1986 

Annual Report 

United States International Trade 

Commission 

Commissioners 

Susan Liebeler, Chairman 

Anne E. Brunsdale, Vice Chairman 

Paula Stern 

Alfred E. Eckes 

Seeley G. Lodwick 

David B. Rohr 

Kenneth R. Mason 

Secretary to the Commission 
Address all communications to 

United States International Trade Commission 

Washington, DC 20436 

USITC Publication 1935 

Published by: Public and Consumer Affairs 

Office, Hal Sundstrom, Director 

Compiled by: Paulette Davis 

Edited by: Eric Pargament 

Photo credits: Paulette Davis, photos 

Nos. 7-9, 12, and 15; Hal Sundstrom, 

photos Nos. 1-6, 10-11, 13-14, 16-18, 

20-22, and outside back cover 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents 

U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, DC 20402 
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Part 1 Investigative 

Highlights 

Invesfigafions Under Sections 201 

and 2 0 3 (i) of f he Trade Act of 

19 7 4, f he ''Escape Clause" 

Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 

(19 U.S.C. 2251) provides a procedure 

whereby domestic industries seriously 

injured by increased imports can petition 

for import relief in the form of tariffs or 

quantitative restrictions (import quotas ). 1 

To be found eligible for relief under 

section 201, industries need not prove that 

an unfair trade practice exists, as is 

necessary under the antidumping and 

countervailing duty laws and section 337 

of the Tariff Act of 1930. However, under 

section 201, a greater degree of injury, 

"serious" injury, must be found to exist. 

In addition, relief under section 201, 

although temporary, should be tailored to 

the needs of the injured industry. 

The criteria for import relief set forth 

in section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 

are based on article XIX of the General 

Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GAIT), 

an international agreement to which the 

United States is a signatory. Article XIX of 

the GA TT is referred to as the "escape 

clause," because it permits a country to 

"escape" temporarily from its obligations 

under the GA TT with respect to a product 

when increased imports of that product 

are causing or threatening to cause serious 

injury to domestic producers of a like or 

directly competitive product. Commission 

investigations under section 201 provide a 

basis for the President to invoke article 

XIX. 

During fiscal year 1986, the 

Commission completed five section 201 

investigations. Of the five investigations, 

the Commission made one affirmative 

determination and four negative 

determinations. The Commission 

instituted the first investigation, Wood 

Shakes and Shingles (TA-201-56), on 

September 25, 1985, after receiving a 

petition for import relief filed by the Blue 

Label Inspection & Grading Bureau, Inc., 

Blue Ribbon Grading Bureau, Inc., Blue 

1 

Ribbon Shake & Shingle Inspection 

Bureau, Inc., Northwest Independent 

Forest Manufacturers, Skagit Valley Red 

Cedar Shake Association, and 244 U.S. 

companies manufacturing shakes and 

shingles. The Commission determined on 

February 26, 1986, that imports of wood 

shakes and shingles were being imported 

into the United States in such increased 

quantities as to be a substantial cause of 

serious injury, or threat thereof, to the 

domestic wood shake and shingle 

industry. Because of the affirmative 

finding, the Commission recommended to 

the President that he impose tariffs for a 

5-year period on the imports. 

The Commission instituted the second 

investigation, Electric Shavers and Parts (TA201-57), on September 27, 1985, following 

receipt of a petition for import relief from 

1 The law requires the Commission 

to conduct such investigations upon 

receipt of a petition from an entity 

representative of a domestic industry, at 

the request of the President or the 

United States Trade Representative or 

upon resolution of the House 

Committee on Ways and Means or the 

Senate Committee on Finance. The 

Commission also may conduct such 

investigations on its own motion. If, as 

a result of an investigation, the 

Commission finds that an article is 

being imported into the United States 

in such increased quantities as to be a 

substantial cause of serious injury, or 

threat thereof, to the domestic industry, 

it must recommend to the President the 

tariff or quota relief necessary to 

prevent or remedy the injury or 

recommend the provision of adjustment 

assistance. The Commission must 

complete its investigation and make its 

determination and any 

recommendations within 6 months of 

receipt of the petition, request, or 

resolution. If the Commission finds in 

the affirmative and recommends tariff 

or quota relief, the President has an 

additional 60 days in which to advise 

Congress of what, if any, relief he will 

provide. If the President decides to take 

no action, Congress may, by enacting a 

joint resolution within 90 legislative 

days, direct the President to provide the 

relief recommended by the 

Commission. If the Commission's 

determination is negative, the sec. 201 

proceeding is terminated. 
The Commission made five escape-clause 

determinations during the fiscal year under 

section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974. 

Testifying in support of import relief for the 

domestic apple juice industry, U.S. 

Representative Guy Vander Jagt, Republican of 

Michigan (2), appeared at the April 17, 1986, 

public hearings. The investigation was 

conducted by the Commission following 

receipt of a request from the United States 

Trade Representative that an investigation be 

initiated. 

Remington Product's CEO Victor Kiam (3) 

testified at the Commission's January 14, 1986, 

public hearing concerning the firm's import 

relief petition for electric shavers and parts (4, 

5). 

2 

4 
6 

U.S. Representative Al Swift, Democrat of 

Washington (6), was a witness during the 

Commission's hearing on January 9, 1986, 

regarding the petition for import relief by the 

domestic wood shingle and shake industry. 

Certain metal castings was the subject of a 

Commission import relief investigation public 

hearing addressed by Donald Pease, Democrat 

of Ohio (7), and Joe Kolter, Democrat of 

Pennsylvania (8). The hearing was held on 

March 18 and 19, 1986. 

The Commission conducted both antidumping 

and countervailing duty investigations on iron 

construction castings from Brazil, Canada, 

India, the People's Republic of China. During 

the fiscal year, the Commission completed 104 

antidumping and 39 countervailing duty 

investigations. 

3 

9 
Remington Products, Inc., on September 

27, 1986. In that investigation, the 

Commission determined that imports of 

electric shavers and parts were not being 

imported into the United States in such 

increased quantities as to be a substantial 

cause of serious injury, or threat thereof, 

to the domestic electric shaver industry. 

Because of the Commission's negative 

determination, no recommendation was 

made to the President for import relief. 

In the third investigation, Metal 

Castings (T A-201-58), the Commission 

determined that imports were not being 

imported into the United States in such 

increased quantities as to be a substantial 

cause of serious injury, or threat of serious 

injury, to the domestic industries 

producing metal castings. The petition for 

import relief was filed with the 

Commission on December 2, 1985, by the 

Cast Metals Federation. As a result of the 

Commission's negative determination, no 

recommendation was made to the 

President. 

In Steel Fork Arms (TA-201-60), the 

fourth investigation, the Commission 

concluded that increased imports were not 

seriously injuring the domestic steel fork 

arms industry. The Commission made its 

determination after receipt of a petition 

filed by the Ad Hoc Committee of Steel 

Fork Arms Producers on June 4, 1986. 

Because of the negative determination, the 

Commission made no recommendation to 

the President. 

In the final investigation, Apple Juice 

(T A-201-59), the Commission determined 

also that increased imports were not 

seriously injuring the domestic apple juice 

industry. The Commission made its 

determination after receipt of a request 

from the Office of the United States Trade 

Representative (USTR) on December 27, 

1985. Because of the Commission's 

negative determination, no 

recommendation was made to the 

President for import relief. 

The Commission conducted no review 

investigations under section 203 of the 

Trade Act during fiscal year 1986. 

4 

Investigations Under Title VII of 

the Tariff Act of 19 3 0 

Under title VII of the Tariff Act of 

1930 (19 U.S.C. 1671, as added by the 

Trade Agreements Act of 1979), the 

Commission conducts preliminary and 

final investigations to determine whether 

(in preliminary investigations) there is a 

reasonable indication or whether (in final 

investigations) a U.S. industry is 

materially injured or threatened with 

material injury, or the establishment of 

such an industry is materially retarded, by 

reason of imports of merchandise that is 

being sold at less than fair value (i.e., 

dumped) or is benefiting from foreign 

subsidies. The Department of Commerce 

determines whether dumping or subsidies 

exist and, if so, the margin of dumping or 

amount of the subsidy. 

Antidumping Investigations 

During fiscal year 1986, the 

Commission completed 62 preliminary and 

42 final antidumping investigations under 

section 731 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 

U.S.C. 1671). The investigations covered a 

wide range of products such as cellular 

mobile telephones, rock salt, photo 

albums, steel structural shapes, candles, 

paint filters, natural bristle paint brushes, 

and anhydrous sodium metasilicate. Three 

investigations that received a high degree 

of publicity dealt with semiconductor 

products from Japan and included 64K 

dynamic random access memory 

semiconductors, erasable programmable 

read only memories, and dynamic random 

access memories of 256 kilobits. 

At the close of the fiscal year, the 

Commission had 8 preliminary and 26 

final antidumping investigations pending. 

These investigations also involved a wide 

range of products. 
Countervailing Duty 

Investigations 

The Com~ission conducts 

investigations under the countervailing 

duty laws only when the imports are from 

a country that is a signatory to the Code 

on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties or 

has undertaken similar obligations, or 

when the subject imports enter duty free. 

Most of the major free-world trading 

nations have signed the Code; some, such 

as Mexico, have not. With respect to 

imports from countries that have not 

signed the Code or undertaken similar 

obligations, an injury test is available only 

for products that enter the United States 

free of duty under section 303(a)(2) of the 

Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1303). 

During the fiscal year, the 

Commission completed 28 preliminary and 

11 final countervailing duty investigations. 

Of the 39 investigations completed, 14 

involved steel products, including welded 

carbon steel pipe and tube, steel wire 

fabric for concrete reinforcement, and 

stainless steel cooking ware. The 

remaining investigations covered a diverse 

group of products such as fresh 

groundfish, oil country tubular goods, red 

raspberries, iron construction castings, 

offshore platform jackets and piles, and 

ethyl alcohol. 

At the close of the fiscal year, the 

Commission had one preliminary and four 

final countervailing duty investigations 

pending. 

Section 7 51 Review Investigations 

Section 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 

(19 U.S.C. 1675) sets forth a procedure for 

the review of outstanding antidumping 

and countervailing duty determinations. 

Under section 751, whenever the 

Commission receives information 

concerning, or a request for a review of, 

an outstanding countervailing duty or 

antidumping duty determination, it must 

5 

first determine whether there are changed 

circumstances sufficient to warrant such a 

review. If there are, the Commission 

conducts review investigations. In the 

absence of good cause, the Commission 

may not conduct a review less than 24 

m.onths after publication of notice of the 

original determination. 

At the close of the fiscal year, the 

Commission had one investigation 

pending under section 751: Salmon Gill 

Fish Netting of Manmade Fibers From Japan 

(751-TA-11). 

Secnon 22 lnvesnganons 

During fiscal year 1986, the 

Commission completed one investigation 

under section 22 of the Agricultural 

Adjustment Act (7 U.S.C. 624). Section 22 

calls for the Secretary of Agriculture to 

alert the President when he believes 

agricultural commodities are being, or are 

practically certain to be, imported into the 

United States in such quantities as to 

render or tend to render ineffective, or 

materially interfere with, U.S. Department 

of Agriculture (USDA) programs, 

including price-support programs, or 

substantially reduce the amount of any 

product processed from a commodity 

covered by a USDA program. 

If the President agrees with the 

Secretary of Agriculture, he directs the 

Commission to conduct an investigation 

and develop a report, including findings 

and recommendations, for his 

consideration. After receiving the 

Commission's report, the President may 

impose quotas or duties (not to exceed SO 

percent of the imported product's value) 

to protect the program. In cases in which 

the Secretary of Agriculture determines 

that an emergency exists, the President 

may take action before the Commission 
Statutory 'f imetable for . Total Antidumpzng Investzgatzons Days (in days) Commerce 45 Affirmative 280 Final 

Commerce 

Negative 

Final 

Commerce 

Affirmative 

Preliminary 45 

340 

Extended Case 

Commerce 

Negative 

Final 

Commerce 75 

Affirmative 310 

115 Final 

Commerce 

Negative 

Final 

Commerce 

Negative Extended Case 75 

Preliminary Commerce 370 

Affirmative 

Final 

Extended Case 

Commerce Commerce 

Terminates Ne9ative 

Final 

USITC 

Petition Affirmative Commerce Preliminary 45 Affirmative 330 Final 

USITC 

Terminates Commerce 

Negative 

Final 

Extended Case 45 

Commerce 390 

Affirmative 

Final 

Extended Case 

Commerce 

N~ative inal 

Commerce 75 Affirmative 360 Final 

Commerce 

Negative 

Complicated 

Case 

Final 

Commerce Extended Case Negative 75 Commerce Preliminary 420 Affirmative 

Final 

Extended Case 

Commerce 

Negative 

Final 

6 
Statutory Timetable for 

Countervailing Duty 

Investigations (in days) 

Commerce 

Terminates 

USITC 

Petition 

Commerce 

Affirmative 

Final 

Commerce 

Negative 

Final 

Commerce 

Affirmative 

Final 

Commerce 

Negative 

Final 

Commerce 

Total 

days 

45 

205 

75 

235 

Complicated Affirmative 

45 

270 

Case Final 

USITC Commerce 

Terminates Affirmative 

Preliminary Commerce 

Negative 

Final 

Commerce Complicated 75 Affirmative 300 Case 

Commerce Final 

Negative 

Preliminary Commerce 

completes the investigation and submits 

the report. Any such emergency action 

that is taken would continue in effect 

pending the Commission's eventual report 

and recommendation. 

The Commission instituted an 

investigation, Certain Articles Containing Sugar 

(22-48), on April 24, 1985, at the request 

of the President, to determine whether 

imports of certain articles containing sugar 

derived from sugar cane or sugar beets are 

practically certain to be imported under 

such conditions, at such prices, and in 

7 

Negative 

Final 

such quantities as to render or tend to 

render ineffective, or materially interfere 

with, the USDA price-support program for 

sugar cane and sugar beets. 

The President's letter, dated March 

22, 1985, also stated that he was taking 

prompt emergency ac~ion under section 

22(b) of the Agri.cultural Adjustment Act 

and issuing a proclamation establishing 

quotas of 3,000 short tons for sweetened 

cocoa, 7 ,000 short tons for pancake flour 

and other flour mixes containing sugar, 

and 84,000 short tons for edible 
preparations not especially provided for 

containing sugar. 

After a 6-month investigation, the 

Commission reported on October l, 1985, 

that imports of certain dry ice tea mixes, 

beverages bases, cocktail mixes, and sugar 

dextrose mixtures, all the foregoing 

containing over 10 percent sugar and 

classifiable in Tariff Schedules of the 

United States (TSUS) item 183.05, are 

being, or are practically certain to be, 

imported into the United States under 

such conditions and in such quantities as 

to render or tend to render ineffective, or 

materially interfere with, the price-support 

program of the USDA for sugar cane or 

sugar beets. As of October 1, 1986, the 

President had taken no action with respect 

to the investigation. 

At the end of the fiscal year, there 

were no investigations pending under 

section 22. 

Unfair Import Practice 

Investigations 

The Commission, under section 337 

of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1337), 

applies U.S. statutory and common law of 

unfair competition to the importation of 

articles into the United States and in their 

sale. A violation of section 337 requires 

finding both an unfair act in the 

importation into or sale in the United 

States of an article and a resulting actual, 

or tendency toward, substantial injury. 

Once a violation is found, the 

Commission, after consideration of the 

public interest, may issue orders excluding 

the offending articles from entry into the 

United States, as well as cease and desist 

orders. 

Commission remedial orders go into 

effect 60 days from issuance unless 

disapproved by the President. Appeals of 

Commission orders are heard by the Court 

of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. 

Violators of Commission section 337 

8 

orders are liable for civil penalties of up to 

$10,000 a day~ 

Section 337 investigations require 

formal evidentiary hearings held in 

accordance with the Administrative 

Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 551 et seq.) before 

an administrative law judge (ALJ). Parties 

to these investigations include 

complainants, respondents, and the 

Commission staff representing the public. 

Following a hearing, the ALJ issues an 

initial determination on all issues relating 

to violations of section 337; the 

Commission may exercise its right to 

review and may reverse the AL}' s decision. 

All investigations must be completed 

within 12 months except those designated 

more complicated, which must be 

completed within 18 months. 

Complainants may seek temporary relief 

pending final resolution of a case. 

The most common cases involving 

unfair methods of competition brought 

before the Commission involve 

infringements of intellectual property 

rights including patent, copyright, or 

trademark. Other investigations involve 

theft of trade secrets, passing off, or 

violation of the antitrust laws. 

In fiscal year 1986, the Commission 

was again confronted with increasing legal 

and technological issues in section 337 

investigations. Producers of numerous 

articles sought protection from alleged 

infringement of intellectual property rights 

at the International Trade Commission; 

such articles included laser precision 

dimensional measuring devices and 

ultramicrotome apparatus; computerrelated equipment such as dynamic 

random access memories; medical devices 

such as chromatogram analyzers and 

pharmaceutical closures; capital equipment 

such as scrap shears and electromagnetic 

flowmeters; and consumer items such as 

Cabbage Patch Kids dolls, flashlights, and 

luggage products. 
During fiscal year 1986, there were 44 

active 337 investigations. The Commission 

terminated 11 investigations as a result of 

settlement agreements or consent orders 

entered into by the parties prior to an 

evidentiary hearing. In addition, 

settlement agreements and consent orders 

were entered into in 10 other 

investigations. Of those investigations in 

which the Commission made final 

determinations on the merits, a violation 

of section 337 was found in one 

investigation, and no violation was found 

in five investigations. At yearend, 27 

investigations remained active. 

Trade Remedy Assistance Center 

The Trade Remedy Assistance Center 

(Center) was established by Congress in 

January 1985 at the U.S. International 

Trade Commission pursuant to section 221 

of the Trade and Tariff Act of 1984, 

which added section 339 to the Tariff Act 

of 1930. The Center was established to 

provide general information to the public 

on remedies and benefits available under 

U.S. trade laws and to provide technical 

assistance to eligible small businesses 

seeking relief under those trade remedy 

laws administered by the Commission. 

In response to inquiries from the 

public, the Center provides information on 

the statutes that the Commission 

administers. (A summary of statutes 

involving the Commission is found in app. 

B; a summary of fiscal year 1986 litigation 

involving the Commission is found in app. 

C.) In addition, when appropriate, the 

Center makes referrals to other offices 

within the Commission and to other 

agencies responsible for administering 

particular trade laws. The general 

information service of the Center is 

available to all members of the public 

regardless of whether the inquirer is a 

small business. 

One function of the Center is to 

provide technical assistance to small 

9 

businesses. Technical assistance is 

available to an eligible small business 

seeking a remedy under one or more of 

the trade remedy laws administered by the 

Commission if because of its small size it 

has neither adequate internal resources nor 

the financial ability to obtain qualified 

outside assistance. Application for 

technical assistance involves certification 

by an officer or principal of the business 

that it qualifies as a small business under 

the Small Business Administration 

standards. 

The Center assists eligible small 

businesses at the preinstitution stage in 

analyzing their trade-related problems and 

deciding which statutes may offer relief. 

The Center staff is available to meet with 

eligible small businesses to discuss the 

petition process and to help organize and 

assemble relevant background material. 

Technical assistance may include 

discussion of relevant Commission 

precedent and publications. 

Technical assistance can be given for 

the preparation of petitions and 

complaints, including review of initial 

drafts submitted by the eligible small 

business and advice on additions, 

deletions, and possible alternative 

presentations, leading to the final 

preparation of the petition for filing with 

the Commission. 

In fiscal year 1986, the Center 

responded to approximately 265 inquiries, 

the majority of these coming directly from 

small businesses. Other inquiries came 

from Congress, Government agencies, 

trade associations, law firms, the press, 

and academia. During the same period, the 

Center provided more detailed assistance 

to approximately 25 small businesses. 
Part IL Organizational 

Activities 

Office of Investigations 

The Office of Investigations is 

responsible for conducting the 

Commission's countervailing duty, 

antidumping, and review investigations 

under provisions of the Tariff Act of 1930, 

escape-clause and market disruption 

investigations pursuant to the Trade Act 

of 1974, and investigations under section 

22 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act to 

determine whether imports of agricultural 

products are interfering with programs of 

the USDA. 

Four investigative divisions make up 

the principal operating units of the Office 

of Investigations. This staff of 20 

investigators and 4 supervisory 

investigators coordinates all facets of an 

investigation from the identification of 

primary data to be collected to the 

publication of the final report. The 

investigative staff acquires a working 

knowledge of the industry and the 

product under investigation, principally 

from primary sources such as industry 

questionnaires and visits to production 

facilities. Staff members descended into 

salt mines under Cleveland and Lake Erie 

and accompanied drug enforcement 

officials in examining fresh cut flowers 

arriving at night at the Miami airport, 

among other field trip experiences in fiscal 

year 1986. The staff seeks to understand 

the conditions of competition within the 

domestic market of the industry under 

investigation through research and 

consultation with technical and marketing 

specialists. 

In the staff report to the Commission, 

the investigative staff coordinates and 

presents data gathered from primary and 

secondary sources that reflect the 

economic condition and performance of 

the industry. Data include, but are not 

limited to, capacity, production, capacity 

utilization, domestic and export 

10 

shipments, inventories, imports, domestic 

market shares held by U.S. and foreign 

suppliers, employment, hours worked, 

productivity, wages and total 

compensation, unit labor costs, pricing, 

distribution channels, and full financial 

data on the U.S. companies producing the 

product under investigation. The 

investigative staff also obtains and 

analyzes an abbreviated form of such 

information regarding the foreign industry 

producing the product under investigation. 

In fiscal year 1986, many staff 

members developed computer skills 

allowing them to manipulate data in 

investigations in such a way as to increase 

the Commission's ability to perform 

microeconomic analysis. In addition, 

supervisory investigators oversee and 

coordinate participation by other staff 

members in the investigation and in the 

preparation of reports to the Commission. 

Investigations staff members work 

closely with officials at the Department of 

Commerce, U.S. Customs Service, parties 

to the investigation and their attorneys, 

and company officials for both U.S. 

producers and importers of the product to 

obtain information and effectively manage 

the administrative details of an 

investigation. The primary responsibility 

of the investigative staff is to present the 

Commission with an accurate and 

complete staff report in a timely and 

objective manner in order for the 

Commission to make an informed decision 

on the basis of the merits of the 

investigation. Finally, in the preparation of 

the public report, the investigative staff is 

responsible for protecting confidential 

business information. 

The Financial Analysis and 

Accounting Division of the Office of 

Investigations consists of a supervisory 

financial analyst and four accountants 

and/ or financial analysts. Their 

responsibility is to evaluate the financial 

performance of U.S. firms and industries 

that are the subject of Commission 

investigations. As required by statute, the 
staff develops information on the 

profitability of the U.S. producers on their 

operations producing the articles that are 

the subject of the investigation and on 

their overall operations. It also examines 

research and development expenses, 

capital expenditures, asset valuation, 

return on investment, cash flow, and the 

effect of imports on U.S. producers' 

growth, investment, and ability to raise 

capital. Accountants and financial analysts 

scrutinize cost allocation on product line 

reporting and check for any distortions 

resulting from the relative importance of 

an individual company's data in the 

overall industry financial picture. Staff 

members routinely check other sources 

besides standard company financial 

statements in their analysis. The Financial 

Analysis and Accounting Division 

balances consistency in the presentation of 

data in reports with financial analysis 

appropriately tailored to the industry 

under investigation. 

The investigative and financial 

analysis divisions of the Office of 

Investigations are assisted by the staff of 

two statisticians and two statistical 

assistants of the Statistical Analysis Unit. 

This unit facilitates the collection, 

aggregation, manipulation, and reporting 

of questionnaire data throughout the 

course of an investigation. The staff also 

obtains trade data from other agencies and 

verifies figures reported in staff reports. In 

fiscal year 1986, the Statistical Analysis 

Unit developed a series of programs that 

are used to enter and edit questionnaire 

responses and allow for more varied 

analysis of the aggregate data. The 

statisticians work with a variety of 

computer hardware available at the 

Commission and elsewhere. The staff is 

instrumental in selecting the hardware and 

software best suited to processing the type 

and volume of data. 

The Commission's statutory 

investigative workload in fiscal year 1986 

was about equal to that of the previous 

fiscal year (app. D). Several of the most 

11 

publicized cases are described in the 

"Investigative Highlights" section of this 

report. The number of investigations 

instituted was somewhat less than in fiscal 

year 1985; however, the number 

completed rose. The vast majority of these 

cases consisted of antidumping and 

countervailing duty investigations under 

title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930. 

Heavy industry was the source of 

filings for slightly more than one-half of 

all investigations conducted during the 

fiscal year, with the largest number of 

investigations involving steel pipe and 

tubular products. A significant number of 

cases on pipe fittings, brass sheet and 

strip, iron castings, and steel products 

other than pipe and tube were also filed. 

Agricultural products and byproducts 

made up an increased share of the 

Commission's statutory workload in fiscal 

year 1986, accounting for nearly one-fifth 

of total investigations conducted. Cases 

involving fresh cut flowers, wine, ethyl 

alcohol, red raspberries, groundfish, 

pistachio nuts, and orange juice were 

conducted. 

One of the most publicized 

Commission cases involved imports of 

Canadian softwood lumber, which were 

valued at nearly $3 billion in 1985. An 

affirmative determination was reached in 

the preliminary investigation. 

Of high public visibility as well were 

three investigations involving 

semiconductors. These cases illustrate a 

shift in the Commission's workload to an 

increasing number of investigations of 

high-technology products. Chemical 

products were the subject of several other 

investigations. The remainder of the 

countervailing duty and antidumping 

investigations conducted by the Office of 

Investigations consisted of a variety of 

consumer and miscellaneous products, of 

which cookware and mirrors represented 

the largest number of cases. 
The Commission also conducted five 

investigations under section 201 of the 

Trade Act of 1974. One of these cases, 

which entailed a substantial committment 

of staff resources, involved metal castings. 

Another investigation, and the only 

section 201 investigation for which the 

Commission made an affirmative finding 

and the President provided import relief, 

examined imports of wood shakes and 

shingles. The remaining section 201 cases 

dealt with electric shavers, apple juice, and 

steel fork arms. Finally, one review 

investigation, under section 751 of the 

Tariff Act of 1930, was instituted on 

salmon gill fish netting from Japan. 

Office of Administrative 

Law fudges 

Before making a determination under 

section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, the 

Commission is required to provide an 

opportunity for a hearing in conformity 

with the provisions of subchapter II of 

chapter 5 of title 5, United States Code 

(the Administrative Procedure Act). ALJ's 

are appointed pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 3105 

with the responsibility for conducting 

such hearings. Following a hearing, the 

ALJ decides a case by issuing an. initial 

determination, which may be reviewed by 

the full Commission. 

The Office of Administrative Law 

Judges is made up of four judges and a 

support staff of attorneys, an economist, 

and support personnel. ALJ's appointed by 

the Commission are selected from 

attorneys who have been designated ALJ's 

after the successful completion of a 

competitive examination administered by 

the Office of Personnel Management. 

These judges are required by law to give a 

fair hearing to all parties under the 

Administrative Procedure Act and to 

maintain independence from the rest of 

the Commission and the Commission's 

staff in matters relating to hearing and 

12 

deciding cases. The judges in the Office of 

Administrative Law Judges came to the 

Commission after extensive trial 

experience in private practice, in 

Government, and as ALJ's in other Federal 

Government agencies. 

Office of Industries 

The Office of Industries, with its staff 

of over 90 international trade analysts, is 

responsible for providing the Commission 

and the public with detailed technical and 

economic information on U.S. industries 

and merchandise trade. The Commission 

requires such information in order to meet 

its statutory and factfinding investigative 

caseload and other technical 

responsibilities in such areas as tariff 

nomenclature, trade monitoring, review of 

proposed trade legislation, and general 

assistance to the Congress and President 

in trade matters. 

In order to develop and maintain the 

required commodity-industry expertise for 

ready access by the Commission, the 

office is organized into six commodity 

divisions covering the major industrial 

sectors-agriculture and forest products, 

textiles and apparel, energy and chemicals, 

minerals and metals, machinery and 

equipment, and miscellaneous 

manufactures. Within these divisions, the 

international trade analysts track the 

import, export, production, and sale of 

more than 12,000 items of world trade. 

The expertise of these specialists has been 

in growing demand as international trade 

becomes an increasingly important 

component of the economy and focus of 

national attention. The President, 

Congress, and the Commission often rely 

heavily upon the expertise of the analysts 

to obtain an objective picture of the 

impact of international trade (imports and 

exports) on U.S. industry and the factors 

influencing the competitive position of 

U.S. industry in world trade. 
The Office of Industries has taken a 

number of steps aimed at enhancing its 

investigative analysis and improving 

further the quality and readability of its 

reports. Specifically, initiatives are 

underway in the areas of system 

automation, questionnaire design and 

processing, data access, and report 

presentation. 

The Office of Industries has made 

advances in office automation, which 

should progressively improve office 

research capabilities. In fiscal year 1986, 

the office began acquisition of personal 

computers (PC's) for its staff, along with 

software for analysis and graphics and 

provisions for training support. 

The office adopted a general policy of 

using sampling techniques whenever 

feasible, along with intensified efforts to 

sharpen questionnaire focus and improve 

the quality of questionnaire responses. 

Together, sampling and improved 

responses aim at reducing the burden on 

industry respondents, improving the 

meaningfulness of questionnaire data, 

reducing the time required for Office of 

Management and Budget approval of 

questionnaires, and increasing time 

available for Commission analysis. 

The office also began development of 

a data access system, using PC's to ease 

analyst access to and use of data from a 

wide variety of sources. For example, in 

preparation for six studies the Senate 

Finance Committee requested on the 

global competitiveness of selected pivotal 

U.S. industries, the office (1) developed an 

inventory of statistical series relevant to 

judging competitive performance; (2) 

identified additional data sources; and (3) 

began development of software to permit 

analysts quick access and easy use of these 

data with PC's. 

Introduction of a laser printer, 

composition equipment, and PC graphics 

capabilities have permitted gradual 

introduction of improved formats, easier 

readability, and more graphic 

presentations in various periodic reports 

13 

and in some recent section 332 

investigation reports. The office now also 

begins studies with an industry profile 

table that gives readers a quick statistical 

overview, provides text page references in 

the executive summary, and designs more 

analytical features into text tabulations. 

Investigations Under Section 332 

During fiscal year 1986, the Office of 

Industries conducted 37 investigations 

under section 332 2 of the Tariff Act of 

1930, including both one-time, factfinding 

studies and continuing industry surveys. 

Fiscal year 1986 saw almost a 30-percent 

increase in office work-hours on section 

332 studies compared with the number in 

fiscal year 1985. A number of the studies 

explored areas where there is relatively 

little available information or investigative 

precedent. Such efforts included 

Commission studies on the effects on U.S. 

industry and consumers of changes in the 

U.S. Generalized System of Preferences 

(GSP) pursuant to the GSP Renewal Act 

of 1984, U.S. cm ntertrade, and the 

probable effects 1n U.S. industry and 

consumers of a proposed free-trade 

agreement between the United States and 

Canada. In addition, studies were 

completed on the international 

competitiveness of U.S. producers in such 

areas as commuter aircraft, softwood 

lumber, ball and roller bearings, pork, 

forging products, certain vegetables, 

jewelry, and tuna. 

Eleven continuing industry surveys 

were conducted under section 332 to aid 

the Congress or the executive branch in 

monitoring both U.S. imports and 

domestic production of various products. 

2 Investigations conducted under 

sec. 332 are requested by the President, 

the House Ways and Means 

Committee, the Senate Finance 

Committee, or either House of Congress 

or are initiated on the Commission's 

own motion. 
Five of these surveys were conducted at 

the request of the President, four were 

conducted at the request of Congress, and 

two continuing surveys are being 

conducted as a result of the Commission's 

own motion. During fiscal year 1986, the 

Office of Industries published surveys 

covering synthetic organic chemicals; trade 

under TSUS items 806.30/807.00; canned 

mushrooms; brooms; stainless steel and 

alloy tool steel; steel subject to the 

President's program of voluntary restraint 

agreements, competitive conditions in the 

steel industry, and industry efforts to 

adjust and modernize; heavyweight 

motorcycles; automobiles; rum; and 

nonrubber footwear. 

At the beginning of fiscal year 1986, 

the Office of Industries had 10 factfinding 

studies underway. During the fiscal year, 

an additional 14 studies were initiated, 

and 14 were completed. At the end of the 

fiscal year, the Office of Industries had 10 

section 332 studies underway. Certain of 

the major completed studies are 

highlighted below. 

The Position and Competitiveness of the 

United States in World Coal Trade 

(332-182) 

On its own initiative, the Commission 

instituted an investigation to gather 

information on U.S. competitiveness in the 

world coal market. The report examines 

the potential for U.S. coal trade through 

1995 and forecasts that the United States, 

which leads the rest of the world in total 

recoverable coal reserves, could further 

increase its positive trade in coal by 1990 

and 1995. The report also discusses the 

various competitive factors influencing the 

U.S. position vis-a-vis that of other coalrich nations in the world coal market and 

the differences in these nations' coal 

industries that determine the development 

of their export potential. Also discussed is 

the relationship between coal and other 

primary fuels, particulary crude petroleum. 

14 

Assessment of the Effects of Barter and 

Countertrade Transactions on U.S 

Industries (332-185) 

This study was instituted by the 

Commission on its own motion to update 

and supplement an earlier report 

published by the Commission in 1982. 

The study examines (1) the effects of the 

growing involvement of U.S. companies in 

international countertrade transactions as 

well as offset arrangements whether or 

not related to foreign military export sales; 

and (2) the economic conditions that have 

created the demand for such trade. The 

study examined the marked increase in 

the number of nations demanding 

countertrade beyond the nonmarket 

economy countries including oil-exporting 

countries, newly industrialized countries, 

and even developed market economies. 

Chemical Industry Growth in Developing 

Countries and Changing U.S. Trade 

Patterns (332-198) 

This study was instituted by the 

Commission on its own motion as the 

logical next step in a series of studies 

dealing with world developments in 

chemicals production and trade. The 

changing competitive positions of the 

United States and the developing nations 

in the world market for chemicals are 

presented and analyzed. The study also 

includes an analysis of factors that 

influence the competitive position of the 

chemical industry, such as demand, 

production, consumption, and trade. A 

general assessment is included of future 

expected changes in the chemical 

industries of developing countries and 

their possible effects on U.S. chemical 

trade. 
Competitive Assessment of the U.S. 

Commuter and Business Aircraft 

Industries (332-204) 

The Commission, on its own motion, 

instituted this investigation to assess the 

competitive position of U.S. producers of 

commuter and business aircraft in both 

domestic and foreign markets. The study 

presents a profile of the U.S. industry, 

compares structural characteristics of U.S. 

and foreign industries, assesses the 

conditions of competition in the United 

States and other markets, and examines 

the extent of government involvement in 

world markets. 

Annual Survey on Competitive Conditions 

in the Steel Industry and Industry Efforts 

to Adjust and Modernize (332-209) 

In response to a request from the 

United States Trade Representative, at the 

direction of the President, the Commission 

issued its second annual survey on 

competitive conditions in the carbon steel 

industry and certain segments of the 

specialty steel industry. The investigation 

is required to assist the President in his 

annual determination to the Congress as 

to whether major companies of the steel 

industry have met statutory requirements 

under section 806 of the Trade and Tariff 

Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-573) to 

improve their international 

competitiveness. The report presents 

information for the 12-month period 

ended June 30, 1986, and selected 

comparative data from last year's report, 

which covered the 12-month period ended 

June 30, 1985. Included are data on U.S. 

producers' capacity, production, 

shipments, financial conditions, and 

employment, as well as information 

collected from producers and importers on 

prices, unfilled orders, and inventories. 

'nte report reviews actions the industry 

has taken to adjust and modernize, 

including information on changes in 

company /labor-related practices, 

15 

organizational changes, cost reduction 

efforts, cash-flow commitments, and 

expenditures for worker retraining. The 

report also provides information on world 

steel pricing, labor issues, industry 

restructuring, and significant financial 

developments. 

Conditions Relating to the Importation of 

Softwood Lumber info the United States 

(332-210) 

At the request of the United States 

Trade Representative, the Commission 

instituted this investigation to report on 

all significant factors affecting the 

competitive status of the U.S. and 

Canadian softwood lumber industries. The 

study was to examine conditions in the 

softwood lumber industry during 1982-84 

and to report any significant developments 

since the previous study conducted in 

April 1982. The study presents (1) a 

comparison of U.S. and Canadian 

Government resource, industrial, and tax 

policies; (2) a profile of U.S. and Canadian 

forest resources and timber procurement; 

(3) a comparison of the U.S. and Canadian 

softwood lumber industries, including 

production methods and costs; and (4) a 

profile of the market for softwood lumber, 

including a comparison of U.S. and 

Canadian marketing practices and 

transportation costs. 

Competitive Assessment of the US. Ball 

and Roller Bearing Industry (332-211) 

At the request of the Chairman of the 

Subcommittee on Trade of the House 

Committee on Ways and Means, the 

Commission instituted this investigation 

for the purpose of gathering and 

presenting information on the competitive 

positions in domestic and world markets 

of the U.S. industry producing antifriction 

balls and rollers and ball and roller 

bearings. The Commission's analysis 
covers (1) current profiles of the U.S. and 

major foreign ball and roller bearing 

industries, (2) profiles and current status 

of the U.S. and major foreign markets, (3) 

conditions of competition between the 

U.S. and foreign industries, and (4) future 

trends and markets for these products. 

The Competitive Position of U.S. and 

European Community Pork in the United 

States and Third-Country Markets 

(332-213) 

At the request of the Committee on 

Finance, U.S. Senate, the Commission 

instituted this investigation to gather and 

present information on the competitive 

and economic factors affecting the U.S. 

and European Community (EC) pork 

industries and the competitive positions of 

these industries in U.S. and third-country 

markets. The study presents (1) an 

overview of the EC pork industry, (2) a 

profile of the EC pork market, (3) a profile 

of the U.S. pork market, (4) a profile of 

third-country markets (namely, Japan and 

Canada), and (5) competitive conditions in 

U.S. and third-country markets. 

An Assessment of the Impact of Imports 

Under the Educational, Scientific, and 

Cultural Materials Importation Act of 

1982 on the U.S. Hearing Aid Industry 

(332-215) 

At the request of the United States 

Trade Representative, the Commission 

instituted an investigation to assess the 

conditions of competition between 

imported and domestically produced 

hearing aids. The purpose of the 

investigation was to provide the President 

with information that would assist him in 

making a determination as to whether the 

duty-free treatment provided for hearing 

aids under the Educational, Scientific, and 

Cultural Materials Importation Act of 

1982 (Public Law 97-446) has a significant 

adverse effect on the U.S. hearing aid 

16 

industry. The study presents (1) profiles 

of the U.S. industry and of the industries 

of its major foreign competitors, (2) an 

analysis of recent trends in imports of 

hearing aids, (3) a description of the U.S. 

market, including changing trends in 

consumption, and (4) a discussion of 

factors of competition between imported 

and domestically produced hearing aids. 

Competitive Assessment of the U.S. 

Forgi.ng Industry (332-216) 

In response to a request from the 

United States Trade Representative, at the 

direction of the President, the Commission 

instituted this investigation for the 

purpose of examining the competitive 

position of the U.S. forging industry in 

domestic and world markets. The study 

presents (1) a current profile of the U.S. 

and foreign industries; (2) conditions of 

competition between U.S. and foreign 

producers; and (3) factors affecting the 

future competitive posture of domestic 

and foreign operations. In addition, the 

study includes detailed analyses of 

selected key products, including forged 

steel crankshafts; forged steel connecting 

rods; forged steel undercarriage 

components; forged steel axles and 

spindles, steering arms, and knuckles; 

certain forged steel valves and valve 

bodies; forged steel fittings and flanges; 

forged steel transmission parts; forged 

steel hooks, shackles, loadbinders, and 

other attachments; and forged metal 

turbine and generator components. 

Information and Advice to Assist the 

President in a Review of the Generalized 

System of Preferences (332-218) 

The Commission was requested by 

the United States Trade Representative, at 

the direction of the President, to conduct 

this investigation to provide information 

and advice for each article that is eligible 

for duty-free treatment under the U.S. 

GSP. The President is required under the 

GSP Renewal Act of 1984 to conduct a 
general review of such articles, and the 

information and advice requested are 

intended to assist the President in 

determining (1) whether the competitiveneed limits on specific GSP-eligible 

articles from particular beneficiary 

countries should be lowered to 25 percent 

of the total value of U.S. imports of the 

articles, or $25 million; (2) whether to 

waive competitive-need limits on imports 

of specific GSP-eligible articles from any 

or all beneficiary countries; and (3) 

whether there was U.S. production of like 

or directly competitive articles for each 

GSP-eligible TSUS item as of January 3, 

1985. The President is required to 

complete the review by January 4, 1987, 

and any resultant changes are to be 

implemented on July 1, 1987. 

Competitive Position in U.S. Markets of 

Certain Vegetables Produced in the U.S. 

Great Lakes States and in Canada 

{332-219) 

This investigation was instituted by 

the Commission on its own motion 

following a request from the 

Subcommittee on Trade of the House 

Committee on Ways and Means to assess 

the competitive position in U.S. markets 

of certain vegetables produced in the 

Great Lakes States and Canada. The study 

presents (1) an overview of the U.S. and 

Great Lakes States production and trade 

situation, (2) an overview of the Canadian 

Federal and Provincial production and 

trade situation, and (3) marketing and 

pricing factors affecting competitive 

conditions in the U.S. consumption region. 

Probable Effects Advice Concerning the 

Possible Removal of Israel's Eligibility for 

Duty-Free Treatment of Sodium Bromide 

Under the Generalized System of 

Preferences {332-225) 

The Commission instituted this 

investigation for the purpose of obtaining 

information for use in connection with the 

preparation of advice requested by the 

17 

United States Trade Representative as to 

the probable economic effect on the U.S. 

industry producing a like or directly 

competitive article and on consumers of 

the removal of GSP duty-free status for 

sodium bromide imported from Israel. 

Probable Economic Effect Advice 

Concerning the Possible Removal of the 

Eligibility of Hong Kong, Korea, and 

Taiwan for Duty-Free Treatment of 

Portable, Fan-Forced Air Electric Space 

Heaters Under the Generalized System of 

Preferences {332-228) 

Following a request from the United 

States Trade Representative, the 

Commission instituted this investigation 

for the purpose of obtaining information 

for use in connection with the preparation 

of advice as to the probable economic 

effect on the U.S. industry producing a 

like or competitive article and on · 

consumers of the removal of GSP dutyfree status for portable fan-forced air 

electric space heaters that are imported 

from Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea, 

and Taiwan. The study includes 

information and data on U.S. producers, 

production, inventory, shipments, 

employment, exports, imports, prices, and 

profitability. The study addressed the 

conditions of competition between 

imported and domestically produced 

articles and the major factors affecting 

these conditions. The study presented the 

position of interested parties and the 

probable economic effect of the possible 

GSP modification. 

In addition to the office's normal 

investigative activities, efforts were 

underway at the end of fiscal year 1986 in 

two particularly important areas: 

development of advice related to the U.S.-

Canadian free-trade agreement 

negotiations and a series of 

competitiveness studies requested by the 

Senate Committee on Finance. 
Probable Economic Effects on U.S. 

Industries and Consumers of 

Establishment of a Free Trade Area 

Between the United States and Canada 

The single largest and most significant 

study undertaken by the Office of 

Industries during fiscal year 1986 was an 

analysis of the effects of the proposed 

U.S.-Canadian free-trade agreement on 

U.S. industries and consumers. On July 2, 

1986, the USTR requested that the 

Commission furnish advice with respect to 

negotiations initiated with Canada in June 

19S6, which, if successfully concluded, 

would establish a free-trade area between 

the two countries. As the USTR enters 

into detailed negotiations with Canada, 

this advice on the effects on individual 

industries will be important in decisions 

regarding matters such as the form and 

level of U.S. concessions and the staging 

of tariff and nontariff reductions. 

Specifically, the USTR requested that the 

Commission provide advice on the 

following: 

1. The probable economic effect of providing 

duty-free treatment for imports from 

Canada on industries in the United 

States producing like or directly 

competitive articles and on consumers; 

2. The probable economic effect on the 

domestic industries and purchasers and 

on prices and quantities of articles in the 

United States if certain U.S. nontariff 

measures enumerated by the USTR were 

not applied to imports from Canada; and 

3. The degree to which U.S. exports to 

Canada may be expected to increase and 

U.S. industries to otherwise benefit if 

imports into Canada of all products of 

the United States were free of duty and 

not subject to certain Canadian nontariff 

measures enumerated by the USTR. 

The study is unique in several 

respects. It is the first major investigation 

of U.S. trade undertaken on the basis of 

the Harmonized System nomenclatwe. 

Developing the required 1981-85 

18 

Harmonized System data base necessitated 

leaving behind the familiar and relatively 

smooth working Tariff Schedules of the United 

Stales Annotated (TSUSA) (import) and 

schedule B (export) data bases and 

designing, developing, implementing, and 

debugging an entirely new system that 

would accurately link imports, exports, 

production, and consumption in terms of 

the Harmonized System. When 

development of this system is complete, 

the Commission will be the first and 

possibly the only Government agency that 

can conduct this type of trade analysis in 

terms of the Harmonized System. 

Another unique aspect of this study is 

that it is the first in which the 

Commission has undertaken an analysis 

on a relatively detailed level that 

encompasses all of the agricultural, 

extractive, and manufacturing activities of 

a major foreign country, Canada. The 

importance of this study will be the 

Commission's advice, at the industry level, 

as to the effects of elimination of tariffs 

and nontariff barriers on trade flows 

between the United States and Canada 

and the effect of any such trade changes 

on U.S. producers and consumers. To 

provide a factual basis for such advice, the 

staff is preparing profiles of U.S. and 

Canadian industry and agriculture that 

will include information on trade, 

production, consumption, cross-border 

integration, market and product 

characteristics, and factors affecting 

demand and supply. 

United States-Canada Services Trade 

{332-235) 

In connection with work underway at 

the Office of the United States Trade 

Representative in preparing for trade talks 

on services, at the direction of the 

President, the USTR has requested that 

the Commission conduct a competitive 

evaluation of a U.S. free-trade 

arrangement in services. On August 7, 

1986, the Commission instituted 
investigation No. 332-235 in order to 

assess the implications of liberalizing 

services trade between the United States 

and Canada in seven selected industries: 

accounting, advertising, data processing, 

insurance, telecommunications, 

construction/ engineering, and motor 

transportation. The Commission will 

examine the magnitude of U.S.-Canadian 

services trade and operations in the 

selected industries, the respective 

regulatory environments and industry 

concerns with nontariff measures, and 

U.S. service industry priorities in the 

negotiations. The study will also provide 

an analysis of the problem or obstacles 

that currently exist in Canada in these 

selected industries, as well as the potential 

trade benefits and impact to U.S. service 

exporters should those obstacles be 

removed. The information is expected to 

be submitted in a report to the President 

in March 1987. 

Senate Finance Committee Industry 

Competitiveness Studies (332-229 

through 332-233) 

The Commission received a request 

on February 12, 1986, from the Senate 

Committee on Finance to institute section 

332 investigations on a series of U.S. 

industries key to future U.S. 

competitiveness. The request was made to 

assist the Committee as it faces important 

decisions regarding a wide range of trade 

issues, including U.S. efforts to launch a 

new round of multilateral trade 

negotiations aimed at reducing 

international barriers to trade in goods, 

services, and investment flows. The 

request stated that the general purpose of 

the studies should be to provide 

information regarding the competitive 

strengths and viabilities of the U.S. 

industries, the extent and nature of 

competition facing the industry in foreign 

and domestic markets, and the extent to 

which any current trade problems result 

19 

from special situations such as the strong 

dollar, debt and interest rate problems, or 

from more fundamental competitive 

problems. 

The Committee request asked that the 

industries studied be pivotal either as 

suppliers of materials important to a broad 

range of other industries or as leadingedge technologies having an impact on a 

broad range of other industries. The 

Commission instituted five studies in 

fiscal year 1986 as a result of the 

Committee request, including studies on 

optical fibers, building-block 

petrochemicals, steel sheet and strip, auto 

parts and equipment, and textile mills. 

To meet the requirements of the 

Committee request, the Commission has 

taken a number of actions designed to 

provide the most complete and wellreasoned analysis of U.S. competitiveness 

in these industries. Specifically, the 

Commission is (1) developing an extensive 

automated data base providing measures 

of U.S. international competitiveness for 

use by the investigative teams, (2) making 

use of generic study outlines and 

questionnaire formats to ensure all 

possible aspects of competitiveness are 

addressed, (3) holding public hearings to 

obtain input from all interested parties, 

and (4) conducting extensive interviews 

with high-level industry experts. The 

Commission's final reports to the Senate 

Finance Committee will be delivered 

during 1987. 

Trade Monitoring 

During fiscal year 1986, the Office of 

Industries continued the quarterly report 

series entitled U.S. Trade Shifts in Selected 

Commodity Areas. The quarterly report is a 

product of the office's normal trademonitoring activities and provides brief 

analyses of significant foreign-trade shifts 

in major industrial sectors as well as trade 

statistics for approximately 650 

commodity groups within those major 
sectors. Four reports were issued in the 

series, covering the second and third 

quarters of 1985, 1985 in its entirety, and 

the first quarter of 1986. 

Summaries of Trade and Tariff 

Information 

The summaries provide the Congress, 

Government agencies, the public, and 

business institutions with information on 

the commodities listed in the Tariff 

Schedules of the United States. The 

current summary series, which is now 

complete, provides comprehensive 

coverage of product uses, manufacturing 

processes, and commercial practices and 

includes analyses of the numerous factors 

affecting U.S. and world trade in each 

commodity area. The completed summary 

series will be kept current through 

periodic supplements to each of the 244 

individual reports in this series. The 

Commission completed 12 updates of 

previously published summaries in fiscal 

year 1986. 

Office of Economics 

The Office of Economics helps the 

Commission to determine the impact of 

imports on U.S. industries and to provide 

expert advice to Congress and the 

President on international economic issues. 

The office's economists conduct economic 

and statistical analyses of U.S. markets 

and industries, international trade flows, 

and commercial policies at home and 

abroad. The office has three divisions, 

each with distinct responsibilities. The 

Investigation Support Division works 

closely with the Commission's Office of 

Investigations on statutory investigations 

to determine the economic effects of 

imports on U.S. producers of competing 

goods. The Trade Reports Division is 

made up of country and international 

20 

organization experts who produce 

recurring trade reports and monitor trade 

and industrial policies of the major trading 

nations of the world. The Research 

Division prO'duces economic analyses of 

international trade issues of concern to the 

Congress, the President, or the 

Commission. 

Investigation Support Division 

The Investigation Support Division 

(ISO) took part in all of the dumping, 

countervailing duty, and 201 

investigations conducted by the 

Commission during fiscal year 1986. 

Division economists spent much of their 

time examining channels of distribution, 

market structures, and factors determining 

prices and analyzing price data obtained 

from questionnaires and other sources. In 

the investigations relating to wine, 

groundfish, and apple juice, the 

economists also provided critical reviews 

of econometric studies submitted to the 

Commission by petitioners and 

respondents. 

In fiscal year 1986, the division began 

providing memorandums discussing 

important economic injury criteria for the 

Commission to consider in each final 

dumping or countervailing duty 

investigation. The memorandums draw 

upon evidence developed during the 

investigation to analyze the nature of the 

demand and supply relationships for 

domestic and imported products subject to 

the investigation. 

Efforts continued during the past year 

to develop a general procedure for 

analyzing the effects of tariffs and quotas 

on prices, domestic production, shipments, 

and employment, for use in evaluating 

remedy options in 201 investigations. In 

the investigation relating to shakes and 

shingles, the ISO staff drew upon results 

of econometric research and other 

information to develop a model that aided 

the Commission in arriving at a remedy 

recommendation. Following the 

Commission's recommendation, an 
economist in the division also assisted the 

Office of Trade Agreements in explaining 

the recommendation to executive branch 

agencies. 

Division economists also assisted 

other divisions and offices within the 

Commission during the past fiscal year. 

An ISO economist was a principal 

contributor to a 332 study of the space 

heater industry, and division staff 

provided reviews of a number of studies 

undertaken by the Office of Industries. 

Trade Reports Division 

The Trade Reports Division monitors 

foreign economic and policy developments 

that are likely to have an important effect 

on U.S. economic interests. Country 

specialists monitor developments in major 

trading nations, and specialists on 

multilateral trade agreements continuously 

review developments in trade negotiations 

and agreements to assess their likely 

impact on U.S. economic interests. 

Division economists worked on a 

wide range of trade issues in 1986. The 

trade patterns and practices of foreign 

countries were a growing concern to the 

Nation's policymakers in fiscal year 1986, 

and the division's expertise helped the 

Commission provide accurate and current 

information on those topics to the 

Congress and the executive branch. 

Division economists led the work on two 

Commission studies completed in fiscal 

year 1986, made contributions to studies 

headed by other divisions, and responded 

to over 380 requests for specialized 

information and technical assistance from 

Congress, the public, and other 

Government agencies. 

One study managed by the division, 

Trade Dispute Selllement Under the GA 7T and 

Tokyo Round Codes (332-212) was completed 

in December 1985. This study analyzes 

the nature and outcome of trade cases 

brought to the General Agreements on 

Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the 

21 

committees that administer the Tokyo 

Round nontariff measure codes. It also 

outlines proposed improvements for 

handling trade disputes and discusses the 

views of GA TT member countries 

regarding the value of such improvements. 

The second study headed by the 

division assesses the impact of the 

Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act 

on U.S. industries and consumers (332-

227). This study, completed in September 

1986, is the first of the annual reports that 

the Commission will prepare to monitor 

the effects of the Caribbean Basin 

Economic Recovery Act. The study 

examines several issues, including the 

effects of the act on investment flows in 

the Caribbean. Economists traveled to the 

Caribbean countries to obtain first-hand 

information on how the act was affecting 

production and exports in these countries. 

Division economists also assisted the 

Office of Industries in its study on the 

effects of a possible U.S.-Canadian freetrade arrangement in services (332-235). 

Information and technical assistance were 

also provided to Congress and the 

executive branch on a variety of topics, 

including an assessment of the value of 

duties foregone in recent years owing to 

temporary, duty-free provisions of U.S. 

law and a comparison of the proportions 

of exports manufactured by less developed 

countries that go to the United States and 

other industrialized countries. 

As part of its international monitoring 

program, the division produces two of the 

Commission's recurring reports on trade 

and trade agreements activities. The 

Commission's 37th annual report entitled 

Operation of the Trade Agreements Program, 

released in June 1986, highlights major 

developments in U.S. trade policy in 1985. 

It includes a description of the President's 

trade initiative announced in September 

1985, a detailed background on U.S. 

concerns regarding the enlargement of the 

EC to include Spain and Portugal, and a 
summary of factors under consideration 

for the proposed U.S.-Canadian free-trade 

arrangement. U.S. trade relations with 

seven major trading partners-the EC, 

Canada, Japan, Mexico, Taiwan, the 

Republic of Korea, and Brazil-are 

covered in detail. The report also includes 

a comprehensive review of development 

during 1985 in the GAIT and other 

multilateral forums, and records details of 

actions taken by the United States under 

current trade law. More than 2,000 copies 

of the report were distributed on request 

to foreign and U.S. Government officials 

academics, libraries, trade associations, a~d U.S. embassies. 

Division staff members also produce 

the Commission's quarterly reports on 

trade between the United States and the 

nonmarket economy countries (NME's), 

including China, the Soviet Union, and 

Eastern Europe. These reports provide upto-date information on U.S. trade with the 

NME's, along with analyses of significant 

developments in commercial and trade 

policy. Fiscal year 1986 was the fifth year 

of operation of the Commission's EastWest Trade Statistics Monitoring System, 

which allows the Commission to analyze 

imports on manufactured goods from 

NME's in relation to U.S. production and 

employment. The December 1985 report 

examines the competitive situation of 

industries identified by the monitoring 

system on the basis of import trends. A 

detailed country-by-country account of 

trade and economic developments in 1985 

is contained in the April 1986 report; a 

special analysis of Chinese and Soviet 

trade relations with Japan is included in 

the June 1986 report; and the September 

1986 report presents the results of the 

latest monitoring scan of U.S.-

manufactured imports from NME's. 

The monthly International Economic 

Review, a staff publication, provides the 

Commission, the Congress, and others in 

the trade policy community with current 

international economic statistics and 

background on recent trade or policy 

22 

developments in the areas monitored by 

division economists. In fiscal year 1986, 

more than 500 copies of the International 

Economic Review were distributed each 

month. 

Research Division 

The Research Division provides 

technical analyses of international 

economic issues of interest to the 

Commission and to policymakers in the 

Congress and in the executive branch. 

Most of the analyses are conducted under 

the Commission's section 332 program, 

which is jointly managed by the Office of 

Economics and the Office of Industries. 

Research Division economists also 

regularly assist in import-injury 

investigations when the caseload of 

petitions is particularly heavy or when 

some aspect of an investigation requires 

expertise that an economist in the 

Research Division can supply. 

The Research Division completed 

work on several section 332 investigations 

in fiscal year 1986. The first of these was 

Effects of Proposed Tax Reforms on the International 

Competitiveness of U.S. Industries (332-220). 

The study examines how recent proposed 

changes in the U.S. income tax law would 

affect the international competitiveness of 

U.S. industries. It concludes that the 

effects would be quite minor, indicating 

that international competitiveness should 

not be a major factor in evaluating the 

overall desirability of the proposed tax 

changes. The second study, U.S. TradeRelated Employment: 1978-1984 (332-217), 

examines changes in the labor content of 

U.S. trade in recent years. Essentially, the 

study presents trade flows in terms of the 

labor required to produce the traded goods 

instead of the dollar value of these goods. 

It was found that the United States is 
U.S. Senator Max Baucus, Democrat of 

Montana (10), and U.S. Representative Ralph 

Regula, Republican of Ohio (11), were among 

witnesses appearing at the January 28, 1986, 

Commission hearing as part of the factfinding 

investigation The Effect of Proposed Tax Reforms on 

the International Competitiveness of U.S. Industries. The 

investigation was initiated upon the request of 

the Senate Finance Committee. A total of 19 

factfinding investigations under section 332 of 

the Tariff Act of 1930 were completed by the 

Commission during the fiscal year. 

10 

11 

23 

currently running large deficits in the 

labor content of trade but that the changes 

in labor content of trade are poorly 

correlated with actual changes in 

employment across industries. The report 

was released in May 1986. 

The third study, The Effects of U.S. Steel 

Import Restraints on Exports of Selected Slee/-

Consuming Industries (332-214), examined the 

effects of the President's steel import 

restraint program on the competitiveness 

of U.S. exporters that use steel products as 

inputs to their own production. The study, 

released in December 1985, uses inputoutput analysis to assess the effect of 

foreign voluntary export restraints on 

exports of steel-consuming industries in 

the United States. The overall effects of 

the measures were found to be relatively 

small. 

Two investigations are currently being 

conducted in the Research Division and 

are scheduled for completion in fiscal year 

1987. One is The Impact of Increased U.S. -

Mexican Trade on Southwest Border Development 

(332-223). This study will examine the 

economic conditions in the U.S.-Mexican 

border region and the effects of trade with 

Mexico on the region's development. 

Preparation for the study included 

Commission hearings in the Texas border 

region and in California. In addition to 

examining the effects of trade, the study 

will also review a number of proposals 

that have been made to help the economic 

development of the border region. The 

study is scheduled for completion in 

November 1986. 

The second ongoing study is The Effect 

of Developing Country Debt Problems on U.S. 

Trade (332-234). Scheduled for completion 

in February 1987, it will investigate the 

trade effects of the current debt problems 

faced by developing countries. The 

analysis will concentrate on Brazil, 

Mexico, Argentina, Venezuela, and the 

Philippines. Economists are scheduled to 

visit these countries to obtain information 

on the actions they have taken to cope 

with debt problems. The study will 

concentrate on sectoral effects and will 
12 13 

14 

24 
15 

17 

25 

16 

Following receipt of a request on November 25, 

1986, from the Committee on Finance of the 

U.S. Senate, the Commission instituted the 

factfinding investigation Impact of Increased U.S.-

Mexican Trade on Southwest Border Development. The 

Commission held a series of three public 

hearings in April 1986 to obtain firsthand 

information. U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen, 

Democrat of Texas (12), testified at 

Commission hearings in McAllen and El Paso, 

TX (13, 14). Among numerous witnesses heard 

by the Commission were Frank Burkhead, Jr. 

(15), executive vice president, McAllen 

Industrial Board, and Ed Struiksma (16), 

Deputy Mayor, City of San Diego. The 

Commission's California hearing was held in 

the Board of Supervisors Room, County of San 

Diego Administration Building (17). 
include an analysis of the trade effects of 

various measures being considered to 

relieve the debt burdens of these 

countries. 

In addition to conducting studies 

managed by the Office of Economics, 

Research Division economists contribute 

to studies by the Office of Industries. The 

most important of the ongoing studies are 

the study on a U.S.-Canadian free-trade 

area (332-196), the review of the U.S. 

Generalized System of Preferences (332-

187), and the studies assessing the global 

competitiveness of five U.S. industries: 

automotive parts (332-232); textile mills 

(332-229); optical fibers, technology, and 

equipment (332-233); steel sheet and strip 

(332-231); and building block 

petrochemicals (332-230). 

As a result of the large number of 

petitions handled by the Commission in 

fiscal year 1986, the Research Division 

was again asked to devote substantial 

resources to unfair practice and importinjury investigations. The Research 

Division provided economic analyses for a 

number of these cases, including the 

escape-clause (sec. 201) investigations on 

apple juice and brazing rod and the 

countervailing duty investigations on oil 

country tubular goods and pistachio nuts. 

Office of Executive and 

International Liaison 

The Office of Executive and 

International Liaison is responsible for 

coordinating relations between the 

Commission and the USTR and other 

executive branch offices with trade 

agreements responsibility. The office also 

serves as the Commission's liaison with 

U.S. embassies abroad and occasionally 

with foreign governments. The director of 

the office represents the Commission on 

the interagency Trade Policy Staff 

Committee (TPSC), chaired by the USTR. 

26 

In this capacity, the director provides 

technical information and advice in 

furtherance of the Committee's work. In 

addition, the office plans, monitors, and 

reviews the work of the Commission staff 

as it relates to the operation of the trade 

agreements program. 

Throughout 1986, the office 

continued to play a highly important role 

in U.S. preparations for the upcoming 

GA TT negotiations associated with the 

adoption and implementation of the new 

Harmonized System tariff nomenclature. 

During 1986, the office also provided a 

substantial outlay of technical assistance 

to administration of the U.S. Generalized 

System of Preferences, the commencement 

of the U.S.-Canadian free-trade 

negotiations, and the accession in 

connection with the launching of the next 

round of multilateral trade negotiations 

now referred to as the Uruguay Round. As 

in past negotiations, it is anticipated that 

this office and the Commission generally 

will play a significant role in providing 

technical assistance to the USTR in 

preparation for and during the course of 

these negotiations. 

Office of Tariff Affairs and Trade 

Agreements 

The Commission plays a significant 

role in the U.S. Government's efforts to 

monitor world trade, to reduce tariff and 

nontariff barriers to the international 

movement of goods and services, and to 

represent the interests of domestic 

industries. Assisting the Commission in 

meeting its responsibilities in these areas 

are the attorneys, nomenclature analysts, 

international economists, and other staff 

members of the Office of Tariff and Trade 

Agreements. 

The most significant area of activity 

for the office during fiscal year 1986 

remained its work on the potential 

conversion of the U.S. customs tariff into 

the nomenclature format of the 
Harmonized Commodity Description and 

Coding System, known as the Harmonized 

System. The Harmonized System, a 

product of several years' work by many 

countries under the auspices of the 

Customs Cooperation Council in Brussels, 

is an international classification system 

and statistical enumeration for 

merchandise in international trade. When 

widely adopted, the new nomenclature 

will facilitate trade by providing common 

descriptions for all articles in international 

commerce. 

Although an international convention 

to implement the new nomenclature has 

been submitted to member countries for 

further consideration, office staff members 

have continued to participate in the work 

and meetings of the Harmonized System 

Committee and related bodies. Staff 

members are providing assistance to other 

Government agencies, including technical 

aid in the Bureau of the Census 

conversion of the U.S. export schedule and 

the Standard Industrial Classification 

system. In addition, the staff is assisting in 

the negotiations in Geneva under article 

XXVIII of the General Agreement on 

Tariffs and Trade to accommodate the 

necessary changes in rates of duty that 

would result from adoption of the 

Harmonized System. One important aspect 

of this work is the maintenance and 

updating of the trade data base and 

various files along with the TSUSAHarmonized System cross-reference trade 

concordance. Finally, at the request of the 

United States Trade Representative, staff 

members drafted legislation expected to be 

submitted to the Congress by the 

administration in 1987. The new 

legislation would replace the current Tariff 

Schedules of the United States (TSUS) 

with a new schedule based on the 

Harmonized System nomenclature. Other 

Government agencies and interested 

parties outside the Government will be 

27 

consulted during the preparation of the 

draft bill. It is currently projected that the 

Harmonized System will be implemented 

internationally as of January 1, 1988. 

At the same time, however, the TSUS 

continues to be important in ascertaining 

the U.S. role in international trade. Not 

only do the tariff schedules indicate the 

duty rates and any preferential treatment 

to be applied to every article imported 

into the United States, but they are also 

used for the collection of statistics on U.S. 

imports. This statistical function is of 

increasing significance in light of 

continuing duty reductions and growing 

attention to the U.S. position in world 

trade. 

The office annually prepares the 

Commission's publication of the TSUSA 

and the periodic supplements that update 

its provisions. The TSUSA contains 

approximately 7,500 legal classifications 

arranged in a hierarchical structure 

describing every article in international 

trade. Each such classification is given a 

five-digit number for duty collection 

purposes to identify the product or 

products therein. For statistical purposes, 

many legal provisions are divided into 

subclassifications having additional twodigit identifying numbers, so that import 

statistics can be gathered about specific 

classes of articles. There are now about 

16,000 such annotations. 3 

The annotations are established, 

modified, or eliminated by the interagenc~ 

group known as the Committee for 

Statistical Annotation of Tariff Schedules, 

chaired by this office. Other members of 

the Committee are representatives of the 

Department of Commerce's Bureau of the 

3 There are potentially about 

47,000 statistical annotations in the 

TSUSA, of which about 43,000 are in 

schedule 3, covering textiles and 

apparel. Of the 43,000, trade is reported 

in only about 5,000 items; the Bureau 

of the Census reports trade in multiples 

of 10 (decades) for cotton yam and 

cotton fabrics, covering about 40,000 

statistical annotations. 
Census and the Department of the 

Treasury's Customs Service. The 

Committee reviews petitions from firms, 

business and industry groups, and 

Government agencies regarding 

annotations in both the TSUSA and the 

Statistical Classification of Domestic and 

Foreign Commodities Exported From the 

United States (schedule B). During fiscal 

year 1986, the Committee considered 60 

requests for statistical annotations in the 

TSUSA and 17 requests for modifications 

in schedule B, designed to improve the 

comparability of U.S. import and export 

data and for other purposes. As a result of 

these requests, the Committee created 27 

new schedule B items; the Committee 

adopted 50 requests for provision in the 

TSUSA; it rejected 6 and held 4 in 

abeyance. 

In addition, one supplement to the 

TSUSA reflecting modifications from 

statutes, Presidential proclamations, and 

other actions was prepared by the staff to 

the basic 1986 edition of the TSUSA. Staff 

members were also significantly involved 

in the drafting of various Presidential 

proclamations relating to the GSP and, at 

the request of the Office of the United 

States Trade Representative, other 

preferential tariff programs. 

Another important area of staff 

involvement is in regard to the 

administration of the U.S. Generalized 

System of Preferences. The GSP is a 

program maintained by several developed 

countries to provide unilateral tariff 

preferences to products imported from 

developing countries. The U.S. GSP 

program was authorized by the Trade Act 

of 1974 and was extended until 1993 by 

the Trade and Tariff Act of 1984. Each 

year the Commission has provided 

considerable technical assistance in the 

operation of the GSP. In particular, this 

work is associated with (1) the annual 

TPSC review of the GSP, during which 

petitions are received from importers, U.S. 

producers, and foreign governments 

28 

seeking changes in the list of products 

eligible for GSP duty-free treatment; (2) 

the annual statistical analysis needed to 

determine which countries may either lose 

or regain eligibility for GSP treatment for 

specific products under the "competitiveneed" formula; (3) the preparation of 

Presidential Executive orders to modify 

the GSP; and (4) the preparation of an 

annual booklet containing a complete and 

current listing of eligible articles and 

beneficiary countries. 

For each of the products involved in 

the petitions accepted for review, the 

Commission is requested to conduct 

formal investigations under section 503(a) 

of the Trade Act of 1974 and section 332 

of the Tariff Act of 1930 to advise the 

President of the probable economic effect 

on U.S. industries and on consumers of 

the GSP modifications requested by the 

petitioners. Also, for the implementation 

of the Harmonized System, office staff are 

participating in the transition of the 

current GSP program as reflected in the 

TSUS to the provisions to be contained in 

the converted tariff schedules. 

Office staff members participate in 

other Commission work in the trade 

agreements programs, as well as with the 

TPSC. Such involvement includes 

activities related to the GATT, its various 

framework agreements (such as the 

Standards Code), and international 

commodity agreements. A member of the 

office staff serves as technical advisor for 

the U.S. Government in its participation in 

the Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft, 

and other staff members provide trade 

data used to assist U.S. participation in 

many trade agreements. A final area of 

activity has been the maintenance of the 

Looseleaf Consolidated U.S. Schedule of 

Concessions under the GATT, known as 

Schedule XX. 
Office of Data Systems 

The Commission maintains a 

comprehensive data collection, 

manipulation, and storage capability to 

support its multifaceted trade mission 

activities. The Office of Data Systems, 

through the functions performed by its 

library, data processing, and statistical 

staff, carries out the Commission's 

responsibility in this area. To accomplish 

the Data Systems mission and functions 

and because of the growing need for ' 

hands-on access to computer resources by 

Commission staff, the office is organized 

into four divisions. These are the 

Computer Services Division, Applications 

Development Division, Statistical Services 

Division, and Library Division. 

The Computer Services Division 

(CSD) oversees access to and usage of the 

agency's two primary computers, the 

National Institutes of Health Computer 

System 370 and the in-house IBM 4331 

located in the Bicentennial Building, / 

across from the ITC Building, as well as 

all of the related equipment and software 

required by agency users. In fiscal year 

1986, CSD continued to provide personal 

computers to its automated data 

processing users as enhanced work 

stations. In addition, technical support 

responsibilities for word processing 

equipment were transferred to CSD with 

the intention of consolidating all office 

automation equipment technical support 

functions under one central group. 

The agency is tentatively scheduled to 

consolidate all agency operations into a 

single building currently under 

construction in Southwest Washington, 

DC, to be completed September 1987. The 

Office of Data Systems is working with 

the Office of Administration and 

other agency staff to define a 

telecommunications plan and an office 

automation plan in conjunction with this 

move. 

29 

The Applications Development 

Division (ADD) provides analysis and 

programming support for all new agency 

applications requiring mainframe 

computer processing and provides 

technical support for maintenance of 

existing production systems residing on 

either the in-house computer or the 

National Institutes of Health Computer 

Center's system. ADD staff members are 

responsible for developing and 

maintaining a number of computerized 

information systems that include support 

for international trade negotiations as well 

as a variety of trade statistics and 

administrative reports. This year the office 

provided the primary trade data processin~ 

for ongoing negotiations of the 

Harmonized System for the Office of the 

Executive Liaison as well as the data 

required by the Office of Industries to 

support their U.S.-Canadian free-trade 

agreement activities. Administrative 

support includes on-line systems for 

finance and accounting, activity reporting, 

docket processing, and case history 

processing. 

The Statistical Services Division 

(SSD) continued its support of the 

agency's analytical and informational neec 

in fiscal year 1986. SSD statisticians 

advised the Commission's staff on the 

application of statistical theory in the 

Commission's work, especially the use of 

sampling for obtaining information needet 

in the Commission's investigative and 

research studies. The division responded 

on a daily basis to inquiries for trade data 

assisted in evaluating data reliability 

issues, and consulted with appropriate 

sources regarding information and 

preferred analytical techniques. 

SSD maintained and provided access 

to trade data files widely used within the 

Commission and prepared several 

statistical bulletins summarizing import 

and export information for use in the 

trade community. In addition, the divisio1 

served as liaison between the Commissim 

and other Government trade agencies on 

trade data matters. 
During fiscal year 1986, SSD 

performed detailed statistical reviews of 95 

Commission investigative reports. It 

contributed to the preparation and/ or 

review of a number of Commission 

publications including the 1985 Operation of 

the Trade Agreements Program, the quarterly 

East-West trade reports, A Competitive 

Assessment of the U.S. Jewelry Industry, Phase I: 

Costume Jewelry, and the first annual report 

Impact of the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery 

Act. 

SSD developed and presented a 

sampling course to the Office of 

Industries. This effort, undertaken in 

anticipation of a growing demand for 332 

studies from Congress and the President, 

suggested increased agency use of 

scientific sampling to reduce respondent 

burden as well as Commission costs, while 

ensuring reliable information to meet 

study requirements. 

The Main Library maintains a 

,definitive collection of materials dealing 

with international trade and related topics. 

Included are published Census statistics, 

legislative histories, monographs, and 

journals totaling over 90,000 volumes, 

2,500 periodical subscriptions, and an 

extensive microform collection. A major 

project for the year was the acquisition of 

a large collection of materials to be used 

as the basis for the research to be 

conducted on the establishment of a freetrade area between the United States and 

Canada. In 1986, the Library undertook 

another project, the changeover from the 

State Department's Combined Economic 

Reporting Program (CERP) to their 

Foreign Publications Procurement 

Program. With the discontinuation of the 

CERP (which provided publications at no 

cost), the Library had to absorb increased 

responsibilities and expense for 

government publications on international 

trade and statistics from approximately 

100 countries worldwide. 

30 

The Library has also expanded its 

automated data retrieval programs while 

consolidating the computer equipment 

needed to access the various programs. 

These programs provide statistical and 

bibliographical information and support 

the Library's acquisitions, cataloging, 

processing, and interlibrary loan activities. 

The move to personal computers this year 

has allowed the Library to become more 

efficient, using single intelligent work 

stations to access different commercial 

databases instead of requiring a different 

terminal for each. 

The Library is also coming to the end 

of an extended effort to simplify 

Commission acquisition procedures, 

thereby greatly reducing the expense of 

processing purchase orders. Plans for the 

move to the new building are being 

finalized, including efforts to reduce and 

consolidate parts of the collection. 

Office of Congressional Liaison 

The Office of Congressional Liaison is 

responsible for coordinating Commission 

services to Congress and informing the 

Commission of relevant congressional 

action. A major responsibility of the 

Office of Congressional Liaison is 

responding to congressional inquiries. 

Over 1,000 phone calls and 300 letters 

were received by the office during the 

1986 fiscal year. The office also provided 

periodic reports to the Commission 

concerning the status of trade legislation 

and congressional hearings and meetings 

on trade issues. 

Congressional work on international 

trade issues that began in the first half of 

the 99th Congress (coinciding with fiscal 

year 1985) continued on through fiscal 

year 1986. Between October 1, 1985, and 

September 30, 1986, there were 169 bills 

dealing with international trade referred to 
the House Ways and Means 

Subcommittee on International Trade. On 

May 22, 1986, the House of 

Representatives passed H.R. 4800, the 

Trade and International Economic Policy 

Reform Act of 1986. H.R. 4800 contained 

provisions of proposed legislation reported 

out of not only the Ways and Means 

Committee, which has jurisdiction over 

trade legislation in the House, but five 

additional House committees, as well: 

Energy and Commerce; Foreign Affairs; 

Banking; Education and Labor; and 

Agriculture. 

Between October 1, 1985, and 

September 30, 1986, 111 trade-related bills 

were referred to the Senate Finance 

Committee, the Senate committee 

responsible for trade issues. Markup on a 

trade bill began in the Finance Committee 

on September 18, 1986. With several 

significant bills pending before the full 

Senate but pressure mounting to adjourn 

for election year campaigning, the markup 

process stalled. The Senate adjourned on 

October 18, 1986, without passing a trade 

bill. 

Commissioners are often invited by 

House and Senate committees and 

subcommittees to testify on various trade 

issues and trade legislation. In 1986, 

Commissioners were invited to testify at 

11 hearings before 7 different House and 

Senate committees. Testimony covered 

such issues as U.S.-Canadian trade 

relations, intellectual property protection, 

and NME dumping. 

The Commission also provides 

opportunities for Members of Congress to 

testify at Commission hearings. In 1986, 

28 Members of Congress provided 

testimony at Commission hearings on 

issues of importance to their States or 

districts. Issues that Members addressed 

included the impact of increased U.S.-

Mexican trade on southwest-border 

development, iron ore pellets from Brazil, 

competitive assessment of the U.S. ball 

and roller bearing industry, and the effects 

31 

of proposed tax reforms on the 

international competitiveness of U.S. 

· industries. 

During fiscal year 1986, the 

Commission, at the request of the 

President and Congress, issued 19 

factfinding studies under section 332. The 

Commission also completed 111 reports on 

legislation introduced in the House and 

the Senate (a'pp. E). These reports, 

prepared in response to requests primarily 

from the House Ways and Means 

Committee and the Senate Finance 

Committee, provide statistical, legal, and 

industry background information for 

committee use during deliberation on the 

legislation. 

Office of the Secretary 

In many instances, the Office of the 

Secretary is the first point of contact with 

the Commission. Such contact can be in 

connection with one or more of the 

various roles played by the office. The 

Secretary to the Commission is responsiblt 

for compiling and maintaining the 

Commission's official records. The Office 

of the Secretary functions as the point of 

entry where petitions, briefs, and other 

legal documents are received from parties, 

embassies, the public, and other 

Government agencies; it also serves as the 

point of issuance for the Commission's 

notices, reports, and orders relating to the 

conduct of investigations. The Secretary's 

position is the only one in the agency 

besides those of the six Commissioners 

established by law. 

The Secretary also schedules and 

participates in all Commission meetings 

and hearings. The office staff must plan 

and coordinate work relating to transcript1 

or tape recordings of the proceedings, 

witness lists, the timing of testimony, and 

the display of exhibits before the 

Commission. When the Commission 

travels to another location for a hearing, 

the staff makes the logistical arrangement 
for such hearings. The Commission held 

52 meetings and 43 days of hearings in 

fiscal year 1986. 

An additional function of the Office 

of the Secretary is, as an outgrowth of its 

recordkeeping responsibility, to serve as 

the depository for historical information 

relating to the Commission's development 

as an institution since its inception in 

1916. 

The Secretary is responsible for 

administering requests for confidential 

treatment of proprietary information, 

requests for information issued under 

protective order, and requests for 

information under the Freedom of 

Information Act. The Commission's Rules 

of Practice and Procedure (19 CFR 201.6) 

describe confidential business information 

and the Commission's rationale for 

maintaining the confidentiality of 

proprietary business information. 

Examples of information the Commission 

considers to be eligible for confidential 

business treatment are data relating to 

secrets, sales, shipments, profit, or 

employment of individual firms. The 

rationale for maintaining the 

confidentiality of such data is twofold. 

Disclosure would have the effect of either 

(1) impairing the Commission's ability to 

obtain information necessary to perform 

its statutory functions or (2) causing 

substantial harm to the competitive 

position of the entity from which such 

information was obtained. The Secretary 

considered 436 such requests during fiscal 

year 1986, representing a 17-percent 

increase over the number in fiscal year 

1985. 

Under the Commission's rules (19 

CFR 207.7), a counsel for parties involved 

in legal actions at the Commission may 

apply for the release of confidential 

business information under a protective 

order. This practice is administered by the 

Secretary. The Secretary considered 99 

such requests during fiscal year 1986, 21 

percent more than in fiscal year 1985. A 

total of 91 requests were granted. 

The Commission's rules (19 CFR 

201.17-201.21) provide for requests for 

information under the Freedom of 

Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552). 

Essentially, the act supports the public's 

right of access to Government records 

with explicit exceptions. At the 

Commission, most denials of access to 

information involve information that is 

business confidential, involve personnel 

matters, or relate to predetermination staff 

advice to the Commission. Under the 

Commission's rules, the determination as 

to each request is made by the Secretary. 

The Secretary considered 144 requests 

during fiscal year 1986, 32 percent less 

than in fiscal year 1985. Of the requests 

received, 102 were granted, entirely or in 

part; the remainder either were denied or 

withdrawn, or the agency had no records 

of the type requested. 

Public and Consumer Affairs 

Office 

Monumental trade issues and record 

levels of Commission investigative 

caseloads in the decade of the 1980' s have 

focused public attention and the news 

media spotlight on the once-obscure 

Commission. Established in 1978, the 

Commission's professional public relations 

component is the Public and Consumer 

Affairs Office, which operates within the 

Office of the Secretary. 

The Public Affairs staff briefs 

members of the press about Commission 

activities such as hearings, investigations, 

and determinations; answers written and 

phoned inquiries from the public; and 

publishes press releases, brochures, media 

advisories, the Commission's annual report 

to the Congress, and other information 

and educational materials intended for 

public use. An important Public Affairs 

staff function is aiding foreign visitors, 
educators, and students; businessmen; 

consumers; congressional staff; foreign, 

State, and local government officials; and 

other interested members of the public in 

understanding Commission activities. 

In addition to serving as the 

Commission spokesman, the Public Affairs 

Officer ha's a principal responsibility of 

advising and counseling Commissioners 

and senior staff in public relations matters 

and planning and administering the 

Commission's media relations programs. 

As the Assistant Secretary to the 

Commission, the Public and Consumer 

Affairs Officer also is. the Commission's 

representative to the President's Consumer 

Affairs Council. 

Office of Administration 

Major activities for the Office of 

Administration during fiscal year 1986 

were (1) preparing for the physical 

relocation of the Commission to a 

consolidated site, (2) maintaining the 

authorized personnel strength throughout 

the year, (3) implementing the new 

Performance Management Recognition 

System, (4) adjusting operations to absorb 

the impact of funding reductions 

mandated by the Balanced Budget and 

Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, 

(5) conducting an education and awareness 

program on safeguarding sensitive 

information, and (6) handling labormanagement activities of the Commission. 

On April 18, 1986, the General 

Services Administration (GSA) signed a 

lease with Boston Properties for the 

Commission to occupy the first seven 

stories of a nine-story building to be built 

at 500 E Street SW., Washington, DC. The 

building will accommodate all of the 

Commission's operations and is expected 

to be ready for occupancy starting in 

September 1987. The new location will 

allow the Commission to be housed in one 

location for the first time since 1975. The 

Commission's relocation was forced by 

33 

Public Law 98-523, which authorized GSA 

to transfer the Commission's headquarters 

building at 701 E Street NW. to the 

Smithsonian Institution. 

The Office of Administration devoted 

a great deal of time to the relocation 

throughout the fiscal year. Prior to the 

lease award, the staff was heavily 

involved with GSA in the selection 

process. Over a period of 6 months, an indepth analysis was made of six 

competitive bids. Space layout planning 

has been intense since the signing of the 

lease. 

During fiscal year 1986, the agency 

began using an automated personnel data 

base. This innovation has provided the 

Commission with the capability to 

generate personnel actions electronically 

and has greatly enhanced its ability to 

maintain and produce a wide array of 

statistics and reports. 

Extensive employee development 

activities were conducted during the 

reporting period in support of a variety of 

Commission programs. Continuing 

educational and developmental activities 

were provided to Senior Executive Service 

members, managers, and the professional 

and support staff. In-house word 

processing training, begun in fiscal year 

1985, was continued during fiscal year 

1986. Additionally, the planning phase to 

expand word processing training to 

personal-computer-based software was 

initiated. 

During fiscal year 1986, the Office of 

Personnel Management (OPM) evaluated 

the Commission's Senior Executive 

Service. In its report to the Chairman, 

OPM made the following observation: 

You deserve Kudos for the active and 

conscientious role the ITC Executive Resources 

Board plays in the management of your Senio1 

Executive Service program. Further, your 

executive development program is a model 

among those we have encountered in small 

agencies comparable lo ITC. Particular 

mention should also be made of your 

continuing development of senior executives. 
18 

19 

34 

Ground was broken (18) on June 3, 1986, for 

the new International Trade Commission 

Building (19) in Washington, DC. The 

building, .in the heart of the Federal Center, is 

to be ready in September 1987. Located at 500 

E Street SW., the new building is near L'Enfant 

Plaza in the city's recently rebuilt southwest. 

The Commission will occupy seven of the nine 

floors in the new building, a total of about 

175,000 square feet. The building's design has 

been modified to include hearing rooms and 

other special features. Exterior walls are 

constructed of granite and glass with a 

reinforced concrete frame. A tower designed on 

the rooftop terrace will feature views of the 

Capitol and the Potomac River area. 
20 

21 

The present International Trade Commission 

Building {20) is a graceful, mid-19th century 

structure at 701 E Street NW. The building of 

approximately 80,000 square feet is one of 

three where Commission employees are 

located. Congress decided to give the building 

to the Smithsonian Institution, and it is 

expected to be renovated at an estimated cost 

of $16 million. The 190-year-old building is 

the third oldest federally owned building in the 

District of Columbia that has been in 

continuous use. 

All six Commissioners took part in the new 

building groundbreaking ceremonies {21). They 

are, from left, Seeley G. Lodwick, Susan 

Liebeler, Paula Stem, David B. Rohr, Alfred E. 

Eckes, and Anne E. Brunsdale. 

35 

22 

U.S. Senator Russell B. Long, Democrat of 

Louisiana {22), representing the Senate Finance 

Committee, told the assembled dignitaries and 

guests and representatives of Boston Properties 

and First City Properties, Inc., that Congress 

has "confidence in the quality" of the 

Commission's "work and independence," and 

that "it is appropriate that an agency with sucb 

an important function should have good 

quarters." 
During fiscal year 1986, a 

Performance Management and 

Recognition System was implemented. 

The system, which covers supervisory and 

managerial personnel at grades GM-13 to 

GM-15, establishes the policy for 

determining basic pay adjustments, 

recognizing and rewarding quality 

performance, and correcting performance 

that is less than fully successful. The 

system supersedes the Merit Pay System. 

At two awards ceremonies, presided over 

by the Chairman, 58 Quality Step 

Increases, 108 Special Achievement 

Awards, and 78 Sustained Superior 

Performance Awards were presented.· 

The Balanced Budget and Emergency 

Deficit Control Act of 1985, or GrammRudman-Hollings, resulted in a $1,230,000 

reduction in the Commission's fiscal year 

1986 appropriation. The Commission was 

able to continue operations by taking 

certain measures. During the first quarter 

of fiscal year 1986, the Commission 

operated under Continuing Resolutions 

that reduced spending levels. Also, in 

order to conserve funds, travel, training, 

rentals, printing, supplies, and other 

support activities were curtailed. As a 

36 

result, the Commission realized savings 

that aided it in absorbing the impact of 

the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings reduction. 

By limiting support cost, the Commission 

was able to maintain its productive 

capacity and permanent staff at authorized 

levels. 

In its annual report for fiscal year 

1985, the Commission reported that it had 

issued policies and procedures for 

handling and safeguarding of confidential 

business information and that, at the end 

of the fiscal year, ari education and 

awareness program was being prepared 

dealing with both confidential business 

and national security information. During 

February and March 1986, all Commission 

employees attended this training program. 

All new employees are made aware of the 

Commission's need to safeguard all 

sensitive information entrusted to it. 

Finally, the Office of Administration 

was involved in Labor Relations activities, 

notably those concerning preparation for 

third-party review of agency personnel 

actions and those to support ongoing 

impact and implementation bargaining 

over the agency's relocation. 
Part.Ill Management 

and Finance 

The Commission 

The six Commissioners of the U.S. 

International Trade Commission are 

appointed by the President and confirmed 

by the U.S. Senate for terms of 9 years 

unless appointed to fill an unexpired term. 

A Commissioner who has served for more 

than 5 years is not eligible for 

reappointment. Not more than three 

Commissioners may be members of the 

same political party. 

The Chairman is designated by the 

President and serves for a 2-year term. No 

Chairman may be of the same political 

party as the preceding Chairman, 

nor may the President designate two 

Commissioners of the same political party 

as the Chairman and Vice Chairman. 

37 

At the close of fiscal year 1986, there 

were six Commissioners on board: 

Chairman Susan Liebeler, 

Independent of California. Ms. Liebeler's 

term expires December 16, 1988. 

Vice Chairman Anne E. Brunsdale, 

Republican of the District of Columbia. 

Ms. Brunsdale's term expires June 16, 

1993. 

Paula Stern, Democrat of the District 

of Columbia. Dr. Stern's term expires Jun1 

16, 1987. 

Alfred E. Eckes, Republican of 

Virginia. Mr. Eckes' term expires June 16, 

1990. 

Seeley G. Lodwick, Republican of 

Iowa. Mr. Lodwick's term expires 

December 16, 1991. 

David B. Rohr, Democrat of 

Maryland. Mr. Rohr's term expires 

December 16, 1994. 
Executive Staff 

The executive staff of the 

Commission at the close of fiscal year 

1986 was as follows: 

Office of the Administrative Law Judges 

Chief Administrative Law Judge 

Office of Congressional Liaison, Director 

Office of the Secretary 

Secretary 

Assistant Secretary /Public 

and Consumer Affairs Officer 

Office of Executive and International 

Liaison, Director 

Office of the General Counsel 

General Counsel 

Assistant General Counsel for Litigation 

and Special Projects 

Assistant General Counsel for Antidumping 

and Countervailing Duty Investigations 

Assistant General Counsel for Section 337 

Investigations 

Assistant General Counsel for Escapes Clause, Section 

22, and Section 322 Investigations 

Office of Operations, Director 

Office of Data Systems, Director 

Office of Economics, Director 

Office of Industries, Director 

Division Chiefs: 

Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forest Products 

Minerals and Metals 

Energy and Chemicals 

Textiles, Leather Products, and Apparel 

Machinery and Equipment 

General Manufactures 

Office of Investigations, Director 

Supervisory Investigator 

Supervisory Investigator 

Supervisory Investigator 

Supervisory Investigator 

Office of Tariff Affairs and Trade 

Agreements, Director 

Office of Unfair Import Investigations, Director 

Office of Administration, Director 

38 

Office of Finance and Budget, Director 

Office of Management Services, Director 

Office of Personnel, Director 

Janet D. Saxon 

Pamela S. Aycock 

Kenneth R. Mason 

Harold W. Sundstrom 

William T. Hart 

Lyn M. Schlitt 

Michael Mabile 

Gracia M. Berg 

N. Timor Yaworski 

William W. Gearhart 

Charles W. Ervin 

Michael J. Olsavsky 

John Suomela 

Erland H. Heginbotham . 

David L. Ingersoll 

Larry L. Brookhart 

John J. Gersic 

Reuben I. Schwartz 

Aaron H. Chesser 

Walter S. Trezevant 

E. William Fry 

Lynn Featherstone 

Vera S. Libeau 

Robert W. Eninger 

Robert G. Carpenter 

Eugene A. Rosengarden 

Arthur B. Wineburg 

Lorin L. Goodrich 

Richard D. Arnold 

David E. Spencer 

Terry P. McGowan 
The Administrative Law Judges 

conduct formal proceedings in section 337 

investigations, exercise independent 

judgment according to the Administrative 

Procedure Act, and transmit 

determinations to the Commission for its 

consideration in rendering a final decision. 

The Director, Office of Congressional 

Liaison, acts as a point of contact for the 

Commission with the Congress, 

nonexecutive Federal agencies, State and 

local agencies, and international 

organizations and associations involved in 

international trade. 

The Secretary maintains the official 

records and documents for the 

Commission. The Secretary keeps the 

minutes of, and assists in, the conduct of 

all Commission meetings and is 

responsible for the issuance of public 

notices and information. The Assistant 

Secretary /Public and Consumer Affairs 

Officer in the Office of the Secretary is 

responsible for media relations and 

consumer affairs. 

The Director, Office of Executive and 

International Liaison, coordinates 

Commission activities and assistance to 

the United States Trade Representative, 

other officials in the Executive Office of 

the President, and executive departments 

and keeps the Commission informed of 

trade issues and policy formulation 

regarding bilateral and multilateral trade 

agreements. 

The General Counsel is the 

Commission's chief legal officer and 

adviser. 

The Director, Office of Operations, is 

responsible for the coordination, direction, 

and control of the investigative, analytical, 

and research work of the Commission. 

The Offices of Data Systems, Economics, 

Industries, Investigations, Tariff Affairs 

and Trade Agreements, and Unfair Import 

Investigations report to the Director of 

Operations. 

39 

The Director, Office of 

Administration, is responsible for the 

coordination, direction, and control of the 

administrative and management functions 

and programs of the Commission, 

including personnel, accounting, budget, 

management analysis, administrative 

services, and publications services. The 

Offices of Finance and Budget, 

Management Services, and Personnel 

report to the Director of Administration. 

Employment and Appropriations 

The Commission maintains an expert 

staff of professional international trade 

and nomenclature analysts, investigators, 

attorneys, economists, data systems 

programmers, and administrative support 

personnel to do the work mandated by th1 

Congress. These include nationally and 

internationally recognized experts-a 

grouping of men and women who 

constantly monitor their fields for 

developments that affect U.S. policy and 

trade interests. 

A total of 472 permanent employees 

were on board on September 30, 1986, 

compared with 473 at the end of fiscal 
year 1985. They were distributed in 

organizational units as follows: 

Organizational unit 

Number as of 

Sept. 30, 1986 

Commissioners 

Offices of the Commissioners 

Office of the Administrative 

Law Judges 

Office of the Secretary 

Office of Executive and 

International Liaison 

Office of Congressional Liaison 

Office of the General Counsel 1 

Office of the Director of 

Operations 

Office of Data Systems 

Office of Economics 

Office of Industries 

Office of Investigations 

Office of Tariff Affairs and 

Trade Agreements 1 

Office of Unfair Import 

Investigations 

Office of the Director of 

6 

24 

13 

18 

4 

2 

39 

2 

37 

44 

138 

36 

22 

18 

Administration 2 

Office of Finance and Budget 12 

Office of Management Services 1 41 

Office of Personnel 14 

The U.S. International Trade 

Commission submits its budget to the 

President for transmittal to the Congress. 4 

During fiscal year 1986, appropriated 

funds made available to the Commission 

amounted to $28,600,000. The Balanced 

Budget and Emergency Deficit Control 

Act of 1985 resulted in a $1,230,000 

reduction, resulting in a net appropriated 

amount of $27,370,000. Reimbursements 

received totaled $18,000, making available 

a grand total of $27,388,000. Obligations 

for fiscal years 1985 and 1986 were as 

follows (in thousands of dollars): 

Fiscal Fiscal 

year year 

Item 1985 1986 

Salaries and personnel 18,103 19,510 

benefits 

Travel and transportation 368 343 

Rental and 2,630 2,846 

communications 

services 

Other services 1,807 2,140 

Printing and 365 266 

reproduction 

Equipment, supplies, and 1,632 1,620 

material 

Total 24,905 26,725 

Total 

4 Because of the unique role of the 

472 Commission as a quasi-judicial, 

----------------- bipartisan, and independent agency 

1 Upward Mobility participants are 

included in office totals. 

40 

designed to provide trade expertise to 

both legislative and executive branches 

of Government, Congress provided in 

sec. 175 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 

U.S.C. 2232) that the budget of the U.S. 

International Trade Commission would 

not be subject to control by the Office 

of Management and Budget, but would 

instead be submitted directly to the 

Congress. 
A majority of the Commission's 

employees are housed in the historic U.S. 

International Trade Commission Building, 

701 E Street NW., Washington, DC. 

Designed by Robert Mills (who also 

designed the Treasury Building and the 

Washington Monument),.it was built from 

1839 to 1860 under the supervision of 

Thomas U. Walter, one of the architects of 

the Capitol. The building was first 

occupied by the Commission in 1921. 

Through the first century of its service, 

the building housed the Postmaster 

General, the General Land Office, the 

Bureau of Education, the National 

Selective Draft Board, the Panama Canal 

Commission, and General John J. Pershing. 

Owing to space limitations at the ITC 

Building, approximately 20 percent of the 

Commission's employees on September 30, 

1986, were located at the Bicentennial 

Building, 600 E Street NW., Washington, 

DC, and the Interstate Commerce 

Commission Building, 12th and 

Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, 

DC. The Commission expects to relocate 

to consolidated office space at 500 E 

Street, SW., Washington, DC, beginning 

in September 1987. 

Sources of Information 

In addition to its statutory obligations 

to conduct public investigations, the 

Commission assists the legislative and 

executive branches of Government and 

responds to inquiries from the news media 

and the public. 

41 

As the international economic trade 

research arm of the Government, the 

Commission maintains an 80,000-volume 

library, which receives about 2,400 

periodicals annually. The library, located 

in room 301 of the ITC Building, houses 

not only publications on international 

trade and U.S. tariff and commercial 

policy, but also many business and 

technical journals. 

The Commission's Office of the 

General Counsel maintains a law library 

and a comprehensive file of documents on 

legislation affecting U.S. trade. The law 

library is located in room 213 of the ITC 

Building. 

The Commission's Office of Data 

Systems maintains a comprehensive 

computer tape library consisting of 

historical trade data developed from the 

Department of Commerce import/ export 

statistics, related descriptive information 

for a variety of commodity classification 

groups, and computerized files used in 

preparing many of the reports issued by 

the Commission. 

Facilities for research by the public 

are located in the Office of the Secretary, 

room 156, and in the Commission 

libraries. Inquiries should be directed to 

the specific organizational unit or to the 

Secretary, U.S. International Trade 

Commission, 701 E Street NW., 

Washington, DC 20436, telephone 202-

523-0161. Publications may be ordered 24 

hours a day, 7 days a week, by calling 

202-523-5178. 
International 

Trade 

Commission 

Office of 

Administrative 

Law Judges 

Operations 

Office of 

the Director 

Office of 

Data 

Systems 

Office of 

Tariff Affairs 

and Trade 

Agreements 

42 

Office of 

Economics 

Office of 

Congressional 

Liaison 

Office of 

Investigations 

Office of 

Unfair Import 

Investigations 

Trade Remedy 

Assistance 

Center 

Commission 

Office of the 

Secretary 

Office of 

Industries 

Office of Executive 

and International 

Liaison 

Administration 

Office of 

the Director 

Office of 

Finance 

and Budget 

Office of the 

General Counsel 

Office of 

Management 

Services 

Office of 

Personnel 
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