United States Court of Appeals 

For the Seventh Circuit 

Chicago, Illinois 60604 

Submitted November 23, 2021*

Decided November 29, 2021 

Before 

MICHAEL B. BRENNAN, Circuit Judge 

AMY J. ST. EVE, Circuit Judge 

CANDACE JACKSON-AKIWUMI, Circuit Judge

No. 21-1628 

LEONA STACK and JAMES STACK, 

Plaintiffs-Appellants, 

v. 

MENARD, INC., 

 Defendant-Appellee.

 Appeal from the United States District 

Court for the Northern District of 

Indiana, South Bend Division. 

No. 3:19-CV-310-MGG 

Michael G. Gotsch, Sr., 

Magistrate Judge. 

O R D E R 

Leona Stack tripped and fell over something—she does not know what—while 

shopping at a Menards home-improvement store in Mishawaka, Indiana. She and her 

husband, James Stack, sued Menard, Inc., for negligence and loss of consortium. 

Applying Indiana law under its diversity jurisdiction, the district court entered 

*

 We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because the briefs and 

record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not 

significantly aid the court. FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C). 

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION 

To be cited only in accordance with FED. R. APP. P. 32.1 
No. 21-1628 Page 2 

summary judgment for the defendant. The district court correctly ruled that the Stacks 

did not furnish evidence that a defect in the store caused her fall, so we affirm. 

 We describe the record in the light most favorable to the Stacks. See Bishop v. Air 

Line Pilots Ass’n Int’l, 5 F.4th 684, 693 (7th Cir. 2021). While shopping at Menards, Leona 

spotted a candy cane decoration in a seasonal aisle. That aisle’s floor had vinyl planks 

that overlaid, and rose about 1/4 inch above, the store’s normal floor. As she made her 

way from the main section to the seasonal aisle, her eyes remained “fixed” on the 

decoration. When she reached for the candy cane, located at the very beginning of a 

seasonal aisle, she felt the top of her right foot catch on “something” and fell, fracturing 

her pelvis and elbow. 

Leona “did not notice what made [her] fall,” and no one else saw the fall. James, 

who was about twenty feet away, rushed over when he heard his wife yell. She told 

him that she did not know what caused her to trip. While she waited for the store to 

provide her with a wheelchair, James observed that the vinyl plank flooring in the 

seasonal aisle rose slightly above the main flooring. Their son returned the next day to 

take photographs. Leona could not confirm that the photographs accurately represented 

the flooring at the time of her fall, but this is one of the photographs: 
No. 21-1628 Page 3 

After the Stacks sued Menard for negligence and loss of consortium, the case ran 

into problems. Their attorney withdrew because the Stacks did not trust his advice. 

Unsuccessful mediation followed, during which the Stacks, now pro se, rejected two 

settlement offers. Later, the district court entered summary judgment for Menard on the 

negligence claims. It explained that the Stacks offered no triable evidence suggesting 

that a defect in Menard’s flooring caused Leona Stack’s fall: Leona testified at her 

deposition that she did not know what caused her fall, her husband did not see the fall, 

and the photographs from a day later did not capture the condition of the flooring at the 

time of the fall. For two reasons, it excluded the Stacks’ post-deposition assertion in an 

affidavit that the rise in the vinyl planking caused Leona’s fall. First, having sworn in 

the affidavit that they did not see what caused Leona’s fall, they lacked the personal 

knowledge needed for the assertion. Second, the assertion inexplicably contradicted 

Leona’s prior deposition testimony that she “did not notice” what caused her fall. The 

court also entered summary judgment for Menard on James’s loss-of-consortium claim 

because that claim depended on the negligence claim. Finally, the court granted 

Menard’s motion to strike the Stacks’ sur-reply, which they filed without leave, and 

denied the Stacks’ motion for relief from mediation costs. 

On appeal, the Stacks argue that summary judgment was improper. To survive 

summary judgment on their negligence claims under Indiana law, the Stacks must 

furnish admissible evidence from which a jury could find that Leona’s injury was 

caused by Menard’s breach of a duty it owed them. Megenity v. Dunn, 68 N.E.3d 1080, 

1083 (Ind. 2017). We will assume that Menard owed and breached a duty not to leave a 

slightly raised line of flooring at the start the seasonal aisle. The Stacks contend that 

because Leona fell while heading into the seasonal aisle, near the raised line that James 

later saw and his son photographed, a jury could infer that this line caused the fall. 

Menard counters that, with no one having observed the fall, a jury would have to 

speculate about its cause. 

Juries may not infer causation from the mere fact of a fall or from the existence of 

an alleged defect. Hayden v. Paragon Steakhouse, 731 N.E.2d 456, 458 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). 

Nor may they speculate about a cause. Lowrey v. SCI Funeral Servs., Inc., 163 N.E.3d 857, 

861 (Ind. Ct. App. 2021). Thus, plaintiffs who lacked eyewitness observations of the 

cause of their falls have lost at summary judgment. See, e.g., Taylor v. Cmty. Hosps., Inc., 

949 N.E.2d 361, 366 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (plaintiff neither saw nor felt any liquid on the 

floor before or after her fall); Hayden, 731 N.E.2d at 458 (plaintiff did not see any ice in 

the area; he merely “suspect[ed]” that he slipped on ice); Scott Cnty. Family YMCA, Inc. 

v. Hobbs, 817 N.E.2d 603, 604–05 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (plaintiff did not see liquid on floor 
No. 21-1628 Page 4 

at time and place of fall, thus undercutting his assertion that he thought “something 

wet” had tripped him). Plaintiffs may get to trial with first-hand observations made at 

the time of the fall from which a jury could reasonably infer its cause. See, e.g., Barsz v. 

Max Shapiro, Inc., 600 N.E.2d 151, 153 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992) (plaintiff felt “ice” or 

“grease,” and a broken water glass was found nearby); Golba v. Kohl's Dept. Store, Inc., 

585 N.E.2d 14, 17 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992) (plaintiff asserted that she slipped on a small, 

rounded object such as a small stone or BB pellet). 

On this record, a jury could not rationally determine the cause of Leona’s fall. 

Leona tripped on “something” near the vinyl flooring, but no one, including Leona 

(whose eyes were, by her own admission, fixed on a decoration), saw what caught her 

foot. True, a single line of raised flooring was present near the place she fell, but a jury 

may not infer causation from the mere proximity of a defect. See Midwest Com. Banking 

Co. v. Livings, 608 N.E.2d 1010, 1012–13 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993). With no one having seen 

the cause of the fall, a jury would have no way to know whether Leona’s shoe caught on 

the line of raised flooring, the main floor, the flat part of vinyl flooring, or something 

else nearby. Furthermore, the district court permissibly excluded the Stacks’ postdeposition affidavit asserting that the line between the floorings caused the fall. We 

review that evidentiary ruling for abuse of discretion. See Kopplin v. Wis. Central Ltd., 

914 F.3d 1099, 1102 (7th Cir. 2019). The court reasonably ruled that, because the Stacks’ 

affidavit also included a sworn statement that they did not see what tripped Leona, 

they lacked the personal knowledge required under Rule 56(c)(4) of the Federal Rules of 

Civil Procedure to assert the fall’s cause. Likewise, the affidavit’s unexplained 

contradiction with Leona’s prior deposition testimony that she “did not notice” what 

caused her fall further justified the exclusion. See Kopplin, 914 F.3d at 1102. 

We thus conclude that the district court properly entered summary judgment for 

Menard on the negligence claims. It also follows that the court properly entered 

summary judgment on James’s loss-of-consortium claim; a loss-of-consortium claim 

fails when an injured spouse’s claim loses on the merits. City of Columbus v. Londeree, 

145 N.E.3d 827, 837 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020). 

Two issues remain. First, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it 

granted Menard’s motion to strike the Stacks’ sur-reply. Menard did not raise any new 

issues justifying the need for a sur-reply, so the court reasonably denied leave to file it. 

See Schmidt v. Eagle Waste & Recycling, Inc., 599 F.3d 626, 631 n.2 (7th Cir. 2010). Second, 

the district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied the Stacks’ motion for relief 

from mediation costs. The Stacks argue that Menard mediated in bad faith. But bad 
No. 21-1628 Page 5 

faith means dishonesty, Stoehr v. Yost, 765 N.E.2d 684, 687 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), and the 

Stacks have not presented any evidence of dishonesty. 

AFFIRMED