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# OAR Box 1147 Prepped by Ollie Stewart



### Document

Number: 

# 142 ) IV-E-1 5 Docket Number: 

# A-87-1 1

Printed 4/22/2008 2:42:55 PM

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UNITE D STATE S ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y AN N ARBOR . MICHIGA N 4810 5
''« < PRO* 0 

## NO V 2 3 I98 T OFFIC E O F AI R AN D RADIATIO N

MEMORANDU M
SUBJECT :

FROM :
TO : THRU : EPA/NHTS AMeetin g Regardin g Onboar d Refuelin g

Emissio n Control s
Glen n W . Passavant , Senio r Projec t Manage r ^^^^[cM^*^.. Standard s Developmen t an d Suppor t Branc h Publi c Docke t A-87-1 1 Cheste r J . France , Chie f Standard s Developmen t and/Suppo r - i /

O n Octobe r 16 , 198 7 representative s fro mth e Nationa l Highwa yTraffi c Safet yAdministratio n (NHTSA ) me t wit h representative s o f EPA' s Offic e o f Mobil e Source s a t th e Moto r Vehicl e Emissio n Laborator yi n An n Arbor , Michiga n t o discus s onboar d refuelin g emissio n controls . Th e issue s tha t wer e discusse d ar e th e sam e a s thos e i n th e attache d briefing
. A lis t o f attendee s i s als o attached . wa s conducte d i n whic h w e hardware . U e the n th e briefin g a la b tou r displa yo f onboar d syste m flammabilit ytest . Bot h spar k Afte r viewe d a demonstrate d a carbo n caniste r wer e applie d t o a sampl e o f carbo n caniste r whic h wa s thoroughl y Th e purpos e o f thi s tes t wa s sometime s bur n v/it h a fla'm

e an d tha t th e caniste r i s no t explosive
. I n thi s particula r test , th e carbo n faile d t o an d flam e ignitio n source s fro ma n evaporativ e syste m saturate d wit h gasolin e vapors , t o sho w tha t activate d carbo n sourc e bu t no t v/it h a spar k sourc e I n thi s particula r test , ma y ignit e wit h eithe r spar k o r flam e sources . Afte r th e la b tour , thre e item s wer e discusse d befor e th e meetin g ended . First , NHTS Asai d tha t throug h a contracto r the y wer e examinin g acciden t file s t o tr yt o quantif yth e in-us e ris k associate d wit h onboar d refuelin g controls . The yexpec t thi s wil l tak e a fe w month s t o accomplish
. NHTS Aplan s t o coordinat e th e analysi s wit h u s onc e i t i s finished
.P. 3



### Second , NHTS Aagree d t o coordinat e wit h u s a t th e staf f leve l on a

n analysi s o f thei r recal l dat a a s anothe r attempt * t o quantif yth

e possibl e ris k associate d wit h implementing onboar d controls . Finally , NHTSAagree d t o give u s advic e o n a consultant/contracto r wh o i s knowledgeabl e in bot h safety/ris k assessmen t an

d fue l system s engineering t o perfor m a n independen t ris k analysi s o f onboar d refueling contro l systems . W e inten d t o as k NHTS At o review an d 'commen

t o n th e scop e o f work fo

r thi s project
.P. 4



### Attendee s Lis t NHTSA/EPAMtg . 10/16/ 8 7
NHTS A Dian e Stee d BarryFelric e Pau l Yoshid a
EP A Richar d Wilso n Charle s Gra

y Cheste r Franc e Joh n Anderso n Glen n Passavan t Pau l Lain

g Kathlee n Steile n Jean Schwendema nP. 5



# REFUELINGCONTRO L OPTION S Tw o option s for controllin g refuelin g emissions : servic e statio ncontrol s - Stag e II , o r vehicl e control s - Onboar d Bot honboar dan

dStag e I I ar e technicall y

feasibl e an

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# CONTRO L SYSTEM

TECHNOLOGY Fue l system s prio r t o control s Evaporativ e contro l syste

m Onboar dcontro l techniqu e descriptio n Onboar dhardwar e (lab )P. 8



# FUE L SYSTEM S PRIO RT OCONTROL S (PRE-1972 ) Fue l System EmissionSources : fue l meterin g system (carburetor ) an

dfue l tank(se e Figur e 3 ) Mai nsourc e o f fue l meterin g emission s i s carbureto r floa t bow l ven t - vente dt o engin e compartmen t o r carbureto r inlet/ai r cleane r Fue l tank s wer e vente dt o th e atmospher e eithe r throug h th e fille r ca po r a ven t tub e wit hanoutle t somewher e unde r th e body

o f th e ca rP. 9

Figur e 3 FUEL - SYSTEM S F' R I O R T O CONTRO I

BOW L VEN T CONFIGURATION S

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TYPICA L TAN KCONFIGURATIO N

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v FILIE R TUB E

FUE L GAUG E (TAN KUNIT)P.1 0



# EVAPORATIVE CONTRO L SYSTEM Control s require do nFedera l vehicle s i n197 2 Contro l System

Descriptio n(se e Figur e 4 ) Seal s of f fue l syste

m (carbureto r or fuel-injecto r andfue l tank ) Route s vapor s t o storag e devic e Restore s capacit y

o f storag e devic e for subsequen t vapo r loading s by

purgin gdurin gvehicl e operatio n Genera l Configuratio n Pressure/Vacuu

m Relie f Fil l Ca p Vapo r line s (connecte dt o fue l tank , carburetor , canister, an dintak e manifold ) Carbo nCaniste r (approximatel y

on e lite r i nvolume for passenge r cars ) Purg e Valve(s ) (betwee ncaniste r an dintak e manifold )

- . Float/Rollove r Valv e an

dLiquid/Vapo r Separato r (o

n some configurations )Figur e 4 

## Typica l Curren tEvaporative System

PRESSURE/VACUU M RELIE FCA P EXTERNAL VENT LINE

FLOAT / ROLLOVE

R VALVE



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INDUCTIO N POIN TP . 1 2



# ONBOAR DCONTRO L TECHNIQU E DESCRIPTION Onboar dsystem s perform

th e sam e thre e basi c function s a s evaporativ e system s - onl y

durin grefuelin g Seal s of f fue l syste

m durin grefuelin g Route s vapor s t o a carbo ncaniste r Restore s capacit y

o f caniste r by

purgin gstore d vapor s an dburnin gthe m i nth e engin e a s fue l Sinc e onboar drefuelingcontro l techniqu e i s nearl y identica l t o tha t use do ncurren t vehicle s t o contro l evaporativ e emissions , a singl e integrate dsystem ca nb e use dt o contro l bot hevaporativ e andrefuelin gemission s (se e Figur e 5 ) I norde r t o perform

th e thre e basi c functions . durin g refueling , th e curren t evaporativ e system require s th e followin gmodifications : Additio no f a fillnec ksea l t o preven t vapor s fro m escapin gduringrefuelin g Enlargemen t o f vapo r line s an

dcaniste r t o captur e refuelin gvapor s whic har e generate dmor e quickl y andi na large r quantit y

tha nevaporativ e emission s Rollove r protectio nvalv e fo r new

ven t lin eFigur e 5 

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# ANALYTICAL QUESTION S FO RDISCUSSION Ho v d o w e asses s th e increas e i nsafet y ris k(i f any ) tha t ca nb e expecte dt o resul t fro

m th e installatio no f onboar d refuelin gcontro l hardware ? How d o thes e risk s compar e i ngenera l wit hothe r safet y risk s andi nparticula r wit hothe r fue l syste m change s (suc ha s fue l injection) ? Wha t safet y engineerin g solution s ar e availabl e t o eliminat e or minimiz e thes e risks ? How muc hleadtime i s necessar y

t o provid e fo r necessar y safet y engineering ? How d o w e asses s th e benefi t o f eliminatin gexistin g safet y risk s whic hmigh t occu r i nconjunctio nwit honboar d installatio n(e.g. , exces s caniste r capacity , rea r t o sid e fill , expose dven t lines) ? How d o w e evaluat e th e benefit s o f th e potentia l reductio n i nservic e statio nsafet y

risk s (fro m reduce dspillag e an

d containmen t o f vapors) ? Wha t safet y benefit s ca nw e expec t fro

m th e volatilit y rule ?P.1 6



# ONBOAR DREFUELINGEMISSION

CONTROL S A BRIEFINGFO RTH E NATIONAL HIGHWA YTRAFFI C SAFET YADMINISTRATION OCTOBE R16 , 198 7 by ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

AGENC Y OFFIC E O F AI RANDRADIATION OFFIC E O F MOBIL E SOURCE SP.1 7



# OVERVIEW O F TH E BRIEFING Background Contro l System

Technolog y Question s for Discussio nP.1 8



# BACKGROUND Ozon e Formatio nan

dNonattainmen t Addressin gth e Ozon e Problem Why Contro l Refuelin gEmissions ? Refuelin gContro l Option s Why i s Onboar dth e Preferre dOption ?P.1 9



# OZON E FORMATION Ozon e i s forme di na comple xphotochemica l reactio n involving oxide s o f nitroge n(NOx ) andvolatil e organi c compound s (VOC ) Th e chie f wa y t o contro l ozon e i s t o reduc e VO C emission s Larg e variet y o f source s bu t mai none s ar e transportatio n andindustria l processe s

# OZON E NONATTAINMEN T

Ozon e ai r quality

problem s ar e significan t andwidespread; . 7 6 majo r urba nnonattainmen t area s wit ha tota l populatio n affecte di nexces s o f 7 7 millio n(se e Figur e 1 ) Mos t o f thes e area s ar e expecte dt o fai l t o mee t th e Clea n Ai r Act' s attainmen t deadlin e o f th e endo f thi s yea r - thi s i s despit e many

year s o f Federal , State , an

dloca l contro l effort s Reductio no f 1 0 percen t t o greate r tha n7 0 percen t wil l b e neede dt o brin gal l area s int o complianc e (se e Figur e 2 )P.2 1 

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# ADDRESSINGTH E OZON E PROBLEM Th e refuelin gandvolatilit y

control s represen t tw

o national program s tha t wil l provid e VO C reduction s o f 1 0 percen t Thi s 1 0 percen t reductio ncombine dwit hth e 2 0 percen t reductio nexpecte dfro

m curren t Federa l Moto r Vehicl e Contro l Program s wil l provid e enougho f th e neede d reduction s fo r some area s t o reac hth e ozon e standar d(se e Figur e 2 ) Many othe r area s wil l nee dsignifican t additiona l reduction s Th e State s hav e a majo r responsibilit y inimplementin g loca l contro l measure s t o addres s the ozon e problem

# WH YCONTRO L REFUELINGEMISSIONS ?

Provide s a tw o percen t VO C reductio n Fe w remainin gVO C contro l strategie s ca nprovid e mor e reductio n Reduction s ca nb e achieve dcos t effectivel y whe ncompare d t o othe r availabl e contro l alternative s Reduce s exposur e t o toxi c vapor s durin grefuelin g- benzen e i s a know

nhuma ncarcinoge nan

dgasolin e vapor s i n genera l ar e a concer n Ou r annua l inciden t reductio nestimate s for controllin g refuelin gemission s ar e 4 wit hjus t benzene , 1 4 i f benzen e andC 6 above , and4 2 i f benzen e andal l ga s vapor s