## No. 04-14-00618-CR IN THE FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS AT SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS THOMAS LITTLE Appellant vs. THE STATE OF TEXAS Appellee On Appeal from the 25 District Court th of Guadalupe County, Texas Hon. William D. Old, III Presiding Trial Court Cause No. 14-0698-CR-C APPELLANT’S BRIEF Gregory Sherwood Attorney at Law P.O. Box 200613 Austin, Texas 78720-0613

(512) 484-9029 Email: gsherwood@mail.com State Bar No. 18254600 Court-Appointed Attorney on Appeal

for Appellant Thomas Little ACCEPTED 04-14-00618-CR FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 2/16/2015 8:01:35 PM KEITH HOTTLE CLERKi Id en ti ty of P arti es an d C ou n se l N o . 0 4 - 1 4 - 0 0 6 1 8 - C R ; T hom as L i t t l e v . T

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T ex as T ho m as L i tt l e ( A pp el l ant ): T h o m a s L ittle T D C J # 1965377 G a r z aW e s t U n it 4250 H i ghw a y 202 B e e vi l l e , T e xa s 78102 T r ia l C o u n s e l: A p p e lla te C o u n s e l: S c ottS i m ps on ( r e t a i ne d 2014 tr i a l & pr e tr i a l s ) G r e gory S he rw ood 1901 B ue naV i s t a( appoi nt e d) S a n A nt oni o, T e xa s 78207 P . O . B ox 200613 A us t i n, T e xa s 78720- 0613 B r o c k H u f

f m a n ( r e ta in e d 2 0 1 4 tr ia l) 110 W . N ue va S a n A nt oni o, T e xa s 78204 E d w ard S ch ro ed er (2 0 1 2 & 2 0 1 3 p retri al s) 439 E . O l m os D r i ve S a n A nt oni o, T e xa s 78212 T he S t at e of T exas (A pp el l ee ): Jessi e A l l en (2 0 1 2 & 2 0 1 3 p retri al s) H e a th e rH in e s ( F e b . 2 0 1 4 p r e tr ia l) W i l l i am S qu i re s ( A pr. 20 14 m tn. for c on t i nu ance ) S te v e n D e le m o s ( J u ly 2 0 1 4 p r e tr ia l & A u g . 2 0 1 4 tr ia l) K e ith H e n n e k e ( A u g . 2 0 1 4 tr ia l) A ssi st an tD i stri ctA tt o rn eys 25 Judi ci al D i stri ctA tt orney’ s O ff i ce th 211 W . C our tS tr e e t , S ui t e 260 S e gui n, T e xa s 78155ii T ab le o f C o n te n ts I d e n tity o f

P a r tie s a n d C o u n s e l ....................................................................... i T ab le o f C o n te n ts .......................................................................................... ii I n d e x o f A u th o r itie s ...................................................................................... iv S ta te m e n t o f

th e C a s e .................................................................................... vi S ta te m e n t R e g a r d in g O r a l A r g u m e n t .......................................................... v ii I s s u e s P r e s e n te d .......................................................................................... v ii I s s u e 1 : T h e tr ia l c o u r t e rr e d in r e f u s in g ap p e lla n t’s r e q u e s t f o rag e n e r a l a r tic le 3 8 .2 2 , § 6 v o lu n ta r in e s s in s tru c tio n .................. v ii Is sue 2: T he tri al courtcom m i tt ed egregi ou sl y harm ful error i n fai l i n g t o i n cl u d e a g en eral art i cl e 3 8 . 2 2 , § 7 w arn i n g s in s tru c tio n ( in v o lv in g w a rn in g s g iv e n u n d e r§ § 2 a n d 3 ) ................. v ii S ta te m e n t o f

F a c ts .......................................................................................... 1 S u m m a ry o f

th e A r g u m e n t ............................................................................. 8 A r g u m e n t a n d A u th o r itie s .............................................................................. 9 S ta n d a r d s o f

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o rJ u ry C h a r g e E rr o r ...................................... 10 T h e V id e o tap e d I n te rr o g a tio n a n d R e la te d T e s tim o n y ...................... 13 T h e C h a r g e C o n f

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je c tio n s a n d R u lin g s .............................. 19 W h y th e I n s tru c tio n s S h o u ld H a v e B e e n I n c lu d e d ............................ 22 H a rm A n a ly s is ................................................................................... 24 C o n c lu s io n a n d P r a y e rf o rR e lie f ................................................................. 26iii

C e r tif ic a te o f S e rv ic e ................................................................................... 27 C e r tif ic a tio n o f

C o m p lia n c e ......................................................................... 27iv Index o f A utho ri t i es C as es A lm a n z a v . S ta te , 686 S . W . 2d 157 ( T e x . C r im . A p p . 1 9 8 4 ) ( o p . o n r e h ’g ) .................................................. 10 , 11 B ib le v . S ta te , 1 6 2 S .W .3 d 2 3 4 ( T e x . C r im . A p p . 2 0 0 5 ) ............................. 18 D a v id s o n v . S ta te , 2 5 S .W .3 d 1 8 3 ( T e x . C r im . A p p . 2 0 0 1 ) ................... 17 , 18 D e L a Fu e n te v . S ta te , 432 S . W . 3d 415 ( T e x . A p p . –S a n A n to n io 2 0 1 4 , p e t. r e f’d ) ................................................. 13 N e a l v . S ta te , 2 5 6 S .W .3 d 2 6 4 ( T e x . C r im . A p p . 2 0 0 8 ) .............................. 10 N o n n v . S ta te , 69 S . W . 3d 590 ( T e x . A p p . –C o rp u s C h r is ti 2 0 0 1 ) , af f’d , 1 1 7 S .W .3 d 8 7 4 ( T e x . C r im . A p p . 2 0 0 3 ) ........................................... 19 O u rs b o u r n v . S ta te , 2 5 9 S .W .3 d 1 5 9 ( T e x . C r im . A p p . 2 0 0 8 ) ....... 12 , 13 , 21 , 24 , 25 R e e v e s v . S ta te , 4 2 0 S .W .3 d 8 1 2 ( T e x . C r im . A p p . 2 0 1 3 ) ..................... 10 , 11 Sm ith v . S ta te , 397 S . W . 3d 765 ( T e x . A p p . –S a n A n to n io 2 0 1 3 , n o p e t.) ..................................................... 12 S tu h le rv . S ta te , 2 1 8 S .W .3 d 7 0 6 ( T e x . C r im . A p p . 2 0 0 7 ) .......................... 11 V a s q u ezv . S ta te , 4 1 1 S .W .3 d 9 1 8 ( T e x . C r im . A p p . 2 0 1 3 ) ......................... 22 W a r n e rv . S ta te , 2 4 5 S .W .3 d 4 5 8 ( T e x . C r im . A p p . 2 0 0 8 ) .......................... 11 W illia m s v . S ta te , 5 4 7 S .W .2 d 1 8 ( T e x . C r im . A p p . 1 9 7 7 ) .......................... 10v

S t atut es , R ul e, and L egi sl at i ve H i st ory A c ts 2 0 0 1 , 7 7 L e g . R e g . S e s s ., c h . 9 9 0 , § 2 ...............................................

th 18 E n r o lle d B ill A n a ly s is to H .B . N o . 5 5 3 , 7 7 L e g . R e g . S e s s . ( 2 0 0 1 ) .......... th 18 T e x . C o d e C r im . P r o . a r t. 3 8 .2 2 ....................................... 8 , 17 , 19 , 21 - 23 , 25 T e x . C o d e C r im . P r o . a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 2 ................................................ v ii , 9 , 12 T e x . C o d e C r im . P r o . a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 2 ( a ) ( 5 ) ............................................. 16 - 18 T e x . C o d e C r im . P r o . a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 3 ................................................. v ii , 9 , 12 T e x . C o d e C r im . P r o . a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 3 ( a ) ( 2 ) ................................................... 16 T e x . C o d e C r im . P r o . a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 3 ( e ) ( 2 ) ................................................... 18 T e x . C o d e C r im . P r o . a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 6 ....................................... v ii , 8 , 9 , 12 , 24 T e x . C o d e C r im . P r o . a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 7 ........................... v ii , 8 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 21 , 25 T e x . C o d e C r im . P r o . a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 8 ............................................................ 17 T e x . C o d e C r im . P r o . a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 8 ( 2 ) ........................... 8 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 25 T e x . C o d e C r im . P r o . a r t. 3 8 .2 3 ............................................. 9 , 12 , 20 - 22 , 25 T e x . C o d e C r im . P r o . a r t. 3 8 .2 3 ( a ) .............................................................. 12 T e x . R . A p p . P . 9 .4 ( i) ( 1 ) .............................................................................. 27vi 

## No. 04-14-00618-CR I N THE FOURTH COURT OF APP EALS AT S AN AN T ON I O, T E XA S THOM AS LI TT LE A ppe l l a nt v s. T HE S T AT E OF T E XA S A pp el l ee O n A p p e a l f

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th of G uadal up e C ou nty, T exas H on. W i l l i a m D . O l d, I I I P r e s i di ng T ri al C ou rtC ause N o. 14 -069 8-C R -C APPE LL AN T’ S B RI EF S t at em en to f th e C ase T h i s i s a n ap p e a l f

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ahabi t a t i on by c om m i tt i ng or att em pt i ng t o com m i tki dn appi ng , and (2) se cond degree burgl ary of a h ab ita tio n b y c o m m ittin g o ra tte m p tin g to c o m m it e ith e rth e f t o ra s s a u lt. C l e rk’ s R e c or d ( “ C R ” ) 4- 5 ( i ndi c tm e nt ) ; 56, 58 ( j ury ve r di c t s ) ; a nd 84- 86vii

(j ud gm ent ). T he j ury’ s pun i shm entverdi ctw as tw enty ( 20 ) y ea rs i m pr i s onm e nton both c ount s a nd no f i ne . C R 62- 63. T he w r i tt e n j udgm e nt of c onvi c t i on i nc l ude s the s e t e rm s , s t a t e s tha tthe s e nt e nc e s s ha l l run c onc urr e nt l y , a nd i m pos e s $514 i n c our tc os t s . C R 84.

S t a t e m e ntR e ga r di ng O r a l A r gum e nt A p p e lla n t’s c o u n s e l b e lie v e s th a t th e r e c o r d a n d b r ie f s in th is c a s e w ill be s uf f i c i e ntf orthi s c our tt o de t e rm i ne the i s s ue s r a i s e d w i thoutthe ne e d f or or a l a r gum e nt . H ow e ve r , appe l l a nt ’ s c ouns e l w i l l appe a rt o a r gue i f the p a n e l a s s ig n e d to h e a rth is c a s e s e ts th is c a s e f o rs u b m is s io n o n a r g u m e n t. Is sues P re se nt ed I s s ue 1: T he tr i a l c our te rr e d i n r e f us i ng appe l l a nt ’ s r e que s tf or age ne r a l a r t i c l e 38. 22, § 6 vol unt a r i ne s s i ns truc t i on. I s s u e 2 : T h e tr ia l c o u r t c o m m itte d e g r e g io u s ly h a rm f u l e rr o rin f a i l i ng t o i nc l ude age ne r a l a r t i c l e 38. 22, § 7 w a rni ngs in s tru c tio n ( in v o lv in g w a rn in g s g iv e n u n d e r§ § 2 a n d 3 ) .1 S ta te m e n t o f

F a c ts A pp el l antT ho m as L i tt l e w as i nd i ct ed i n 2 01 2 u nd erthe ca se nu m ber 1 2 -1 7 8 4 -C R , w h ich is th e c as e n u m b erli sted in v o ls. 2 -4 o f th e R ep o rter ’s R e c o r d . A c c o r d in g to R e p o r te r ’s R e c o r d ( “R R ” ) v o l. 5 , p . 4 , l. 3 - 6 , th is i ndi c tm e ntc ha r ge d a ggr a va t e d r obbe ry . M r . L i tt l e w a s l a t e ri ndi c t e d on Ap r i l 3 , 2 0 1 4 f

o rth e c a s e o n ap p e a l i n atwo c o u n ti n d i c tm e n tl i s t i n g two of f e ns e s tha toc c urr e d on oraboutJ une 21, 2012: ( 1) f i r s tde gr e e f

e l ony bur gl a ry of

ahabi t a t i on by a tt e m pt i ng t o c om m i torc om m i tt i ng ki dnappi ng; a nd ( 2) s e c ond de gr e e f e l ony bur gl a ry of

ahabi t a t i on by c om m i tt i ng or att em p t i n g t o co m m i tei th er th efto r assau l t . C R 4 -5 . T h e tri al i n A u g u st 2014 pr oc e e de d onl y on thi s i ndi c tm e nt , notthe 2012 i ndi c tm e nt . R R vol . 6, p. 5, l . 7- 9 a nd vol . 7, p. 4, l . 3- 7. O n D e c e m b e r1 , 2 0 1 1 , ac o u r t o r d e rin s u it a f f e c tin g p a r e n t- c h ild r e l a t i ons hi p w a s s i gne d na m i ng M a ry G i l s on s ol e m a na gi ng c ons e rva t orof her grandson, S . W . , and the chi l d’ s m other, M el i ss a “ M uffy ” W ey m an, w as n am ed p o ssesso ry co n serv at o r. S t at e E x . 1 , atR R v o l . 1 1 , p p . 1 1 -3 8 . M s. W e y m a n w a s r e p r e s e n te d b y a tto rn e y E d w a r d S c h r o e d e r , i d. , a tR R vol . 11, pp. 11 a nd 38, w ho w oul d l a t e rappe a ra s appe l l a nt ’ s a tt orne y i n the vi deot aped cust od i al i nt errogat i on di sc usse d i n thi s bri ef .2

O n J u n e 2 1 , 2 0 1 2 , M a ry G ils o n a n d h e r6 1⁄2 y e a ro ld g r a n d s o n S .W ., w e r e a th e rh o me i n Se l ma , G u a d a l u p e Co u n ty , Te x a s w h e n th r e e me n c a me in to M s . G ils o n ’s h o m e , s u rp r is in g h e r . R R v o l. 8 , p . 8 , l. 1 - 6 a n d p p . 1 2 - 1 7 . O n e o f th e m en to ldM s. G il so n th at th ey w o rk ed fo r th e d istrict att o rn ey ’s o f f ic e a n d w e r e th e r e to a rr e s t h e rs o n ( n o t p r e s e n t in th e h o m e ) f o rc h ild po rnog raph y. R R vo l . 8, p. 17 , l . 2-10 . M s. G i l son suffe re d som e i nj uri es as ar e s u lt w h e n s h e a tte m p te d to le a v e th e h o u s e a n d w a s r e s tr a in e d . R R v o l. 8, pp . 15 -16. N on e of these three m en had M s. G i l son’ s c on se ntt o ent erher h o u s e . R R v o l. 8 , p . 1 9 , l. 5 - 8 . O n e o f th e m e n ( A d a m s ) g a v e S .W . ac e ll p h o n e a n d to ld h im to “ta lk t o y ourm om m y , ” a nd thi s c onve r s a t i on l a s t e d af e w m i nut e s . R R vol . 8, p. 23, l . 9- 17. A knoc k c a m e a tthe ba c k door , A da m s a ns w e r e d the knoc k, a nd aw o ma n w e a r i n g a“ b i g b l a c k c l o th h o o d ” e n t e r e d M s . G i l s o n ’ s h o me . RR vo l . 8, p. 23 , l . 23 t o p . 24 , l . 11 . T he w om an spok e w i th A dam s, and then c a m e t o w he r e S . W . w a s a nd t ook hi m t o the ba c k di ni ng r oom a nd s t ood there w i th h i m . R R vo l . 8, p. 24 , l . 12 -18. M s. G i l son b el i eved thatshe w as S . W . ’ s m othe r , M e l i s s a“ M uf f y ” W e y m a n, ba s e d on he rbui l d. R R vol . 8, p. 3 1 , l. 2 1 to p . 3 2 , l. 7 , a n d p . 6 4 , l. 2 0 - 2 3 . M s . W e y m a n a ls o te s tif ie d a t tr ia l, and i nform ed the j ury thatM s. G i l son rec og ni ze d h ereven tho ug h h erfa ce3

w a s c o v e r e d . R R v o l. 8 , p . 1 9 7 , l. 2 3 - 2 5 . A no ther kno ck ca m e f

rom the back do or, and a t al l , ol der m an w ea ri ng a bac k cl oth h oo d o ver hi s hea d ent er ed, bu tM s. G i l son cou l d see tha the ha d agr e y pony t a i l s t i c ki ng outf r om unde rthe hood. R R vol . 8, p. 24 , l . 18 -23. T hi s m an ca m e t o M s. G i l son and t ol d h erthatshe w as a bad pers on because s he w ou l d n otl etM s. W ey m an se e herson S . W . , and h e w as c l os e e nough t o M s . G i l s on tha ts he thoughthe w oul d hi the r . R R vol . 8, p. 25 , l . 10 -23. M s. G i l son rec og ni ze d the m an’ s voi ce as som eone she had spok en t o o n the ph on e a tl ea stt en t i m es previ ou sl y w hen she had con vers ed w i th M s . W e y m a n c onc e rni ng S . W . R R vol . 8, p. 27, l . 12 t o p. 28, l . 4. T he w om an M s. G i l son b el i eved t o b e S . W . ’ s m other s po ke w i th the ho od ed m an w i th th e g rey p o n y t ai l , an d b o th sh e an d S . W . l eftM s. G i l so n ’ s h o u se throu gh the back do or. R R vo l . 8, p. 32 , l . 8-20 . M s. W ey m an, w ho pl ea ded gu i l ty a nd re ce i ved t en ye ar s def erre d adj ud i ca t i on pu rs uantt o a pl ea a gr e e m e nt , i m pl i c a t e d he r s e l f a nd appe l l a ntL i tt l e . R R vol . 8, pp. 185- 239. A f te rM s . W e y m a n le f

t w ith S .W ., th e h o o d e d m a n w ith th e p o n y ta il w e ntthr ough s e ve r a l r oom s , t ook ac l oth f r om the be dr oom , w r appe d al ong gun a nd i vory f

i gur i ne i n the c l oth, a nd l e f tw i th thos e i t e m s . R R vol . 8, pp. 3 5 -3 7 . T h e o th er m en t o o k sev eral l arg e trash b ag s o f cl o th es, el ectro n i cs,4

ga m e s , vi de os a nd a n a nt i que s hor tgun. R R vol . 8, pp. 37- 38. A bout$400 i n c a s h w a s a l s o t a ke n, a s w e l l a s be tw e e n $7, 000 a nd $9, 000 w or th of j ew el ry . R R vo l . 8, pp . 50 -51. M s. G i l son b el i eved thatthe ho od ed m an w i th the pony t a i l w a s i n c ha r ge of A da m s , a nd tha tA da m s w a s i n c ha r ge of the other tw o m en. R R V ol . 8, pp . 39 -40. A dam s a nd the other tw o m en ( J o n e s a n d B e e s le r ) w e r e n o t m a s k e d , a n d M s . G ils o n w a s ab le to id e n tif y a ll thr e e of thos e m e n. R R vol . 8, pp. 20- 21 a nd 23- 24. T h e S e lm aP o lic e D e p a r tm e n t r e s p o n d e d to M s . G ils o n ’s 9 1 1 c a ll w i thi n m i nut e s , a nd a n A m be rA l e r tf orS . W . w a s i s s ue d. R R vol . 8, pp. 44- 45. A tabout10 or11 p. m . tha ts a m e e ve ni ng, G e r ol d W a t s on r e c e i ve d a ph on e c al l fr om T ho m as L i tt l e a ski ng i f M uffyW ey m an coul d st ayat W a t s on’ s s on’ s c ondom i ni um tha tni ght . R R vol . 8, p. 82. T he f ol l ow i ng m o rn in g , J u n e 2 2 , M r . L ittle c a m e to M r . W a ts o n ’s r e s id e n c e a n d to ld W at son thatL i tt l e a nd M s. W ey m an had p i cked up a c hi l d, and L i tt l e a sked W atso n to tak e $ 2 0 0 in an en v elo p e to M u ff y W ey m an at W atso n ’s so n ’s c ondom i ni um . R R vol . 8, pp. 83- 84. M r . W a t s on s a w M s . W e y m a n a nd S . W . a rr i vi ng a tthe c ondom i ni um a tabout2 p. m . , a nd s hor t l y the r e a f t e r , the po l i ce kn ocked o n the do or, W at son l etthem i n, and b oth h e a nd M uffy W e y m a n w e r e a rr e s t e d. R R vol . 8, pp. 87- 89.5

S e lm aP o lic e D e p a r tm e n t S e r g e a n t K e ith O s b o rn in v e s tig a te d th is i nc i de nta nd c onduc t e d af i e l d i nt e rvi e w w i th M r . L i tt l e a thi s r e s i de nc e on J u n e 2 2 , 2 0 1 2 . R R v o l. 8 , p p . 1 3 6 - 1 3 7 . A t th is tim e , L ittle h a d av e ry th in pony t a i l , w hi c h m a t c he d M s . G i l s on’ s de s c r i pt i on of the pony t a i l w orn by one of the i ntrude r s . R R vol . 8, p. 142. M r . L i tt l e ga ve c ons e ntt o s e a r c h the p rem i ses an d h i s v eh i cl e, an d a cel l p h o n e w rap p ed i n l ead , w h i ch w as a p ie c e f r o m th e r o o f

o f L ittle ’s h o m e , w a s f

o u n d in L ittle ’s v e h ic le . R R v o l. 8, p. 144- 145. S gt . O s born w a s one of thr e e of f i c e r s w ho c onduc t e d a c u s to d ia l in te rr o g a tio n a t th e S e lm aP o lic e D e p t. o f M r . L ittle a f

te rh is a rr e s t, w i th the other tw o o ff

i ce rs bei ng F B I S peci al A gent s C ar l i sl e a nd M art i nez, a n d a tto rn e y E d w a r d S c h r o e d e r , w h o r e p r e s e n te d M s . W e y m a n in th e f a m ily l a w pr oc e e di ng f

r om 2011, w a s a l s o pr e s e nta s L i tt l e ’ s a tt orne y . R R vol . 8, p p . 1 4 6 - 1 4 7 . W h e n th is in te rv ie w o c c u rr e d , M r . L ittle ’s p o n y ta il w a s g o n e . R R vol . 8, p. 147, l . 14- 18. A l though S gt . O s born de s c r i be d F B I a ge nt C ar l i sl e a s the pri m ary quest i on er , R R vo l . 8, p. 14 7, l . 11 -13, al l three o ff icer s q u es ti o n ed L ittl e d u rin g v id eo tap ed in terv iew co n tain ed o n S tate’s E x s. 4 3 an d 4 4 , co n t ai n i n g al m o stth ree h o u rs o f reco rd ed st at em en t s. F B I S p e c ia l A g e n t M ic h a e l C a r lis le in f o rm e d th e ju ry th a t o n c e h is a ge nc y l e a rne d of

the A m be rA l e r t , he w e ntt o the S e l m aP ol i c e D e pa r tm e nt6

to o f f e ra s s is ta n c e in th e in v e s tig a tio n . R R v o l. 8 , p . 2 5 5 , l. 8 to p . 2 5 6 , l. 4 . A g e n tCa r l i s l e w a s p a r to f th e t e a m th a tl o c a t e d M s . W e y ma n a n d S. W . RR v o l. 8 , p . 2 5 7 , l. 8 - 2 4 . A g e n t C a r lis le a rr e s te d M s . W e y m a n , a n d s h e to ld C a r l i s l e abouta tt orne y S c hr oe de r , w ho ha d r e pr e s e nt e d he ri n the 2011 f a m i l y l a w c a s e , a nd w ho a l s o kne w appe l l a ntL i tt l e . R R vol . 8, p. 257, l . 25 t o p . 2 5 9 , l . 2 . A g e n tCa r l i s l e c o n t a c t e d a tt o rn e y Sc h r o e d e r , a n d a ts o me la te rtim e , S c h r o e d e rc a lle d b a c k a n din f o rm e d C a r lis le th a t ap p e lla n t L ittle w a s a t S c h r o e d e r ’s r e s id e n c e , a n d L ittle w a s a rr e s te d th e r e b y F B I a g e n ts C a r l i s l e a nd M a r t i ne z the da y a f t e rS . W . w a s r e c ove r e d. R R vol . 8, p. 259. D uri ng the three ho ur vi deot aped cust od i al i nt ervi ew betw ee n appe l l a nt , S e l m aP ol i c e D e pt . S gt . O s born, a nd F B I a ge nt s C a r l i s l e a nd M a r t i ne z ( S t a t e ’ s E x. 43 a nd 44) , M r . L i tt l e s t a t e d thr ough m os tof the i nt e rvi e w tha ti tw a s A da m s w ho pl a nne d the bur gl a ry a nd ki dnappi ng, a nd thatL i tt l e di d n otl ea rn of i tun t i l he re ce i ved a cal l fr om A dam s s t at i ng that S . W . w a s c ry i ng a nd a s ki ng L i tt l e t o ha ve M s . W e y m a n s pe a k t o S . W . on the phone . H ow e ve r , ne a rthe e nd of the i nt e rvi e w , a taboutthe 30 s e c ond m a rk of S t a t e ’ s E x. 44, M r . L i tt l e a dm i tt e d t o “ c ha ngi ng the pl a n f or [ S .W .]’s s a k e .” S h o r tly a f te rth a t, L ittle s ta te d th a t h e n e e d e d to h a v e h is le g s e le v a te d , a s th e r e w e r e s o r e s o n b o th le g s . S ta te ’s E x . 4 4 , a t ap p r o x . 57

m i n. m a rk. T he i nt e rr oga t i on c onc l ude d a tthe 13 m i n. , 45 s e c . m a rk of S t a t e ’ s E x. 44. T he de t a i l s c onc e rni ng the f a i l ur e t o gi ve a l l f

i ve w a rni ngs r e qui r e d by T e xa s s t a tut e w i l l be di s c us s e d be l ow i n the a r gum e nts e c t i on of thi s br i e f t o a voi d r e pe t i t i on. T he j ury c harge al l ow ed the j ury t o con si der M r. L i tt l e gui l ty e i ther a s a party or i nd i vi du al l y und erbo th o f the bu rgl ary c ou nt s c harged. A ft er hear i ng the t es t i m on y a nd j ud gi ng the cr edi bi l i ty of the w i tness es , the j ury f ound appe l l a ntgui l ty of both c ount s of

ki dnappi ng a s c ha r ge d i n c ount s one a nd tw o of

the 2014 i ndi c tm e nt . C R 56 & 58. A f t e rhe a r i ng puni s hm e nt e vi de nc e , w hi c h i nc l ude d appe l l a nt ’ s t e s t i m ony , R R vol . 10, pp. 77- 103, the j ury a s s e s s e d apuni s hm e ntve r di c tof tw e nty ( 20) y e a r s i m pr i s onm e nta nd no f i ne on both c ount s . C R 62- 63. T he tr i a l c our t ’ s J udgm e ntof C onvi c t i on by J ury i m pos e s the s e t e rm s , s t a t e s the s e nt e nc e s s ha l l run c onc urr e nt l y , a nd a s s e s s e s $ 5 1 4 in c o u r t c o s ts . C R 8 4 - 8 6 . Se e al s o R R v o l. 1 0 , A p p e l l a n t ’ s r e t a i n e d tr i a l c o u n s e l t i me l y f i l e d an o t i c e o f

ap p e a l , CR 71 , and fi l ed a m ot i on t o w i thd ra w , C R 68 -69, w hi ch w as grant ed by the tri al c o u r t. C R 8 3 . T h is w r ite rw a s ap p o in te d to r e p r e s e n t ap p e lla n t o n ap p e a l, a f t e rthe de a dl i ne f

orf i l i ng am ot i on f

orne w tr i a l orothe rpos t - tr i a l m ot i on h ad ex p ired . C R 8 8 . T h e trial co u rt’s sig n ed ce rtificatio n o f d ef en d an t’ s8

r ig h t o f ap p e a l is a t C R 7 6 .

S um m a ry of

the A r gum e nt A p p el l an t ’ s req u estfo r a g en eral art i cl e 3 8 . 2 2 , § 6 v o l u n t ari n ess i nstruct i on shou l d h ave been grant ed because the evi dence ra i se d an i ss ue as t o w he the rthe vi de ot ape d s t a t e m e ntw a s vol unt a ry . N ota l l f i ve of the w a rn in g s r e q u ir e d b y a r t. 3 8 .2 2 w e r e r e a d to M r . L ittle , a n d in f a c t, L ittle w a s t ol d tha the c oul d t e rm i na t e the i nt e rvi e w onl y i f he a ns w e r e d que s t i ons out s i de hi s a tt orne y ’ s pr e s e nc e , w hi c h c onf l i c t s w i th the s t a tut e ’ s w a rni ng thata def

endantm ayt erm i nat e the i nt ervi ew atany t i m e. Justaf t erM r. L i tt l e m a de the i nc r i m i na t i ng s t a t e m e nttha the c ha nge d the pl a n f orS . W . , he st at ed th ath e n eed ed t o h av e h i s l eg s el ev at ed d u e t o so res o n b o th l eg s, r a i s i ng a n i s s ue of

w he the rthi s s t a t e m e ntw a s vol unt a ry , orw a s the r e s ul tof b e in g in p a in f

r o m le g s o r e s . S o m e h a rm o c c u rr e d f r o m th e f a ilu r e to in c lu d e th is in s tru c tio n , a n d th e c a s e s h o u ld b e r e m a n d e d f o ran e w tr ia l. A d d itio n a lly , th e f

a ilu r e to in f

o rm L ittle th a t h e h a d th e r ig h t to t e rm i na t e the i nt e rvi e w a ta ny t i m e , r e ga r dl e s s of w he the rhe w a s a ns w e r i ng qu es t i on s i n h i s a tt orney’ s pre se nce, shou l d h ave w arra nt ed i ncl usi on of an art i cl e 38. 22 , § 7 w arni ng s i nstruct i on , because the i nt ervi ew w as cond uct ed by s t a t e a nd f

e de r a l l a w e nf

or c e m e ntof

f i c e r s , m a ki ng the a r t . 38. 22, § 8( 2)9

p r o v is io n p e rm ittin g a d m is s io n o f s ta te m e n ts g iv e n b y f

e d e r a l o f f ic e r s in com pl i ance w i th federa l l aw i napp l i cabl e. W hi l e app el l ant ’ s tri al coun se l req u est ed an i n stru ct i o n co n cern i n g th e ad eq u acy o f th e w arn i n g s, m i s na m i ng i ta n a r t . 38. 23 i ns truc t i on w he n i ti s a c tua l l y a n a r t . 38. 22, § 7 i nstruct i on , tri al coun se l di d n otm ake the ar gu m entra i se d i n thi s app ea l that the w arni ng s w er e i nadequ at e bec ause bo th st at e a nd fe dera l l aw enforce m entoffi ci al s c on du ct ed L i tt l e’ s c ust od i al i nt errogat i on . T here fore , thi s w r i t e rbe l i e ve s tha tthe e gr e gi ous l y ha rm f ul j ury c ha r ge e rr ors t a nda r d of r e vi e w m us tbe s how n t o obt a i n ar e ve r s a l . T hi s m or e di f f i c ul ts t a nda r d of r e vi e w f orj ury c ha r ge e rr ori s m e tbe c a us e ha d M r . L i tt l e know n tha the c oul d t e rm i na t e the i nt e rvi e w a ta ny t i m e , he c oul d ha ve s t oppe d the i nt ervi ew w hen h i s l egs hurtbefore he m ade the i ncri m i nat i ng st at em entthat he changed the pl an for S . W . T he ca se shou l d b e r em anded for a new tri al o n th is b a s is a s w e ll. A rgum entand A utho ri t i es I s s ue 1: T he tr i a l c our te rr e d i n r e f us i ng appe l l a nt ’ s r e que s tf or age ne r a l a r t i c l e 38. 22, § 6 vol unt a r i ne s s i ns truc t i on. I s s u e 2 : T h e tr ia l c o u r t c o m m itte d e g r e g io u s ly h a rm f u l e rr o rin f a i l i ng t o i nc l ude age ne r a l a r t i c l e 38. 22, § 7 w a rni ngs i nstruct i on (i nv ol vi ng w arni ng s gi ven u nd er§§ 2 and 3).10 S t a nda r ds of

R e vi e w f

orJ ury C ha r ge E rr or

“ I ti s notthe f

unc t i on of

the c ha r ge m e r e l y t o a voi d m i s l e a di ng or c onf us i ng the j ury : i ti s the f unc t i on of

the c ha r ge t o l e a d a nd t o pr e ve nt confusi on . ” Se e W

illia m s v . S ta te , 547 S . W . 2d 18, 20 ( T e x. C r i m . A pp. 1977) , a nd R e e v e s v . S ta te , 420 S . W . 3d 812, 818 n. 32 ( T e x. C r i m . A pp. 20 13 ). W hen revi ew i ng char ge errors , an appel l at e c ou rtm ustun dert ake a tw o-st ep re vi ew : (1) w hether e rr or exi st s i n the j ury c harge, and (2) w hether s u f f ic ie n t h a rm w a s c a u s e d b y th e e rr o rto r e q u ir e r e v e r s a l. A lm an za v. S ta te , 686 S . W . 2d 157, 171 ( T e x. C r i m . A pp. 1984) ( op. on r e h’ g) . T he degree of harm re qu i re d for re vers al depend s on w hether thaterror w as pr e s e rve d i n the tr i a l c our t . W he n e rr ori s pr e s e rve d i n the tr i a l c our tby t i m el y obj ec t i on , the re cord m ustshow on l y “ som e harm . ” A lm a n za , 686 S .W .2 d a t 1 7 1 . B y c o n tr a s t, u n o b

je c te d - to c h a r g e e rr o rr e q u ir e s r e v e r s a l o n ly if it re sul t ed i n “ egre gi ou s harm . ” N e a l v . S ta te , 256 S . W . 3d 264, 278 ( T e x. C ri m . A pp . 20 08 ). If

the defendantdo es no tpres enta propo se d j ury i ns truc t i on, a ny pot e nt i a l e rr ori n the c ha r ge i s r e vi e w e d onl y f or“ e gr e gi ous harm ” und er A lm a n z a v . S ta te , 686 S . W . 2d 157, 171 ( T e x. C r i m . A pp. 1985) ( op. on r e h’ g) . “ . . . [ I ] f no pr ope robj e c t i on w a s m a de a ttr i a l a nd the11

a c c us e d m us tc l a i m tha tthe e rr orw a s ‘ f unda m e nt a l , ’ he w i l l obt a i n a re vers al on l y i f the error i s s o egregi ou s a nd cr ea t ed such harm thathe ‘ has no thad a fai r a nd i m part i al tri al ’ – i n sho rt , egre gi ou s harm . ” I d. Jury char ge error i s e gregi ou sl y harm ful i f i taf fe ct s the very basi s of the ca se , de pr i ve s the de f

e nda ntof ava l uabl e r i ght , orvi t a l l y a f f e c t s ade f

e ns i ve th e o ry . S tu h le rv . S ta te , 2 1 8 S . W. 3 d 7 0 6 , 7 1 9 ( T e x . C r i m . Ap p . 2 0 0 7 ) . An appe l l a t e c our tpl a c e s no bur de n of pr oof orpe r s ua s i on t o s how e gr e gi ous h a rm o n e ith e rth e ap p e lla n t o rth e S ta te . W a r n e rv . S ta te , 245 S . W . 3d 458, 464 ( T e x. C r i m . A pp. 2008) . B e f or e a n appe l l a t e c our tc a n f i nd e gr e gi ous harm , the re cord m ustshow thatthe defendanthas s uffe re d actual , ra ther th a n m e r e ly th e o r e tic a l, h a rm f r o m th e ju ry - c h a r g e e rr o r . A lm a n za , 686 S . W . 2d a t174. E gr e gi ous ha rm i s ahi gh a nd di f f i c ul ts t a nda r d t o m e e t , a nd s u c h ad e te rm in a tio n m u s t b e b o rn e o u t b y th e tr ia l r e c o r d . R e e v e s v . S ta te , 42 0 S . W . 3d 81 2, 81 6 (T ex. C ri m . A pp . 20 13 ). R egar dl es s of w hether a n o bj ec t i on w as m ade, “ . . . the ac tual degree of ha rm m us tbe a s s a y e d i n l i ghtof the e nt i r e j ury c ha r ge , the s t a t e of the evi dence, i ncl ud i ng the cont es t ed i ss ues a nd w ei gh tof prob at i ve evi dence, the a r gum e ntof

c ouns e l a nd a ny othe rr e l e va nti nf orm a t i on r e ve a l e d by the re cord of the tri al as a w ho l e. ” A lm a n za , 6 8 6 S. W . 2 d a t1 7 1 ( Te x . Cr i m.The Ou rsb ou rn c ourt ’sdis cus sio n o f what isne e de d f or a sp e c if icart . 1 38.23 exclusionary-rule instruc tion is notdiscussed bec ause theevidenc e in this case does not show that a ny coercion or thre ats were applied to Mr. Little during theSelma Police Dept. station house custodial interview. 12 A pp . 19 85 ) ( op . on re h’ g). See a l so Sm ith v . S ta te , 397 S . W . 3d 765, 771 ( T e x. A pp. – S a n A nt oni o 2013, no pe t . ) . E gr e gi ous ha rm m us tbe d e te rm in e d o n ac a s e - b y - c a s e b a s is . Sm ith , 397 S . W . 3d a t771.

U nde rT e xa s s t a tut ory l a w , the r e a r e thr e e ty pe s of i nstruct i on s thatre l at e t o the t aki ng of confes si on s: (1) a “ general ” A rt i cl e 38. 22 , § 6 vo l un t ar i ness i nstruct i on ; (2) a “ ge ne r a l ” A r t i c l e 38. 22, § 7 w a rni ngs i ns truc t i on ( i nvol vi ng w a rn in g s g iv e n u n d e r§ 2 a n d § 3 ) ; a n d ( 3 ) a“s p e c if ic ” A r tic le 38. 23( a ) e xc l us i ona ry - rul e i ns truc t i on. I n e s s e nc e , the S e c t i on 6 “ ge ne r a l ” i ns truc t i on a s ks the j ury : “ D o y ou be l i e ve , be y ond a r ea sonabl e dou bt , thatthe defendant ' s s t at em entw as v o lu n tarily m ad e? If

itw as n o t, d o n o t co n sid erth e d ef en d an t’ s c onf e s s i on. ” T he S e c t i on 7 i ns truc t i on s e t s outthe r e qui r e m e nt s of

38. 22, § 2 or§ 3 a nd a s ks the j ury t o de c i de w h e th e ra ll o f

th o s e r e q u ir e m e n ts w e r e m e t. O u rs b o u r n v . S ta te , 2 5 9 S .W .3 d 1 5 9 , 1 7 3 ( T e x . C r im . A p p . 2 0 0 8 ) . A s th is 1 c our tr e c e nt l y not e d:

S e c t i on 6 of

a r t i c l e 38. 22 pr ovi de s tha tw he n, out s i de the j ury ’ s pr e s e nc e , the tr i a l c our tha s m a de af i ndi ng a s am a tt e rof l aw and factthatthe st at em entw as vo l un t ar i l y m ade, as oc c urr e d he r e , e vi de nc e pe r t a i ni ng t o vol unt a r i ne s s m a y s t i l l be p r e s e n te d to th e ju ry . T e x . C o d e C r im . P r o c . A n n . a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 6. W hen the i ss ue of vo l un t ar i ness i s r ai se d b y the evi dence, the tri al j ud ge m usti nstructthe j ury thatun l es s i tbel i eves b e y o n d ar e a s o n ab le d o u b t th a t th e s ta te m e n t w a s v o lu n ta r ily m a d e , it m u s t n o t c o n s id e rit f o ra n y p u rp o s e . I

d. a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 6. W hen a defendant ’ s s t at em entw as the re sul tof cust od i al13

i nt e rr oga t i on, he i s a l s o e nt i t l e d t o a n i ns truc t i on unde rs e c t i on 7 o f a rt i cl e 38. 22 i f the tri al evi dence ra i se s the i ss ue of w hether he w a s a de qua t e l y w a rne d of hi s r i ght s a nd know i ngl y a nd in te llig e n tly w a iv e d h is r ig h ts . I d. a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 7 ; se e O u rs b o u r n v . S ta te , 259 S . W . 3d 159, 175- 76 ( T e x. C r i m . A pp. 20 08 ). D e L a Fu e n te v . S ta te , 4 3 2 S .W .3 d 4 1 5 , 4 2 5 - 4 2 6 ( T e x . A p p . –S a n A n to n io 20 14 , pet . re f’ d).

T he V i de ot ape d I nt e rr oga t i on a nd R e l a t e d T e s t i m ony A l though the i nve s t i ga t i on of the bur gl a ry a nd abduc t i on w a s be i ng ha ndl e d by the S e l m aP ol i c e D e pa r tm e nt , the F e de r a l B ur e a u of I nve s t i ga t i on ( “ F B I ” ) of f e r e d t o a s s i s tS e l m aP ol i c e w i th the i nve s t i ga t i on, a c c or di ng t o F B I S pe c i a l A ge ntM i c ha e l C a r l i s l e ’ s t e s t i m ony . R R vol . 8, pp. 2 5 5 - 2 5 6 . Th e d a y a f

t e rS. W . w a s r e c o v e r e d , M r . Li tt l e w a s a rr e s t e d b y FBI S peci al A gent s C ar l i sl e a nd M art i nez, af t eratt orney S chroeder had ca l l ed a g e n t C a r lis le to s ta te th a t ap p e lla n t w a s a t S c h r o e d e r ’s r e s id e n c e . R R v o l. 8, pp. 258- 260. L i tt l e w a s a s l e e p ups t a i r s on the c ouc h, w a s a w a ke ne d by th e a g e n ts , h a n d c u f

f e d , a rr e s te d a n d “M ir a n d iz e d .” R R v o l. 8 , p . 2 6 0 , l. 3 - 8 . A gentC ar l i sl e i nform ed the j ury thatatt orney S chroeder had been i nv ol ved w i th M s . W e y m a n i n the c us t ody ba tt l e w hi c h l e d t o the D e c e m be r2011 o rd er g ran t i n g p ri m ary cu st o d y o f S . W . t o M s. G i l so n an drestri ct i n g M s. W e y m a n’ s vi s i t a t i on w i th S . W . , S t a t e ’ s E x. 1 a tR R vol . 11, pp. 11- 38, a nd14

tha ta tt orne y S c hr oe de rw a s ape r s ona l f r i e nd of M r . L i tt l e ’ s . R R vol . 8, p. 260, l . 8- 15. A ge ntC a r l i s l e a s ke d appe l l a nti f a tt orne y S c hr oe de rw a s goi ng to r e p r e s e n t h im , a n d L ittle r e p lie d y e s . R R v o l. 8 , p . 2 6 0 , l. 1 6 - 1 8 . C a r lis le c o n f irm e d th is in f

o rm a tio n w ith S c h r o e d e r , a n d S c h r o e d e rw a s a s k e d to f o llo w ap p e lla n t a n d th e a g e n ts to th e S e lm aP o lic e D e p a r tm e n t, w ith C a r l i s l e t e l l i ng S c hr oe de rtha tappe l l a ntw oul d notbe que s t i one d unt i l he w a s t a ke n t o a n i nt e rvi e w r oom . R R vol . 8, p. 260, l . 19- 25 a nd pp. 263- 264. S t at e’ s E xs. 43 and 4 4 are D V D re cordi ng s of the cust od i al i nt ervi ew o f ap p el l an tatth e S el m a P o l i ce D ep artm en t , w i th ex h i b i t4 3 l ast i n g 2 h o u rs, 37 m i nu t es and 2 0 sec on ds, and exh i bi t44 cont ai ni ng the fi nal 18 m i nu t es a nd 56 s e c onds , a l though the i nt e rvi e w e nds a t13 m i n. , 48 s e c . A ppe l l a nt T ho m as L i tt l e ( t op ce nt erof vi deo) w as hand cuff ed, and h i s a tt orney E dw a r d S c hr oe de r( t op r i ghtof vi de o ne a rdoor ) w e r e pr e s e nt . T he i n t e rv i e w w a s c o n d u c t e d b y f e d e r a l a n d s t a t e l a w e n f o r c e me n to f

f i c e r s : FBI S peci al A gent s C ar l i sl e a nd M art i nez, and S el m a P ol i ce D epartm entO ff i ce r O sborn. A gentC ar l i sl e i s s ee n i n the corner aw ayfr om the do or (bot t om l ef t c orne rof the vi de o) , w i th a ge ntM a r t i ne z t o hi s r i ght( bott om r i ghtc orne rof vi de o) , a nd S e l m aP ol i c e D e pt . S gt . O s born t o C a r l i s l e ’ s l e f t( m i ddl e l e f

tof v id e o ) . R R v o l. 8 , p . 2 6 4 , l. 5 - 1 8 .Ag ent Carlisle identified those rights to the jury in his testim ony

as, “. . . 2 you have theright to remain silent; any thing you say

can a nd will be used ag ains t you

in a c ourt of law; you havetheri ght to h avean atto rn ey with you while you’rebeingquestioned, and should you not be able to a fford an attorney, one will be appointed f or you. Should you beg in answering questions outside the presence of your attorney

and then de cide to stop, you can do so.”RR vol. 8, p. 262, l . 14-21. Q. In T e xas, wehavea fi ft h p ro ngthat sa

ys h eha s th eri ght to 3 terminate theinterview at any time, and you did not tell himthat ri ght. A. On the interview, on the tape , we did not g o back through that beca use his attorney

was pre sent at the time. I advised the right f

or him always that says if you choose to a nswer a question outside of the pre senceof your attorney, you have theright to terminate that interview at any

tim e . And

no rm ally – a nd Ius ually do n’ t re a d it a s a mantra . N or

mally, I a c tually sit do wn and e xplain it to individuals and expl ain how that wor ks out. That was doneat Mr. Schroeder’s house in detail, beca use at the time, there wa s an issue o f th ero l eMr . S c hro e d er

w a s g o i n gt o p l ay. 15 Be g i n n i n g a tab o u tth e 0 : 5 0 ma rk ( 5 0 s e c o n d s ) o f St a t e ’ s Ex . 4 3 , FBI agentC ar l i sl e r ea d the “ M i ra nd a” w arni ng s t o L i tt l e, w i th S el m a P ol i ce D e p t . Sg t . O s b o rn p r e s e n t , a n d Li tt l e s t a t e d th a th e u n d e r s t o o d th e m. 2 H ow e ve r , a ge ntC a r l i s l e a dm i tt e d tha the di d notr e a d the f i f th w a rni ng r e qui r e d by T e x. C ode of C r i m . P r o. a r t . 38. 22, tha tade f e nda ntha s the r i ght t o t erm i nat e acust od i al i nt ervi ew atany t i m e, because a gentC ar l i sl e s t at ed th a t h e to ld L ittle w h e n h e w a s a rr e s te d a t a tto rn e y S c h r o e d e r ’s h o u s e th a t if L ittle c h o s e to a n s w e rq u e s tio n s o u ts id e h is a tto rn e y ’s p r e s e n c e , h e c o u ld s to p th e in te rv ie w a t a n y tim e . R R v o l. 9 , p . 9 , l. 7 - 2 0 . H o w e v e r , th is 3 u n r e c o r d e d w a rn in g d o e s n o t q u a lif y a s s u f f ic ie n t u n d e rT e x a s la w f ir s tly“No oral or sign languag e statement of an accuse d made a s a re sult of 4 custodial interrog ation shall be admissible ag ainst the ac cused in a criminal proc eedingunless: . . . (2) prior to the statement but duringthe rec ordingthe ac cused is g iven the wa rningin Subsection (a) of Section 2 above a nd the ac cused knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives any rights set out in the warning . . . .” “No written statement made by an ac cused a s a re sult of custodial 5 interrog ation is admissibl e as evidenceag ainst him in any criminal proce edingunless it is shown on the faceof the statement that: (a) the a c cus e d, prior

to m akingthestatement, . . . re c e ive d f ro m th epers on

to wh om t hestatement i s madea

wa rningthat: . . . (5 ) h eha s th eri ght to ter min ateth einter

v iewat a ny time [. ]” 16 be c a us e i ti s noton the r e c or de d vi de o a s r e qui r e d by T e x. C ode C r i m . P r o. a r t . 38. 22, § 3( a ) ( 2) , butoc c urr e d a c c or di ng t o a ge ntC a r l i s l e ’ s t e s t i m ony 4 e a r lie rth a t e v e n in g a t a tto rn e y S c h r o e d e r ’s h o u s e w h e n L ittle w a s a rr e s te d . S e c o n d ly , th is w a rn in g d o e s n o t te ll M r . L ittle th a t “h e h a s th e r ig h t to t e rm i na t e the i nt e rvi e w a ta ny t i m e , ” [ a r t . 38. 22, § 2( a ) ( 5) ] ; i ns t e a d, a ge nt 5 C a r l i s l e t ol d L i tt l e tha the c oul d s t op que s t i oni ng onl y i f he w a s a ns w e r i ng que s t i ons out s i de hi s a tt orne y ’ s pr e s e nc e . T hus , L i tt l e di d notknow tha the c oul d s t op que s t i oni ng a ta ny t i m e , e ve n w he n hi s a tt orne y w a s i n the i nt e rvi e w r oom dur i ng the i nt e rr oga t i on. A g e n t C a r lis le te s tif

ie d th a t th e “M ir a n d a ” w a rn in g s h e g a v e to ap p e lla n t w e r e s u f

f ic ie n t u n d e rf

e d e r a l la w to a d v is e d e f e n d a n ts o f

th e ir r i ght s be f

or e the y c a n be que s t i one d w hi l e i n c us t ody , R R vol . 9, p. 10, l . 18- 2 2 , w h i c h w a s a n a tt e mp tt o h a v e th i s v i d e o t ap e d s t a t e me n tb e c o me17

a d m is s ib le u n d e rT e x . C o d e C r im . P r o . a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 8 ( 2 ) : N otw i ths t a ndi ng a ny othe rpr ovi s i on of thi s a r t i c l e , aw r i tt e n, o r a l, o rs ig n la n g u a g e s ta te m e n t o f a n a c c u s e d m a d e a s ar e s u lt o f ac u s to d ia l in te rr o g a tio n is a d m is s ib le a g a in s t th e a c c u s e d in a c ri m i nal proceedi ng i n thi s s t at e i f: . . . (2) the st at em entw as obt a i ne d byaf

e de r a l l a w e nf

or c e m e ntof

f i c e ri n thi s s t a t e or a nothe rs t a t e a nd w a s obt a i ne d i n c om pl i a nc e w i th the l a w s of th e U n i t ed S t at es. If the on l y i nt errogat ors had been F B I a gent s, then app el l ant ’ s vi deo st at em entw ou l d b e a dm i ss i bl e und erart . 38 . 22 , § 8 (2) s i nce the “ M i ra nd a” w arni ng s r ea d b y F B I a gentC ar l i sl e c om pl i ed w i th federa l l aw . H ow ever , appel l antar gu es i n thi s app ea l thatbecause S el m a P ol i ce D ept . S gt . O sborn w as al so pres enti n the i nt errogat i on room , and p art i ci pat ed by as ki ng M r. L i tt l e quest i on s, the st at em entw as t aken by bo th federa l and st at e l aw e nf or c e m e ntof

f i c e r s ; the r e f

or e , the f i f th w a rni ng i n a r t . 38. 22, § 2( a ) ( 5) concerni ng the ri gh tt o t erm i nat e the i nt ervi ew atany t i m e s ho ul d h ave been r e a d to L ittle , a n d th e § 8 ( 2 ) e x c e p tio n s h o u ld n o t ap p ly to m a k e th is st at em entadm i ss i bl e. T he T e xa s L e gi s l a tur e a dde d § 8 t o a r t . 38. 22 i n the 2001 l e gi s l a t i ve s e s s i on t o s upe r c e de the C our tof C r i m i na l A ppe a l s ’ de c i s i on i n D avi dson v. S ta te , 25 S . W . 3d 18 3, 18 6 (T ex. C ri m . A pp . 20 01 ). T hatop i ni on re vers ed a n d r e m a n d e d f

o rah a rm a n a ly s is b y h o ld in g th a t s tr ic t c o m p lia n c e w ith a r t.18

38. 22 w a s r e qui r e d f

orade f e nda nt ’ s s t a t e m e ntt o be a dm i s s i bl e , m e a ni ng thatal l fi ve w arni ng s f

rom thatst atut e m ustbe gi ven; there fore , the fa i l ure o f af e d e r a l a g e n t in M o n ta n ato r e a d th e f if th w a rn in g r e q u ir e d b y a r t. 38 . 22 , § 2 (a )( 5) (the ri gh tt o t erm i nat e i nt ervi ew ) w hen the defendantw as “M ir a n d iz e d ,” w h ic h c o m p lie d w ith b o th M o n ta n aa n d f e d e r a l la w , f

a ile d to s tr i c t l y c om pl y w i th the T e xa s s t a tut e , s o the s t a t e m e nt s s houl d notha ve b e e n a d m itte d . Se e B ib le v . S ta te , 162 S . W . 3d 234, 237 ( T e x. C r i m . A pp. 2 0 0 5 ) , c i t i ngA c ts 2 0 0 1 , 7 7 L e g . R e g . S e s s ., c h . 9 9 0 , § 2 . Se e al s o E nrol l ed th B i l l A nal ys i s t o H . B . N o. 55 3, 77 L eg. R eg. S es s. (200 1), w hi ch di sc usse s th the f a c t s i n D av i ds on an d co n cl u d es: A l though the s t a t e m e ntw a s a dm i s s i bl e unde rM ont a nal a w a nd the T exas tri al courtrul ed the st at em entadm i ss i bl e, the C ou rt of C ri m i nal A pp ea l s of T exas rul ed thatthe st at em entw as i na dm i s s abl e be c a us e i tdi d notc om pl y w i th T e xa s l a w a nd r e m a n d e d th e c a s e . H o u s e B ill 5 5 3 p r o v id e s th a t as ta te m e n t is a dm i s s i bl e i n ac r i m i na l pr oc e e di ng i n T e xa s i f the s t a t e m e nt w as ob t ai ned i n ano ther s t at e a nd w as ob t ai ned i n com pl i ance w i th the l aw s of thatst at e or thi s s t at e or the st at em entw as obt a i ne d byaf

e de r a l l a w e nf

or c e m e ntof

f i c e ri n T e xa s or a nothe rs t a t e a nd w a s obt a i ne d i n c om pl i a nc e w i th the l a w s of th e U n ite d S ta te s . I d. , avai l abl e a t w w w .c ap ito l.s ta te .tx .u s /tlo d o c s /7 7 R /a n a ly s is /h tm l/H B 0 0 5 5 3 F .h tm , ac ce ss ed F ebruary16 , 20 15 . W hi l e a rt . 38 . 22 , § 3 (e )( 2) perm i t s a dm i ss i on of a19

de f e nda nt ’ s s t a t e m e nti f

the w a rni ngs gi ve n w e r e the “ f ul l y e f f e c t i ve e q u i v a l e n t ” o f

th e f i v e w a rn i n g s l i s t e d i n th e s t a tu t e , th e f a i l u r e t o i n f

o rm a de f e nda ntof the r i ghtt o t e rm i na t e the i nt e rvi e w a ta ny t i m e doe s not const i tut e aful l y e ff

ec t i ve equi val entof the st atut ory w arni ng s ( si nce that w a rn in g w a s m is s in g ) , a n d d o e s n o t c o n s titu te s u b s ta n tia l c o m p lia n c e w ith a r t. 3 8 .2 2 . N

o n n v . S ta te , 6 9 S .W .3 d 5 9 0 , 5 9 3 ( T e x . A p p . –C o rp u s C h r is ti 2 0 0 1 ) , af f’d , 11 7 S . W . 3d 87 4 (T ex. C ri m . A pp . 20 03 ). T he C ha r ge C onf

e r e nc e , O bj e c t i ons a nd R ul i ngs B e f or e the s t a r tof

F B I S pe c i a l A ge ntC a r l i s l e ’ s t e s t i m ony a nd the pl ay i ng of S t at e’ s E xs. 43 and 4 4, appel l antL i tt l e not i fi ed the tri al courtthat h e w o u ld o b

je c t to th e a d m is s io n o f th e v id e o s ta te m e n t b e c a u s e th e f if th w a rni ng of

a r t . 38. 22 c onc e rni ng the r i ghtt o t e rm i na t e the i nt e rvi e w a ta ny t i m e w as no tre ad t o M r. L i tt l e: [ A p p e lla n t’s tr ia l c o u n s e l]: J u d g e , th e r e ’s –b e f o r e w e s ta r t w ith the vi de o, be c a us e I ’ m a s s um i ng w e ’ r e aboutt o puti n the vi de o, oka y . I ha ve t o m a ke a n obj e c t i on. T he a ge ntw ho r e a ds h is r ig h ts d o e s n o t r e a d th e T e x a s r ig h ts . H e r e a d s th e f o u r th an d n o tth e fi fth , o k ay? [ P r os e c ut or ] : B utone , w e – T he C our t : W e l l , w a i t , w a i t , w a i t . W a i t . T ha t ’ s pr e tty good. [A pp el l ant ’ s tri al coun se l ] : O kay. S o u nd er38 [. ] 22 , T exas has af i f th r i ght , w hi c h i s num be r5, he ha s the r i ghtt o t e rm i na t e the20

i nt e rvi e w a ta ny t i m e . T ha tr i ghtw a s notr e a d w he n the a ge nt r e a d th e r ig h ts . [ ¶ ] N o w , I h a v e to –a s a n o f f ic e ro f th e c o u r t, I h a v e to in f

o rm th e C o u r t th a t th e c a s e la w o u t th e r e h a s s a id thati f i t s a n o ff

i ce r f rom another s t at e or afe dera l offi ce r, that if th e y r e a d th e r ig h ts a s th e y k n o w th e m , th a t it c a n b e f o u n d to be adm i ss i bl e, ok ay ? [¶] A nd there ’ s a l so, of course , ca se l aw thatsa ys subst ant i al com pl i ance suff i ce s. I’ m no tsure that s u b s ta n tia l c o m p lia n c e m e a n s y o u c a n le a v e o f f aw h o le ru n g . B utsi nce thatfi fth ri gh ti s uni qu e t o T exas , I bel i eve that– that s i nc e he ’ s af

e de r a l a ge nt , he ’ s – tha ti tw oul d s t i l l be a dm i s s i bl e . B utI ne e d t o obj e c tt o i ta nd pr e s e rve i tf or ap p el l at e p u rp o ses. R R vol . 8, p. 247, l . 17 t o p. 248, l . 16. T he pr os e c ut orr e s ponde d by a r gui ng tha ta r t . 38. 22, § 8( 2) w oul d pe rm i ta dm i s s i on of thi s s t a t e m e nt be c a us e i tw a s t a ke n by af e de r a l of f i c e ri n c om pl i a nc e w i th f e de r a l l a w , a nd thatM r. L i tt l e’ s a tt orney w as pres entw hen the “ M i ra nd a” w arni ng s w er e re ad t o L i tt l e. R R vo l . 8, p. 24 8, l . 17 t o p . 24 9, l . 13 . T he tri al court ove rrul e d appe l l a nt ’ s obj e c t i on t o a dm i s s i on of the vi de ot ape d s t a t e m e nt b a s e d o n a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 8 ( 2 ) , s ta tin g th a t th e c o u r t a n tic ip a te d th e e v id e n c e to be tha tthe w a rni ngs w e r e m a de “ i n s ubs t a nt i a l c om pl i a nc e w i th the l a w s of the U ni t e d S t a t e s . ” R R vol . 8, p. 249, l . 14 t o p. 250, l . 3. A ppe l l a ntthe n a s ke d the c our tf ora n a r t i c l e 38. 23 i ns truc t i on i n the j ury c ha r ge i ns truc t i ng the j ury tha t“ i f the j ury be l i e ve s tha tthe s t a t e m e nt w a s not– the r i ght s w e r e n’ tw r i tt e n – w r i tt e n pr ope r l y , the y c a n ha ve the c h o ic e to n o t c o n s id e rth a t e v id e n c e .” R R v o l. 8 , p . 2 5 0 , l. 4 - 1 2 . T h is is21

ac tual l y a n art . 38 . 22 , § 7 i nstruct i on base d o n the O urs boun l a ngua ge q u o te d a t p a g e 1 2 o f

th is b r ie f

. T h e p r o s e c u to rr e s p o n d e d , “A n d w e h a v e to i nstructthem thatfe dera l l aw i s di ff er ent , and h e’ s i n sub st ant i al com pl i ance w i th federa l l aw , w hen you deed – the t es ti s c hang ed w hen i ti s [ a] fe dera l offi ce r. It ’ s notstri ctcom pl i ance w i th 3 8[. ] 22 , because i t ’ s afe dera l agent . ” R R vo l . 8, p. 25 0, l . 13 -18. T he tri al courtre spon ded thati tappeare d that art . 38 . 23 re qu i re d a m andat ory i nstruct i on because the appel l anthad rai se d the i s s ue , a nd tha tone s houl d be i nc l ude d. R R vol . 8, p. 250, l . 19 t o p. 251, l . 16. H ow e ve r , the tr i a l c our tr e ve r s e d thi s de c i s i on a tthe f orm a l c ha r ge c onf e r e nc e tw o da y s l a t e r , s t a t i ng tha t¶ 4 of the pr opos e d c ha r ge w oul d be r e m ove d: [T he C ou rt ] : A nd then w e go t o – w e go t o P ar agraph 4, w hi ch a d d r e s s e s th e v o lu n ta r in e s s , o rth e –o rr e a lly th e a d m is s ib ility of the s t a t e m e nt s by the D e f e nda ntpur s ua ntt o A r t i c l e 38[ . ] 22, a nd the n a ddi t i ona l l y 38[ . ] 23. T he r e i s nota n i s s ue of v o lu n ta r in e s s . T h a t w a s n o t r a is e d . T h e f e d e r a l o f f ic e rw a s in com pl i ance un der the art i cl es of the C od e of C ri m i nal P r o c e d u r e ; th e r e f

o r e , th e C o u r t f

in d s th a t th e p a r a g r ap h is unne c e s s a ry , s o tha tm a y be r e m ove d. R R vol . 10, p. 6, l . 14- 22. A f t e rtha tpa r a gr aph w a s r e m ove d a nd the c ha r ge w a s f i na l i z e d, appe l l a nta ga i n obj e c t e d “ t o the e xc l us i on of the 38[ . ] 22 in s tru c tio n [ ,]” a s w e ll a s to a n o th e rp o r tio n o f th e c h a r g e n o t d is c u s s e d in thi s appe a l , a nd the tr i a l c our tde ni e d both thos e obj e c t i ons . R R vol . 10, p.22

9 , l. 6 - 1 3 . T h e A u g u s t 7 , 2 0 1 4 d o c k e t e n try s ta te s in p a r t, “ a o b je c te d to . . . e xc l us i on of

l a ngua ge pur s ua ntt o 38. 22 a nd 38. 23. ” C R 3. A l though f in d in g s o f

f a c t a n d c o n c lu s io n o f

la w a r e r e q u ir e d , V

a s q u ezv . S ta te , 411 S . W . 3d 918, 920 ( T e x. C r i m . A pp. 2013) , none w e r e r e que s t e d. A ppe l l a nt ha s f i l e d as e pa r a t e m ot i on t o aba t e thi s appe a l pur s ua ntt o V asqu ezfor e ntry of thos e f i ndi ngs a nd c onc l us i ons on the s a m e da t e tha tthi s br i e f i s f i l e d. T he l angu age of para graph 4 of the prop osed charge thatw as stri cken i s notcont ai ned i n the re cord, bu tthi s w ri t eras sum es thati tw as the st andard j ury i nstruct i on s f

or art . 38 . 22 and 3 8. 23 cont ai ned i n the patt ern j ury char ges. T here w as al so no di sc ussi on of w hether the vi deo st at em ent s w er e v o lu n ta ry o rta k e n in c o m p lia n c e w ith a r t. 3 8 .2 2 in th e c lo s in g a r g u m e n ts to the j ury, as tho se i nstruct i on s w er e noti ncl ud ed i n the charge.

W hy the Instruct i on s S ho ul d H ave B ee n Incl ud ed T he tri al courterre d i n fai l i ng t o g i ve appel l ant ’ s r equest ed i n stru ct i o n s o n w h eth er th e v i d eo t ap ed st at em en tco m p l i ed w i th th ese st atu t es. A l th o u g h tri al co u n sel b el i ev ed th atart . 3 8 . 2 2 , § 8 (2 ) w o u l d ex cu se F B I a g e n t C a r lis le ’s f

a ilu r e to r e a d th e f

if th s ta tu to ry w a rn in g th a t M r . L ittle coul d t erm i nat e the i nt ervi ew atany t i m e, si nce a gentC ar l i sl e w as a f eder al o f f i c e ra n d th e “ Mi r a n d a ” wa rn i n g s h e r e a d c o m p l i e d wi th f e d e r a l l a w,23

appel l at e c ou nsel di sa gree s w i th thi s i nt erpret at i on because the i nt ervi ew w as cond uct ed by bo th federa l and st at e off i ce rs i n T exas , and S el m a P ol i ce D ept . S gt . O sborn w as pres entw hen the “ M i ra nd a” ri gh t s w er e r ea d t o M r. L i tt l e , a nd S gt . O s born c oul d ha ve i nf orm e d L i tt l e tha the a l s o ha d the r i ght t o t erm i n at e th e i n t erv i ew atan y t i m e as req u i red b y art . 3 8 . 2 2 . T h e p u rp o se o f e n a c tin g a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 8 ( 2 ) w a s to p e rm it a d m is s ib ility o f o u t- o f - s ta te confes si on s thatcom pl i ed w i th thatst at e’ s l aw s, or confes si on s t o a fe dera l l a w e nf or c e m e ntof

f i c e rtha tc om pl i e d w i th f e de r a l l a w . T ha tpurpos e i s not ac hi eved i n the ca se atbar because M r. L i tt l e’ s s t at i on ho use c ust od i al i nt e rr oga t i on a tthe S e l m aP ol i c e D e pa r tm e ntw a s t a ke n by both s t a t e a nd f e d e r a l la w e n f

o r c e m e n t o f

f ic e r s , w h ile th a t s u b s e c tio n o n ly ap p lie s to s ta te m e n ts “o b ta in e d b y af e d e r a l la w e n f

o r c e m e n t o f

f ic e rin th is s ta te . . . obt a i ne d i n c om pl i a nc e w i th the l a w s of the U ni t e d S t a t e s . ” T e x. C ode C ri m . P ro. art . 38 . 22 , § 8 (2). B ec ause S el m a P ol i ce D ept . S gt . O sborn w as pres entw hen the w arni ng s w er e r ea d b y F B I S peci al A gentC ar l i sl e, w hi ch d id n o t in c lu d e th e f

if th w a rn in g u n iq u e to T e x a s th a t L ittle c o u ld te rm in a te the i nt e rvi e w a ta ny t i m e , the vi de o s t a t e m e ntc ont a i ne d on S t a t e ’ s E xs . 43 and 4 4 d i d n otcom pl y w i th art . 38 . 22 , and d i d n otbecom e a dm i ss i bl e und er § 8 (2). A cc ordi ng l y, the j ury s ho ul d h ave been i nstruct ed t o con si der24

w h eth er th e v i d eo st at em en t s i n S t at e’ s E x s. 4 3 an d 4 4 co m p l i ed w i th th ese s t a tut e s , a nd i tw a s e rr orf orthe tr i a l c our tt o r e f

us e appe l l a nt ’ s r e que s t s f or th o se i n stru ct i o n s. H a rm A n a ly s is A pp el l antre qu es t ed a genera l vo l un t ar i ness i nstruct i on , w hi ch O u rsb o u rn n a m e s a s a n a r t. 3 8 .2 2 , § 6 v o lu n ta r in e s s in s tru c tio n , s o o n ly s om e ha rm ne e ds t o be s how n t o obt a i n ar e ve r s a l . N ota l l f i ve w a rni ngs r e qui r e d by the s t a tut e w e r e r e a d t o L i tt l e , a nd i n f a c t , he w a s t ol d tha the c o u ld te rm in a te th e in te rv ie w o n ly if h e a n s w e r e d q u e s tio n s o u ts id e h is a tt orne y ’ s pr e s e nc e , w hi c h c onf l i c t s w i th the s t a tut e ’ s m a nda t e tha tthe i nt ervi ew m aybe t erm i nat ed by the defendantatany t i m e. S ho rt l y a ft erM r. L i tt l e m a de the i nc r i m i na t i ng s t a t e m e nttha the c ha nge d the pl a n f orS . W . , he ad v i sed th ath e n eed edt o h av e h i s l eg s el ev at ed d u e t o so res o n b o th l eg s, w h ic h r a is e d a n is s u e c o n c e rn in g th e v o lu n ta r in e s s o f ap p e lla n t’s s ta te m e n t, o rw h e th e rth is a d m is s io n w a s m a d e b e c a u s e h e w a s in p a in f r o m le g s o r e s . Be c a u s e th e e v i d e n c e d i d r a i s e a n i s s u e c o n c e rn i n g v o l u n t a r i n e s s , s o me harm occurre d i n the tri al court ’ s r ef usal t o g ra ntappel l ant ’ s r equestfor a n a r t i c l e 38. 22, § 6 ge ne r a l vol unt a r i ne s s i ns truc t i on. W hi l e tr i a l c ouns e l a l s o r e que s t e d a n i ns truc t i on c onc e rni ng the25

a de qua c y of

the w a rni ngs gi ve n, w hi c h c ouns e l na m e d a n a r t . 38. 23 i ns truc t i on, butw hi c h a c c or di ng t o O u rsb o u rn i s a c tua l l y a n a r t . 38. 22, § 7 w arni ng s i nstruct i on , coun se l bel i eved thatbecause a n F B I a gentre ad w a rni ngs tha tc om pl i e d w i th f e de r a l l a w , the vi de o s t a t e m e nt s w oul d be adm i ss i bl e und erart . 38 . 22 , § 8 (2). O n app ea l , thi s w ri t eri s a rgui ng that se ct i on shou l d n otre nd erthe st at em entadm i ss i bl e, si nce the i nt ervi ew w as c onduc t e d by both s t a t e a nd f e de r a l of f i c e r s . S i nc e thi s a r gum e ntw a s not m ade t o the tri al court , appel l at e c ou nsel bel i eves thatthe egregi ou s harm s ta n d a r d o f

r e v ie w f o rf a ilin g to in c lu d e th is in s tru c tio n m u s t b e m e t to o b t ai n a rev ersal . T h e fai l u re t o i n cl u d e an i n stru ct i o n t o th e j u ry th ati tm u st d is r e g a r d th e v id e o tap e d s ta te m e n t if th e w a rn in g s g iv e n d id n o t c o m p ly w ith ar t. 3 8 .2 2 af

fe cted th e v er y b as is o f a p p ellan t’ s c as e b ec au se ap p ellan t’ s vi deot aped st at em entw as a val uabl e pi ec e of e vi dence s i nce i tcont ai ned an adm i ss i on by L i tt l e thathe changed the pl an for S . W . ’ s s ake, w hi ch c ontr a di c t e d hi s e a r l i e rs t a t e m e nt s tha the di d notpl a n thi s e nt e rpr i s e a nd th a th e d i d n o tk n o w i tw a s o c c u rr i n g u n t i l h e r e c e i v e d ac a l l f r o m A d a ms a s ki ng M s . W e y m a n t o s pe a k on the phone w i th S . W . I ti s true tha tthe te s tim o n y o f

M s . G ils o n a n d M s . W e y m a n a ls o s u p p o r ts th e ju ry ’s v e r d ic t, b u t th a t p o r tio n o f

th e v id e o tap e d s ta te m e n t w a s a ls o d a m a g in g to26

appel l ant ’ s def

ense . A pp el l antthere fore bel i eves the fa i l ure t o i ncl ud e a n art . 38 . 22 , § 7 w arni ng s i nstruct i on const i tut ed egregi ou sl y harm ful error.

C on cl usi on and P ra ye r f or R el i ef WHE R E F OR E , P R E MI S E S C ON S I DE R E D, ap p e l l a n tT HO MAS L IT T L E pray s thatthi s c ou rtgranton e or both o f the j ury c harge error i ss ues pr e s e nt e d, a nd r e ve r s e a nd r e m a nd f orane w tr i a l i f

e i the ri s s ue s a r e gr a nt e d.27 R e s pe c t f ul l y s ubm i tt e d, /s / 

# Gre g o ryS herwo o d GR E GO R Y S HE R WOOD

A tt orney a tL aw P . O . B ox 200613 A us t i n, T e xa s 78720- 0613

( 512) 484- 9029 E m a il: gs he rw ood@ m a i l . c om S t a t e B a rN o. 18254600 C ou rt -A pp oi nt ed A tt orney on A pp ea l

f o rA p p e lla n t T h o m a s L ittle C ert i fi ca t e of S ervi ce I h e r e b y c e r tif

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th is d o c u m e n t w a s s e rv e d b y e m a il to th e 2 5 J u d ic ia l D is tr ic t A tto rn e y ’s O f f ic e , 2 1 1 W . C o u r t S tr e e t, S u ite th 2 6 0 , S eg u i n , T ex as 7 8 1 5 5 atth e fo l l o w i n g em ai l ad d ress: c a l e s s e . c a r t e r @ c o. gua da l upe . t x. us o n F e b ru a ry 1 6 , 2 0 1 5 . /s / 

# Gre g o ryS herwo o d C ert i fi ca t i on of C om pl i ance A c c o r d in g to th e W o r d P e r f e c t p r o g r a m u s e d to c r e a te th is d o c u m e n t, th e r e a r e 6 , 2 5 9 w o r d s i n th i s b r i e f , e x c l u d i n g th e p o r t i o n s l i s t e d i n Te x . R. A pp . P . 9. 4(i )( 1). /s / 

# Gre g o ryS herwo o d