Research-Based Articles and

Books on Bullying and Peer Victimization

Compilation of research findings

Books

Espelage, D.L., & Swearer, S.M. (2003). Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 

Juvonen, J., & Graham (2001). Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Ross, D.M. (1996). Childhood bullying and teasing: What school personnel, other professionals, and parents can do. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.

Smith, P. K., Pepler, D., & Rigby, K. (2004), Bullying in schools: How successful can interventions be? Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Special issues of journals (edited)

Elias, M.J., & Zins, J. (2003). Bullying, peer harassment, and victimization in the schools: The next generation of prevention. Journal of Applied School Psychology

[Special Issue], Winter 2003/2004.

Espelage, D. L., & Swearer, S. M. (2003). Bullying prevention and intervention: Integrating research and evaluation findings [Special Issue]. School Psychology Review, 32.

Geffner, R., & Loring, M.T. (2001). Intervention, research and theories of psychological, maltreatment, trauma, and nonphysical aggression [Special Issue]. Journal of

Emotional Abuse, 2 (2/3).

Smith, P.K., & Brian, P.F. (2000). Bullying in the Schools. Aggressive Behavior, 26 (1).

Prevalence of bullying in American schools

Bosworth, K., Espelage, D. L., & Simon, T. (1999). Factors associated with bullying behavior in middle school students. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 341-362.

Finkelhor, D., Ormond, R., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. (2005). The victimization of children and youth: A comprehensive, national survey. Child Maltreatment, 10, 5-25.

Hoover, J.H., Oliver, R., & Hazler, R.J. (1992). Bullying: Perceptions of adolescent victims in the Midwestern U.S.A. School Psychology International, 13, 5-16.

Melton, G. B., Limber, S. Flerx, V. Cunningham, P., Osgood, D.W., Chambers, J., Henggler, S., & Nation, M. (1998). Violence among rural youth. Final report to the

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice.

Nansel, T.R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R.S., Ruan, W.J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among U.S. youth: Prevalence and association with

psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2094-2100.

Nansel, T.R., Overpeck, M.D., Haynie, D.L., Ruan, J., & Scheidt, P.C. (2003). Relationships between bullying and violence among U.S. youth. Archives of Pediatric and

Adolescent Medicine, 157, 348-353.

Smith, P.K., Madsen, K.C., & Moody, J.C. (1999). What causes the age decline in reports of being bullied at school? Toward a developmental analysis of risks of being

bullied. Educational Research, 41, 267-285. 

Stein, N. (1995, summer). Sexual harassment in K-12 schools: The public performance of gendered violence. Harvard Educational Review, Special issue: Violence and

youth, 65, 145-162.

Vossekuil, B., Fein, R. A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2002). The final report and findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the prevention of

school attacks in the United States. U.S. Secret Service and U.S. Department of Education. Washington, D.C. 

Assessments of bullying and peer victimization

Brief scales for bullying, fighting, and victimization: 

Orpinas, P. & Frankowski, R. (2001). The Aggression Scale: A self-report measure of aggressive behavior for young adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21, 50-67.

Relational aggression:

Crick, N.R. & Grotpeter, J.K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710-722. 

Self-report comprehensive surveys (frequency, location, and type of bullying):

Olweus, D. (1989). The Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire [Mimeo]. HEMIL-senteret, Univesitetet I Bergen, Norway.

Swearer, S. M., Song, S. Y., Cary, P. T., Eagle, J. W., & Mickelson, W. T. (2001). Psychosocial correlates in bullying and victimization: The relationship between

depression, anxiety, and bully/victim status. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2, 95-121.
These and other materials are available online at: www.stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov

Bullying as a group process:

Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status

within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1-15.

Observational techniques: 

Craig, W. M., & Pepler, D.J. (1997). Observations of bullying and victimization in the schoolyard. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 13, 41-59.

Correlates of bullying and peer victimization

Gender and race:

Crick, N.R., Bigbee, M.A., & Howes, C. (1996). Gender differences in children’s normative beliefs about aggression: How do I hurt thee? Let me count the ways. Child

Development, 67, 1003-1014.

Espelage, D. L., Mebane, S., Swearer, S.M., & Turner, R. (2003). Gender differences in bullying: Moving beyond mean level differences. In D. L. Espelage & S. M.

Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in American schools: A social ecological perspective on prevention and intervention. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Graham, S., & Juvonen, J. (2002). Ethnicity, peer harassment, and adjustment in middle school: An exploratory study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 173-199.

Knight, G.P., Guthrie, I.K., Page, M.C., & Fabes, R.A. (2002). Emotional arousal and gender differences in aggression: A meta-analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 266-

393.

Individual characteristics (depression, anxiety, anger, suicide, empathy, and social skills):

Endresen, I.M., & Olweus, D. (2001). Self-reported empathy in Norwegian adolescents: Sex differences, age trends, and relationship to bullying. In A.C. Bohart & C.

Arthur, & Stipek, D.J. (Eds). (2001), Constructive and destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, and society (pp. 147-165). Washington, D.C.: American

Psychological Association.

Fekkes, M., Pijpers, F. I. M., & Verloove-VanHorick, S. P. (2004). Bullying behavior and associations with psychosomatic complaints and depression in victims.

Journal of Pediatrics, 144, 17-22.

Hanish, L. D., & Guerra, N. G. (2000). Children who get victimized at school: What is known? What can be done? Professional School Counseling, 4, 113-119.

Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel, P., Crump, A. D., Saylor, K., Yu, K., et al. (2001). Bullies, victims, and bully/victims: Distinct groups of at-risk youth. Journal of Early

Adolescence, 21, 29-49.

Hodges, E., & Perry, D. (1996). Victims of peer abuse: An overview. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, 5, 23-28.

Janssen, I., Craig, W. M., Boyce, W. F., & Pickett, W. (2004). Associations between overweight and obesity within bullying behaviors in school-aged children.

Pediatrics, 113, 1187-1194.

Juvonen, J. Graham, S., & Schuster, M. A. (2003). Bullying among young adolescents: The strong, the weak, and the troubled. Pediatrics, 112, 1231-1237.

Mishna, F. (2003). Learning disabilities and bullying: Double jeopardy. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36, 1-15.

Slee, P. T. (1993). Bullying: A preliminary investigation of its nature and the effects of social cognition. Early Child Development and Care, 87, 47-57.

Sutton, J., Smith, P.K., & Swettenham, J. (1999). Bullying and “theory of mind”: A critique of the “social skills deficit” view of anti-social behaviour. Social

Development, 8, 117-127.

Relationship between bullying and antisocial behavior:

Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M. D., Haynie, D. L., Ruan, W. J., & Scheidt, P. C. (2003). Relationships between bullying and violence among U.S. youth. Archives of Pediatric

Adolescent Medicine, 157, 348-353.

Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying Behaviors Among US Youth: Prevalence and Association With

Psychosocial Adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2094-2100.

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. NY: Blackwell.

Familial factors (parenting styles and sibling bullying):

Baldry, A. C. (2003). Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 713-732.

Bowers, L., Smith, P. K., & Binney, V. (1994). Perceived family relationships of bullies, victims and bully/victims in middle childhood. Journal of Social and Personal

Relationships, 11, 215-232.

Duncan, R. D. (1999). Maltreatment by parents and peers: The relationship between child abuse, bully victimization and psychological distress. Child Maltreatment, 4, 45-55.

Duncan, R. D. (1999). Peer and sibling aggression: An investigation of intra- and extra-familial bullying. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 871-886.

Ingoldsby, E. M., Shaw, D. S., & Garcia, M. M. (2001). Intrafamily conflict in relation to boy’s adjustment at school. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 35-52.

Ladd, G. W., & Ladd, B. K. (1998). Parenting behaviors and parent-child relationships: Correlates of peer victimization in kindergarten. Developmental Psychology, 34,

1450-1458.

Wolke, D., & Samara, M. M. (2004). Bullied by siblings: Association with peer victimization and behavior problems in Israeli secondary school children. Journal of

Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1015-1029.
These and other materials are available online at: www.stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov

Peer influences on bullying:

Espelage, D. L., Holt, M. K., & Henkel, R. R. (2003). Examination of peer group contextual effects on aggression during early adolescence. Child Development, 74, 205-220. 

Pellegrini, A.D. (2002). Bullying and victimization in middle school: A dominance relations perspective. Educational Psychologist, 37, 151-163.

Rodkin, P.C., Farmer, T.W., Pearl, R., & Van Acker, R. (2000). Heterogeneity of popular boys: Antisocial and prosocial configurations. Developmental Psychology, 36, 14-

24.

Research on teachers, school staff, and school climate:

Boulton, M. J. (1997). Teachers’ views on bullying: Definitions, attitudes and ability to cope. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 223-233.

Craig, W.M., Henderson, K., & Murphy, J.G. (2000). Prospective teachers’ attitudes toward bullying and victimization. School Psychology International, 21, 5-21.

Dake, J. A., Price, J. H., Telljohann, S. K., & Funk, J. B. (2004). Principals’ perceptions and practices of school bullying prevention activities. Health Education &

Behavior, 31, 372-387.

Eisenberg, M. E., Neumark-Sztainer, D., & Perry, C. L. (2003). Peer harassment, school connectedness, and academic achievement. Journal of School Health, 73, 311-

316.

Leff, S. S., Kupersmidt, J. B., Patterson, C. J., Power, T. J. (1999). Factors influencing teacher identification of peer bullies and victims. School Psychology Review, 28, 505-

517.

Siann, G., Callaghan, M., & Lockhart, R. (1993). Bullying: Teachers’ views and school effects. Educational Studies, 19, 307-21.

Stockdale, M.S., Hangaduambo, S., Duys, D., Larson, K., & Sarvela, P.D. (2002). Rural elementary students’, parents’, and teachers’ perceptions of bullying. American

Journal of Health Behavior, 26, 266-277.

Research on community and societal influences:

Lee, E., & Kim, M. (2004). Exposure to media violence and bullying at school: Mediating influences of anger and contact with delinquent friends. Psychological

Reports, 95, 659-672.