| (a)  | Designed such disclosure  controls and procedures,  or caused such disclosure  controls  and  procedures  to be  designed  under  our supervision  to ensure that material  information  relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by  others within those entities,  particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; |
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| (b)  | Designed  such  internal  control over  financial  reporting,  or caused  such  internal  control  over  financial  reporting  to be designed  under our supervision,  to provide reasonable  assurance regarding  the   reliability  of  financial   reporting   and  the preparation  of financial  statements  for  external  purposes  in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
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| (c)  | Evaluated  the   effectiveness  of   the  registrant's  disclosure controls  and   procedures  and  presented   in  this  report  our conclusions  about the  effectiveness of the  disclosure  controls and  procedures,  as of the  end of the  period   covered  by this report based on such evaluation; and |
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| (d)  | Disclosed in this  report any change in the registrants' internal control  over  financial   reporting  that   occurred  during  the registrant's  most recent fiscal   quarter (the  registrant's  4th quarter  in the case  of an  quarterly report) that has materially affected,  or  is  reasonably  likely to  materially  affect,  the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and |
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| a)   | all  significant  deficiencies in the design or operation of internal controls which could  adversely  affect the  registrant's  ability to record,  process,  summarize  and  report  financial  data  and  have identified for the registrant's  auditors any material  weaknesses in internal controls; and |
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| b)   | any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have  a significant  role in  the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. |
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