COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Chief Judge Fitzpatrick, Judges Benton and Bumgardner 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

O. RIDDICK HARRELL, JR. 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 0395-05-2 JUDGE RUDOLPH BUMGARDNER, III 

 NOVEMBER 22, 2005 

CHRISTINA H. HARRELL 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY 

Frederick G. Rockwell, III, Judge 

 Alexandra D. Bowen (Aileen F. Tucker; Bowen, Champlin, Carr, 

Foreman & Rockecharlie, on brief), for appellant. 

 John B. Russell, Jr. (DurretteBradshaw, PLC, on brief), for appellee. 

O. Riddick Harrell, Jr. appeals a final decree of divorce that reserved to Christina H. 

Harrell the right to receive spousal support in the future, Code § 20-107(D). For the following 

reasons, we affirm. 

The parties married November 22, 1969, and had two children, who are now over the age 

of eighteen. They separated June 27, 2003 and executed a property settlement agreement on that 

date. Ten days before the parties had lived separate and apart for one year, the wife filed a bill of 

complaint praying for a divorce on that ground, Code § 20-91(A)(9). Her complaint contained a 

prayer for temporary and permanent spousal support. She obtained personal service of process 

on the husband. Before he filed a response, but without leave of court, the wife filed an amended 

bill of complaint June 29, 2004. It requested a divorce on the grounds that the husband 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
 - 2 - 

committed adultery, Code § 20-91(A)(1), and they had lived separate and apart for one year, 

which had occurred by then. 

The husband filed an answer, a motion to dismiss, and a cross-bill on July 1, 2004. He 

admitted the allegations in the wife’s complaint except he added that the parties had a property 

settlement agreement. The husband moved the trial court to dismiss the wife’s original 

complaint because it was filed before the parties had lived separate and apart for a full year. His 

cross-bill alleged the same facts as the wife’s complaint and prayed for a divorce on the same 

grounds. The cross-bill also prayed for incorporation of the settlement agreement and an award 

of spousal support. The pleading was served by mailing a copy to the wife’s counsel of record. 

The wife filed no answer. 

The husband gave notice of depositions and took them July 27, 2004. On September 28, 

2004, the husband filed motions to compel discovery and to impose sanctions for failure to 

comply with discovery. The wife responded to that notice by filing the next day a notice that she 

would move the trial court for pendente lite spousal support on October 6, 2004. On August 18, 

2004, the husband filed notice that on the same day he would present a final decree to the trial 

court and move it to dismiss the wife’s bill of complaint. Throughout the proceedings, all 

pleadings were served by mailing copies to the opposing counsel. 

At the October 6, 2004 hearing, the husband moved to have the original complaint 

dismissed because the parties had not lived separately for one year at the time the original 

pleading was filed. He moved to have the amended bill of complaint dismissed because it was 

filed without leave of court, Rule 1:8, and was not properly served.1 He moved that he be 

 1

 The wife’s counsel argued that the amended complaint was permissible without leave of 

court because it was filed before the husband filed a responsive pleading. Alternatively, he 

argued that service of the amended pleading was not required because the husband was 

represented by counsel, who had contacted the wife’s counsel after the filing of the original 

complaint, but had not answered. 
 - 3 - 

granted a divorce as pled in his cross-bill. The wife moved for pendente lite spousal support. 

The trial court took the motions under advisement. 

The trial court issued a letter opinion November 3, 2004. It granted the husband’s motion 

to dismiss the wife’s complaint because it was filed prematurely. The amended complaint was 

not properly before the court because the wife filed it without leave of court. The trial court 

granted the husband a divorce on the ground of a one-year separation. The trial court directed 

that the final decree reserve the wife the right to request spousal support pursuant to Code 

§ 20-107.1(D). The final decree reserved the right to both parties. 

The husband appeals the reservation of spousal support for the wife. He maintains that 

the prayer for spousal support in the bill of complaint cannot raise the issue because it was a 

“non-entity.” He maintains the wife’s pleadings effectively do not exist because the failure to 

allege an existing ground of divorce deprived the trial court of jurisdiction in the case. He relies 

upon Beckner v. Beckner, 204 Va. 580, 132 S.E.2d 715 (1963), and Boyd v. Boyd, 2 Va. App. 

16, 340 S.E.2d 578 (1986). 

In Beckner, the husband sought a divorce on the ground of willfull desertion. However, 

the only acts of cruelty the husband proved occurred while the suit was pending. “The act relied 

upon for divorce must be alleged and proved to have occurred prior to the bringing of the suit 

. . . .” 204 Va. at 583, 132 S.E.2d at 717. The Court set aside the divorce decree. 

In Boyd, the trial court granted the husband a “no-fault divorce” but granted spousal 

support to the wife. This Court reversed the award. “Jurisdiction in a divorce suit is purely 

statutory, Watkins v. Watkins, 220 Va. 1051, 1054, 265 S.E.2d 750, 752 (1980), and does not 

encompass broad equitable powers not conferred by statute.” 2 Va. App. at 19, 340 S.E.2d at 

580. This Court held the wife had not specifically requested spousal support and her general 

prayer for “further relief” was not adequate to raise a claim for it. 
 - 4 - 

Subject matter jurisdiction for divorce rests with the circuit court. Code § 20-96. No suit 

is maintainable unless one of the parties is and has been a bona fide resident and domiciliary for 

at least six months preceding the commencement of the suit. Code § 20-97. Those requirements 

are jurisdictional. Rock v. Rock, 7 Va. App. 198, 201, 372 S.E.2d 211, 213 (1988).2

 

The wife’s bill of complaint alleged the essential jurisdictional elements necessary to 

invoke the trial court’s authority in divorce actions, but failed to allege grounds that entitled her 

to a divorce. The trial court had personal jurisdiction over the husband, the wife obtained service 

of process on his person, and he affirmatively invoked the jurisdiction of the court by filing 

responsive pleadings and a cross-bill for divorce. 

The purpose of the bill of complaint is to give the opposing party and the trial court 

notice of the grounds for which the plaintiff seeks relief in equity. Rule 1:4; Cirrito v. Cirrito, 44 

Va. App. 287, 314-15, 605 S.E.2d 268, 281 (2004). “Every litigant is entitled to be told by his 

adversary in plain and explicit language what is his ground of complaint or defense.” Potts v. 

Mathieson Alkali Works, 165 Va. 196, 207, 181 S.E. 521, 525 (1935). 

In this case the husband cannot claim he did not know the wife sought spousal support. 

His cross-bill alleged the identical facts as grounds for divorce that the wife alleged in her bill of 

complaint. When the wife filed her bill of complaint, the parties had not lived apart for one year. 

By the time he filed his response fifteen days later, the year had passed. The trial court heard all 

motions at one time. They included the wife’s motion for pendente lite support and the 

husband’s attorney acknowledged that the wife was asking for spousal support at that hearing. 

 2

 Venue is no longer jurisdictional in divorce cases. See former Code § 20-96(B) and 

Netzer v. Reynolds, 231 Va. 444, 448, 345 S.E.2d 291, 294 (1986). Code § 20-96(B) was 

deleted in 1989. 1989 Va. Acts, ch. 556. Venue is now classified as preferred. Code 

§ 8.01-261(19). 
 - 5 - 

The trial court had jurisdiction over the parties and the subject matter of the suit, a 

divorce. Those jurisdictional requirements were properly pled. To disregard the wife’s 

pleadings that pray for support and to rule she did not raise the issue would be to engage in a 

legal fiction that ignores what clearly appears in the record and that which the attorneys 

acknowledged during trial. If the complaint was a “non-entity” in the sense that it did not exist 

for any purpose, then logically the husband’s cross-bill was also a “non-entity.” “For there to be 

an ‘application’ under this statute [Code § 20-91(A)(9)(a)], the party applying must himself seek 

affirmative relief by way of divorce in his favor through an original divorce proceeding or 

through a cross-bill filed in a pending suit.” Moore v. Moore, 218 Va. 790, 796, 240 S.E.2d 535, 

539 (1978) (footnote omitted). If the pending suit did not exist, the cross-bill in response to it 

did not exist, and any decree of divorce based upon it could not exist. 

In this case, the defect in the wife’s bill of complaint was inadequate to entitle her to a 

divorce on the grounds pled. The trial court properly dismissed her complaint. However, the 

complaint was adequate to raise the issue of spousal support and apprise the husband of that 

claim. Accordingly, the trial court had the discretion to reserve the right to spousal support to 

her as well as to him. 

The husband also maintains that the trial court erred in reserving spousal support without 

considering all the factors contained in Code § 20-107.1(E). The authority for the trial court to 

reserve the right to receive support appears in Code § 20-107.1(D). The factors in subsection (E) 

relate to determining an award of support and maintenance. Reserving a right to receive support 

under subsection (D) does not adjudicate the issue of an award. It merely preserves the 

possibility of doing so. The husband cites no authority for his claim that the trial court must hold 

a full evidentiary hearing and consider the factors in (E) before reserving support under (D). We 

hold that the trial court is not required to do so. 
 - 6 - 

The trial court properly exercised its discretion by reserving spousal support to both the 

parties. Accordingly, we affirm. 

Affirmed.
 - 7 - 

Benton, J., concurring in the result. 

 It seems clear to me that if the wife’s attorney had simply requested the trial judge to 

grant leave to file the amended bill of complaint, the issue in this case would not be consuming 

the parties’ resources or judicial resources. In my view, this appeal presents a series of 

procedural issues that were avoidable. 

Inexplicably, after the evidence had been taken and the case was ripe for entry of the final 

decree of divorce, the parties first presented to the trial judge arguments on all the motions that 

had been permitted to accumulate: the husband’s motion to dismiss the wife’s bill of complaint, 

the husband’s motion to compel the wife to respond to discovery, the husband’s motion to award 

sanctions against the wife, the wife’s motion to award her pendente lite spousal support, and the 

husband’s motion to enter the proposed final decree. The record also reflects that at the time of 

the hearing on these arguments (four months after the bill of complaint was filed) the wife had 

not filed an answer to the husband’s cross-bill and had not filed a motion for leave to file her 

amended complaint. Indeed, during argument before the trial judge, the husband’s attorney 

indicated, without contradiction, that the issue of the wife’s failure to comply with Rule 1:8 was 

raised with the wife’s attorney early in the proceeding. Yet, the matter apparently was not 

further pursued by either party until four months later. Simply put, the parties left unresolved all 

of these issues as the case proceeded and asked the trial judge to rule upon them at the same time 

the husband requested entry of the final decree of divorce. 

 After hearing the arguments, the trial judge ruled as follows: 

[T]he Court grants [the husband’s] Motion to Dismiss the Bill of 

Complaint; finds that the [wife’s] Amended Bill of Complaint is 

not properly before the Court; and holds that a divorce be granted 

based on the [husband’s] Cross-Bill, as supported by the deposition 

testimony filed herein. The Court directs [the husband’s attorney] 

to amend the sketch Final Decree previously submitted to reflect 

the correct date of the property settlement agreement, include a 
 - 8 - 

reservation of [the wife’s] right to request spousal support pursuant 

to Va. Code 20-107.1(D) . . . . 

The wife did not appeal any of the judge’s rulings (striking her bill of complaint, striking her 

amended bill of complaint, and granting the divorce based on the cross-bill of complaint). 

Therefore, the trial judge’s rulings govern the law of the case before us. 

 The majority reasons that if the complaint is a “non-entity,” then by association the 

cross-bill is also a “non-entity.” I disagree. The wife’s bill of complaint, which the trial judge 

struck, failed to allege jurisdictional requirements for a divorce and was insufficient to give the 

trial judge authority to grant her relief. See Beckner v. Beckner, 204 Va. 580, 583, 132 S.E.2d 

715, 717-18 (1963) (holding that “[t]he act relied upon for divorce must be alleged and proved to 

have occurred prior to the bringing of the suit”). The trial judge ruled in his opinion letter that he 

had jurisdiction in this case by virtue of the husband’s cross-bill of complaint, independent of the 

wife’s defective bill of complaint. The record supports the trial judge’s ruling. This is not a case 

in which “the relief sought in the cross-bill is defensive merely, and would be satisfied by the 

dismissal of the original bill.” Equitable Life Assurance Soc. v. Wilson, 110 Va. 571, 573, 66 

S.E. 836, 837 (1910). The husband’s cross-bill alleged every fact necessary to give the circuit 

court jurisdiction to grant a divorce. Indeed, after pleading the necessary jurisdictional facts in 

his cross-bill, the husband requested “that he be granted a divorce from the [wife] on the grounds 

that the parties have lived separate and apart without cohabitation and without interruption for a 

period of time in excess of twelve months pursuant to [Code §] 20-91.” 

 Equally clear is the trial judge’s authority to exercise personal jurisdiction over the wife, 

even after striking her pleadings. The fact that the husband’s cross-bill was mailed to the wife’s 

attorney, and not served by process, is of no moment. The record establishes that the wife made 

a general appearance in the circuit court when she filed pleadings and participated in the entire 

process by her appearance and the appearance of her attorney of record. Specifically, the wife 
 - 9 - 

sought affirmative relief of pendente lite spousal support and filed an “omnibus motion for 

relief,” requesting, in part, that her “amended bill of complaint should be considered as a 

responsive pleading to [the husband’s] Cross-Bill” and that she be granted “an extension of time 

. . . in which to file an Answer.” Without a jurisdictional objection, the wife’s attorney also 

endorsed the final decree, which granted relief to her. In short, the wife’s participation in the 

proceeding constituted a general appearance, which has long been recognized as “a waiver of 

process, equivalent to personal service of process, and confers jurisdiction of the person on the 

Court.” Nixon v. Rowland, 192 Va. 47, 50, 63 S.E.2d 757, 759 (1951). 

 In his opinion letter, the trial judge also ruled as follows: 

 The [husband] asserts that divorce should be granted on the 

basis of his Cross-Bill. It is clear that a divorce may be granted 

“[o]n the application of either party if and when the husband and 

wife have lived separate and apart without any cohabitation and 

without interruption for one year.” Va. Code Ann. § 20-91 

(Michie’s 2004). “For there to be an ‘application’ under this 

statute, the party applying must himself seek affirmative relief by 

way of divorce in his favor through an original divorce proceeding 

or through a cross-bill filed in a pending suit.” Moore v. Moore, 

218 Va. 790, 796 (1978). The Court finds that the [husband’s] 

Cross-Bill was properly filed, and that the [wife] has not disputed 

any element of that pleading by Answer. 

The wife does not contest this ruling on appeal. Moreover, in view of the record in this case, the 

trial judge’s ruling is undoubtedly correct. 

 Although I do not accept all the views in the majority opinion, I concur in affirming the 

trial judge’s decision to grant the wife a reservation of spousal support. The majority concludes 

that the wife adequately raised the matter of spousal support through her bill of complaint, 

despite the complaint’s fatal flaw. I agree that the wife adequately raised the issue but, in my 

view, she did so through her request for pendente lite spousal support. We have repeatedly 

held that where there is no bar to the right of spousal support “it is 

reversible error for the trial court, upon request of either party, to 

fail to make a reservation in the decree of the right to receive 
 - 10 - 

spousal support in the event of a change of circumstances,” even 

though, at the time of the decree, neither party needed support. 

Blank v. Blank, 10 Va. App. 1, 4, 389 S.E.2d 723, 724 (1990) (quoting Bacon v. Bacon, 3 

Va. App. 484, 491, 351 S.E.2d 37, 41 (1986)). We have explained that it is not necessary to 

“explicitly request a reservation of the right to seek spousal support.” Vissicchio v. Vissicchio, 

27 Va. App. 240, 254, 498 S.E.2d 425, 432 (1998). Instead, we have tied the trial judge’s 

authority to grant this relief to the existence of a pleading in which the recipient spouse has made 

a request for spousal support, holding that a “request for spousal support implicitly contained a 

request for future spousal support, as events warranted.” Id. 

 The record indicates that, during the course of this divorce proceeding, the wife filed a 

request for pendente lite support. The trial judge did not strike this pleading. In my view, this 

pleading provided a sufficient basis to put the husband on notice that the wife’s spousal support 

was an issue that was appropriate for a reservation of the right to receive support in the future as 

permitted by Code § 20-107.1(D). Additionally, I would hold that in view of the peculiar 

posture of the case (where the contested issues of sufficiency of the wife’s pleadings, which 

requesting spousal support, were not brought before the trial judge for a ruling until the evidence 

was closed and the final decree was ripe for entry), the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in 

deeming that a reservation of future spousal support was appropriate and warranted. 

 For these reasons, I would hold that the trial judge did not err in reserving to the wife the 

right to receive spousal support in the future.