PARK SCIENCE 

A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT BULLETIN 

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

VOLUME 5 - NUMBER 1 FALL 1984 
PARK FALL 1984 

SCIENCE 

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 

A report to park managers of recent and ongoing research in parks with emphasis on its 

implications for planning and management 

In This Issue 

Page 

Urban Soils of Ihe D.C Mall .............. 3 

Ecological Soc~ely Meeting ........... 5 

Water Quality Momlung 

at Santa Mowa Mountains ........ ........ 5 

Dal1 Sheep Research in Alaska ............. 6 

Alaska Sponsors Problem Analysts 

of Denall Caribou Herd Decline .......... 7 

Rlparian Conference ...................... 8 

Africa Projecl Stresses 

Conservation and Use ................. 8 

Superintendent’s Comer ................ 9 

Letiers lo the Editor ............... ...... 10 

Training lo Deal with 011~ Mess ........... 10 

Bat Study Provides Useful 

Baseline Data .......................... 11 

An Ecological Study of Ihe 

Chellburg Forest ................... 12 

Hawaii Symposium Follow-up ............. 13 

Chapman Keynotes Scww Meeting ....... 13 

InformatIon Crossf~le ................... 14 

Prescribed Fire Qualiflcatlon 

System Developed ........................ 15 

Regtonal Highlights ..................... 16 

Restoration of Historic 

George Washtnglon Carver Praine ........... 17 

Ice Cave Research Aids Management 

and Interpretation ......................... 18 

Book Review: The lmperlal Lion ............. 19 

RMPs ldentlfy Baseline Data 

for Midwest NPs .......................... 19 

Bald Eagle Feeding and 

Breeding Ecology ....................... ,20 

Atlantic Ridley Turtle Update ................ 21 

Meetings of Interest ................... .21 

Rqonal Chlel Sclentlsts 

Heading Back to Research ................ .22 

&vegetation on John Day NM ............. .22 

Scientlsls Follow Rabbits in 

Third Wave ‘lnvas~on’ .................. 23 

Differing Management Approaches 

Evaluated .... ..................... .23 

Cover Photo: 

The Mali looking East, v&wed from the Washington 

Monument. Photo by B/f/ Clark, NPS National Capilal 

Reglo”. 

Wha/ is a park? 

The answer is a many-leveied thing But as every snenhsl and resource manager knows. one dehnitron would 

have lo be lhaf a park IS a complex amaigam o/problems. oppo!iunil:es. fa!lwes and soIu11ons. And defmifion 

for this level of ‘whal a park is.” involves much more than lhe area encompassed by Ihe park’s geograph!c 

boundanes. R must mclude (in addition to the rasourca basej the people who manage lhe park, the people 

whose actiwlies impact fhe park, the people whose fortunes depend on the park, /he people who enjoy the park, 

the people whose &rests collide wilh management of the park - n shorl, “the people.” 

Just before press bme for the precedmg !ssue of Park Saeoce, a reporf from Chuck Stone, Hawae Volcanoes 

NP snenf~st, reached our desk. /t dealt with the June 1984 symposium on Proiect~on and Management of 

Terreshai HawaBan Ecosyslems. While the repoti was spenfrc to Hawaii. if spoken a general way to resource 

managers everywhere, particular/y as it seemed lo address fhe mosf complex /eve/ at which a park can be defined. the one invoivmg people. 

The accounl described a sympowm thal focused on both problem areas and achievements. and then moved 

on lo consider currem and future roles ofagencjes, consewafmn groups. legislation. and the pubkc, in preserving 

and managmg Hawkan ecosystems (see reporl on page 13.) 

The representation af this refreshingly candidgalhenng was from the S&/e senate. from conservation orgawzaf~ons, from a native Hawa;;an group, from lhe ranching commumfy from State and Federal agennas, and 

others. A remarkable amount of optlm6m was expressed. Among the successes cited ware cooperatw research 

m bjocontrol for alien plants, the cooperative mongoose conlroi projecl, the Ha wakan goose captwe propagabon 

and release project, the endangered species recovery team work, and numerous actinties 01 The Nalure 

Conservancy The hey word here was ‘%ooperative” and the agencies involved included Hawail Dwis,on of 

Forestry and Wfidtffe, U.S. Forest Service, the Fish and Wf/dkfe Service. NPS, lhe Lfniversily of Hawa;!, the 

Hawaii Deparlmenf of Agucuiture, and &hers. 

In the ‘problems and opporlunit& department, here IS a quote from StoneB report 

“The usual/y expressed needs for increased commun~cat~ooo and educatmn al nearly a// levels were art&a&d 

and i/ is vltafai fhat these be better addressed AdditIonal problem areas idendfied (andperhaps aggravated by 

kxuianty and shortage of trained researchers, managers, and educators, m relation to the magnitude of the 

problems) are: Lack of adequate and comprehenswe land use plannmg; a shorlage of conservation advocates 

who are not scientfsfs; conflicts between the advocacy and the snenlif~c roles and ioss of credibikty for both so 

far as landowners and others are concerned; conservatmn gadfifes’ who po/ar;ze issues too frequently and too 

soon; bureaucralic inertia and lack of effoc unprofess;onal behavior of resource professionals as man;fested 

in excessive pettiness; uncompleted, unpubt~shed, and unrefereed reports and tack of follow through; lack of 

focal trajning and educatk?n for resource specialists; and agency adrnm;straforsNnanagers who choose not to 

protacf, manage, and nterpref the natural rasourcos under their care, who are dominated by agency hierarchies 

and pol&cs, and/or do no! understand the needs for adequate and active stewardsh;p n Hawaif and do not 

place a hjgh pnor~~ on meefing these needs.” 

As this repori missed fhe iast %?~a and as time passed it seemed that the massage grew as large as the 

entire Nafk?nat Park System and that Hawaii’s invitation to such a wide and representabve group ofpark-related 

people, for such open and frank dfscussions was worth presenting in the larger contexl in which it actually is 

taking place. 

What happenedin Hawaii is only the lafesf example of a wave that has bean gathering for some fjrne now, 

a// over the System a wave of /ook;ng and kstening and reachmg out, in cooperatmn mth other people, for 

ways of better sewing the resource and the public. 

Whenever and wherever the National Park Semce takes the iead or any pail in such an underiakmg, dividends 

accrue to both our profess;onal status and the resources we husband. 

RUSSELL E. DICKENSON, Director 

National Park Service 

U.S. Depaltment of the Interior 

Editorial Board: 

Gary Davis, Marine Research Biologist. Channel Island NP 

John Dennis, Biologist, Washington Office 

Dale B. Engquist, Superintendent. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore 

James W. Larson, Editorial Board Chairman and Chief Sctentist, Pacific Northwest Region 

William M. Lukens. Superintendent, Padre Island National Seashore 

Damei J. (Jim) Tobin. Regional Director, Pacific Northwest Region 

Roland H. Wauer, Assistant Superintendent. Great Smoky Mountains NP 

Jean Matthews, Editor: Oregon State Universliy NPSICPSU. Room 110 Forestry Sciences Lab, 

3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 (503) 757.4579; E-420-4579 

ISSN-0735.9462 
Urban Soils of the Mall in Washington, D.C. 

By John Ft. Short and James C. Patterson 

Urban. or highly man-influenced, sotls are becommg more commonplace with the extensive earth maving and manipulating actlwties of man. Such soils are 

not limited to urban areas, but may be found wherever 

actwities of man result in disturbance of sotl proflies. 

Disturbance may consist of compaction of an exlstlng 

SOII by loot trafftc, or may result from large scale manipulatlon of solI materials to create enllrely new land 

surfaces. 

Urban SOIIS have unique properties resulting from 

their mode of formation and the impact they receive. 

It IS important to understand the properties of urban 

soils in order to manage them effecwely as a resource, whether the ~11s are sltualed I” an urban or 

rural setiing. The study of urban soils is a new facet 

of so11 wence, with much to be learned. Since the 

Nalional Capital Region IS largely an urban park system, regional wentists have ~n~tlated a program to 

characterize urban soils. 

Urban Soils and NCR 

Parklands of the National Capilal Region (NCR) 

recwe heavy witor imp&at, wth many solis occurring on highly manipulated landlorms This Impact, 

plus the need to ma~ntar high q&y. attractive plantIngs, provided the ~ncent~ve to study Ihe Mall SOIIS 

lniellWely. 

The Mall is managed by Ihe National Park Serwe 

and IS situated between the U S. Capitol lo Ihe East 

and the Washington Monument to the West (cover 

photo). The soils 01 the Mall may be typIcal 01 highly 

man-influenced souls because they have evolved horn 

fill material and are continually Impacted by pedeslrlan and vehicular lrafhc The Mall often IS the site 01 

mwr evenls such as the Festival of American 

Foki,fe 

The objectives I” sludylng these soils were 10: 

1. determine their phwcal and chemical properties: 

2. determine the variation of these b&flies; 

3. develop a soil map based upon observable soli 

properties: 4. attempt to classify them in a mamw 

indlcat~ve of thelr highly man-influenced nature: and 

5. provtde management ~niormat~on lo the Park. 

A soil’s physical properties are among the most 

ditilcull to mod@ and yet can exerl a profound mfluence on its management. Properkes such as texture, 

bulk density, and amount 01 pore space detetmlne the 

ar and water relations withln the so11 prol~le. The mode 

of formation of these souls cao result in strongly contrasting solI layers or horizons 

The solis of the Mall have developed in mlscellane0”s IllI applied to a depth of about 6 m (20 ft.) Sharp 

delineations between contrastlog so11 malerlals 

(lithologlc discontlnuilles) were found I” 95 percent of 

the profiles. A llthoiogic discontinuity is the point in 

the soil profile where a change m particle size and or 

mineralogy occurred prior to so11 formalloo. A Illhologic d~scootlnulty IS, therefore, the distinct boundary between two contrastIng solI materials These 

llthologic dlscontinuities can result in poorly drained 

so11s. which often can be identified by moltled colors 

withIn the so11 matrix. Allifacls of man, such as brick, 

glass. cinders. concrete, and slag, were lound between 25 cm and 100 cm I” 94 percent of lhe proLIes. 

The preseoce 01 artlfacls wlthin the soil profile was 

slgnlficani as they demonstrated that man was IIIS~IUmental m the accumulation of the parent material. 

Further evidence of manipulation of the soil matenals was lndlcated by the presence of buried A how 

zons and the varlatlon of percent organic mana with 

depth in the profiles (Table 1). Soil A horizons are 

generally considered to be sutiace horizons, and are 

characterized by accumulations of orgatuc matter 

These howons are usually darker in color than underlying horizons. with asofter, morefr~able. consislence. 

When 1111 material was deposited on the existing native 

soil surface, any A horizon which may have been 

presenl at the time of filling would have been burled 

That soil formatlon occurred m this fashion on the 

Mall IS evident by the presence of buried A horizons 

I” 42 percent of the proflles studied. 

:: Urbic Udorthent (aitlfacts: lknle so11 development) 

2 Urbic Eutrochrept (arllfacts: more developed souls. more nutwnts] 

The souls were lound to be predominately loamy, 

which connotes a relatively balanced distribution of 

sand. stll, and clay paiticles Such a fexlure prwdes 

a reasonable comprom,se between the draInage afforded by sand. and the water-holding capacity af. 

torded by c!ay However, loamy ~011s lend to be susceptlble to compaction because the relal~vely even 

d!stribution of par%& wes permits small pall~cles to 

be readily compressed into wds between larger particles. 

Table 1. 

Mean of Selected Chemical Properties 

of Mall Soils by Horizon. 

Horizon Organic 

(from surface) PH Matter % 

1 6 39 1.97 

2 6 52 1.06 

3 657 0.73 

4 6.64 0.50 

5 6.67 041 

6 6 59 0 66 

The vIsItor lmpacl the Mall receives has resulted m 

an mxase m bulk density which IS Ihe weight of so11 

material in a given volume The bulk density of an 

ideal sotI is approxlmalely 1 33 grams cubic centimeter (g cc) The sotis of the Mall had a mean bulk density of 1 61 g cc ,n the surface horizon. and 1 74 g cc 

at 30 cm (Table 2). Bulk densities up to 2 03 g cc 

were observed. Studies have shown that ~11s with 

bulk densliles of 1.67 g cc or greater are often mhospltable 10 plants. The main result of compact,on IS a 

loss of pore space While an Ideal soil WIII contan 

approximately 50 percent total pore space. evenly 

distributed between air and water. Ihe mean percent 

pore space of Mall so\ls was only 36 6 percent at the 

surface. and was 32.6 percenl at 30 cm. These soils 

often have less awlable mo,sl”ie as a result 01 the 

reduced pore space The lack of sufficient pore space 

- 

81!i!? Spol~c Eutrochrepl (no adifacls: more developed soils; more nulwnts) 

.!% Urbic Dystrochrept (allifacts: more developed solIs fewer nutrients) 

n Spol~c Udorthen (no artifacts; llnle so11 development) 

Detailed soil map of the Mall. 
usually causes stress to plants. The packing of soil 

pad~cles restr~cls root penetration. contributing to 

plant stress. A root system llmlted in extent by comTable 2. 

Bulk Density and Percent Pore Space of 

Surface Horizon and 30 cm Depths 

Depth 

cm Mean Min Max 

surface 

30 

Bulk Density (g/cc) 

1.61 1.25 

1.74 1.40 

Pore space (x) 

1 .a5 

2.03 

surface 36.6 26.0 50.0 

30 32.6 21.0 451 

pacted soil v.111 create root-crown imbalance and result in a stressed plant, which will be most evident in 

dry periods. Storage of energy reserves in the root 

system also IS reduced. Methods to allev~aie or prevent soil compaction are, therefore, necessary 

Hydrogen ion concenlrat~on (pH) of a solI affects 

the retention and availabilv of nutwnts by solI constituents. The mean pH of Mall si%Js ranged from 6.39 

I” the surface horizon to 6 67 in the 5th horizon (Table 

1). However, pti values lor 32 percent of the samples 

obtained were 7.0 or greater. These alkaline pH 

values may be a result of Inclusion of lime-releasing 

artifacts, such as concrete. mortar, or compost, within 

the profile. Analyses have indicated that calcium was 

the dominant cation held withIn the exchange complex of the solI, possibly as a result of inclusion of 

lime-relewng artifacts withln the profile. Lime should 

not be applied routinely to highly man-influenced soils 

such as these without testing. The value of a soil 

testing program is not llmlted to urban soils, but IS 

applicable to any managed soil. Soil testmg should 

not be restricted to pH determlnatlons, but should be 

perlormed to determine letiilizer requirements as well. 

The chemical characteristics, such as pH, or- Organic maner in soils is highly benetlclal. A favorganic matter, soluble salts, and heavy metals, also able enwonment for soil fauna and mycorthizal fungi 

are important to so11 management. Some 01 these 

properties, such as pH, are more easily manipulated 

than the physical characterlsties. although other prop 

eraes, such as heavy metal content. cannot be eastly 

modified. Knowledge of these characterlstlcs IS essential for satlsiactory management. 

IS provided by orgamc matter. As organic matter decays, II releases nutrK?nts, acting as a slow release 

lelt~l~zer Organic matter also tends to improve the solI 

structure by acting as the “glue‘blndlng the mdlwdual 

soli particles into larger aggregates or peds These 

aggregates improve draInage. aeratton. and water inftltratlon capabllitles of fine-textured xls. and I+ 

crease wsiance to compactlon for most ~011s. Organ,c matter also increases the ablllty of the soli to 

retan nutnents. preventing them from leachmg lrom 

the ~011. The orgax matter content 01 urban solIs 

tends to vary wtth depth, and is often lower than lhat 

of natural soils because orgarw matter may be removed during routine maintenance practices such as 

mowing. dethatching, and leaf collecting. 

The mean organic matter content of Mall solIs 

tended to be low, less than 2 percent I” the surface 

horizon, and decreased with depth (Table 1). Most 

natural soils in the Washington, 0 C. area contain 

from 2 percent to 4 percent organic matter I” the 

surface honzon. The low organic matter content, m 

conjunction with the loamy textures, caused these 

SOIIS to be susceptible to compacbon Much of the 

buffering capabIlIty of organic matter to changes m 

pH and nutrient status is lost because of the low level 

of organic matter present in the SOIIS 

Table 1. Vegetation Information Baseline Summary 

Park 

Isle Royale NP 

Voyageun NP 

OzarkNSR 

St. Cm NSR 

Pictured Rocks NL 

Sleeping Bear Dunes NL 

Apostle Islands NL 

CuyahogaValley NRA 

lndlana Dunes NL 

Agale Foss11 Beds NM 

Scoits Bluff NM 

Wilson’s Creek NB 

Eftlgy MoundsNM 

Fort Lamed 

Grand Poiiage NM 

P~pestone NM 

George WashingtonCarver NM 

Lincoln Boyhood NMem 

Homestead NM of Amerw 

Herbert Hoover NHS 

MoundCity GroupNM 

Fort Scolt NHS 

VaSCUlar NOll-VaSCUlar 

Approximate plant checklist plant checklist Endangered Exotic Vegetation Vegetation 

area(acres) ~rcollection or collection plant list plant list map plot system 

571,796 Yes 1°C. Yes Yes Yes Yes 

219.126 1°C. Inc. inc. Yes Yes 

61,216 Yes 1°C. inc. Yes 

73,576 1°C. inc. Yes 

72,259 Yes inc. Yes Yes 

71,105 1°C. 

42,009 Yes inc. Yes Yes 

32,460 inc. Inc. 1°C. 

12,535 Yes Yes Yes Inc. 

3,055 1°C. 

2.997 inc. 

1,750 Yes inc. 1°C. 

1,474 Yes 

716 Yes 1°C. Yes 

710 Yes 

262 Yes 

210 Yes 1°C. Yes Yes 

196 

195 

187 

66 inc. 

17 

4 
Studies (2,X7,11) have shown that soils m urban 

areas often have elevated levels of soluble salts and 

heavy metals. The soluble salt content of the Mall 

solis was found to be low, with most soils containing 

less than 300 ppm. Cadmium, nickel, zinc, and copper 

levels were similar to background levels reported in 

the literature, but the lead content was slightly elevated. 

The Mall soils varied greatly in the number of 

samples required to estlmaie the mean for the prop 

elties examined. The phywal properties tended to 

reqwe fewer samples than the chemical properties 

to estimate the mean at a given level of accuracy. 

Determination of mean bulk density could be accompllshed with only one sample, whlle up to 7,171 

samples would be requred to estimate the mean 

ntckel content! Other properties were intermediate in 

their variability. Therefore, it IS apparent that soils 

which have developed in manipulated soil material 

will require a greater amount of sampling than soils 

in nonimpacted areas. 

A solI map of the Mall was prepared using taxonomlc 

crlterla developed for use with highly man-influenced 

soils. Subgroups previously developed for use with 

highly man-influenced SOIIS, with “urblc” and “spolic” 

subgroups, were used in conlunction with standard 

soil taxonomy. The urbic subgroup conststs of those 

soils which have been manipulated and contain artifacts of man, while the spolic subgroup consists of 

manipulated soils with no artifacts. The results of this 

reclasslflcatlon were used to develop the soil map 

shown here. 

The NCR is following a soil management program 

that Includes aeration of these dense, compacted 

soils and topdressing with organic matter such as 

composted sewage sludge. Using post-and-chain to 

restrict vls!tor access in the most hewly impacted 

areas has aided recovery of some elm trees in htghly 

Impacted soils. Addition of woodchips in very heavily 

tmpacted areas where turf cannot tolerate the extreme wear has proven successful in mlmmizing soil 

compaction. 

Management 01 highly man-influenced soils is 

made more complicated by their variable charactetistics. Thelrcompacted nature, withthe resulting reducton ln pore space, makes plant management difficult. 

Their texture makes them susceptible to compaction 

and, therefore. less able to supporl activities without 

being adversely affected. Layering of the soils during 

filling creates lithologlc discontinuitles lhat generally 

result ln soils with poor drainage, moisture-holding 

capacity, and aeration. The chemical properties of the 

Mall soils are mfluenced by their highly impacted nature. Lead content. though elevated, IS not limiting to 

plant growth. The great variation in some of the prop 

erlies required over 7,000 samples in order to estlmate the mean. Clearly, it is impractical to routinely 

perform sampling of lhts magnitude! However, no matter where such solIs are found, the great variability of 

highly man-influenced soils will require more lntenslve 

samplmg than natural souls to gain the same inlormatlon for effeCtive management. This study provides 

an example of how gathering basic data on a Park 

resource can provtde management with information 

needed to effectively manage a challenging rasourca 

problem. For example, this study has shown that soil 

compaction IS a senou~ management problem, and 

maintenance practices 10 m~n~mlze compaction 

should be Implemented. Although the results of this 

study were obtamed from a park in an urban area, 

the principles obtained are applicable to any park situation where impacted $011 systems are located. 

Short is a Soil Snent,st and Patterson is Research 

Agronomist af the Ecological Services Lab, Naf~onaf 

capita/ Region. 

FOR FURTHER READING 

1. Brady, N.C. 1974. The Nature and Properties of 

Souls, 8th Edition. McMillan Publishing Co. New 

York. 

2. Craul, P.J., and C.J. Klein. 1980. Characterization 

of streetside soils in Syracuse, New York. Metro. 

Tree Impr. Alliance (METRIA) Proc. 3:88-101. 

3. GarcwMiragaya, J. and S. Castro. 1981. Zinc solubillty in contaminated roadside soils from 

Caracas, Venezuela. Commun. SotI Sci. Plant 

Anal. 12(3):219-225. 

4. Gunnerson, C.G. 1973. Debns accumulation in 

ancient and modern cities. J. of the Ewiron. 

Engin. D&on, ASCE, 99:229-243. 

5. Legg, M.H., and G. Schneider. 1977. Soil deierioration on campsites: Northern lorest types. So;/ 

SC;. Sot Am. J. 41:437-441. 

6. Patterson, J.C. 1976. Soil compaction and its effects upon urban vegetation. Better Trees for 

Metropolitan Landscapes Symposium Proceedings. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-22. 

7. Short, J.R. 1963. Characterizabon and Classification of Highly Man-Influenced Souls of the Mall I” 

Washington, D.C. M.S. Thws, Univ. of Md. 126 

PP. 

8. Smith, H. 1976. Soil Survey of District of Columbia. SCS, U.S.D.A. and U.S.D.I., National Park 

Serwe. National Capital Parks, Washington, D.C. 

9. Soil Survey Staff 1951. SolI survey manual. 

USDA Handbook No. 18. 

10. Soil Survey Staff 1975. Soil taxonomy. Agri 

Handbook No. 436. SCS. USDA. 

11. Stein, C.E. 1976. Mapping, clawfication, and 

characterization 01 highly man-influenced soils in 

the Distnct of Columbta. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Md. 

170 pp. 

12. Zemlyanitskiy, L.T. 1963. Characteristics of the 

soils in the cities. Sov Sod Sci, 5:468-475. 

Ecological Society Meeting 

Draws NPS Personnel 

Twenty-five to 30 NPS scientists, rasourca man- agement of stressed emsystems. The NPS people 

agers and naturalists were among the 4,000 who at- got together for one day 01 talk about NPS programs 

tended the Ecological Society of America meetings during the conference. The list of papers given, titles 

in Fort Collins. Cola., August 5-9. Special sessions and authors but no abstracts, runs to 350 pages. No 

focused on management of natural systems and man- proceedings will be published. 

5 

36 CFR 2.5 Clarification 

A statement of NPS policy with regard to 

the issuance of collecting permits within National Park areas is being readied in Washington, D.C., by Stan Albright, Associate Director 

for NPS Operations. and Tom Riner, Chief of 

the NPS Visitor Sewices Division. 

Clarification was requested in a letter to the 

editor from John Dalle-Molle, Resource Management Ranger at De&Ii NP. The Washmgton Office reply will appear in Park Science’s 

Winter issue. 

Water Quality Monitoring 

at Santa Monica Mts. 

By Carolina Hall 

One of the projects currently bemg conducted by 

NPS in the Santa Monica Mountains NRA is water 

quality monitoring. The project was initiated in 1982 

under the supewision of Paul Rose, a resource management spectalist with the Park Service. One aspect 

of the pragram focuses on the levels of fecal coliforms 

found at particular watershed sites in the mountains. 

Fecal coliform bacteria are found in the intestinal 

tracts of warm blooded animals and they are commonly assoctated with harmful organisms responsible 

for sicknesses transmitted through water contact. 

Fecal coliforms are usad to determine water quality 

because they are easy to culture and can ba accurately lsolaled and counted The present EPA standard for water suitable for swimming is a maximum 

200 fecal coliforms per 100 ml sample. Unfortunately, 

some locations within the Santa Monica Mountains 

exceed this level. 

Typtca sources for highercoliform densities include 

untreated sewage effluent, septic tank leaks, and 

streams which are frequented by livestock and 

wildlife. 

Results thus far indicate a tendency toward higher 

fecal coliform levels in watersheds of the eastern portion of the Santa Monica Mountains. This area is 

closest to greater Los Angeles and is subject to intense development activtty The problem is thought 

to be a combinaton of faulty sewage systems, steep 

slopes that encourage rapid runoff. and poor, shallow 

soils which are unable to properly filter any effluent 

that escapes. 

Conversely, the relatwely undisturbed western part 

of the mountains reveals a low fecal coliform count. 

It is also believed that some relationships exist behveen rainfall and the amount of fecal coliforms 

“flushed” into the system, but more data must be collected before any specific determinations can be 

made. 

At this time, the project is still at the data gathering 

stage. The numerous factors involved in the determination of water quality prevent quick interpretation of 

results. It is anticipated that after a few years of 

monitoring, pollubon sites and causes will be pinpointed. This will encourage better health protection 

for the public and improve water conditions for 

ecosystems within the recreation area. 

Hall was a summer intern al Santa Monica Mountains NRA from Colgate Un;vers~ty 
Roundup: 

Dal1 Sheep Research In Alaska: 1981~83 

By Francis J. Singer 

With passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands 

Conservation Act (ANILCA) on Dec. 2,1980, the National Park Service received 13 new administrative 

units in Alaska. Six areas contw populations of Dali 

sheep; four of the six have potilons in both spark’ and 

“preswe’ categories (Lake Clark, Denali. WrangellSl. Elias, Gates of the Arctic), and two are entirely 

preserves (No&k and Yukon-Charlay). 

Sport hunting is allowed in the preserves and subs~stence hunting is allowed in the new parks by local 

residents who traditionally used the rasourcas. Only 

prwously established podions of Denali NP are totally protected from all human harvests of sheep. Subsistence hunting is limited to ground access (snow 

machines, foot. boat, all-terrain vehicles), and the 

sport hunt regulations apply: fall season and 1 bag 

limit of 7I&plus curl rams. 

AS a resuli, subsistence harvests of sheep are typically Ikght. However, m 1982 thestateof AlaskaBoard 

of Game established two spewl sheep subsistence 

hunts, one in the Noatak and one in Gates of the 

Arctic, with winter seasons (Aug. 1 to April 301, 

liberalized limits (three par person but 50 total in both 

areas). and no sw’age restrictions. The new NPS 

areas in Alaska include outstanding scenery and 

mountainous ierram much of ii habitat for Dali sheep. 

Consequently, Dal1 sheet have been among the most 

controversial elements of the new parks, both dung 

Conaressional hearinas on ANILCA and since its 

passage. 

We report here on sheep surveys and research I” 

Alaska from 1981 to 1983. 

Statewide Inventory 

A total of 30,455 Dali sheep was recorded in the 

six NPS areas during 1981-83. The survey required 

505 hours of aerial searchmg by NPS and Alaska 

Department 01 Fish and Game (ADF&G) cwvs. 

Nearly 60 percent of the work was accomplished by 

one helicopter pilot on contract to NPS and with NPS 

Wildlife Biologist F. Singer observing and classifylog. 

It was the lamest sheeo lnventow of its kind ever 

conducted. ” 

A number of NPS employees were responsible for 

the massive effort but particularlv ROY Sanborn, Bob 

Peterson, Al Lows. and Dick F&g. 

Two mafor pieces of new information appeared from 

the w?ntory First, the statewide population estimate 

now has been elevated from 50,000 to 73.000. Many 

more sheep were found in previously uncounted 

areas than had been estimated, and 45 percent more 

were counted in previously counted areas. Prior sw 

vey techniques and estimates proved to have bPen 

conservative. Second, 40 percent of the sheep were 

observed in preserve and 54 percent in park 

categories. Higher densities of legal rains (2.6 to 4 

times higher) were in preserves, and disproportionately more rams were in preserve than in park boundary areas. 

Estimates had been made that creation of the new 

National Parks and Preserves would reduce the 

Alaska Dal1 sheep halvest by 29 to 50 percent; this 

proved to be a” exaggeration. Post-ANILCA harvests 

(1981.83) have averaged 22 percent lower than the 

1977.78 average, but much of this decrease is due 

IO a change in legal size restrIction from 314.plus curl 

to 718.plus curl horns-a change which took effect in 

1979. True reduction of the Alaska sheep harvest as 

a result of the new NPS areas is probably only 10 to 

15 percent. 

Brooks Range Studies 

Dal1 sheep populations I” the Brooks Range are 

being closely monitored relative lo the new (since 

1982) and more liberal subsistence hunts. Two harvested count units near AnaMuvuk Pass (Gates of 

the Arctic) are being counted along with two similar 

“controll or remote units. The biological effects of 

etther-sex harvests of Dal1 sheep are not known from 

the more northerly and severe Brooks Range. Subsistence harvests of either-sex sheep have been relatively light thus far 32 lo 38 per year near Anakluvuk 

Pass and 9 to 10 in the Noatak.) Sheep have been 

more Important in the past to local residents, particularly when caribou migrations bypassed communities 

and pnorto 1950 when sheepfurwasa major clothing 

material for northern natives. 

Dal1 sheep owl at the extreme northwestern distribution of their range in the No&k National Preserve. Sheep numbers there were little known but 

observations suggested intermittent occupation of 

certain ranges, low densities, and possible high mobility. The herd is subfected to both sport (ram) and 

subsistence (either sex) harvests. NPS initialed a 

study in 1983, primarllyfunded bytheSpecial lnltlafive 

6 

Parks Account, to completely inventory the sheep 

herd and to compare Dal1 sheep dewties. ptoductwities, movements, and habitat u$e.s nodh and south 

of the Noatak River. 

The southern herd is subjected to both sport and 

subsistence and the northern to sport-only hunting. 

Densities in the north are 113 lower and sheep occupy 

patches of suitable habitat there, whereas in the 

south, continuous habitat occupation occurs. Home 

ranges in the notih are much smaller, but lamb productiwty there was nearly double in 1983. A total of 

17 ewes and rams were radio-collared in 1983 by 

NPS - 7 in the north. 10 in thesouth. Lee Anne Ayres. 

a grauate student from University of California, 

Berkeley, is following the movements, habiial use, 

and activities of the two herds of sheep. 

Role 01 Large-Horned Rams in 

Hunted and Unhunted Herds 

Traditional sport harvesting 01 Dal1 sheep focuses 

on the oldest males - the same individuals that are 

most dominant and influential during the breeding 

season. In most hunted areas, many of these largerhorned rains are not harvested, but in soma accessible areas nearly all are taken. Past studies m Alaska 

have suggested that on a short-term basis, reproductive rates are maintained or even increased when all 

large-horned rams are removed. However, these prior 

studies did not explore long-term reproductive effects. 

possible increases in mortality rates of younger rams, 

ewe condition and harassment rates, or any role of 

older rams in teaching home range traditions to 

younger rams. 
Alaska Sponsors Problem 

Analysis of Denali Caribou Decline 

Singer currently IS westigatlng some of these topics in a comparison between two sheep populations 

-one in Ihe eastern end of the totally protected Denali 

NP and one at Usibelli Mine, located only 10 miles lo 

the east m the same mountain range. Runing behavior, lamb productjon. and ram dominance mteractions in wintering groups are being observed in the 

two herds. 1963-85. 

Ram characteristics are drasllcally different in the 

two areas. During the 1983 rut, in the hunted herd. 

all rams were 3’4 curl or less. and there was only one 

ram per lour ewes. while in the prolected herd there 

was nearly one ram for every ewe and one lull (4:4- 

plus) curl ram for every lour ewes. Ram’ram competition appeared much more intense m the unhunted 

herd and the checking and tendmg of estrous ewes 

was much more time consurmng. 

Other impressions were gathered but must awalt 

analysis of the first year’s data. Plans for the 1964 

lIeId season Included contlnuatlon of the ram studes. 

attemptlog to learn more about ‘hatural and healthy” 

versus “healthy~ wIldlIfe populations, as mandated by 

ANILCA for parks and for preserves, respectively. The 

radwtelemetry and range sludles in the Noatak are 

being concluded m the summer of 1964. and evaluation of the sheep subsistence hunt m the Anaktuvuk 

Pass area will continue. 

S;nger is a Research Wildife Biologtsf wfh the NPS 

Alaska Region ,n Anchorage. 

Biosphere Reserves 

Focus on Management 

Parllclpatlon in the Conference on Management of 

Biosphere Resews, slated Ior Nov 27-29, 1984. at 

the Great Smoky Mountains NP Biosphere Reserve 

m Gatlinburg. Term., WIII leature a balanced rmx of 

scientists and park managers, according to Roland 

H. Wauer. Great Smoky Mountains Assistant Superlntendent. Supts. Boyd Evison (SequolalKlngs Canyon 

NPs). Robert D. Barbee (Yellowstone). Donald R. 

Brown (Isle Royale), Dwd B. Ames (Hawaii NP), and 

Roberl C. Haraden (Glacier) are among the management persons who wtll fill leadmg roles in the three 

days of Conference proceedtngs. 

Southeast RegIonal Director Roberi M. Baker and 

Great Smoky Mountains NP Supt. John Cook WIII dekver opening remarks. Workshops will be conducted 

on the following management issues’ Air pollutants, 

development 01 non-renewable resources, use of renewable resources, problem species, and witor actlvltles. 

By F.J. Singer 

On November 29-30. 1963, the Alaska Region 

brought a group of biologists together in Anchorage 

to conduct a problem analysis of the reason(s) for the 

decline of the caribou herd at Denall National Park 

and Preserve. A nine-member committee was 

lormed, consisting of some of the most experienced 

and respected caribou researchers and managers in 

western North America, including: A.T. Bergerud (Unlvets~ty of Victoria), Glen Ellison (Arctic National 

Wtldltfe Refuge), Frank Miller (Canadian Wtldllfe Serwe), Mitch Taylor (Lkwersity of British Columbia), 

and Raymond Cameron, James Davis, Al 

Franzmann, and Bob Pegau (Alaska Department of 

Fish and Game), along with Francis Singer (Alaska 

Regional Office, NPS). The committee heard wen 

speakers discuss caribou movements, reproduction, 

and habitat studes at Denall. and then met in closed 

session November 30 to review the problem. 

Naturalisis, lncludmg Olaus Mum?. had crudely estimated m 1943 that the Denall herd then numbered 

30.000 animals, but by 1963-66 it numbered as few 

as 6.000 and stood at only 1,000-l ,200 by 1974. Accurate total counts were lmpracteal after 1975 because of herd dispersal however aerial trend counts 

on a southern post-calving ground suggest lurther 

downward trends of about five percent per year from 

1976 through 1963. Thiscontinued reduction occurred 

while several adjacent herds (Delta, Nelchlna, Mulchatna) experienced strong growth and multiplied 

two- to several-fold. 

Low Calf Recruitment 

The commIttee considered the recent, contlnulng 

reductions, 1976-63, and the catastrophic early herd 

declines, 1943-74; their consensus, based on study 

fmdings was that recent reductions result from very 

low recruitment of calves (23-26 calves per 100 cows). 

The June calf crops are only about half those in 

healthier herds and a third those of herds expanding 

very rapldly, Unknowns include, are few calves born, 

are they born weak and wkly, or are they kllled by 

predators? Several obswed aspecls of the herd‘s 

calving indicate predations on young calves may be 

responsible. primarily by wolves and bears (probably 

both blacks and gnzzlles). Cows isolate themselves 

on steep mountain slopes to calve, which was mterpreted as predator-avoidance strategy, and there is 

some indlcatlon numbers of new-born calves reach 

very sharp peaks then decline rapldiy, the usual pattern 11 predators are actI% and elfectlve in a herd 

Calf crops were particularly low I” northern calving 

areas, where wolves and gnzzlles are much more 

numerous. than m the south Predators are also abundant along migration routes m the park tnterlor. and 

drastically low call crops were documented lor 

caribou which calved in the north. then moved south 

through the park with very young calves at heel. 

Despite the Indirect evidence. lew predalor kills or 
caribou carcasses are observed. Based on studies 

elsewhere. the committee explained that many losses 

occur while calves are only a few hours or days old, 

which IS prior to the usual calf rat10 counts. Predators 

cmwne nearly all of a call cacass and wolves carry 

remnants to their dens. Also, wolves typtcally hunt 

alone and al night when preying on caribou calves. 

Predators Not Blamed 

Whatever the reasons for presen, herd reductloos, 

the committee bellwed the park‘s predator populaflons were not nearly large enough to have caused 

the earlier, more dramatic declines LimIted by the 

dearth of early Information. the committee could not 

agree on causes for those declines. but theories include herd emlgratlon’dlspersal. writer kllls (probably 

a Iactor IV. 1970-72 when many Alaska herds draslltally declined), and possible heavy hunter harvests 

south of Ihe park ,n the 1960s Two theortes. which 

can be tested but have less to supporl them, are 

heavy metal polsonmg at licks. and poor physical condltlon 01 adults. Poor condition of cows may have 

contributed to low calf surwal earlier but studies indicate the herd IS I” good physical condition now with 

high wallabilIty and use of lkchens, short feedIng 

bouts. long nursing bouts, low insect harassment, and 

high nutrient content of forage. 

The committee made recammendalions for research into the herd? decline and for long-term 

monitoring of key population and demographic 

parameters. All recommendations. partlcuiarly for 

monltonng. are beyond the present flnanclal and stafi 

capabIlities of the park, but with recently obtamed 

Significant Resource Problem (SRP) fundlng from the 

Washlnglon Office research WIII intensify this year 

Park and Regional personnel are now refining 

stralegles based on the commlttee’s recommendations They Include obtalnlng Information on the poor 

calf crops by maklng udder counts of cows from a 

hellcopter as an evaluation of pregnancy rates (which 

IS as dlfflcult to do as it sounds), documenting actual 

calvmg sites, determining antler retention rates of 

cows as an Index of pregnancy (pregnant cows us”- 

ally retain antlers longer than those not pregnant), 

placing mortaltty-sensor collars on a sample of 

neonatal calves. and radio-collaring wolves. Other 

recommendat!ons were for long-term monitoring of 

bull ratios as an index of population dynamics, recording snow depths on wintering and calving areas. attempting total herd counts, and measwng trends in 

wolf and moose numbers Wolves may use moose or 

Dali sheep as alternate prey If caribou decline further, 

which could delay or prevent the wolf population from 

declmmg along with the caribou. Good data are available on the sheep population. 

Decline Causes Sought 

A primary concern of management is whether the 

caribou reduct!ons and lack of recovery are natural 

or m any way human-caused. Even if they are complelely natural, NPS WIII have need for some factual 

answers If the population slides to zero! Some 

sources speculate park facilities and actiwtles, In&d1”g past caribou research, contribute to the declmes, 

and heavy hunter harvests south of the park may well 

have been a factor. The herd IS not hunted now but 

could be again, outsIde of Ihe old core park, 11 it I”- 

crews sufficiently. The caribou make use of an 

abandoned mine site as a lkck, which WIII be tested 

for heavv metal concentrations and. il necessarv covered o&r 

Hunter harvests of adjacent herds may greatly mfluence the future of the Denall herd Accordlnq to a 

publIshed hypothws that has drawn mlxed re&ons 

from carlbau bialoglsts. when caribou herds grew to 

Research learn members. studying the decine of the caribou herd at Denai Nahonat Park and Presewe. tram 

left. Mlfch Taylor Bob Peg& (hidden) Tom Bergerud Ray Cameron Frank Singei Glen Ell~son. Frank MI//W 

A/ Franzmann and James Daws. 

extremely large wes, segments naturally broke away 

and dispersed or emigrated toadjacent herds. Emigration from the Denali herd when it was at or near lis 

peak may have contributed to ifs decline. Immigration 

from nearby herds to the Denali herd could help it 

‘escape’ from 11s present cr10c.a situation but IS unlkkely because present State management goals lor 

those herds include maintenance of stable popula 

tions through hunting harvests. Predator control was 

attributed by State blologlsts as triggering ~“creases 

in those herds from previously low levels. Caribou 

herds at very low population levels sometlmes become erratic in their mlgratlon and the possibility 

exists that all or part of the Denala herd might emigrate. 

Another concern of management is to assure 

caribou protection in upcoming declslons on mining 

and mine access improvements proposed lor the 

Dunkle and Kantishna tillIs areas of Ihe park addit1ons, I” other proposals lor wtor access and 

facilities. and in closure of areas to mechanized lransportalion. Knoweldge of Iactors affecting the herd IS 

essential lor those decisions and the research IS 

counted upon to play a major role. 

Riparian Conference 

The Uwers~ty of Arizona WIII host an Interagency 

North American Rlparian Conference in Tucson April 

16-18. 1985, as pari of the University’s Centennial 

Program. Sponsored by agencies from the United 

States, Mexico. and Canada, the conference 1s entitled ‘Rlpanan Ecosystems and Their Management: 

Reconciling Conflicting Uses.” 

Abstracts from which papers will be selected lor 

the conference are due October 31,1984. Symposum 

proceedings will be publlshed by the Rocky Mountain 

Forest and Range Exper!meni Staton. U.S. Forest 

Serwe. For furiher Information, write R. Roy 

Johnson, #125 Biological Swnces East, University 

of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. 

8 

Africa Project Stresses 

Conservation and Use 

Vernon C. (Tommy) Gilbert, retired from NPS wsearch admlmstration and currently worklng in 

Nairobi, Kenya, for U.S. AID‘s Enwronmental Trainmg 

and Management in Africa project, was a major 

shaper of the August policy level conference on “Endangered Resources for Developmenl’ - a strategy 

conference for the management and protection of 

Kenya’s plant communities: woodlands, forests, bushlands, savannahs, and aquatic commumties. 

A letter from GlIbed. received at Park Scence editorial offices, accompanied a conference booklet, 

which Gilbert said ~pretty much summarizes my thinking on the reasons for management and protection 

of habitats in Alrlca, or anywhere. 

“Natural reswrces are the engine of development:’ 

the booklet begins, “conversely, development IS de. 

pendent on the continued productivity of the natural 

resource base. The paradox that emerges is that development IS dependent on the very resource It 

threatens with extinction. Unless management 

strategies are developed that combine use with conservat~on, improvements in living standards and natlonal wealth are jeopardized’ 

The publlcatton examines the mayor ecosystems, 

discusses mventory, mappmg, and monitoring: Its authors consider education, tralnlng, manpowerassessmat, and collaboration in research: It discusses speclallzed actlvlties supporting ecosystem management 

such as germplasm research. botamcal gardens and 

sanctuaries, field books and keys. and the work of 

non-governmental organizations. 

The bookletS concluding note warns: “Options 

open to us today WIII gradually diminish as resources 

are lost and claims on scarcer resources grow 

Exploiting the options to preserve our environmental 

heritage now, however, will widen development 

chows I” the future.’ 
superin tenden ts ’

corner 

Fossils - The NPS’s 

Forgotten Resource 

By Joe L. Kennedy, Superintendent, 

Dinosaur National Monument 

The Park Selvlce IS rlghnully proud of the great 

natural areas II protects for posterity. However, amid 

all these treasures, one Important resou~e has been 

almost totally forgotten. That resource is fossils. At 

least IO units have been established to protect fossils 

or contain significant fossil deposits wlthin their boundaries. The rich record of past life preserved on NPS 

lands ranges from 220 millton-year-old conifers, rep 

IlIes and amphibians (Petrifled Forest National Monument) to 140 million-year-old dinosaurs (Dinosaur National Monument) to a 60 milllon-year-old fish (Foss11 

Butte National Monument) to 35 mIllIon-year-old beetles and buttwIles (Flor~ssant NatIonal Monument). 

Such deposits have long been recognized by paleontologists worldwIde as superlatwe examples of parl~cular episodes in the history of life. 

Specimens from these areas have contributed and 

continue to confrtbute to our understanding 01 

evolutionary processes. extlnct~on. mlgratlon, adaptation. functional morphology, comparative anatomy, 

evolutionary relationships. paleogeography, paleocllmatology and paleoecology (and the like) to mentton 

a lew. Clearly. these materials are mternational treas- 

“ll?S. 

Nevertheless. protection and management of lossil 

resowxs have generally been lass than adequate 

and oHen performed in a vacuum. We would like to 

briefly touch on what we see as the common problems 

faced by all those managing fossil resources. regardless of the taxa Involved: 

Sun. wind. rain, ice, and snow are the tradttional 

enem?~ 01 Ioss~ls. However, over the last 15 years 

additIonal threats have arisen. There now exists a 

lucrative lntematlonal trade in fossils of all kinds, rang- 

~ng from trilobites glued to magnets for use on refrigerators to entire dinosaur skeletons selling for 

$150,000. A patchwork of federal and state regulatlons, a high profit margin and weak penalties have 

combined to produce a new and ominous threat. 

Some managers strongly suspect that illegal collectlng IS occurring in NPS units. These are not the occasional visitors who pick up a souvenir, but commercial 

collectors. This loss of fossil specimens is unacceptable to both the NPS and the sctentific community 

and must be addressed. 

As budgets continue to tighten and funding beComes ever more difficult to obtain, it becomes imperative that fossil resources be properly addressed 

in Resource Management Plans. The baseline date 

needed to evaluate and manage fossils Include: 

a) What is the geologic and geographic distributlon of fossils wthin the park? 

b) What is the scientific significance of the mate. 

rial? 

c) What areas represent depositional environments having a high potential for producing 

significant fossil materials? 

d) Which iocallties and!or specimens are 

threatened with trreparable damage or loss 

through erosion, theft. and/or vandalism? 

These questions should be answered in each 

NRMP. If they can not, then these questIons should 

form the basis for funding requests for gathering 

baseline data. Without such data, adequate management and protection IS impowble. 

Although the subject matter IS dead, the science of 

paleontology is not. With more researchers active 

now than in all of the past combined, new data is 

constantly appearing. NPS-6 directs us to insure that 

our fnterpretat~on reflects the highest standards of scientiflc research. Yet keeping up with the highly technical literature published in professional journals is 

difficult for the non-speciailst. What ate the methods 

by which interpreters can successfully breach the intedace between themselves and the profesaonal 

paleontological community? How can we effectively 

transmit that “uncommon knowledge” to the visiting 

public? 

An exchangeof ideas, techniques, experiences, ex. 

per%%?. and services has been almost non-existent 

among units with significant fossil resources. Many 

park service managers ate not even aware that a 

professional paleontologist, Dan Chure, is statloned 

here at Dinosaur and serves as Park Service Paleontologlst. With such poor communication, all aspects 

of management and interpretation may be negatively 

impacted by repeated attempts to invent the wheel or 

misguided actions taken due to lack of knowledge or 

expertise. A sharing 01 skills in the colfectmg, protectmg and preserving of fossils will enhance thelr care 

Servicewide. 

In spite of these common problems and threats, 

there never has been a Sewicewide me&g of NPS 

personnel involved in managing and interpreting fossil 

resources. Such a gathering could address the 

above-stated concem~ and serve to mesh professional paleontologists (both within and outside the 

service) wth resource managers. interpreters and 

protection rangers. We strongly feel that the time has 

come for such a meeting at which fosstl resource 

management in the NPS will linally come of age. 

Editor’s Note: Supednlendent Kennedy has offered lo make avalable for consuifalion fhe serv;ces 

of his fuillme professionalpaleon(ologis~, Dan Chure, 

to other park art-as Wh s;milar resources and problems. 

Science Helps 

Carry the Day 

By Gilbert E. Elinn, Superintendent 

Badlands NP 

Scrance recently provided .some key infomation 

which ailowed Badlands National Park and Colorado 

National Monument to resolve some longstandmg 

problems in their bison herds. 

Bison had been reintroduced to Badlands in 1963. 

when 53 animals were brought into the Park from 

Theodore Roosevelt NP in North Dakota. By 1983the 

herd numbered about 375 head, and several hundred 

surplus animals had been turned over to Indian tribes 

for restocking their herds over the years. But managers were concerned about inbreeding, and for several years had been looking for new animals which 

could be brought in to broaden the gene pool. 

An opportunity arose when Colorado National 

Monument decided to surplus their herd of about 25 

bison in early 1983. Their range would not support a 

bison population, and Supt. Denny Hufhnan wanted 

to relocate the animals to another park., 

There was a hitch, however. South Dakota law 

prohibits the importation of bison or cattle that have 

9 

not been tested and, for females, vaccinated agamst 

brucellosls as calves. Cattle growers are concerned 

about brucelloas; tt is contagious and causes spontaneous abortion in a cow’s first pregnancy. As a Federal agency we were not bound by State law, but we 

wanted to work with the State rather than risk losing 

their cooperation in other areas. 

With the help of local legislators, we were able to 

get the State legislature to authorize the btson transfer 

if approved by the State Livestock Sanitary Board. 

Composed of canle producers and veterinarians, this 

Board has veto authority over the importation of cattle 

and bison into the state. 

We met wth the Board in April of 1983. and they 

greeted our proposal with skeptiasm. They fell that 

the Colorado herd would not increase our genetic 

variability for two reasons: The Colorado cows were 

too small to carry calves sired by the larger Badlands 

bulls, and the two herds could have come from the 

original stock. Addittonally, the risk of bringing in diseased antmals from other states could not be justified 

by the limited chance of breeding success. The Board 

suggested that only bulls be introduced into our herd, 

and that they come from withtn South Dakota. 

Nevertheless, the Board scheduled a hearingforJune 

to consider testimony and decide on the matter. We 

knew we couldn’t match the expeltise of the catde 

breeders. We needed good scientific information if 

ourproposalwas tosucceed-andwe needed ~l~oon. 

We found the help we needed by calling Dr. Chris. 

tine Schonewald-Cox. a specialist in bison genetics 

in WAS& Diwon of B!ological Resources. She was 

very suppoti~ve of our proposal and assured us our 

approach was sound. She said that while size differences are lmportanl in breeding domesticated cattle, 

they are not significant in the breeding of wildlife. She 

pointed out that indwlduals of a specres are larger in 

more northern latitudes in order to retain body heat, 

but that skull sizes of Colorado and South Dakota 

btson showed no sigmflcant differences. In any event. 

the BoardB argument was rendered weak by a htstory 

of successful bison breeding between cows from the 

Great Plains and bulls from Canada’s Wood Buffalo 

NP. 

Additionally, introducing only bulls would not be effective because the new bulls would not be able to 

compete successfully for breedtng rights m the wild 

against the established Badlands bulls. It would take 

an influx of both bulls and cows to insure successful 

cross-breeding between the two herds. Finally, the 

disease questions could be resolved through testing 

the Colorado animals Ior brucellosfs Immediately after 

capture, and then retesting 30 days later before ship- 

.pinng them to South Dakota. We also learned that 

the Colorado herd had come from the Denver Mountain Parks and was not the same stock as the Badlands herd. 

Armed with this information, Superintendent 

Huffman and I appeared before the Board in June 

and we camed the day: the Board voled unanimously 

to allow importation of the Colorado bison to the Badlands herd! 

October 27,1983 was a big day when the Colorado 

herd was delivered to Badlands NP. Today these animals have become fully integrated into the Badlands 

herd and are contributing to the gene pool. Both herds 

are healthier and the range in Colorado National 

Monument IS recovering to a natural. ungrazed condition. The information provided by Dr. SchonewaldCox played a critical role, not only in making the bison 

transfer possible, but in making park managers more 

aware of the factors involved in Improving the gene 

pools of these wild and magnificent animals. 
letters 

To the Editor: 

[Here are] Some Items of inlormatlon lor you to use 

as you see /It in your story on RegIonal Chief SaenMS heading back to the keld. My areas of professional expertise (If I have any) and mteresl are seabtrd 

ecology and management and coa~lal jespeclally 

barrier Island syslems) ecology and managemenl. 

TechnIcally I left the lob of Chiel Saenlist. Norih Atlam Fieglon. w!th the start of FY 1984, but I remaned 

in Boston while things wee getting sorted out, not 

actually taking up my new dulles at Rutgers until midJanuary 1984 Thus, I apparently beat out Don Field 

as the last holdoul among the orig~nalcohori 01 RegIO%? Chief Sclentlsts - excepllng, of course. for Jim 

Reid. who. I am convinced, IS Immortal. 

I was in my NARO lob jusl SIX monlhs shy of 10 

years loo long, most (and I) would say. The Rutgers Cooperative Research Unll (thals what 11 IS 

known as. to parallel the same concepts I” FWS and 

Forest Serwce) wasestabllshed after qultesomespirIted competltlon, with which I was mercifully not invalved. The three finalist inst~tulionswere WoodsHole 

Oceanographic Instltullon. Rutgers. and a SUNY consofilurn conslstlng of Stony Brook. Binghampton, Cornell. and CESF-Syracuse. II was etablkshed - jolntly, 

by three regions: North Atlantic, Mid.Atlanlic, and 

Southeast to serve the barrier island park needs in 

those regions Thus, I deal wth Cape Cod, Fire Island, 

Gateway. Assateague, Hatleras, Lookout. Cumberland, Canaveral, and Gulf Islands. It is a good system 

that is working well, and IS tnvolvmg much cross-fertlkzalion among the three regons and the nine parks. 

I agree with the statement in your story about reentry bul perhaps I have had an easer lime re-entermg, as I have tiled to maintain a modest program of 

research and wr,t,ng over the last 10 yeas. It was 

dlfflcult juggling time and responslbllitw. and 11 IS 

somethIng I would nol recommend for those not glen 

to taking work home at night or spending long hours 

on the weekends preparing reports. brleilng papers, 

or manuscripts The travel demands on all Regional 

Chief Scent~sls only exacerbate the difficulty. But I 

would not have done otherwse. I had the best of both 

worlds: the saflslactlon of establishmg and nourishing 

a Aeglonal wence program. seeing direct research 

results applied to knotty management problems, sew 

Ing as a principal I” the piannlng for Fire Island and 

Ior the Pinelands. learning the mtricacw of Regional 

and Servlcewlde operal~ons (espeaally contracting 

and resowce management), getting to know parks 

and supenntendenis. and undertakIng a research 

problem. seeing 11 through to completion and eventual 

publ!cailon. and then gleefully mailing out those reprints 

The Park Service IS a very special organization and 

collection of marvelous people, such that I frankly 

have dlfkculty understanding how people can enter 

and leave the Federal employ as If It were just ?,ome 

sod of Van statIon II IS easy to see why so many 

people wanl to get !“, however, and I am conslantly 

queried by FNsh and WlldlIle people who want to ,o!” 

us 

I suspect that more than five years as a Regional 

Chief Sclenllst I” an on-going. thming program could 

well result I” burnat Perhaps ma,n,a,n,ng a personal research program helps extend that period. but 

without II I aqree that I[ would be very diflicuit to gel 

Training to Deal With an Oily Mess 

By John T. Tanacredi 

Every year in this country more than 10,000 011 

and hazardous material spills are recorded by the 

U.S. Coast Guard. These spills empty around 14 mill10n gallons of materials 1nt0 our coastal environment. 

For shore cleanup alone the bill surpasses $80 milllon 

annually. 

With tankers whose capacity exceeds a quarier million tons, and with the knowledge that these materials, 

once they get Into the coastal ecasyslem network. 

will continue for years to leach out and seep through 

the systems, it IS imperative that our natural ie~ource 

managers become familiar with various d&don 

clean-up, and monitoring techmques. 

The U.S. Enwonmental Pmlectlon Agency has a 

primary role I” this effort. Every two years, EPA parback I” the mainstream of (especially academic) research. Having had the Regional Ofkce experience 

has proven invaluable in managing a complex, threeRegion program such as I have. The Fish and Wildltfe 

Serace has a requirement of WAS0 expwence for 

cerlatn kinds of managerial positions anywhere; 

perhaps it might be advantageous for us to phase I” 

a similar kind of Regional 0H1ce or WAS0 experience 

requtrement before asslgnmeni to dtrectlon of Co-op 

un115. 

One last pet peeve: I am sure you ate aware. paragon of prwe that you are, that ~Natural Resources 

Managemenr IS at best a solecism. The management 

of natural resources IS called resource (no plural) 

management, in parallel with say, the repair of autos 

being called auto repair. Safire had a column on the 

topic not long ago, and I howled with delight, as I had 

long been correcting the ewx. You are in a singular 

positlon to hurl editorial polemtcs at the Philistine - 

go for if! 

Paul A. Buckley, Director 

NPS Cooperative Research Unit 

Rutgers State University of New Jersey 

To the Editor: 

Since your wit here to Gateway lxt April, I have 

done some thInkIng about one of the Park Scivvx? 

themes we dwussed - the use of scentIfic research 

hawg to do with the parks as part of the interpretive 

programs. The research papers presented at the recenl Jamaica Bay Conference here showed me that 

raw research data need working on belore they can 

be Included in interpretive programs. 

First, the material must be selected and translated 

into layman’s lerms Second, It must be surrounded 

by appropriate caveats so that people are not led to 

generalmtlons too broad or mferences too optlmlsllc 

or pesslmtstlc 

Third - in Gateway’s case anyway - the research 

needs lo be placed I” a contexl which IS based on a 

considerable amount of non-NPS research into 

Jamaica Bay, the New York Bight, and the broad problem of &wine pollution. 

And Lnally, the public should be made aware of all 

the research that still needs to be done. ll’s a b\g job. 

and I hope I am able to hire an mterpret~ve specialist 

who will be up 10 It. 

Sam Holmes, Chief of Interpretation 

Gateway National Recreation Area 

10 

EPA test tank at Leonardo, N.J. serves as demon. 

slratm and trammg fankty for exernses m handling 

od and hazardous mater~a/ spills 

t,c,pates I” a ma,or International conference addressing the issues of 011 pollul~onal loads as they lmpacl 

on our coastal environments. In order to assist our 

new North Allantlc Region re~wrce management 

trainees and the Gateway NRA s&H. a one-day tour 

was arranged recently at the USEPA’s 011 and 

Hazardous Materials Simulated Enwonmental Tesl 

Tank (OHMSETT) in Leonardo, N.J. This facility pro. 

videsanenv~ronmentallysaleplace toconducttesting 

and development 01 devices and techniques for the 

control and clean-up of 011 and hazardous materials 

spills. 

The facility’s pnmary feature is a concrete tank, 667 

feet long, 65 feet wde. and 8 feel deep. The tank can 

be filled with either fresh or salt water and IS spanned 

by a bridge capable of towing floating equlpmenl at 

speeds 01 6.5 knots for approximately 40 seconds. 

The towing bridge IS equipped to lay oil or hazardous 

matertals on the surface of the water several meters 

ahead of the dewe bang tested, so that reproducible 

lhlcknesses and widths of the test slicks can be 

achieved. 

The principal systems of the OHMSETT tank I”- 

elude a wave generator and absorber beach that can 

produce and wlthstand regular waves to two feet in 

height. A filtermg system 01 dlatomaceous earth 

keeps water clear for underwater phologaphlc work 

and video imagery and remows pollutants that enler 

Ihe tank water as a result of testing. 

This government-owned, contractor-operated faalfty IS available lor testing purposes on a cost-reimbursable basis. The USEPA prwdes expertise I” the area 

of spill control technology and overall prqect dlreclion. The OHMSETT la&y houses a quality control 

laboratory to test watets~n thetank pr~orto recycling. 

Approxlmalely 15 NPS staff people attended such 

a field exercise and I belleve that the experience 

added greatly to our Region‘s general alertness to the 

potential hazards from 011 and hazardous material 

spills thal face all our coastal parks 

lnformatlon about the OHMSEn facllkty can be obtained by calllnq (201) 321.6629: lor mformallon on 

oil hazar&us n&rials research, call Tanacredl at 

FTS 665.3730 

Tanacredi IS Na/urai Resource Management Spe 

nabt at Gateway NRA 
Bat Study Provides 

Useful Baseline Data 

By Stephen P. Cross 

Recent studies of the bat community at Oregon 

Caves National Monument (OCNM) have provtded 

mformatlon concemng their numerIcal status, natural 

history and compatib!lkty with human act~vibes and. 

in the process, turned up some amazingly ‘old bats.” 

The sludles were lnlllated in 1976 because 01 concern 

about a possible decline m bat use of the Mann cave. 

but the first d&led records go back to the 1946 Master‘s research on mammals of OCNM by Aryan Roesi. 

Roest‘s thesis. publIshed in 1951, reported obserua 

tlon of lewer than 100 bets and Identified only four 

species. In 1958, Ray AlbrIght conducted a capturing 

and banding study, primarily in the exit tunnel (mostly 

summer work). In his published results, AlbrIght indi. 

cated that 383 mdiwduals of eight species were cap 

lured and marked by bandlng. 

According to an in-service report by Glenn Walthall 

prepared in 1960 Ihe banding was continued in 1959 

by Ranger’Naturalisl Tom Ford and Ranger Jim Jack. 

Walthall noted that “according to Jim Jack, 239 bats 

were banded Eleven of these were retakes from 

1958 ~ The records of the 1959 study never were located. 

During the summer of 1960 Walthall was able to 

capture and band 16 bats of two species, and recaptured 11 additional bats which had been banded in 

1958 and 1959 He concluded, from his capture of 

only 27 bats that the population had declined 

As a result of Walthall’s hndmgs, Roger Cantor 

(then NPS Management AssIstant) recommended on 

Sept. 10. 1960, that all bat bandlng acliwbes be dls. 

continued ‘until populations return to their former patterns or until the need for such research ]ustBes lis 

effect on the cave ecology.” The notion that the populations were declining was based entirely upon decreasmg capture success and no anempt was made 

to estimate actual communtty size in any 01 the three 

years of study. Apparently the recommendation regardmg bandlng was heeded, s!nce no other concentrated effort was dlrected toward siudylng the bats 

until 1976. 

During his 1956 study, Albright noted that only a 

few bats were observed during daytime trips through 

the cave I” July. The bats he banded were captured 

with a butterfly net in the main exit tunnel between 

10 p.m and 2 a.m. From these observations he concluded that late-night users 01 the cave were ‘returnmg‘io the cave and we% ‘apparently using secluded 

recessed away from the generally travelled part of the 

cave’ for their diurnal roost slles. a conclusion not 

supported by mqre recent findings. 

With this background in mind, a study of the current 

numerIcal status of the bat community at OCNM was 

initiated in the sprmg of 1976. The study continued 

most intensely during the summers of 1976 and 1977 

and then brIefly each year thereafter during late summerand earlyfall Resulting quantitatIveassessments 

were compared with those derived from reevaluation 

of data collected by Albrlght I” 1958 to determine the 

relative stab~ltiy of the bat community. Addiflonal ~nformallon was gathered concernmg dally and seasonal 

actlvlty patterns cave roosting condltlons, tmgratary 

movements. longevity and other factors deemed mportant I” ga!n,ng an understandmg 01 the use 01 Ihe 

Caves by bats. 

Quote unexpectedly. several bats banded by Albnght in 1956 were recaptured from 1976 through 

Long-eared Myotis, shown here, IS the mosl abundant species of the Oregon Caves commuotv compnsing 

between 56 percent (in 1958) and K’percenl (/n 1977). Photo by Bruce Hayward 

1982. Four Long-eared Myot~s, four Long-legged 

Myotis. and one Fringed MyoIls were recaptured, 

some of them several Ilmes. The Fall 1982 capture 

of a banded Long-eared Myotis indicates that bat had 

lo be at least 24 years old. The longevity records 

uncovered by this study are the longest recorded for 

all three species and also the greatest for any species 

m North America, except for the Ltttle Brown Myotis. 

Considering the relatively small number of bats initially banded by Albright, these results seem to Indtcaie a high sutv~val rate and great loyalty to the Oregon Caves site. 

Bats were captured for study mainly by a nylon 

strand trap across the apemng 01 the main cave exit 

and wtth mist nets placed over the pond nearthecave 

entrance. Some bats with metal bands attached during the 1956.59 studies were re-marked wtlh new 

bands. Most bats were marked with tiny wing perfora1lOrlS. 

Results 01 the capture-mark-recapture programs of 

1976 and 1977 seem to mdlcate bat “sage of thecave 

similar to that lound by AlbrIght in 1956. Atotal of 23b 

mdlviduals of eight species were captured in 1976. 

yleldlng commumty size estimates based on the ratlo 

of marked lo unmarked mduduals of 600 to 784 bats 

A total of 340 indlvlduals of eight species were cap 

tured in 1977, yleldlng community size &mates of 

779 to 1049. Estimates detlved lmm AlbrIght‘s 1958 

data range from 743 lo 885 bals. The most abundant 

species is the Long-eared MyotIs. comprising between 56.1 percent (1958) and 62.6 percent (1977) 

of the communlly. 

Three speues, the Yumas Myotis. the Llttle Brown 

MyoIls, and the Long-legged Myotis comprised between 29.1 percent (1977) and 32.1 percent (1976) 

of the captures Other species captured were the 

Cal~lornia MyoIls, 5 to 2.4 percent, the Fringed 

My&. 3 8 to 7.6 percent: the Big Brown Bat. .5 percent. and Townsends Big-eared Bat. 2.4 to 6 1 peril 

cenl. Approximately 80% al the bats were male. 

Research shows that var~atlons in techniques and 

times of capture are lmportanf because 01 differences 

I” behavior of the separate species. When the capture 

rate of the three most abundant spat-s IS plotted 

aganst time after sunset. 11 becomes lmmedlately apparent that they have different times 01 peak use 01 

the cave Thus. sampling undertaken al dlfferenl 

times yield large differences in apparent total use of 

the cave. 

Only one species. Townsend’s Big-eared bat. appears to use the cave routinely as a daytlme roost 

This species uses the cave most extensively m winter 

as a place to hibernate. Decreased “se during warmer 

periods of the year may be the result of Increased 

tour~st activity, since this bat IS known to be quite 

sensitive to disturbance. The majority of bats using 

the cavedo so al night and generally are not I” conflict 

with human actlvltles. These bats probably roos1 I” 

nearby bulldings. trees, or rock crevices durmg the 

day. It appears that the greatest seasonal use of the 

cave by bats occ”,s I” the late summer and early lall 

-a phenomenon known in bats as autumn swarming 

Bats are important natural cave YISI~O~S and serve 

as agents for transporting nutrients unto the cave 

ecosystem. The gates at the cave openings appear 

to allow relatively good access by bats. There are 

some unlighted areas away from the main tour routes 

that areused by the relatlvelyfewdayt~melnhabllants 

DIsturbanceof these ateasgenerallycan be avoided 

The llghls I” the cave usually are turned off at night 

and vntatlon then IS mlnlmal, largely restricted to 

NPS supervIsed exploration. Consequently, the pattern of use by bats as it now stands IS generally 

compatible with human use and probably WIII continue 

if care is taken to avold mterlerence. 

DI Cross is a proiessor of brology at Southern Oregon Stale College, Ashland, Oregon 
An Ecological Study 

of the Chellburg Forest 

BY 

Vicki L. Dun&z. Dale K. Otto and Ron Hieberf 

The IndIana Dunes National Lakeshore sponsors 

an annual Sugar Maple Festival which draws 5,000 

visitors per year on the average. Because of popular- 

~tyofthefestivaland the opportunitlesforenvironmental education it affords, the Lakeshore hopes lo conme the program for many years to come. However, 

the park staff IS concerned about what effect contlnued tapp,ng may have on the health of the sugar 

maples and whether there wli be enough trees of 

large enough we to tap in future years. To answer 

the latter question. a structural and compositional 

study of the forest was initiated in June, 1983. 

The pnmary goals were 1) lo assess the size and 

vigor of the sugar maple population on the site, 2) to 

determlne age/class relationships withm the sugar 

maple population I” order to predict the future status 

of the trees on the site, 3) to make quantitatwe measurements of other tree species in the forest, and 

finally. 4) to make management recommendations enablmg park personnel to optimize the recreational, 

conservational, and educational resources of the 

forest in the future. 

Forest Survey 

A total of 36 woody species occurred in the plots 

established for the forest analysis, 27 reaching 

dtameters at breast height (OBH) of at least 5 cm and 

the remainder occurring only as seedlings orsapllngs. 

Importance values, calculated from frequency and 

denstty data, revealed that sugar maple was the most 

important species followed by red oak, white ash, and 

sl~ppeiy elm. However, red oak trees were by far the 

largest trees in the forest. wth more than three times 

as many lrees I” the largest we class (over 50 cm 

diameter) as sugar maple. In the seedling and sapling 

size classes, sugar maple was the clear winner, with 

over low times the density 01 the next most frequent 

SpCl~~. 

There were very few young red oaks. The pattern 

of many relatively small sugar maples and relatively 

large red oaks suggests a SUCC~SSIO~~~ sequence of 

red oak domlnatlng and sugar maple gradually replac- 

~mg lt The absence of many dead or dying sugar 

maples 01 a preponderance of suppressed trees indlc&s that the youthfulness of the sugar maple populatlon IS not due to a failure of the species to reach 

large Sue classes. 

Sugar Maple Age/Size Class Distribution 

We measured diameters and extracted tree ring 

cores from 92 sugar maples in the forest, all greater 

than 5 cm in diameter. We gleaned several useful 

pieces of informatIon from the ages determlned from 

tree rmg counts (see chart]. 

We found that sugar maples were fairly well distnbuted across the dtllerent age mterds, ranging from 

10 lo 150 yeats old. The younger age classes were 

best represented, as would be expected I” a healthy 

population which was reproducmg successfully. A 

number of the trees showed very low growih rates lor 

their ages; those were ltkely suppressed due to low 

light avatlablltiy. There were also a good nuinber of 

trees exhlbltlng healthy wes for their ages. 

The relationship between we and age of the trees 

was quanttfled, demonstrating a good correlation between the two parameters. This enabled us to do 

several things: growth rates of the sugar maples were 

determined, and equations for estimating age from 

tree diameters and we versa were calculated. These 

relationships, in turn, can be used to estimate the 

number of iappable trees in the forest as well as the 

predicted number of tappable trees in the future. 

We estimate that the forest contains about 165 

tappable sugar maple trees (the recommended 

diameter for tapptng is 25 cm or more). Predicted 

numbers of tappable trees are 196 by the year 2000, 

and 250 by the year 2020. Naturally, the dynamics of 

the forest make such predictions approximate, but it 

looks as though sugar maples will cedainly increase 

I” impoltance. barring any disturbance or major 

changes. 

Management Recommendations 

Management objectives for the area include insurmg the health of the sugar maple population as well 

as preserwng the mfegrity of the forest ecosystem 

and Its aesthetic value. The results of this study indlcate that the sugar maple IS regenetattng naturally 

and growing healthily in the area. and the stand 

should mcrease !n numbers of individuals for some 

time. If it IS declded that park personnel should try lo 

improve the standB maple sugar producmg capaaty, 

there are somestepsthat can betaken. Past research 

has shown that the best sap and sugar producers are 

those trees with the largest stem dlameiers and the 

broadest crown diameters. Itwould be advantageous. 

then, to encourage individual trees by selectively cutting trees around them, enhancing growth conditions 

for the targeted Individuals. It has also been shown 

that size of trees accounts for only about one third of 

the variation in maple sugar production, and other 

factors such as genetic stock and solI conditions also 

affect production. The best strategy may be to let 

nature run its cowse. thus preserving the natural processes of the forest while maintaining an adequate 

sugar bush. 

Dunevitz and Ofto workedas Biological Techmcians 

at the Lakeshore in fhe summer of 1983. H;eberi IS 

Ch;efSc;enf~starandPlanf Eco/@stat the Lakeshore. 

Age distribution of sugar maples n 1.2 plots sampled. Bars represent the percent of fofal dens@ ;I? each age 

mterva/. 

12 
Hawaii Symposium 

Follow-up Underway 

The June 1984 symposium on ProtectIon and Management of Tetresir~al Hawal~an Ecosystems, altended by represeniatlves from State and Federal 

agencies, a Hawaiian native group, conservation organizattons, the State senate, and others, uncovered 

a host of questtons and set in motion a concerted 

efforl at findlng answers. 

According to Chuck Stone, research scientist at 

Hawaii Volcanoes NP, experis in the audience volunteered. in response lo artendees‘ questions, to make 

available shori descriptions of ecosystems and vegetation types in Hawaii. All those in attendance were 

challenged to list the ‘Yap ten” rewrce problems in 

terrestrial ecosystems protecilon and management 

and to submtt them to the Symposium leadership for 

summary and evaluation. Dr. Frank Howarth of Ihe 

B.P. Bishop Museum will report on the findings. 

An additional attempt to make this invitation as 

widely representative as possible was made by Stone 

in a letter to all Symposium participants. The letter 

asked the receiver to rank 10 issuer outlined in the 

letter and to indicate the recwer’s own dewed actions. “The emphasis,” Stone’s letter staled, “IS on 

spect~c management issues and achwabie goals.’ 

Plans have been made for prompt publication 01 

the Symposium proceedings. 

Chapman Keynotes 

Science Meeting 

Western RegIonal Director Howard Chapman, in 

his Sept. 6 keynote address lo the Second Biennial 

Conference on Research in the Natlonal Parks of 

California at U’Cal Davis, told the 130 + partiopants: 

“We need solutions that only science can furnish. 

If I have one overriding message to deliver here: he 

said, “it is this -that intelligent protection 01 park resources will progress only at the rate that new knowledge is discovered and put to use in the System. 

“The great natural park systems,~ he continued, 

~musl be managed in ways that allow them to continue 

to evolve as much as possible in a natural way. If our 

hand is needed to keep them funcloning, then something is lacking in our management. 

Chapman included a strong endorsement of the 

upcoming international MAB conference at Great 

Smoky Mountains NP (Nov. 27-29) on management 

of the world’s bnsphere resenes. 

‘I find: Chapman said, ‘that the Sew~ce still IS 

searchmg for how NPS relates to the World Biosphere 

Reserve program. I would hope that the November 

meebng clar~fles this relatlonshlp. When we have an 

area that has been designaled as a world biosphere 

reserve, we should take proper recognliion of that 

fad. We in the Western Region WIII support and emphasize the role of our designated areas as they relate 

to the wider world picture.” 

The continuing theme of the Californlaconferences 

(held every other year at U/Cal, Daws). is “The Integration of Research Into Resource Management Decision MakIng in the Natlanai Park Serwe.’ 

Channel Island Supt. William Ehorn‘s conference 

windup, “PolitIcsand Its Relatlonshlpfo Research and 

Resource Management I” NatlanaI Parks.‘will appear 

as a SupenntendentB Corner in the Winter issue of 

Park Science. 
information 

cross file 

Parks How Big is Big Enough7” is the title of a 

Roger Lew arlicle w the Aug 10. 1984 issue of 

Science Lew ieports on the worlds most amblllous 

enwonmentai experiment designed to determine 

how best to protect the dwlndllng habitat wxnxs 

that remmi tn the Amazon forest. 

A ‘a11 number of studies have addressed the problem of ecosystem decay.” Lewin wtes. ‘but none has 

been prospective The great strength of the ‘mlnimum 

crltcal size 01 ecosystems prolect.’ as the BrarAm 

US ventuw IS called IS that it IS the llrst time the 

effects 01 fragmentation and isolation ~111 have been 

ciosely observed throughout the decay process‘ 

The project IS co-directed by Thomas Love~oy 

World WildlIfe Fund scientist. and Herbert Schubarl 

01 BraIs National lnstltute for Amazon Research 

Loveloy concwed the Idea I” 1976 when ecologists 

were arguing over application of Ihe Island bmgeography theory to the design of ecological refuges ACcording to Jered Diamond. UCLA ecologist. the project IS ‘beautifully designed It IS unique in human 

nlstory~ 

Two separate but unrelaled questIons in establishlng mammal crItIcal size Ior a rain forest h&tat are 

(1) Are spews lost I” some sort of predictable order? 

and 121 Will forest fragments of slmllar we end up 

with slmllar final spews composllions? Another concern was size a matter that was “the focus of most 

folks minds at Ilrst: events however. forced attention 

10 be turned to the phenomenon known as the edge 

effect Lovejoy descrtbes a sews 01 system?& 

studies almed al determlmng the magnitude of the 

edge effect 

And ran IS vying with grizzly bears as the hottest 

topic outside of breaking news in the public press 

Unfted Press lnternafrooal and the Washmglon Post 

ran ex,emive t~~a,rnen,s I” August at the stari of a 

lo-year study to determme the effects of acid ran on 

historic monuments and olher structures around the 

country Scientists from the U S. Geological Survey 

and NPS spokespersons are quoted in describing the 

test sites and the questions being asked 

In Washington DC.. 650 pounds 01 stone and an 

addillonal quantity of metals are exposed on top of 

several racks at a Northwest branch lkbrary Other 

sites where the testing has begun include New York, 

New Jersey. and North Carolina. Sites I” Canada and 

the Midwest WIII be added to the study in 1985. 

The work IS beng conducted by an Interagency 

Task Force on Acid Preapitalion. mcludmg the Enwonmental Protection Agency. the Bureau of Mines, 

USGS and NPS 

The rapld growth of the aquatlc weed hydrllla, on 

the Potomac River. ‘now threatens to inspw a parallel 

prol~leiation 01 red tape.’ according lo a July 11. 1984 

story in the Washrngton Post Richard Hammerschlag. chief of the NPS Ecological Services Lab 

!n DC IS quoted I” Ihe story Ihe news peg for which 

was the Army Corps of Engineers call lor-immediate 

actlori to control the weed 

‘There s never going to be a total Potomac conlrol 

system strategy.” Hammerschlag IS quoted as saying 

following a me&g with Corps officials to dwuss the 

hydrllla problem. He suggested lhat there may be 

some small-scale testing of hydrllla control methods 

this summer. but thal”bawally hydrllla IS here to stay 

II s too I&.~ he said It has already distributed itself 

It IS a new adlustment that a new generatlon will have 

to make” 

Hammerschlag descrlbed his man wrest as a 

search for ‘a calmer view. There 1s no questIon,’ he 

said. “that hydrilla provides positive virtues to some 

extent. but it doesn t provide any that native species 

don I also offer: 

A new WIldlife Management lnstltute book. Whffe 

Jailed Deer: Ecology and Management, has been announced by Stackpole Books. Box 1831. Hamsburg. 

Pa. 17105. The study IS authored by more than 70 

persons who have devoted the+ professional lives to 

d by Cindy House. the 

46 chapters, more than 670 photographs. 137 maps 

and figures and 118 tables. the study carries a price 

tag of S39.95 plus $2.50 lor shipping and handling. 

*** 

The June 22, 1984 ~ss”e of Sc;ence contains an 

arhcle by R.O. Peterson. R.E. Page, and K.M. Dodge 

(all of Michigan Technological University’s Department of Biological Sciences) on “Wolves, Moose, and 

the Allometry of Population Cycles:‘The authors report evidence, from long-term studies, of long-term 

oscillatory behawr in a large mammal predatwprey 

system, and that their data are consistent with the 

proposal that “herbnore populations should fluctuate 

at periods proportional to the foufth root of body 

mass.” They note that the relationship between body 

we and life cycles ” is so simple and pewawe that 

It can be overlooked:‘The dependence of cycle period 

on body we “follows logically.~ they state, “the premise that animal cycles reflect the interact!on of natality, 

mortality, and dtspersal, coupled with the allometric 

scaling of physiological functtons and life history 

charactertstlcs to Ml/q.” 

2, 

The September 1984 issue of Snenbfrc Amencan 

IS entirely devoted to computers 01 palllcular Interest 

to readers of Park Science are the arlicles on ‘Computer Software for lnlormat~on Management.‘ by 

14 

Michael Lesk (~Stored data are of use only !f information can be retrieved quickly I” an understandable 

form”), and ‘Eomputer Software in Science and 

Malhematlcs: by Stephen Wolfram (‘S~mulatlon piegrams Offer a new way to study natural phenomena 

I 

From BIII Halainen edItor olthe NPS RangerNewsieller cc~mes a swatch of clippings from the East 

New York T!mes. Concord (MA) Journal etc on 

resurgence of wIldlIfe in the East. particularly in the 

area commonly referred to as Thoreau country 

Halanen writes. “This IS really excltlng stuff Here at 

Minuteman fNational Hlstorlc Park) we ve had 15 fox 

sightings recently also raccoons. oppossum. and 

deer-all up percepflbly’ 

Jay Fitzgerald’s story in the Concord Journaleven 

clams the reentry of coyotes, and rates the comeback 

as ‘approaching a level not seen since the American 

Revolution” The New York Times story, by Harold 

Faber, repons a major shift in the migratory patterns 

of Canada geese, many of which are not IlyIng as lar 

south as they once did for the winter The change is 

laid not to weather. vhlch hasnt changed that much 

m the past 20 years, but to the changing patterns of 

agriculture. pallicularly in the Delmawa Peninsula 

“where truck lams have given way to cornllelds that 

feed the chicken mdustv” 

W,nd. accompany,ng a lhundershower passing 

through the central portion 01 Yellowslone NP on Sunday July 8. felled approximately 100.000 lrees In a 

matter 01 minutes Supt. Robert Barbee was quoted 

I” an NPS press release, commenting on the blowdown near Elk Meadow on lhe Gibbon River: 

~lt IS Indeed an npreswe sight. The sheer magnllude IS awe-lnsplrlng and 11 provides an eXCellent 

example of the worklngsof nature, which ~sthe reason 

why Yellowslone is a natIonal park.” 

The downed trees all lay in one direct!on. mOSl 

uprooted but some snapped off 4 to 8 lee1 above 

ground. The blowdown occurred !n a m&Ire 

lodgepole pine forest where trees are estimated at 

250 to the acre. Dawned frees blocked roadways until 

loreslry crews and othe park staff could clear them 

with chain saws and heavy equipment. 

The October wue of Horfzons, publication of U.S. 

Agency for lnlernat~onal Development (AID), (Wash. 

ington, D.C. 20523) is devoted to biological diversity 

The Issue Includes an article by Caldwell Hahn, ~Preserving the Earth‘s Genetic Resources,” that de 

scribes the accelerated pace of species extinctions 

m the 10,000 years since the human agr!cultural revolution began, and reports on the U.S. strategy for 

preservation of biological dwrslh. November 1984 is 

the target date for presentation of that strategy to the 

U.S. Congress. AI&the leadagencyin thestrategy 

task force that Includes 11 agencies as well as enwonmental groups, international organizations and 

the prwate sector. The question of preservaton of 

genetic diversity is being systematically addressed at 

both the technical and the policy levels. 

Also included m the October issue is “GenetIc Resources for Development: by John Daly. 

Hor;zons IS edited by Sharon lsralow of AID‘s 

Bureau of External Affairs and is available to the pubIIC without cost. 

.‘* 
Information Crossfile ,Conl,n”ed, 

Air pollution in the dramatic natural area National 

Parks of Ihe West occupied a considerable number 

of Inches ,n Western newspapers lhls summer, with 

NPS scientists, unwers~ty professors, and pnvate research oun~is all sewing as sources for Ihe articles. 

The Rocky Mounfain News quoted David ROSS 01 

Air Resource Special~sis I” Forl Collins, whose research showed that v~s~tors at Grand Canyon and 

Mesa Verde rated vwbtllty-r&led alirlbutes of the 

parks as most important to their park evperlence. 

Psychology professor Ross Loomis of Colorado Stale 

University said visibility IS often taken for granted and 

because 11s impatrment is gradual, 11s loss tends to 

be accepted for some time. 

Phil Wondra, chef of the NPS research branch. 

diwon of air and water quality, Denver, and WIlllam 

Maim, a research physlclst in Wondrak group. were 

the sources for a comprehensive story in the Deseret 

News(June 56.1984). The major human-caused pollutant affecting such parks as Grand Canyon and 

Mesa Verde is sulfur dioxide and sullates from southem California and southern Arizona, fhe scientists 

staled. wafter seven years of momtoring in southern 

Utah: Wondra said, ‘There isn‘t a day when we can’t 

measure man-made pollutants.” The hazy air that 

sometimes hangs over Bryce and Zion National Parks 

“flrst passed over southern Callfotnla 400 miles away 

or copper smelters in Anzona,” said Maim. Maim’s 

studles showed lhat sulfates were respons!ble for 50 

to 70 percent of all lost wblliiy in Western parks. 

A Citizen’s Gwde to hver Conservation, by Rolf 

Diamani, J. Glenn Eugster, and Christopher J. 

Duerksen. is available now from The Conservation 

Foundation. 1717 Massachusetts Ave.. N.W.. Wash. 

ington. D.C. 20036. The 100 page paperback, with 

maps, illustrations. appendixes and bibtography, IS a 

how-to book stressing conservation tools and conlalning case studies of innovative programs using easements, voluntary agreements, land purchases. tax I”- 

centives, zoning ordinances, and government permittlng. Cost is $7.95 plus $2.00 handlmg and malllng 

charges. 

How does our research look to others? Sports /i/usPaled. July 20, 1984 I” an afilcle by 511 (with one ‘I ) 

GIlbell, gives us a chance to “see oursel’s as ilhers 

see us” Writes Gilbert 

“To show concern Ior another spews. up-to-date 

wIldlIfe scleniists almost rellewely try to put collars. 

beanng fadlo transm~tfers, on the creatures in order 

to fallow and collect mformatlon about them This IS 

called research, and It sometlmes IS beneficial to the 

animals but 1 not. at least II gws a soothing sense 

thal good works are being done on their behalf.’ 

A joint study by NPS and the National Oceanic and 

Almospherlc Adm~nlsiration (NOAA) of Ihe complex 

air currents I” and around the Grand Canyon this fall 

and next spring was descrlbed in USA Todal August 

15 edibon. Don Henderson, an NPS meterologlst on 

Denver, is quoted as saying the study WIII help the 

Sewtce pick the best times 10 burn underbrush along 

the rims without smoke gang into the canyon. 

Henderson has promised Park Science a story 

when the study results are I”. 

Prescribed Fire 

Qualification Sys teln 

Developed 

By Thomas M. Gavin 

The Western Region Prescribed Fire Qualification 

System, which has attracted considerable mterest recently both from other resource managemenl agencues and from elsewhere within the NPS, was developed in FY 1983 and now has been fully implemented. 

The system consists of three prescribed fire POSY 

tion levels: Prescribed Fire Manager, Prescribed Burn 

Boss, and Crew Member. The training cows? prerequisites for each posllion were defined in conjunction wth the recommended skilllknowledge levels prepared by the Prescribed Fire and Fire Effects Working 

Team in 1979 (see Prescrfbea Fe Job QuaBcat~on 

Guide, National WIldfire Coordinating Group). Because of the wide diversity in vegetation types among 

the d&rent parks in the Western Region, we elected 

to defme a set of mandatory core courses which address the common training needs in all our parks. 

Electives Requested 

Each park involved in Ihe use of prescribed fire was 

asked to submit an expanded set of electives that 

would supplement this core. Electives were to have 

been site-specific in nature. For example, Sequoia 

Kings Canyon NP requires S-212 (Power Saws) as 

a requirement for Prescribed Burn Boss, where 

Joshua Tree Natonal Monument, for obvious 

reasons, does not. 

The Western Region core, together with the expanded lkst of park-specdic electives, was approved 

by Superintendents and is maintained on file in Ihe 

Western Regional Office. This has been of Iremend. 

ous value in defining overall Regional Training needs. 

While developing the co”rse curricula for each of 

the three positions, we attempted to shape each pos- 

~tion to the orgamzational structure 01 most of our 

parks using prescribed fire. The Prescribed Fire Manager IS lyp~cally the responslblkty of the Natural Resource Management Specialtsl concerned with fire 

effects, post-burn monlioring, and overall program 

management. Ideally, this mdiwdual will generate 

burning prescrlpt!ons and plans. The Prescrlbed Bum 

Boss IS more 01 a pract~t~aner and Ideally IS responsw 

ble for fire suppression wlfh,n the park. The thrust of 

IhIs position IS bum plan Implementation. The Crew 

Member posItion usually IS assumed by all others 

wIthIn the park who provide suppoll to prescribed 

burning programs 

Briefly, the courses desired of a Prescribed Burn 

Boss emphasize concepts in Natural Resource Management and may not necessarily be fire-specific. The 

Burn Boss courses focus on skills, organization. 

safety and suppresson capablllties. The Crew 

Member program is dwgned to prowde a minlmum 

level of knowledge in fire behavior. All three positlon 

requrements d&r. both in RegIonal core requirements and park-speclflc electws. Likewise, physical 

fitness requrements are slightly dlfferent between 

15 

positons. In some areas, one lndivldual may have to 

aswme all three positmns, depending upon the size 

of the park staff. However, our ultimate goal IS to have 

an mdwdual or Individuals quaIltied as Prescribed 

Burn Boss and Prescribed Fire Manager in each park 

conducting a Prescribed Fore 01 Natural Prescribed 

Fire Program wthtn the Region. The current Red Card 

System IS being used 10 track an indudual’s skill level. 

Key Requirement 

The fundamental and key requtrement wlthln the 

qualiflcatioo system IS the Western Region Prescribed 

Fire Course. This IS a two-week Park Service specific 

cow? designed to train people m the skillful appl~catlon of prescribed fire. Emphasis IS placed on classroom knowledge 01 fire behavior and ileld application 

of prescribed fire to meet a predetermwd NPSobpclive. During the course. studenls are exposed to the 

Standardized Western Region Prescribed Bum Plan 

Format being used al all parks within the Region. 

Completion of the course requires that students successfully complete an actual burn during the tralmng 

course. In turn, this IS supplemented by a minimum 

of two burns by each student wlthin hisher base park. 

This gives students exposure to a variety of bums 

within dtfferinq fuel models. Following the completion 

of the formal lrainlng course. a cadre 01 Regional 

course facilitators moves from park to park !n order 

to grant fInal cerllflcation relating to the park speclflc 

bums, These hands-on actIons have contributed to 

the accumulation 01 a Burn Plan Library. being Manntared in the Reglonal Office. Ulbmately, prescriptions 

r all fuel models withIn the Reg~onw~ll be represented 

and will be at the disposal 01 all field managers 

We in the Western Region believe that this certiflcatlon system shows real promise. Individuals from 

many parks have completed certli~cat~on burns and a 

mqor result has been a sense of sound commun~cation and cooperation within the Region and with other 

agemes. 

For those of you conslderlng such a system, one 

last comment IS warranted. Implementation IS not 

easy. It may present hardshlps and may curia~l. al 

least in part burning programs that may have exlsted 

prior to lmplemeniatlon of the system. Furthermore. 

It is expenswe and requires extreme ded!catlon on 

the pari of the Superintendents. park staff and ultlmately the RegIonal Director. However, any mwse 

of prescrlptlon fire by the National Park Seduce has 

the potential to clam human Ilie. destroy personal 

propetty and unnaturally alter our ecosystems With 

lhls in mmd. we feel that a qual~flcatlon system for 

the use of prescribed fire IS no less lmportanl than 

the one we have established for fore suppression. This 

IS especially slgmflcant when we consider that, unlike 

the case with wildfires. the Serwe 1s directly lkable 

lor all fires that are NPS-mltiated 

Gawn IS a Fire Ecologist for NPS in Nie Weslern 

Regron. 
regional highlights 

- - - 

Water Resources Lab 

A combination of acid deposition policy and science 

was the fare at the Acid Rain and the West conlerence 

held in Gunnison. CO July 23-25. Among highlights 

of the meetings was the excitement caused when two 

researchers, Ench ElstnerfromGermany and Richard 

Klein from Vermont. claimed to observe forest damage in Colorado that “precisely parallels that seen in 

southern West Germany and in New England.” An 

emergency group was farmed to conduct further invesllgatlons. 

Another hlghlighl was the official announcement of 

the formation of the Western Atmospheric Deposition 

Task Force. The group will attempt to coordinate atmospheric depositlon research in the Rocky Mountain 

Slates, maklng sure that needed research gets done 

and lines between scientists and pallcy makers are 

kept open. Two members of the National Park Service, Chris Shaver and Jill Baron sit on theTask Force, 

which also includes EPA, US Forest Sewice, US 

Geological Survey, environmental and industrial 

members. 

Southwest Region 

The Submerged Cultural Resources Inventory for 

Point Reyes NS and Point Reyes-Farallon Islands 

National Marine Sanctuary, authored by Toni Carrell. 

is now in print. The shtpwreck survey for the same 

area, prepared by Larry Murphy, is at the Government 

Printing Offtce in Denver, ready for dekvery Both 

documents are available from the Submerged Cultural Resource Division, PO. Box 728, National Park 

Service. Santa Fe, NM 67501. 

*** 

An &year-old boy. walkmg with his parents, a 

brother and sister in the well-populated Basin area of 

Btg Bend NP on July 26, was attacked and badly 

mauled by a 70.pound. Z-year-old, male mountain 

lion. The boy’s father attempted to rout the lion and 

was himself attacked and bttten. 

Twenty-four hours later, after tracking the animal in 

a 20.mile c~rcb, Big Bend Rangers and Texas trackers 

overtook and killed the lion at a spot almost exactly 

where the boy was attacked. Lab analysis of the ammal’s head was negative for rabies; the stomach 

analysis was positive for human flesh and hair. 

Big Bend NP has recorded 494 documented lion/ 

human mteraclions since 1952, according to Milford 

Fletcher, Southwest Regional Chief Scientist. 

Western Region 

The annual report for 1963 fromthe NPS Cooperative Resources Studies Unit at the University of 

Anzona, Tucson, 1s now available. It wers research 

actlvitles at Grand Canyon NP and at Chiricahua, 

Organ Pipe Cactus, and Saguaro National Monuments, plus unit-facilitated projects, CPSU/UA published reports, other reports by Unit staff. and the 

Unit’s plans for the future. 

Rocky Mountain 

Four grizzly bears, stranded for several months on 

Frank island in Yellowstone lake-approximately two 

miles from the closest shoreline-aftertheir ice bridge 

melted, have been trapped and moved to shore by 

boat. The mature sow, possibly 12 to 13 years old. 

weighed only 150 pounds instead of the 250 or so 

pounds she should have weighed, according to park 

biologists. One female cub and one male cub weighed 

only 20 pounds, compared to a normal of 35 to 40 

pounds lor cubs their age. A second female cub, the 

runt of the liner, died on the boat trip from the island. 

Scat analysis indicated the sow was subsisting on 

fish remains. small rodents, vegetation, one elk carcass, and possibly ants. The one-square-mile island 

simply could not sustain the female adult and her milk 

was insufticient to provide three cubs with necessary 

nutrition. The natural range of an adult grizzly in the 

wild is approximately 40 square miles. 

*** 

Researchers Interested in presenting research information on atmospheric deposition, sources. and 

effects at the Arr Pollution Control Association (Rocky 

Mountan States Section) Symposium at Boulder, CO 

January 30,3t and Feb. 1, 1985, should contact Dr. 

Jim Blankenship, 240 W. Prospect St., Fort Collins, 

CO 80526. (303) 221.4390 or FTS 323-1328. 

The symposium will focus on the research needs 

in the area of acid deposition, its measurement, and 

its effects on ecosystems and materials damage. Papers on six toprcs are sought: (1) sources, natural and 

anthrapogenic, (2) atmospheric processes - transport. transformation, and deposition, (3) monitoring, 

wet and dry (4) terrestrial effects, (5) aquatic effects, 

and (6) effects on material. 

For information on registration, the contact is 

Charles Stevens. EPA, 1660 Lincoln St., Denver, CO 

80295. (303) 844.3711 or FTS 327.3711. The NPS is 

a co-sponsor of this symposium: Jill Baron is on the 

technical committee and Water Resources Lab Director Ray Herrmann is serving as session chairman for 

the effects on materials paper session. 

Mid-Atlantic Region 

Paul Buckley, Director of the NPS Cooperative Research Unit at Rutgers University on June 15. conducted a training session with three Jamaica Bay 

Wildlife Refuge staff members on techmques to be 

used I” aerial surveying (colony location) and censusing (estimating oi numbers) of colonial waterbirds. 

AHer the four-hour field sessum in the helicopter, the 

Gateway NRA resource managers then conducted 

their own survey and census of the area and plan to 

assume these duties each year beginning rn 1965. 

North Atlantic Region 

Herb Cables, NAR Regional Director, in July attended the Liverpool Congress on Green Cities and 

Towns UK/USA in Liverpool, England, where he 

spoke at the banquet and presented a workshop on 

“The Changing Social Fun&on 01 Green Spaces.” 

*** 

16 

Michael Soukup, RegIonal Chief Scientist, has 

been working on research on the effects of liming of 

Great Poneand the Herring River. Cooperativeagreements have been started at U/Mass’Amherst and 

SUNY!Syracuse for deer, fire, and vegetation studies. 

A Pamet River study at Cape Cod NS also has been 

init!atedwlththeMarineResearchat Falmouth. Mass. 

Southeast Region 

From the South Florida Research Center at 

Everglades NP comes word of Technical Repod 

#SFRC-64101. “Summary of Fires in Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve. 1981.” 

The report is available through the National Technical 

Information Service, U.S. Deparlment of Commerce, 

5285 Port Royal Road, Spnngfleld, VA 22161. 

*** 

The Third Annual Chattahoochee River Research/ 

Resource Management Conference WIII be held at 

the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, 

Dunwoody, Georgu, Oct. 26-27. 1984. The Conference objectives are to share information on completed or ongomg work on the natural and cultural 

reso”rces of the Chattahoochee River NRA and to 

identify information gaps. Proceedings of the Conference are planned for publication in January, 1985; 

persons tnterested in obtalmng copies should address 

their requests to Ken Hulick, Resource Management 

Specialist, Chattahowhee River National Recreation 

Area, 1900 Northridge Road, Dunwoody, GA30336 

*** 

A national symposium entitled, “Outdoor Recreation Trends lr is scheduled for Feb. 25-27. 1985, at 

the Myrtle Beach Hilton in Myrtle Beach, SC. Symposium objectives are to (1) identify recent trends in 

outdoor recreation, their causes, their probable short 

range outcomes, and their policy impllcatlons; and (2) 

provide examples of current trends affecting outdoor 

recreation, available trend indtcators, data series. and 

trend monitortng programs applicable to recreation 

planning, deciston-making and policy formulation. 

Clemson University IS hosting the symposium, and 

cooperators include the U.S. Forest Service, the National Park Serwe, the University of New Hampshire 

and Utah State University. The NPS Southeast Regional Office will publish the proceedings as part ol 

its contrlbutlon to the symposium. 

*** 

Research/Resources Management Report SER67, Geology and Geomorphology of the Southern 

Central Blue Ridge: An Indexed Bibliography by 

Stephen P. Yurkovich contains nearly 675 references 

dealing with the geology and geomorphology of the 

southern and central Blue Ridge Mountains. Copies 

are available through the Uplands Field Research 

Laboratory, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 

Twin Creeks Area, Gatllnburg, TN 37736. 

*** 

Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Scientific Research Meeting of the NPS Southeast Region, held 

May 19-20. 1984, are now available in printed form. 

The publication (24 pages) contains abstracts of completed or ongoing research in the areas of Plant Ecology and Soli Chemistry Fish and Aquatic Emlogy, 

Wildlife, Social Science Studies, Spruce-Fir Ecosystems in the Southern Appalachians, and Envimnmental Monitortng of Mountain Stream Ecosystems. 

Copies may be obtained by writing the NPS. SE Regional mice, 75 Spring St., SW., Atlanta, GA 30303. 
Restoration of Historic 

George Washington Carver 

Prairie 

By George Ovian and Gary Willson 

The presenlement prairie in Missouri occupied 27 

percent of the state’s total land area. This 18.474 

square mile area now has dwindled lo some 40,000 

acres and because of agricultural impacts 11 has lost 

much of its presetdement character. Originally, vast 

slreiches of prarte with vistas of 8 miles or more were 

common. These now are gone and the remainmg 

prairie is relegated to small remnants in isolated areas 

and along roadsldes. The land within George Washlngton Carver National Monument (GWCA) contains 

several scraps of a prominent 19th.century landmark 

called Diamond Prairie, which stretched for some 25 

miles across southwest Missouri. 

In 1981, a program was initiated lo restore Ihe native praine remnants at GWCA and thus implement 

one of the parI primary management objectives: “to 

restore the historic scene to that of the Moses Carver 

farm of the 1860s and 1870s.” Several prellmlnary 

studies demonstrated the need for this restoration. 

Although the original land survey of 1842 describes 

Ihe area encompassing GWCA as being almost entirely native pra~ne. vegetation sampling during 1981 

showed the area to be a mosaic of weedy old fields, 

nieces of prairie. and young forest. In addition, subsequent studies found soils within the monument to 

be predominately associated with prairie. 

George Washington Carver lived on the Moses 

%ver farm during the 1860s and 1870s and historic 

orairie areas were thought to be significant because 

31 the role they played in shaping his wentific m&-rest 

n later I1fe. 

Sound management planning was needed to restore the prarie as close to that of the 1860s and 

1870s as posstbie. This need was partially met 

.hrough the design and implementation of a Prairie 

Restoration Action Plan. This plan documented management alternatives and their probable environmenal impacts and recommended specific management 

~t~ons to restore prairie. Management pracfices 

xoposed included reseeding, prescribed Pre, mowing 

md herbicides use. In conjunction with this document, 

i prescribed burn program was implemented. 

With a project of this magnitude, success depends 

i great deal upon the cooperative efforts of all parties 

nvolved. From the beginning, cooperation was solw 

ed from various slate agencies such as the Missouri 

Department of Conservation, which provided free 

?qulpment, labor and professional opinions. The park 

/IP program. in associatton with a local college, inliaied scientific sfudles that documented baseline 

lata and monitored changes as restoration proJressed. In no other area was this cooperative effort 

nore evident than in theexchanges of personnel and 

ime that took place between park diwons to meet 

mnmon restoration objectives. 

u WOODED 

I PRAIRIE 

EXISTING VEGETATION 

- 

GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER 

NATIONAL MONUMENT 

Results of the most recent sclenllfic monitoring 

done on the prattle restoration areas have shown a 

definite tmprovement in native prairie species composition. Thts past year nave grasses were found to 

be increasing an dominance in all areas. Future management acl~ons will include inclwon of new areas 

17 

for reestablishment of historic prairie and the examination of the woodlandlpraine ecolone lo better define 

the historic prairie borders of the 1860-1870s. 

Wikon IS a Midwest Regbn Ecoiog;st; Ovfaan is a 

Remrces Management Techn;c& al George Washlnglon Carver NM, 
Ice Cave Research Aids 

Management and lnterpre tation 

Editor’s Note: James Sleznick. Jc, suptvntendenl of 

Lava Beds Nabonal Monument, sent the /o/lowing arbcie to Park Science. with lhe obsewat!on thal ‘Ihs 

;“format;on is exlremeiy importan1 to the inlerpretation 

01 caves even to expla;nrng caves without ice The 

temperature effects are due to lhe lava and /he ar 

nrculation. and Charlie has dednrteiy throw” m/o 

some doubt the old cave lheories on wh!ch we had 

been basing our ;“terpretation. ~ 

By Charles L. Arnold 

Lava Beds National Monument presents a fasanating picture of the different kinds of cave temperature 

panems that can be produced, depending on whether 

they are controlled by the surrounding rock temperatures or by air clrculatlng through the caves The fol. 

lowing information. which I belleve lo be useful in both 

managfng and interpreting the caves at Lava Beds, 

summarizes the early findings I” five caves between 

July 1982 and April 1984 Valentrne cave IS used as 

the reference cave because of its unique characteristics. 

To fully appreciate the wide range of cave characteristlcs at Lava Beds. a visitor should first wf Mush 

Pot, leaving Valentine till last For a really wellrounded look at this Monument, the v~s~toralsa should 

usit the Lava Beds in winter 

Valentine is unique among the caves early wted 

Three charader~stics dlstingulsh it from the others: 

- air ctrculation from outside is minlmal. 

. the temperature at the end of the ca”e IS warmer 

I” wmter than I” summer. and 

. the cave IS almost free of collapse rock. 

Air from autslde Valentine cave tends to circulate 

around the central pillar just inside the entrance. It 

penetrates the cave on the left as one enters; displaced air must leave the cave on the slightly higher 

right side of the entrance. This configuration llmlts the 

influence of air circulation to wlthln approximately 300 

feet of the entrance 

On a cold winter momng, the wtor may see a 

plume of sleam rising from the cave mouth. Later in 

the day, when the plume no longer IS wble from 

outslde. the inside observer may notice a light fog as 

the clrculat~ng at leaves the ewe. 

Temperature changes at Valenllne are unltke any 

01 the other easily visited caves at Lava Beds. Near 

the entrance. the thermometer reflects the seasonal 

changes found I” all the caves, but al the end of the 

cave (1,000 feet from the entrance) the temperature 

pattern is dwclly at odds with the season outside 

colder in summer, warmer I” winter. 

Cave inlerpretalion can include an explanation of 

this paradoxical phenomenon, startrng wth the 30. 

foot thickness 01 the lava that overlies the lar end of 

Valentine cave. Summer heat and wtnter chtll take 

approximately SIX months to work their way from the 

surface through the lava and inlo the ewe. The result 

IS that the warm wave 01 summer surface temperature 

awes at the cave level in winter and the cold wave 

of wmler surface temperalure arrives in summer. 

The unrqueness at Valentrne’s floor IS its exceptionally clean condltlon. II consists 01 ropy lava. generally 

damp 01 wet. and IS uncluttered except for a few 

blocks of collapse rock 

The lollowIng chart summarizes the dtfference between Valentine, where the surrounding rock temperature, which IS 52 degrees, controls the overall cave 

temperature. and the rest of the caves. where air circulatlon IS the controlling temperature faclor. 

Observed Annual 

High Low Average 

V&lllfle 53 51 52.5 

Senlinal (al steps) 51 36 42.6 

(at brrdge) 63 36 44.9 

Indun Well 41 26 34.8 

Skull 34 28 32.6 

MUIll 34 30 32.5 

lndlan Well cave 1s a classic cold trap. Its enlrance 

laces north, whrch prevents direct sunlight from heating the interior. It also IS closed at the bottom. but has 

an opemng 10 the surface at the soulh end Warm ar 

r,smg to the roof easily vents to the outside. leaving 

the cold air 1o remain undisturbed al the cave bottom 

Note that Indian Well has the coldest observed temperature of any of the caves studied. 

Skull and Mer~ll are IX caves that have a continuous, but restricted, au c1rcuIa11on. Each of these ice 

caves IS belwed character~stlc of the olher ice caves 

in the Monument, and each has a small passage that 

Ilmits the rate at whrch air can enter 01 leave the cave. 

The source of heat causing the circulation ewdently 

is the surrounding rock, which a short distance from 

the cave would be the same temperature as Valent,ne. An oddity appears where Skull was observed to 

reach a colder temperature than Merrill. but MallI’s 

average temperature IS colder than Skulls. This may 

be explained in pari by the fact that the restr~ctlon to 

air circulation in Merrill IS located at the top of the 

steps mto the lower level. while the restriction m Skull 

is beyond the sleps into the lower level. 

The average dally mean temperature lor the Lava 

Beds NM IS 47 3 degrees Fahrenheil. Comparing the 

temperatures of the caves to the annual average dally 

mean temperature suggests that Valentine must be 

controlled by the surrounding rock temperature and 

theothercavesbytheairthatcrrculatesthroughthem. 

Arnold is a permafrosl eng!neer /mm Albany C&f., 

sludying rce caves as unrqoe examples ofpermalrosl 

Presently Arnold IS on assignment II) Chrna for the 

Bechtel Corporakon. 
Book Review 

THE IMPERIAL LION, Human Dimensions of 

Wildlife Management in Central Africa, by Stuart 

A. Marks. Published I” 1984 by Westwew Press, 196 

pages. cost 518 00. 

Reviewed by Dr. James A. Sherburne, Advisor, 

Interagency Task Force on Btological Diversity, 

Bureau of Science and Technology;Age”cy for International Development, Washington, DC 

Editor’s Note: This review was &ten for Horizons, 

Ihe U.S. AID magazine for the developmentalprofesSiOl7d 

Marks promotes one overriding theme in this 

monograph, which is largely derived from his work in 

Zambia coupled with documents relating to wildlife 

consewatio” and management in central and eastern 

Africa: That development is a totality which cannot be 

properly understood by 11s separation into convenient 

xuts; and that development objectives of large(r) organizational units must be based on initiatives or. 

&%w?d at the local level. 

This IS not a novel theme, parlicularly as it regards 

cildlite management in Africa. The problem, however, 

s that neither is it a practice. Marks spends a considarable amount of effort and space in taking to task 

he colonial approach to wildlife management introjuced and practiced in most African countries, i.e., 

xotetiio”, regulation, establishment of national 

)arks, curtailment of IOMI rural utilization of game 

;peaes, government controls, and political and 

?conomic interests prevalent at central administration 

Ind management levels. He points out that such pracws do not consider the well being of the majority of 

)eople, the dependence upon wildlife resowces by 

ural people, or the reason for such practices other 

han that they ‘work” in Europe and North Amerlca. 

Mark’s main contention is that unless social and 

:ultural concerns are integrated with biological 

!conomic and political considerations, wildlife manlgement as currently practiced will not succeed. He 

argues that “decisions affecting wildlife w&al and 

he welfare of small-scale rural societies, often exist- 

?g on the same terrain, are increasingly made in 

weaucratic institutions far removed from the conseluences 01 their actions;” what I call technology trans- 

?r by armchair ecologists, who usually “either visit 

{ith “or listen to Africans who are affected by their 

k-as, plans, and programs, and when they do, listen 

3 the wrong ones. 

To support his theme, Marks goes into considerable 

etail which may be of interest to the sefious scholar 

81 development expert regarding such topics as the 

II 01 scientific knowledge, the wildlife management 

aradigm. the process of paradigmatic change, rewrce systems and change, and problems asociated with interdependence in a changing world. 

le also describes the evolution of wildlife managex?nt practices I” Zambia, backed by discussions of 

?sourca utilization not necessarily considered by 

uch management. 

As one who supports Marks’ theme, and would go 

eyond it to question whether many current wildlife 

laoagement practices are either necessary orsound 

iow often were traditional “managemenr or uses of 

‘ildlife examined before imposing the colonial sys- 

!ms?), I feel this book is important reading for the 

?r~ous student of African aldlife. for development 

wstance experts who will affect wildlife resources 

y their decisions, and for anyone who feels he can 

spend upon traditional wildlife literature to underRMPs Identify 

Baseline Data 

for Midwest NPs 

By Gary D. Willso” and Judy A. Skipski 

The basic concept of Nattonal Park Service re. 

swrce management centers on approved resource 

management plans (RMPs) that are based upon park 

management objectives. Since the mid-1960s. the 

Service has required RMPs to be completed by parks 

prior to inibating research or management actions. 

Compliance, however, has been sporadic. By early 

1980, deficiencies I” the rasource management plan- 

“lng process wele creating adverse impacts on the 

resources the Service was charged wth protecting. 

New RMP guidelines therefore were released in December 1980, prompting a major move by the Sewice 

to: 1) better quantify the current status of each p&s 

natural reso”rces and reso”rce management problems; 2) identify the research, monitoring and/or management actions needed to resolve these problems; 

and 3) rank individual research, monitoring, and management-action projects for funding consideration. As 

a result, each park in the Midwest Region (MWR) 

completed a” RMP according to these new guidelInes 

by Dec. 1, 1981. 

With the RMPs complete, we had, for the first time, 

a basis on which to determme baseline information 

needs for parks in the MWR. As a test, we conducted 

a review of the RMPs I” early 1982 to assess the 

status of contemporary vegetation Information for 22 

parks with significant natural resources. We also reviewed Regional contract research reports for addistand how the classical North American wildlife management objectives can be appropriately applied in 

Africa. This monograph clearly points out that that 

cannot necessarily be done. The book also has a 

clear massage regarding the importance for resource 

managers and development experts to begin development assistance plans that incorporate natural resowe conservation at a local level, and not in their 

bureaucratic institutions. 

While Marks makes these points quite clearly 

(and frequently), and while he strongly argues for the 

consideration of local-level, social, cultural, and 

economic concerns (especially as to who really benefits from wildlife management) in any effective conservation approach, his points are often left after de. 

fining the problems without offering solutions. 

There may not be any easy answers or simple solutions to effective wildlife management in Africa. It is 

clear though that unless development assistance efforts take local concerns and uses of wildltfe mto account, the socioeM)nomic factors unique to individual 

rural communities will be overlooked in favor of “mining” the wildlife for the few and not “harvesting” it for 

the commons. Further, it is becoming increasingly obvious that this “mining” of wildlife resources IS, overall, 

detrimental to the resource itself. 

Withm the context ot biological diversity conservation we now hear discussions concerning the need to 

examine the possibilities of transferring traditional 

(i.e., effective) agricultural technology. Perhaps it is 

time to reexamine the “accepted” wildlife management approaches and take a good look at traditional 

use of wildlife by integrating socioeconomic as well 

as acologlcal perspectives. 

19 

tional baseline information documentation which 

either added to or confirmed that found in the RMPs. 

We recorded several subcategories of vegetation information as complete or nearly complete (yes), incomplete (inc.) or lacking (-) for each park. In addition, we also counted the number of vegetation research contracts let between 1973 and 1982 for the 

22 parks. 

Sound management of a park ecosystem must be 

based on adequate baseline information. Except for 

Isle Roy& National Park (NP), we found a pervasive 

lack of vegetation data for parks in the MWR (Table 

1). This was especially pronounced in the small parks 

(those with less than 2,000 gross acres). We believed 

Isle Royale’s unique situation was due, in part, to Its 

wilderness national park status and the heightened 

sctentific interest shown in such areas. Specific subcategories where lnformatio” gaps were pronounced 

included “~“va~~~lar plant collections and permanent 

veaetation plot monitortno. In the others data were 

i”c”omplate.’ 

In response to this need, the Regional Science Dffice initiated the followino comorehensive studies directed toward filling information gaps: 

1. Vascular plant collections at Agate Fossil 

Beds National Monument (NM), Scotts Bluff NM, 

Homestead NM, Effigy Mounds NM, Fort Lamed Nattonal Historic Site, George Washlngto” Carver NM, 

Grand Portage NM, Pipestone NM, Sleeping Bear 

Dunes National Lakeshore and Voyageurs NP. New 

or updated collect~o”s, vegetation maps and exotic 

and endangered plant identifications will result from 

these studies. Also, long-term monitoring programs 

will beestablished asapartofthese studiestoprowde 

a” early warning system for impacts by visitors, exotic 

animals and plants, pollutants and other threats. 

2. A Regionwide endangered plant survey by 

the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serwe. A literature search 

is undway and fieldwork will commence in 1984 for 

19 parks in the Region. The ulttmate goal is identilicalion and protection of all rare plants and their habitats 

within the Region’s parks. 

Our lnltial wew of the RMPs showed much more 

was known about vegetation in larger parks than 

smaller parks. Subsequently, a” accounting of the 

number of vegetation studies contracted between 

1973 and 1982 I” the 11 small parks versus the 11 

large parks showed large parks being favored by a 

7:l margin (28 to 4 in “umber). BeginnIng in 1982, 

special funding categories were established by the 

Regional Sctence Office to ensure a more equatable 

distribution of research funds. Using this system, 

small parks received increased funding emphasis, 

primarily for vegetation baseline inventories. This was 

accomplished without a significant decrease I” research funding commitments to large parks. 

In summary Resource Management Plans were 

written to document the extent and condition of park 

resources and provide overall management direction. 

We have used the RMPs in the MIdwest Region to 

point out vegetation baseline information gaps. We 

also have show”, through RMPs, the contrast be. 

tween large and small parks I” terms of what is known 

about park resources. This has led to a” increased 

emphases by the Region to acquire adequate baseline 

lnformatio” for all parks with significant natural ra. 

sources. This lnformatio” was needed to ensure a 

sound basis for management planning and resource 

protection in the parks. 

Wilson is Midwet Region Ec&g;s$ Skipskiis Outdwr Recreation Planner with the NPS Midvest 

Region. 
Bald Eagle 

Feeding and Breeding Ecology 

By Karin D. Kozie and Dr. Raymond K. Anderson 

The Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, located in 

northern Wisconsin along the southwest shore of 

Lake Superior, 47 N and 90 45’ W, IS comprised of 

20 islands and a IO-mile section of mainland 

shoreline. Islands range from 3 to 10,054 acres. The 

farthest Island is 14.4 miles from the mainland. Their 

umque composition and habitat support populations 

of many endangered flora and fauna. 

Conspicuous in its absence, however, has been the 

bald eagle. Aerial surveys conducted by the National 

Audubon Society from 1960 to 1969 documented 26 

historic nest sites. Because previous data are limited, 

it cannot be assumed that each nest represented a 

breeding territory, but they do suggestthat bald eagles 

were a fairly common breeder here in the past. Unfortunately, at the time of these surveys, eagle nesting 

in the Lake States already had begun to decline as 

a result of organochlorine pesticide use. 

With the ban on DDT in 1972, inland populations 

in Wisconsin began to recover. The islands, however, 

remained devoid of eagles until 1960, when a pair 

attempted to nest on Madeline Island, an island adjacent to, but not included in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. Although this attempt ended in failure, breeding pairs over the next several years began 

establishing territories among the other islands. All 

nesting attempts were unsuccessful. however, until 

1963 when, for the first time in nearly 20 years, an 

eagle fledged from the Apostle Islands National 

Lakeshore. 

While this event was encouraging, the cause of 

unsuccessful nesting remained unknown. C. Sindelar, 

who had been monitoring Wisconsin eagles since 

1974, repor(ed that addled eggs from the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore and Lake Superior south 

shore nests contained many times more organochlorine compounds, PCBs, and mercury than eggs 

from inland Wisconsin. As the source of mntamlnation was unknown, this study was initiated in the summer of 1984 to identify focds and feedmg areas of 

nesting Apostle islands National Lakeshore eagles. 

Mher obfectives included collection of relevant life 

history and behavior data and identification of potential factors that may affect productivity 

Methods 

Active nests were located from the air in mid-April 

during the annual Wisconsin Bald Eagle Breeding 

Survey: a second aerial surveywas conducted in midMay to determine reproductive success. Three active 

nests were present; two were monitored by boat and 

the third was observed with a high power scope from 

atop a lIghthouse tower. The latter nest situ&on provided an opportunity to make mtensive observabons 

of brood rearing behavior and food habits. 

Prey remains were collected from tn and below 

each nest dung banding of young and from below 

nest and perch trees periodically afterwards until 

three weeks post-fledging. Food remains at the base 

of nest trees accurately reflected food habits of bald 

eagles in Maine although fish tended to be slightly 

underestimated since most parts, including bones, 

are digested. Direct and continuous observation of 

nests provided additional information on food types 

and behavior. As feeding areas were located, gill nets 

were set to collect fish samples for contaminant 

analysis. Disturbance factors were recorded as they 

were observed. 

Results 

A preliminary analysis of observation and food collection data indicates that more than 90 percent of 

Apostle Islands National Lakeshore eagle diets conslst ot fish. Species Includethe longnose and common 

sucker, bubot and whitefish. Birds were the next mOSt 

common food item and Included bluejays. flickers, 

herring gulls and yet to be identified ducks. Mammals 

comprised an extremely small portion of the diet. During nesting and early past-fledging penods, eagles 

fed predominantly along the shores of respectwe 

nesting islands. Numerous sightings by park employ 

ees indtcate that eagles may also feed along 

shorelines of other Islands. 

Feeding areas are most lkkely to change in response to food avaifab!lity Eagles also are highly 

mobile and may have used mainland sites in early 

spring before we began our observations. Feeding 

patterns of inland eagles in Minnesota were established at dawn and late afternoon. Apostle Islands 

National Lakeshore eagles brought food to the nest 

throughout the day. 

Human disturbance by park visitors appears to be 

minimal during the critical periods of incubation and 

early hatchmg as tourism does not begin to increase 

unb late June. Disturbance is minimal even then. as 

nests are located in isolated areas that do not invite 

beaching of boats. Hiking trails are either nonexistant 

or more than .5 miles from the nest. 

As with most eagles, tolerance to disturbance 

vaded among individuals. One nest could be observed from a boat without disturbance at a distance 

of only 50 yards. The other nesting pairs required 

observation from distances of 100 to 150 yards. This 

year, two young were hatched in each of the three 

active nests. of these birds, four fledged and two died 

in one nest of unknown causes. Current nest swxss 

may be related to decreased contaminants in food 

sources or it may be a product of younger birds, with 

low contaminant levels, dispersing from inland populations. In either case. trends of reproductive success 

are more accurate indicators of enwonmental quality 

than productivity of individual years. It IS hoped that 

the current trend will continue. 

Future Research 

A more detailed study of movements and feeding 

behavior within the Park by radio-telemetry is planned. We expect to mount radios on tail feathers of 

two adult eagles. This also will allow us to follow the 

birds to their wintering areas to identify and collect 

food items there. 

Recordings of eagle vocalizabons were collected 

to identify Individual eagles. This will permit future 

identification of Individual birds without having to cap 

ture and mark them. 

Pride and joy of Apostie Hands personnel is thus baby bald eagia. bright-eyed, banded, and 

surveying his world from the safefy of his nest. 

20 
Atlantic Ridley Tuttle Update 

By Milford R. Fletcher 

The 1964 season was marked again by both sueces~es and failures in our attempt to reintroduce the 

Atlantic Ridley Turtle to the beach al Padre Island 

National Seashore (NS). The R&y tuflle Lepidocheiys kempi;) IS the smallest, rarest, and most endangered of all sea turtles. There are probably fewer 

than 1,000 adults on the planet earth. Where they 

spend their time when not nesting is speculative. 

However, tagged hatchlings from this program, released in the Gulf of Mexico, have been located on 

an Isolated beach in France and on the northern coast 

of Africa. 

In brief, eggs are gathered directly from turtles in 

Mexico and placed in Padre Island sand, and then 

are transferred to Padre island NS, where they are 

hatched. Upon hatching, the young turtles are w 

leased on the beach to enter the surf This exposure 

lo the beach and sulf is thought to be essential to 

~imprinting” the hatchlings, a process much like that 

of salmon, which return to the exact streams in which 

they were halched. The young turlles are immediately 

gathered from the surf. transported to the National 

Marine Fisheries Laboratory at Galveston, Texas and 

‘head-started’ for approximately 9 months. The de. 

:a!ls of thls process have been reported previously in 

Park Science. 

In 1984, the NatIonal Park Sewice received approxmately 1,700 turtle eggs from Mex!co About 90 per- 

:ent of these eggs hatched, which is a little better 

han usual and about what we expect when things 

%a going well. This year, as an added factor, approxmalely 600 hatchlings were subjected to a “live. 

agglng” procedure, which consists of transplanting a 

Ilug of shell from the lkghtcolored underside of the 

mimal to the dark-colored dorsal side. In theory, this 

will result m a graft which will grow with the animal 

md will provide a visible, easily identifiable mark 

vhen they are adults. Within 2 or 3 days of tagging 

md imprinting, we noticed a considerable modality - 

rp to 50 percent of the marked ammals. We imnedialely ceased the tagging operation, finished the 

wprinbng and transferred the remaining hatchlings 

o the Galveston Laborataty 

The reason for the excessive mortality is still unnown. Prewous research with the tagging operation 

If other species of marine lur6es showed little or no 

nollality, and the subsequent marking of hundreds of 

oggerhead hatchllngs revealed no modality attributable to the markmg process. In at least once incilence, there was a 50 percent mortality in a clutch in 

which no animals were grafted. Thts leads us to susect a bacterial infection in the hatchlings and several 

lboratories are currently investigating this possibility. 

1 the ftnal analysis, approximately 1,100 hatchlings 

‘om the 1984 eggs were transferred to Galveston 

nd will LQ released al sea in May or June of 1985. 

Ye will probably attempt to “live-lag” the remaimng 

00 or so untagged tullles next spring. 

Of wnsiderable interest is a report from the 

:ayman Turtle Farm in the British West Indies. In 

979, aboullO0 hatchlings ware transferred from Galeston tothe British West Indies-thus, theseanimals 

w now 5 years old. In May of 1964, personnel at the 

:ayman Turtle Farm noticed turtle eggs in one of the 

olding tanks. These animals were immediately 

wed to a natural beach area where one 5-year-old 

?mak weighing 44 pounds promptly crawled up an 

la beach, dug a nest and deposited 65 eggs. (The 

Hatchling and herd: An Atlanlfc nwey 

mean weight of adult Ridleys is about 110 pounds - 

the average clutch size IS about 100 eggs.) Whether 

the eggs were fertile or not is undetermined as yet. 

This observation is of great importance. since this is 

the first time that a Ridley turtle has been known to 

nest in captivity 

It has been speculated that it may take 7-10 years 

for these animals to reach reproductive maturity The 

observation that Ridley turtles can reproduce (at least 

in captivity, and with a diet of high protein trout chow) 

the tide 6 the result of a flpped negaove. 

at 5 years of age is of great significance, since our 

entire experiment is predicated on adult tultles retuminq to breed and nest at Padre Island in a lo-war 

time frame. 

This is the 7th year of a lo-year effort to establish 

a new nesting beach for these animals. To date, none 

of the “head-started’ luflles have returned to Padre 

Island to nest. Maybe next year 

Dr Fletcher is Rqonai Chief Scientist for the 

Southwest Regbn of NPS. 

meetings of interest 

1984 

Oct. 11-12, RESTORATION ECOLOGY SYMPOSIUM. University of Wisconsin Arboretum, Madison. Contact 

Nancy Dopkins, 1207 Seminole Hwy Madison, WI 53711. 608/262-2746 

Oct. 25-28, RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION ANNUAL MEETING. VPI and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 

Contact Dr. James D. Fraser, Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife, VPI and State U., Blacksburg, VA 24061. 

7031961.8064. 

Oct. 3%NOV. 3, NATIONAL RIVER RECREATION SYMPOSIUM. Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 

Nov. 27-29, RANGELAND AND FIRE EFFECTS SVMPOSIUM. Red Lion Downtowner Inn. Boise, ID. TO 

transfer state-of-the aft fire effects technology to field personnel and managers responsible for fire 

management decisions, such as selecting prescribed bum sites and fire protectton levels. Emphasis will 

be on sagebrush-grass range types. 

Nov. 27-29, CONFERENCE ON MANAGEMENT OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES, Great Smoky Mountains NP 

Biosphere Reserve, Sheraton-Gatlinburg Hotel, Gatltneburg, TN 37738. 

1985 

March 15-20, 54th NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE. Shoreham 

Hotel, Washington, D.C. Contact L.R. Jahn, Wildlife Management Institute. Suite 725, 1101 14th St., 

N.W.. D.C. 20005. 

April 1616, INTERAGENCY NORTH AMERICAN RIPARIAN CONFERENCE: Riparian Ecosystems andTheir 

Management. University of Arizona. Tucson. AZ 85721. Contact A. Roy Johnson, #125 Biological 

Sciences East, University of Arizona. 602i’62-8501. 

1966 

March 21-26, 514 NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE. MGM 

Grand, Rena. NV 

July 23-26, NATIONAL WILDERNESS RESEARCH CONFERENCE. Fort Collins, CO 20523. NPS is a co-sponsor. Contact Dr. Glenn E. Haas, Chairman; Recreation Resources. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 

CO 20523. 

1997 

Sept. 12-19, THE 4th WORLD WILDERNESS CONGRESS. Denver, Estes Park, and Fori Collins, CO. Contact 

Dr. Jay Hughes, Chairman, Dean of College qf Fotestly and Natural Resources, Colorado State University, 

Forl Collins, CO 20523. 

21 
Regional Chief Scientists 

Heading Back to Research 

With scarcely a backward glance - even with a 

barely audible sigh (could it be relief?). they march 

back to the field, these scientists who gave up their 

research to man Ihe administrative bastions of the 

NPS science program. 

It all began !n 1978, when Roberi Stottlemyer, research ecologist, said goodbye 10 the job of Regional 

Chief Scientist. Mid-Allantic Region, and went back 

to research at the Great Lakes Area Research Study 

Unit, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, Mich. More 

recently, like the catsup bottle that ‘when you want a 

little to come, a lot ‘I,~ the twkle has turned into a 

trend. 

In 1984 Paul Buckley left the Chief Scientist position 

in the North Atlantic Region to head up the NPS 

CPSU at Rutgers Univewty in New Brunswick, NJ. 

In 1983. Don Field bowed out of a similar position 

with the Pacific Northwest Region to go back to 

sociological research and writing at the NPSCPSU 

at Oregon Slate University in Corvall~s. 

Now come Gary Larson, Chief Scientist in the Midwest Regton. and Denny Fenn, Western Region Chief 

Saentist, saying farewell to administralwe duties and 

heading back to their first love - research Larson 

to do work in the cold water lakes and streams of the 

Pacific Northwest (out of the OSUGPSU) and Fenn 

to head up the NPXPSU at Texas A & M. Larson’s 

doctorate is in zoology; Fenn‘s is in soil saence. 

All these good soldiers have answered the call of 

their first love - research; the good news is that the 

result is nothing but plusses. Administration has benehted, research will gain, andthesxntists themselves 

see their administrative stints as hawng given them 

valuable experience and Insights into the relationship 

oftheoverall science program toNPS management. 

In conversations with these men who have opted 

lor two-pronged careers, one recurring idea emerged 

- the “crossroads’ syndrome. As Fenn put it: “I had 

had six full years of 100 percent administrative duties. 

I realized that I was al the point where I had lo decide 

whether I was willing to give up my research skills 

and commit my whole career to administration. I found 

I just wasn’t ready to do that. rrn a soil chemist, and 

I wanted to get back to being a soil chemist.” 

In addition, Fenn said he felt that he had ‘stayed 

the limit” from both a personal and a job point of view. 

~You might call it a left-handed and a right-handed 

motive for the move,” he said. “You can grow in a job 

for three or four years, and then it teems to me that 

you tend to level out. For personal growth reasons, I 

felt the need of a change. That was my right-handed 

reason. 

“The left-handed motive had to do with the job. I 

think new. fresh ideas are needed as the needs of 

the position change over time. I’ve tried to get a start 

on that aspect of it by turning over the acting detail 

to a whole line-up of Regional scientists. Each of them 

wrll take a one- or two-week stint of acting as Reglonal 

Chief Scientist, doing actual substantwe work in administration. In addition to the practical peek at what 

I’ve been dealing with all these years, they should 

develop a better understanding of why ceriain details. 

standards, and procedures are necessary and emportant: 

Larson’s story is somewhat different, but the underlvino oaftem miaht be more similar than it looks at 

I “, 

first glance. “I’veenjoyed what I’ve done here in the 

Midwest Region: Larson sad. ‘I’ve seen how contracttng and research administration work; I’ve interacted with 27 superintendents of many different 

kinds of park areas - parks with different mandates 

and different kinds of resources from the Great 

Lakes basin to the Great Plains. 

%ut I’m a scientist and my field is aquatics, 

fisheries, limnology. I’ve always had a desire to work 

with cold water lakes and streams in the high mountainous regions. I genuinely miss having my hands 

on the natural resdurces. I have loved the opportunity 

to travel and to see the various sites, but that kind 01 

motion doesn’t let you really ‘feel the pulse’ of things 

the way I need to.” 

It tumsoulthatthe new assignment isthefulliltment 

ot an old and cherrshed dream for Larson. ~Twenty 

years ago, when I was working on my Master’s degree 

doing research at Mount Rainier, I knew that doing 

that kind of lake and stream work in the Pacific Northwest was what I most wanted to do with my Ide. Coming back to that Region, working out of a CPSU where 

the whole Region is my assignment, is just exactly 

what I want.” 

Don Fields echoed much of what Fenn had oxpressed-particularly the “crossroads” overtones. ‘If 

I wanted to expand the contributions of social science 

research to benefit management,“said Field, hit would 

require fulltime attention. And I couldn’t agree more 

with Fenn,” he added, 30 far as the Chief Scientist 

position is concerned. It needs many different points 

of view. The position itself changes greatly as time 

and policies change. The person who fills that slot 

needs to be innovative and creative and imbued with 

unquenchable enthusiasm for the job. Over time, any 

one gets worn down. You lose some of that initial 

enthusiasm and with it goes the necessary ‘edge’ that 

the job calls for.” 

As befits the man whose decision is of longest 

standing, Stottlemyer had the longest-range view of 

the back-to-the-field trend. 

“If I were asked to advise a young scientist starting 

out to create a wble career in both science and management,” he said, “I would tell him or her to get three 

to live years 01 solid research in first. Then do the 

management stint.” 

And Stonlemver had definite ideas about the knqth 

of time a scientist can afford to invest m management 

today. ‘Three years is about the limit. in terms of efficient reent~,’ he maintained. ‘Technology and trainrmg are changing fhat fast.” One of the most important 

factors so far as reentry is concerned, is the raprd 

advance in instrumentation. 

His own area-ecological, multi-discipline research 

- depends on a wide variety of disciplines, and 

Stonlemyer observed that “instrumentation changes 

the way we manage information.’ Particularly when 

you go back to a job that entails managing a lab, “you 

have to be able to assess the costs and benefits of 

the new technologies as they come along. When do 

we go to the University mainframe? What type of 

desktop computer do we really need? 

All of the above notwithstanding, there are and will 

continue to be scientifically educated NPS personnel 

who will elect to go to the management rather than 

the research route. While this decision remams a personal one, rooted in the individual’s own preferences 

and proclivities, the Sewlce has a stake in maintaining 

strong rapport between the two areas. That process, 

which is both individual and institutional, is well served 

by the kinds of “crossings over’ described here. 

Revegetation With Native Plants 

on John Day Fossil Beds NM 

By Richard F. Miller and Marshall R. Halerkamp 

Vegetation on our western rangelands has been 

altered through farming and overgrazlng by canle, 

sheep and horses. Current management practices 

and technology have helped to improve a large portion of this resource, but many acres still exist in an 

altered state. Harsh climatic conditions, such as 

limited precipitation. large fluctuations indaily temperatures and the introduction of numerous highly competitive species from other counlr~es have made 

changing these lands back to their native state a big 

challenge. Plants such as cheatgrass. which awed 

in the northwest from Europe in the mid to late 18OOs, 

are well adapted to our enuronment and often outcompete native plants for space to live. 

Lands surroundtng the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument (NM) very much fit this scenario. 

Cattle, sheep and horses have grazed the Monument 

we the late 1800s. Poor management practices 

caused overuse of lands along the river bottoms, 

while little use occurred on the towering slopes above 

the John Day River. Also, abandoned farmland on the 

bottoms and the introduction of exotic species have 

placed many of the plant commumties in a state of 

low ecological order. Grasses such as bluebunch 

wheatgrass, once found in thick stands on many of 

the lower slopes of the monument can now only be 

found as scattered remnants. However, far above on 

the steep slopes, plant communities are probably very 

srmilar to what they were thousands of years ago. 

Conventional techniques for revegetating rangelands have been fairly well established. However, successful revegetation usually is accomplished with removal of competing vegetation, and the planting of 

desirable but introduced grass species with a drill. 

Little work has been done with reestablishment of 

native species on rangelands, espectally broadleaf 

plants (forbs). Due to lack 01 seed sources, high costs 

of available seed and little understanding of seed germination requirements, few government agencies or 

private land owners have attempted to reestablish 

native vegetation. However, increased awareness of 

the public toward our natural resources is placing 

pressure on many public agencies to revegetate 

range and forested lands to original or near orrginal 

plant communities. 

A project was initiated in 1979 to develop methods 

in reeslablishlng the native vegetation that occupied 

sites on the John Day Fossil Beds prior to man-induced disturbances. Some of the objectives defined 

to meet this challenge were: 1) to evaluate methods 

to reduce competition from ~ncreasei or exotic plant 

species presently occupying deteriorated sites; 2) to 

determine the qermination and establishment require- 
menis of native species to be seeded; 3) to measure 

yearly production of healthy seed crops on or near 

the Monument that could be used for revegetation; 4) 

to define climatic conditions at or near the soil surface 

limiting the establishment of native plant species; and 

5) to determine the best techniques for reveqetatinq 

rangelands with nalive plant spews on the John Day 

Foss11 Beds NM. 

Unless competing plant species occupying the site 

are removed or reduced, reintroduction of native 

plants will have Iidle chance. Various methods can be 

used to open up the site from competition including 

fire. Fire at one time was a natural component of this 

area. probably burning portions of the Monument 

every 40 to 70 years. Most were probably started by 

lightning. Once undesirable plants have been reduced, desirable plants must quickly be planted and 

established lo overcome the rapidly reinvading “ndesrable planls. 

Currently, the plant with the greatest potential for 

reestablishment on the John Day Fossil Beds NM is 

bluebunch wheatgrass. In four consecutive years, 

bluebunch wheatgrass produced good crops of seed 

wth 86 10 95 percent of the seed being able to germsnate. Seeds should be harvested when fully ripened, 

which occurs sometime in late July. Required seeding 

rates are in the range of 6 to 12 lbsiacre (250,000 to 

300,000 seedsjIb), so large quantities of seed will 

need to be harvested if significant portions of the 

Monument are to be seeded. Another alternative 

would be the “se of a bluebunch wheatgrass variety 

developed by the Plant Materials Center, Soil Conservation Sewice, called Sec.% ARer tests !n both the 

greenhouse and field, Secar bluebunch wheatgrass 

has proved to be a plant well adapted to the enwonment at the Foss11 Beds. 

A primaly llmitlng factor for successful reestablishment of native vegetation on the fossil beds is the 

rapid wetting and drymg of the soil surface caused 

by low precipitation, warn temperalures, high evap 

oration rates and competmg vegetation. A wet soil 

surace IS cribcal during the early stages of seedling 

development. Once seeds germinate, the surface soil 

must rema~n moist long enough for advenlitious roots 

to develop. If they don’t, the seed will germinate, then 

die. The effective moist pertod can be extended with 

mulching or the formation of furrows, pits 01 microdeprewons designed to catch and hold moisture for 

extended periods. We are currently evaluating the effectiveness of the land imprinter for forming these 

microdepressions. 

Another limitation is the problem of available seed 

and breakmg seedling dormancy of many forb 

(wtldflower) species. Two lotis in the pea family -(Astragalus fifipes and A. pushi!) occupy many of the 

less disturbed sites. Seeds produced from these 

plants will lie in the soil for many years before germlnating due to a dormancy caused by the seed coat. 

This is common for many of the forbs. However, by 

scratching or scarifying the seed coat (ie. sandpaper), 

germination was greatly enhanced the first year. 

Another problem with many of the forb seed crops is 

predation by insects and rodents. Predispersal seed 

predation on the Aslragaius sp. ranged as high as 96 

percent. 

The third problem to overcome is conventional 

equipment used for seedbed preparation and planting 

s notsuitablefor “seon thesteep rockyslopesoccurring on many acres of the John Day Fossil Beds NM. 

WIthout equipment the reduction of competing plant 

species and proper placement of seeds becomes exIremelydifficult. Simply dispersing seedsoverthesuriace by hand 01 “se of a broadcaster will frequently 

meet with failure. Experiments on the Monument 

proved this lo be true. However, a test where seed 

was dispersed on the sulfate and thencovered with 

a straw mulch met wilh good results. 

Successfully meeting the above challenges does 

not ocau overnight, but takes years of study, trial, 

and error. These problems exist not onlyon Ihe John 

Day Fossil Beds NM but on millions of acres of rengeland in the United States. Learning how we can more 

effectively solve these problems will have a broad 

application lo this resource. 

Differing Management 

Approaches Evaluated 

“Strengthening Ecosystem Management Ap 

proaches,” by Walter D Graul and Gary C. Miller, both 

of the Colorado Diwon of Wildlife, Fort Collins. ap 

pears in the wildiife Society EuiieMs Fall 1984 issue. 

The authors evaluate and compare the strengths and 

weaknesses of various management approaches in 

terms of the risk of not malntainmg all species while 

retaining practicality for field application. 

~Whlch and how many factors do we targel for management? What are the objectives (population size, 

diversity index)? How do we monitor our success? 

These questions are used as a basis for comparing 

the following management approaches: 

(1) The Management-lndlcator approach; (2) the 

Ecological-Indicator approach; (3) the Habitat-Diverslty approach: and (4) Ihe Special Features approach. 

Scientists Follow Rabbits 

In Third Wave clnvasiony 

By James K. Agee 

San Juan island Nal~onal Htslortcal Park in the 

Puget Sound area of WashIngton has been waded 

again and again by “foreign agents.~ The first ‘invaslon” provided the hwlorical event for which the park 

was created: American and British troops simultaneously occupied the Island dutlng 1859-1872 while the 

final senlement of the Oregon Temtory boundary dispute was negotiated. The major casualty was an 

English-owned pig, shot by an Amwan settler. 

The second mvas~o” was by European rabbits 

(O&&lagus cun;cuiatus) in the 1880s. They occupied the avea now in the park from the 1860s until 

about 1980. when a slgmficant population crash VIIIUally eliminated them from park lands. The third ~nvasoon was in 1983, when an mterdlsciplmary science 

team Invaded the 1750 acre, two-unit park to invest& 

gate the rabbit decline and provide an updated resource management framework for the park. 

The team was funded for a one-year study by the 

lnterdtscipllnary Science Projects initiative from the 

Washington Office, based on a proposal drafted by 

Jim Larson. Reglonal Chief Saentist, PNRO. Other 

PNR team members included Supt. Frank Hastings 

and Chief Range Mac Foreman, PNRO natural resource people D!ck Prasil and Dick Hoffman, PNRO 

cultural resource people Stephanie Toothman and Jim 

Thomson, and CPSU wenttsts Jim Agee (Unnerslty 

of Washington), Ed Starkey (Oregon State Universtfy) 

and Gerry Wright (Unnersity of Idaho). 

The team objecives were (1) lo develop a conceptual ecological model to Identify key components and 

processes operattng in the system, (2) to increase 

the knowledge base on the rabbit population decline, 

(3) to describe the historic landscape and restoration 

options, and (4) to define a data base for an updated 

resource management plan. 

The conceptual ecological model was an impodant 

first step for the team. When the rabbtls’ decline 

began sewal years ago, herbaceous cover stalled 

lo increase. as did the problem of visitor-caused 

wildftres. The open fields, many of which once were 

forested lands cleared for culltvat~~ and mamtained 

w grass by rabbit grazmg, became dotted with small 

wading trees. Many of the trees subsequently we 

girdled by anexpanding rodent population responding 

lo Increased Cover and food resources. The model 

showed the relatlonships between these and other 

23 

variables and which ones could be affected by management actions. 

Studying Ihe rabbit decline proved lo be a difficult 

task Earlier baselme studies by Fred Stevens and 

A.R. Weisbrod (NPS biologlsl now in Ihe Midwest Region) had shown high reproduction r&s in the mid1970s. Although reproduction rate declined in Ihe 

early 19t3Os, considerable young should have been 

produced: almost none appeared. While dtsease and 

nutrition have nol been totally ruled out, predation 

seems to be the most plausible working hypothesis. 

The ferret (another mtroduced animal) IS common in 

the park, and will lndtscrlmlnalely kill rabbits m the” 

underground warrens prior to their emergence above 

ground. Voles and mice can provide an alternate prey 

base that will allow ferret populations to subsist. even 

I” thefaceof rabbit decline, and thuscontinuetoexert 

signlflcant influence on the rabbit population. Considerable additional research WIII be required to test 

these working hypotheses. lo the Intenm, monitoring 

of rabbit population levels will continue. 

The historic landscape problem was easier 10 ap 

preach. Although much of both English Camp and 

American Camp was logged, a few trees were left 

uncut, and some stumps could be roughly da& 

through time comparison of historic photographs. The 

analysis showed English Camp 10 be close 10 historic 

character al present. Some replanting of cultivated 

fjelds and wta clearing in the wnlty of historic Officers’ Quarters were management opl~ons proposed. 

American Camp has more prairie, of which some is 

natural and some has been maintained in grassland 

by rabbit grazing pressure. Options here include replanting trees, and protecting the plantations from rodents or perhaps from a reboundmg rabbit population. 

Smce this historical park was created, more anentlon has been given, understandably, to cultural reso”ms than natural reso”rces. The cultural resource 

input to the team was in the nature of fine-tuning: 

some parade ground fencing at American Camp, considerallon of ~ghost structw& where accurate buildmg reconslructlon cannot be done, limtted bullding 

rehabilitation. and some archeological work. 

The goal of all Ihe restoralion work is to provide 

visitors with a sensory amblence of the historical 

period, rather than a precisely restored landscape. 

Visitors 10 English Camp should see a largely forested 

ContinYed 0” next page 
,CCdi”“WJ, 

selting with natural openings I” rocky areas V~s~tors 

to American Camp should be able to sense why the 

site was chosen - it was protected from wind and was 

nestled up against a forest. not posltioned m the midst 

of a rabbit-infested grassland The team prowded a 

quantum leap for the park data base, which should 

serve as the core of a rewr!tten v%o~rce managemenl 

plan. 

This team approach to resource management m 

small areas is belnq extended I” the Pacillc Northwest 

Region. The next”xea to be “waded IS WhItman 

Mission Namal Hlstorlc Site, where the team leader 

will be PNRO Cultural Resources Chiel Dr Allan 

Camp. This type of approach -an Integrated problem 

analysts by interdlscipllnary teams -may have value 

in other small NPS areas across the n&on. 

LATE ARRIVAL: 

NATIONAL WILDERNESS RESEARCH CONFERENCE, July 23.26. 1985. at Colorado Stale Unlversdy. For? Collms, CO. To mterpret and integrate 

what research has lound related to protectlon and 

management of the wlldemess resource and its uses, 

provide a forum for current research, and Identify 

major research themes for the next 20 years. 

Abstracts due Oct. 15. 1984 16 copies) al Natmal 

Wlldemess Research Conterence. College of Forestty and Natural Resources, Colorado State Unlverslty, 

60523. 

PARK nnFT” i PAID 

., “,,.,L,.. 3F -‘HE INTERlOR 

BbIenke IN, 417 

IATIONAL PARK SERVICE U.S. OEPARTMFNT -... OF I. THF . ..- lWRlOR . 

Regional Chief Scientists 

Anderson, William H. 

NATlONAL CAPITAL REGION 

1100 Ohio Drive. S.W. 

Wasimgton, D.C. 20242 

6-426-6660 (202) 426-6660 \ 

Gogue, G Jay 

SOUTHEAST REGION 

75 spmlg St. S.W. 

Atlanta, GA 30303 

6-242-3643 (404) 221-3643 

Karish, John A. 

MID ATLANTIC REGION 

Ferguson Bldg. Rwm 209-B 

Pennsytvan~a State University 

University Park. PA 16602 

6(614)865-7974 

Positton Vacant 

WESTERN REGION 

450 Golden Gate Ave. 

PO. Box 36063 

San Francisco. CA 94102 

8-556-4966 ,415) 556-4966 

Willson, Gary Acting Lovaas, Alla” L. 

MlDWEST REGION ALASKA REGION 

1709 Jackson St. 2525 Gambell St., Room 107 

Omaha. NE 68102 Anchorage, AK 995032892 

6.6643436 (402) 221-3438 8 ,907) 271.4212 

Reid, Nell J. (Jim) 

ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION 

P 0. BOX 25827 

Denuer. co 60225 

6-234-2764 (303) 234-6171 

Larson, James W 

PAC,F,C NORTHWEST REGION 

Room 1920 West111 Bldg 

200, S,tih Ave. 

Sea,% WA 98121 

6-399-1355 (206) 442-1355 

Soukup. Michael 

NORTH ATLANTIC REGION 

15 state street 

Boston, MA 02109 

6-223-7765 ,617, 223-7765 

Fletcher, Mlllord 

SOUTHWEST REGION 

P 0. Box 726 

Santa Fe, NM 87501 

8-476-6412 (505) 986-6412