FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEV EN T HC IRC U IT JUNE 21, 2006 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 05- 15625 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D. C. Do c k e tNo . 0 5 - 0 0 0 2 4 - CR - J - 2 0 - HTS U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s C R A I G L E M A R W I L L I A M S , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe M i ddl e D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( Ju n e 21, 2006) B efo re B L A C K , B A R K E T T an d H U L L , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M: C r a i g L e m a rW i l l i a m s ( “ W i l l i a m s ” ) appe a l s hi s c onvi c t i on f orpos s e s s i on of2

f i r e a rm s a nd a m m uni t i on a s a c onvi c t e d f e l on, i n vi ol a t i on of

18 U . S . C . §§ 92 2(g)(1) and 92 4(e) . S peci fi ca l l y, W i l l i am s c hal l enges the di stri ctcourt ’ s deni al of hi s m ot i on t o s uppr e s s . A f t e rr e vi e w , w e a f

f i rm W i l l i a m s ’ s c onvi c t i on. I . Ba c k g r o und A . Ev i de nt i a r y H e a r i ng W e f ir s t r e c o u n t th e te s tim o n y a t th e e v id e n tia ry h e a r in g o n th e m o tio n to supp re ss . A roun d 1 0: 00 or 11 : 00 p. m . on N ov em ber 24, 20 04 , O ff i ce r P ri nzi (“ P ri nzi ”) , a m em ber of the Ja cksonv i l l e, F l ori da S heri ff’ s O ff i ce (“ JS O ”) , w as di s pa t c he d t o a boa r di ng hous e t o i nve s t i ga t e a di s turba nc e c om pl a i nt . U pon a rr i v a l , Pr i n z i i n t e rv i e w e d J a me s Fi s h e r( “ Fi s h e r ” ) , w h o t o l d Pr i n z i th a tW i l l i a ms ha d be e n f

i r i ng a s hot gun outof

one of the w i ndow s . F i s he ri de nt i f i e d W i l l i a m s by n a m e a n d d e s c r ib e d h im to P r in z i a s a b la c k m a le . P r in z i in s tru c te d F is h e rto c a ll the J S O i n the e ve nttha tW i l l i a m s r e turne d. A f e w h o u r s la te r , P r in z i h e a r d o v e rh is d is p a tc h r a d io th a t O f f ic e rS c o tt (“ S cott ”) had b ee n d i spat ched t o the sa m e boardi ng ho use t o i nv es t i gat e a com pl ai ntthatW i l l i am s had re turned and begu n fi ri ng hi s s ho t gu n agai n. P ri nzi then radi oed d i spat ch and asked t o b e s entas backup for S cott , because he had b e e n to th e s c e n e e a r lie ra n d k n e w th a t th e r e w e r e “o f f ic e rs a f e ty is s u e s ” in v o lv e d . P r i nz i a nd S c ottthe n m e tt o c oor di na t e the i ra rr i va l a tthe s c e ne be c a us e of the3

p o s s ib ility th a t “a s u s p e c t [ m ig h t h a v e b e e n ] . . . th e r e a rm e d ” a n d b e c a u s e th e y d id n o t k n o w “w h a t th e s itu a tio n m ig h t b e .” D u r in g th is m e e tin g , P r in z i to ld S c o tt abou tF i sher ’ s pre vi ou s a l l egat i on s: thatthe suspec tw as C ra i g W i l l i am s a nd that W i l l i am s w as “ a bl ac k m al e . . . po ss i bl y a rm ed and d angerous. ” P r i nz i a nd S c ottthe n w a l ke d t o the boa r di ng hous e , w i th P r i nz i w a l ki ng be hi nd S c otta s ba c kup. T he y a rr i ve d a tthe s c e ne a tappr oxi m a t e l y 12: 20 a . m . a nd e n c o u n te r e d W illia m s o n th e s id e w a lk . P r in z i o b s e rv e d S c o tt c o n v e r s e w ith W i l l i am s. B as ed on the i nform at i on ob t ai ned from P ri nzi , S cottw as ce rt ai n as s oon a s he e nc ount e r e d W i l l i a m s tha tW i l l i a m s w a s the i ndi vi dua l a c c us e d of d is c h a r g in g a f

ir e a rm . S c o tt d e ta in e d W illia m s , a n d w ith in f iv e m in u te s , S c o tt ha ndc uf f e d hi m a nd pl a c e d hi m i n the ba c k of hi s pa tr ol c a r . S hor t l y a f t e rbe i ng p la c e d in th e p a tr o l c a r , W illia m s c o n f irm e d h is id e n tity to S c o tt. T hus , w hi l e W i l l i a m s w a s i n the pa tr ol c a r , the of f i c e r s kne w : ( 1) tha tthe J S O ha d r e c e i ve d tw o c a l l s abouta bl a c k m a l e na m e d W i l l i a m s di s c ha r gi ng a s hot gun a tthe boa r di ng hous e ; a nd ( 2) tha tthe y ha d de t a i ne d, s hort l y a f t e ra rr i vi ng a t th e b o a r d in g h o u s e , a b la c k m a le w h o h a d c o n f irm e d h is n a m e w a s W illia m s . Af t e rd e t a i n i n g Wi l l i a m s , P r i n z i a n d S c o ttp r o c e e d e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e th e two di sturbance com pl ai nt s a gai nstW i l l i am s. T hey i nt ervi ew ed (1) F i sher , w ho st at ed thatW i l l i am s had re turned t o the bo ar di ng ho use a nd fi re d the shot gu n sever al4

t i m es i n the si de parki ng l ot , and (2) Ja m es S ykes (“ S ykes ”) , w ho corr ob orat ed F i s he r ’ s s t a t e m e nt s . A c c or di ng t o F i s he r , W i l l i a m s , a f t e rdi s c ha r gi ng the s hot gun, p l aced th e w eap o n i n th e tru n k o f h i s car. F i sh er d escri b ed W i l l i am s’ s v eh i cl e as a w h ite c a rp a rk e d o n a s id e s tr e e t. A f t e rs pe a ki ng w i th F i s he r , P r i nz i e xa m i ne d the s i de pa rki ng l ot , w he r e he l oc a t e d tw o s pe nts hot gun s he l l s . P r i nz i the n obs e rve d a w hi t e c a ri n the pa rki ng l otnextt o the bo ar di ng ho use. P ri nzi as ked F i sheri f thatw as W i l l i am s’ s vehi cl e, and F i shersa i d thati tw as . P ri nzi subsequent l y r an a c om pu t erchec k o n that v e h ic le ’s lic e n s e p la te , a n d c o n f irm e d th a t th e v e h ic le b e lo n g e d to W illia m s . P r i nz i the n r e turne d t o the ve hi c l e , a nd, us i ng hi s f l a s hl i ghtf

r om the out s i de of

the v e h ic le to illu m in a te th e in s id e o f th e v e h ic le , o b s e rv e d a liv e s h o tg u n r o u n d th a t, a c c or di ng t o P r i nz i , “ l ooke d j us tl i ke the tw o s pe ntr ounds tha tw e r e on the gr ound ou t si de i n the parki ng l ot . ” A tthi s t i m e, P ri nzi di d n otgo i nsi de the ca r. P ri nzi then ran a backgroun d check on W i l l i am s, and d i sc ov er ed that W i l l i a m s w a s a c onvi c t e d m ur de r . P r i nz i c onve y e d tha ti nf or m a t i on t o S c ott , a nd a tappr oxi m a t e l y 1: 20 a . m . , W i l l i a m s w a s pl a c e d unde ra rr e s tf orpos s e s s i on of am m un i t i on by a c on vi ct ed fe l on . T hu s, atthe t i m e of the arre st , the offi ce rs had confi rm ed thatW i l l i am s w as a c on vi ct ed fe l on , confi rm ed thatthe w hi t e c arw as r e g is te r e d to W illia m s , a n d s e e n th e liv e a m m u n itio n in W illia m s ’s v e h ic le .We reviewa district cour t’s denial of a

suppression motion under a mixed standard 1 of review. Thedistrict court’s finding s of fact are reviewed f or cle ar error , while the district court’s le g al conc lusions are reviewed denovo. United States v. Gil, 204 F.3d 1347, 1350 (11th Cir. 2000). 5 A ft erpl ac i ng W i l l i am s und erarre st , S cottand P ri nzi then sea rc hed W i l l i a m s ’ s ve hi c l e . P r i nz i a nd S c ottope ne d the unl oc ke d dr i ve r ’ s s i de doora nd c ol l e c t e d the l i ve a m m uni t i on r ound. P r i nz i a nd S c ottthe n s e a r c he d the trunk, w here they l ocat ed a s ho t gu n and a pi st ol , bo th o f w hi ch W i l l i am s c l ai m ed be l onge d t o a f

r i e nd. B . M o ti o n to S u p p ress W i l l i am s f

i l ed a m ot i on t o sup pres s the am m un i t i on and fi re arm s, as w el l as c e r t a i n pos t - de t e nt i on s t a t e m e nt s . T he di s tr i c tc our tde ni e d the s uppr e s s i on m o tio n . W illia m s w a iv e d h is r ig h t to a ju ry tr ia l a n d w a s tr ie d in ab e n c h tr ia l. T he di s tr i c tc our tc onvi c t e d W i l l i a m s of pos s e s s i on of

a f i r e a rm a nd a m m uni t i on b y a c o n v ic te d f

e lo n , a n d s e n te n c e d h im to 1 8 0 m o n th s ’ im p r is o n m e n t. W i l l i a m s appe a l s onl y the di s tr i c tc our t ’ s de ni a l of hi s s uppr e s s i on m ot i on. 1 I I . D i s c u s s i on A . D e t e n t i on W i l l i am s fi rstarg u es th ath e w as u n l aw fu l l y d et ai n ed b y S co tti n th e fi rst in s ta n c e a n d th a t h is in itia l d e te n tio n w a s u n la w f u lly c o n v e r te d in to a d e f a c to a rr e s t.6

U n d e rT e rry v . O h io , 3 9 2 U .S . 1 , 8 8 S . C t. 1 8 6 8 ( 1 9 6 8 ) , a n d its p r o g e n y , a pol i c e of f i c e rm a y br i e f

l y de t a i n a n i ndi vi dua l i f he ha s a r e a s onabl e a nd a r tic u lab le s u s p ic io n th a t ap e r s o n h a s c o m m itte d o ris ab o u t to c o m m it ac r im e . S ee U n i t ed S t at es v . H ast am o ri r, 8 8 1 F . 2 d 1 5 5 1 , 1 5 5 6 (1 1 th C i r. 1 9 8 9 ). In T erry, th e S u p r e m e C o u r t “c a rv e d o u t an a rr o w e x c e p tio n to th e [ F o u r th A m e n d m e n t] pr obabl e c a us e r e qui r e m e nt , a l l ow i ng pol i c e t o de t a i n a s us pe c tba s e d on r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on f

orthe purpos e of

a n i nve s t i ga t i ve de t e nt i on. ” I d. ( e xpl a i ni ng T e rry ) . R e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n is d e te rm in e d b y th e to ta lity o f th e c ir c u m s ta n c e s . S e e U ni t e d S t a t e s v. L e e , 68 F . 3d 1267, 1271 ( 11th C i r . 1995) ; H a s t a m or i r , 881 F .2 d a t 1 5 5 6 . F urther, offi ce rs m ayhand cuff or otherw i se re stra i n a suspec tdu ri ng an in v e s tig a to ry s to p w h e n s u c h a c tio n is r e a s o n ab le u n d e rth e c ir c u m s ta n c e s to prot ec tthem se l ves or the pu bl i c, or t o m ai nt ai n the st atus qu o. S ee H as t am ori r, 88 1 F . 2d at15 56 ; U ni t ed S t at es v. K apperm an, 76 4 F . 2d 78 6, 79 0 n . 4 (11 th C i r. 1 9 8 5 ) ; s e e a l s o Un i t e d St a t e s v . Gi l , 2 0 4 F. 3 d 1 3 4 7 , 1 3 5 0 - 5 1 ( 1 1 th Ci r . 2 0 0 0 ) . To de t e rm i ne w he the rthe m a nne ra nd l e ngth of a n i nve s t i ga t ory de t e nt i on dur i ng a T e rry s t op w a s r e a s onabl e , w e “ appl y f ournon- e xc l us i ve f

a c t or s . ” U ni t e d S t a t e s v. A c os t a , 363 F . 3d 1141, 1146 ( 11th C i r . 2004) . T he f a c t or s a r e : ( 1) the purpos e of the de t e nt i on; ( 2) the di l i ge nc e of the pol i c e i n c onduc t i ng the i nve s t i ga t i on; ( 3) the7

s c o p e a n d in tru s iv e n e s s o f th e d e te n tio n ; a n d ( 4 ) th e d u r a tio n o f th e d e te n tio n . I d . H er e, S cotthad reas on abl e s uspi ci on t o d et ai n W i l l i am s i ni t i al l y und er Te rry . Pr i o rt o Sc o tt ’ s a rr i v a l a tth e b o a r d i n g h o u s e , Pr i n z i h a d d e s c r i b e d W i l l i a ms t o S c otta nd c onve y e d F i s he r ’ s pr i ora l l e ga t i ons aboutW i l l i a m s ’ s e a r l i e rdi s c ha r ge o f a f i r e a rm. M o r e o v e r , Sc o ttw a s a w a r e o f Fi s h e r ’ s s e c o n d c a l l t o th e J SO di spat cher , advi si ng thatW i l l i am s had re turned t o the bo ar di ng ho use a nd re sum ed f ir in g h is s h o tg u n . A s h e ap p r o a c h e d th e b o a r d in g h o u s e , S c o tt im m e d ia te ly en co u n t ered an i n d i v i d u al w h o m h e i d en t i fi ed as W i l l i am s. G i v en th ese c i r c u ms t a n c e s ; th a ti tw a s l a t e a tn i g h t ; a n d th a tSc o tta n d Pr i n z i b e l i e v e d W i l l i a ms t o be a rm e d a nd da nge r ous , S c ott ’ s i ni t i a l de t e nt i on of W i l l i a m s w a s s uppor t e d by r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on a nd w a s a va l i d T e rry s t op. M o r e o v e r , g i v e n th e n a tu r e o f th e tw o c o mp l a i n t s th a tn i g h t

— th a tW i l l i a ms ha d di s c ha r ge d a f

i r e a rm , l e f

tthe s c e ne , a nd the n r e turne d t o the s c e ne a nd d is c h a r g e d a f

ir e a rm a g a in

— w e c o n c lu d e th a t th e o f f ic e r s ’ a c tio n s in im m e d ia te ly s e c ur i ng W i l l i a m s dur i ng the i ni t i a l T e rry s t op ( by ha ndc uf f i ng W i l l i a m s a nd pl a c i ng hi m i n S c ott ’ s pa tr ol c a r ) w e r e r e a s onabl e t o pr ot e c tthe of f i c e r s a nd the pu bl i c a nd t o sec ure W i l l i am s f rom l ea vi ng agai n w hi l e the offi ce rs i nv es t i gat ed f ur the r . S pe c i f

i c a l l y , appl y i ng the f

i r s tA c os t a f

a c t or , W i l l i a m s ’ s de t e nt i on w a s f or a v a lid p u rp o s e : to s e c u r e a p o te n tia lly a rm e d a n d d a n g e r o u s s u s p e c t in v o lv e d in8

tw o s hoot i ng i nc i de nt s w hi l e i nve s t i ga t i ng the s hoot i ngs the m s e l ve s . A l though a pat -dow n sea rc h o f W i l l i am s r evea l ed no w eapo ns on hi s per son, W i l l i am s w as ne ve r the l e s s the s ol e s us pe c ti n tw o s hoot i ng i nc i de nt s tha tha d oc c urr e d a tthe ve ry s c e ne w he r e he w a s de t a i ne d. M or e ove r , W i l l i a m s ha d l e f tthe s c e ne a f

t e rthe fi rs tshoo t i ng i nci dent , and soo n aft erhe w as pl ac ed i n the patrol ca r, he confi rm ed hi s i dent i ty t o the offi ce rs . Itw as thu s r ea sonabl e f or the offi ce rs t o h ave s ec ured W i l l i a m s w hi l e the y c a nva s s e d the s c e ne . W i l l i a m s ’ s de t e nt i on a l l ow e d the offi ce rs “ t o p ursue am etho d o f i nv es t i gat i on thatw as l i kel y t o con fi rm or di spel the i rs us pi c i ons qui c kl y , ” by , a m ong othe rthi ngs , qui c kl y c a nva s s i ng the s c e ne f or phy s i c a l e vi de nc e a nd s pe a ki ng t o F i s he ra nd S y ke s . G i l , 204 F . 3d a t1351 ( c onc l udi ng tha tthe de t e nt i on of a s us pe c ti n or de rt o pr e ve nthe rf r om je o p a r d iz in g th e in v e s tig a tio n o f h e rr e s id e n c e w a s f

o ra v a lid p u rp o s e ) . A c c o r d in g ly , th e d e te n tio n o f W illia m s w a s u n d e r ta k e n f o ra v a lid p u rp o s e . As f o rth e s e c o n d Ac o s t a f

a c t o r , th e d i l i g e n c e o f

th e p o l i c e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , we concl ud e thatS cottand P ri nzi w er e di l i genti n thei r i nv es t i gat i on . In appr oxi m a t e l y one hour , the of f i c e r s i nve s t i ga t e d F i s he r ’ s a l l e ga t i ons t o the di spat cherby i nt ervi ew i ng F i sherand S ykes ; by exam i ni ng the ar eaw here F i sher al l eged W i l l i am s had been fi ri ng hi s gun ; by col l ec t i ng shot gu n shel l s f rom that ar ea ; b y f

in d in g an d ex am in in g W il li am s’s c ar ; an d b y c o n firm in g W il li am s’sAlthough w ene e d n ot de c idetheissuebe c a us eweho ld t

hat th emann er a

nd length 2 of the Terry

stop was re asonableunder thespecificfacts presente d here , it may be that there wa s alsoprob a

blec a us eto a rre st Wi lli ams f

or dis c ha rg eof hisfire arm

a s so on a s Wil liams c on firm e d his i dentity

to t heof fi c ers , b a se d o n F ish er’ s alle g atio ns .

9 o w n e r s h ip o f

th e c a ra n d d e te rm in in g W illia m s ’s p r io rc o n v ic tio n f o rm u r d e r . C ert ai nl y, the offi ce rs ’ m etho ds w er e “ ca rr i ed ou tw i tho utun nece ss ary del ay . ” A c o s ta , 3 6 3 F .3 d a t 1 1 4 6 . A s f orthe thi r d a nd f

our th A c os t a f

a c t or s , w e obs e rve tha tha ndc uf f i ng a nd pl ac em enti n a patrol ca r i s ase vere form of i ntrusi on . H ow ever , i n thi s unu sual c a s e , the r e w e r e r e por t s tha tW i l l i a m s ha d di s c ha r ge d a s hot gun a ta boa r di ng hous e r e s i de nc e , ha d l e f tthe s c e ne onc e , a nd ha d c om e ba c k a nd f i r e d a s hot gun a ga i n. T hus , i n or de rt o m a i nt a i n the s a f e ty of the of f i c e r s , the publ i c , a nd the o n g o in g in v e s tig a tio n , th e o f f ic e r s s e c u r e d W illia m s f o rap p r o x im a te ly o n e h o u rin the patrol ca r w hi l e they i nv es t i gat ed. U nd erand l i m i t ed t o the spec i fi c f ac tual c i r c um s t a nc e s of

thi s c a s e , w e c onc l ude tha tW i l l i a m s ’ s hour - l ong de t e nt i on i n the pa tr ol c a rw a s r e a s onabl e . S e e G i l , 204 F . 3d a t1351; s e e a l s o U ni t e d S t a t e s v. 2 H ernand ez , 41 8 F . 3d 12 06 , 12 11 (11th C i r. 20 05 ). B . A rrest A s f orW i l l i a m s ’ s s ubs e que nt , f orm a l a rr e s tf

orpos s e s s i on of

a m m uni t i on b y a co n v i ct ed fel o n , th ere w as p ro b ab l e cau se fo r th atarrest . D u ri n g th e o ffi cers’ i nv es t i gat i on , P ri nzi di sc ov er ed tw o sho t gu n shel l s i n the l ocat i on w here ,10

a c c or di ng t o F i s he r , W i l l i a m s ha d be e n f i r i ng a s hot gun, a nd the n s a w ( w i thout ent er i ng W i l l i am s’ s c ar ) thatW i l l i am s’ s c arcont ai ned a l i ve shot gu n shel l that

“ l ooke d j us tl i ke ” the othe rtw o s he l l s . P r i nz i a l s o l e a rne d dur i ng the i nve s t i ga t i on thatW i l l i am s w as a c on vi ct ed m urderer , and con fi rm ed thatthe w hi t e c ar c o n ta in in g th e liv e a m m u n itio n d id in f a c t b e lo n g to W illia m s . M o r e o v e r , k e y s to the ca r w er e l ocat ed i n W i l l i am s’ s pocketaf t erhe w as det ai ned. T hu s, the offi ce rs h a d p r o b ab le c a u s e to b e lie v e th a t W illia m s h a d p o s s e s s e d th e liv e s h o tg u n s h e ll in hi s c a rtha tni ght , a nd W i l l i a m s ’ s pos s e s s i on of the s he l l , a l ong w i th hi s pr i or fe l on y c on vi ct i on , gave the offi ce rs prob abl e c ause t o arr es thi m for i l l egal p o s s e s s io n o f

th e s h e ll. C . S e ar c h of

C ar F i nal l y, w e c on cl ud e thatthe offi ce rs ’ w arra nt l es s s ea rc h o f W i l l i am s’ s c ar , i nc l udi ng the trunk, w a s va l i d, unde rthe s o- c a l l e d “ a ut om obi l e e xc e pt i on” t o the F our th A m e ndm e nt ’ s w a rr a ntr e qui r e m e nt . S e e M a ry l a nd v. D y s on, 527 U . S . 465, 4 6 6 , 1 1 9 S . C t . 2 0 1 3 , 2 0 1 4 (1 9 9 9 ). U n d er th e au t o m o b i l e ex cep t i o n , w arran t l ess search es o f v eh i cl es are p erm i tt ed “ ‘ [i ] f a car is readil y m o b i l e an d p ro b ab l e cau se e xi s t s t o be l i e ve i tc ont a i ns c ontr aba nd . . . . ’ ” I d. a t467, 119 S . C t . a t2014 (c i t at i on om i tt ed) ( em ph as i s a dd ed). W i l l i am s does notdi sput e thatthe ca r w asIt iswe ll- e sta bli sh e d th at a

vehic lene e d o nly

be“ op eratio nal”in o rder to s atis fy thi s 3 requirement. United States v. Watts, 329 F.3d 1282, 1286 (11th Cir. 2003); see also Dyson, 527 U.S. at 467, 119 S. Ct . at 2014 (no sepa ratefindingof any

exigency is require d to search readily mobile car

if thereis probable c ause to be lieve the c ar c ontains contraba nd). Be causethe automobile exception applies here, weneed not address Willi ams’s 4 argumentsthat th ese arch o f t hec ar w a s a

n invalid se arch inc ident to his a

rre st o r a n invalid “exigent circumstanc es” se arch. 11 re adi l y m ob i l e, bu tar gu es thatthe offi ce rs l ac ked p robabl e c ause . H er e, there w as 3 p ro b ab le ca u se to b eliev e th at th e c arco n tain ed co n trab an d , b as ed o n F ish er ’s s t a t e m e nttha the obs e rve d W i l l i a m s pl a c i ng a s hot gun i n the c a r ’ s trunk a nd the l i ve s hot gun s he l l s e e n by P r i nz i thr ough the c a r ’ s w i ndow . A c c or di ngl y , the a ut om obi l e e xc e pt i on appl i e s he r e , a nd the s e a r c h of W i l l i a m s ’ s c a rw a s va l i d. 4 I I I . C on c l u s i on F o r th e f o re g o in g re as o n s, w e a ff irm th e d istrict co u rt’s d en ial o f W il li am s’s m ot i on t o s uppr e s s a nd a f f i rm W i l l i a m s ’ s c onvi c t i on. AF F I RME D.