Technical Analysis for Arizona Regional Haze FIPs: 

Modeling Protocol for Subject-to-BART and BART 

Control Options Analyses

Work Assignment: 5-12

Contract No: EP-D-07-102

Task No: 5

Version: 3

Prepared for: Thomas Webb

Air Planning Office

U.S. EPA Region 9

75 Hawthorne Street

San Francisco, CA 94105

Prepared by: Uma Shankar, Liz Adams, Mohammad Omary, 

 Brian Naess, and Sarav Arunachalam

Institute for the Environment

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Date delivered: July 16, 2012
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Contents

Document Change Record .......................................................................................................... iv

1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................1

2 Model Versions..........................................................................................................................1

3 CALPUFF Modeling .................................................................................................................1

3.1 Meteorological Data............................................................................................................ 2

3.2 Ozone Data.......................................................................................................................... 2

3.3 Ammonia Inputs.................................................................................................................. 2

3.4 Modeled and Emitted Species............................................................................................. 5

3.5 Discrete Receptor Data ....................................................................................................... 5

4 CALPOST Inputs......................................................................................................................5

4.1 Postprocessing of CALPUFF Output.................................................................................. 5

4.2 Natural Visibility Conditions.............................................................................................. 6

4.2.1 IMPROVE Method 6.................................................................................................6

4.2.2 IMPROVE Method 8.................................................................................................9

References.....................................................................................................................................11

Appendix A: BART Subject Model Protocol ......................................................................... A-1

Appendix B: EPA R-9 Guidance on BART Sources and Emissions for Modeling..............B-1

Appendix C: Natural Background Conditions for IMPROVE Method 6 (received 

from EPA Region 9) ..................................................................................................................1

Appendix D: Natural Background Conditions for IMPROVE Method 8 (taken 

from FLAG-2010)......................................................................................................................1
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Document Change Record

Revision Date Remarks

0.1 March 14, 2012 First (draft) version submitted to EPA

2.0 June 29, 2012 Ver. 2 submitted to EPA - corrected Appendix B, 

added this table

3.0 July 16, 2012 Ver. 3 submitted to EPA – incorporates EPA 

revisions 
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1 Introduction

The technical support tasks in Work Assignment (WA) 5-12 under EPA Contract Number EP-D07-102 are aimed in part at assisting the EPA Region 9 (Pacific Southwest) Air Division in 

developing Federal Implementation Plans (FIPs) to establish air quality programs for Arizona 

pursuant to Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 169A and Regional Haze Rule (RHR) Section 40CFR 

51.308.

The technical analysis for Arizona’s Regional Haze FIP is focused on performing a Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) analysis and a reasonable progress analysis for potential 

sources. 

The CALMET-CALPUFF-CALPOST modeling system will be used to assess the visibility

impact of the dispersed pollutant plumes. The purpose of this protocol is to describe the types 

and sources of data to be used in the modeling for this WA, with particular emphasis on the 

sources of emissions data used and the justification for choosing those data sources. In preparing 

this protocol, extensive use has been made of the modeling protocol provided in Appendix A, 

which was followed in previous analyses performed for the Western Regional Partnership 

(WRAP) of BART-eligible sources in Arizona. Exceptions to procedures and recommendations 

made in that protocol are noted as required throughout the main body of this document. Further, 

this protocol reflects our initial approach to modeling, which could be subject to revision as 

regards additional emission scenarios needed, based upon the findings of the initial analyses. 

2 Model Versions

The WA requires the use of the following EPA-approved versions of the modeling components:

(a) CALMET version 5.8, level 070623

(b) CALPUFF version 5.8, level 070623

(c) CALPOST version 6.221

To employ the more recent options to calculate visibility (IMPROVE Method 8) specified in the 

WA, the CALPOST version used is later than that of the dispersion model. Also note that at the 

start of this project the specified CALPOST version was not available for download as it had 

been superseded by a later version, 6.292. However, v6.292 encapsulates and is compatible with 

the features of v6.221, and is the version being used in this WA. 

3 CALPUFF Modeling

All input settings for the CALPUFF modeling follow the values given in the WRAP Protocol for 

BART Exemption Screening (WRAP, 2006) as required by the WA with the exceptions per EPA 

guidance noted in this section. These default input settings are provided in Table 3-3 of WRAP 

(2006).
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3.1 Meteorological Data

CALMET is the meteorological model used to provide meteorological inputs for the CALPUFF 

modeling. This WA uses readily available CALMET output provided by the EPA from a

previous modeling effort by ENSR Corporation, the contractor responsible for BART analysis of 

the Salt River Project (SRP)—Navajo Generating Station (NGS) Units 1-3 near Page, AZ 

(ENSR, 2009). Thus the analyses to be performed using this protocol are for the same modeling 

period (2001-2003) and modeling domain that was used in this previous CALPUFF analysis. The 

modeling domain is shown as the area within the blue boundary in Figure 1 (ENSR, 2009); the 

WRAP Arizona BART modeling domain is indicated as the area within the red boundary. For 

reference, the major Class I Areas in Arizona and the six BART sources that are being modeled 

in this WA are also shown in Figure 2. 

The meteorological data for each year of CALPUFF modeling are input hourly, with one input 

file per month modeled, i.e., the value of NMETDAT is non-zero. The options to be selected for 

CALPUFF v5.8 are as follows:

METRUN = 0

IRLG = 24 * NDAYS, where NDAYS is the total number of days of meteorological data 

input

The end date and time for the run should be specified in similar format to the beginning date and 

time.

N.B.: METRUN = 1 will not work in this code version for multiple meteorological input files; 

the beginning date and time, end date and time, and number of hours of meteorological data 

input must be specified.

3.2 Ozone Data

Background ozone levels in parts per billion (ppb) are input to CALPUFF as annual files, and 

have been provided as part of the data downloaded from previous modeling for NGS.

3.3 Ammonia Inputs

Ammonia will be held at a background value of 1 ppb for all months of the model run per EPA 

guidance.
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Figure 1. BART modeling domains for this WA (blue boundary) and WRAP BART Subject 

modeling for AZ (red boundary). Taken from ENSR (2009).
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Figure 2. Map showing Arizona CIAs in relation to Apache, Cholla, and Coronado; other CIAs 

outside Arizona within the 300-km radius of these sources are Bandelier Wilderness, 

NM; Bryce Canyon, UT; Capitol Reef National Park, UT; Gila Wilderness, NM; 

Joshua Tree Wilderness, CA; Mesa Verde National Park, CO; San Pedro Parks 

Wilderness, NM, and Zion National Park, UT.
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3.4 Modeled and Emitted Species

The choice of modeled and emitted species used for the BART analysis will follow the guidance 

of the WRAP BART modeling protocol (given in Appendix A). Emissions are input for the 

following species: SO2, NOx, and particulate matter (PM); PM is speciated into ammonium 

sulfate, ammonium nitrate, elemental carbon, organic mass, soil, and coarse mass if the types of 

data available allow that speciation. The National Park Service (NPS) provides PM speciation 

profiles in spreadsheets and charts on the following website for speciation of PM emitted by

several types of combustion units: http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/Permits/ect/index.cfm. If the 

unit being modeled is not identifiable in these spreadsheets, a minimum speciation of PM 

emissions from the facilities into fine and coarse PM (labeled PMF and PMC) will be attempted 

using the AP-42 emission factor data for the type of boiler used in the source modeled. The 

guidance on all the emission inputs to be used for the sources modeled in the WA tasks covered 

by this protocol (Tasks 6, 7, and 8) is provided by EPA in the document given in Appendix B. 

3.5 Discrete Receptor Data

NPS has compiled inputs for CALPUFF modeling of receptors discretized on a 4-km grid for 

each Class I Area and provided the data on their website, along with the software for downloading the data converted from the native latitude-longitude coordinate system to the Lambert 

Conformal Conic grid in which the dispersion modeling tasks for this WA will be performed. 

The discrete receptor data and conversion program are downloadable from www.nature.nps.gov/ 

air/maps/receptors/index.cfm.

4 CALPOST Inputs

Inputs to the CALPOST postprocessor are set according to the guidance of the WRAP BART 

protocol, Section 3.1.3. The following sections provide specifics of how CALPUFF output will 

be processed to calculate the visibility impacts of the selected BART-eligible sources at the 

relevant CIAs for this WA. They include details on the calculation of the natural background 

concentrations of speciated PM for two different definitions of natural conditions, and two 

visibility calculation methods. 

4.1 Postprocessing of CALPUFF Output

Visibility analysis is required for selecting 98th-percentile visibility days, indicated by the 8th-

highest deciview from the annual runs of CALPUFF, as well as the 22nd-highest deciview from 

all three years of model output. CALPOST will be used to calculate the first metric by postprocessing CALPUFF concentration output for each year individually from 2001 through 2003. 

For calculating the second metric, there is no automation available for concatenating the three 

annual ozone files to be used as input to CALPUFF, so a continuous run from 2001 through 2003 

is not possible. Therefore, to select the 22nd-highest deciview day using all three years’ worth of 

output, first the yearly concentration files from CALPUFF should be concatenated using the

APPEND tool distributed with the CALPUFF model, and then CALPOST should be used to 

postprocess the concatenated file to select the 22nd-highest deciview day.
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4.2 Natural Visibility Conditions

CALPOST v6.221 includes several methods of calculating natural background visibility. This 

WA requires use of the IMPROVE Method 6, which considers the visibility impacts of PM 

species aggregated over the whole particle size range, and the IMPROVE Method 8 (submode

5), which considers the different visibility impacts of small and large particles, in order to 

compare the results. The input requirements for the two methods are different, and detailed in the 

following sections. 

4.2.1 IMPROVE Method 6

Using Method 6, there are three ways to calculate the natural background visibility based on 

(a) annual average natural conditions, (b) 20% best visibility days, and (c) 20% worst visibility

days. The WRAP BART analysis for the Western region used all three methods according to the 

WRAP BART protocol. However, the requirements of the WA call for only the first two 

methods, which are described in the following subsections.

4.2.1.1 Annual Average Background Concentrations

To calculate the annual average background extinction, the annual average concentrations for 

SO4, NO3, EC, OC, Soil (labeled PMF in CALPOST), and Coarse Mass (labeled PMC in 

CALPOST) are derived using two types of information from tables given in Guidance for 

Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions under the Regional Haze Rule (EPA, 2003): the dry

constituent concentrations for the average Western aerosol provided in Table 2-1of this 

document (“Average Natural Levels of Aerosol Components”); and the monthly f(RH) tabulated 

for each CIA, provided in Table A-3, averaged over the year. The annual average f(RH) for each 

CIA is input into the IMPROVE equation along with the dry constituent concentrations:

βext =3 × f(RH) × [Ammonium Sulfate] + 3 × f(RH) × [Ammonium Nitrate] 

+ 0.6 × [Coarse Mass] + 4 × [Organic Carbon] + 1 × [Soil] (1)

+ 10 × [Elemental Carbon] + βray

where 

βext = extinction coefficient (Mm-1)

multiplier preceding f(RH) = extinction efficiency for species named within the brackets

f(RH) = relative humidity adjustment (annual average; unitless)

βray = Rayleigh extinction coefficient (= 10 Mm-1)

[species] = average dry constituent concentration of species named within the brackets for a 

Western aerosol, from EPA (2003), Table 2-1. 

4.2.1.2 Background Concentrations for 20% Best Visibility Days 

To derive the background concentrations of the individual components of PM from the 

extinction coefficient, we would follow the procedure described in the draft CALPUFF BART 

modeling protocol for Montana (MDEQ, 2006; available at

http://www.epa.gov/region8/air/pdf/MontanaBARTProtocol0906.pdf). Values for extinction 
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(Mm-1) for the 20% best visibility days for each CIA are available in Appendix B of EPA (2003), 

following the prescription of Ames and Malm (2002). This approach estimates the 10th-percentile 

haze index (HI) in deciviews (dv), corresponding to the mean of the 20% best visibility values 

(denoted HIb20%), from the annual average haze index, HIann-av, as follows:

HIb20% = HIann-av – 1.28 × sd (2)

where sd, the standard deviation of the HI distribution, has a recommended value of 2 dv for the 

West. From the value of HIb20% derived using Equation (2), the corresponding extinction 

coefficient for the 20% best visibility days, βext-b20%, can be calculated as

βext-b20% = 10 exp (HIb20%/10) (3)

The Montana BART modeling protocol modifies the IMPROVE Equation (1) (Section 4.2.1.1) 

for the 20% best visibility days extinction coefficient by introducing a scaling factor, X, for all 

the PM constituents:

βext-b20% = 3 × f(RH) × [Ammonium Sulfate] × X

+ 3 × f(RH) × [Ammonium Nitrate] × X (4)

+ 0.6 × [Coarse Mass] × X + 4 × [Organic Carbon] × X

+ 1 × [Soil] × X + 10 × [Elemental Carbon] × X + βray

To derive X, βext-b20% can be obtained using Equations 2 and 3, or it can be calculated from the 

HIb20% values tabulated in Appendix B of EPA (2003) for each CIA. The value for X can then be 

determined from Equation 4 and applied to each of the PM constituent annual average background concentrations at each CIA to obtain the corresponding background concentrations on the 

20% best visibility days. The average Western aerosol constituent background concentrations 

needed to estimate the reference extinction (Mm-1) are provided in Table 1 below for the CIAs of 

interest for the Arizona sources being modeled in this WA, along with the extinction efficiency

by constituent taken from EPA (2003). For each Arizona CIA affected by the BART-eligible 

sources in Arizona, Table 2 gives its annual f(RH) and its extinction coefficients for reference 

conditions and for 20% best visibility conditions as calculated using Equations 2 and 3 above. 

Table 3 shows the background PM concentrations calculated using the Table 2 values of βext-b20%

for the same CIAs. A complete list of the 156 CIAs in North America along with their 

background extinctions and concentrations for the 20% best visibility days calculated using the 

above method is provided in Appendix C of this protocol for reference.
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Table 1. Average Western aerosol constituent background concentrations

and extinction efficiencies

(NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3 OC LAC Soil CM 

Concentration (g/m3) 0.12 0.10 0.47 0.02 0.50 3.00

Extinction Efficiency (m2/g)a3.00 3.00 4.00 10.00 1.00 0.60

aTaken from EPA (2003)

Table 2. Annual f(RH), and extinction coefficients for annual 

average (reference) background conditions and 20% best visibility

background conditions, at the 20 CIAs of interest

Class I Area Annual 

f(RH)

βext-Ref 

(Mm-1)

βext-b20% 

(Mm-1)

Bandelier 1.9 15.62 12.090

Bryce Canyon 1.8 15.58 12.054

Capitol Reef 1.9 15.63 12.106

Chiricahua NM 1.7 15.47 11.968

Chiricahua Wilderness 1.7 15.45 11.963

Galiuro 1.6 15.40 11.945

Gila 1.8 15.51 12.009

Grand Canyon 1.8 15.51 12.035

Joshua Tree 2.1 15.72 12.166

Mazatzal 1.6 15.44 11.975

Mesa Verde 1.9 15.73 12.176

Mount Baldy 1.7 15.51 12.015

Petrified Forest 1.8 15.54 12.028

Pine Mountain 1.7 15.47 11.976

Saguaro 1.5 15.35 11.874

San Pedro Parks 1.9 15.63 12.106

Sierra Ancha 1.6 15.46 11.981

Superstition 1.6 15.40 11.937

Sycamore Canyon 2.1 15.53 12.054

Zion 1.8 15.56 12.045
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Table 3. Site-specific background concentrations of PM constituents 

for 20% best visibility days

Class I Area (NH4)2SO4

(μg/m3)

NH4NO3

(μg/m3)

OC 

(μg/m3)

EC

(μg/m3)

Soil 

(μg/m3)

CM 

(μg/m3)

Bandelier 0.045 0.037 0.175 0.007 0.186 1.117

Bryce Canyon 0.044 0.037 0.173 0.007 0.184 1.106

Capitol Reef 0.045 0.037 0.176 0.007 0.187 1.121

Chiricahua NM 0.043 0.036 0.169 0.007 0.180 1.082

Chiricahua W 0.043 0.036 0.169 0.007 0.180 1.079

Galiuro 0.043 0.036 0.167 0.007 0.178 1.069

Gila 0.044 0.036 0.171 0.007 0.182 1.093

Grand Canyon 0.044 0.036 0.171 0.007 0.182 1.093

Joshua Tree 0.045 0.038 0.178 0.008 0.189 1.136

Mazatzal 0.043 0.036 0.169 0.007 0.180 1.081

Mesa Verde 0.046 0.038 0.179 0.008 0.190 1.140

Mount Baldy 0.044 0.036 0.171 0.007 0.182 1.093

Petrified Forest 0.044 0.037 0.172 0.007 0.183 1.100

Pine Mountain 0.043 0.036 0.169 0.007 0.180 1.082

Saguaro 0.042 0.035 0.165 0.007 0.175 1.052

San Pedro Parks 0.045 0.037 0.176 0.007 0.187 1.121

Sierra Ancha 0.043 0.036 0.170 0.007 0.181 1.084

Superstition 0.043 0.036 0.167 0.007 0.178 1.069

Sycamore Canyon 0.044 0.037 0.172 0.007 0.183 1.096

Zion 0.044 0.037 0.173 0.007 0.184 1.103

4.2.2 IMPROVE Method 8

Under IMPROVE Method 8 (submode 5), the extinction coefficient, βext, is calculated as 

follows:

βext = 2.2 × fS(RH) × [Small Sulfate] + 4.8 × fL(RH) × [Large Sulfate] 

+ 2.4 × fS(RH) × [Small Nitrate] + 5.1 × fL(RH) × [Large Nitrate] 

+ 2.8 × [Small Organic Mass] + 6.1 × [Large Organic Mass] 

+ 10 × [Elemental Carbon] + 1 × [Fine Soil] + 0.6 × [Coarse Mass] 

+ 1.7 × fSS(RH) × [Sea Salt] + βRay (site specific) 

+ 0.33 × [NO2 (ppb)] {or as: 0.1755 × [NO2 (μg/m3)]}

where the subscripts S, L, and SS represent small particles, large particles, and sea salt,

respectively, and a site-specific value of βRay replaces the constant value of 10 Mm-1in Eq. 1.

All inputs needed for calculating βext for each CIA using the method above are provided in the 

FLAG-2010 report (FLM, 2010) and are given in Appendix D of this protocol. Figure 5 of that

report provides the relationship to be used between total background concentrations of sulfate, 
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nitrate, and organic mass and their corresponding concentrations in the small and large size 

fractions to calculate the size-specific inputs for these species in CALPOST. Total PM 

constituent concentrations and Rayleigh scattering coefficients for the 20% best visibility days 

and annual average natural conditions for each CIA are provided in FLM (2010) Tables 5 and 6,

respectively, while the monthly f(RH) adjustment factors for large- and small-mode sulfate, 

nitrate, and sea salt can be found in Tables 7 through 9 of that report. These inputs are used in 

CALPOST to calculate the extinction coefficient, βext.
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References

Ames, R., and W. Malm, 2002: Recommendations for Natural Condition Deciview Variability: 

An Examination of IMPROVE Data Frequency Distributions, Proceedings of “Regional 

Haze and Global Radiation Balance - Aerosol Measurements and Models: Closure 

Reconciliation and Evaluation,” October 2-5, 2002, Bend, OR.

ENSR, 2009: Revised BART Analysis for the Navajo Generating Station Units 1-3, ENSR 

Corporation, Document No. 05830-012-300, January 2009, Salt River Project – Navajo 

Generating Station, Tempe, AZ.

EPA, 2003: Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions under the Regional Haze 

Rule, Report # EPA-454/B-03-005, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air 

Quality Planning and Standards, Emissions, Monitoring and Analysis Division, Air Quality

Trends Analysis Group, Research Triangle Park, NC.

FLM (U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), 2010: 

Federal Land Managers’ Air Quality Related Values Working Group Phase I Report –

Revised (2010), Natural Resources Report NPS/NRPC/NRR 2010/232, National Park 

Service, Denver, CO.

MDEQ (Montana Department of Environmental Quality), 2006: Draft CALPUFF BART 

Modeling Protocol For Federal Mandatory Class I Areas, Montana Department of 

Environmental Quality, Air Resources Management Bureau, Helena, MT.
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Appendix A:

BART Subject Model Protocol
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Appendix B:

Direction from EPA Region 9 on

Emissions Inputs for Apache, Cholla and Coronado 
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1 BART Sources and Their Emissions Inputs

There are a total of 3 facilities that will be analyzed through CALPUFF visibility modeling as 

part of the Tasks 8 WA as follows:

Task 8: Perform a full five-factor BART analysis for NOx controls with emissions inputs as 

follows:

(a) Apache Generating Station (AEPCO), Units 1-3 (controls evaluated for 2 & 3): All units 

will use ADEQ BART limits on emission factors for SO2 and PM, multiplied by the maximum 

daily-average heat inputs (BTU/hr) from CAMD/CEMS (2008-2010) to calculate the respective 

emission rates for these pollutants. Unit 1 (not eligible for BART) will use the ADEQ BART 

limits also on NOx, multiplied by the maximum daily-average heat input (BTU/hr) from 

CAMD/CEMS (2008-2010) to calculate the NOx emission rate. PM Speciation for this unit 

should use NPS spreadsheet data for “Gas-Fired Combustion Turbine Example” (see 

http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/Permits/ect/docs/gasCT/EdRevConsensusGasCTexample.xls). For 

Units 2 and 3, the NOx baseline values will be taken as the CAMD/CEMS (2008-2010) 

maximum daily-average NOx emission rates. The stack parameters provided by the facility

(Table B-2) should be used in place of the WRAP stack parameters, due to erroneous WRAP 

modeling inputs for exit velocity and exit temperature. PM speciation should use the NPS 

spreadsheet data for “PC Dry Bottom FGD and ESP Example” (see 

http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/Permits/ect/docs/coalBoiler/2006FinalDryBottomPC_FGD_ESPp

mSpeciationProfile.xls). Heating value, and percent coal ash and sulfur content needed as inputs 

to the spreadsheet are provided in Table B-1.

(b) Cholla Power Plant, Units 1-4: Unit 1 is not BART-eligible, and will use actual maximum 

daily average emissions from CAMD/CEMS (2008-2010) for SO2 and NOx for all runs. For PM, 

this unit has a baghouse similar to the BART-eligible units 2-4, and thus the ADEQ BART limit 

of 0.015 lb/mmBTU should be used for the PM emission factor; this should be multiplied by the 

maximum daily-average heat input (BTU/hr) from CAMD/CEMS (2008-2010) to calculate the 

filterable PM emission rate. Speciation of PM emissions should be done using the NPS 

spreadsheets for “PC Dry Bottom FF and FGD Example” (see 

http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/Permits/ect/docs/coalBoiler/2006FinalDryBottomPC_FGD_FFpm

SpeciationProfile.xls). For Units 2-4, the NOx baseline values will be the actual CAMD/CEMS 

(2008-2010) maximum daily-average NOx emission rates; SO2 and PM emissions should be 

based on ADEQ BART limits on emission factors multiplied by the maximum daily-average 

heat inputs (BTU/hr) from CAMD/CEMS (2008-2010). Speciation of PM for Units 2 and 3 

should be as in Unit 1, but for Unit 4 it should use NPS spreadsheet data for “PC Dry Bottom 

Wet Scrubber Example” (see 

http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/Permits/ect/docs/coalBoiler/2006FinalDryBottomPCScrubberPmS

peciationProfile.xls). Heating value, and percent coal ash and sulfur content needed as inputs to 

the spreadsheets are provided in Table B-1. Updated stack parameters provided by the facility 

(Table B-2) should be used.

(c) SRP Coronado Units 1 and 2 (controls evaluated for 1): 2008 will be the highest emission 

year for this plant. ENSR/AECOM, the contractor who previously performed the BART analysis 

on this plant, also had different stack parameters before and after NOx burner installation. The 
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parameters appropriate to the plant conditions in 2008 should be used. Unit 1 will use ADEQ 

BART limits on emission factors for SO2 and PM, multiplied by the maximum daily-average 

heat input (BTU/hr) from CAMD/CEMS (2008-2010) to calculate the respective emission rates 

for these pollutants. For Unit 1, the NOx baseline value will be the CAMD/CEMS 2008

maximum daily-average NOx emission rate. Unit 2 is also eligible for BART, but a Consent 

Decree (CD) applies to it, thus the emissions will held at the following values: 0.08 lb/mmBTU 

for SO2 and NOx, and 0.03 lb/mmBTU for filterable PM, multiplied by the maximum dailyaverage heat input (BTU/hr) from CAMD/CEMS 2008 to calculate the respective emission rates. 

ENSR calculated PM speciation for this plant, and these data should be used to speciate the PM 

emissions above. 
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Table B-1. Summary of BART Sources, Emissions and Related Parameters for CALPUFF Emission Inputs
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3 July 16, 2012
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3 July 16, 2012

Table B-2. Stack Parameters for all BART Sources
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3 July 16, 2012

Appendix C:

Natural Background Conditions for 

IMPROVE Method 6 (received from EPA Region 9)
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3 July 16, 2012

Natural concentrations for best and worst 20% of days,

From Table

2-1

Ammonium

sulfate

Ammonium

nitrate

Organic

carbon

Elemental 

carbon Soil

Coarse 

Mass

 scaled from annual concentrations B20 and W20 extinction West conc. 0.12 0.1 0.47 0.02 0.5 3

East conc. 0.23 0.1 1.4 0.02 0.5 3

bext calculated as a check, using table A-2, "recommended" f(RH) at IMPROVE site dry ext. eff. 3 3 4 10 1 0.6

Best 20% days concentrations

From Best & Worst dv check Scaled from annual by (b_B20 - 10) / (b_Ann - 10)

abbr Class I Area

West / 

East

Annl Avg 

(Mm-1)

Best Days 

(Mm-1)

Worst Days 

(Mm-1)

Annl avg b 

from conc

(Best-10) / 

(Avg-10)

Ammonium

sulfate

Ammonium

nitrate

Organic

carbon

Elemental 

carbon Soil

Coarse 

Mass

acad Acadia NP East 21.4 14.5790431 31.42441357 21.4495 0.40167045 0.092 0.040 0.562 0.008 0.201 1.205

agti Agua Tibia Wilderness West 15.86 12.2752506 20.48279147 15.8815 0.38826803 0.047 0.039 0.182 0.008 0.194 1.165

alla Alpine Lake Wilderness West 16.99 13.152148 21.94600444 16.789 0.45095108 0.054 0.045 0.212 0.009 0.225 1.353

anac Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness West 16.03 12.4110238 20.70934594 16.074 0.39983811 0.048 0.040 0.188 0.008 0.200 1.200

anad Ansel Adams Wilderness West 15.78 12.2140276 20.38063312 15.777 0.38304975 0.046 0.038 0.180 0.008 0.192 1.149

arch Arches NP West 15.58 12.0562729 20.11739961 15.568 0.36850768 0.044 0.037 0.173 0.007 0.184 1.106

badl Badlands NP West 16.06 12.4358707 20.75080608 16.063 0.40195886 0.048 0.040 0.189 0.008 0.201 1.206

band Bandelier NM West 15.62 12.092496 20.17784243 15.6065 0.37233024 0.045 0.037 0.175 0.007 0.186 1.117

bese Bering Sea

bibe Big Bend NP West 15.48 11.9841518 19.99705661 15.568 0.3620715 0.043 0.036 0.170 0.007 0.181 1.086

blca Black Canyon of the Gunnison NM West 15.68 12.1409628 20.25871544 15.6835 0.37693008 0.045 0.038 0.177 0.008 0.188 1.131

boma Bob Marshall Wilderness West 16.17 12.5107102 20.87568518 16.2775 0.40692224 0.049 0.041 0.191 0.008 0.203 1.221

bosq Bosque del Apache West 15.54 12.0321844 20.07720502 15.535 0.36682029 0.044 0.037 0.172 0.007 0.183 1.100

bowa Boundary Waters Canoe Area East 20.89 14.2333114 30.6792059 20.99575 0.38873383 0.089 0.039 0.544 0.008 0.194 1.166

bret Breton East 21.57 14.6961432 31.67681715 21.9115 0.40588965 0.093 0.041 0.568 0.008 0.203 1.218

brid Bridger Wilderness West 15.71 12.1652691 20.29927341 15.744 0.37920649 0.046 0.038 0.178 0.008 0.190 1.138

brig Brigantine East 21.05 14.3332941 30.89471374 21.1195 0.39215332 0.090 0.039 0.549 0.008 0.196 1.176

brca Bryce Canyon NP West 15.58 12.0562729 20.11739961 15.568 0.36850768 0.044 0.037 0.173 0.007 0.184 1.106

camo Cabinet Mountains Wilderness West 16.27 12.5985924 21.02232762 16.3435 0.41444855 0.050 0.041 0.195 0.008 0.207 1.243

cacr Caney Creek Wilderness East 21.14 14.4051401 31.04957414 21.433 0.39543448 0.091 0.040 0.554 0.008 0.198 1.186

cany Canyonlands NP West 15.6 12.0804095 20.15767467 15.546 0.3715017 0.045 0.037 0.175 0.007 0.186 1.115

cape Cape Romain East 21.22 14.4484204 31.14286273 21.47425 0.39647241 0.091 0.040 0.555 0.008 0.198 1.189

care Capitol Reef NP West 15.63 12.1045945 20.19803037 15.6285 0.37381785 0.045 0.037 0.176 0.007 0.187 1.121

cari Caribou Wilderness West 16.05 12.423441 20.73006564 16.1345 0.40056876 0.048 0.040 0.188 0.008 0.200 1.202

cave Carlsbad Caverns NP West 15.61 12.092496 20.17784243 15.6065 0.37299394 0.045 0.037 0.175 0.007 0.186 1.119

chas Chassahowitzka East 21.46 14.6082304 31.48732529 21.796 0.40211434 0.092 0.040 0.563 0.008 0.201 1.206

chir Chiricahua NM West 15.47 11.9721736 19.97706954 15.4965 0.36054363 0.043 0.036 0.169 0.007 0.180 1.082

chir Chiricahua Wilderness West 15.45 11.9602074 19.95710246 15.4855 0.35967109 0.043 0.036 0.169 0.007 0.180 1.079

cohu Cohutta Wilderness East 21.39 14.5644713 31.39300486 21.60625 0.40074375 0.092 0.040 0.561 0.008 0.200 1.202

crla Crater Lake NP West 16.74 12.956338 21.619271 16.767 0.43862582 0.053 0.044 0.206 0.009 0.219 1.316

crmo Craters of the Moon NM West 15.8 12.2262477 20.40102395 15.8155 0.38383581 0.046 0.038 0.180 0.008 0.192 1.152

cuca Cucamonga Wilderness West 15.85 12.2752506 20.48279147 15.8485 0.38893173 0.047 0.039 0.183 0.008 0.194 1.167

dena Denali Preserve NP West 16.27 12.5860001 21.0013158 16.041 0.41244021 0.049 0.041 0.194 0.008 0.206 1.237

deso Desolation Wilderness West 15.8 12.2262477 20.40102395 15.8045 0.38383581 0.046 0.038 0.180 0.008 0.192 1.152

dipe Diamond Peak Wilderness West 16.84 13.0343098 21.74937656 16.7945 0.44361254 0.053 0.044 0.208 0.009 0.222 1.331

doso Dolly Sods Wilderness East 21.13 14.3907421 31.01854009 21.268 0.39449615 0.091 0.039 0.552 0.008 0.197 1.183

dola Dome Land Wilderness West 15.7 12.1531099 20.27898429 15.7 0.37773857 0.045 0.038 0.178 0.008 0.189 1.133
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3 July 16, 2012

Best 20% days concentrations

From Best & Worst dv check Scaled from annual by (b_B20 - 10) / (b_Ann - 10)

abbr Class I Area

West / 

East

Annl Avg 

(Mm-1)

Best Days 

(Mm-1)

Worst Days 

(Mm-1)

Annl avg b 

from conc

(Best-10) / 

(Avg-10)

Ammonium

sulfate

Ammonium

nitrate

Organic

carbon

Elemental 

carbon Soil

Coarse 

Mass

eaca Eagle Cap Wilderness West 16.12 12.4857138 20.83397553 16.03 0.40616238 0.049 0.041 0.191 0.008 0.203 1.218

eane Eagles Nest Wilderness West 15.72 12.1652691 20.29927341 15.7165 0.37854354 0.045 0.038 0.178 0.008 0.189 1.136

emig Emigrant Wilderness West 15.81 12.2384801 20.42143517 15.8155 0.38528056 0.046 0.039 0.181 0.008 0.193 1.156

ever Everglades NP East 20.77 14.1481673 30.49568179 20.74 0.38515945 0.089 0.039 0.539 0.008 0.193 1.155

fitz Fitzpatrick Wilderness West 15.73 12.1774404 20.31958284 15.7275 0.38000705 0.046 0.038 0.179 0.008 0.190 1.140

flto Flat Tops Wilderness West 15.7 12.1531099 20.27898429 15.7 0.37773857 0.045 0.038 0.178 0.008 0.189 1.133

gali Galiuro Wilderness West 15.4 11.9243806 19.89732087 15.4195 0.35636678 0.043 0.036 0.167 0.007 0.178 1.069

gamo Gates of the Mountains WildernessWest 15.93 12.3367806 20.58546189 15.964 0.39406081 0.047 0.039 0.185 0.008 0.197 1.182

gemo Gearhart Mountain Wilderness West 16.33 12.6364449 21.0854893 16.349 0.41649999 0.050 0.042 0.196 0.008 0.208 1.249

gila Gila Wilderness West 15.51 12.0081441 20.03709074 15.535 0.36445446 0.044 0.036 0.171 0.007 0.182 1.093

glac Glacier NP West 16.48 12.7634433 21.29740199 16.591 0.4264573 0.051 0.043 0.200 0.009 0.213 1.279

glpe Glacier Peak Wilderness West 16.88 13.0734714 21.81472265 16.756 0.44672549 0.054 0.045 0.210 0.009 0.223 1.340

goro Goat Rocks Wilderness West 16.93 13.0996445 21.85839576 16.8 0.44727915 0.054 0.045 0.210 0.009 0.224 1.342

grca Grand Canyon NP West 15.51 12.0081441 20.03709074 15.546 0.36445446 0.044 0.036 0.171 0.007 0.182 1.093

grte Grand Teton NP West 15.74 12.1774404 20.31958284 15.7495 0.37934502 0.046 0.038 0.178 0.008 0.190 1.138

grgu Great Gulf Wilderness East 21.1 14.3763586 30.98753705 21.202 0.39426654 0.091 0.039 0.552 0.008 0.197 1.183

grsa Great Sand Dunes NM West 15.74 12.1896239 20.33991259 15.777 0.38146759 0.046 0.038 0.179 0.008 0.191 1.144

grsm Great Smoky Mountains NP East 21.39 14.5644713 31.39300486 21.52375 0.40074375 0.092 0.040 0.561 0.008 0.200 1.202

gumo Guadalupe Mountains NP West 15.64 12.1045945 20.19803037 15.612 0.37315506 0.045 0.037 0.175 0.007 0.187 1.119

hale Haleakala NP West 16.02 12.398619 20.68864694 16.052 0.39844169 0.048 0.040 0.187 0.008 0.199 1.195

havo Hawaii Volcanoes NP West 16.33 12.6490877 21.10658534 16.448 0.41849726 0.050 0.042 0.197 0.008 0.209 1.255

heca Hells Canyon Wilderness West 16.09 12.4607673 20.79234922 16.052 0.40406688 0.048 0.040 0.190 0.008 0.202 1.212

herc Hercules-Glades Wilderness East 21.03 14.318968 30.86383447 21.202 0.39156555 0.090 0.039 0.548 0.008 0.196 1.175

hoov Hoover Wilderness West 15.78 12.2140276 20.38063312 15.7825 0.38304975 0.046 0.038 0.180 0.008 0.192 1.149

isro Isle Royale NP East 20.91 14.2475519 30.70990045 20.971 0.38932648 0.090 0.039 0.545 0.008 0.195 1.168

jari James River Face Wilderness East 20.96 14.2760755 30.77138172 21.11125 0.39015287 0.090 0.039 0.546 0.008 0.195 1.170

jarb Jarbidge Wilderness West 15.75 12.1896239 20.33991259 15.777 0.38080416 0.046 0.038 0.179 0.008 0.190 1.142

jomu John Muir Wilderness West 15.8 12.2384801 20.42143517 15.777 0.38594484 0.046 0.039 0.181 0.008 0.193 1.158

jotr Joshua Tree NM West 15.72 12.1652691 20.29927341 15.7385 0.37854354 0.045 0.038 0.178 0.008 0.189 1.136

joyc Joyce-Kilmer-Slickrock WildernessEast 21.4 14.5790431 31.42441357 21.57325 0.40167045 0.092 0.040 0.562 0.008 0.201 1.205

kais Kaiser Wilderness West 15.8 12.2262477 20.40102395 15.799 0.38383581 0.046 0.038 0.180 0.008 0.192 1.152

kalm Kalmiopsis Wilderness West 16.74 12.956338 21.619271 16.8275 0.43862582 0.053 0.044 0.206 0.009 0.219 1.316

kica Kings Canyon NP West 15.79 12.2262477 20.40102395 15.7825 0.38449874 0.046 0.038 0.181 0.008 0.192 1.153

laga La Garita Wilderness West 15.69 12.1409628 20.25871544 15.6835 0.37626763 0.045 0.038 0.177 0.008 0.188 1.129

lavo Lassen Volcanic NP West 16.08 12.4483128 20.77156726 16.162 0.40268302 0.048 0.040 0.189 0.008 0.201 1.208

labe Lava Beds NM West 16.37 12.6744112 21.14884075 16.316 0.41984477 0.050 0.042 0.197 0.008 0.210 1.260

ligo Linville Gorge Wilderness East 21.36 14.5499141 31.36162755 21.60625 0.40052061 0.092 0.040 0.561 0.008 0.200 1.202

lost Lostwood West 16.11 12.4732343 20.81315197 16.151 0.40478467 0.049 0.040 0.190 0.008 0.202 1.214

lybr Lye Brook Wilderness East 20.99 14.2903587 30.80216849 21.06175 0.39038751 0.090 0.039 0.547 0.008 0.195 1.171

maca Mammoth Cave NP East 21.58 14.6961432 31.67681715 21.42475 0.40553914 0.093 0.041 0.568 0.008 0.203 1.217

mamo Marble Mountain Wilderness West 16.65 12.891718 21.51144444 16.7505 0.43484482 0.052 0.043 0.204 0.009 0.217 1.305

mabe Maroon Bells-Snowmass WildernesWes st 15.7 12.1531099 20.27898429 15.7165 0.37773857 0.045 0.038 0.178 0.008 0.189 1.133

maza Mazatzal Wilderness West 15.44 11.9602074 19.95710246 15.4525 0.36033225 0.043 0.036 0.169 0.007 0.180 1.081
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3 July 16, 2012

Best 20% days concentrations

From Best & Worst dv check Scaled from annual by (b_B20 - 10) / (b_Ann - 10)

abbr Class I Area

West / 

East

Annl Avg 

(Mm-1)

Best Days 

(Mm-1)

Worst Days 

(Mm-1)

Annl avg b 

from conc

(Best-10) / 

(Avg-10)

Ammonium

sulfate

Ammonium

nitrate

Organic

carbon

Elemental 

carbon Soil

Coarse 

Mass

medi Medicine Lake West 16.07 12.4358707 20.75080608 16.1125 0.40129665 0.048 0.040 0.189 0.008 0.201 1.204

meve Mesa Verde NP West 15.73 12.1774404 20.31958284 15.623 0.38000705 0.046 0.038 0.179 0.008 0.190 1.140

ming Mingo East 21.03 14.318968 30.86383447 21.21025 0.39156555 0.090 0.039 0.548 0.008 0.196 1.175

mimo Mission Mountains Wilderness West 16.21 12.5482987 20.93840627 16.2555 0.41035405 0.049 0.041 0.193 0.008 0.205 1.231

moke Mokelumne Wilderness West 15.8 12.2384801 20.42143517 15.8045 0.38594484 0.046 0.039 0.181 0.008 0.193 1.158

moos Moosehorn East 21.22 14.4484204 31.14286273 21.27625 0.39647241 0.091 0.040 0.555 0.008 0.198 1.189

moad Mount Adams Wilderness West 16.86 13.0473506 21.77113681 16.844 0.4442202 0.053 0.044 0.209 0.009 0.222 1.333

moba Mount Baldy Wilderness West 15.51 12.0081441 20.03709074 15.513 0.36445446 0.044 0.036 0.171 0.007 0.182 1.093

moho Mount Hood Wilderness West 16.83 13.0343098 21.74937656 16.7835 0.44426204 0.053 0.044 0.209 0.009 0.222 1.333

moje Mount Jefferson Wilderness West 16.91 13.0865514 21.83654829 16.7725 0.44667893 0.054 0.045 0.210 0.009 0.223 1.340

mora Mount Rainier NP West 17.05 13.204862 22.03396426 16.976 0.45459035 0.055 0.045 0.214 0.009 0.227 1.364

mowa Mount Washington Wilderness West 17.03 13.1916637 22.01194131 16.7835 0.45400622 0.054 0.045 0.213 0.009 0.227 1.362

mozi Mount Zirkel Wilderness West 15.71 12.1652691 20.29927341 15.7165 0.37920649 0.046 0.038 0.178 0.008 0.190 1.138

mola Mountain Lakes Wilderness West 16.5 12.7762131 21.31871004 16.514 0.42710971 0.051 0.043 0.201 0.009 0.214 1.281

noab North Absaroka Wilderness West 15.74 12.1774404 20.31958284 15.755 0.37934502 0.046 0.038 0.178 0.008 0.190 1.138

noca North Cascades NP West 16.86 13.0473506 21.77113681 16.7615 0.4442202 0.053 0.044 0.209 0.009 0.222 1.333

okef Okefenokee East 21.41 14.5790431 31.42441357 21.631 0.40131841 0.092 0.040 0.562 0.008 0.201 1.204

olym Olympic NP West 17.02 13.1784786 21.98994037 16.9925 0.45277474 0.054 0.045 0.213 0.009 0.226 1.358

otcr Otter Creek Wilderness East 21.14 14.4051401 31.04957414 21.32575 0.39543448 0.091 0.040 0.554 0.008 0.198 1.186

pasa Pasayten Wilderness West 16.84 13.0343098 21.74937656 16.7615 0.44361254 0.053 0.044 0.208 0.009 0.222 1.331

peco Pecos Wilderness West 15.65 12.1167052 20.2182385 15.6395 0.37463808 0.045 0.037 0.176 0.007 0.187 1.124

pefo Petrified Forest NP West 15.54 12.0321844 20.07720502 15.535 0.36682029 0.044 0.037 0.172 0.007 0.183 1.100

pimo Pine Mountain Wilderness West 15.47 11.9721736 19.97706954 15.469 0.36054363 0.043 0.036 0.169 0.007 0.180 1.082

pinn Pinnacles NM West 16.12 12.4857138 20.83397553 15.986 0.40616238 0.049 0.041 0.191 0.008 0.203 1.218

pore Point Reyes NS West 16.2 12.5482987 20.93840627 16.2555 0.41101592 0.049 0.041 0.193 0.008 0.206 1.233

prra Presidential Range-Dry River Wildernes Easts 21.15 14.4051401 31.04957414 21.301 0.39507983 0.091 0.040 0.553 0.008 0.198 1.185

rala Rainbow Lake Wilderness East 20.99 14.3046562 30.83298606 18.1 0.39168846 0.090 0.039 0.548 0.008 0.196 1.175

rawa Rawah Wilderness West 15.72 12.1652691 20.29927341 15.722 0.37854354 0.045 0.038 0.178 0.008 0.189 1.136

redr Red Rock Lakes West 15.81 12.2384801 20.42143517 15.8155 0.38528056 0.046 0.039 0.181 0.008 0.193 1.156

redw Redwood NP West 16.9 13.0865514 21.83654829 17.174 0.44732629 0.054 0.045 0.210 0.009 0.224 1.342

romo Rocky Mountain NP West 15.67 12.1288279 20.23846685 15.6395 0.37545466 0.045 0.038 0.176 0.008 0.188 1.126

roca Roosevelt Campobello International Park East 21.22 14.4484204 31.14286273 21.2845 0.39647241 0.091 0.040 0.555 0.008 0.198 1.189

sagu Saguaro NM West 15.35 11.8767783 19.81789055 15.37 0.35079969 0.042 0.035 0.165 0.007 0.175 1.052

stma Saint Marks East 21.54 14.6667803 31.61352682 21.8455 0.40440037 0.093 0.040 0.566 0.008 0.202 1.213

sacr Salt Creek West 15.58 12.0562729 20.11739961 15.5845 0.36850768 0.044 0.037 0.173 0.007 0.184 1.106

saga San Gabriel Wilderness West 15.86 12.2752506 20.48279147 15.8705 0.38826803 0.047 0.039 0.182 0.008 0.194 1.165

sago San Gorgonio Wilderness West 15.74 12.1896239 20.33991259 15.8155 0.38146759 0.046 0.038 0.179 0.008 0.191 1.144

saja San Jacinto Wilderness West 15.78 12.2140276 20.38063312 15.8155 0.38304975 0.046 0.038 0.180 0.008 0.192 1.149

sape San Pedro Parks Wilderness West 15.63 12.1045945 20.19803037 15.612 0.37381785 0.045 0.037 0.176 0.007 0.187 1.121

sara San Rafael Wilderness West 16.03 12.4110238 20.70934594 16.0245 0.39983811 0.048 0.040 0.188 0.008 0.200 1.200

sawt Sawtooth Wilderness West 15.82 12.2507247 20.44186682 15.854 0.38672245 0.046 0.039 0.182 0.008 0.193 1.160

scap Scapegoat Wilderness West 16.05 12.423441 20.73006564 16.0905 0.40056876 0.048 0.040 0.188 0.008 0.200 1.202
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3 July 16, 2012

Best 20% days concentrations

From Best & Worst dv check Scaled from annual by (b_B20 - 10) / (b_Ann - 10)

abbr Class I Area

West / 

East

Annl Avg 

(Mm-1)

Best Days 

(Mm-1)

Worst Days 

(Mm-1)

Annl avg b 

from conc

(Best-10) / 

(Avg-10)

Ammonium

sulfate

Ammonium

nitrate

Organic

carbon

Elemental 

carbon Soil

Coarse 

Mass

selw Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness West 16.09 12.4607673 20.79234922 16.107 0.40406688 0.048 0.040 0.190 0.008 0.202 1.212

sene Seney East 21.23 14.462876 31.17402116 21.367 0.39740659 0.091 0.040 0.556 0.008 0.199 1.192

sequ Sequoia NP West 15.79 12.2262477 20.40102395 15.744 0.38449874 0.046 0.038 0.181 0.008 0.192 1.153

shen Shenandoah NP East 20.98 14.2903587 30.80216849 21.25975 0.39074305 0.090 0.039 0.547 0.008 0.195 1.172

shro Shining Rock Wilderness East 21.4 14.5790431 31.42441357 21.62275 0.40167045 0.092 0.040 0.562 0.008 0.201 1.205

sian Sierra Ancha Wilderness West 15.46 11.9721736 19.97706954 15.4635 0.36120396 0.043 0.036 0.170 0.007 0.181 1.084

sime Simeonof West 17.21 13.3242421 22.233165 17.1795 0.46105994 0.055 0.046 0.217 0.009 0.231 1.383

sips Sipsey Wilderness East 21.28 14.4918307 31.2364316 21.499 0.39821194 0.092 0.040 0.557 0.008 0.199 1.195

sowa South Warner Wilderness West 16.09 12.4607673 20.79234922 16.074 0.40406688 0.048 0.040 0.190 0.008 0.202 1.212

stmo Strawberry Mountain Wilderness West 16.37 12.6744112 21.14884075 16.2445 0.41984477 0.050 0.042 0.197 0.008 0.210 1.260

supe Superstition Wilderness West 15.4 11.9243806 19.89732087 15.447 0.35636678 0.043 0.036 0.167 0.007 0.178 1.069

swan Swanquarter East 20.91 14.2475519 30.70990045 21.06175 0.38932648 0.090 0.039 0.545 0.008 0.195 1.168

syca Sycamore Canyon Wilderness West 15.53 12.0201582 20.05713785 15.7385 0.3653089 0.044 0.037 0.172 0.007 0.183 1.096

teto Teton Wilderness West 15.74 12.1774404 20.31958284 15.7495 0.37934502 0.046 0.038 0.178 0.008 0.190 1.138

thro Theodore Roosevelt NP West 16.08 12.4483128 20.77156726 16.0685 0.40268302 0.048 0.040 0.189 0.008 0.201 1.208

thla Thousand Lakes Wilderness West 16.1 12.4607673 20.79234922 16.162 0.40340448 0.048 0.040 0.190 0.008 0.202 1.210

thsi Three Sisters Wilderness West 17.01 13.1653067 21.96796142 16.7945 0.45154162 0.054 0.045 0.212 0.009 0.226 1.355

tuxe Tuxedni West 16.58 12.8402542 21.42557052 16.591 0.43164957 0.052 0.043 0.203 0.009 0.216 1.295

ulbe UL Bend West 15.87 12.287532 20.5032845 15.9035 0.38969881 0.047 0.039 0.183 0.008 0.195 1.169

upbu Upper Buffalo Wilderness East 21.04 14.3332941 30.89471374 21.301 0.39250853 0.090 0.039 0.550 0.008 0.196 1.178

vent Ventana Wilderness West 16.09 12.4607673 20.79234922 16.041 0.40406688 0.048 0.040 0.190 0.008 0.202 1.212

viis Virgin Islands NP (b)

voya Voyageurs NP East 20.64 14.0635324 30.31325553 20.78125 0.38191094 0.088 0.038 0.535 0.008 0.191 1.146

wash Washakie Wilderness West 15.73 12.1774404 20.31958284 15.744 0.38000705 0.046 0.038 0.179 0.008 0.190 1.140

wemi Weminuche Wilderness West 15.68 12.1409628 20.25871544 15.645 0.37693008 0.045 0.038 0.177 0.008 0.188 1.131

weel West Elk Wilderness West 15.71 12.1531099 20.27898429 15.6945 0.37707703 0.045 0.038 0.177 0.008 0.189 1.131

whpe Wheeler Peak Wilderness West 15.7 12.1531099 20.27898429 15.7 0.37773857 0.045 0.038 0.178 0.008 0.189 1.133

whmo White Mountain Wilderness West 15.56 12.0442226 20.09729227 15.557 0.36766594 0.044 0.037 0.173 0.007 0.184 1.103

wich Wichita Mountains East 20.6 14.0354335 30.2526896 20.707 0.38070127 0.088 0.038 0.533 0.008 0.190 1.142

wica Wind Cave NP West 15.97 12.3614789 20.62667401 15.997 0.3955576 0.047 0.040 0.186 0.008 0.198 1.187

wolf Wolf Island East 21.33 14.5353715 31.3302816 21.57325 0.40029757 0.092 0.040 0.560 0.008 0.200 1.201

yell Yellowstone NP West 15.77 12.2140276 20.38063312 15.7935 0.38371362 0.046 0.038 0.180 0.008 0.192 1.151

yobo Yolla Bolly Middle Eel Wilderness West 16.25 12.5734204 20.98032498 16.338 0.41174726 0.049 0.041 0.194 0.008 0.206 1.235

yose Yosemite NP West 15.81 12.2384801 20.42143517 15.854 0.38528056 0.046 0.039 0.181 0.008 0.193 1.156

zion Zion NP West 15.56 12.0442226 20.09729227 15.5625 0.36766594 0.044 0.037 0.173 0.007 0.184 1.103
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3 July 16, 2012

Natural concentrations for best and worst 20% of days,

From Table

2-1

Ammonium

sulfate

Ammonium

nitrate

Organic

carbon

Elemental 

carbon Soil

Coarse 

Mass

 scaled from annual concentrations B20 and W20 extinction West conc. 0.12 0.1 0.47 0.02 0.5 3

East conc. 0.23 0.1 1.4 0.02 0.5 3

bext calculated as a check, using table A-2, "recommended" f(RH) at IMPROVE site dry ext. eff. 3 3 4 10 1 0.6

Worst 20% days concentrations

From Best & Worst dv check Scaled from annual by (b_W20 - 10) / (b_Ann - 10)

abbr Class I Area

West / 

East

Annl Avg 

(Mm-1)

Best Days 

(Mm-1)

Worst Days 

(Mm-1)

Annl avg b 

from conc

(Best-10) / 

(Avg-10)

(Worst-10) / 

(Avg-10)

Ammonium

sulfate

Ammonium

nitrate

Organic

carbon

Elemental 

carbon Soil

Coarse 

Mass

acad Acadia NP East 21.4 14.5790431 31.42441357 21.4495 0.40167045 1.87933452 0.432 0.188 2.631 0.038 0.940 5.638

agti Agua Tibia Wilderness West 15.86 12.2752506 20.48279147 15.8815 0.38826803 1.78887226 0.215 0.179 0.841 0.036 0.894 5.367

alla Alpine Lake Wilderness West 16.99 13.152148 21.94600444 16.789 0.45095108 1.70901351 0.205 0.171 0.803 0.034 0.855 5.127

anac Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness West 16.03 12.4110238 20.70934594 16.074 0.39983811 1.77601094 0.213 0.178 0.835 0.036 0.888 5.328

anad Ansel Adams Wilderness West 15.78 12.2140276 20.38063312 15.777 0.38304975 1.79595729 0.216 0.180 0.844 0.036 0.898 5.388

arch Arches NP West 15.58 12.0562729 20.11739961 15.568 0.36850768 1.81315405 0.218 0.181 0.852 0.036 0.907 5.439

badl Badlands NP West 16.06 12.4358707 20.75080608 16.063 0.40195886 1.77406041 0.213 0.177 0.834 0.035 0.887 5.322

band Bandelier NM West 15.62 12.092496 20.17784243 15.6065 0.37233024 1.81100399 0.217 0.181 0.851 0.036 0.906 5.433

bese Bering Sea

bibe Big Bend NP West 15.48 11.9841518 19.99705661 15.568 0.3620715 1.8242804 0.219 0.182 0.857 0.036 0.912 5.473

blca Black Canyon of the Gunnison NM West 15.68 12.1409628 20.25871544 15.6835 0.37693008 1.80611187 0.217 0.181 0.849 0.036 0.903 5.418

boma Bob Marshall Wilderness West 16.17 12.5107102 20.87568518 16.2775 0.40692224 1.76267183 0.212 0.176 0.828 0.035 0.881 5.288

bosq Bosque del Apache West 15.54 12.0321844 20.07720502 15.535 0.36682029 1.81899008 0.218 0.182 0.855 0.036 0.909 5.457

bowa Boundary Waters Canoe Area East 20.89 14.2333114 30.6792059 20.99575 0.38873383 1.89891698 0.437 0.190 2.658 0.038 0.949 5.697

bret Breton East 21.57 14.6961432 31.67681715 21.9115 0.40588965 1.87353649 0.431 0.187 2.623 0.037 0.937 5.621

brid Bridger Wilderness West 15.71 12.1652691 20.29927341 15.744 0.37920649 1.80372564 0.216 0.180 0.848 0.036 0.902 5.411

brig Brigantine East 21.05 14.3332941 30.89471374 21.1195 0.39215332 1.89092432 0.435 0.189 2.647 0.038 0.945 5.673

brca Bryce Canyon NP West 15.58 12.0562729 20.11739961 15.568 0.36850768 1.81315405 0.218 0.181 0.852 0.036 0.907 5.439

camo Cabinet Mountains Wilderness West 16.27 12.5985924 21.02232762 16.3435 0.41444855 1.75794699 0.211 0.176 0.826 0.035 0.879 5.274

cacr Caney Creek Wilderness East 21.14 14.4051401 31.04957414 21.433 0.39543448 1.88954885 0.435 0.189 2.645 0.038 0.945 5.669

cany Canyonlands NP West 15.6 12.0804095 20.15767467 15.546 0.3715017 1.81387048 0.218 0.181 0.853 0.036 0.907 5.442

cape Cape Romain East 21.22 14.4484204 31.14286273 21.47425 0.39647241 1.88439062 0.433 0.188 2.638 0.038 0.942 5.653

care Capitol Reef NP West 15.63 12.1045945 20.19803037 15.6285 0.37381785 1.81137307 0.217 0.181 0.851 0.036 0.906 5.434

cari Caribou Wilderness West 16.05 12.423441 20.73006564 16.1345 0.40056876 1.77356457 0.213 0.177 0.834 0.035 0.887 5.321

cave Carlsbad Caverns NP West 15.61 12.092496 20.17784243 15.6065 0.37299394 1.81423216 0.218 0.181 0.853 0.036 0.907 5.443

chas Chassahowitzka East 21.46 14.6082304 31.48732529 21.796 0.40211434 1.87498475 0.431 0.187 2.625 0.037 0.937 5.625

chir Chiricahua NM West 15.47 11.9721736 19.97706954 15.4965 0.36054363 1.82396153 0.219 0.182 0.857 0.036 0.912 5.472

chir Chiricahua Wilderness West 15.45 11.9602074 19.95710246 15.4855 0.35967109 1.82699128 0.219 0.183 0.859 0.037 0.913 5.481

cohu Cohutta Wilderness East 21.39 14.5644713 31.39300486 21.60625 0.40074375 1.87822694 0.432 0.188 2.630 0.038 0.939 5.635

crla Crater Lake NP West 16.74 12.956338 21.619271 16.767 0.43862582 1.72392745 0.207 0.172 0.810 0.034 0.862 5.172

crmo Craters of the Moon NM West 15.8 12.2262477 20.40102395 15.8155 0.38383581 1.79327999 0.215 0.179 0.843 0.036 0.897 5.380

cuca Cucamonga Wilderness West 15.85 12.2752506 20.48279147 15.8485 0.38893173 1.79193017 0.215 0.179 0.842 0.036 0.896 5.376

dena Denali Preserve NP West 16.27 12.5860001 21.0013158 16.041 0.41244021 1.75459582 0.211 0.175 0.825 0.035 0.877 5.264

deso Desolation Wilderness West 15.8 12.2262477 20.40102395 15.8045 0.38383581 1.79327999 0.215 0.179 0.843 0.036 0.897 5.380

dipe Diamond Peak Wilderness West 16.84 13.0343098 21.74937656 16.7945 0.44361254 1.71774511 0.206 0.172 0.807 0.034 0.859 5.153

doso Dolly Sods Wilderness East 21.13 14.3907421 31.01854009 21.268 0.39449615 1.88845823 0.434 0.189 2.644 0.038 0.944 5.665

dola Dome Land Wilderness West 15.7 12.1531099 20.27898429 15.7 0.37773857 1.80333058 0.216 0.180 0.848 0.036 0.902 5.410
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3 July 16, 2012

Worst 20% days concentrations

From Best & Worst dv check Scaled from annual by (b_W20 - 10) / (b_Ann - 10)

abbr Class I Area

West / 

East

Annl Avg 

(Mm-1)

Best Days 

(Mm-1)

Worst Days 

(Mm-1)

Annl avg b 

from conc

(Best-10) / 

(Avg-10)

(Worst-10) / 

(Avg-10)

Ammonium

sulfate

Ammonium

nitrate

Organic

carbon

Elemental 

carbon Soil

Coarse 

Mass

eaca Eagle Cap Wilderness West 16.12 12.4857138 20.83397553 16.03 0.40616238 1.77025744 0.212 0.177 0.832 0.035 0.885 5.311

eane Eagles Nest Wilderness West 15.72 12.1652691 20.29927341 15.7165 0.37854354 1.80057228 0.216 0.180 0.846 0.036 0.900 5.402

emig Emigrant Wilderness West 15.81 12.2384801 20.42143517 15.8155 0.38528056 1.79370657 0.215 0.179 0.843 0.036 0.897 5.381

ever Everglades NP East 20.77 14.1481673 30.49568179 20.74 0.38515945 1.90303452 0.438 0.190 2.664 0.038 0.952 5.709

fitz Fitzpatrick Wilderness West 15.73 12.1774404 20.31958284 15.7275 0.38000705 1.80097432 0.216 0.180 0.846 0.036 0.900 5.403

flto Flat Tops Wilderness West 15.7 12.1531099 20.27898429 15.7 0.37773857 1.80333058 0.216 0.180 0.848 0.036 0.902 5.410

gali Galiuro Wilderness West 15.4 11.9243806 19.89732087 15.4195 0.35636678 1.8328372 0.220 0.183 0.861 0.037 0.916 5.499

gamo Gates of the Mountains WildernessWest 15.93 12.3367806 20.58546189 15.964 0.39406081 1.78506946 0.214 0.179 0.839 0.036 0.893 5.355

gemo Gearhart Mountain Wilderness West 16.33 12.6364449 21.0854893 16.349 0.41649999 1.75126213 0.210 0.175 0.823 0.035 0.876 5.254

gila Gila Wilderness West 15.51 12.0081441 20.03709074 15.535 0.36445446 1.82161356 0.219 0.182 0.856 0.036 0.911 5.465

glac Glacier NP West 16.48 12.7634433 21.29740199 16.591 0.4264573 1.74342623 0.209 0.174 0.819 0.035 0.872 5.230

glpe Glacier Peak Wilderness West 16.88 13.0734714 21.81472265 16.756 0.44672549 1.7172562 0.206 0.172 0.807 0.034 0.859 5.152

goro Goat Rocks Wilderness West 16.93 13.0996445 21.85839576 16.8 0.44727915 1.71116822 0.205 0.171 0.804 0.034 0.856 5.134

grca Grand Canyon NP West 15.51 12.0081441 20.03709074 15.546 0.36445446 1.82161356 0.219 0.182 0.856 0.036 0.911 5.465

grte Grand Teton NP West 15.74 12.1774404 20.31958284 15.7495 0.37934502 1.79783673 0.216 0.180 0.845 0.036 0.899 5.394

grgu Great Gulf Wilderness East 21.1 14.3763586 30.98753705 21.202 0.39426654 1.8907691 0.435 0.189 2.647 0.038 0.945 5.672

grsa Great Sand Dunes NM West 15.74 12.1896239 20.33991259 15.777 0.38146759 1.8013785 0.216 0.180 0.847 0.036 0.901 5.404

grsm Great Smoky Mountains NP East 21.39 14.5644713 31.39300486 21.52375 0.40074375 1.87822694 0.432 0.188 2.630 0.038 0.939 5.635

gumo Guadalupe Mountains NP West 15.64 12.1045945 20.19803037 15.612 0.37315506 1.80816141 0.217 0.181 0.850 0.036 0.904 5.424

hale Haleakala NP West 16.02 12.398619 20.68864694 16.052 0.39844169 1.77552275 0.213 0.178 0.834 0.036 0.888 5.327

havo Hawaii Volcanoes NP West 16.33 12.6490877 21.10658534 16.448 0.41849726 1.75459484 0.211 0.175 0.825 0.035 0.877 5.264

heca Hells Canyon Wilderness West 16.09 12.4607673 20.79234922 16.052 0.40406688 1.77214273 0.213 0.177 0.833 0.035 0.886 5.316

herc Hercules-Glades Wilderness East 21.03 14.318968 30.86383447 21.202 0.39156555 1.89155344 0.435 0.189 2.648 0.038 0.946 5.675

hoov Hoover Wilderness West 15.78 12.2140276 20.38063312 15.7825 0.38304975 1.79595729 0.216 0.180 0.844 0.036 0.898 5.388

isro Isle Royale NP East 20.91 14.2475519 30.70990045 20.971 0.38932648 1.89824935 0.437 0.190 2.658 0.038 0.949 5.695

jari James River Face Wilderness East 20.96 14.2760755 30.77138172 21.11125 0.39015287 1.89519906 0.436 0.190 2.653 0.038 0.948 5.686

jarb Jarbidge Wilderness West 15.75 12.1896239 20.33991259 15.777 0.38080416 1.79824567 0.216 0.180 0.845 0.036 0.899 5.395

jomu John Muir Wilderness West 15.8 12.2384801 20.42143517 15.777 0.38594484 1.79679917 0.216 0.180 0.844 0.036 0.898 5.390

jotr Joshua Tree NM West 15.72 12.1652691 20.29927341 15.7385 0.37854354 1.80057228 0.216 0.180 0.846 0.036 0.900 5.402

joyc Joyce-Kilmer-Slickrock WildernessEast 21.4 14.5790431 31.42441357 21.57325 0.40167045 1.87933452 0.432 0.188 2.631 0.038 0.940 5.638

kais Kaiser Wilderness West 15.8 12.2262477 20.40102395 15.799 0.38383581 1.79327999 0.215 0.179 0.843 0.036 0.897 5.380

kalm Kalmiopsis Wilderness West 16.74 12.956338 21.619271 16.8275 0.43862582 1.72392745 0.207 0.172 0.810 0.034 0.862 5.172

kica Kings Canyon NP West 15.79 12.2262477 20.40102395 15.7825 0.38449874 1.79637719 0.216 0.180 0.844 0.036 0.898 5.389

laga La Garita Wilderness West 15.69 12.1409628 20.25871544 15.6835 0.37626763 1.80293769 0.216 0.180 0.847 0.036 0.901 5.409

lavo Lassen Volcanic NP West 16.08 12.4483128 20.77156726 16.162 0.40268302 1.77163935 0.213 0.177 0.833 0.035 0.886 5.315

labe Lava Beds NM West 16.37 12.6744112 21.14884075 16.316 0.41984477 1.75021048 0.210 0.175 0.823 0.035 0.875 5.251

ligo Linville Gorge Wilderness East 21.36 14.5499141 31.36162755 21.60625 0.40052061 1.88042496 0.432 0.188 2.633 0.038 0.940 5.641

lost Lostwood West 16.11 12.4732343 20.81315197 16.151 0.40478467 1.76974664 0.212 0.177 0.832 0.035 0.885 5.309

lybr Lye Brook Wilderness East 20.99 14.2903587 30.80216849 21.06175 0.39038751 1.89282698 0.435 0.189 2.650 0.038 0.946 5.678

maca Mammoth Cave NP East 21.58 14.6961432 31.67681715 21.42475 0.40553914 1.87191858 0.431 0.187 2.621 0.037 0.936 5.616

mamo Marble Mountain Wilderness West 16.65 12.891718 21.51144444 16.7505 0.43484482 1.73104428 0.208 0.173 0.814 0.035 0.866 5.193

mabe Maroon Bells-Snowmass WildernesWes st 15.7 12.1531099 20.27898429 15.7165 0.37773857 1.80333058 0.216 0.180 0.848 0.036 0.902 5.410

maza Mazatzal Wilderness West 15.44 11.9602074 19.95710246 15.4525 0.36033225 1.83034972 0.220 0.183 0.860 0.037 0.915 5.491
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3 July 16, 2012

Worst 20% days concentrations

From Best & Worst dv check Scaled from annual by (b_W20 - 10) / (b_Ann - 10)

abbr Class I Area

West / 

East

Annl Avg 

(Mm-1)

Best Days 

(Mm-1)

Worst Days 

(Mm-1)

Annl avg b 

from conc

(Best-10) / 

(Avg-10)

(Worst-10) / 

(Avg-10)

Ammonium

sulfate

Ammonium

nitrate

Organic

carbon

Elemental 

carbon Soil

Coarse 

Mass

medi Medicine Lake West 16.07 12.4358707 20.75080608 16.1125 0.40129665 1.77113774 0.213 0.177 0.832 0.035 0.886 5.313

meve Mesa Verde NP West 15.73 12.1774404 20.31958284 15.623 0.38000705 1.80097432 0.216 0.180 0.846 0.036 0.900 5.403

ming Mingo East 21.03 14.318968 30.86383447 21.21025 0.39156555 1.89155344 0.435 0.189 2.648 0.038 0.946 5.675

mimo Mission Mountains Wilderness West 16.21 12.5482987 20.93840627 16.2555 0.41035405 1.76141808 0.211 0.176 0.828 0.035 0.881 5.284

moke Mokelumne Wilderness West 15.8 12.2384801 20.42143517 15.8045 0.38594484 1.79679917 0.216 0.180 0.844 0.036 0.898 5.390

moos Moosehorn East 21.22 14.4484204 31.14286273 21.27625 0.39647241 1.88439062 0.433 0.188 2.638 0.038 0.942 5.653

moad Mount Adams Wilderness West 16.86 13.0473506 21.77113681 16.844 0.4442202 1.71590916 0.206 0.172 0.806 0.034 0.858 5.148

moba Mount Baldy Wilderness West 15.51 12.0081441 20.03709074 15.513 0.36445446 1.82161356 0.219 0.182 0.856 0.036 0.911 5.465

moho Mount Hood Wilderness West 16.83 13.0343098 21.74937656 16.7835 0.44426204 1.72026011 0.206 0.172 0.809 0.034 0.860 5.161

moje Mount Jefferson Wilderness West 16.91 13.0865514 21.83654829 16.7725 0.44667893 1.71295923 0.206 0.171 0.805 0.034 0.856 5.139

mora Mount Rainier NP West 17.05 13.204862 22.03396426 16.976 0.45459035 1.70694529 0.205 0.171 0.802 0.034 0.853 5.121

mowa Mount Washington Wilderness West 17.03 13.1916637 22.01194131 16.7835 0.45400622 1.70866875 0.205 0.171 0.803 0.034 0.854 5.126

mozi Mount Zirkel Wilderness West 15.71 12.1652691 20.29927341 15.7165 0.37920649 1.80372564 0.216 0.180 0.848 0.036 0.902 5.411

mola Mountain Lakes Wilderness West 16.5 12.7762131 21.31871004 16.514 0.42710971 1.74134001 0.209 0.174 0.818 0.035 0.871 5.224

noab North Absaroka Wilderness West 15.74 12.1774404 20.31958284 15.755 0.37934502 1.79783673 0.216 0.180 0.845 0.036 0.899 5.394

noca North Cascades NP West 16.86 13.0473506 21.77113681 16.7615 0.4442202 1.71590916 0.206 0.172 0.806 0.034 0.858 5.148

okef Okefenokee East 21.41 14.5790431 31.42441357 21.631 0.40131841 1.87768743 0.432 0.188 2.629 0.038 0.939 5.633

olym Olympic NP West 17.02 13.1784786 21.98994037 16.9925 0.45277474 1.70796871 0.205 0.171 0.803 0.034 0.854 5.124

otcr Otter Creek Wilderness East 21.14 14.4051401 31.04957414 21.32575 0.39543448 1.88954885 0.435 0.189 2.645 0.038 0.945 5.669

pasa Pasayten Wilderness West 16.84 13.0343098 21.74937656 16.7615 0.44361254 1.71774511 0.206 0.172 0.807 0.034 0.859 5.153

peco Pecos Wilderness West 15.65 12.1167052 20.2182385 15.6395 0.37463808 1.80853779 0.217 0.181 0.850 0.036 0.904 5.426

pefo Petrified Forest NP West 15.54 12.0321844 20.07720502 15.535 0.36682029 1.81899008 0.218 0.182 0.855 0.036 0.909 5.457

pimo Pine Mountain Wilderness West 15.47 11.9721736 19.97706954 15.469 0.36054363 1.82396153 0.219 0.182 0.857 0.036 0.912 5.472

pinn Pinnacles NM West 16.12 12.4857138 20.83397553 15.986 0.40616238 1.77025744 0.212 0.177 0.832 0.035 0.885 5.311

pore Point Reyes NS West 16.2 12.5482987 20.93840627 16.2555 0.41101592 1.76425908 0.212 0.176 0.829 0.035 0.882 5.293

prra Presidential Range-Dry River WilderEanesst s 21.15 14.4051401 31.04957414 21.301 0.39507983 1.88785418 0.434 0.189 2.643 0.038 0.944 5.664

rala Rainbow Lake Wilderness East 20.99 14.3046562 30.83298606 18.1 0.39168846 1.89563113 0.436 0.190 2.654 0.038 0.948 5.687

rawa Rawah Wilderness West 15.72 12.1652691 20.29927341 15.722 0.37854354 1.80057228 0.216 0.180 0.846 0.036 0.900 5.402

redr Red Rock Lakes West 15.81 12.2384801 20.42143517 15.8155 0.38528056 1.79370657 0.215 0.179 0.843 0.036 0.897 5.381

redw Redwood NP West 16.9 13.0865514 21.83654829 17.174 0.44732629 1.71544178 0.206 0.172 0.806 0.034 0.858 5.146

romo Rocky Mountain NP West 15.67 12.1288279 20.23846685 15.6395 0.37545466 1.80572608 0.217 0.181 0.849 0.036 0.903 5.417

roca Roosevelt Campobello International PEaark st 21.22 14.4484204 31.14286273 21.2845 0.39647241 1.88439062 0.433 0.188 2.638 0.038 0.942 5.653

sagu Saguaro NM West 15.35 11.8767783 19.81789055 15.37 0.35079969 1.83511973 0.220 0.184 0.863 0.037 0.918 5.505

stma Saint Marks East 21.54 14.6667803 31.61352682 21.8455 0.40440037 1.8729226 0.431 0.187 2.622 0.037 0.936 5.619

sacr Salt Creek West 15.58 12.0562729 20.11739961 15.5845 0.36850768 1.81315405 0.218 0.181 0.852 0.036 0.907 5.439

saga San Gabriel Wilderness West 15.86 12.2752506 20.48279147 15.8705 0.38826803 1.78887226 0.215 0.179 0.841 0.036 0.894 5.367

sago San Gorgonio Wilderness West 15.74 12.1896239 20.33991259 15.8155 0.38146759 1.8013785 0.216 0.180 0.847 0.036 0.901 5.404

saja San Jacinto Wilderness West 15.78 12.2140276 20.38063312 15.8155 0.38304975 1.79595729 0.216 0.180 0.844 0.036 0.898 5.388

sape San Pedro Parks Wilderness West 15.63 12.1045945 20.19803037 15.612 0.37381785 1.81137307 0.217 0.181 0.851 0.036 0.906 5.434

sara San Rafael Wilderness West 16.03 12.4110238 20.70934594 16.0245 0.39983811 1.77601094 0.213 0.178 0.835 0.036 0.888 5.328

sawt Sawtooth Wilderness West 15.82 12.2507247 20.44186682 15.854 0.38672245 1.79413519 0.215 0.179 0.843 0.036 0.897 5.382

scap Scapegoat Wilderness West 16.05 12.423441 20.73006564 16.0905 0.40056876 1.77356457 0.213 0.177 0.834 0.035 0.887 5.321
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3 July 16, 2012

Worst 20% days concentrations

From Best & Worst dv check Scaled from annual by (b_W20 - 10) / (b_Ann - 10)

abbr Class I Area

West / 

East

Annl Avg 

(Mm-1)

Best Days 

(Mm-1)

Worst Days 

(Mm-1)

Annl avg b 

from conc

(Best-10) / 

(Avg-10)

(Worst-10) / 

(Avg-10)

Ammonium

sulfate

Ammonium

nitrate

Organic

carbon

Elemental 

carbon Soil

Coarse 

Mass

selw Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness West 16.09 12.4607673 20.79234922 16.107 0.40406688 1.77214273 0.213 0.177 0.833 0.035 0.886 5.316

sene Seney East 21.23 14.462876 31.17402116 21.367 0.39740659 1.88548719 0.434 0.189 2.640 0.038 0.943 5.656

sequ Sequoia NP West 15.79 12.2262477 20.40102395 15.744 0.38449874 1.79637719 0.216 0.180 0.844 0.036 0.898 5.389

shen Shenandoah NP East 20.98 14.2903587 30.80216849 21.25975 0.39074305 1.89455086 0.436 0.189 2.652 0.038 0.947 5.684

shro Shining Rock Wilderness East 21.4 14.5790431 31.42441357 21.62275 0.40167045 1.87933452 0.432 0.188 2.631 0.038 0.940 5.638

sian Sierra Ancha Wilderness West 15.46 11.9721736 19.97706954 15.4635 0.36120396 1.82730211 0.219 0.183 0.859 0.037 0.914 5.482

sime Simeonof West 17.21 13.3242421 22.233165 17.1795 0.46105994 1.69669417 0.204 0.170 0.797 0.034 0.848 5.090

sips Sipsey Wilderness East 21.28 14.4918307 31.2364316 21.499 0.39821194 1.88266238 0.433 0.188 2.636 0.038 0.941 5.648

sowa South Warner Wilderness West 16.09 12.4607673 20.79234922 16.074 0.40406688 1.77214273 0.213 0.177 0.833 0.035 0.886 5.316

stmo Strawberry Mountain Wilderness West 16.37 12.6744112 21.14884075 16.2445 0.41984477 1.75021048 0.210 0.175 0.823 0.035 0.875 5.251

supe Superstition Wilderness West 15.4 11.9243806 19.89732087 15.447 0.35636678 1.8328372 0.220 0.183 0.861 0.037 0.916 5.499

swan Swanquarter East 20.91 14.2475519 30.70990045 21.06175 0.38932648 1.89824935 0.437 0.190 2.658 0.038 0.949 5.695

syca Sycamore Canyon Wilderness West 15.53 12.0201582 20.05713785 15.7385 0.3653089 1.81865061 0.218 0.182 0.855 0.036 0.909 5.456

teto Teton Wilderness West 15.74 12.1774404 20.31958284 15.7495 0.37934502 1.79783673 0.216 0.180 0.845 0.036 0.899 5.394

thro Theodore Roosevelt NP West 16.08 12.4483128 20.77156726 16.0685 0.40268302 1.77163935 0.213 0.177 0.833 0.035 0.886 5.315

thla Thousand Lakes Wilderness West 16.1 12.4607673 20.79234922 16.162 0.40340448 1.76923758 0.212 0.177 0.832 0.035 0.885 5.308

thsi Three Sisters Wilderness West 17.01 13.1653067 21.96796142 16.7945 0.45154162 1.70726982 0.205 0.171 0.802 0.034 0.854 5.122

tuxe Tuxedni West 16.58 12.8402542 21.42557052 16.591 0.43164957 1.73640889 0.208 0.174 0.816 0.035 0.868 5.209

ulbe UL Bend West 15.87 12.287532 20.5032845 15.9035 0.38969881 1.78931593 0.215 0.179 0.841 0.036 0.895 5.368

upbu Upper Buffalo Wilderness East 21.04 14.3332941 30.89471374 21.301 0.39250853 1.89263711 0.435 0.189 2.650 0.038 0.946 5.678

vent Ventana Wilderness West 16.09 12.4607673 20.79234922 16.041 0.40406688 1.77214273 0.213 0.177 0.833 0.035 0.886 5.316

viis Virgin Islands NP (b)

voya Voyageurs NP East 20.64 14.0635324 30.31325553 20.78125 0.38191094 1.90914056 0.439 0.191 2.673 0.038 0.955 5.727

wash Washakie Wilderness West 15.73 12.1774404 20.31958284 15.744 0.38000705 1.80097432 0.216 0.180 0.846 0.036 0.900 5.403

wemi Weminuche Wilderness West 15.68 12.1409628 20.25871544 15.645 0.37693008 1.80611187 0.217 0.181 0.849 0.036 0.903 5.418

weel West Elk Wilderness West 15.71 12.1531099 20.27898429 15.6945 0.37707703 1.80017238 0.216 0.180 0.846 0.036 0.900 5.401

whpe Wheeler Peak Wilderness West 15.7 12.1531099 20.27898429 15.7 0.37773857 1.80333058 0.216 0.180 0.848 0.036 0.902 5.410

whmo White Mountain Wilderness West 15.56 12.0442226 20.09729227 15.557 0.36766594 1.81605976 0.218 0.182 0.854 0.036 0.908 5.448

wich Wichita Mountains East 20.6 14.0354335 30.2526896 20.707 0.38070127 1.91063109 0.439 0.191 2.675 0.038 0.955 5.732

wica Wind Cave NP West 15.97 12.3614789 20.62667401 15.997 0.3955576 1.7800124 0.214 0.178 0.837 0.036 0.890 5.340

wolf Wolf Island East 21.33 14.5353715 31.3302816 21.57325 0.40029757 1.88263739 0.433 0.188 2.636 0.038 0.941 5.648

yell Yellowstone NP West 15.77 12.2140276 20.38063312 15.7935 0.38371362 1.79906986 0.216 0.180 0.846 0.036 0.900 5.397

yobo Yolla Bolly Middle Eel Wilderness West 16.25 12.5734204 20.98032498 16.338 0.41174726 1.756852 0.211 0.176 0.826 0.035 0.878 5.271

yose Yosemite NP West 15.81 12.2384801 20.42143517 15.854 0.38528056 1.79370657 0.215 0.179 0.843 0.036 0.897 5.381

zion Zion NP West 15.56 12.0442226 20.09729227 15.5625 0.36766594 1.81605976 0.218 0.182 0.854 0.036 0.908 5.448
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3

Appendix D:

Natural Background Conditions 

for IMPROVE Method 8 (taken from FLAG-2010)
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3

Table 5. 20% Best Natural Conditions – Concentrations and Rayleigh Scattering By Class I Areaa

Class I Area (NH4)2SO4

μg/m3

NH4NO3

μg/m3

OM

μg/m3

EC

μg/m3

Soil

μg/m3

CM

μg/m3

Sea 

Salt

μg/m3

Rayleigh

Mm-1

Type

Acadia NP 0.09 0.03 0.68 0.01 0.10 0.94 0.03 12 B20%

Agua Tibia Wilderness 0.03 0.04 0.26 0.01 0.26 1.20 0.04 11 B20%

Alpine Lakes Wilderness 0.04 0.03 0.15 0.01 0.05 0.30 0.02 11 B20%

Anaconda Pintler Wilderness 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.01 0.07 0.31 0.00 10 B20%

Ansel Adams Wilderness 0.02 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.07 0.44 0.01 9 B20%

Arches NP 0.07 0.06 0.23 0.01 0.14 0.89 0.01 9 B20%

Badlands NP 0.05 0.05 0.23 0.01 0.22 0.99 0.00 11 B20%

Bandelier NM 0.07 0.06 0.31 0.01 0.16 0.91 0.00 9 B20%

Bering Sea Wilderness - - - - - - - - B20%

Big Bend NP 0.05 0.04 0.24 0.01 0.11 0.80 0.00 10 B20%

Black Canyon of the Gunnison 

NP 0.06 0.04 0.24 0.01 0.13 0.88 0.00 9 B20%

Bob Marshall Wilderness 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.01 0.08 0.37 0.00 10 B20%

Bosque del Apache 

Wilderness 0.08 0.06 0.30 0.01 0.15 0.97 0.02 10 B20%

Boundary Waters Canoe Area 

Wilderness 0.11 0.02 0.50 0.01 0.13 0.86 0.01 11 B20%

Breton Wilderness 0.14 0.05 0.73 0.01 0.27 2.26 0.07 11 B20%

Bridger Wilderness 0.05 0.04 0.14 0.01 0.07 0.33 0.00 9 B20%

Brigantine Wilderness 0.12 0.04 0.86 0.01 0.24 1.73 0.04 12 B20%

Bryce Canyon NP 0.04 0.05 0.18 0.01 0.10 0.60 0.00 9 B20%

Cabinet Mountains Wilderness 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.01 0.09 0.42 0.01 10 B20%

Caney Creek Wilderness 0.07 0.06 0.68 0.01 0.14 1.51 0.02 11 B20%

Canyonlands NP 0.07 0.06 0.23 0.01 0.14 0.89 0.01 9 B20%

Cape Romain Wilderness 0.14 0.06 0.88 0.01 0.24 1.99 0.04 12 B20%

Capitol Reef NP 0.06 0.07 0.26 0.01 0.15 0.79 0.01 9 B20%

Caribou Wilderness 0.03 0.02 0.12 0.01 0.08 0.24 0.01 10 B20%

Carlsbad Caverns NP 0.06 0.05 0.26 0.01 0.12 0.82 0.00 9 B20%

Chassahowitzka Wilderness 0.14 0.08 1.02 0.01 0.28 2.46 0.02 11 B20%

Chiricahua NM 0.06 0.05 0.27 0.01 0.13 0.81 0.00 10 B20%

Chiricahua Wilderness 0.06 0.05 0.27 0.01 0.13 0.81 0.00 10 B20%

Cohutta Wilderness 0.09 0.08 0.69 0.01 0.15 1.06 0.01 11 B20%

Crater Lake NP 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.07 0.23 0.01 9 B20%

Craters of the Moon NM 0.06 0.05 0.19 0.01 0.12 0.69 0.01 10 B20%

Cucamonga Wilderness 0.03 0.03 0.15 0.01 0.14 0.67 0.01 9 B20%

Denali NP 0.04 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.05 0.31 0.01 11 B20%

Desolation Wilderness 0.04 0.03 0.15 0.01 0.09 0.51 0.01 9 B20%

Diamond Peak Wilderness 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.07 0.23 0.01 9 B20%

Dolly Sods Wilderness 0.10 0.05 0.80 0.01 0.17 0.96 0.01 10 B20%

Dome Land Wilderness 0.03 0.02 0.18 0.01 0.08 0.43 0.01 10 B20%

Eagle Cap Wilderness 0.05 0.02 0.17 0.01 0.10 0.50 0.01 10 B20%
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3

Eagles Nest Wilderness 0.04 0.03 0.14 0.01 0.08 0.36 0.00 8 B20%

Emigrant Wilderness 0.03 0.02 0.10 0.00 0.08 0.50 0.01 10 B20%

Everglades NP 0.16 0.07 0.77 0.01 0.16 1.86 0.12 11 B20%

Fitzpatrick Wilderness 0.05 0.04 0.14 0.01 0.07 0.33 0.00 9 B20%

Flat Tops Wilderness 0.04 0.03 0.14 0.01 0.08 0.36 0.00 8 B20%

Galiuro Wilderness 0.06 0.05 0.27 0.01 0.13 0.81 0.00 10 B20%

Gates of the Mountains 

Wilderness 0.04 0.04 0.13 0.01 0.07 0.49 0.00 9 B20%

Gearhart Mountain Wilderness 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.07 0.23 0.01 9 B20%

Gila Wilderness 0.06 0.04 0.22 0.01 0.09 0.45 0.00 9 B20%

Glacier NP 0.05 0.03 0.17 0.01 0.11 0.57 0.00 11 B20%

Glacier Peak Wilderness 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.00 0.04 0.28 0.01 11 B20%

Goat Rocks Wilderness 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.21 0.01 10 B20%

Grand Canyon NP 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.01 0.10 0.59 0.00 9 B20%

Grand Teton NP 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.01 0.08 0.33 0.00 9 B20%

Great Gulf Wilderness 0.09 0.04 0.56 0.01 0.10 1.05 0.02 11 B20%

Great Sand Dunes NP & Pres 0.06 0.05 0.29 0.01 0.15 0.90 0.00 9 B20%

Great Smoky Mountains NP 0.09 0.06 0.78 0.01 0.16 1.47 0.01 11 B20%

Guadalupe Mountains NP 0.06 0.05 0.26 0.01 0.12 0.82 0.00 9 B20%

Haleakala NP 0.05 0.04 0.24 0.01 0.11 1.59 0.13 10 B20%

Hawaii Volcanoes NP 0.03 0.04 0.27 0.01 0.06 0.64 0.11 10 B20%

Hells Canyon Wilderness 0.06 0.02 0.19 0.01 0.14 0.81 0.01 11 B20%

Hercules-Glades Wilderness 0.09 0.06 0.78 0.01 0.16 1.86 0.02 11 B20%

Hoover Wilderness 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.06 0.55 0.00 9 B20%

Isle Royale NP 0.10 0.02 0.34 0.01 0.09 0.79 0.01 12 B20%

James River Face Wilderness 0.11 0.06 0.71 0.01 0.20 1.39 0.01 11 B20%

Jarbidge Wilderness 0.05 0.03 0.14 0.01 0.05 0.33 0.00 10 B20%

John Muir Wilderness 0.02 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.07 0.44 0.01 9 B20%

Joshua Tree NP 0.04 0.02 0.20 0.01 0.17 0.94 0.02 10 B20%

Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock 

Wilderness 0.09 0.06 0.78 0.01 0.16 1.47 0.01 11 B20%

Kaiser Wilderness 0.02 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.07 0.44 0.01 9 B20%

Kalmiopsis Wilderness 0.03 0.02 0.31 0.01 0.05 0.99 0.04 12 B20%

Kings Canyon 0.03 0.03 0.18 0.01 0.08 0.73 0.02 11 B20%

La Garita Wilderness 0.06 0.04 0.24 0.01 0.13 0.88 0.00 9 B20%

Lassen Volcanic NP 0.03 0.02 0.12 0.01 0.08 0.24 0.01 10 B20%

Lava Beds NM 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.01 0.06 0.46 0.00 10 B20%

Linville Gorge Wilderness 0.08 0.06 0.67 0.01 0.14 1.04 0.01 11 B20%

Lostwood Wilderness 0.06 0.04 0.23 0.01 0.22 1.05 0.01 11 B20%

Lye Brook Wilderness 0.05 0.03 0.36 0.01 0.09 0.63 0.01 11 B20%

Mammoth Cave NP 0.11 0.08 0.86 0.01 0.24 1.54 0.01 11 B20%

Marble Mountain Wilderness 0.03 0.02 0.12 0.01 0.06 0.36 0.01 10 B20%

Maroon Bells-Snowmass 

Wilderness 0.04 0.03 0.14 0.01 0.08 0.36 0.00 8 B20%
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3

Mazatzal Wilderness 0.06 0.05 0.30 0.01 0.14 0.80 0.00 10 B20%

Medicine Lake Wilderness 0.06 0.05 0.24 0.01 0.20 1.13 0.00 11 B20%

Mesa Verde NP 0.06 0.05 0.24 0.01 0.17 0.67 0.00 9 B20%

Mingo Wilderness 0.12 0.04 0.88 0.01 0.21 1.49 0.01 12 B20%

Mission Mountains Wilderness 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.01 0.08 0.37 0.00 10 B20%

Mokelumne Wilderness 0.04 0.03 0.15 0.01 0.09 0.51 0.01 9 B20%

Moosehorn Wilderness 0.11 0.04 0.76 0.01 0.12 1.25 0.02 12 B20%

Mount Adams Wilderness 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.21 0.01 10 B20%

Mount Baldy Wilderness 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.01 0.11 0.53 0.00 9 B20%

Mount Hood Wilderness 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.15 0.01 10 B20%

Mount Jefferson Wilderness 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.03 0.31 0.01 11 B20%

Mount Rainier NP 0.03 0.02 0.18 0.01 0.06 0.83 0.02 11 B20%

Mount Washington Wilderness 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.03 0.31 0.01 11 B20%

Mount Zirkel Wilderness 0.06 0.04 0.16 0.01 0.09 0.60 0.00 8 B20%

Mountain Lakes Wilderness 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.07 0.23 0.01 9 B20%

North Absaroka Wilderness 0.05 0.04 0.16 0.00 0.11 0.82 0.00 9 B20%

North Cascades NP 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.00 0.04 0.28 0.01 11 B20%

Okefenokee Wilderness 0.13 0.07 0.92 0.01 0.22 1.69 0.03 11 B20%

Olympic NP 0.04 0.03 0.23 0.01 0.03 0.50 0.04 11 B20%

Otter Creek Wilderness 0.10 0.05 0.80 0.01 0.17 0.96 0.01 10 B20%

Pasayten Wilderness 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.24 0.01 10 B20%

Pecos Wilderness 0.04 0.03 0.16 0.01 0.08 0.67 0.00 8 B20%

Petrified Forest NP 0.06 0.06 0.28 0.01 0.15 0.75 0.00 9 B20%

Pine Mountain Wilderness 0.06 0.05 0.30 0.01 0.14 0.80 0.00 10 B20%

Pinnacles NM 0.06 0.04 0.31 0.01 0.16 1.50 0.06 11 B20%

Point Reyes NS 0.12 0.04 0.33 0.01 0.13 1.08 0.25 12 B20%

Presidential Range-Dry River 

Wilderness 0.09 0.04 0.56 0.01 0.10 1.05 0.02 11 B20%

Rawah Wilderness 0.06 0.04 0.16 0.01 0.09 0.60 0.00 8 B20%

Red Rock Lakes Wilderness 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.01 0.08 0.33 0.00 9 B20%

Redwood NP 0.05 0.03 0.28 0.01 0.06 1.02 0.10 11 B20%

Rocky Mountain NP 0.04 0.02 0.15 0.01 0.09 0.68 0.00 9 B20%

Roosevelt Campobello 

International Park 0.11 0.04 0.76 0.01 0.12 1.25 0.02 12 B20%

Saguaro NP 0.07 0.05 0.32 0.01 0.22 1.15 0.03 10 B20%

Saint Marks Wilderness 0.14 0.06 0.81 0.01 0.24 2.17 0.04 11 B20%

Salt Creek Wilderness 0.05 0.06 0.31 0.01 0.17 1.00 0.02 10 B20%

San Gabriel Wilderness 0.03 0.03 0.15 0.01 0.14 0.67 0.01 9 B20%

San Gorgonio Wilderness 0.03 0.02 0.15 0.01 0.10 0.62 0.02 10 B20%

San Jacinto Wilderness 0.03 0.02 0.15 0.01 0.10 0.62 0.02 10 B20%

San Pedro Parks Wilderness 0.05 0.04 0.14 0.01 0.09 0.34 0.01 8 B20%

San Rafael Wilderness 0.03 0.04 0.22 0.01 0.11 0.79 0.02 10 B20%

Sawtooth Wilderness 0.05 0.04 0.23 0.01 0.10 0.37 0.00 10 B20%

Scapegoat Wilderness 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.01 0.08 0.37 0.00 10 B20%
EMAQ LOE (EPA Contract EP-D-07-102) WA 5-12: Task 5 Modeling Protocol for AZ BART Analyses

UNC-EMAQ (5-12)-008.v3

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.01 0.07 0.31 0.00 10 B20%

Seney Wilderness 0.08 0.01 0.38 0.01 0.09 0.80 0.01 12 B20%

Sequoia NP 0.03 0.03 0.18 0.01 0.08 0.73 0.02 11 B20%

Shenandoah NP 0.08 0.07 0.56 0.01 0.14 1.20 0.01 10 B20%

Shining Rock Wilderness 0.05 0.05 0.51 0.01 0.13 0.56 0.01 10 B20%

Sierra Ancha Wilderness 0.06 0.05 0.33 0.02 0.14 0.73 0.01 10 B20%

Simeonof Wilderness 0.06 0.05 0.25 0.02 0.04 1.18 0.25 12 B20%

Sipsey Wilderness 0.11 0.10 0.81 0.01 0.25 1.66 0.01 11 B20%

South Warner Wilderness 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.01 0.06 0.46 0.00 10 B20%

Strawberry Mountain 

Wilderness 0.05 0.02 0.17 0.01 0.10 0.50 0.01 10 B20%

Superstition Wilderness 0.07 0.05 0.31 0.01 0.16 0.84 0.00 10 B20%

Swanquarter Wilderness 0.12 0.06 0.65 0.01 0.23 2.38 0.05 12 B20%

Sycamore Canyon Wilderness 0.06 0.05 0.28 0.01 0.12 0.62 0.00 9 B20%

Teton Wilderness 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.01 0.08 0.33 0.00 9 B20%

Theodore Roosevelt NP 0.07 0.04 0.26 0.01 0.21 1.20 0.01 11 B20%

Thousand Lakes Wilderness 0.03 0.02 0.12 0.01 0.08 0.24 0.01 10 B20%

Three Sisters Wilderness 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.03 0.31 0.01 11 B20%

Tuxedni Wilderness 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.01 0.03 0.52 0.05 12 B20%

UL Bend Wilderness 0.05 0.03 0.18 0.01 0.15 0.93 0.01 11 B20%

Upper Buffalo Wilderness 0.08 0.06 0.68 0.01 0.16 1.33 0.01 11 B20%

Ventana Wilderness 0.06 0.04 0.31 0.01 0.16 1.50 0.06 11 B20%

Virgin Islands NP 0.18 0.07 0.21 0.01 0.12 1.53 0.26 11 B20%

Voyageurs NP 0.12 0.02 0.56 0.01 0.10 0.86 0.01 12 B20%

Washakie Wilderness 0.05 0.04 0.16 0.00 0.11 0.82 0.00 9 B20%

Weminuche Wilderness 0.06 0.04 0.24 0.01 0.13 0.88 0.00 9 B20%

West Elk Wilderness 0.04 0.03 0.14 0.01 0.08 0.36 0.00 8 B20%

Wheeler Peak Wilderness 0.04 0.03 0.16 0.01 0.08 0.67 0.00 8 B20%

White Mountain Wilderness 0.05 0.03 0.24 0.01 0.08 0.67 0.01 9 B20%

Wichita Mountains Wilderness 0.03 0.04 0.28 0.01 0.15 1.52 0.01 11 B20%

Wind Cave NP 0.05 0.04 0.20 0.01 0.19 1.05 0.00 10 B20%

Wolf Island Wilderness 0.13 0.07 0.92 0.01 0.22 1.69 0.03 11 B20%

Yellowstone NP 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.01 0.08 0.33 0.00 9 B20%

Yolla Bolly-Middle Eel 

Wilderness 0.03 0.02 0.12 0.01 0.06 0.36 0.01 10 B20%

Yosemite NP 0.03 0.02 0.10 0.00 0.08 0.50 0.01 10 B20%

Zion NP 0.05 0.06 0.28 0.01 0.10 0.60 0.01 10 B20%

a

Taken from FLM (2010)