COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Elder, Petty and Alston 

ROBERT D. DICKERSON 

 OPINION BY 

v. Record No. 1215-10-1 JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY 

JUNE 14, 2011 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON 

Louis R. Lerner, Judge 

 (Kimberly Enderson Hensley; Office of Public Defender, on brief), 

for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief. 

(Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General; Leah A. Darron, Senior 

Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. Appellee 

submitting on brief. 

 

 Appellant, Robert Dickerson, was convicted in a bench trial of cocaine possession in 

violation of Code § 18.2-250. On appeal, Dickerson argues the evidence was insufficient to 

convict him of this crime. Because Dickerson did not properly preserve this argument, we affirm 

his conviction. 

 In early April of 2009, a police officer for the City of Hampton arrested Dickerson for 

public intoxication after finding him passed out in a car blocking the driveway of a private 

residence. As the officer removed Dickerson from the car to arrest him, the officer noticed a 

scale with what appeared to be marijuana residue on it near Dickerson’s left thigh. The officer 

searched Dickerson incident to his arrest and discovered marijuana and cocaine in his pockets. 

The officer testified to these facts at a bench trial. At the close of the Commonwealth’s 

evidence, Dickerson made a motion to strike the evidence “based on the insufficiency of the 
- 2 -

evidence,” but argued only that the police unlawfully searched him.1

 Subsequently, Dickerson 

testified that he had no idea where the cocaine came from, that it was not in his pockets, and that 

it was not his. Dickerson never made a motion to strike after the close of all the evidence.2

Instead, Dickerson’s counsel made a one-sentence closing argument, saying, “Your Honor, my 

client indicates clearly under oath that that was not his cocaine, that he never possessed that 

cocaine and I would submit it to the Court with that.” Evidently choosing to believe the officer 

and disbelieve Dickerson, the trial court found Dickerson guilty of cocaine possession. This 

appeal followed. 

Rule 5A:18 states3: “No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for 

reversal unless the objection was stated together with the grounds therefor at the time of the 

ruling . . . .” “Not just any objection will do. It must be both specific and timely—so that the 

trial judge would know the particular point being made in time to do something about it.” 

Thomas v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 741, 750, 607 S.E.2d 738, 742, adopted upon reh’g 

en banc, 45 Va. App. 811, 613 S.E.2d 870 (2005). “The goal of the contemporaneous objection 

rule is to avoid unnecessary appeals, reversals and mistrials by allowing the trial judge to 

 1

 Generally, “a motion to strike can never be a proper vehicle to argue suppression of 

illegally obtained evidence since the questions of legal sufficiency and constitutional compliance 

are fundamentally different questions requiring different analyses.” Arrington v. 

Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 635, 642 n.12, 674 S.E.2d 554, 558 n.12 (2009). 

2

 “‘[W]hen a defendant elects to present evidence on his behalf, he waives the right to 

stand on his motion to strike the evidence made at the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s case.’” 

McQuinn v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 753, 755, 460 S.E.2d 624, 625 (1995) (quoting White 

v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 231, 233, 348 S.E.2d 866, 867 (1986)). 

3

 Effective July 1, 2010, Rule 5A:18 was revised to state that “[n]o ruling of the trial 

court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable 

certainty at the time of the ruling . . . .” Because the proceedings below were completed prior to 

this revision taking effect, we will rely on the language of Rule 5A:18 that was then in effect. 

See Fails v. Va. State Bar, 265 Va. 3, 5 n.1, 574 S.E.2d 530, 531 n.1 (2003) (applying the Rule 

of Court in effect at the time of the proceedings below). 
- 3 -

intelligently consider an issue and, if necessary, to take corrective action.” Campbell v. 

Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 476, 480, 405 S.E.2d 1, 2 (1991) (en banc) (citing Head v. 

Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 163, 167, 348 S.E.2d 423, 426 (1986)). 

In Williams v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 412, 368 S.E.2d 293 (1988), a divided panel 

of this Court held that while a motion to strike made at the close of all the evidence could 

preserve a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a bench trial, a closing argument could 

not. Id. at 413-14, 368 S.E.2d at 293-94. However, this Court subsequently reversed that 

holding in Campbell, 12 Va. App. 476, 405 S.E.2d 1, holding that an appellant has preserved a 

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a bench trial when he makes an appropriate 

argument in a motion to strike at the close of the Commonwealth’s evidence and then renews this 

argument in closing. Id. at 478, 405 S.E.2d at 1-2. We have therefore held since Campbell that 

an appropriate argument made during closing, or “summation,” will preserve a challenge to the 

sufficiency of the evidence in a bench trial. E.g., Delaney v. Commonwealth, 55 Va. App. 64, 

66, 683 S.E.2d 834, 835 (2009) (citing Howard v. Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 473, 478, 465 

S.E.2d 142, 144 (1995)); Howard, 21 Va. App. at 478, 465 S.E.2d at 144 (citing Campbell, 12 

Va. App. at 478-81, 405 S.E.2d at 1-3). 

However, not every argument made in summation is an argument attacking the 

sufficiency of the evidence. As the Court explained in Campbell, a “closing argument may 

address other issues,” such as “a statute of limitations, an affirmative defense or the weight of the 

evidence.” Campbell, 12 Va. App. at 481, 405 S.E.2d at 3 (emphasis added). Generally, a 

closing argument focused only on the factual persuasiveness of the evidence, that is, the 

credibility of the witnesses or the weight of the evidence, is distinct from a challenge to the legal 

sufficiency of the evidence. A sufficiency challenge requires the trial court to view the evidence 

in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth. Cf. Cooper v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 
- 4 -

558, 562, 680 S.E.2d 361, 363 (2009) (discussing the sufficiency standard of review employed 

by an appellate court). “Viewing the [evidence] through this evidentiary prism requires [the trial 

court] to ‘discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and 

regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to 

be drawn therefrom.’” Id. (quoting Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498, 270 S.E.2d 755, 

759 (1980)). An argument on the merits, however, employs a very different evidentiary prism. 

This argument asks the trial court to reject any of the Commonwealth’s evidence that is 

inconsistent with the accused’s theory of the case and to accept instead the accused’s 

interpretation of the evidence. 

In light of the different arguments that the accused could present to the trial court, Rule 

5A:18 requires the accused to specifically raise a legal challenge to the sufficiency of the 

evidence in order to preserve that issue for appeal. Generally, this is easily achieved when the 

accused makes a motion to strike the evidence. By utilizing that device, the accused has a better 

opportunity to adequately alert the trial court to both the relief being sought and, as importantly, 

the basis for that relief.4

 However, when the accused elects to forgo a motion to strike and 

proceed directly to closing argument, it is incumbent on him to make the trial court aware that he 

is challenging something other than the veracity of the evidence that supports the 

Commonwealth’s theory. As Campbell points out, the sufficiency challenge must be clear 

enough for the trial court to discern its presence and to be able to distinguish it from an argument 

 4

 For instance, on appeal Dickerson argues that “[t]he Commonwealth failed to exclude 

the reasonable hypothesis that appellant truly had no knowledge of the cocaine.” He then cited 

Young v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 587, 659 S.E.2d 308 (2008), in support of that argument. 

Had this argument been presented to the trial court, it would have alerted the court to his 

challenge that the officer’s testimony and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from that 

testimony were insufficient to prove one of the requisite elements of the offense. At trial, 

however, he simply restated his own testimony, which, unless incriminating, is quite frankly 

irrelevant to a legal sufficiency analysis. 
- 5 -

on the merits. Campbell, 12 Va. App. at 481, 405 S.E.2d at 3 (holding that “if the issue of 

sufficiency is clearly presented to the trial court . . . in a closing argument,” the issue is preserved 

for appeal (emphasis added)). “Not every closing argument accomplishes this objective.”5 Id. 

An argument focused only on which witness is more worthy of belief fails to achieve this 

objective, and therefore the argument does not properly preserve a sufficiency challenge for 

appellate review.6 Id.; see Code § 8.01-384. 

Here, Dickerson made no motion to strike at the close of all the evidence in his bench 

trial. Accordingly, he must rely upon his closing argument to preserve his challenge to the 

sufficiency of the evidence. In his brief closing argument, Dickerson’s counsel did nothing more 

than ask the trial court, sitting as the fact-finder, to disbelieve the police officer’s testimony and 

believe Dickerson’s testimony. This argument merely asked the court to believe his denial that 

he possessed the cocaine. Dickerson never asked the court to rule that the testimony of the 

officer was legally insufficient to support any element of the charge. Accordingly, Dickerson 

failed to preserve his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in the trial court, and we are 

therefore precluded from considering that argument on appeal. See Rule 5A:18. 

Thus, we affirm Dickerson’s conviction. 

Affirmed.

 5

 Nor does every motion to strike accomplish this objective. See, e.g., Scott v. 

Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 35, 44-45, 707 S.E.2d 17, 22 (2011) (holding that an argument 

made in a motion to strike challenging only the sufficiency of the evidence to support 

first-degree murder failed to preserve a sufficiency challenge to the lesser-included charge of 

involuntary manslaughter). 

 

6

 If arguments of this sort were adequate, the rule would be rendered meaningless, since 

every closing argument in a criminal case (short of a concession of guilt) would permit a 

defendant to raise a sufficiency challenge on appeal. 
- 6 -

Elder, J., concurring in the judgment. 

 The majority properly affirms Dickerson’s conviction for cocaine possession in violation 

of Code § 18.2-250. However, I would reach this conclusion on the merits of the case because, 

unlike the majority, I believe the issue of whether Dickerson knew of the presence and character 

of the cocaine found in his pants pockets was properly preserved. Therefore, I write separately 

to concur in the judgment only. 

 The majority holds that counsel’s “one-sentence closing argument” “did nothing more 

than ask the trial court, sitting as fact-finder, to disbelieve the police officer’s testimony and 

believe Dickerson’s testimony.” The majority believes this falls short of a challenge to the 

sufficiency of the evidence, which asks the trial court to view the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the Commonwealth and discard the appellant’s evidence, because it instead asked 

the trial court to discard the Commonwealth’s evidence. The majority reasons that because an 

argument on the merits “employs a very different evidentiary prism” than the sufficiency 

challenge Dickerson argues on appeal, supra at 4, Rule 5A:18 bars our consideration of the 

merits of Dickerson’s appeal. 

In my view, however, distinguishing a “closing argument [that] focuse[s] only on the 

factual persuasiveness . . . or the weight of the evidence” from “a challenge to the legal 

sufficiency of the evidence” draws a distinction without a difference, particularly in this case.7

 

Counsel argued that the cocaine “was not his” and “that he never possessed th[e] cocaine.” 

Counsel based this argument on Dickerson’s testimony and therefore “asked the court to 

disbelieve the police officer’s testimony and believe Dickerson’s testimony”; i.e., evaluate the 

 7

 Of course, I do not suggest that any closing argument may properly preserve a 

sufficiency challenge for appellate review. Rather, I believe that in this particular case, 

counsel’s brief closing argument highlighted the precise issue that is now before this Court: 

whether or not appellant possessed the contraband. 

 
- 7 -

case on the merits by discerning the probative value of the evidence. Supra at 5. In response, the 

trial court held that it was “convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that [Dickerson] [was] guilty of 

[cocaine possession].” By disbelieving Dickerson’s testimony, the trial court necessarily found 

the remaining evidence to be sufficient. In other words, the probative value of that evidence—

the police officer’s testimony versus Dickerson’s testimony—was sufficient to convict so, 

therefore, the legal sufficiency of the evidence was also met. Counsel argued, albeit briefly, that 

Dickerson did not know the cocaine was in his pocket, which is the argument he raises now on 

appeal. So despite the phrasing of the closing argument, Dickerson “raised the issue of the 

sufficiency of the evidence of [constructive possession]” and gave “the trial court . . . an 

opportunity to . . . resolve the issue now raised on appeal.” Campbell v. Commonwealth, 12 

Va. App. 476, 481, 405 S.E.2d 1, 3 (1991) (en banc). 

 On the merits of Dickerson’s appeal, I believe the evidence is sufficient to support a 

finding that Dickerson had the requisite awareness of the nature and character of the cocaine 

because the police officers found the contraband in his pants pocket. 

“In a prosecution for possession of a controlled substance, the Commonwealth must 

produce evidence sufficient to support a conclusion beyond a reasonable doubt that the 

defendant’s possession of the drug was knowing and intentional.” Young v. Commonwealth, 

275 Va. 587, 591, 659 S.E.2d 308, 310 (2008). “The Commonwealth must also establish that the 

defendant intentionally and consciously possessed it with knowledge of its nature and character.” 

Burton v. Commonwealth, 215 Va. 711, 713, 213 S.E.2d 757, 758 (1975). Such knowledge may 

be shown by evidence of the acts, statements or conduct of the accused. See Garland v. 

Commonwealth, 225 Va. 182, 184, 300 S.E.2d 783, 784 (1983). 

 In Young, ambiguous circumstantial evidence cast doubt on whether the defendant knew 

of the nature and character of the contraband found in her purse. 275 Va. at 592, 659 S.E.2d at 
- 8 -

311. Specifically, the arresting officer found a prescription bottle labeled “OxyContin,” a 

controlled substance. The officer could not determine the nature of the pills without the use of 

forensic testing, which revealed the pills contained neither OxyContin nor its generic equivalent. 

Id. at 589, 659 S.E.2d at 309. Further, the pills were prescribed to an individual other than the 

defendant. From this evidence, the Supreme Court of Virginia held it could envision “countless 

scenarios” in which the defendant could have possessed the contraband without fully knowing 

the character and nature of the pills and it reversed the defendant’s conviction. Id. at 592, 659 

S.E.2d at 310-11. 

Such evidence is lacking in the present case to support any reasonable hypothesis of 

innocence that does not spring from Dickerson’s imagination. The suspected crack cocaine was 

wrapped in a clear plastic baggie, allowing the police officer to immediately suspect the true 

nature of the substance. No evidence existed that another individual was identifiably implicated 

in the ownership of Dickerson’s vehicle, contraband, or pants. Dickerson never contended that 

the pants belonged to someone else. See Horne v. Commonwealth, No. 1247-09-2, 2010 

Va. App. LEXIS 220, at *9 (June 1, 2010) (“The jury, as the trier of fact and determiner of 

witness credibility, could reject appellant’s story that the pants were not his and conclude that the 

velour pants, and any item in the pockets of those pants, belonged to appellant.”). Dickerson 

offered no explanation concerning how a substance could enter his pants without his knowledge. 

Indeed, Dickerson testified that he was aware of the marijuana found in his left rear pants pocket. 

The trial court therefore reasonably discounted Dickerson’s claim that he did not know about the 

cocaine and concluded he was lying to conceal his guilt. See Cordon v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 

691, 695, 701 S.E.2d 803, 805 (2010) (“[I]f a defendant’s denial of circumstances relating to an 

illegal act is inconsistent with previous statements or facts, it is fair to infer that such denial was 

for the purposes of concealing guilt.”). 
- 9 -

 Dickerson’s actual possession of the cocaine in his pants pockets, combined with facts 

that contradicted his disclaimer of ownership of the crack cocaine, provide sufficient evidence to 

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he knowingly possessed the cocaine. Accordingly, I would 

affirm his conviction for possession of cocaine on that ground rather than applying Rule 5A:18.