MOVES Operating Mode Distribution

Generator

Documentation Report
NOTICE

This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or 

positions. It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data 

that are currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to 

facilitate the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of 

technical developments.

Transportation and Climate Division

Office of Transportation and Air Quality

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Prepared for EPA by

TranSystems | E.H. Pechan

EPA Contract No. EP-D-07-097

Work Assignment No. 5-13

MOVES Operating Mode Distribution

Generator

Documentation Report

EPA-420-B-12-037

May 2012
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. BACKGROUND AND PROJECT OVERVIEW ................................................................................................... 4

2. TOOL DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 4

i. General Approach.............................................................................................................................. 4

ii. Default MOVES Operating Mode Distributions .................................................................................. 5

iii. Pollutants, Processes, and Operating Modes.................................................................................... 6

3. MOVES OPERATING MODE DISTRIBUTION GENERATOR ............................................................................... 8

i. Overall Spreadsheet Structure .......................................................................................................... 8

ii. Input Worksheet Description............................................................................................................ 10

iii. Instructions to Use the Operating Mode Distribution Generator....................................................... 14

TABLES

Table 1 – Minimum allowable average speed and corresponding default runs.............................................. 5

Table 2 – List of pollutants, processes, and PolProcessIDs .......................................................................... 7

Table 3 – List of operating modes.................................................................................................................. 8

FIGURES

Figure 1 – “User Inputs” worksheet.............................................................................................................. 12

Figure 2 – Time drop-down menu options (left: description pops up when mouse is over the cell; right: 

available options for time selection)............................................................................................................. 13

Figure 3 – Example error message if users provide incorrect inputs ........................................................... 13

Figure 4 – How to use this tool – instructions summary............................................................................... 15
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1. BACKGROUND AND PROJECT OVERVIEW

This report presents the approach that TranSystems | E.H. Pechan used to develop the MOVES operating 

mode distribution generator. After describing the overall methodology, this document discusses issues 

related to allowable pollutants, processes, and operating modes. Finally, the generator spreadsheet 

structure is outlined and the user input worksheet is presented in details, along with instructions on how to 

use the tool. Along with this documentation report, a PowerPoint “training” presentation and an Excel 

spreadsheet were developed to illustrate how to use the operating mode distribution generator for a 

concrete example.

There are 3 different methods for describing travel activity in MOVES. Those include the average speed 

approach, the driving cycle approach (speed by second), and the operating mode distribution approach 

(fraction of activity by operating mode—includes bins by VSP and speed ranges, idling, braking, etc.) The 

latter is the most accurate and give users the ability to take full advantage of MOVES capabilities to model 

the emissions impact of variations in vehicle speed, acceleration, as well as road characteristics. 

The main issue with the operating mode distribution approach is the difficulty for users to generate the 

required MOVES input. The objective of this project is to design an operating mode distribution “generator”. 

This tool will help users take advantage of the MOVES VSP bins structure, without having to create their 

own operating mode distributions. The spreadsheet-based tool is currently designed for users running the 

model at the project-level scale, especially for PM or CO hot-spot analyses in highway and/or intersection 

projects. 

2. TOOL DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY

i. GENERAL APPROACH

The basic concept behind this generator is to utilize a number of user-provided parameters to automatically 

generate an appropriate operating mode distribution. These parameters are much easier for users to collect 

than those required for an operating mode distribution. User inputs include average speed and road grade, 

which are the factors with the strongest impact on operating modes. 

Based on these two basic inputs, the generator selects a “default” MOVES operating mode distribution. 

This default distribution is then adjusted and re-normalized to account for other project-specific parameters. 

The other inputs that users are required to provide for their project include link information, hour of the day, 

day of the week, and idle fraction. The latter is directly used to replace the MOVES default fraction 
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allocated to OpModeID 1, which represents idling (the same idling fraction is used for all source types). In 

order to cover all possible situations, the “default” MOVES operating mode distributions were generated for 

all source types. 

ii. DEFAULT MOVES OPERATING MODE DISTRIBUTIONS 

TranSystems | E.H. Pechan developed a database of default MOVES operating mode distributions by 

running the MOVES model at the project-level for a n umber of average speed and road grade 

combinations. The version of the model used for this project was MOVES2010a (version 2010/08/26), and 

the corresponding default MOVES database was ‘movesdb20100830’ (dated August 30, 2010). 

Each combination of speed and gr ade led to a def ault MOVES operating mode distribution, which was

extracted from the MOVES execution database (after deleting all records with negative PolProcessIDs and 

OpModeIDs). As agreed with EPA, the average speed increments were 1 mph within the 0mph to 45 mph 

range and the road grade increments were 0.5% between -5% and +5%. It is important to note that each 

MOVES vehicle category has a limited range of allowable average speeds. This was not an issue for high 

speeds (since the maximum allowable speed is higher than 45mph for all vehicle types) but it did have an 

impact at lower speeds. For instance, short-haul combination trucks have a minimum allowable average 

speed of 5.8 mph. Whenever a MOVES run is performed with an average speed below 5.8mph, no default 

operating mode is generated for this vehicle type. However, for the purpose of this tool, it is essential that 

an operating mode distribution is “generated” for all vehicle types and all average speeds within the 0mph

to 45 mph range. To resolve this issue, if the user selects a link average speed below the allowable limit, 

the default operating mode distribution generated with the lowest allowable speed (i.e. the 6mph MOVES 

run in the short-haul combination trucks example) was selected. A similar approach was used for all vehicle 

categories. The minimum allowable average speed and corresponding “default speed” runs are listed in 

Table 1 below. For more details, refer to table 2.3.3.4.12 of the MOVES user guide1. 

Table 1 – Minimum allowable average speed and corresponding default runs

SourceTypeID Description Minimum Speed (mph) Default run speed (mph) used if user 

selects a speed < allowed range

11 Motorcycle 2.5 3.0

21 Passenger Car 2.5 3.0

31 Passenger Truck 2.5 3.0

32 Light Commercial Truck 2.5 3.0

 

1 Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), User Guide for MOVES2010a, EPA-420-B-10-036, August 2010.
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SourceTypeID Description Minimum Speed (mph) Default run speed (mph) used if user 

selects a speed < allowed range

41 Intercity Bus 4.6 5.0

42 Transit Bus 15.0 15.02

43 School Bus 15.0 15.03

51 Refuse Truck 2.2 3.0

52 Single Unit Short-haul Truck 4.6 5.0

53 Single Unit Long-haul Truck 4.6 5.0

54 Motor Home 4.6 5.0

61 Combination Short-haul Truck 5.8 6.0

52 Combination Long-haul Truck 5.8 6.0

iii. POLLUTANTS, PROCESSES, AND OPERATING MODES

Since this OpMode distribution generator is aimed at generating operating mode distributions for PM or CO 

hot-spot analyses in highway and/or intersection projects, no off-network operating mode distribution is

generated by this tool. Therefore, extended idling and start emissions are not included. The following 

emission processes are the only ones that were modeled in the default MOVES runs: Running Exhaust, 

Crankcase Running Exhaust, Brakewear, and Tirewear (evaporative processes were not included since 

hydrocarbons or hazardous air pollutants are modeled).

Based on the criteria listed above, the full list of pollutants, processes, and PolProcessIDs relevant to the 

tool is presented on Table 2 (Total Energy Consumption was selected because it is required to calculate 

PM emissions). Table 3 presents the corresponding operating modes. The last column of Table 2 indicates 

which PolProcessIDs were actually in the MOVES “template” developed by creating a MOVES RunSpec 

and exporting a t emplate of the OpMode Distribution. This list shows that PolProcessIDs for Sulfate 

Particulate PM10/PM2.5, Total PM10/PM2.5, PM10 Brakewear/Tirewear, and Crankcase Running Exhaust 

(all pollutants) are not present. This is due to the fact that some pollutants and processes are “chained” in 

the MOVES calculations and do not need to appear in the operating mode to be calculated. For instance, 

the Sulfate PM Emissions Calculator is ‘chained to’ the Total Energy Consumption Calculator: this indicates

that the calculator computes sulfate emissions as the product of a sulfate emission factor and total energy 

consumption of the corresponding MOVES emission process4. 

 

2 Note: the minimum average speeds reported in the MOVES2010a User Guide for source types 42 and 43 are incorrect. The actual minimums 

should be 15.0 mph, per personal communication with EPA OTAQ’s Chris Dresser (email, 12/21/2011). 3 Ibid.

4 Draft Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) 2009, Software Design and Reference Manual, EPA-420-B-09-007, March 2009.
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Table 2 – List of pollutants, processes, and PolProcessIDs 

PolProcessID processID processName pollutantID pollutantName In Template?

201 1 Running Exhaust 2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Yes

215 15 Crank. Running Exhaust 2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) No

9101 1 Running Exhaust 91 Total Energy Consumption Yes

10001 1 Running Exhaust 100 Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total No

10015 15 Crank. Running Exhaust 100 Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total No

10101 1 Running Exhaust 101 Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon Yes

10115 15 Crank. Running Exhaust 101 Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon No

10201 1 Running Exhaust 102 Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon Yes

10215 15 Crank. Running Exhaust 102 Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon No

10501 1 Running Exhaust 105 Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate No

10515 15 Crank. Running Exhaust 105 Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate No

10609 9 Brakewear 106 Primary PM10 - Brakewear Particulate No

10710 10 Tirewear 107 Primary PM10 - Tirewear Particulate No

11001 1 Running Exhaust 110 Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total No

11015 15 Crank. Running Exhaust 110 Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total No

11101 1 Running Exhaust 111 Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon Yes

11115 15 Crank. Running Exhaust 111 Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon No

11201 1 Running Exhaust 112 Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon Yes

11215 15 Crank. Running Exhaust 112 Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon No

11501 1 Running Exhaust 115 Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate No

11515 15 Crank. Running Exhaust 115 Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate No

11609 9 Brakewear 116 Primary PM2.5 - Brakewear Particulate Yes

11710 10 Tirewear 117 Primary PM2.5 - Tirewear Particulate Yes

As agreed with EPA and in order to reduce the complexity of the spreadsheet, the tool does not offer the 

option to select only some of those pollutants and processes. Instead, the tool generates an oper ating 

mode distribution that includes the 3 pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, and CO) and all 4 processes. This is not an 

issue since importing an operating mode distribution table in MOVES with more pollutants and processes 

than those selected in the RunSpec does not cause any errors (a warning message will appear indicating 

that some polprocessIDs are imported but not used). For the same reason, the tool does not ask users to 

select vehicle categories (the operating mode distribution is generated for all 13 MOVES source types). 

Also, to simplify the user interface and decrease calculation time, the tool only allows the user to model one 

link at a t ime. Users who wish to create operating mode distributions for several links can use the 

spreadsheet multiple times.
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Table 3 – List of operating modes

OpModeIDs and Operating Mode Description

All PolProcessIDs except Tirewear/Brakewear Tirewear/Brakewear PolProcessIDs (10710 & 11710)

0 Braking 400 tirewear ;idle

1 Idling 401 tirewear ;speed < 2.5mph

11 Low Speed Coasting; VSP< 0; 1<=Speed<25 402 tirewear;2.5mph <= speed < 7.5mph

12 Cruise/Acceleration; 0<=VSP< 3; 1<= Speed<25 403 tirewear;7.5mph <= speed < 12.5mph

13 Cruise/Acceleration; 3<=VSP< 6; 1<=Speed<25 404 tirewear;12.5mph <= speed < 17.5mph

14 Cruise/Acceleration; 6<=VSP< 9; 1<=Speed<25 405 tirewear;17.5mph <= speed <22.5mph

15 Cruise/Acceleration; 9<=VSP<12; 1<=Speed<25 406 tirewear;22.5mph <= speed < 27.5mph

16 Cruise/Acceleration; 12<=VSP; 1<=Speed<25 407 tirewear;27.5mph <= speed < 32.5mph

21 Moderate Speed Coasting; VSP< 0; 25<=Speed<50 408 tirewear;32.5mph <= speed < 37.5mph

22 Cruise/Acceleration; 0<=VSP< 3; 25<=Speed<50 409 tirewear;37.5mph <= speed < 42.5mph

23 Cruise/Acceleration; 3<=VSP< 6; 25<=Speed<50 410 tirewear;42.5mph <= speed < 47.5mph

24 Cruise/Acceleration; 6<=VSP< 9; 25<=Speed<50 411 tirewear;47.5mph <= speed < 52.5mph

25 Cruise/Acceleration; 9<=VSP<12; 25<=Speed<50 412 tirewear;52.5mph <= speed < 57.5mph

27 Cruise/Acceleration; 12<=VSP<18; 25<=Speed<50 413 tirewear;57.5mph <= speed < 62.5mph

28 Cruise/Acceleration; 18<=VSP<24; 25<=Speed<50 414 tirewear;62.5mph <= speed < 67.5mph

29 Cruise/Acceleration; 24<=VSP<30; 25<=Speed<50 415 tirewear;67.5mph <= speed < 72.5mph

30 Cruise/Acceleration; 30<=VSP; 25<=Speed<50 416 tirewear;72.5mph <= speed

33 Cruise/Acceleration; VSP< 6; 50<=Speed 501 brakewear; stopped

35 Cruise/Acceleration; 6<=VSP<12; 50<=Speed

37 Cruise/Acceleration; 12<=VSP<18; 50<=Speed

38 Cruise/Acceleration; 18<=VSP<24; 50<=Speed

39 Cruise/Acceleration; 24<=VSP<30; 50<=Speed

40 Cruise/Acceleration; 30<=VSP; 50<=Speed

3. MOVES OPERATING MODE DISTRIBUTION GENERATOR

i. OVERALL SPREADSHEET STRUCTURE

The operating mode distribution generator structure can be broken-down into the following sections: 

• “Instructions” worksheet

• “User Inputs” worksheet 
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• “Paste Default OpMode Here” worksheet

• “Default OpMode Files” worksheet

• “MOVES OpMode Distribution” worksheet (generator output) 

• Calculation and Mapping worksheets (hidden)

o OpModeIntermediate1

o OpModeIntermediate2

o OpModeIDs

o HourIDMapping

o MiniSpeedMapping

o PolProcessIDs 

The “Instructions” worksheet serves two main purposes: first, it describes the inputs that the user is 

required to supply in order to generate an operating mode distribution. Then, it provides detailed steps that 

the user needs to take (“How to Use This Tool” guide). The instructions worksheet also lists all the pages

included in the tool (inputs, calculation pages, mapping pages, and output) and provides a brief description 

of their format, role, and operation. The inputs worksheet allows users to define the project parameters; this 

page is described in detail in the next section.

The “Default OpMode Files” worksheet provides a list and a hyperlink to all of the existing MOVES default 

operating mode distributions. There are a t otal of 966 f iles (one for each speed/grade combination). 

Clicking on any of the links automatically opens the appropriate default operating mode distribution. 

Although this list is mostly provided for information purposes, one element needs to be adjusted before 

users can use the tool: they need to modify the path to the folder where they saved the 966 "default 

OpMode files" which are provided with the tool. This approach was used in order to make the size of the 

tool manageable. Indeed, given the large number of speed/grade combinations, it was impossible to 

include the default distributions in the tool itself. Tests were performed but the size of the Excel file quickly 

grew over 50 Mb. The consequence was endless computer calculations every time one of the user inputs 

was changed. The default operating mode needs to be opened (by simply clicking on the appropriate link), 

copied, and pasted into the ““Paste Default OpMode Here” worksheet (see details in the "Instructions to 

Use the Operating Mode Distribution Generator" section).

The calculation worksheets are designed to utilize the user-provided parameters and automatically 

generate a s uitable MOVES operating mode distribution input table. This MOVES-compatible table is

populated in the output worksheet labeled “MOVES OpMode Distribution”. The main calculation steps are

to automatically replace the default fraction allocated to OpModeID 1 (idling) with the user-provided idle 
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fraction and to renormalize the fractions allocated to the remaining operating modes so that the fractions 

sum to 1 for each PolProcessID and SourceTypeID combination. 

It is important to note that when the selected average speed is high (above 35mph), the MOVES default 

operating mode distribution does not allocate any activity to idling for some of the source types

(sourcetypeIDs 51, 61, 62 between 35mph-44mph and sourcetypeIDs 41, 51, 52, 53, 54, 61, 62 for 

45mph). When that is the case, the main “structure” of the operating mode was maintained (i.e. the default 

fraction allocated to OpModeID 1 for idling was replaced with the user-provided idle fraction only if the 

default already had some idling). The mapping pages are either used in some of the calculation steps or 

just provide information such as a l ist and description of the MOVES OpModeIDs, HourIDs, or 

PolProcessIDs. These pages are hidden and should not be updated by users.

ii. INPUT WORKSHEET DESCRIPTION 

The “User Inputs” worksheet allows the user to define the project parameters listed above. These 

parameters are listed and described below: 

• Hour: This is the hour of the day to be modeled. Selections are made from a drop-down menu (24 

options).

• Day: This is the day of the week to be modeled. Selections are made from a drop-down menu (2 

options: weekday or weekend). 

• Idle fraction: This is the fraction of time during which vehicles idle (value between 0 and 1). 

Selections are made from a drop-down menu (200 options, by 0.005 increments). This could have 

been a “free” user input (i.e. not a drop-down menu) but such an approach would have added error 

possibilities (for example, users inputting the fraction as a percentage). 

• LinkID: This is the linkID of the link being modeled. Selections are made from direct input by users 

(type in a value; integer higher than 1). 

• Link Description (Optional input): This optional input is a text field included for reference and has no 

impact on the calculations. It can be useful for operating modes with numerous links.

• Average Speed: This is the average speed of all of the vehicles on the roadway link in the given 

hour. Selections are made from a drop-down menu (46 options between 0 mph and 45 mph).

• Average Grade: This is the average road grade of the link. Selections are made from a drop-down 

menu (21 options between -5% and 5%, by 0.5% increments).

• Default Operating Mode File: This is an automatically generated cell, with a link to a MOVES default 

operating mode distribution for the speed/grade combination selected. This default distribution 

needs to be opened, copied, and pasted into the ““Paste Default OpMode Here” worksheet (see 

details in the "Instructions to Use the Operating Mode Distribution Generator" section).
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• Warnings: These warnings are automatically generated, based on users inputs. They warn users of 

potential issues with their inputs (for instance, when an input cell is empty).

Figures 1 through 3 illustrate the input worksheet. Figure 1 show the entire “User Inputs” worksheet, as 

currently designed. Red cells in the worksheet indicate required inputs. To facilitate usability and improve 

user experience, a description and explanation of each specific cell pops up when the user moves his/her 

mouse over that cell. This is illustrated in Figure 2 (left). For most required inputs, the user just needs to 

click on a drop-down menu and select one of the options. This is also illustrated in Figure 2 (right). When 

possible, cells that require inputs from the user have validation criteria. For instance, for the hour input, 

users only have the option of selecting an hour in the drop-down menu (which includes all 24 hours). This 

will avoid erroneous inputs or format differences which could lead the formulas in the spreadsheet not to 

work. If a user types in an incorrect number instead of selecting an hour in the drop-down menu, an error 

message appears as illustrated in Figure 3. 
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Figure 1 – “User Inputs” worksheet
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Figure 2 – Time drop-down menu options (left: description pops up when mouse is over the cell; right: available options for time selection)

 

Figure 3 – Example error message if users provide incorrect inputs

Click
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iii. INSTRUCTIONS TO USE THE OPERATING MODE DISTRIBUTION GENERATOR

The following 12 steps need to be followed to generate the operating mode distribution based on an 

average speed, grade, and idle fraction (steps 2-12 need to be repeated for each link to model). Please 

note that users may experience some waiting time during Excel calculations. Depending on the 

specifications of the computer, this wait may vary between a few seconds up to a few minutes. For 

example, TranSystems | E.H. Pechan experienced calculation times of about 5-10 seconds on a laptop 

running Windows XP (Intel Core i5 CPU, 2.40 GHz, 3GB RAM). This was during “normal operating 

conditions”, i.e. while simultaneously running a num ber of other applications such as Outlook, Internet 

Explorer, Word, etc. Performance can certainly be improved by closing other applications and running 

Excel exclusively. 

1. Modify the path to the folder where the 966 default OpMode files are saved. This is done in the 

"Default OpMode Files" page (cell F9): copy and paste the path to the folder (start with \\ and end 

with \). For instance, use the following structure: \\C:\My Folder\My Subfolder\. 

2. Go to the "User Inputs" page and select the hour of the day to be modeled ("Hour" input). Select 

one of the options from the drop-down menu.

3. In the "User Inputs" page, select the day of the week to be modeled ("Day" input). Select one of the 

options from the drop-down menu.

4. In the "User Inputs" page, select the idle fraction for the vehicles modeled in your MOVES run 

("Idle fraction" input). Select one of the options from the drop-down menu.

5. In the "User Inputs" page, input the linkID of the link for which you are creating an operating mode 

distribution. Selections are made from direct input (type in a value; integer >1). 

6. In the "User Inputs" page, select the average speed of the vehicles on the link being modeled 

("Average Speed" input). Select one of the options from the drop-down menu.

7. In the "User Inputs" page, select the average grade of the road for the link being modeled 

("Average Grade" input). Select one of the options from the drop-down menu.

8. Steps 6 and 7 will automatically generate a link to a MOVES default operating mode distribution for 

the speed/grade selected. This link is in cell D14. Click on the link.

9. After clicking on the link (step 8), an Excel file will automatically open, with the relevant default 

operating mode distribution. Go to that new Excel file.

10. Copy the entire worksheet. Note: using "Ctrl + A" may or may not select all cells. Please make sure 

that the entire worksheet is selected and copied. One option to select all cells is to click on the top 

left corner of the worksheet (top-left of cell A1).

11. Paste the default operating mode distribution from step 9 into the page labeled "Paste Default

OpMode Here". To do so, click on cell A1, then "Ctrl + V" (or right-click and "Paste"). Depending on 
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the specifications of your computer, you may need to wait a few seconds or a few minutes for 

Excel to perform the calculations required at this step. 

12. Go back to the "User Inputs" page and check the warning messages. If there are none, go to the 

"MOVES OpMode Distribution" to get the final operating mode distribution.

Figure 4 – How to use this tool – instructions summary

Provide 

Inputs

Click on 

automatic link 

to open the 

proper default 

OpMode file

Copy default OpMode 

and paste in the “Paste 

Default OpMode Here” 

worksheet

Get the final 

OpMode distribution, 

formatted for 

MOVES (based on 

default OpModes and 

adjusted for user 

inputs)