# Patent

## Title
Multi-mok modulation/demodulation transmission process, corresponding transmitter and receiver

## Abstract

A method and an apparatus for transmitting data using multi-MOK modulation/demodulation transmission process corresponding to transmitter and receiver are disclosed. At transmission, the data to be transmitted is divided into N data blocks. The N blocks are processed in parallel in N M-ary orthogonal keying (MOK) modulation channels, each modulation using a group of spread codes, each channel emitting a signal, all these signals (S) are transmitted in series. At reception, the signal received (R) is processed in N MOK demodulation channels and the blocks obtained are grouped together in series.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a multi-MOK modulation/demodulation transmission process, and the corresponding transmitter and receiver.
The invention is generally applied in digital applications and more particularly in wireless local area networks WLAN, wireless local loops WLL, mobile telephone communications, home automation and remote collection, communications in transportation, cabled television and multimedia services on cabled networks, etc.
STATE OF THE RELATED ART
The invention is based on the spectral spread technique. It is known that this technique consists of the modulation of a digital symbol to be transmitted by a pseudo-random sequence known by the user. Each sequence is composed of N items called “chips”, the duration of which is one Nth of the duration of a symbol. This results in a signal with a spectrum spread over a range N times broader that that of the original signal. At reception, the demodulation consists of correlating the signal received with the sequence used at transmission to obtain the initial symbol.
This technique offers numerous advantages:

    
    
        discretion, since, as the power of the transmitted signal is constant and distributed over an N times broader band, its spectral power density is reduced by a factor N;
        immunity to voluntary or parasitic narrow band transmissions, the correlation operation carried out at the receiver resulting in the spectral spread of these transmissions;
        difficult interception (for usual signal to noise ratios), since the demodulation requires the knowledge of the sequence used at transmission;
        resistance to multiple paths which, under some conditions, induce selective frequency fading and, therefore, only affect the transmitted signal partially;
        possibility of a code division multiple access or CDMA: several direct sequence spectral spread links can share the same frequency band using orthogonal spread codes.
    
    


However, this technique has one disadvantage: its low spectral efficiency. This term refers to the data bit rate and the width of the band occupied. If each data symbol contains m bits, the data bit rate is equal to m times the symbol rate, or mDs. The occupied band is equal to double the chip frequency, i.e. 2N times the symbol rate, or 2NDs. Therefore, this gives a spectral density equal to the ratio




  
    mDs
    
      2
      ⁢
      NDs
    
  
  ,
  
    or
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    
      
        m
        
          2
          ⁢
          N
        
      
      .
    
  




It would be possible to consider increasing the spectral efficiency by decreasing N, but this would affect the inherent qualities of the spread and, in particular, would have a detrimental effect on the immunity of transmissions. It would also be possible to consider increasing the symbol rate, but interference between symbols would be worsened.
Another solution would consist of increasing m, the number of data bits per symbol, which would result in the use of complex, “higher order” modulations. Indeed, the present invention uses this method. Therefore, it is possible to summarise what these modulations consist of, essentially two of said modulations, i.e. PSK or “Phase Shift Keying” modulation, which is a phase modulation (or encoding), and MOK or “M-ary Orthogonal Keying”.
A description of these modulations can be found in two general works:

    
    
        Andrew J. VITERBI: “CDMA-Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication” Addison-Wesley Wireless Communications Series, 1975,
        John G. PROAKIS: “Digital Communication” McGraw-Hill International Editions, 3rd edition, 1995.
    
    


Firstly, phase shift keying modulation is most frequently a binary modulation, referred to as BPSK, or quaternary modulation, referred to as QPSK. In the first case, symbols can be encoded to one bit m=1 and, in the second, to two bits m=2.
These modulations are generally used in their differential form DBPSK, DQPSK, which ensures satisfactory strength in difficult channels, when no phase retrieval loop is required. This differential form is also very well suited to processing the diversity of propagation paths.
At reception, a differential demodulator performs the multiplication between the signal to be demodulated and its version delayed by a symbol period. In the case of quaternary modulation, two signal channels are used, one channel which processes the component of the signal in phase with a carrier and another channel which processes the component in quadrature with the carrier.
Now, MOK modulation is a technique in which a signal taken from a set of orthogonal signals is associated with each symbol to be transmitted. These signals may be spread codes from the same group of orthogonal codes. In this case, the modulation also carries out the spread. However, these signals may also not be perfectly orthogonal since the orthogonal strain is lower than it seems. Naturally, however, performances are poorer in this case.
If a symbol is composed of m bits, there are 2m possible configurations for the different symbols. Therefore, the number M of codes available must be at least equal to 2m. However, if the length of these codes is N, it is known that N orthogonal codes may be found. Therefore, M=N and the number of bits per symbol is limited to log2N.
The MOK technique has a variant known as MBOK, M-ary Bi-Orthogonal Keying, consisting of adding, to the set of orthogonal signals used in an MOK modulation, their opposites to form a set of 2M signals, which are naturally no longer orthogonal with respect to each other. The demodulation also uses M correlators, adapted to each of the M orthogonal codes, but also requires sign retrieval means.
With the MOK technique, if, to increase the spectral efficiency, the number m of bits in each symbol was increased by one unit, the number M of codes required would be doubled, which would multiply the number of receiver channels by 2. Therefore, the complexity increases at a higher rate than the spectral efficiency. Therefore, this technique involves certain limitations.
MOK and MBOK modulations are used in certain digital communication systems, in conjunction with a coherent reception structure, which requires the knowledge of the phase of the carrier. Sending a preamble, before the transmission of the useful data, is a conventional process enabling the estimation of this phase. However, in channels subject to fading and/or multiple paths, the carrier phase is subject to variations which may be rapid and must be detected and compensated by the reception system. This is generally obtained by the periodic transmission of preambles which then occupy the channel and induce a decrease in the useful data bit rate. According to this scheme, the times of the preamble and the useful data packet must be less than the channel coherence time (time during which the channel is considered to be stationary). In addition, the complexity of the reception structure is increased.
For these reasons, those skilled in the art prefer to use non-coherent, or differentially coherent, demodulation schemes, which do not require the knowledge of the phase data. These techniques do away with the use of long preambles, phase estimators and phase derotators, in exchange for a slight loss of sensitivity. In addition, non-coherent demodulation simplifies the processing of the diversity of propagation paths very significantly since each path has, among other things, its own phase (and therefore would require its own phase estimator in a coherent scheme).
The present invention still aims to increase the spectral efficiency of links, while avoiding the disadvantages mentioned above and making use of the advantages of non-coherent demodulation.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
To this end, the invention recommends to multiply the MOK modulation/demodulation operations to process a plurality of data blocks composed from the data to be transmitted. Naturally, this increases the number of codes, but, as will be seen more clearly below, this also increases the data bit rate very markedly. In the prior art, doubling, for example, the number of codes increased the number of bits transmitted by only one unit, while, in the invention, doubling the number of codes doubles the bit rate.
Therefore, more specifically, the invention relates to a data transmission process, characterised in that:
a) at transmission:

    
    
        the data to be transmitted is divided into N data blocks,
        these N blocks are processed in parallel in N M-ary orthogonal keying MOK modulation channels, each modulation using a group of spread codes, each channel emitting a signal,
        all these signals are transmitted in series.
    
    


b) at reception:

    
    
        the signal received is processed in N M-ary orthogonal keying MOK demodulation channels, giving N data blocks,
        said N data blocks are grouped together in series to reproduce the transmitted data.
    
    


The MOK modulation and demodulation may consist of conventional type or M-ary bi-orthogonal keying MBOK type modulation and demodulation. They may also consist of an M-ary orthogonal keying modulation/demodulation combined with a phase shift keying PSK modulation/demodulation. The latter may be of the differential type, DPSK.
The number of spread codes may be the same in each group. It may also be different between groups. These numbers may advantageously be to the power of 2.
The present invention also relates to a transmitter for the implementation of the transmission phase of this process and a receiver for the implementation of the reception phase.
To underline the multiple nature of the process, and the link with the MOK techniques, the Applicant refers to its technique using the term multi-MOK, or M-MOK for short.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a transmitter according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a receiver according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a two-channel transmitter using the combined MOK-DPSK technique;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a corresponding receiver;
FIG. 5 is a general diagram of a transmitter with N MOK-PSK type channels;
FIG. 6 is a general diagram of a corresponding receiver.



DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a transmitter according to the invention. As shown, it comprises a main input E receiving the data to be transmitted (generally symbols comprising one or more bits). It is assumed that a packet of this data comprises m bits. This data is divided into N blocks B1, B2, . . . , BN by a serial/parallel converter type circuit 2. These N blocks comprise m1, m2, . . . , mN bits, respectively; these numbers may be equal, but not necessarily. The transmitter also comprises N MOK modulation means, 41, 42, . . . , 4N. Each of these means comprises a group of spread codes sufficient in number to process the block it receives. As described in the description of the state of the related art, to process a block of mi bits, 2mi codes are required for a conventional MOK modulation. Since there are N groups of codes, the total number P of codes used in the transmitter is:




  P
  =
  
    
      ∑
      
        i
        =
        1
      
      N
    
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    
      2
      
        m
        i
      
    
  




If all the blocks are composed of the same number of bits, or mu, and if no code is used several times, the transmitter uses P=N.2mu codes and it is capable of processing N×mu bits.
Conversely, given the total number P of codes and the number N of groups, the number mu of bits per block

mu=log2(P/N)

and the total number of bits transmitted is:




  
    m
    =
    
      
        ∑
        u
      
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        m
        u
      
    
  
  ,




Nlog2 (P/N) if all the blocks have the same number of bits.

It is seen that to multiply the bit rate by N, it is sufficient to multiply the number of codes by N. If N=2, the bit rate is doubled by doubling the number of codes, while in the prior art doubling the number of codes only made it possible to add one bit. Therefore, the gain in terms of bit rate is considerable.
For the transmitter in FIG. 1, the means 41, 42, . . . , 4N emit signals S1, S2, . . . , SN (which are spread codes selected according to the blocks to be transmitted). These signals are applied to a parallel-serial converter type circuit, the output of which is connected to transmission means 6.
FIG. 2 represents a corresponding receiver. As shown, this receiver comprises reception means 10, which emit a signal R, which is processed in a group of P filters 111, 112, . . . , 11P which may be considered to be distributed in N groups of filters, these filters being adapted to the spread code of the different groups used at transmission. Each of these filters receives the signal R and emits a filtered signal R1, R2, . . . RP.
These filters are followed by the same number of means 121, 122, . . . , 12P to estimate the energy (or amplitude) of the filtered signals and a circuit 13 capable of determining, in each of the N groups of signals, which signal has the greatest energy (or amplitude). The circuit 13 has N outputs s1, s2, . . . , sN each emitting the rank of the signal with the greatest energy. These outputs are connected to N code tables 141, 142, . . . , 14N which makes it possible to retrieve the N codes corresponding to these N ranks and emit the N corresponding data blocks B1, B2, . . . , BN. The receiver is completed by a parallel-serial converter type circuit 15, which reproduces, on a main output S, the transmitted data (in m bits).
The present invention may be used within the scope of a particular PSK and MOK technique referred to as DP-MOK. This technique was the subject of the French patent application No. 98 11564 submitted on 16 Sep. 1998 by the present Applicant, but which is not part of the related art to be taken into account for the consideration of the inventive activity of the present invention. In this DP-MOK technique, one part of the bits of each symbol is transmitted according to the MOK technique and another part according to the DPSK technique with spectral spread by the sequence selected for the MOK technique. At reception, the sequence used at transmission is first of all reproduced by adapted parallel filtering, thus reproducing a part of the bits of the symbol. The appropriate filter signal is demodulated differentially to retrieve the other part of the bits.
FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a transmitter using this DP-MOK technique in the particular case where two channels are used (N=2). The two channels comprise the same means indicated by references indexed 1 for the first and 2 for the second. Only the first will be described, since the second can be immediately deduced from it.
The data to be transmitted (m bits) is converted to parallel by a serial-parallel converter 18 which emits two blocks B1 and B2 with the same number of bits m1 and m2. The first channel comprises:

    
    
        means 221 to divide the m bits of B1 into a first subgroup (23MOK)1 of (mMOK)1 bits and a second subgroup (23DPSK)1 of (mDPSK)1 bits where m1=(mMOK)1+(mDPSK)1;
        a conversion circuit 281 receiving the (mMOK)1 bits and converting them to an address directed towards a code table 301, which comprises 2 to the power of (mMOK)1 orthogonal (or approximately orthogonal) spread codes and finally a generator 321 of the selected spread code (Ci)1;
        a differential encoding circuit 241, essentially composed of a logic multiplier and a time-delay circuit;
        a PSK modulator referenced 261;
        a spectral spread circuit 341 working with the code (Ci)1 emitted by the generator 321 and applying it to the modulated signal emitted by the modulator 261.
    
    


The transmitter also comprises a radiofrequency stage 35 connected to the two channels and followed by a transmission antenna.
The corresponding receiver is represented in FIG. 4. As shown, it comprises two identical channels, of which only the first will be described. This channel comprises:

    
    
        P filters (401)1, (402)1, . . . , (40P)1 adapted to the P spread codes that can be used at transmission, these filters receiving the signal in the basic band;
        P samplers (421)1, (422)1, . . . , (42P)1 controlled by a synchronisation signal;
        means 441 to determine the filtered signal which has the greatest energy (or amplitude) (maximum squared modulus), these means comprising a first output (441)1 carrying the number of the channel corresponding to the maximum signal, and a second output (442)1 emitting the actual signal;
        a circuit 461 connected to the first output and which, on the basis of the number of the channel corresponding to the signal with the greatest amplitude, emits the data (mMOK)1;
        a time-delayed multiplication circuit connected to the second output (442)1 and composed of a multiplier 521 of a circuit 541 inverting the phase and a time-delay circuit 561;
        a PSK demodulator 581 emitting the data (mDPSK)1;
        the data (mMOK)1 and (mDPSK)1 then being grouped together to reconstitute the transmitted symbol S1.
    
    


The receiver is completed by a parallel-serial converter 60 which groups together the signals S1 and S2 and reproduces the m bits transmitted.
The maximum signal selection operation takes some time. As this operation is used to direct one of the inputs to the output (channel switching), it is essential to time-delay the channels by a corresponding time, since the switching must be carried out exactly on the data used for channel selection. Such time-delay operations are standard in such techniques and are not shown.
FIGS. 3 and 4 are analytical, to give a clearer understanding of this particular embodiment. However, in practice, the circuits may be more synthetic as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. These Figures relate to a PSK technique.
FIG. 5 shows a transmitter with an input E, a serial/parallel converter 70, a circuit 8 dividing into N MOK blocks and N PSK blocks, a table 90 of P codes receiving on N inputs the N MOK blocks, a circuit 100 receiving the N codes selected in the table 90 and spreading the N PSK blocks, a circuit 110 combining the N spread signals S1, . . . , SN, and finally transmission means 112.
FIG. 6 shows a receiver with reception means 118, a group of P adapted filters 1201, . . . , 120P, a group of P energy estimation circuits 1301, . . . , 130P for the filtered signals, a circuit 140 receiving the P estimations and emitting on N outputs the N numbers of the channels carrying the N signals with the greatest energy, N circuits 1501, . . . , 150N capable of selecting the channel corresponding to the number addressed to it, N PSK demodulators 1521, . . . , 152N, a formatting circuit 160 receiving on N first inputs N MOK blocks and on N second inputs N PSK blocks, this circuit emitting, on a main output S, the transmitted data.
Finally, it is possible to calculate the data bit rate obtained according to the invention for some particular cases.
In a first series of examples, it is assumed that all the codes are different. P is the total number of codes available. For the N codes used simultaneously to be different, at transmission, a code is selected from a group of P/N codes.
The number of MOK bits for each channel is:

(mMOK)u=log2 P/N 

(mPSK)u is the number of PSK bits on each channel. The number of bits transmitted per symbol is:

m=mMOK+mPSK=N{log2P/N+(mPSK)U}

Table 1 gives some numeric examples of MOK (N=1) (prior art) and M-MOK (N>1) (invention where mPSK=2 (QPSK)) modulations.














P = 8
P = 16




















N = 1 (MOK)
mMOK = 3
mMOK = 4




m = 5 bits/symb
m = 6 bits/symb



N = 2 (M − MOK)
mMOK = 2
mMOK = 3




m = 8 bits/symb
m = 10 bits/symb



N = 4 (M − MOK)
mMOK = 1
mMOK = 2




m = 12 bits/symb
m = 16 bits/symb



N = 8 (M = MOK)
—
mMOK = 1





m = 24 bits/symb










In the above examples, it was assumed that all the codes were different. However, it is possible to reuse the same code. A special code must then be associated with each code so that the codes transmitted on the channel are always different. Therefore, it is necessary to have P codes plus one special code. For simplification purposes, the value N=2 is taken.
The channels used are then selected from P and not from P/2. Consequently, the number of transmitted MOK bits is:

mMOK=2.log 2P instead of 2.(log2)−1)

When the detector detects a data item on the channel of the special code, it knows that the MOK data item is identical on the two channels used.
Numeric examples in the QPSK case:

















P = 8,
N = 2:
m = 2 (3 + 2) = 10 bits/symb



P = 16,
N = 2:
m − 2 (4 + 2) = 12 bits/symb

## Claims

1. A method comprising:
dividing data to be transmitted into a predetermined number of data blocks;
performing, in parallel, an M-ary orthogonal keying modulation operation on each of said data blocks, wherein each said M-ary orthogonal keying modulation operation modulates a corresponding one of said data blocks using a group of spreading codes, each of said M-ary orthogonal keying modulation operations resulting in a corresponding M-ary orthogonal keyed signal;
combining the resulting M-ary orthogonal keyed signals and transmitting the combined signal;
receiving the combined signal and processing the combined signal in a number of parallel M-ary orthogonal keying demodulation operations, said number corresponding to said predetermined number of data blocks, wherein each said M-ary orthogonal keying demodulation operation processes the combined signal using a group of spreading codes corresponding to a group of spreading codes used by one of said M-ary orthogonal keying modulation operations;
choosing an output data block for each of said M-ary orthogonal keying demodulation operations based on relative amplitudes or energies of results obtained by processing the combined signal using each code of said group of spreading codes used by the respective M-ary orthogonal keying demodulation operation; and
combining the output data blocks obtained for the M-ary orthogonal keying demodulation processes.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the M-ary orthogonal keying modulation and demodulation operations include M-ary bi-orthogonal keying (MBOK) modulation and demodulation operations.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said performing includes combining said M-ary orthogonal keying modulation operations with phase shift keying (PSK) modulations; and wherein said processing includes combining said M-ary orthogonal keying demodulations with PSK demodulations.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the phase shift keying modulations and demodulations include differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulations and demodulations.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein each group of spreading codes contains the same number of spreading codes.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the spreading codes used are all different from one group to another group, and wherein the numbers of spreading codes in the groups are equal to powers of 2.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein one or more particular spreading codes are used in more than one group.

8. The method according to claim 4, wherein the number of spreading codes is the same in each group.

9. The method according to claim 5, wherein the spreading codes used are all different from one group to another group, and wherein the numbers of spreading codes in the groups are equal to powers of 2.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein said processing includes filtering the combined signal in groups of parallel filtering operations, each of said groups of parallel filtering operations corresponding to one of said groups of spreading codes, wherein each filtering operation from each group of parallel filtering operations processes the combined signal according to a different one of the spreading codes from the group of spreading codes to which the group of parallel filtering operations corresponds.

11. A method comprising:
processing a received signal at a plurality of filters adapted to a respective plurality of M-ary orthogonal keyed signals to provide a plurality of filtered signals, with more than one filtered signal associated with each of said M-ary orthogonal keyed signals;
ranking said filtered signals associated with each of said plurality of M-ary orthogonal keyed signals based, at least in part, on amplitudes or energies associated with said filtered signals; and
demodulating said filtered signals based, at least in part, on said ranking to provide a plurality of associated data blocks.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein said demodulating comprises:
retrieving a plurality of codes according to rankings of associated filtered signals, to obtain retrieved codes; and
processing said retrieved codes to provide said associated data blocks.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein said demodulating said filtered signals further comprises demodulating said filtered signals according to a phase shift keying demodulation technique.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein said demodulating said filtered signals further comprises demodulating said filtered signals according to an M-ary bi-orthogonal keying demodulation technique.

15. The method of claim 11, wherein each of said plurality of M-ary orthogonal keyed signals is associated with a respective group of spreading codes, and wherein each of said plurality of filters is adapted to a spreading code from said groups of spreading codes.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein each group of spreading codes contains a set of spreading codes that are different from a set of spreading codes contained in any other group of spreading codes.

17. A receiver, comprising:
a plurality of filters adapted to a respective plurality of M-ary orthogonal keyed signals to provide a plurality of filtered signals in response to a received signal, with more than one filtered signal associated with each of said M-ary orthogonal keyed signals;
a circuit adapted to rank said filtered signals associated with each of said plurality of M-ary orthogonal keyed signals based, at least in part, on amplitudes or energies associated with said filtered signals, thus resulting in a ranking; and
a plurality of demodulators, each associated with a respective group of said plurality of filtered signals associated with one of said plurality of M-ary orthogonal keyed signals and adapted to demodulate said associated plurality of filtered signals based, at least in part, on said ranking.

18. The receiver of claim 17, said plurality of demodulators comprising a plurality of code tables, and wherein said plurality of demodulators are further adapted to process said associated filtered signals based, at least in part, on codes retrieved from said code tables, said codes being retrieved from said code tables based, at least in part, on said ranking of said plurality of filtered signals.

19. The receiver of claim 17, wherein said plurality of demodulators are further adapted to demodulate said filtered signals according to a phase shift keying demodulation technique.

20. The receiver of claim 17, wherein said plurality of demodulators are further adapted to demodulate said filtered signals according to an M-ary bi-orthogonal keying demodulation technique.

21. A receiver, comprising:
means for processing a received signal in a number of parallel M-ary orthogonal keying demodulation operations, said number corresponding to a predetermined number of data blocks, wherein each said M-ary orthogonal keying demodulation operation processes the combined signal using a group of spreading codes;
means for choosing an output data block for each said M-ary orthogonal keying demodulation operation based on relative amplitudes or energies of results obtained by processing the received signal using each code of said group of spreading codes corresponding to the respective M-ary orthogonal keying demodulation operation; and
means for serially combining the output data blocks obtained from the M-ary orthogonal keying demodulation processes.

22. The receiver according to claim 21, wherein each of said M-ary orthogonal keying demodulation operations comprises an M-ary bi-orthogonal keying (MBOK) demodulation operation.

23. The receiver according to claim 21, wherein said means for processing includes processing by combining said M-ary orthogonal keying demodulations with phase shift keying demodulations.

24. The receiver according to claim 23, wherein each phase shift keying demodulation comprises a differential phase shift keying (DPSK) demodulation.

25. The receiver according to claim 21, wherein said means for processing includes means for filtering the combined signal in groups of parallel filtering operations, each of said groups of parallel filtering operations corresponding to one of said groups of spreading codes, wherein each filtering operation from each group of parallel filtering operations processes the combined signal according to a different one of the spreading codes from the group of spreading codes to which the group of parallel filtering operations corresponds.