2004 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

10-27-2004

Ravotti v. Sunderland

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 03-3770

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Recommended Citation

"Ravotti v. Sunderland" (2004). 2004 Decisions. Paper 195.

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

No: 03-3770

ANTHONY J. RAVOTTI, an incapacitated person,

JANET G. RAVOTTI, guardian of his person

 Plaintiff-Appellee

 v.

RICHARD L. SUNDERLAND; LEE A. BIGLER, d/b/a/ BIGLER CONCRETE;

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION; PENNSYLVANIA

TURNPIKE COMMISSION; NEW ENTERPRISES STONE & LIME COMPANY,

 Defendants

NEW ENTERPRISES STONE & LIME COMPANY,

 Appellant

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Pennsylvania

(Civil Action No. 00-49J)

District Judge: Hon. David S. Cercone

Argued: September 23, 2004

Before: McKEE, ALDISERT and GREENBERG, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: October 27, 2004)

MICHAEL LOUIK (Argued)

Meyers, Rosen, Louik & Perry

200 Frick Building

Pittsburgh, PA 15219

Attorney for Ravotti’s
2

PAUL V. ESPOSITO (argued)

Clausen Miller

10 South LaSalle Street

Suite 1600

Chicago, IL 60603

Attorney for New Enterprises Stone & Lime Company

OPINION

McKEE, Circuit Judge.

New Enterprises Stone and Lime Company (“NE”) appeals the district court’s

denial of its motion for judgment as a matter of law (“JMOL”) or a new trial. For the

reasons that follow, we will affirm. 

I.

Because we write only for the parties, it is not necessary to recite the facts or

procedural history of this case except insofar as may be helpful to our brief discussion. 

NE first contends that the district court erred in not requiring plaintiff to offer

expert testimony as to both the scope of NE’s alleged duty to properly instruct truck

drivers and the relevant standard of care in the highway construction and trucking

industry. NE rests its argument in large part upon Young v. Pennsylvania Dept. of Trans., 

744 A.2d 1276 (Pa. 2000). 

The issue in Young was “whether expert testimony is necessary to ascertain if

warning signs should be placed three miles away from a construction site on an interstate
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highway.” Id. at 1277. The case involved a car accident in which plaintiff’s husband was

killed when he struck a median while attempting to avoid stopped traffic. Id. There,

plaintiff contended that PENNDOT was negligent for failing to properly place advance

warning signs, but the Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed the trial court’s grant of 

summary judgment in favor of the defendant. Id. at 1279. In doing so, the court first

reviewed the standards for expert testimony under Pennsylvania law stating: 

Expert testimony is often employed to help jurors understand issues and

evidence which is outside of the average juror’s normal realm of experience.

We have stated that, “[t]he employment of testimony of an expert rises from

necessity, a necessity born of the fact that the subject matter of the inquiry is

one involving special skill and training beyond the ken of the ordinary layman.

Reardon v. Meehan, 424 Pa. 460, 227 A.2d 667, 670 (1967). Conversely, “[I]f

all the primary facts can be accurately described to a jury and if the jury is as

capable of comprehending and understanding such facts and drawing correct

conclusions from them as are witnesses possessed of special training,

experience or observation, then there is no need for the testimony of an expert.”

Id. at 1278. The court stated that “lay witnesses are [not] able to impart sufficient

knowledge to jurors regarding the many variables which are required to establish the

existence of a legal duty to place signs over three miles away from a construction zone.” 

Id.

However, Young provides little support for NE’s position here. In Young, the lay

witnesses who were not competent to testify about the Commonwealth’s legal duty were

the other drivers in the traffic jam. Here, the evidence included testimony from

experienced truck drivers, construction site managers and other professionals in the

construction field. The jury [was as] . . . capable of comprehending and understanding
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[that testimony] and drawing correct conclusions from [it]. . . . [Thus,] there [was] no

need for the testimony of an expert.” NE was, after all, hiring independent truckers to

haul material away from its construction site to be “dumped” elsewhere. Jurors could

certainly understand the need for the truckers to know where they were going and how to

get there without relying on an expert.

NE next argues that the traffic pattern in the construction zone was not confusing

and that it did not cause Sunderland to stop in a live lane. In asserting this claim, NE

merely reargues the evidence that was before the jury. In fact, at oral argument, NE’s

counsel asked us to find that, “as a matter of law,” the roadway was clean and clear

enough to avoid any confusion. However, at trial, both sides presented evidence

regarding the traffic pattern at the construction site. Based on our review of the record we

believe there was sufficient evidence to establish that roadway confusion was negligently

created by NE, and that it was a contributing factor in the accident. Thus, having found

sufficient evidence to support a jury verdict on these grounds, we cannot rule as a matter

of law that NE was entitled to a verdict in its favor.

NE also asks us to find that the district court erred in admitting a Gannett Fleming,

Inc. (“GFI”) memo, which potentially supported plaintiff’s theory that, on the night of the

accident, NE should have restricted the eastbound lane of the turnpike to one lane. 

Specifically, the GFI memo stated that the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission “directed

that the single lane pattern be extended full length through the approaches of Bridge B-
5

445.” (emphasis in original). NE contends that, because the GFI memo lacked a proper

foundation, the district court erred in admitting the memo as a business record. NE

argues that the critical statement in the memo was inadmissible because it was offered to

establish the truth of the Commission’s alleged requirement extending the lane closure.

NE also contends that “the business record exception does not embrace statements

contained within a business record that were made by one who is not a part of the

business if the embraced statements are offered for their truth.” United States v. Vigneau,

187 F.3d 70, 75 (1st Cir. 1999) (emphasis in original). 

Although we agree that the disputed statement in the memo was improperly

admitted, we conclude that the error was harmless because other evidence negated the

impact of this memo. That testimony included evidence that, following GFI’s submission

of the memo to NE, and prior to finalizing the plans for the construction site, GFI met

with the Commission and “[a]greement was reached that the lane would be closed only

when NE simultaneously conducted bridge and pavement repair work . . . [and] when

simultaneous work was not ongoing, the lane should remain open.” The subsequent

agreement negated the memo’s critical statement. The jury also heard evidence that the

“approaches” mentioned in the memo “would be those approaches that lead up to the

bridge.” The accident happened about 700 feet beyond the bridge. Therefore, the

disputed statement in the memo did not even pertain to the accident area. 

NE next contends that it should be “released . . . from liability” because 
6

Sunderland’s “unforeseeable,” “highly extraordinary” and “abnormal” conduct in

stopping his truck in a live lane of traffic, along with the speed at which Ravotti was

traveling prior to the accident, “were the only substantial factors causing the accident.”

However, NE’s argument is against the weight of Pennsylvania authority. See Powell v.

Drumheller, 539 Pa. 484, 493, 653 A.2d 619, 623 (1995) .

The plaintiff in Powell, alleged that “the accident [in which her husband was

killed] was caused by two concurring causes: (1) the negligent driving of [co-defendant]

under the influence of alcohol and (2) the negligent design and maintenance of the

Commonwealth highway which prevented Mr. Powell from taking action to avoid the

accident.” Id. at 492. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court had to decide “whether the

criminally negligent conduct of [a] co-defendant . . . in driving under the influence of

alcohol is a superceding cause relieving PENNDOT of liability for negligently designing

a Commonwealth highway.” Id. at 488. The court concluded that was a jury question

and would not “as a matter of law [conclude] that [co-defendant’s] conviction for driving

under the influence was a superceding cause.” Id. at 495. 

Similarly, the parties here presented various theories of causation and, as in

Powell, the district court correctly allowed the jury to assess fault and to decide if the 

behavior of Sunderland or Ravotti was sufficiently “extraordinary to constitute a

superseding cause.” We cannot conclude, as a matter of law, that the jury’s determination

was in error.
7

NE next maintains that the district court abused its discretion in allowing

testimony regarding Exhibit 73. Exhibit 73 is a document created by NE’s risk manager,

William Carr, during his investigation of the accident. It contains a specific notation by

Carr of an employee’s comment that the speed limit at the time of the accident was 55

mph. While questioning Carr on rebuttal about his purpose in preparing Exhibit 73,

plaintiff asked:

All of these people that you spoke with to get this information in order to

discharge your duties as a risk manager, as well as your contractual obligations

that you say that you owed to the insurance company, you spoke to [NE]

employees, isn’t that right?

Supp. App. At 955. Additionally, in earlier testimony, plaintiff had cross-examined

defense expert Walter Kilareski, and asked him if he had been given Exhibit 73 during or

after preparation of his expert report. Kilareski responded that he had not seen the report

before. In his report, Kilareski concluded that the speed limit was 40 mph. According to

NE, Exhibit 73 was irrelevant, its introduction prejudiced NE because plaintiff used it to

elicit information about insurance, and plaintiff improperly used it to portray NE as an

evildoer that withheld important documents from its expert. 

We disagree with each of these contentions. First, as plaintiff points out, Exhibit

73 was relevant because NE and Sunderland “defended this case by claiming that Ravotti

was guilty of contributory negligence for, inter alia, driving in excess of an alleged 40

mph speed limit at the accident scene . . . [and] Ravotti attempted to meet Defendants’

arguments concerning Ravotti’s speed by showing that, for various reasons, one could
8

have easily been confused as to the speed.” Appellee’s Br. at 20-1. Second, the

introduction of Exhibit 73 was consistent with Fed. R. Evid. 411, which states:

Evidence that a person was or was not insured against liability is not admissible

upon the issue whether the person acted negligently or otherwise wrongfully.

This rule does not require the exclusion of evidence of insurance against

liability when offered for another purpose, such as proof of agency, ownership,

or control, or bias or prejudice of a witness.

Although plaintiff did not offer Exhibit 73 specifically to show “proof of agency,

ownership, or control or bias or prejudice of a witness,” under Posttape Assoc. v.

Eastman Kodak Co., 537 F.2d 751, 758 (3d Cir. 1976), so long as “the evidence is offered

for other relevant purposes [i.e. other than the inference that a party acted negligently], it

may be admitted.” Exhibit 73 was relevant to the issue of the speed limit and the passing

reference to “the insurance company” did nothing more than explain why the witness was

asking NE’s employees questions about the accident. The questioning also served the

permissible purpose of challenging the accuracy of Kilareski’s expert report. 

Finally, NE argues that the district court abused its discretion in instructing the jury

regarding 67 Pa. Code § 601.6 [prohibiting non-emergency stops in specific sections of

Turnpike] and 75 Pa. C.S. § 3362 [posting of speed limits]. However, even if we assume

that the court’s instruction was erroneous, we would nevertheless view the error as

harmless. There was sufficient evidence at trial, unrelated to these traffic laws, to allow

the jury to assess the parties’ conflicting positions concerning the speed limit and to

support the jury’s apportionment of fault. 
9

III.

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the district court’s judgment.