ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS 

GREG ABBOTT 

March 13,2003 

The Honorable Kenneth Armbrister Opinion No. GA-0032 

Chair, Senate Committee on Natural Resources 

Texas State Senate Re: Whether a member of the Board of 

P. 0. Box 12068 Trustees of the San Jacinto College District 

Austin, Texas 7871 l-2068 may simultaneously serve as a member of the 

Board of Directors of the Clear Brook 

Municipal Utility District (RQ-0596-JC) 

Dear Senator Armbrister: 

Your predecessor as chair of the Committee on Natural Resources requested our opinion as 

to whether a member of the Board of Trustees of the San Jacinto College District (“the College 

District”) may simultaneously serve as a member of the Board of Directors of the Clear Brook 

Municipal Utility District (“the MUD”).’ Your predecessor asked us to analyze the situation under 

article XVI, section 40 of the Texas Constitution and under the common-law doctrine of 

incompatibility. 

The College District is governed by a board of trustees, as provided by section 130.082(d) 

of the Education Code. TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. 8 130.082(d) (Vernon 2002). The trustees are 

elected and serve a term of six years. Id. 9 130.082(e). The district’s service area is defined by 

section 130.197 of the Education Code to include “(1) the Pasadena, La Porte, Deer Park, 

Channelview, Galena Park, and Sheldon independent school districts; and (2) the part of the Clear 

Creek Independent School District that is located in Harris County.” Id. 8 130.197. The board of 

trustees of a junior college district “annually shall cause the taxable property in its district to 

be assessed for ad valorem taxation and the ad valorem taxes in the district to be collected.” 

Id. 8 130.12 1 (a). Thus, the College District has the power of taxation. The members of the board 

of trustees of a junior college district are prohibited Ii-om receiving “any remuneration or emolument 

of office,” other than “reimbursement for their actual expenses incurred in performing their duties.” 

Id. 8 130.082(d). 

The MUD is a general law water district created under chapter 49 of the Water Code. In 

accordance with that chapter, it “shall be governed by its board, the number of which is otherwise 

‘Letter from Honorable J.E. “Buster” Brown, Chair, Senate Committee onNatural Resources, to Honorable John 

Comyn, Texas Attorney General (Aug. 19,2002) (on file with Opinion Committee) mereinafier Request Letter]. 
The Honorable Kenneth Armbrister - Page 2 (GA-0032) 

provided by law.” TEX. WATER CODE ANN. 9 49.051 (Vernon 2000). Members of the board are 

elected by the voters of the district. Id. 5 49.102(a) (Vernon Supp. 2003). A chapter 49 district “may 

levy and collect a tax for operation and maintenance purposes.” Id. 5 49.107(a). The MUD thus has 

the power of taxation. 

The MUD is interested in appointing a College District trustee to a vacant position on the 

MUD board. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. As trustee of the College District, this person 

“receives no fee of office.” Id. Additionally, the person “is included in the [College] District’s 

health insurance plan.” Id. Although the individual would be permitted to receive a per diem 

allowance as a member of the MUD board, he or she will “waive the receipt of the otherwise allowed 

per diem allowance.” Id. 

We first consider whether article XVI, section 40 of the Texas Constitution, which prohibits 

a person from simultaneously holding two offices of emolument, applies to the situation your 

predecessor described. In its final clause, article XVI, section 40 provides that “[n]o person shall 

hold or exercise at the same time, more than one civil office of emolument.” TEX. CONST. art. XVI, 

8 40. Under Aldine Independent School District v. Standley, 280 S. W.2d 578 (Tex. 1955), an officer 

is an individual upon whom a “sovereign function of the government [has been] conferred . . . to be 

exercised by him for the benefit of the public largely independent of the control of others.” Id. at 

5 83. This office has construed the Aldine test to mean that an individual is an “officer” if his or her 

actions are not subject to control by a superior body. Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-1266 (1990) 

at 2. Each of the positions at issue here clearly constitutes an office. Members of the two respective 

boards under consideration are elected by the voters of their districts. Their actions are not 

subject to control by a superior body, and their members consequently meet the definition of 

“0 flicer” formulated by the Texas Supreme Court in Aldine. Aldine, 280 S.W.2d at 583. 

An emolument is “a pecuniary profit, gain or advantage.” In fact, any amount received in 

excess of actual expenses is an emolument. See Irwin v. State, 177 S.W.2d 970,973 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1944); see also Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-1266 (1990) at 3; Tex. Att’y Gen. LO-95-001, at 

2. In addition to salary and compensation, an emolument includes an amount received as a flat 

payment per meeting, a fixed per diem allowance, or significantly, for our purposes here, payment 

of hospitalization insurance. See Willis v. Potts, 377 S.W.2d 622 (Tex. 1964) (compensation in the 

amount of $10.00 per meeting qualifies city council membership as a “lucrative office”), Tex. Att’y 

Gen. Op. No. JM-704 (1987) at 2, Tex. Att’y Gen. LO-93-033 (emolument includes flat payment 

per meeting); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-594 (1986), Tex. Att’y Gen. LO-98-055 (emolument 

includes fixed per diem allowance); Tex. Att’y Gen. LO-97-100 (hospitalization insurance is an 

emolument). Furthermore, a position is one “of emolument” if its emoluments are fixed by statute 

or by a governmental body. Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-333 (1985). 

The position of a director of a utility district created under chapter 49 of the Water Code is 

an office “of emolument” for the purposes of article XVI, section 40 of the Texas Constitution. The 

director “is entitled to receive fees of office of not more than $150 a day for each day the director 

actually spends performing the duties of a director.” TEX. WATER CODE ANN. 8 49.060(a) (Vernon 
The Honorable Kenneth Armbrister - Page 3 (GA-0032) 

Supp. 2003). In addition, a director “is also entitled to receive reimbursement of actual expenses 

reasonably and necessarily incurred while engaging in activities on behalf of the district.” Id. 

8 49.060(b). “Instead of the fees of office and reimbursement of actual expenses, a director may 

elect to receive a per diem of $100 for each day the director actually spends performing the duties 

of a director.” Id. § 49.060(d). Thus, the position of director of the MUD is one “of emolument.” 

Whether the position of a college district director is one of emolument is a closer question. 

As we have noted, members of the board of a college district are not to “receive any remuneration 

or emolument of office,” other than “reimbursement for their actual expenses incurred in performing 

their duties,” TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. 9 130.082(d) (V emon 2002). This provision was part of the 

original codification of title 3 of the Education Code. See Act of May 22, 1971,62d Leg., RX, ch. 

1024, 1971 Tex. Gen. Laws 3072,3294. In 1993, the legislature amended a portion of the former 

Insurance Code to permit “a member of the governing board of an institution of higher education” 

to participate in the Texas Employees Group Benefits Act as an employee.* See Act of May 29, 

1993,73d Leg., R.S., ch. 791, 8 43, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 3127,3141-42. The present version of 

that statute, section 155 1.101 of the Insurance Code, states that: 

(d) An individual is eligible to participate in the group 

benefits program as provided by Subsection (a) if the individual is a 

member of the State Board of Education or the governing body of an 

institution of higher education. 

TEX. INS. CODE ANN. 0 1551.101(d) (V emon 2003). Section 155 1.006 provides that, with two 

exceptions not relevant here, “‘institution of higher education’ means a public junior college.” Id. 

$ 1551.006(a). Th us, if eligibility to participate in the group benefits program constitutes an 

“emolument,” section 155 1.101 (a) of the Insurance Code might appear to irreconcilably conflict with 

section 130.082(d) of the Education Code, which expressly prohibits a trustee of a junior college 

district from receiving any “emolument of office.” 

Nothing in the history of the legislation that declared junior college trustees eligible to 

participate in the group benefits program indicates that the legislature intended thereby to repeal 

section 130.082(d) of the Education Code. Where a statute does not contain an express repeal, the 

presumption is that the legislature intended the old law to remain in operation. Cole v. State ex rel. 

Cobolini, 170 S.W. 1036, 1037 (Tex. 1914). A repeal by implication will result only if the 

implication is clear, necessary, irresistible, and free from reasonable doubt. Ramirez v. State, 550 

S.W.2d 121, 124 (Tex. Civ. App.-Austin 1977, no writ). If under any reasonable construction two 

statutory provisions can be reconciled so that both may stand, one will not be held to have repealed 

the other. Cunningham v. Henry, 231 S.W.2d 1013,1017 (Tex. Civ. App.-Texarkana 1950, writ 

*See TEX. INS. CODE ANN. $9 1551.001 (Vernon 2003) (“This chapter may be cited as the Texas Employees 

Group Benefits Act.“), 1551.006(a) (“In this chapter, except as provided by Subsection (b), ‘institution of higher 

education’ means a public junior college, a senior college or university, or any other agency of higher education within 

the meaning and jurisdiction of Chapter 61, Education Code.“). 
The Honorable Kenneth Armbrister - Page 4 (GA-0032) 

ref d n.r.e.). Where there is no positive repugnance between the two provisions, each will be 

construed so as to give effect to both. Standard v. Sadler, 383 S.W.2d 391,395 (Tex. 1964). 

Furthermore, courts, and by extension, this office, are required to construe statutes, if at all 

possible, so as to harmonize them with other relevant laws. La Sara Grain Co. v. First Nat ‘I Bank, 

673 S.W.2d 558,565 (Tex. 1984). Particularlywhen two statutes deal with the same general subject 

matter, they should be reconciled in a way that will not destroy the effect of either. Goldman v. 

State, 277 S.W.2d 217,222 (Tex. Civ. App.-Amarillo 1954, writ ref d n.r.e.). In the situation you 

present, both of the statutes in question address the matter of emoluments for members of junior 

college trustees. In order to harmonize them, one may interpret section 155 1.101 (a) to mean that the 

legislature, in enacting that provision, deemed the mere eligibility to participate in a group benefits 

program not to constitute an “emolument.” Such a construction salvages both provisions while most 

effectively accomplishing legislative intent. 

Because, then, a member of the board of trustees of the College District, by express statutory 

provision, does not hold an office of emolument, there is no impediment under article XVI, section 

40 of the Texas Constitution, to a single individual simultaneously holding both the offices of trustee 

of the College District and member of the board of directors of the MUD. 

This does not end our inquiry, however. We are also asked to consider whether there is any 

conflict between the two positions under the common-law doctrine of incompatibility. That doctrine 

has three aspects - self-appointment, self-employment, and conflicting loyalties. It is the last 

category that concerns us here. Conflicting loyalties incompatibility was first recognized by a Texas 

court in the case of Thomas v. Abernathy County Line Independent School District, in which the 

court declared: 

In our opinion the offices of school trustee and alderman are 

incompatible; for under our system there are in the city council or 

board of alderman various directory or supervisory powers exertable 

in respect to school property located within the city or town and in 

respect to the duties of school trustee performable within its limits - 

e.g., there might well arise a conflict of discretion or duty in respect 

to health, quarantine, sanitary, and fire prevention regulations. . . . If 

the same person could be a school trustee and a member of the city 

council or board of alderman at the same time, school policies, in 

many important respects, would be subject to direction of the council 

or aldermen instead of to that of the trustees. 

Thomas v. Abernathy County Line Indep. Sch. Dist., 290 S.W. 152,153 (Tex. Comm’n App. 1927, 

judgm’t adopted). 

The request letter states that the College District and the MUD have overlapping 

geographical boundaries. Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. As we have previously noted, both 

entities have the power of taxation. See TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. 9 130.121 (a) (Vernon 2002); TEX. 
The Honorable Kenneth Armbrister - Page 5 (GA-0032) 

WATER CODE ANN. 0 49.107(a) (Vernon Supp. 2003). Citing a number of previous attorney general 

opinions, we recently affirmed the principle expressed in Attorney General Opinion JC-0557 that 

“[i]f two districts with overlapping geographical jurisdictions each have the power of taxation, . . . 

the potential for conflict is insurmountable.” See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-0015 (2003) at 2 

(citing Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0557 (2002) at 5). Attorney General Opinion JC-0557 reasoned 

that “[wlhere the object of each district is to maximize its own revenues, a single individual would 

have great difficulty in exercising his duties to two separate and competing masters.” Tex. Att’y 

Gen. Op. No. JC-0557 (2002) at 5. 

This reasoning is persuasive, and it clearly applies in the circumstances you describe. We 

conclude that, on the basis of the common-law doctrine of incompatibility, an individual may not 

simultaneously serve both as trustee of the San Jacinto College District and as director of the Clear 

Brook Municipal Utility District. 
The Honorable Kenneth Armbrister - Page 6 (GA-0032) 

SUMMARY 

Although the position of director of the Clear Brook 

Municipal Utility District is an “office of emolument under article 

XVI, section 40 of the Texas Constitution,” the position of trustee of 

the San Jacinto College District is not. Thus, a single individual is 

not prohibited by article XVI, section 40 of the Texas Constitution 

from simultaneously holding both positions. An individual is, 

however, barred from such simultaneous service on the basis of the 

common-law doctrine of incompatibility. 

Yours very truly, 

BARRY R. MCBEE 

First Assistant Attorney General 

DON R. WILLETT 

Deputy Attorney General - General Counsel 

NANCY S. FULLER 

Chair, Opinion Committee 

Rick Gilpin 

Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee