Filed 10/17/22 P. v. Lopez CA5

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

BERNARDINO PAREDES LOPEZ,

Defendant and Appellant.

F083005

(Super. Ct. No. 20CMS-3614)

MODIFICATION OF OPINION 

AND DENIAL OF REHEARING 

[NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

THE COURT:

It is ordered that the opinion herein filed on September 26, 2022, be modified as 

follows:

1. In footnote 1, add the word “the” before “Evidence Code.”

2. After the third paragraph in BACKGROUND, which ends in “police station,” 

insert the following new paragraphs:

Grandmother testified that defendant was already watching

television in bed when victim got on the bed with her tablet that night. 

Grandmother was tired, so she lay down too, and turned her back toward 

victim, who was in the middle. Defendant had his back to the wall so he 

could see the television. Grandmother was not sure if she fell asleep before 

victim, but she did not notice anything happening or going on during the 

night. She thought defendant probably went to sleep about the same time 

she did because he had to get up to work.

Grandmother testified she and victim had a good relationship. 

Victim did not interact with defendant; she interacted with everyone else.
2.

On cross-examination, grandmother testified she was a light sleeper; 

she was able to hear people crying in the next room and she could feel the 

bed move. She frequently woke up during the night because she used the 

bathroom a lot. On the night that victim slept in the bed, grandmother 

tossed and turned a lot because she was trying to get comfortable as victim 

“squirm[ed] herself up to [her] back.” Grandmother did not recall anything 

else out of the ordinary that night. Defendant was the first to get up in the 

morning because he went to work. Then grandmother got up. When victim 

came out, she said good morning to grandmother. Grandmother asked 

victim if she slept well and she answered, “[Y]eah, I had a good dream.”

On cross-examination, grandmother repeated that she had a good 

relationship with victim. But she explained that victim did not tell her 

about her secrets or the difficulties in her life. She was “not much of a 

talker like that.” Grandmother said, “[W]e thought she would at least tell 

somebody in the house ....” She thought if something bad happened she 

would tell her or at least her two aunts.

Grandmother testified that she and defendant were still together, but 

she would leave him if she had any belief that this actually occurred.

3. In the first paragraph on page 3, in the third sentence beginning with “On 

Friday of that week,” delete the word “victim.”

4. In the next sentence, delete the word “grandma” and replace it with 

[grandmother].

5. On page 4, after I. Exclusion of Aunt’s Testimony, add indentation and 

add the title “A. Section 352.” This title should be italicized.

6. On page 4, delete the letter “A.” before Background, add indentation, and 

change to number “1.” This title should not be italicized.

7. On page 4, delete the letter “B.” before Law, add indentation, and change to 

number “2.” This title should not be italicized.

8. On page 5, delete the letter “C.” before Analysis, add indentation, and change 

to number “3.” This title should not be italicized.
3.

9. On page 6, add the following new paragraphs after the citation ending in “386 

U.S. 18, 24.)” and before II. Consecutive Sentences:

B. Defense Counsel’s Credibility

Defendant also argues he suffered prejudice from the trial court’s 

exclusion of aunt’s testimony because defense counsel’s credibility with the 

jury was diminished when he failed to call a witness he promised during his 

oral argument. We see no prejudice in this regard.

1. Background

In his opening statement, defense counsel told the jurors they would 

hear from three females, referring to grandmother and the two aunts.

“... We also have three female family members who 

were either present at the exact moment that this incident

supposedly took place, or were present in the house, and you 

will hear from them that this didn’t happen, couldn’t have 

happened in the way that was described. And these are 

people that have known the victim ... her whole life.

“And I think one thing that was mentioned, one of the 

folks you will hear from is [victim’s] grandmother, her 

biological grandmother who was physically in the bed. The 

People are asking you to believe that the grandmother 

physically in the bed while this event supposedly occurred did 

not wake up.

“You will hear from two other female relatives who 

talk[ed] to [victim] before and after. The People also down 

played the fact that there was a large gap of time to the extent 

we even know the date this incident is alleged to have taken 

place. The reporting of it was a long time after it occurred, at

least three days. And ... victim went back and forth to her 

grandmother’s [apartment] multiple times without reporting 

it. [Victim] is a victim. She is a victim of something, it was 

just not the conduct of [defendant] who was present here.” 

2. Analysis

We disagree that the trial court’s exclusion of aunt’s testimony 

caused the jurors to view defense counsel as less credible. Defense 

counsel’s opening statement relied on two arguments to support his

conclusion that defendant did not molest victim. First, the molestation 
4.

never happened because it could not have happened, according to the three 

female relatives (grandmother and the two aunts) present in the apartment

when the incident allegedly occurred. Counsel told the jurors, “[Y]ou will 

hear from them that this didn’t happen, couldn’t have happened in the way 

that was described. And these are people that have known the victim ... 

her whole life.” 

But counsel supported this argument only as to grandmother—

explaining that she was physically present in the bed when the incident 

allegedly occurred, and it was not believable that she did not even wake up. 

As to the two aunts, counsel provided no explanation and promised no 

specific testimony from them on this point. He did not suggest that they

were physically present in the bedroom during the alleged incident, nor did 

he explain how their presence in the apartment established that the incident 

could not have occurred. Thus, the jurors likely did not expect the aunts to 

testify on this point and were not disappointed when they did not. And 

counsel did provide the promised testimony from grandmother on this 

point.

Counsel’s second argument was that the molestation never happened 

because victim did not report it for at least three days, even though she 

continued going back and forth to grandmother’s apartment. Counsel told 

the jurors, “You will hear from two other female relatives who talk[ed] to 

[victim] before and after.... The reporting of [the incident] was a long time 

after it occurred, at least three days. [V]ictim went back and forth to her 

grandmother’s house multiple times without reporting it.”

Defense counsel did not differentiate how the three females would 

testify, suggesting instead that they would all provide the identical 

testimony on this point—that victim did not report the molestation to them, 

even though they were part of the household, were close to her, and had 

known her all her life. When grandmother testified, she provided this 

promised testimony, referring to herself and the two aunts. As a result, 

after grandmother’s testimony, all of defense counsel’s promised evidence 

on this point had been produced, and repetition by the two aunts would 

have been merely corroborative of and cumulative to grandmother’s 

testimony. Thus, after hearing grandmother’s testimony, the jurors likely 

recognized that counsel had no reason to call two more witnesses to repeat 

grandmother’s testimony. We conclude it is highly unlikely the jurors 

judged defense counsel negatively for not producing two more witnesses 

who would have repeated the identical information that counsel had already 

presented as promised. Ultimately, counsel only offered one aunt as a 

witness, and we see no prejudice to defendant emanating from the jury’s 

awareness that counsel did not call that witness.
5.

This modification does not effect a change in the judgment.

The petition for rehearing is denied.

HILL, P.J.

WE CONCUR:

MEEHAN, J.

DE SANTOS, J.
Filed 9/26/22 P. v. Lopez CA5 (unmodified opinion)

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

BERNARDINO PAREDES LOPEZ,

Defendant and Appellant.

F083005

(Super. Ct. No. 20CMS-3614)

OPINION

THE COURT*

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kings County. Donna L. 

Tarter, Judge.

Gordon S. Brownell, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant.

Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, 

Catherine Chatman and Erin Doering, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and

Respondent.

-ooOoo-

* Before Hill, P. J., Meehan, J. and DeSantos, J.
2.

Defendant Bernardino Paredes Lopez was convicted of three counts of lewd and 

lascivious acts upon his six-year-old stepgranddaughter. On appeal, he contends (1) the 

trial court erred by excluding evidence pursuant to Evidence Code section 352,1 and 

(2) the trial court abused its discretion by imposing consecutive terms. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

While her mother and father were at work, six-year-old victim often spent the days 

at the apartment of her maternal grandmother and defendant, who was her 

stepgrandfather. Victim called defendant her grandpa. Victim’s two aunts also lived in 

the apartment. 

Victim did not usually stay overnight at the apartment, but in July 2020, she stayed 

for about four days so she would not have to get up early to be dropped off in the 

mornings. On approximately July 24, 2020, victim slept between grandmother and 

defendant in their bed. Victim testified that during the night, defendant grabbed her hand 

and put it on his penis—“a little squishy thing” that was between his legs. She felt 

clothes and skin. It felt “gross” and made her feel “weird.” He held her hand there and 

moved it “like he wanted [her] to squish it.” Victim pulled her hand away, but he 

grabbed it and put it back on his penis again. This happened three times. After the third 

time, victim “turned around,” but defendant kept pulling her hand. When victim was 

asked how it ended and defendant stopped pulling her hand, she said, “It ended in the 

morning.”

Victim testified that she did not tell grandmother about what defendant did. She 

thought grandmother already knew, although she could not explain how she knew. 

Victim remembered telling father about it when she was at home in her bed, and then 

later going to the police station.

1 Further statutory references are to Evidence Code unless otherwise noted.
3.

Victim’s father testified that after victim’s four days at the apartment, he picked 

victim up on a Monday at about 3:00 p.m., after he got off work. The remainder of the 

week, he and mother went back to dropping victim off at the apartment in the morning 

and picking her up around 3:00 p.m., as usual. On Friday of that week, father picked her 

up victim and strapped her into her car seat. As they drove home, he “asked her how her 

time with grandma was, and she said it was good. [He] asked her if she liked spending 

time at grandma’s house, and [he] asked her if she had fun. She said yes, and she told 

[him] that [defendant] made her grab something long and hard. And [father] asked her, 

well, where was it, and she said down by his belly.”

When they got home, father called mother. He told her what victim told him, and 

told her to meet them at the police station. In victim’s forensic interview at the police 

station, the following occurred: “The interviewer asked her, ‘Tell me more about it being 

gross?’ [Victim] stated, ‘Um, it, um, I don’t remember of it, but it looked kind of gross. 

It is like boogers, when you’re touching someone else’s boogers.’ The interviewer asked, 

‘It is like you’re touching somebody else’s boogers?’ [Victim], ‘Yeah.’ Interviewer, 

‘Okay.’ [Victim], ‘And it looks gross.’ Interviewer, ‘It looks gross? What did it look 

like, the boogers?’ [Victim], ‘It was kind of like a circle thing, that it wasn’t boogers.’ 

Interviewer[], ‘It wasn’t boogers?’ [Victim], ‘Yeah, like you touch something gross.’ 

Interviewer, ‘Okay, and where was the gross thing that felt like boogers, where was that 

at?’ [Victim], ‘Um, it wasn’t boogers.’ Interviewer, ‘It wasn’t boogers?’ [Victim], 

‘Yes.’ Interviewer, ‘It just felt gross like boogers?’ [Victim], ‘Yeah.’ Interviewer, 

‘Okay, and where did you feel that?’ [Victim], ‘I felt it right here.’ Interviewer, ‘Um, on 

you or someone else?’ [Victim], ‘Um, on my grandpa.’ Interviewer, ‘Oh, on your 

grandpa, okay.’ [Victim], ‘Uh-Huh.’ ”

On April 13, 2021, the Kings County District Attorney filed a first amended 

information charging defendant with three counts of lewd and lascivious acts upon a 

child under 14 years of age (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (a); counts 1–3).
4.

On April 14, 2021, a jury found defendant guilty on all three counts.

On May 12, 2021, the trial court sentenced defendant to 10 years in prison, as 

follows: on count 1, the midterm of six years; on counts 2 and 3, two consecutive years 

(one-third the midterm of six years).

On June 30, 2021, defendant filed a notice of appeal.

DISCUSSION

I. Exclusion of Aunt’s Testimony

Defendant contends the trial court erred prejudicially in excluding the testimony of 

one of the aunts (aunt) pursuant to section 352. We disagree and also conclude any error 

was harmless.

A. Background

At trial, defense counsel offered aunt as the only defense witness. Counsel argued 

in his offer of proof that aunt would testify she was one of victim’s babysitters. She spent 

time with and was close to victim, and yet victim never mentioned the abuse to her. The 

relevance, defense counsel explained, was that victim’s failure to report the abuse to aunt 

would suggest the abuse was unlikely to have occurred at all. The prosecutor argued that 

the evidence was not relevant, and that calling every person to whom victim did not 

disclose the abuse would be an undue consumption of time. Defense counsel stated aunt 

would be the only witness. The trial court excluded aunt’s testimony, finding it irrelevant 

and an undue consumption of time. The court explained that whatever probative value 

the evidence had would be outweighed by the risk of confusing the jurors as to why 

victim would disclose the abuse to aunt.

B. Law

Under California law, evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency in reason to 

prove or disprove any disputed fact that is of consequence to the determination of the 

action,” and “all relevant evidence is admissible” unless “otherwise provided by statute.” 

(§§ 210, 351.) Section 352 provides: “The court in its discretion may exclude evidence 
5.

if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will 

(a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue 

prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.” “Cumulative evidence may 

be excluded on this basis.” (People v. Mincey (1992) 2 Cal.4th 408, 439; People v. 

Brown (2003) 31 Cal.4th 518, 576 [§ 352 “permits the exclusion of evidence on the 

ground that it is cumulative”].)

“We review the trial court’s rulings regarding the admissibility of the evidence for 

an abuse of discretion. [Citation.] A trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence 

‘ “ ‘will not be disturbed unless there is a showing that the trial court acted in an 

arbitrary, capricious, or absurd manner resulting in a miscarriage of justice.’ ” ’ 

[Citations.] ‘This standard of review affords considerable deference to the trial court 

provided that the court acted in accordance with the governing rules of law. We presume 

that the court properly applied the law and acted within its discretion unless the appellant 

affirmatively shows otherwise.’ ” (People v. Mataele (2022) 13 Cal.5th 372, 413−414.)

C. Analysis

We cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion in excluding aunt’s 

testimony under section 352. Grandmother had already testified that victim told no one 

in the household about the abuse, and that she would have expected victim to tell one of 

her aunts. Grandmother said she had a good relationship with victim, but victim did not 

reveal her secrets or troubles to her. She said victim was “not much of a talker like that.” 

Grandmother explained: “I mean, we thought she would at least tell somebody in the 

house, you know. [¶] ... [¶] I think she would tell me. We thought she would at least 

tell [one of her aunts].” Grandmother was surprised that victim spent four more days at 

her home after the alleged abuse, but never said anything.

As this testimony demonstrates, aunt’s proffered testimony that she was close to 

victim and yet victim never mentioned the abuse to her would have been cumulative to 

grandmother’s testimony, and the trial court acted within its discretion excluding the 
6.

testimony. Furthermore, because the jury heard the same evidence through grandmother, 

defendant was not prejudiced by the absence of aunt’s testimony and any error was 

harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24.)

II. Consecutive Sentences

Defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion by imposing consecutive 

sentences on counts 2 and 3. He argues the three acts of putting victim’s hand on his 

penis were committed “very close in time” and thus constituted “ ‘a single period of 

aberrant behavior.’ ” We see no abuse of discretion.

A. Background

The prosecutor stressed that each time victim pulled her hand away from 

defendant’s penis, defendant had the opportunity to stop and deliberate before he forced 

victim to touch him again. The prosecutor also argued victim was particularly 

vulnerable.

The trial court found victim’s vulnerability was an aggravating factor because she 

was only six years old and had been placed in the care of her grandparents. In addition, 

defendant took advantage of her trust and belief that she was in a safe place. Lastly, the 

court found defendant engaged in violent conduct because he used force to take victim’s 

hand and make her squeeze his penis.

The court noted the only mitigating factor was defendant’s minimal prior record. 

And based on that mitigation, the court decided to impose the six-year midterm as the 

principal term on count 1.

Then, addressing the remaining two counts, the court stated: “As far as the other 

counts, the Court does find that their objectives are independent of each other, they 

involve separate acts where [defendant] was given an opportunity to reflect on his acts 

and he continued to engage in that conduct. So he does warrant consecutive sentencing.” 

Accordingly, the court imposed two-year consecutive terms.
7.

B. Law

“It is well established that a trial court has discretion to determine whether several 

sentences are to run concurrently or consecutively. (Pen. Code, § 669; [citation].) In the 

absence of a clear showing of abuse, the trial court’s discretion in this respect is not to be 

disturbed on appeal. [Citation.] Discretion is abused when the court exceeds the bounds 

of reason, all of the circumstances being considered.” (People v. Bradford (1976) 17 

Cal.3d 8, 20.)

Rule 4.425(a) of the California Rules of Court2 provides that a sentencing court 

may impose consecutive rather than concurrent sentences based on various facts relating 

to the crimes, “including whether or not: [¶] (1) The crimes and their objectives were 

predominantly independent of each other; [¶] (2) The crimes involved separate acts of 

violence or threats of violence; or [¶] (3) The crimes were committed at different times or 

separate places, rather than being committed so closely in time and place as to indicate a 

single period of aberrant behavior.”

Rule 4.425(b) also permits a court to consider any aggravating or mitigating 

circumstances “in deciding whether to impose consecutive rather than concurrent 

sentences, except: [¶] (1) A fact used to impose the upper term; [¶] (2) A fact used to 

otherwise enhance the defendant’s sentence in prison or county jail under 

section 1170(h); and (3) A fact that is an element of the crime.” Two of the aggravating 

circumstances listed in rule 4.421 are that “[t]he victim was particularly vulnerable” and 

that “[t]he defendant took advantage of a position of trust or confidence to commit the 

offense.” (Rule 4.421(a)(3) & (a)(11).) The existence of a single aggravating 

circumstance is enough to impose consecutive sentences. (People v. Davis (1995) 10 

Cal.4th 463, 552 [“Only one criterion or factor in aggravation is necessary to support a 

consecutive sentence.”].)

2 All references to rules are to the California Rules of Court.
8.

“The listing of factors in these rules for making discretionary sentencing decisions 

is not exhaustive and does not prohibit a trial judge from using additional criteria 

reasonably related to the decision being made,” provided those criteria are stated on the 

record. (Rule 4.408(a).)

C. Analysis

We see no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s decision that defendant’s crimes 

deserved consecutive terms. Although defendant argues his acts occurred very close 

together in time, this is not entirely clear from the record. Regardless, defendant forcibly 

placed victim’s hand on his penis three separate times, and each time victim pulled her 

hand away, giving defendant the opportunity to reflect on his actions and decide whether 

to cease or resume. Even when victim finally turned her body away from defendant, he 

still attempted to forcibly pull at her hand. Moreover, defendant inflicted these acts upon 

a six-year-old child who had been placed in his care—and who believed she was safe 

from harm in the trusted security of her grandparents’ bed. Defendant argues that his acts 

were not separate acts of violence, but he does not, and cannot, argue that victim was not 

particularly vulnerable or that he did not take advantage of her trust in him. The trial 

court did not err.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.