Filed 3/27/14 CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.
JEFFREY DAVID ALLEN FRIDAY , Defendant and Appellant. H039404 (Santa Clara County Super. Ct. No. C1240683 )

Penal Code section 1203.067 requires any person placed on probation for a registerable sex offense to waive the privilege against self

- incrimination and waive the psychotherapist

- patient privilege. This case concerns the constitutionality of requiring these waivers as probation conditions. First, w e hold that the condition requiring a waiver of the privilege against self

incrimination is prohibited by the Fifth Amendment under Minnesota v. Murphy (1984) 465 U.S. 420 ( “Ou r decisions have made clear that the State could not constitutionally carry out a threat to revoke probation for the legitimate exercise of the Fifth Amendment privilege.” ) . (Accord United States v. Saechao (9th Cir. 2005) 418 F.3d 1073; United
States v. Antelope (9th Cir. 2005) 395 F.3d 1128; State v. Eccles (1994) 179 Ariz. 226.) Second, we construe the waiver of the psychotherapist

- patient privilege as requiring waiver only insofar as necessary to enable communication between the probation officer and the psychotherapist. We hold that the waiver as construed in this fashion is not overbroad in violation of defendant’s constitutional right to privacy.2 I. F ACTUAL AND P ROCEDURAL B ACKGROUND Defendant Jeffrey David Allen Friday pleaded no contest to possessio n of child pornography, which he had downloaded to his computer. (Pen. Code, § 311.11, subd. (a).) 1 The record contains almost no facts about the offense

. It occurred on or about August 2, 2012. The trial court found “this is a matter which was initiat ed by a search warrant on the defendant’s computer looking for child porn. It has been determined that he had been downloading since he was 14 or 15 . . . .” Defendant w as 19 at the time of
the offense

. The parties stipulated to a factual basis in the p olice reports, but the record

cont ains no reports. Because the offense involved “no identifiable victim , ” the prob ation
officer did not assess defendant’s level of risk as a future offender. Defendant had
suffered no prior convictions.
Defendant enter ed into a plea agreement by which he ple a d ed no contest to th e charged offense in exchange for six month s in county jail with no early release. 2 The court suspended imposition of the sentence and granted a three

- year term of probation, including six month s in county jail and mandatory participation in a sex offender management program as probation conditions.
The court ordered the following five probation conditions, among others, requiring
defendant : (1) to waive any privilege against self

- incriminati on and participate in polygraph examinations, which must be part of the sex offender management program; (2) to waive any psychotherapist/patient privilege to enable communication between the sex offender management professional and the probation officer; (3) not to purchase or possess any pornographic or sexually explicit material as it relates to minors, as defined by the probation officer; (4) not to possess or use any data encryption technique program;

1 Subsequent undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2 The plea agreement applied only to the length of time in custody, not to the imposition of proba tion or any probation condition.3

and (5) not to frequent, be employed by, or engage in any business where pornographic materials are openly exhibited. As to the waivers of the privilege against self

incrimination and the psychotherapist

- patient privilege, the court ordered these conditions

as mandated by section 1203.067.
At sentencing, d efendant lodged two objections relevant here

. He objected on Fifth Amendment grounds to the waive r of his privi lege against self

- incrimination

. H e objected on overb r eadth grounds to the condition that he not purchase or possess pornographic material. The trial court overruled defendant’s objections.
II. D ISCUSSION On appeal, defendant contends the probation conditions requiring waiver of the privilege against self

- incrimination and waiver of the psychotherapist

- patient privilege
are overbroad in violation of his constitutional rights. He also challenges as overbroad the condition requiring him to participate in polygraph examinations. Lastly , h e challenges as vague and lacking in scienter requirements the conditions prohibit ing purchase or possession of pornography , possession or use of data encryption, and frequenting businesses where pornography is exhibited

. A. The Statutory Scheme and Applicable Regulations
Under s ection 1203.067, subdivision (b) ( 2 ) , any person placed on formal probation on or after Jul y 1, 2012 , for an y offense requiring registration under section s 290 through 290.023 , “shall successfully complete a sex offender management program, following the standards developed pursuant to Section 9003, as a condition of release from probation.” 3 S ubdivision (b)(3) requires “ W aiver of any privilege against self

-

3 Section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(1), also requires persons placed on probation for registerable sex offenses prior to July 1, 2012 to participate in a sex offender management program. The waivers at issue in this cas e do not apply retroactively to probationers whose crimes occurred before the September 9, 2010 effective date of the amendment that added the waivers. ( People v. Douglas M. (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 1068, 1077.)4

incrimination and participation in polygraph examinations, which shall be part of the sex offender management program

. ” Subdivision (b)(4) requires “ W aiver of any psychotherapist

- patient pri vilege to enable communication between the sex offender management professional and supervising probation office r, pursuant to Section
290.09.” 4 The Legislature enacted these provisions in 2010 to amend the Sex Offender Punishment, Control, and Containmen t Act of 2006 (hereafter, the “Containment Act”)

. (Stats. 2010, ch. 219, § 17.) The Containment Act create d “a standardized, statewide system to identify, assess, monitor and contain known sex offenders for the purpose of reducing the risk of recidivism posed by these offenders, thereby protecting victims and potential victims from future harm.” (§ 290.03 , subd. (b), Stats. 2006, c h . 337, § 12

. )
Before the 2010 amendment, persons placed on probation for certain sex crimes were placed in “an appropriate treatment program designed to deal with child molestation or sexual offenders . . . .” (§ 1203.067, former subd. (b), Stats. 1994, c h . 918, § 1. ) The 2010 amendment removed this provision ; the Containment Act now requires participation in an “approved se x offender management program” certified by the California Sex Offender Management Board ( CA SOMB)

. ( § 9003.) Under section 9003, CA SOMB promulgates standards for certification of sex offender management programs and “sex offend er management professiona ls

. ” (§ 9003, subds. (a) & (b).) Such programs “shall include treatment, as specified, and dynamic and future violence risk assessments pursuant to Section 290.09.” (§ 9003, subd. ( b ).) Furthermore, s ex offender management programs “shall include polyg raph examinations by a certified polygraph examiner, which shall be conducted as needed during the period that the offender is in the sex offender management program.” ( Ibid .)

4 The same two waiver conditions apply to pa rolees. (§ 3008, subds. (d)(3) & (d)(4).)5

Section 290.09 specifies that “ T he certified sex offender management professio nal shall communicate with the offender’s probation officer or parole agent on a regular basis, but at least once a month, about the offender’s progress in the program and dynamic risk assessment issues, and shall share pertinent information with the certi fied polygraph examiner as required.” (§ 290.09, subd. (c).) S ection 290.09 further requires the sex offender management profession al to administ er a State

- Authorized Risk Assessment Tool for Sex Offenders (SARATSO) in two forms

— the “SARATSO dynamic tool ” and the “SARATSO future violence tool”

— and to send the person’s

score s on these test s to the probation officer. (§ 290.09, subd. (b)(2).) The probation
officer must then transmit the scores to t he Department of Justice, which makes the

scores accessibl e to law enforcement officials through the Department’ s website. ( I bi d. ) Section 9003 requires CA SOMB to publish on its website the certification requirements for sex offender management programs and professionals. 5 To be certified
under these standards , sex offender management programs must implement a

“ C ontainment M odel” approach to managing sex offenders. ( Cal. Sex Offender Management Bd. , Sex Offender Treatment Program Certification Requirements at p. 6. ) 6 The central goal of the Containment M odel is “community and victim safety, a goal which is supported by adopting a victim

- centered perspective on all aspects of sex offender management.” ( I bi d. ) The model is implemented by a “Containment Team , ”
whose members include the probation officer, the tr eatment provider, and the polygraph examiner. ( Id. at p. 2.) “On a regular basis or on an as

- needed basis, the containment

5 We take judicial notice of these materials. (Evid. Code, §§ 452, 459.) Pursuant to Evidence Code section 455, subdivision (a), we requested letter briefs on the propriety of taking judicial notice of these do cuments. Neither party objected. Contemporary copies of the cited documents have been placed on file with the clerk of the court.

6 T his document is online at : < http://www.cce.csus.edu/portal/admin/handouts/CASOMB Program 10

- 29

- 13 complete.pdf

> [as of M ar

. 2 7 , 2014].6

team may also include others who play an important role in the management of any specific offender. These may include representati ves of law enforcement

. . . .” ( Id. at
p. 6. )
The Containment M odel “stresses the importance of open ongoing collaboration between these key players.” ( Cal. Sex Offender Management Bd. , Sex Offender
Treatment Program Certification Requirements , supra , at p. 6. ) The “c ore elements ” of the model include “ [ a ] uthoritative criminal justice supervision and monitoring [. . .] to
exert external control over offenders. Probation and parole agencies apply pressure through clear expectations and through the use or threatened use of sanctions to ensure that the offender complies with supervision conditions, including partici pation in specialized treatment.” ( Ibid

. ) In contradiction to the language of section 1203.067, the
standards state that “ Invocation of the Fifth Amendment right to not incriminate oneself during a sexual history polygraph cannot legally result in revocation. ” ( Id. at p. 7.) Additionally, “ Polygraph examinations are used to enhance the assessment process and t o help monitor the sex offender’ s deviant fantasies and external behaviors, including access to potential victims. ” ( Ibid. ) All polygraph examiners working with a certified sex offender management program must meet CASOMB

- promulgated certification standards, published on the
CASOMB web site. ( Cal. Sex Offender Management Bd. , Post

- Conviction S ex Offender Polygraph Standards at p. 1 .) 7 The standards set forth a model policy, program g oals, the various types of examinations to be administered, and the types of questions that
examinations should include , among other criteria. Examinations should last at least 90 minutes, and examiners may test a probationer up to five times in one day. ( Id. at p. 6.)

7 T his document is online at : < http://www.casomb.org/docs/Polygraph_Standards_FINAL.PDF > [as of Mar

. 2 7 , 2014].7

However, examiners should not administer more than four separate examinations to the

sa me probationer in one year, “except where unavoidable or required by law or local regulation. This does not include re

- testing due to a lack of resolution during an initial or
follow

- up examination.” ( Ibid. )
A lthough e xaminers “ should have the final aut hority and responsibility for the determination of test questions and question language , ” the examiner should
communicate with other team members about what questions to ask. ( Cal. Sex Offender Management Bd. , Post

- Conviction Sex Offender Polygraph Standa rds , supra , at p p. 9

- 1 1 .) T he results of certain exams and the information gained from them should be provided to other team members. ( Id. at p. 12.) Furthermore, “Except as provided by law, information from the polygraph examination and test results (o utcomes) should be kept confidential and provided only to those involved in the containment approach to the supervision and treatment of sex offenders.” ( Id. at p. 5.) E xaminers , however, “should not interfere with or circumvent the efforts of any open o r ongoing investigation of a new criminal allegation.” ( Ibid. ) The several types of polygraph exam ination s include “instant offense exams , ” “prior

- allegation exams , ” “sexual history disclosure exams , ” and “sex offense monitoring

exams , ” as well as subcat egories of these exams. ( Cal. Sex Offender Management Bd. , Post

- Conviction Sex Offender Polygraph Standards , supra , at p. 1 0 .) These exams have explicitly investigative components. Instant offense exams may be used “to test the limits of an examinee’s a dmitted behavior and to search for other behaviors or offenses not included in the allegations made by the victim of the instant offense.” ( Id. at p. 11. ) “Examiners, along with the other members of the community supervision team, should
select relevant targets from their concerns regarding additional or unreported offense behaviors in the context of the instant offense.” ( Ibid. ) Questions about illegal conduct are not limited to sex offenses; they may include, but are not limited to, questions about
th e use or distribution of illegal drugs or controlled substances. ( Id. at p. 21.)8

The prior

- allegation exam is used to probe prior alleged offenses, regardless of whether the probationer was charged with these alleged offenses. “Examiners should use
the Prior Allegation Exam (PAE) to investigate and resolve all prior alleged sex offenses (i.e., allegations made prior to the current conviction) before attempting to investigate and resolve an examinee’s history of unknown sexual offenses. ” ( Cal. Sex Offend er Management Bd. , Post

- Conviction Sex Offender Polygraph Standards , supra , at p. 12.) Similarly, the sexual history exams should be used “to investigate the examinee’s history of involvement in unknown or unreported offenses and other sexual compulsivity , sexual
pre

- occupation, or sexual deviancy behaviors.” ( Ibid. ) To discover “unreported
victims , ” examiners should “thoroughly investigate the examinee’s lifetime history of sexually victimizing others, including behaviors related to victim selection, vi ctim access, victim impact, and sexual offenses against unreported persons.” ( Id. at p. 13.) The sex offense monitoring exam may be used at the request of other team members “to explore the possibility the examinee may have been involved in unlawful sexu al behaviors including a sexual re

- offense” during the period of supervision. ( Cal. Sex Offender Management Bd. , Post

- Conviction Sex Offender Polygraph Standards , supra , at p. 22.)
E xaminers should make a complete audio

- visual or audio recording of all e xams. ( Cal. Sex Offender Management Bd. , Post

- Conviction Sex Offender Polygraph
Standards , supra , at p. 25.) Furthermore, “Examiners should obtain an examinee’s agreement, in writing and/or on the audio/video recording, to a waiver/release statement.”
T he language of this “agreement” should include, among other things, “ 1) the examinee ’ s voluntary consent to take the test, 2) that the examination may be terminated at any time, [.

. .] 4) that all information and results will be released to professional m embers of the community supervision team, 5) an advisement that admission of involvement in unlawful activities will not be concealed from the referring professionals [,] and 6) a9

statement regarding the requirement for audio/video recording of each examina tion. ” 8 ( Ibid. ) The standards advise, “Examiners should exercise caution to ensure they do not violate any rights of examinees regarding answering questions about criminal behavior s .” ( Id. at p. 9.) But the document provides no description of those rig hts and no explanation
for how an examine r should reconcile this advice with any other standards

. The
standard s do not require examiners to undergo legal training on this or any other issue.
B. Waiver of Any Privilege Against Self

- Incrimination By requiring a “ [ w ] aiver of any privilege against self

- incrimination , ” section
1203.067 , subdivision (b)(3) implicates defendant’s rights under the Fifth Amendment ’s
Self

- Incrimination Clause

. 9 To determine the effect of the waiver , we first examine the general conto urs of the implicated rights . We then consider the reach of those rights in the probation context.
1. The Privilege Against Self

- Incrimination The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that n o person

“ shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself

. . . . ” (U.S. Const., 5 th Amend.) The Self

- Incrimination Clause thereby protects one from being
forced to te stify against oneself in a criminal proceeding. “[B]ut it does more than that.” ( Spielbauer v. County of S anta Clara (2009) 45 Cal.4th 704, 714 ( Spielbauer ). ) As the United States Supreme Court has recognized , “The privilege reflects a complex of our

8 The standards do not address the waiver requirements of sections 1203.067 or 3008. 9 The Fifth Amendment applies to the state s via the Fourteenth Amendment. ( Malloy v. Hogan (1964) 378 U.S. 1.) State law also provides rights against self

incrimination. ( Ca l . Const ., a rt. 1, § 15 ; Evid. Code, § 940; Izazaga v. Superior Court (1991) 54 Cal.3d 356, 372 [“[T] he California Constitu tion continues to afford criminal defendants an independent source of protection from infringement of certain rights, including the privilege against self

- incrimination. ”].) Because we strike down the waiver requirement on federal constitutional grounds, we need not consider the reach of state law regarding self

- incrimination.10

fundamental values and aspirations, and marks an important advance in the development of our liberty. It can be asserted in any proceeding, civil or criminal, administrative or judicial, investigatory or adjudicatory; and it protects against any disclosures which the witness reasonably believes could be used in a criminal prosecution or could lead to other
eviden ce that might be so used. This Court has been zealous to safeguard the values which underlie the privilege.” ( Kastigar v. United States (1972) 406 U.S. 441, 444

- 4 45 , fns. omitted ( Kastigar ) .) One may invoke the privilege against self

- incrimination abs ent initiation of a criminal proceeding. ( Chavez v. Martinez (2003) 538 U.S. 760, 770

- 771 (plur. opn. of Thomas, J.) ( Chavez ).) “It has long been held that this prohibition not only permits a person to refuse to testify against himself at a criminal tria l in which he is a defendant, but also ‘privileges him not to answer official questions put to him in any other proceeding, civil or criminal, formal or informal, where the answers might incriminate him in future criminal proceedings.’ ” ( Minnesota v. Mur phy , supra, 465 U.S. at p. 426 ( Murphy ) .) Moreover, “One cannot be forced to choose between forfeiting the privilege, on the one hand, or asserting it and suffering a penalty for doing so on the other.” ( Spielbauer, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 714. )
Notwith standing the se protections , the Self

- Incrimination Clause does not provide an absolute right to remain silent. A witness may be compe lled to testify

— even if doing
so is self

- incriminating

—

provided the state does not use the testimony , or evidence
derived from it , i n a criminal pro secution of th at witness

. ( Kastigar , supra , at p. 462.)
This is commonly called “use and derivative use immunity

. ” 10 ( Id. at p. 443. ) Consistent with these principles, s tate and federal statutes empower prosecutors to grant imm unity to

10 By contrast, “transactional immunity” guarantees against any prosecution for the implicated offense, even without use of the witness’s statements. ( People v. Campbell (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 867, 874.) In this opinion, we use the term “immunity” to refer only to use and derivative use immunity.11

a witness prospectively while compelling his or her testimony under threat of contempt. (§§ 1324, 1324.1; 18 U.S.C. § 6001 et seq.) I mmunity under the Fifth Amendment
further extends to s tatements compelled outside formal te stimonial settings , a nd it may appl y absent a formal grant of immunity. ( Garrity v. New Jersey (1967) 385 U.S. 493, 495 [police officers’ compelled statements in response to state investigation could not be used against them in criminal prosecution s , even without a formal gra nt of immunity ]; Spielbauer, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 7 2 9 [public defender required to make statements in response to employer’s investigation enjoys immunity even absent a formal gr ant of immunity] .) Because the probation condition at issue here requires waiver of “ any privilege against self

- incrimination,” (italics added), the plain language necessarily requires defendant to forgo any claim of immunity

. W ithout the privilege against self

incrim i nation, there is no right to immunity

. 11 I f the statute were somehow construe d not to require a waiver of immunity, it is unc lear what else the waiver would accomplish or what purpose it would serve . As explained in detail below , the state does not need a
waiver to require defendant ’s participat ion in treatment or polygraph examinations. He can be compelled to answer questions

— even if the answers are incriminating

— provided he retains immunity from the use of his statements in a separate criminal prosecution.
2. Ripeness of the Claim Under the Fifth Amendment The Att orney General contends the claim is not ripe. She argues that the Fifth
Amendment would only be violated if defendant’s incriminating statements we re used against hi m in a criminal prosecution

. Because d efendant has not identified any such use
of his sta tements , the Attorney General contends he has no Fifth Amendment claim

. But

11 Indeed, under the plain language of the statute, the loss of immunity is the primary effect of the waiver. (See Chavez , supra , 538 U.S. at p p . 769

- 771 (plur. opn. of Thomas, J.).)12

the Attorney General does not explain how defendant could protect his Fifth Amendment rights in a future criminal proceeding after expressly waiving these rights as a condition
of probation. “Once an immunity waiver is signed, the signatory is unable to assert a Fifth Amendment objection to the subsequent use of his statements in a criminal case, even if his statements were in fact compelled. A waiver of immunity is therefore a
p rospective waiver of the core self

- incrimination right in any subsequent criminal proceeding

. . . . ” ( Chavez , supra , 538 U.S. at p. 76 8, fn.2 ( plur. opn. of Thomas, J.).)
Thus , a state

- compelled , prospective waiver of the privilege against self

incrim ination gives rise to a Fifth Amendment claim before a declarant’s incriminating

statement s are used in a criminal prosecution , regardless of whether the state ever initiates such a prosecution

. The Supreme Court’s longstanding “penalty cases” jurispruden ce established this rule decades ago. ( Sanitation Men v. Sanitation Comm ’ r (1968) 392 U.S. 280, 283 [ Fifth Amendment violated when state fir ed public employees
for invoking and refusing to waive the privilege against self

- incrimination ]; Gardner v.
Broder ick (1968) 392 U.S. 273, 276 [ Fifth Amendment prohibits state from firing policeman for refusing to waive the privilege against self

- incrimination ].)
In Lefkowitz v. Turley (1973) 414 U.S. 70, licensed architects cha llenged a New
York statute disqualifyi ng contractors for public contracts if they refused to waive their Fifth Amendment immunity. The architects , when called as witnesses before a grand j ury, refused to sign waive rs of immunity. T he state had not charged them with any

c rimes, nor used their statements against them in any criminal proceeding

. Nonetheless,

t he Supreme Court held that the statutorily compelled waiver s violated the Self

Incrimination Clause. The Supreme Court again re affirmed this principle in Lefkowitz v. Cunningham (1977) 43 1 U.S. 801 . There, a New York statute provided that if a political party officer was subpoenaed to testify abou t the conduct of his office but the officer refused to testify or waive immunity, the officer was barred from office for five years. Cunningham , when subpoenaed to testify before a grand jury, refused to sign a waiver of13

immunity , and he was barred from office. The state never th reatened or attempted to use Cunningham’s statements against him in a criminal prosecution, yet t he Supreme Court

stru ck down the statute as a violation of the Self

- Incrimination Clause

. These cases make
clear that a state

- compelled, prospective waiver of immunity violates the Self

Incrimination Clause apart from the use of the compelled statements in any criminal
procee ding. The Attorney General relies on language in Maldonado v. Superior Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1112 ( Maldonado ) for the proposition that the Fifth Amendment is not violated until a defendant’s statements are used against him in a criminal proceeding.
But her reliance on this language ignores the analytical di stinction between a violation of
the “core ” Fifth Amendment right and a violation of the “prophylactic ” protection prohibiting a compelled waiver of immunity as explained in Maldonado and Chavez

. In Maldonado , the California Supreme Court stat ed that “a ‘ core ’ Fifth Amendment violation is completed, not merely by official extraction of self

incriminatory answers from one who has not waived the privilege , but only if and when
those answers are used in a criminal proceeding against the person who gave them.” ( Mald o nado , supra , 53 Cal.4th at p. 112 8

. ) (Italics added.) For this principle, the court
relied on Chavez , supra , 538 U.S. at pp. 766

- 773 (plur. opn. of Thomas, J.)

. In Chavez , the United States Supreme Court considered a civil rights lawsuit under
42 U.S.C. section 1983 by a plaintiff alleging a violation of the Fifth Amendment

. Although t he plaintiff’s statements were compelled, they were never used against him in a criminal prosecution. ( Cha vez , supra , 538 U.S. at p p. 763

- 764 .) Justice Thomas, writing for a plurality of justices , characterized the “core” Fifth Amendment privilege as the right not to be a “ witness ” against oneself in a “ criminal case. ” ( Chavez , at p p

. 768

- 769 (plur. opn. of Thomas, J.).) But a majority of justices also affirmed longstanding “prophylactic” or “complementary” protections under the Fifth Amendment that arise prior to and apart from a criminal proceeding. ( Id. at p. 770 (plur. opn. of Thomas, J.) ; id.14

at pp. 77 7

- 778 (conc. opn. of Souter, J.).) The rule prohibiting a compelled waiver of immunity is one such protection , and is necessary to protect the “core” right against the use of compelled statements in a prosecution

. “By allowing a witness to insist on an
i mmunity agreement before being compelled to give incriminating testimony in a noncriminal case, the privilege preserves the core Fifth Amendment right from invasion by the use of that compelled testimony in a subsequent criminal case.” ( Id. at p. 771 (plu r. opn. of Thomas, J.).) The California Supreme Court in Mald o nado did not hold otherwise. There, the
court considered a discovery rule requiring a defendant who proffer ed a mental incapacitation defense to submit to examination by the prosecution’s me ntal health experts. (§ 1054.3, subd. (b)(1).) The court had no occasion to consider a compelled waiver. To the contrary, the court explicitly based its analysis on the uncontroversial premise that the defendant maintained his Fifth Amendment immunity u nless and until he voluntarily waived it by introducing his own statements into evidence at trial : “ [T] he parties agree that the Fifth Amendment protects petitioner against any direct or derivative use of his statements to the prosecution examiners, excep t to rebut any mental

- state evidence he presents through his own experts. ” ( Mald o nado , supra , 53 Cal.4th at
p. 1129 , fn. omitted .) “If he decides to abandon the defense, any self

- incriminating
results of the examinations cannot be introduced or otherwise used against him.” ( Id. at
p. 1132.) Nothing in Mald

o nado authorizes a compelled waiver of immunity. To the contrary, the California Supreme C ourt explicitly recognized the Chavez plurality’s
affirmation of the so

- called “prophylactic r ules , ” ( Maldonad o , supra , at pp. 1128

- 1129),
under the Fifth Amendment : “The rule allowing a witness to assert the privilege prior to testifying, and to refuse to testify unless granted immunity, Justice Thomas indicated, protects the ‘c ore’ Fifth Amendment privilege sim ply by assuring that the witness has not forfeited the right against self

- incriminating use of his or her testimony in later criminal15

proceedings

. ” ( Ibid. ) (Italics added.) The court in Maldonado also acknowledged its prior holding, set forth at Spielba uer , supra , 45 Cal. 4th at p ages 714

- 730, that a compelled waiver of immunity c ould not be required even in the absence of a criminal proceeding. In this regard, our high court noted, “[W]e held that in the context of a noncriminal investigation by a publ ic employer, the employee could be compelled to answer questions about his performance of duty, even without a formal immunity agreement, so long as he was not required to surrender the immunity conferred by the Fifth Amendment itself against use and deriv ative use of his statements to prosecute him for a criminal offense.” ( Maldonado , supra , at p. 1129.) (Italics added.)
Neither Maldonado nor Chavez p urported to overturn the longstanding United States Supreme Court doctrine prohibiting compelled waiver s of immunity. 12 Regardless of whether the right against a compelled waiver is characterized as a “core right , ” a “prophylactic rule , ” or “complementary protection , ” defendant has standing to assert his
Fifth Amendment claim here. The Chavez plurality stat ed this explicitly: “ That the privilege is a prophylactic one does not alter our penalty cases jurisprudence, which allows such privilege to be asserted prior to, and outside of, criminal proceedings. ” ( Chavez , supra , 538 U.S. at p. 772, fn. 3 (plur. opn . of Thomas, J.) .) 13

12 The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals recognized this as well. “[T]he government contends that Chavez stands for the proposition that Antelope may not assert the Fifth Amendment right until the moment a compell ed statement is used in a criminal proceeding against him. But Chavez did not, as the government suggests, unseat decades of Supreme Court law. Instead, the government’s argument reveals a fundamental misunderstanding of Chavez .” ( United States v. Antel ope , supra , 395 F.3d at p. 1140.)

13 Defendant also contends the required waiver is unconstitutionally overbroad as a probation condition apart from any specific Fifth Amendment violation. California law does not require a probationer to suffer a probatio n revocation or any other harm before challenging a probation condition as overbroad. It would be inconsistent to do so here simply because defendant’s claim implicates the Fifth Amendment. Indeed, defendant challenges three other probation conditions in this case as unconstitutionally vague ( Cont .)16

For these reasons, we conclude defendant’s claim under the Fifth Ame n dment is ripe for adjudication here.
3. The Privilege Against Self

- Incrimination in the Context of Probation “Inherent in the very nature of probation is that probation ers ‘do not enjoy “the absolute liberty to which every citizen is entitled.” ’ [Citation.] Just as other punishments for criminal convictions curtail an offender’ s freedoms, a court granting probation may impose reasonable conditions that deprive the off ender of some freedoms enjoyed by law

- abiding citizens.” ( United States v. Knights (2001) 534 U.S. 112, 119.)

“ ‘ Nevertheless, probationers are not divested of all constitutional rights. ’ ” ( People v.
Pirali (2013 ) 217 Cal.App.4th 1341, 1350 .) “A proba tion condition that imposes limitations on a person’s constitutional rights must closely tailor those limitations to the purpose of the condition to avoid being invalidated as unconstitutionally overbroad.” ( In
re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, 890.)
T he United States Supreme Court has held the protection of the Self

- Incrimination Clause, unlike the Fourth Amendment, applies to both prisoners and probationers. “A defendant does not lose this protection by reason of his conviction of a crime;
notwithsta nding that a defendant is imprisoned or on probation at the time he makes incriminating statements, if those statements are compelled they are inadmissible in a subsequent trial for a crime other than that for which he has been convicted.” ( Murphy , supra , 465 U.S. at p. 426 .) A blanket waiver of any privilege against self

- incrimination
would deprive a probation er of the full spectrum of his rights under the Self

Incrimination Clause

— even those protections enjoyed by prisoner s in custody

. ( Baxter
v. Palmi giano (1976) 425 U.S. 308, 316 [prison inmates compelled to testify at disciplinary proceedings must be offered immunity and may not be required to waive it ];

because they lack a scienter requirement. We routinely adjudicate these types of claims

— prior to the revocation of probation

— without any concern for ripeness.17

McKune v. Lile (2002) 536 U.S. 24, 36 (plur. opn. of Kennedy, J.) [“The privilege against self

- i ncrimination does not terminate at the jailhouse door

. . . .”].)
In Murphy , Marshall Murphy was prosecut ed for criminal sexual conduct. He pleaded guilty to false imprisonment and received three years’ probation . ( Murphy , supra , 465 U.S. at p. 422.) T he terms of Murphy’s probation required him to participate in a treatment program for sexual offenders, to report to his probation officer as directed,
and to be truthful with the probation officer “in all matters.” ( I bid. ) In the course of his

treatment , Murphy confessed to raping and murdering a teenage girl seven years earlier

. ( Id. at p. 423.) His treatment counselor gave this information to the probation officer,
who then confronted Murphy with it

. ( Id. at p p. 423

- 424.) Murphy confessed to the
pr obation officer as well, who in turn told the police. ( Id. at p. 424.) At no point did Murphy invoke the Fifth Amendment

. He was later indicted for first degree murder

. ( Id. at p. 425.) The high court found Murphy had voluntarily waived his right agai nst self

incrimination. ( Murphy , 465 U.S. at p. 429.) First, t he court began its analysis by holding that t he privilege against self

- incrimination applies to probationers. ( Id. at
p. 426.) The court then held that the prob ation condition requiring Murp hy to answer questions truthfully did not, by itself, controvert this right ; rather, his obligations were no different from those of any other witness in a proceeding. “The answers of such a witness to questions put to him are not compelled within the mea ning of the Fifth Amendment unless the witness is required to answer over his valid claim of the privilege

. ” ( Id. at p. 427.) (Italics added.) The court then distinguished Mu rphy’s circumstances from cases in which “the state not only compelled an indiv idual to appear and testify, but also sought to induce him to forgo the Fifth Amendment privilege

. . . .” ( Id. at p. 434 [citing Lefkowitz v. Turley , supra , 414 U.S., at pp. 79

- 84 [“ a State may not impose substantial penalties because a witness elects to exercise his Fifth Amendment right not to give incriminating testimony against himself.” ] ; Sanitation Men v. Sanitation18

Comm ’ r , supra , 392 U.S. at pp. 283

- 284 ; Gardner v. Broderick , supra , 392 U.S. at
pp. 278

- 279 ].) “ The threat of punishment for reliance on the privilege distinguishes cases of this sort from the ordinary case in which a witness is merely required to appear and give testimony. ” ( Murphy , 465 U.S. at p. 435.) Because the state did not punish Murphy for relying on the privilege or induce hi m to forgo it, the court found no Fifth Amendment violation. ( Id. at p. 436.) The court also found Murphy could not have reasonably believe d that he could be punished for invoking the privilege because the law clearly prohibited such punishment

. ( Id. at p. 43 8 .) “Our decisions have made clear that the State could not constitutionally carry out a threat to revoke probation for the legitimate exercise of the Fifth Amendment privilege. It is not surprising, then, that neither the State court nor any State officer has suggested otherwise.” ( Ibid. ) Thus, Murphy explicitly protects a probationer’s right to
invoke the Fifth Amendment

. The Attorney Genera l quotes language in a footnote in Murphy stating , “Just as there is no right to a jury trial before prob ation may be revoked, neither is the privilege against compelled self

- incrimination available to a probationer.” ( Murphy , supra , 465 U.S. at p. 435, fn. 7.) The context of the quote , however, makes clear that the court

was referring solely to the absence of a right to invoke the privilege against self

incrimination in a revocation proceeding in response to inquiries about one’s probationary status , such as questions about residence requirements

. Such questions “pose[] no realistic threat of incrimination in a separate criminal proceeding.” ( Ibid. ) Moreover, the court continued, “[A] state may validly insist on answers to even incriminating questions and hence sensibly administer its probation system, as long as it recognizes that the required answers ma y not be used in a criminal proceeding and thus
eliminates the threat of incrimination. Under such circumstances, a probationer’ s ‘right to immunity as a result of his compelled testimony would not be at stake,’ [citations]

. . . .” ( Ibid. )19

Thus, Murp hy has long ma de clear that the use of a probationer’s compelled statements in a separate criminal proceeding would violate the Fifth Amendment , and the state may not punish a probationer for invoking the Fifth Amendment . More recently,
California courts have reaffirmed that Murphy stands for this principle. “[I] f the state puts questions to a probationer that call for answers that would incriminate him in a pending or later criminal proceeding, and expressly or by implication asserts that
invocation of t he privilege would lead to revocation of probation, the answers would be deemed compelled under the Fifth Amendment and thus involuntary and inadmissible in a criminal prosecution. ” ( Brown v. Superior Court (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 313, 320 ( Brown ) ; accord United States v. Saechao , supra , 418 F.3d 1073; United States v. Antelope , supra , 395 F.3d 1128

. )
We will examine the breadth of the waiver under section 1203.067 , subdivision (b)(3) , in accordance with these principles

. 4. Overbreadth of the Waiver of th e Privilege Against Self

- Incrimination Under Section 1203.067

, Subdivision (b)(3)
Because the waiver of the privilege against self

- incrimination imposes limitation’s

on a probationer ’s constitutional rights, it must be “ closely tailored ” to its purposes. ( In
re Sheena K

. , supra , 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.) Neither the language of the waiver provision nor the legislative history of the amendment that enacted it specifically states its purpose. As a general matter, public safety is “a primary goal” of court

- or dered probation conditions. (§ 1202.7; People v. Olguin (2008) 45 Cal.4th 37 5 , 379 .) Consistent with this goal, the overriding purpose of the sex offender treatment program is public safety through containment and reduction of recidivism by registered se x offenders : “For the safety and well

- being of California’s citizens, especially those most vulnerable to sexual assault, it is essential to manage known sex offenders living in the state’s communities in ways that most effectively reduce the likelihood t hat they will commit another
offense

. . . .” ( Cal. Sex Offender Management Bd. , Sex Offender Treatment Program20

Certification Requirements , supra , at p. 1.) Treatment and rehabilitation of the offender are secondary purposes of the sex offender managemen t program; CASOMB publications emphasize the importance of their role in reducing recidivism. ( I bi d. ) Public safety is also the primary goal of polygraph testing as part of the sex offender management
program. ( Cal. Sex Offender Management Bd. , Post

- Con viction Sex Offender Polygraph
Standards , supra , at p. 3.)
T he reach of the waiver is extraordinarily broad. Subdivision (b)(3) of section 1203.067 requires waiver of “ any privilege against self

- incrimination

. . . .” (Italics added.) B y use of the wo rd “any” to modify the term “privilege , ” the statute precludes all attempts by a probationer, present and future , to seek protection under the Self

Incrimination Clause for compelled statements made during the sex offender management program , regardless of the circumstances in which they may arise. The statute thereby encompasses a complete waiver of immunity under the Fifth
Amendment

. 14 As to subject matter, t he statute imposes no limits on either the topic or the time
frame of statements that may come un der the waiver. The waiver is not limited to statements about the offense for which the probationer has been convicted. Anything the probationer says could be used against him in any criminal proceeding, whether in the instant pr oceeding or any other

. B ecause the waiver eliminates derivative use immunity,
his statements could even be used against him in a future criminal prosecution for an

14 At oral argument, the Attorney General argued that the waiver condition does not prevent the probationer from invoking the privilege against self

- incrimination, even after the probationer has been required to waive it. We cannot conceive of

— and the Attorney General did not put forth

— any logical way to reconc ile this position. The waiver condition would be meaningless if a probationer could simply nullify it by invoking the privilege at a later time. For the waiver to have any legal force, it must mean the probationer cannot meaningfully invoke the privilege in connection with the sex offender management program.21

offense he com m it s after the expiration of the probationary period. ( Marchetti v. United
States (1968) 390 U.S. 39, 53; Prudhomme v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 320, 326 [abrogated on other grounds] [the privilege forbids compelled disclosures which could serve as a “link in a chain” of evidence tending to establish guilt of a criminal offense] .)
Under this broad w aiver, a probation er could be compelled to confess to a crime committed long ago , having no relevan ce to his status as a sex offender. Any such
confession could be given to police or prosecutor s , who could then use it against the probationer to initiate a n independent prosecution. And law enforcement officials seeking to further an independent, on

- going prosecution for a n unrelated crime could be tempted to contact the probation officer and ask that the probationer be questioned about
it . The probationer could then be questioned aggressively in a custodial environment , without Miranda warnings, and a ny claim that his or her statements were coerced or involuntary under the Self

- Incrimination Clause would be waived. 15 These are only a few examples of the po tential problems that could ensue from such a b road and
indiscriminate waiver of the privilege s against self

- incrimination

. And we cannot effective ly cabin the scope of the statute through the proper application of the principles of statutory constructi on. Arguably, because the statute requires “ W aiver of any privilege against self

- incrimination and participation in polygraph examinations, which shall be part of the sex offender management program ” (italics added), the latter conditions could be constru ed as limiting the waiver solely to

15 The Self

- Incrimination Clause provides for the rights set forth in Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436, as well as a right against the extraction of coerced, involuntary confessions. “No doubt the constitutional privilege may, on occasion, save a guilty man from his just deserts. It was aimed at a more far

- reaching evil

— a recurrence of the Inquisition and the Star Chamber, even if not in their stark brutality. Prevention of the greater evil w as deemed of more importance than occurrence of the lesser evil. Having had much experience with a tendency in human nature to abuse power, the Founders sought to close the doors against like future abuses by law

- enforcing agencies.” ( Ullmann v. United S tates (1956) 350 U.S. 422, 428.)22

statements made during a polygraph examination or during the cours e of the sex offender management program. But s uch a construction would still provide almost no meaningful
constraints. First, t he statute would still p lace no limits on the subject matter of a probationer’s statements subject to the waiver or the questions that could be put to the probationer

. This would allow for questions about all aspects of a probationer’s past and present conduct, whether criminal or otherwise, regardless of whether it has any relevance to the instant offense or a probationer’s status as a sex offender. Second, there
would still be no statutory limitation on who may formulate questions, to whom the answers may be given , or for what use they may be available

. A polygraph examiner , for example, could question the probationer , in the course
of a video

- recorded exam ination , about matters not directly related to his sex offense , such as involvement with illegal drugs. ( Cal. Sex Offen der Management Bd. , Post

Conviction Sex Offender Polygraph Standards, supra , at p. 21.) The examiner could then provide the recording directly to the probation officer or even to law enforcement for use in a criminal prosecution against the probationer. (Evid. Code, § 351.1, subd. (b) [“Nothing in this section is intended to exclude from evidence statements made during a polygraph examination which are otherwise admissible.”].) No ne of this is forbid den
under a plain interpretation of the statute

. To th e contrary, various standards set forth in
CASOMB publications encourag e such a chain of events

. Although CASOMB standards for polygraph examiners state that information from polygraph exams “ should be kept confidential and provided only to those involved in the containment approach to the supervision and treatment of sex offenders , ” the standards also make clear that law
enforcement officials may be made part of the “ C ontainment T eam

. ” ( Cal. Sex Offender Management Bd. , Sex Offender Treatment Program Cer tification Requirements , supra , at p. 6

. ) (Italics added .) More importantly, the statute contains no language reflecting any
restrictions on providing information to law enforcement officials

.23

To the contrary , o ther statutes explicitly require certain m embers of the
C ontainment T eam to reveal the probationer’s statements to law enforcement for further investigation and prosecution . For example, probation officers, psychotherapists, district attorneys and police officers are all “mandated reporters” unde r the Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act. (§ 11165.7 , subds. (a)(15), (a)(18), (a)(2 1 ) , & (a) (34) .) If any of
these participants acquire knowledge

— or even reasonable suspicion

— of any child who has been the victim of child abuse or neglect, the partici pant is required to report the information to police or other qualified agencies

. Failure to do so is a misdemeanor punishable by up to six months confinement in a county jail or by a fine of one thousand dollars, or by both . (§ 11166.) In conj uncti on with mandatory reporting requirements and CASOMB standards, a blanket waiver of any privilege against self

- incrim in ation results in a process whereby suspected offenses based on compelled statements

— including those unrelated to the underlying offense

— ar e effectively required to be presented for prosecution

. First, t he probationer , upon threat of revocation, would be compelled to submit to a polygraph

exam ination . The examiner would then pose a raft of questions purposely designed to ferret out both pas t and current sexual misconduct. The probationer would be forced to waive his privilege against self

- incrimination and answer the questions. The examiner , consistent with CASOMB standards, would th en be required to share the results of the
examination wi th the probation officer or the prosecutor. The se participants , in turn,
would be compelled to report to the police any information constituting reasonable suspicion that the probation er has committed any one of numerous offenses defined as24

child abuse an d neglect

. 16 The results of this process could then be used against the probationer in a subsequent criminal prosecution.
There is no doubt that , in the abstract, a waiver of the privilege against self

i ncrimination would f

urther public safety if it allow ed for the prosecution of a sex offender who admits to an ongoing , dangerous offense that would otherwise go unreported after invocation of the privilege . But the scope of the waiver at issue here reaches too broadly. I t allows , for example, use of a pro bationer’s statements in the prosecution of any offense

— such as minor drug offenses or prostitution

- related
activities

. 17
If the only purpose of the waiver is to compel the probationer to answer questions and participate in treatment, no waiver is necessar y

. As the high court observed in Murphy , the Fifth Amendment already allows the state to require a probationer to participate in treatment and answer questions truthfully. ( Murphy , supra , 465 U.S. at
p. 427.) Probationers may also be required to undergo polygraph testing , provided the questioning relates to successful completion of the therapy program and the crime for
which the defendant is convicted

. ( Brown , supra , 101 Cal.App.4th at p. 321; People v.
Miller (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 1311, 1315 [“ The mere requirement of taking the test in itself is insufficient to constitute an infringement of the privilege. ”].) And, i f the circumstances surrounding the questioning are noncustodial, no Miranda warnings are

16 Presumably, “reasonable suspicion” could even include a probationer’s denials, if the results of the polygraph exam indicated the probationer was lying. (See, e.g., People v. Lara (1974) 12 Cal.3d 903, 909.)

17 CASOMB

- p romulgated standards specifically advise polygraph examiners to inquire about past “prostitution activities” and use of drugs, among other illegal conduct. ( Cal. Sex Offender Management Bd. , Post

- Conviction Sex Offender Polygraph Standards, supra , at pp. 1 7, 21.)25

required. 18 ( Murphy , supra , at p. 433.) If the p robationer does not invoke the privi lege against self

- incrimination, the privilege is waived voluntarily . A bsent some other restriction, then, a probationer’s statements may be used against him or her in a separate criminal prosecution. ( Id. at p. 440.) 19 Furthermore, if a probationer invokes the privilege in response to questions that pose no threat of self

- incrimination ( e.g. , questions concerning his pro bationary status ) , the state may revoke probation without violating the
Fifth Amendment. ( Id. at p. 435, fn. 7.) In light of these allowances, there is no overwhelming need for a compelled waiver of defendant’s fundamental right to his privilege against self

- incrimination. Arguably, a waiver of the privilege against self

- incrimination could also serv e the secondary purposes of treatment and rehabilitation by encouraging a probationer to reveal
and discuss mental dysfunctions with the psychotherapist

. However, for these purposes, the state has another option : it ca n compel a probationer to disclose i ncriminating
information , even after invocation of the Fifth Amendment, by grant ing him immunity. Indeed, doing so would greatly encourage the probationer to engage with the psychotherapist by ensuring that any facts reveal ed would not lead to imprisonmen t. 20 By contrast, a waiver explicitly allowing a probationer’s statements to be used against the

18 The First District Court of Appeal has also held that an in

- custody, un

Mirandized probationer’s statements may be used against him in a revocation proceeding. ( People v. Racklin (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 872, 881.)

19 See also People v. Macias ( 1997) 16 Cal.4th 739, 757 [trial court properly allowed impeachment with statements defendant voluntarily made to probation officer in preparation for fitness hearing]; People v. Goodner (1992) 7 Cal.App.4th 1324, 13 32 [statements to probation officer coul d be used to prove elements of prior conviction for sentence enhancement purposes].)

20 Under use and derivative use immunity, the state could still prosecute the probationer for offenses revealed to a psychotherapist, provided the prosecution is based sol ely on independently obtained evidence.26

probationer in a subsequent criminal prosecution may tend to discourage honesty and openness between the probationer and the psychotherapist.
For the reasons above, we conclude the Fifth Amendment prohibits the section
1203.067 , subdivision (b)(3) requirement of a waiver of the privilege against self

incrimination as a condition of probation

. (Accord State v. Eccles , supra , 179 Ariz. 226.) The Attorney Genera l, anticipating we might find the waiver overbroad, proposes
two modifications to narrow it. One proposed modification would limit the subject matter of questions that could be posed to those “in furtherance of the defendant’s successful completion of the sex offender management program, his/her current probation supervision period, his/her sexual history, and state

- mandated assessments of his/her risk of reoffending.” But the probation condition is mandated by statute. I t is not the proper role of this court to fashion modifications that have no basis in the plain language of the statute ; these are questions better left to the L egislature

. A second proposed modification would provide that “any answer that the defendant provides after invoking his/her Fi fth Amendment privilege will not be used in any future prosecution or violation of probation as long as it is solely based on a new criminal offense which occurred prior to the conviction of the current offense.” Thus the Attorney General invites us to in corporate an automatic immunity provision for past
offenses. Presumably, then, a prosecutor could use the probationer’s statements against him in a criminal prosecution of any ongoing or future offense.
But a n automatic grant of immunity could create u nanticipated difficulties in a prosecution for past offenses , thereby harming efforts to protect public safety

. Suppose a probationer , after being required to waive the privilege against self

- incrimination , then
reveals a history of numerous past serious and violent offense s for which he has been granted i mmunity automatically under the Attorney General’s proposed rule

. A ny prosecution for such offense s

— even if the prosecutor never intended for the defendant to be questioned about them

— c ould be substantia lly compromised. “[A] defendant against27

whom incriminating evidence has been obtained through a grant of immunity may be in a stronger position at trial than a defendant who asserts a Fifth Amendment coerced

confession claim. One raising a claim under th is [immunity] statute need only show that he testified under a grant of immunity in order to shift to the government the heavy burden of proving that all of the evidence it proposes to use was derived from legitimate independent sources.” ( Kastigar , supra , 406 U.S. at pp. 461

- 462.) In many such cases, public safety may be better served where a prosecutor retains the discretion whether to grant immunity

. I t would thus be unwise for this court to construe the statute as allowing an automatic immunity mecha nism for past offenses, as suggested by the Attorney
General

. Mindful of these complications, we do not here opine on the effect , on future or independent prosecutions , of compelling defendant’s statements as part of the sex offender management program in the absence of the waiver

. “The issue before us [.

. .] does not directly implicate the latter problem.” ( Spielbauer , supra , 45 Cal.4th at p. 728.) We hold only that the state may not require the waiver of “any privilege against self

incrimination ” as a condition of probation as set forth in section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3)

. 5. The Dissent and People v. Garcia The dissent would adopt a different construction of the waiver and uphold it as
constitutional , as did a majority of a separate panel of this co urt in People v. Garcia (March 21, 2014, H039603) [2014 WL 1116998] ( Garcia ). Under this interpretation, the condition would allow the state to require the probationer to answer questions as part of the sex offender management program and polygraph exam ina tion s, but the state would be prohibited from using those statements against the probationer in a separate criminal prosecution. We would agree that it is reasonable to construe the waiver as applying only to statements the probationer makes in the cours e of the sex offender management program28

and polygraph exam ination s. 21 But even limited to that context, the statute still requires a “waiver of any privilege against self

- incrimination” as to those statements. (§ 1203.067, subd. (b)(3).) Basic statutory construction requires us to interpret the phrase “any privilege against self

- incrimination” in accord with the well

- established definition of that privilege as set forth in Fifth Amendment jurisprudence. “[W]hen a word used in a
statute has a well

- establ ished legal meaning, it will be given that meaning in construing
the statute. This has long been the law of California: ‘The rule of construction of statutes is plain. Where they make use of words and phrases of a well

- known and definite sense
in the law , they are to be received and expounded in the same sense in the statute.’ ” ( Arnett v. Dal Cielo (1996) 14 Cal.4th 4, 19 [quoting Harris v. Reynolds (1859) 13 Cal. 514, 518].) Without a doubt, the privilege against self

- incrimination is well

- established and definite under the Fifth Amendment. Thus, the plain language of the statute unambiguously includes any waiver of the probationer’s rights under the Self

Incrimination Clause. Furthermore, as set forth above, the “core” right of the Self

- Incrimination Clause protects against the use of compelled statements in a criminal proceeding against the speaker. ( Chavez , supra , 538 U.S. at pp. 766

- 773 (plur. opn. of Thomas, J.); Mald o nado , supra , 53 Cal.4th at p. 1128.) Any condition excluding the core of the w aived right from the waiver would require some indication of that exclusion in its language. No such language is found in the waiver condition here, explicit or implicit. To the contrary, the statute’s use of the word “any” explicitly defines the waiver to include all aspects of the privilege; this necessarily includes the core right.

21 The dissent reads our opinion as considering a broad er construction of the waiver that would apply it to any statement by the probationer, whether or not it is made in the context of the sex offender management pr ogram or polygraph exams. We address the narrower construction

— applying the waiver only to statements made during that context

— above at p ages 21

- 23. We conclude the waiver is unconstitutional under either construction.29

B oth the dissent and the majority in Garcia conclude that the Legislature intended only to require probationers to participate fully in the sex offender management program , and not to allow their statements to be used against them in separate criminal proceedings. 22 But the most reliable indicator of legislative intent is the plain language of the statute. ( Fitch v. Select Products Co. (2005) 36 Cal.4th 812, 818.) When “t he statute’s text evinces an unmistakable plain meaning, we need go no further.” ( Beal Bank, SSB v. Arter & Hadden, LLP (2007) 42 Cal.4th 503, 508.) T he plain language of
the statute does not support the construction advanced by the dissent and by the ma jority
in Garcia

. Moreover, that construction would render the waiver unnecessary. As the United States Supreme Court made clear, the Fifth Amendment already allows the state to require probationers to answer questions as a condition of probation, provid ed those statements are not used against the probationer in a criminal prosecution. ( Murphy , supra , 465 U.S. at p. 427.) “[I]t is well established that incriminating answers may be officially compelled, without violating the privilege, when the person to be examined receives immunity ‘coextensive with the scope of the privilege’

— i.e., immunity against both direct and ‘derivative’ criminal use of the statements.” ( Spielbauer , supra , 45 Cal.4th at pp. 714

- 715.)
The dissent construes the statute as limited to requiring a waiver of the right to refuse to answer questions during polygraph examinations and any other part of the sex offender management program. And the Garcia majority views the waiver provision a s “critical” because it prevents a probationer fr om refusing to answer questions on self

incrimination grounds. ( Garcia , supra , at p p . 5 , 17 .) But t he privilege against self

incrimination does not prohibit the State from compelling statements , provided the

22 Other language in the statute al ready requires probationers to “participate in” and “successfully complete” the sex offender management program, requiring them to engage in treatment and participate in polygraph exams. (§ 1203.067, subds. (b)(1), (b)(2) & (b)(3).)30

probationer retains immunity. Neither the dis sent nor the Garcia majority explain the necessity of requir ing a waiver when the probationer can already be compelled to answer questions, as described in Speilbauer . Such a construction violates the basic rule that no part of a statute shall be construe d to be “ ‘inoperative or superfluous, void or insignificant.’ ” (

AFL

- CIO v. Deukmejian (1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 425, 435 [quoting 2A Sutherland, Statutory Construction (4th ed. 1984) § 46.06, p. 104].) We are mindful of
the rule that courts should construe statutes, “ when reasonable , to avoid difficult constitutional questions.” ( Le Francois v. Goel (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1094, 1105.) (Italics added.) But th at principle does not allow us to adopt a construction that controverts the plain language of the statu te. Finally, the statutory construction advanced by the dissent and by the majority in
Garcia raises two additional concerns. First, no reasonable defendant can be expected to understand that a “waiver of any privilege against self

- incrimination” does not actually mean what it says , but instead means that after waiving the privilege, he or she could
nonetheless invoke it at a later time with respect to statements made under the waiver

. When “men [or women] of common intelligence must necessarily guess” at a condition’s meaning and “differ as to its application,” such a condition is vague in violation of due process. ( Connally v. General Const. Co. (1926) 269 U.S. 385, 391.) Upholding the
waiver condition as worded would cause confusion in the law and in the proper administration of defendant’s probation. And s econd, as Garcia acknowledges, the effect of the waiver requirement is to grant the probationer automatic use and derivative use immunity for any incriminating statements. 23 ( Garcia , supra , at p. 15 .) While the

23 In contrast, by str iking the waiver requirement, our holding removes the probationer’s statements from the “classic penalty situation” recognized by Murphy , supra , 465 U.S. at p age 435. Thus, unless the probationer explicitly invokes the Fifth Amendment, his statements may be used in a criminal prosecution, as Murphy’s statements were used against him.31

Garcia majority downplays the significance of this result, we think it unnecessarily threatens to hamper future prosecutions. This is not a situation where “the vast majority of such cases are unlikely to have criminal implications.” ( Spiel bauer , supra , 45 Cal.4th at p. 729.) To the contrary, under the CASOMB standards, polygraph examiners are specifically directed to question probationers

— who have already been convicted of at
least one offense

— about a wide array of other criminal behaviors . And as mandatory reporters, both the polygraph examiners and probation officers may have reporting obligations to law enforcement. There is no disagreement that compelled statements cannot be used in separate criminal proceedings ; therefore , prosecutor s wishing to pursue charges for these offenses will be required to disprove any taint.
C. Overbreadth of the Polygraph Examinations Requirement Defendant, relying on Brown , supra , 101 Cal.App.4th 313, challenges as overbroad the condition requiring him to pa rticipate in polygraph examinations as part of the sex offender management program. The defendant in Brown was convicted of stalking. The trial court imposed a probation condition identical to the condition here, ordering Brown to complete a stalking the rapy program and submit to periodic polygraph examinations as conditions of his probation. ( Id. at pp. 31 7, 319.) The court of appeal held that mandatory polygraph testing as a condition of probation was reasonably related to the defendant’s stalking con viction and to possible future criminality under People v.
Lent (1975) 15 Cal.3d 481. ( Brown , supra , 101 Cal.App.4th at p. 319.) But the court further held that the probation condition must be narrowed under Lent “to limit the questions allowed to those relating to the successful completion of the stalking therapy program and the crime of which Brown was convicted.” ( Id. at p. 321.) Application of the Lent factors here leads us to the same conclusion. Under Lent , “A condition of probation will not b e held invalid unless it ‘(1) has no relationship to the crime of which the offender was convicted, (2) relates to conduct which is not in itself criminal, and (3) requires or forbids conduct which is not reasonably related to future32

criminality.

. . .’ [ Citation.] Conversely, a condition of probation which requires or forbids conduct which is not itself criminal is valid if that conduct is reasonably related to the crime of which the defendant was convicted or to future criminality.” ( People v.
Lent , su pra , 15 Cal.3d at p. 486, fn. omitted.) Here, the basic requirement that Friday participate in polygraph examinations does not run afoul of the Lent factors, provided the questions posed to him are reasonably related to his successful completion of the se x offender management program, the crime of which he was convicted, or related criminal behavior, whether past or future. The CASOMB regulations provide examples of many such questions. For example, questions about the probationer’s sexual pre

- occupation s or history of sexual deviancy wou ld be reasonably related to future criminal ity and the circumstances of the underlying offense. However, neither the language of the probation condition nor the CASOMB regulations place any limits on the types of questio ns that may be posed to the probationer. There is no requirement that the questions be related to any criminal conduct, whether past, present, or future. Nor is there any requirement that the questions be limited to successful completion of the sex offen der management program. Under the probation condition imposed here, a polygraph examiner could ask Friday anything at all, without limitation. For example, a polygraph examiner could question Friday about his medical history or personal financial matters having nothing to do with any criminal conduct. Such questions would have no reasonable connection to the crime for which he was convicted, no bearing on his completion of the treatment program, and no relevance to future criminality. Under the Lent fac tors, allowing such questions would clearly violate overbreadth principles. Because the language of subdivision (b)(3) mandates that participation in polygraph examinations “shall be part of the sex offender management program,” we will
construe this latt er condition as imposing the limitations required under Lent and Brown

. Specifically, we construe the requirement of participation in polygraph examinations as33

allowing only questions relating to the successful completion of the sex offender management pro gram, the crime of which defendant was convicted, or related criminal behavior. So construed, we uphold this probation condition as sufficiently narrow to satisfy the overbreadth requirements of Lent

. D. Waiver of the Psychotherapist

- Patient Privilege
Secti on 1203.067, subdivision (b)(4) requires any defendant granted probation under the statute to enter a “Waiver of any psychotherapist

- patient privilege to enable communication between the sex offender management professional and supervising probation office r, pursuant to Section 290.09.” Defendant contends this condition is overbroad in violation of his constitutional right to privacy. We hold that the waiver is

con stitutional provided it is narrow ly construed to require waiver only insofar as
necessary “t o enable communication between the sex offender management professional and supervising probation officer, pursuant to Section 290.09.”
1. Forfeiture of the Claim We first consider whether defendant has forfeited this claim by failing to object in
the cour t below. “Ordinarily, a criminal defendant who does not challenge an assertedly erroneous ruling of the trial court in that court has forfeited his or her right to raise the claim on appeal.” ( In re Sheena K. , supra , 40 Cal.4th at p. 880.) “Applying the rule to appellate claims involving discretionary sentencing choices or unreasonable probation conditions is appropriate, because characteristically the trial court is in a considerably better position than the Court of Appeal to review and modify a senten ce option or probation condition that is premised upon the facts and circumstances of the individual case.” ( Id. at p. 885.) However, an appellate claim amounting to a “facial challenge” that phrasing or language of a probation condition is unconstitutio nally overbroad “does not require scrutiny of individual facts and circumstances but instead requires the review of abstract and generalized legal concepts

— a task that is well suited to the role of an appellate court.” ( I

bi d .) A challenge to the conditio n as unconstitutionally overbroad34

thereby “presents an asserted error that is a pure question of law, easily remediable on appeal by modification of the condition.” ( Id

. at p. 888. ) Defendant’s claim here

— a purely facial challenge to the language of the condition as required under the statute

— constitutes such a claim. We conclude defendant has not forfeited his claim.
2. The Psychotherapist

- Patient Privilege The California Supreme Court has recognized that communications between a patient and psychotherapi st are protected by a psychotherapist

- patient privilege based on the federal constitutional right to privacy. “The psychotherapist

- patient privilege has been recognized as an aspect of the patient’s constitutional right to privacy.” ( People v. Stritzinge r (1983) 34 Cal.3d 505, 511 ( Stri t zinger ).) “We believe that a patient’ s interest in keeping such confidential revelations from public purview, in retaining this substantial privacy, has deeper roots than the California statute and draws sustenance from o ur constitutional heritage. In Griswold v. Connecticut [(1965)] 381 U.S. 479, 484, the United States Supreme Court declared that ‘ Various guarantees [of the Bill of R ights] create zones of privacy,’ and we believe that the confidentiality of the psychoth e rapeutic
session falls within one such zone. ” ( In re Lifschutz (1970) 2 Cal.3d 415, 431

- 4 32 ( Lifschutz ).) More recently, the California Supreme Court has questioned the continuing vitality of the constitutional bases for the psychotherapist

- patient privi lege. “Although over 40 years have elapsed since our decision in Lifschutz , the United States Supreme Court itself has not yet definitively determined whether the federal Constitution embodies even a general right of informational privacy.” ( People v. Go nzales (2013)
56 Cal.4th 353, 384 ( Gonzales ). ) Following the lead of the United States Supreme Court
in Whalen v. Roe (1977) 429 U.S. 589 and NASA v. Nelson (2011)

___ U.S.

___ [ 131 S.Ct. 746 ] , our high court in Gonzale s merely assumed, without deciding, that such a right exists. ( Gonzales , supra , 56 Cal.4th at p. 385.) Regardless of the analytic approach taken by these courts, no court has yet overruled the holdings of Lifschutz and35

Stritzinger . We remain bound by them. ( Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Sup erior Court of Santa Clara County (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.) Accordingly, we will proceed under the assumption that defendant enjoys the right to a psychotherapist

- patient privilege based on his federal constitutional privacy rights. “It is also well es tablished, however, that the right to privacy is not absolute, but may yield in the furtherance of compelling state interests.” ( Stritzinger , supra , 34 Cal.3d at p. 511.) In Stritzinger , the court began by considering the state’s “competing interest”
in creating an exception to the privilege. ( I bid. ) The court reaffirmed the holding of Lifschutz that any such exception must be narrowly construed, i bid. , “concomitant with the purposes of the exception.” ( Lifschutz , supra , 2 Cal.3d at p. 435.) These pri nciples resemble the tailoring analysis in which a court considers whether a probation condition imposing limitations on a person’s constitutional rights is closely tailored to the purpose of the condition. ( In re Sheena K. , supra , 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.)
In Gonzales , supra , 56 Cal.4th 353, the California Supreme Court recently considered the psychotherapist

- patient privilege in the context of a proceeding under the Sexually Violent Predator Act (SVPA). The defendant, Ramiro Gonzales, had been
convicted o f multiple sex offenses over a 20

- year period. ( Id. at p. 358.) Gonzales was paroled in 2004 and he underwent psychological evaluation and treatment as a condition of parole. ( Id. at p. 359.) After violating his parole conditions several times

— includin g one incident in which he visited a children’s playground

— Gonzales was arrested and taken into custody. ( Id. at pp. 359

- 360. ) In 2006, the prosecution petitioned to commit Gonzales under the SVPA, and the matter was set for a jury trial.
Before trial , the prosecution sought to subpoena psychological records arising out of Gonzales’ psychological treatment as a parolee. ( Gonzales , supra , 56 Cal.4th at
p. 361.) Gonzales moved to quash the subpoena on the b asis the records were protected under the psyc hotherapist

- patient privilege, partly relying on Story v. Superior Court (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 1007 ( Story ) [psychotherapy records relating to therapy sessions36

engaged in as a condition of probation were protected by the statutory psychotherapist

patient privilege and could not be obtained by a prosecutor who sought the records for use in a subsequent murder prosecution].) The California Supreme Court distinguished between Gonzales’ statutory claim under Story and his claim under the federal
constitutiona l right to privacy. “[W]e believe that in order to properly distinguish the federal constitutional issue from the state law issue, it is necessary, in determining whether the disclosure of defendant’s therapy records and the admission of his therapist’s

t estimony violated a federal constitutional right of privacy, to look to the specific nature and extent of the federal constitutional privacy interests that are actually implicated in this particular setting and to the permissible state law interests that w ould support the disclosure and admission of testimony in question in such a setting.” ( Gonzales , supra , 56 Cal.4th at p. 386.) In this analysis, the court first noted that the constitutional privacy right invoked by Gonzales arose under the conditions o f parole, and under the care of a psychotherapist funded by the state. ( Gonzales , supra , 56 Cal.4th at p. 386. ) The court then observed that “the federal Constitution grants states considerable leeway to impose very substantial limitations on the right o f privacy retained by persons who are released on parole,” citing Samson v. California (2006) 547 U.S. 843 ( federal Constitution does not preclude a state from authorizing a search of a parolee at any time or place even in the ab sence of reasonable suspici on ) . Balanced against this “limited intrusion” of the privacy right at issue, the court held “the state has a particularly strong and legitimate interest in authorizing the disclosure and use of a parolee’s prior statements that occur in parole

mandated t herapy in a subsequent SVPA proceeding, especially when, as here, the parole

- mandated therapy was occasioned by the parolee’s prior conviction of a sex offense.” ( Gonzales , supra , 56 Cal.4th at p p . 387

- 388.) The court held disclosure was therefore suppor ted by “ a legitimate and substantial state interest ,” such that Gonzales’37

federal constitutional right to the psychotherapist

- patient privilege was not violated by the release of his psychological records. ( Id. at p. 388.)
3. Application to the Waiver Under Section 1203.067, Subdivision (b)(4)
Consistent with the above principles, we consider the purpose of the waiver of the psychotherapist

- pati ent privilege at issue here and the state’s interest in compelling disclosure under it. Unlike the language of sub division (b)(3), which mandates waiver of
any privilege against self

- incrimination, the wording of subdivision (b)(4) explicitly sets forth the purpose s of the waiver of the psychotherapist

- patient privilege: “to enable
communication between the sex offend er management professional and supervising probation officer, pursuant to Section 290.09.” Section 290.09, in turn, requires communication between the sex offender management professional and the probation officer for two purposes. First, the sex offende r management professional must provide
the supervising probation officer with the probationer’s scores on the SARATSO risk assessment tools. ( § 290.09, subd. (b)(2).) Second, the sex offender management professional must communicate with the probation of ficer about the probationer’s “progress in the program and dynamic risk assessment issues.” ( § 290.09, subd. (c).) By these provisions, the purposes of the psychotherapist

- patient privilege waiver are expressly limited and comparatively well defined.
We find that the state’s interest in furthering such communication is legitimate and substantial. The overriding goal of the Containment Model approach underlying the sex offender management program is public safety and the reduction of recidivism. The
fun ctioning of the model hinges in large part on open communication between the probation officer and the psychotherapist. ( Cal. Sex Offender Management Bd. , Sex
Offender Treatment Program Certification Requirements , supra , at p p . 6

- 8.) Furthermore, probati oners, like the parolee in Gonzales , are inherently subject to a greater degree of intrusion on their rights of privacy. ( United States v. Knights , supra ,38

534 U.S. at p. 119.) Accordingly, we conclude the state has a sufficiently substantial
interest in communication between these participants to justify disclosure here. We next consider whether the scope of the waiver is properly tailored to this interest, or whether the waiver must be more narrowly construed concomitant with the purposes of the excepti on. ( Stritzinger , supra , 34 Cal.3d at p. 511; Lifschutz , supra , 2 Cal.3d at p. 435; In re Sheena K. , supra , 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.) Similar to the broad language used in the waive r of the privilege against self

- incrimination, t he language of
the statute , read literally, requires the waiver of “ any psychotherapist

- patient privilege,” regardless of the subject matter of the communication or the level of risk to public safety absent disclosure. The waiver does not distinguish between comparatively more dange rous or less dangerous probationers. But unlike the language of the waiver of the privilege against self

- incrimination, this broad language is followed by the phrase “to enable communication between the sex offender management professional and supervising probation officer, pursuant to Section 290.09.” Th is additional language
limits what may be done with the probationer’s communications once they are revealed.
We will therefore narrowly construe the sta tute as requiring a waiver of the psychotherapist

- p atient privilege only insofar as it is necessary “to enable communication between the sex offender management professional and supervising probation
officer



### . . . . ” (§ 1203.067, subd. (b)(4) .) Specifically, we hold that defendant may constitutionally be required to waive the psychotherapist

- patient privilege only to the extent necessary to allow the sex offender management professional to communicate with
the supervising probation officer. Furthermore, the supervising probation officer may
communicate d efendant’s scores on the SARATSO risk assessment tools to the Department of Justice to be made accessible to law enforcement as required under section 290.09, subdivision (b)(2). This narrow interpretation of the statute allows the psychotherapist to com municate with the probation officer as necessary, furthering the
purpose s of the exception as set forth in the statute. Apart from these exceptions, neither39

the psychotherapist nor the probation officer may relay protected communications to
some other thi rd party under the waiver , and defendant’s privacy rights based on the psychotherapist

- patient privilege otherwise remain intact

. The parties invite us to create various limitations on the subject matter of the
communications that should come under the wa iver. The Attorney General argues we
should limit the waiver to communications “related to the furtherance of the defendant’s successful completion of the sex offender management program, his/her current probation supervision period, his/her sexual histor y, and state

- mandated assessments of his/her risk of reoffending.” Defendant argues we should limit the waiver to “ subjects necessary for rehabilitation .” We decline to impose such limits because it is unclear exactly what statements would be waived unde r such standards, rendering the probation condition too vague for notice purposes. ( Connally v. General Construction Co. , supra , 26 9 U.S. 385, 391 [a statute that either forbids or requires the doing of an act in terms so vague that men of common intellig ence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application, violates due process of law].) Arguably, the type of mandated
communication as set forth in section 290.09

— e.g., communication about probationer’s “progress in the program and dy namic risk assessment issues”

— implies such limits on the subject matter of communications that may come under the waiver. But absent a specific assertion about a given statement made by the probationer under specific factual circumstances, it would be pre mature and speculative for this court to impose further
limits.
Defendant relies on Story , supra , 109 Cal.App.4th 1007, In re Pedro M. (2000)
81 Cal.App.4th 550 (disapproved in Gonzales , supra , 56 Cal.4th 353), and In re Corona (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 315. Those cases concerned a defendant’s statutory right to a psychotherapist

- patient privilege under Evidence Code sections 1012 and 1014. Consistent with the California Supreme Court’s analysis in Gonzales , supra , 56 Cal.4th at40

p age 386, we find defendant’ s reliance on these cases unavailing with respect to his
federal constitutional claim. 24

E. Scienter Requirements Defendant contends three of the probation conditions are unconstitutionally vague absent a scienter requirement. As to the condition that he not purchase or possess any pornographic or sexually explicit material as it relates to minors, he argues it is unconstitutionally vague because he could unknowingly be in possession of such material. Similarly, as to the condition that he not possess or use any data encryption technique program, he contends it is invalid because he could unknowingly use or be in possession of such a program. As to the condition that he not frequent, be employed by, or engage in any business where pornographic materials are openly exhibited, he contends it requires a knowledge element because he may unwittingly enter an establishment without knowing pornographic materials are exhibited there. Defendant also challenges the use of the term “frequent” in this last condition as being unconstitutionally vague. Defendant only objected to the first of these three probation conditions in the trial court. Nonetheless, we will consider the merits of his claims as to all three conditions. These claims are facial challenges concerning pure issues of law, and as such, they are not forfeited by the failure to object below. ( In re Sheena K. , supra , 40 Cal.4th at
p. 889.) Regarding the first condition, defendant argues that he may unknowingly come into possession of pornographic or sexua lly explicit material as it relates to minors. To be constitutionally adequate, he argues, the probation condition must be modified to

24 We understand defendant’s claim regarding the psychotherapist

- patient privilege as relying solely on federal constitutional grounds. Although he cites to cases concerning the statutory basis for the privilege, he does not cite to or rely on relevant statutory authority for the psychotherapist

- patient privilege in his briefs.41

prohibit only knowing possession or purchase of pornography or sexually explicit
material as it relates to minors. We a gree. “[T]he underpinning of a vagueness challenge is the due process concept of ‘fair warning.’ ” ( In re Sheena K. , supra , 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.) “A probation condition ‘must be sufficiently precise for the probationer to know what is required of him , and for the court to determine whether the condition has been violated,’ if it is to withstand a challenge on the ground of vagueness.” ( Ibid. ) That is, the defendant must know in advance when he may be in violation of the condition. “[T]he law has no legitimate interest in punishing an innocent citizen who has no knowledge of the presence of a [prohibited item].” ( People v. Freitas (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 747, 752 [modifying probation condition to prohibit knowing possession of a firearm or ammunition ].) Accordingly, courts have consistently ordered modification of probation conditions to incorporate a scienter requirement where a probationer could unknowingly engage in the prohibited activity. ( In re Victor L. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 902, 912

- 913 [mo difying probation condition to prohibit knowing presence of weapons or ammunition]; In re
Justin S. (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 811, 816 [modifying prohibition on association with gang members to prohibit association with known gang members]; In re Kacy S. (1998 ) 68 Cal.App.4th 704 , 713 [modifying probation condition that defendant not associate with any persons not approved by his probation officer]; People v. Lopez (1998)
66 Cal.App.4th 615, 629 [modifying probation on displaying gang

- related indicia].)
It is possible that defendant could come into possession of prohibited material without knowing it. For example, another person could leave pornographic or sexually explicit material relating to minors in defendant’s car or house without his knowledge.
Or he c ould pick up a book or a magazine without knowing it contains prohibited material. To enforce a probation violation for unknowing possession of the prohibited materials would violate the principles above. Therefore, we will modify this probation42

conditio n to prohibit knowing possession or purchase of pornographic or sexually explicit
material as it relates to minors. Similarly, it is possible defendant could unknowingly use or possess a data encryption technique program. Indeed, given that data encrypt ion is ubiquitous in modern computer technology, it is likely that he would. Accordingly, we will modify this probation condition to prohibit knowing use or possession of a data encryption technique program. Finally, we consider the condition that defend ant not frequent, be employed by, or engage in any business where pornographic materials are openly exhibited. Defendant argues the condition should be modified to prohibit “visit[ing] or remain[ing] in any business where you know or which your probation officer informs you is a place where pornographic materials are openly exhibited.” We agree with defendant that the term “frequent” is unconstitutionally vague, as this cou rt has previously held. ( People v. Leon (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 943, 952 ( Leon ) [te rm “frequent” is unconstitutionally vague]; In
re H.C. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1067, 1072 [term “frequent” is obscure and susceptible to multiple meanings].) Consistent with this court’s modification of the term in Leon , we substitute the phrase “visit or remain in” for the term “frequent.” Furthermore, because defendant could unknowingly visit a business where prohibited materials are openly exhibited, we will incorporate a scienter requirement into the condition. III. D ISPOSITION In light of our holding that the waiver requirement in Penal Code section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) is unconstitutional, we strike the language “waive any privilege against self

- incrimination and” from the probation condition implementing that
subdivision. Defendant’s probation c onditions are further modified as follows: ( 1 ) the condition prohibiting possession or purchase of pornographic or sexually explicit material as it relates to minors is modified to prohibit knowing possession or purchase of pornographic or sexually explic it material as it relates to minors ; ( 2 ) the condition43

prohibiting use or possession of a data encryption technique program is modified to prohibit knowing use or possession of a data encryption technique program ; and ( 3 ) the
condition that defendant not f requent, be employed by, or engage in any business where pornographic materials are openly exhibited is modified to prohibit visiting, remaining in, being employed by, or engaging in any business where defendant knows that pornographic materials are openly exhibited. As modified, the judgment is affirmed.

_________________________ MÁRQUEZ, J.

I CONCUR :

_________________________ GROVER , J.BAMATTRE

- MANOUKIAN, J., Concurring and Dissenting
I. INTRODUCTION Defendant Jeffrey David Allen Friday pleaded no contest to possession of matter depicting a person under 18 years of age personally engaging in or simulating sexual conduct. (Pen. Code, § 311.11, subd. (a).) 1 At the sentencing hearing held on February 25, 2013, defendant was placed on probation for three years, ordered to serve six months in jail, and required to register as a sex offender. (See § 290, subd. (c).) The trial court also imposed a number of probation
conditions as required by section 1203.067, subdivision (b). Defendant was ordered to successfully “complete an approved sex offender management program, following the standards developed pursuant to Section 9003.” (See § 1203.067, subd. (b)(2).) Defendant was req uired to “waive any privilege against self

- incrimination and participate in polygraph examinations, which shall be part of the sex offender management program.” (See § 1203.067, subd. (b)(3).) Defendant was required to “waive any psychotherapist

- patient privilege to enable communication between the sex offender management professional and the Probation Officer, pursuant to . . . Section 290.09.” (See § 1203.067, subd. (b)(4).) Defendant now challenges the probation conditions imposed pursuant to
section 1203.067, subdivisions (b)(3) and (b)(4). He contends both probation conditions are overbroad, and he contends the probation condition requiring him to waive the privilege against self

- incrimination conflicts with the Fifth Amendment to the United
States Constitution. 2

1 Unspecified section references are to the Penal Code. 2 The Fifth Amendment provides that no per son “shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” (See also Cal. Const., art. I, § 15 [ “ P ersons may not .

. . be compelled in a criminal cause to be a witness against themselves . . . . ” ].)2

I agree with the majority that the probation condition imposed pursuant to
section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(4), which requires a waiver of the psychotherapist

patient privilege, is not overbroad and does not require modification. I also agr ee with the majority that the section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) probation condition is not overbroad insofar as it requires defendant to “participate in polygraph examinations” as part of the sex offender management program. However, I respectfully dis agree with the majority’s conclusion that the language “waive any privilege against self

- incrimination” must be stricken from the probation condition required by section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3). As explained below, I respectfully disagree with the ma

jority that the probation condition, as written, violates the Fifth
Amendment and is overbroad. The trial court also imposed other conditions of probation that defendant challenges as overbroad. Specifically, defendant challenges the probation conditions requiring him not to (1) “purchase or possess any pornographic or sexually explicit material as defined by [the] probation officer as it relates to minors,” (2) “frequent, be employed by, or engage in any business where pornographic materials are open[ly] exhibited,” and (3) “possess or use any data encryption technique program.” The majority opinion holds that these three conditions must be modified to include a knowledge element, and that the second condition must be modified to replace the word “frequen t” with the phrase “visit or remain in.” I concur in that portion of the majority opinion.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Statutory Background In the Sex Offender Punishment, Control, and Containment Act of 2006 (§ 290.03), the “Legislature [found] and declare[d] tha t a comprehensive system of risk assessment, supervision, monitoring and containment for registered sex offenders3

residing in California communities is necessary to enhance public safety and reduce the risk of recidivism posed by [sex] offenders.” (§ 290. 03, subd. (a).) In 2010, the Legislature amended section 1203.067, subdivision (b) as part of a bill aimed at expanding the “Containment Model” approach to sex offender risk management. (Stats. 2010, ch. 219, § 17, eff. Sept. 9, 2010; see Sen. Com. on Pu blic Safety, Bill Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 1844 (2009

- 2010 Reg. Sess.) June 29, 2010.) “The Containment Model calls for a collaborative effort of sex offender specific treatment providers, law enforcement supervising agents such as probation officers o r parole agents, polygraphists providing specialized testing as both a treatment and monitoring tool and victim advocacy participants whenever possible. The offender is supervised and overseen within this context.” (Sen. Com. on Public Safety, Bill Analy sis of Assem. Bill No. 1844 (2009

- 2010 Reg. Sess.) June 29, 2010.) As amended, section 1203.067, subdivision (b) requires that sex offenders participate in a sex offender management program as a condition of probation. The statute requires that such prob ationers waive “any privilege against self

- incrimination and participat[e] in polygraph examinations, which shall be part of the sex offender management program.” (§ 1203.067, subd. (b)(3).) Additionally, such probationers must waive “any psychotherapist

- patient privilege to enable communication between the sex offender management professional and supervising probation officer, pursuant to
Section 290.09.” (§ 1203.067, subd. (b)(4).) The new requirements apply to persons placed on probation for certain sex offenses “[o]n or after July 1, 2012.” (§ 1203.067, subd. (b).) The legislative history of these “specified conditions of supervised probation” notes that “[v]arious studies on the effectiveness of containment models in other states ha[d] shown posit ive results in recidivism reduction.” (Sen. Appropriations Com., Bill Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 1844 (2009

- 2010 Reg. Sess.) Aug. 12, 2010.)4

B. Section 1203.067, Subdivision (b)(3) Probation Condition As a condition of probation, defendant was required to “waive any privilege against self

- incrimination and participate in polygraph examinations, which shall be part of the sex offender management program.” (See § 1203.067, subd. (b)(3).) Defendant argues that this probation condition conflicts with the F ifth Amendment and is overbroad, because it prohibits him from invoking the privilege against self

incrimination. In his briefing, defendant contended that the condition should be modified to specify that he is “required to cooperate with the sex offender management program to the extent it does not interfere with his Fifth Amendment privilege against self

incrimination.” At oral argument, defendant argued that the language “waive any privilege against self

- incrimination” should be stricken from the proba tion condition. Defendant also argues this condition is overbroad because it “does not limit the scope of the questions being asked as part of the polygraph examination to those related to the successful completion of the therapy or compliance with the co nditions of probation . . . .” The majority agrees with defendant that the probation condition required by section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) “is prohibited by the Fifth Amendment” insofar as it requires him to waive “any privilege against self

- incrimin ation,” but concludes that the probation condition is not overbroad with respect to the polygraph testing requirement. (Maj. opn. at pp. 1, 9.) The majority orders the language “waive any privilege against
self

- incrimination” stricken from the probation condition. (Maj. opn. at p. 42.) For the reasons discussed below, I do not believe that the language “waive any privilege against self

- incrimination” should be stricken from the probation condition required by section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) or that the probation condition should be modified in any other respect.5

1. Scope of the Waiver of the Privilege Against Self

- Incrimination Both parties in this case appear to believe the waiver of the privilege against self

incrimination required by section 120 3.067, subdivision (b)(3) applies only during polygraph examinations administered as part of the sex offender management program. Defendant construes the condition as requiring him “to answer all questions put to him in the course of a polygraph examinati on which he may not refuse.” The majority believes that the section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) probation condition requires defendant to answer questions about any topic, at any time, not just questions asked during polygraph examinations or during othe r aspects of the sex offender management program. (See maj. opn. at p. 20.) I understand the majority opinion to find that, even if the condition applies only during the course of the sex offender management program, defendant still could be asked

— and re quired to answer

— questions that do not relate to the program. In interpreting the scope of the probation condition mandated by section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3), we must apply settled rules of statutory construction. “ ‘ “The goal of statutory constru ction is to ascertain and effectuate the intent of the Legislature. [Citation.] Ordinarily, the words of the statute provide the most reliable indication of legislative intent. [Citation.] When the statutory language is ambiguous, the court may
examine the context in which the language appears, adopting the construction that best harmonizes the statute internally and with related statutes. [Citations.]” [Citation.]

“ ‘When the language is susceptible of more than one reasonable interpretation . . . , we look to a variety of extrinsic aids, including the ostensible objects to be achieved, the evils to be remedied, the legislative history, public policy, contemporaneous administrative construction, and the statutory scheme of which the statute is a part .’ ” [Citation.]’ [Citations.]” ( People v. Kennedy (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1484, 1490

- 1491 ( Kennedy ).) Further, we must construe a statute in a manner that ensures its6

constitutionality, if possible. (See People v. Lowery (2011) 52 Cal.4th 419, 427 ( L owery ).) Here, the plain language of the statute indicates that the waiver of the privilege against self

- incrimination applies only to statements made in response to questions asked as “part of the sex offender management program.” (§ 1203.067, subdivisi on (b)(3).) The compound subject “[w]aiver of any privilege against self

- incrimination and participation in polygraph examinations” is modified by the phrase “which shall be part of the sex offender management program.” ( Ibid .) I believe that a waiver o f the privilege against self

- incrimination is thus required only as “part of the sex offender management program.” ( Ibid. ) In light of the overall statutory scheme and the legislative history of
section 1203.067, to the extent there is any ambiguity in t he language of the statute, I would conclude that the Legislature intended to require that probationers waive the privilege against self

- incrimination only in the context of the sex offender management program. Section 1203.067, subdivision (b) applies to probationers who are also required to register as sex offenders under section 290, and the Legislature has previously recognized that those persons are “ ‘ “ ‘likely to commit similar offenses in the future. [Citation.]’ ” ’ ” ( People v. Hofsheier (2006 ) 37 Cal.4th 1185, 1196.) Thus, in enacting section 1203.067, subdivision (b), the Legislature recognized that it is appropriate to grant probation to a sex offender only if the risks can be managed, and that participation in a sex offender management pro gram will help manage those risks. Since the Legislature’s intent was to manage the risk of recidivism posed by sex offenders by compelling their participation in a sex offender management program, there is no basis for construing the statute as mandating a “[w]aiver of any privilege against self

incrimination and participation in polygraph examinations” (§ 1203.067,
subdivision (b)(3)) as to questions asked for any purpose other than as “part of the sex offender management program.”7

I respectfully disagr ee with the majority’s determination that “[b]y use of the word ‘any’ to modify the term ‘privilege,’ the statute precludes all attempts by a probationer, present and future, to seek protection under the Self

- Incrimination Clause for compelled

statements m ade during the sex offender management program, regardless of the circumstances in which they may arise.” (Maj. opn. at p. 20.) I believe that by using the term “any” to modify the phrase “privilege against self

- incrimination” (§ 1203.067, subd. (b)(3)), the Legislature simply intended to specify that a probationer could not claim the privilege against self

- incrimination under any source , such as the Fifth Amendment or the state constitution. (See Cal. Const., art. I, § 15; Evid. Code, § 940.) To the ex tent the meaning of the term “any” is ambiguous, this construction of the statute effectuates the Legislature’s intent to require that probationers waive the privilege against self

incrimination only in the context of the sex offender management program (s ee Kennedy,

supra, 194 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1490

- 1491) and ensures the statute’s constitutionality. (See Lowery, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 427.) In sum, I would interpret the probation condition required by section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) as requiring a probationer to waive the privilege against self

incrimination only as to questions asked as “part of the sex offender management program.” That is, a probationer may not assert the privilege against self

- incrimination as grounds for refusing to answer qu estions during polygraph examinations that are administered as part of the sex offender management program, nor during any other part of the sex offender management program, such as treatment and risk assessments. (See § 9003, subd. (b).)8

2. Fifth Amendm ent Analysis 3 The majority relies primarily on Minnesota v. Murphy (1984) 465 U.S. 420 ( Murphy ) to find that the section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) probation condition
violates the Fifth Amendment and is overbroad.
In Murphy , the defendant was subject to a probation condition requiring that he participate in a treatment program for sexual offenders, report to his probation officer as directed, and be truthful with the probation officer “ ‘in all matters.’ ” ( Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 422.) In his tr eatment program, the defendant admitted a prior rape and murder. ( Id. at p. 423.) Those admissions were communicated to the probation officer, who questioned the defendant. The defendant admitted the crimes to the probation officer, but the defendant th en sought to suppress those admissions on the ground that his statements had been compelled by the probation condition. ( Id. at pp. 424

- 425.) The United States Supreme Court emphasized that in general, the Fifth
Amendment is not self

- executing: “a witne ss . . . ordinarily must assert the privilege rather than answer if he desires not to incriminate himself.” ( Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 429.) The probation condition in Murphy only required the defendant to be truthful,
and thus the defendant still co uld have claimed the privilege against self

- incrimination. ( Id. at pp. 436

- 437.) The Murphy court considered whether there were any applicable exceptions to the general rule that the Fifth Amendment is not self

- executing. ( Id. at
p. 429.) In particular , the court considered whether to excuse the defendant’s failure to

3 The Attorney General contends tha t defendant’s Fifth Amendment challenge to the probation condition is not ripe for review, since “there is no evidence that [d e fendant] has been asked any polygraph questions that call for answers that would or could incriminate him in a pending or future criminal prosecution.” However, defendant is bringing a facial challenge, which does not require him to show that the condition has yet been enforced. (See Tobe v. City of Santa Ana (1995) 9 Cal.4th 1069, 1084 [“A facial challenge to the constitutional v alidity of a statute or ordinance considers only the text of the measure itself, not its application to the particular circu mstances of an individual.”].)9

assert the privilege against self

- incrimination on the basis of the “so

- called ‘penalty’ ” exception. ( Id . at p. 434.) The penalty exception had been applied in cases where “the State no t only compelled an individual to appear and testify, but also sought to induce him to forego the Fifth Amendment privilege by threatening to impose economic or other sanctions ‘capable of forcing the self

- incrimination which the Amendment forbids.’ [Cita tion.]” ( Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 434.) In Murphy , there was no evidence that the defendant would have been penalized for exercising his Fifth Amendment privilege. ( Id. at pp. 437

- 438.) The probation condition itself “proscribed only false stateme nts; it said nothing about his freedom to decline to answer particular questions and certainly contained no suggestion that his probation was conditional on his waiving his Fifth Amendment privilege with respect to further criminal prosecution.” ( Id. at p . 437.) Further, there was “no direct evidence that Murphy confessed because he feared that his probation would be revoked if he remained silent.” ( Ibid .)
The Murphy court explained how the penalty exception could apply to a probationer: “if the State, either expressly or by implication, asserts that invocation of the privilege would lead to revocation of probation, it would have created the classic penalty situation, the failure to assert the privilege would be excused, and the probationer’s answers wo uld be deemed compelled and inadmissible in a criminal prosecution.” ( Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 435, fn. omitted.) However, the court noted, “a State may validly insist on answers to even incriminating questions and hence sensibly administer its prob ation system, as long as it recognizes that the required answers may not be used in a criminal proceeding and thus eliminates the threat of incrimination.” ( Ibid., fn. 7.) As applied to this case, Murphy establishes that defendant’s Fifth Amendment right s are not violated by the probation condition requiring him to waive the privilege against self

- incrimination as to questions asked during the sex offender management10

program. The state has, “by implication, assert[ed] that invocation of the privilege” in response to such incriminating questions “would lead to revocation” of probation. (See Murphy, supra, 465 U.S. at p. 435.) Thus, if defendant makes any statements in response to questions posed to him during the sex offender management program, those st atements will be deemed compelled under the Fifth Amendment and thus involuntary and inadmissible in a criminal prosecution

. ( Ibid. ) Since such statements will necessarily fall within the penalty exception, they will not be available for use at a crimina l prosecution, and defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights have not been violated. (See Chavez v. Martinez (2003) 538 U.S. 760, 769 [plur. opn. of Thomas, J.] [the Fifth Amendment is not violated “absent use of the compelled statements in a criminal case again st the witness”]; id. at p. 777 [conc. opn. of Souter, J.].) In sum, because the penalty exception will necessarily apply to statements that defendant makes in response to questions asked as part of the sex offender management program under compulsion of the section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) probation condition, the condition itself does not violate the Fifth Amendment.
3. Overbreadth Analysis “A probation condition that imposes limitations on a person’s constitutional rights must closely tailor those l imitations to the purpose of the condition to avoid being invalidated as unconstitutionally overbroad. [Citation.]” ( In re Sheena K. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 875, 890 ( Sheena K. ).) “ ‘A statute or regulation is overbroad if it “does not aim specifically at evi ls within the allowable area of [governmental] control, but . . . sweeps within its ambit other activities that in the ordinary circumstances constitute an exercise” of protected expression and conduct.’ [Citations.]” ( People v. Leon (2010) 181 Cal.App.4 th 943, 951.) “The essential question in an overbreadth challenge is the closeness of the fit between the legitimate purpose of the restriction and the burden it imposes on the defendant’s constitutional rights

— bearing in mind, of course, that11

perfection in such matters is impossible, and that practical necessity will justify some infringement.” ( In re E.O. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 1149, 1153.) As noted above, in enacting section 1203.067, subdivision (b), the Legislature recognized that it is appropriate t o grant probation to a sex offender only if the risks can be managed, and that participation in a sex offender management program will help manage those risks. More specifically, by enacting section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3), the Legislature recognized that a waiver of the probationer’s privilege against self

incrimination is important to the success of the sex offender management program. The Legislature reasonably concluded that allowing sex offenders on probation to refuse to answer questions would create an unacceptable danger to the community. (See § 290.03, subd. (a)(1) [“Sex offenders pose a potentially high risk of committing further sex offenses after release from incarceration or commitment, and the protection of the public from reoffending b y these offenders is a paramount public interest.”].) If a sex offender could claim the privilege against self

- incrimination during a risk exam, and thereby hide past or new offenses from the treatment team, his or her risk of reoffense could not be

corre ctly calculated or managed. (See, e.g., People v. Hubbart (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 1202, 1214 [actuarial instrument calculated risk of sexual reoffense based on factors including the number of prior sex offenses, convictions for non

- sex offenses, and details about sex offenses].) By requiring every sex offender granted probation to make full disclosures and to give up any right to refuse to answer questions posed during polygraph examinations or treatment as part of the sex offender management program, the S tate greatly enhances its ability to manage the serious risks posed by sex offenders who remain free in the community. In sum, in light of the legislative intent underlying section 1203.067,
subdivision (b)(3), I conclude that any limitations on defendant’ s Fifth Amendment rights are “closely tailor[ed] . . . to the purpose of the condition” and thus are not “invalid[] as unconstitutionally overbroad. [Citation.]” ( Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 890.) The12

Legislature reasonably determined that a waiv er of the privilege against self

incrimination is necessary when a defendant is participating in the sex offender management program as part of his or her probation for a sex offense. The Legislature enacted section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) for the pu rpose of managing and treating sex offenders and protecting the community, not for the purpose of compelling statements to be used in criminal prosecutions. Since the condition only requires waiver of the privilege against self

- incrimination as part of th e sex offender management program, it is
not overbroad.
4. Scope of Polygraph Testing Defendant also challenges the probation condition imposed pursuant to
section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) insofar as it requires him to “participate in polygraph
examin ations, which shall be part of the sex offender management program.” Defendant argues the condition is overbroad and requests we modify the condition so he is required “to answer only questions reasonably related to the completion of his probation or his criminal conviction.”
Defendant relies on Brown v. Superior Court (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 313 ( Brown ), where the defendant was convicted of stalking while a domestic violence restraining order was in effect. The trial court had imposed probation condition s requiring the defendant to participate in a stalking therapy program and undergo

“ ‘periodic polygraph examinations at defendant’s expense, at the direction of the probation officer.’ ” ( Id. at p. 321.) The Court of Appeal held that the polygraph
condi tion was overbroad, ordering it modified so that the questions asked would be limited to “those relating to the successful completion of the stalking therapy program and the crime of which Brown was convicted.” ( Ibid. ) Here, the probation condition requi res defendant to “participate in polygraph examinations, which shall be part of the sex offender management program.” (See § 1203.067, subd. (b)(3).) The probation condition does not expressly limit the questions13

that may be asked during polygraph examin ations to those related to the successful completion of the program or defendant’s criminal conviction. However, such a limitation is inherent in the phrase “which shall be part of the sex offender management program.” ( Ibid. ) In other words, the probat ion condition requires polygraph examinations to be used only in furtherance of a probationer’s treatment, and thus requires that the questions asked be relevant to that treatment. The majority “construe[s] the requirement of participation in polygraph

ex aminations as allowing only questions relating to the successful completion of the sex offender management program, the crime of which defendant was convicted, or related criminal behavior.” (Maj. opn. at p. 28.) I similarly conclude that the probation

c ondition need not be modified to expressly state that the questions asked during polygraph examinations must be reasonably related to the completion of defendant’s treatment program or his conviction, because such limitations are inherent in the
condition.
5. Conclusion In sum, I do not believe the probation condition imposed pursuant to
section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) is overbroad or that the probation condition violates the Fifth Amendment. I would not strike any language from this probation condit ion or otherwise modify the condition.
C. Section 1203.067, Subdivision (b)(4) Probation Condition Defendant also challenges the probation condition imposed pursuant to
section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(4), which requires defendant to waive “any psychother apist

- patient privilege to enable communication between the sex offender management professional and supervising probation officer, pursuant to Section 290.09.” Defendant contends this probation condition is overbroad and violates his constitutional right to privacy, because it requires him to “entirely waive the psychotherapist

- patient privilege.” He contends the condition should be stricken or modified. He suggests the14

condition could be modified to “limit the waiver to subjects necessary for rehabili tation” and to “limit disclosure of otherwise privileged psychotherapist

- patient communications to the probation officer and the court.” Section 290.09 mandates certain communication between the probation officer and the certified “sex offender management professionals” who are required to “assess each registered sex offender on formal probation.” (§ 290.09, subd. (b)(1).) First, the certified sex offender management professional is required to provide the probation officer with the probationer’s scores on required risk assessment tools, and the probation officer is required to send the scores to the Department of Justice. ( Id. , subd. (b)(2).) Second, the certified sex offender management professional is required to communicate with the probation offic er “on a regular basis, but at least once a month, about the offender’s progress in the program and dynamic risk assessment issues.” ( Id. , subd. (c).) Section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(4) mandates that defendant waive the psychotherapist

- patient privileg e only “to enable communication between the sex offender management professional and supervising probation officer, pursuant to
Section 290.09.” Since section 290.09 is explicitly incorporated by reference, and since section 290.09 limits the subject matt er of the communication between the sex offender management professional and the probation officer, I do not believe the condition requires defendant to waive the psychotherapist

- patient privilege as to any other subjects. My construction comports with th e plain language of the statute, and it also harmonizes the statute with section 290.09. (See Kennedy, supra, 194 Cal.App.4th at p. 1490.) The majority concludes there is no need to modify the probation condition imposed pursuant to section 1203.067, sub division (b)(4) because it construes the statute “as requiring a waiver of the psychotherapist

- patient privilege only insofar as it is necessary ‘to enable communication between the sex offender management professional and supervising probation officer . . . .’ ” (Maj. opn. at p. 38.) I agree there is no need to modify the probation condition imposed pursuant to section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(4).15 III. CONCLUSION For the reasons stated above, I conclude that the probation condition imposed pursuant to section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(3) does not violate the Fifth Amendment and is not overbroad. I further conclude that the probation condition imposed pursuant to section 1203.067, subdivision (b)(4) is not overbroad. Therefore, I would affirm the judgm ent.

___________________________________________ B AMATTRE

- MANOUKIAN, J.Trial Court: Santa Clara County

Superior Court No.: C1240683 Trial Judge: The Honorable Rene Navarro

Attorney for Defendant and Appellant Lori A. Quick Jeffrey David Allen Friday: under appointment by the Court of Appeal for Appellant

Attorneys for Plaintiff and Respondent Kamala D. Harris, The Peop le: Attorney General
Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General Gerald A. Engler, Senior Assistant Attorney General Jeffrey M. Laurence, Supervising Deputy Attorney General
Violet M. Lee, Deputy Attorney General

People v. Friday H039404