 | 26.0 |
| 1988 | 26.0 |
| 1989 | 26.5 |
| 1990-2010 | 27.5 |

(b) Except as provided in [paragraph (e)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(e)) of this section, for model year 2011, a manufacturer's passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model year according to figure 1 and the appropriate values in table 2 to this [paragraph (b)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(b)).

Figure 1 to Paragraph (b)

[![](https://img.federalregister.gov/ER24JN24.281/ER24JN24.281_large.png)](https://img.federalregister.gov/ER24JN24.281/ER24JN24.281_original_size.png)

Where:

*N* is the total number (sum) of passenger automobiles produced by a manufacturer;

*N*i is the number (sum) of the *ith* passenger automobile model produced by the manufacturer; and

*T*i is the fuel economy target of the *ith* model passenger automobile, which is determined according to the following formula, rounded to the nearest hundredth:

[![](https://img.federalregister.gov/ER24JN24.282/ER24JN24.282_large.png)](https://img.federalregister.gov/ER24JN24.282/ER24JN24.282_original_size.png)

Where:

Parameters *a, b, c,* and *d* are defined in table 2 to this [paragraph (b)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(b));

*e* = 2.718; and

*x* = footprint (in square feet, rounded to the nearest tenth) of the vehicle model.

Table 2 to paragraph (b)— Parameters for the Passenger Automobile Fuel Economy Targets

| Model year | | | | Parameters |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a (mpg) | b (mpg) | c (gal/mi/ft2) | d (gal/mi) |
| 2011 | 31.20 | 24.00 | 51.41 | 1.91 |

(c) Except as provided in [paragraph (e)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(e)) of this section, for model years 2012-2031, a manufacturer's passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model year according to this figure 2 and the appropriate values in this table 3 to this [paragraph (c)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(c)).

Figure 2 to Paragraph (c)

[![](https://img.federalregister.gov/ER24JN24.283/ER24JN24.283_large.png)](https://img.federalregister.gov/ER24JN24.283/ER24JN24.283_original_size.png)

Where:

*CAFE**required* is the fleet average fuel economy standard for a given fleet (domestic passenger automobiles or import passenger automobiles);

Subscript *i* is a designation of multiple groups of automobiles, where each group's designation, *i.e., i* = 1, 2, 3, etc., represents automobiles that share a unique model type and footprint within the applicable fleet, either domestic passenger automobiles or import passenger automobiles;

*Production**i* is the number of passenger automobiles produced for sale in the United States within each *ith* designation, *i.e.,* which share the same model type and footprint;

*TARGET**i* is the fuel economy target in miles per gallon (mpg) applicable to the footprint of passenger automobiles within each *ith* designation, *i.e.,* which share the same model type and footprint, calculated according to figure 3 to this [paragraph (c)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(c)) and rounded to the nearest hundredth of a mpg, *i.e.,* 35.455 = 35.46 mpg, and the summations in the numerator and denominator are both performed over all models in the fleet in question.

Figure 3 to Paragraph (c)

[![](https://img.federalregister.gov/ER24JN24.284/ER24JN24.284_large.png)](https://img.federalregister.gov/ER24JN24.284/ER24JN24.284_original_size.png)

Where:

*TARGET* is the fuel economy target (in mpg) applicable to vehicles of a given footprint (*FOOTPRINT,* in square feet);

Parameters *a, b, c,* and *d* are defined in table 3 to this [paragraph (c)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(c)); and

The *MIN* and *MAX* functions take the minimum and maximum, respectively, of the included values.

Table 3 to Paragraph (c)—Parameters for the Passenger Automobile Fuel Economy Targets, MYs 2012-2031

| Model year | Parameters | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| a (mpg) | b (mpg) | c (gal/mi/ft2) | d (gal/mi) |
| 2012 | 35.95 | 27.95 | 0.0005308 | 0.006057 |
| 2013 | 36.80 | 28.46 | 0.0005308 | 0.005410 |
| 2014 | 37.75 | 29.03 | 0.0005308 | 0.004725 |
| 2015 | 39.24 | 29.90 | 0.0005308 | 0.003719 |
| 2016 | 41.09 | 30.96 | 0.0005308 | 0.002573 |
| 2017 | 43.61 | 32.65 | 0.0005131 | 0.001896 |
| 2018 | 45.21 | 33.84 | 0.0004954 | 0.001811 |
| 2019 | 46.87 | 35.07 | 0.0004783 | 0.001729 |
| 2020 | 48.74 | 36.47 | 0.0004603 | 0.001643 |
| 2021 | 49.48 | 37.02 | 0.000453 | 0.00162 |
| 2022 | 50.24 | 37.59 | 0.000447 | 0.00159 |
| 2023 | 51.00 | 38.16 | 0.000440 | 0.00157 |
| 2024 | 55.44 | 41.48 | 0.000405 | 0.00144 |
| 2025 | 60.26 | 45.08 | 0.000372 | 0.00133 |
| 2026 | 66.95 | 50.09 | 0.000335 | 0.00120 |
| 2027 | 68.32 | 51.12 | 0.00032841 | 0.00117220 |
| 2028 | 69.71 | 52.16 | 0.00032184 | 0.00114876 |
| 2029 | 71.14 | 53.22 | 0.00031541 | 0.00112579 |
| 2030 | 72.59 | 54.31 | 0.00030910 | 0.00110327 |
| 2031 | 74.07 | 55.42 | 0.00030292 | 0.00108120 |

(d) In addition to the requirements of [paragraphs (b)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(b)) and [(c)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(c)) of this section, each manufacturer, other than manufacturers subject to standards in [paragraph (e)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(e)) of this section, shall also meet the minimum fleet standard for domestically manufactured passenger automobiles expressed in table 4 to this [paragraph (d)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(d)):

Table 4 to Paragraph (d)—Minimum Fuel Economy Standards for Domestically Manufactured Passenger Automobiles, MYs 2011-2031

| Model year | Minimum standard |
| --- | --- |
| 2011 | 27.8 |
| 2012 | 30.7 |
| 2013 | 31.4 |
| 2014 | 32.1 |
| 2015 | 33.3 |
| 2016 | 34.7 |
| 2017 | 36.7 |
| 2018 | 38.0 |
| 2019 | 39.4 |
| 2020 | 40.9 |
| 2021 | 39.9 |
| 2022 | 40.6 |
| 2023 | 41.1 |
| 2024 | 44.3 |
| 2025 | 48.1 |
| 2026 | 53.5 |
| 2027 | 54.2 |
| 2028 | 55.2 |
| 2029 | 56.4 |
| 2030 | 57.5 |
| 2031 | 58.7 |

(e) The following manufacturers shall comply with the standards indicated in [paragraphs (e)(1)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(e)(1)) through [(15)](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5#p-531.5(e)(15)) of this section for the specified model years:

(1) *Avanti Motor Corporation.*

Table 5 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(1)—Average Fuel Economy Standards

| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 | 16.1 |
| 1979 | 14.5 |
| 1980 | 15.8 |
| 1981 | 18.2 |
| 1982 | 18.2 |
| 1983 | 16.9 |
| 1984 | 16.9 |
| 1985 | 16.9 |

(2) *Rolls-Royce Motors, Inc.*

Table 6 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(2)—Average Fuel Economy Standards

| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 | 10.7 |
| 1979 | 10.8 |
| 1980 | 11.1 |
| 1981 | 10.7 |
| 1982 | 10.6 |
| 1983 | 9.9 |
| 1984 | 10.0 |
| 1985 | 10.0 |
| 1986 | 11.0 |
| 1987 | 11.2 |
| 1988 | 11.2 |
| 1989 | 11.2 |
| 1990 | 12.7 |
| 1991 | 12.7 |
| 1992 | 13.8 |
| 1993 | 13.8 |
| 1994 | 13.8 |
| 1995 | 14.6 |
| 1996 | 14.6 |
| 1997 | 15.1 |
| 1998 | 16.3 |
| 1999 | 16.3 |

(3) *Checker Motors Corporation.*

Table 7 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(3)—Average Fuel Economy Standards

| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 | 17.6 |
| 1979 | 16.5 |
| 1980 | 18.5 |
| 1981 | 18.3 |
| 1982 | 18.4 |

(4) *Aston Martin Lagonda Limited.*

Table 8 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(4)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | (Miles per gallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 1979 | 11.5 |
| 1980 | 12.1 |
| 1981 | 12.2 |
| 1982 | 12.2 |
| 1983 | 11.3 |
| 1984 | 11.3 |
| 1985 | 11.4 |
| 2008 | 19.0 |
| 2009 | 18.6 |
| 2010 | 19.2 |
| 2011 | 19.1 |
| 2012 | 19.2 |
| 2013 | 20.1 |
| 2014 | 19.7 |
| 2015 | 19.8 |
| 2016 | 20.2 |
| 2017 | 21.4 |
| 2018 | 22.9 |
| 2019 | 22.4 |
| 2020 | 22.6 |
| 2021 | 24.9 |
| 2022 | 24.9 |
| 2023 | 24.9 |

(5) *Excalibur Automobile Corporation.*

Table 9 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(5)—Average Fuel Economy Standards

| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 | 11.5 |
| 1979 | 11.5 |
| 1980 | 16.2 |
| 1981 | 17.9 |
| 1982 | 17.9 |
| 1983 | 16.6 |
| 1984 | 16.6 |
| 1985 | 16.6 |

(6) *Lotus Cars Ltd.*

Table 10 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(6)—Average Fuel Economy Standards

| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1994 | 24.2 |
| 1995 | 23.3 |

(7) *Officine Alfieri Maserati, S.p.A.*

Table 11 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(7)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 | 12.5 |
| 1979 | 12.5 |
| 1980 | 9.5 |
| 1984 | 17.9 |
| 1985 | 16.8 |

(8) *Lamborghini of North America.*

Table 12 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(8)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1983 | 13.7 |
| 1984 | 13.7 |

(9) *LondonCoach Co., Inc.*

Table 13 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(9)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1985 | 21.0 |
| 1986 | 21.0 |
| 1987 | 21.0 |

(10) *Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A./Vector Aeromotive Corporation.*

Table 14 [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(10)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1995 | 12.8 |
| 1996 | 12.6 |
| 1997 | 12.5 |

(11) *Dutcher Motors, Inc.*

Table 15 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(11)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1986 | 16.0 |
| 1987 | 16.0 |
| 1988 | 16.0 |
| 1992 | 17.0 |
| 1993 | 17.0 |
| 1994 | 17.0 |
| 1995 | 17.0 |

(12) *MedNet, Inc.*

Table 16 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(12)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | Average fuel economy standard (miles per gallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 1996 | 17.0 |
| 1997 | 17.0 |
| 1998 | 17.0 |

(13) *Vector Aeromotive Corporation.*

Table 17 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(13)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 1998 | 12.1 |

(14) *Qvale Automotive Group Srl.*

Table 18 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(14)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | Miles per gallon |
| --- | --- |
| 2000 | 22.0 |
| 2001 | 22.0 |

(15) *Spyker Automobielen B.V.*

Table 19 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(15)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | (Miles per gallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 2006 | 18.9 |
| 2007 | 18.9 |
| 2008 | 19.6 |
| 2009 | 19.6 |
| 2010 | 20.7 |

(16) *Ferrari.*

Table 20 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(16)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | (Miles per gallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 2016 | 21.7 |
| 2017 | 21.5 |
| 2018 | 21.6 |
| 2020 | 21.1 |

(17) *Koenigsegg.*

Table 21 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(17)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | (Miles per gallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 2015 | 16.7 |
| 2018 | 16.7 |
| 2019 | 16.6 |
| 2020 | 16.6 |
| 2021 | 16.6 |
| 2022 | 16.9 |
| 2023 | 16.9 |

(18) *McLaren.*

Table 22 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(18)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | (Miles per gallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 2012 | 23.2 |
| 2013 | 24.0 |
| 2014 | 23.8 |
| 2015 | 22.9 |
| 2016 | 23.2 |
| 2017 | 24.3 |
| 2018 | 23.3 |
| 2019 | 22.5 |
| 2020 | 22.5 |
| 2021 | 21.5 |
| 2022 | 24.6 |
| 2023 | 25.7 |

(19) *Mobility Ventures.*

Table 23 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(19)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | (Miles per gallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 2014 | 19.6 |
| 2015 | 20.1 |
| 2016 | 20.1 |

(20) *Pagani.*

Table 24 to [§ 531.5](/on/2024-09-24/title-49/section-531.5)(e)(20)—Average Fuel Economy Standard

| Model year | (Miles per gallon) |
| --- | --- |
| 2014 | 15.6 |
| 2016 | 15.6 |
| 2017 | 15.6 |
| 2018 | 15.6 |
| 2019 | 15.5 |
| 2020 | 15.5 |
| 2021 | 15.5 |
| 2022 | 15.5 |
| 2023 | 15.5 |

[[87 FR 26070](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/87-FR-26070), May 2, 2022, as amended at [89 FR 12756](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/89-FR-12756), Feb. 20, 2024; [89 FR 52945](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/89-FR-52945), June 24, 2024; [89 FR 60833](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/89-FR-60833), July 29, 2024]