353 TITLE XIV OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE ACT

SAFETY OF PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS (SAFE DRINKING
WATER ACT) Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002355 [As Amended Through P.L. 107–377, December 31, 2002]

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR TITLE XIV OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
ACT (‘‘SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT’’) 1

1 This table of contents is not part of title XIV of the Public Health Service Act but is set forth for the convenience of the users of this publication.

TITLE XIV—SAFETY OF PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS

Sec. 1400. Short title.

PART A—D EFINITIONS

Sec. 1401. Definitions.

PART B—P UBLIC W ATER SYSTEMS

Sec. 1411. Coverage. Sec. 1412. National drinking water regulations. Sec. 1413. State primary enforcement responsibility. Sec. 1414. Enforcement of drinking water regulations.

Sec. 1415. Variances Sec. 1416. Exemptions. Sec. 1417. Prohibition on use of lead pipes, solder, and flux. Sec. 1418. Monitoring of contaminants. Sec. 1419. Operator certification. Sec. 1420. Capacity development.

PART C—P ROTECTION OF UNDERGROUND S OURCES OF D RINKING W ATER

Sec. 1421. Regulations for State programs. Sec. 1422. State primary enforcement responsibility. Sec. 1423. Enforcement of program. Sec. 1424. Interim regulation of underground injections. Sec. 1425. Optional demonstration by States relating to oil or natural gas. Sec. 1426. Regulation of State programs. Sec. 1427. Sole source aquifer demonstration program. Sec. 1428. State programs to establish wellhead protection areas. Sec. 1429. State ground water protection grants.

PART D—E MERGENCY P OWERS

Sec. 1431. Emergency powers. Sec. 1432. Tampering with public water systems.

Sec. 1433. Terrorist and other international acts. Sec. 1434. Contaminant prevention, detection and response. Sec. 1435. Supply disruption prevention, detection and response.

PART E—GENERAL P ROVISIONS

Sec. 1441. Assurance of availability of adequate supplies of chemicals necessary for

treatment of water. Sec. 1442. Research, technical assistance, information, training of personnel. Sec. 1443. Grants for State programs. Sec. 1444. Special study and demonstration project grants; guaranteed loans. Sec. 1445. Records and inspections. Sec. 1446. National Drinking Water Advisory Council. Sec. 1447. Federal agencies.

Sec. 1448. Judicial review.

Sec. 1449. Citizen’s civil action. Sec. 1450. General provisions.

Sec. 1451. Indian tribes. Sec. 1452. State revolving loan funds. Sec. 1453. Source water quality assessment. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002356 Sec. 1400 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 This title, the ‘‘Safe Drinking Water Act’’, consists of title XIV of the Public Health ServiceAct (42 U.S.C. 300f–300j–9) as added by Public Law 93–523 (Dec. 16, 1974) and the amendments made by subsequent enactments. Sec. 1454. Source water petition program. Sec. 1455. Water conservation plan.

Sec. 1456. Assistance to colonias. Sec. 1457. Estrogenic substances screening program. Sec. 1458. Drinking water studies.

PART F—ADDITIONAL R EQUIREMENTS T O R EGULATE THE S AFETY OF D RINKING W

ATER

Sec. 1461. Definitions. Sec. 1462. Recall of drinking water coolers with lead-lined tanks. Sec. 1463. Drinking water coolers containing lead. Sec. 1464. Lead contamination in school drinking water. Sec. 1465. Federal assistance for State programs regarding lead contamination in school drinking water.

TITLE XIV OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE ACT (THE
SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT) 1

TITLE XIV—SAFETY OF PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS

SHORT TITLE

S EC . 1400. This title may be cited as the ‘‘Safe Drinking Water

Act’’.

PART A—D EFINITIONS

DEFINITIONS

S EC . 1401. For purposes of this title: (1) The term ‘‘primary drinking water regulation’’ means a regulation which— (A) applies to public water systems; (B) specifies contaminants which, in the judgment of the Administrator, may have any adverse effect on the health of persons; (C) specifies for each such contaminant either—(i) a maximum contaminant level, if, in the judgment of the Administrator, it is economically and technologically feasible to ascertain the level of such contaminant in water in public water systems, or (ii) if, in the judgment of the Administrator, it isnot economically or technologically feasible to so ascertain the level of such contaminant, each treatment technique known to the Administrator which leads to

a reduction in the level of such contaminant sufficient to satisfy the requirements of section 1412; and (D) contains criteria and procedures to assure a supply of drinking water which dependably complies with such maximum contaminant levels; including accepted methodsfor quality control and testing procedures to insure compliance with such levels and to insure proper operation and maintenance of the system, and requirements as to (i) the minimum quality of water which may be taken into the system and (ii) siting for new facilities for public water Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002357 Sec. 1401 SAFE DRINKING WATER

systems. At any time after promulgation of a regulation referred to in this paragraph, the Administrator may add equally effective quality control and testing procedures byguidance published in the Federal Register. Such procedures shall be treated as an alternative for public water systems to the quality control and testing procedures listed in the regulation. (2) The term ‘‘secondary drinking water regulation’’ means a regulation which applies to public water systems and whichspecifies the maximum contaminant levels which, in the judgment of the Administrator, are requisite to protect the public welfare. Such regulations may apply to any contaminant indrinking water (A) which may adversely affect the odor or appearance of such water and consequently may cause a substantial number of the persons served by the public water system providing such water to discontinue its use, or (B) which may otherwise adversely affect the public welfare. Such regulations may vary according to geographic and other circumstances.
(3) The term ‘‘maximum contaminant level’’ means the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a public water system.
(4) P UBLIC WATER SYSTEM .— (A) I N GENERAL .—The term ‘‘public water system’’ means a system for the provision to the public of water for human consumption through pipes or other constructed conveyances, if such system has at least fifteen serviceconnections or regularly serves at least twenty-five individuals. Such term includes (i) any collection, treatment, storage, and distribution facilities under control of the operator of such system and used primarily in connection withsuch system, and (ii) any collection or pretreatment storage facilities not under such control which are used primarily in connection with such system.
(B) C ONNECTIONS .— (i) I N GENERAL .—For purposes of subparagraph (A), a connection to a system that delivers water by a constructed conveyance other than a pipe shall not be considered a connection, if— (I) the water is used exclusively for purposes other than residential uses (consisting of drinking, bathing, and cooking, or other similar uses);
(II) the Administrator or the State (in thecase of a State exercising primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems) determines that alternative water to achieve the equivalent level of public health protection provided by theapplicable national primary drinking water regulation is provided for residential or similar uses for drinking and cooking; or
(III) the Administrator or the State (in thecase of a State exercising primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems) determines that the water provided for residential or similaruses for drinking, cooking, and bathing is cenQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002358 Sec. 1401 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 So in law. The phrase ‘‘the Act’’ probably intended to refer to ‘‘this Act’’. trally treated or treated at the point of entry by the provider, a pass-through entity, or the user to achieve the equivalent level of protection provided by the applicable national primary drinking water regulations.
(ii) I RRIGATION DISTRICTS .—An irrigation districtin existence prior to May 18, 1994, that provides primarily agricultural service through a piped water system with only incidental residential or similar use shall not be considered to be a public water system if the system or the residential or similar users of the system comply with subclause (II) or (III) of clause (i).
(C) T RANSITION PERIOD .—A water supplier that would be a public water system only as a result of modifications made to this paragraph by the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 shall not be considered a public water system for purposes of the Act 1 until the date thatis two years after the date of enactment of this subparagraph. If a water supplier does not serve 15 service connections (as defined in subparagraphs (A) and (B)) or 25 people at any time after the conclusion of the 2-year period, the water supplier shall not be considered a public water

system. (5) The term ‘‘supplier of water’’ means any person who owns or operates a public water system. (6) The term ‘‘contaminant’’ means any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter in water.
(7) The term ‘‘Administrator’’ means the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.(8) The term ‘‘Agency’’ means the Environmental Protection Agency. (9) The term ‘‘Council’’ means the National Drinking Water Advisory Council established under section 1446. (10) The term ‘‘municipality’’ means a city, town, or other public body created by or pursuant to State law, or an Indian

tribe. (11) The term ‘‘Federal agency’’ means any department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States. (12) The term ‘‘person’’ means an individual, corporation,company, association, partnership, State, municipality, or Federal agency (and includes officers, employees, and agents of any corporation, company, association, State, municipality, or Federal agency). (13)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the term‘‘State’’ includes, in addition to the several States, only the District of Columbia, Guam, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. (B) For purposes of section 1452, the term ‘‘State’’ meanseach of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002359 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(14) The term ‘‘Indian Tribe’’ means any Indian tribe having a Federally recognized governing body carrying out substantial governmental duties and powers over any area. For purposes of section 1452, the term includes any Native village
(as defined in section 3(c) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1602(c))).
(15) C OMMUNITY WATER SYSTEM .—The term ‘‘community water system’’ means a public water system that—(A) serves at least 15 service connections used by yearround residents of the area served by the system; or (B) regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents.
(16) N ONCOMMUNITY WATER SYSTEM .—The term ‘‘noncommunity water system’’ means a public water system that is not a community water system.

[42 U.S.C. 300f]

PART B—P UBLIC W ATER SYSTEMS

COVERAGE

S EC . 1411. Subject to sections 1415 and 1416, national primarydrinking water regulations under this part shall apply to each public water system in each State; except that such regulations shall not apply to a public water system— (1) which consists only of distribution and storage facilities (and does not have any collection and treatment facilities); (2) which obtains all of its water from, but is not ownedor operated by, a public water system to which such regulations apply; (3) which does not sell water to any person; and (4) which is not a carrier which conveys passengers in

interstate commerce.

[42 U.S.C. 300g]

NATIONAL DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS

S EC . 1412. (a)(1) Effective on the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, each national interim or revised primary drinking water regulation promulgated under thissection before such enactment shall be deemed to be a national primary drinking water regulation under subsection (b). No such regulation shall be required to comply with the standards set forth in subsection (b)(4) unless such regulation is amended to establish a

different maximum contaminant level after the enactment of such

amendments. (2) After the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act

Amendments of 1986 each recommended maximum contaminant level published before the enactment of such amendments shall be treated as a maximum contaminant level goal. (3) Whenever a national primary drinking water regulation is proposed under subsection (b) for any contaminant, the maximumcontaminant level goal for such contaminant shall be proposed simultaneously. Whenever a national primary drinking water regulation is promulgated under subsection (b) for any contaminant, the Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002360 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

maximum contaminant level goal for such contaminant shall be published simultaneously.(4) Paragraph (3) shall not apply to any recommended maximum contaminant level published before the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986.
(b) S TANDARDS .— (1) I DENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINANTS FOR LISTING .— (A) GENERAL AUTHORITY .—The Administrator shall, inaccordance with the procedures established by this subsection, publish a maximum contaminant level goal and promulgate a national primary drinking water regulation
for a contaminant (other than a contaminant referred to in paragraph (2) for which a national primary drinking waterregulation has been promulgated as of the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of
1996) if the Administrator determines that— (i) the contaminant may have an adverse effect on the health of persons;
(ii) the contaminant is known to occur or there is

a substantial likelihood that the contaminant will occur in public water systems with a frequency and at levels of public health concern; and (iii) in the sole judgment of the Administrator, regulation of such contaminant presents a meaningful opportunity for health risk reduction for persons served by public water systems.
(B) R EGULATION OF UNREGULATED CONTAMINANTS .— (i) L ISTING OF CONTAMINANTS FOR CONSIDER

ATION .—(I) Not later than 18 months after the date ofenactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 and every 5 years thereafter, the Administrator, after consultation with the scientific community, including the Science Advisory Board, after notice and opportunity for public comment, and after considering the occurrence data base establishedunder section 1445(g), shall publish a list of contaminants which, at the time of publication, are not subject to any proposed or promulgated national primarydrinking water regulation, which are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems, and which may require regulation under this title. (II) The unregulated contaminants considered under subclause (I) shall include, but not be limited to,
substances referred to in section 101(14) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, and substances registered as pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,

and Rodenticide Act.
(III) The Administrator’s decision whether or not to select an unregulated contaminant for a list under this clause shall not be subject to judicial review.
(ii) D ETERMINATION TO REGULATE .—(I) Not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996, and every Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002361 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

5 years thereafter, the Administrator shall, after notice of the preliminary determination and opportunity for public comment, for not fewer than 5 contaminants included on the list published under clause (i), makedeterminations of whether or not to regulate such contaminants. (II) A determination to regulate a contaminant shall be based on findings that the criteria of clauses (i), (ii), and (iii) of subparagraph (A) are satisfied.Such findings shall be based on the best available public health information, including the occurrence data base established under section 1445(g).(III) The Administrator may make a determination to regulate a contaminant that does not appear on a list under clause (i) if the determination to regulate is made pursuant to subclause (II).(IV) A determination under this clause not to regulate a contaminant shall be considered final agency action and subject to judicial review.
(iii) R EVIEW .—Each document setting forth the determination for a contaminant under clause (ii) shall be available for public comment at such time as the determination is published.
(C) P RIORITIES .—In selecting unregulated contaminants for consideration under subparagraph (B), the Administrator shall select contaminants that present thegreatest public health concern. The Administrator, in making such selection, shall take into consideration, among other factors of public health concern, the effect of such contaminants upon subgroups that comprise a meaningfulportion of the general population (such as infants, children, pregnant women, the elderly, individuals with a history of serious illness, or other subpopulations) that areidentifiable as being at greater risk of adverse health effects due to exposure to contaminants in drinking water than the general population.
(D) U RGENT THREATS TO PUBLIC HEALTH .—The Administrator may promulgate an interim national primarydrinking water regulation for a contaminant without making a determination for the contaminant under paragraph (4)(C), or completing the analysis under paragraph (3)(C), to address an urgent threat to public health as determined by the Administrator after consultation with and written response to any comments provided by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, acting through the director of

the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the director of the National Institutes of Health. A determination for any contaminant in accordance with paragraph(4)(C) subject to an interim regulation under this subparagraph shall be issued, and a completed analysis meeting the requirements of paragraph (3)(C) shall be published,not later than 3 years after the date on which the regulation is promulgated and the regulation shall be repromulQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002362 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

gated, or revised if appropriate, not later than 5 years

after that date.
(E) R EGULATION .—For each contaminant that the Administrator determines to regulate under subparagraph(B), the Administrator shall publish maximum contaminant level goals and promulgate, by rule, national primarydrinking water regulations under this subsection. The Administrator shall propose the maximum contaminant level goal and national primary drinking water regulation for a

contaminant not later than 24 months after the determination to regulate under subparagraph (B), and may publishsuch proposed regulation concurrent with the determination to regulate. The Administrator shall publish a maximum contaminant level goal and promulgate a national primary drinking water regulation within 18 months after the proposal thereof. The Administrator, by notice in theFederal Register, may extend the deadline for such promulgation for up to 9 months.
(F) H EALTH ADVISORIES AND OTHER ACTIONS .—The Administrator may publish health advisories (which are notregulations) or take other appropriate actions for contaminants not subject to any national primary drinking water regulation.
(2) S CHEDULES AND DEADLINES .— (A) I N GENERAL .—In the case of the contaminants listed in the Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking published in volume 47, Federal Register, page 9352, and involume 48, Federal Register, page 45502, the Administrator shall publish maximum contaminant level goals and promulgate national primary drinking water regulations— (i) not later than 1 year after June 19, 1986, for not fewer than 9 of the listed contaminants; (ii) not later than 2 years after June 19, 1986, for not fewer than 40 of the listed contaminants; and (iii) not later than 3 years after June 19, 1986, for

the remainder of the listed contaminants.
(B) S UBSTITUTION OF CONTAMINANTS .—If the Administrator identifies a drinking water contaminant the regulation of which, in the judgment of the Administrator, is more likely to be protective of public health (taking into account the schedule for regulation under subparagraph (A)) than a contaminant referred to in subparagraph (A), the Administrator may publish a maximum contaminant level goal and promulgate a national primary drinking water regulation for the identified contaminant in lieu of regulating the contaminant referred to in subparagraph(A). Substitutions may be made for not more than 7 contaminants referred to in subparagraph (A). Regulation of a contaminant identified under this subparagraph shall bein accordance with the schedule applicable to the contaminant for which the substitution is made.
(C) D ISINFECTANTS AND DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS .— The Administrator shall promulgate an Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, a Final Enhanced Surface Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002363 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

Water Treatment Rule, a Stage I Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule, and a Stage II Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule in accordance with the schedule published in volume 59, Federal Register, page 6361 (February 10, 1994), in table III.13 of the proposed Information Collection Rule. If a delay occurs with respect to the promulgation of any rule in the schedule referred toin this subparagraph, all subsequent rules shall be completed as expeditiously as practicable but no later than a

revised date that reflects the interval or intervals for the

rules in the schedule.
(3) R ISK ASSESSMENT

, MANAGEMENT

, AND COMMUNICA

TION .— (A) U SE OF SCIENCE IN DECISIONMAKING .—In carrying out this section, and, to the degree that an Agency action is based on science, the Administrator shall use— (i) the best available, peer-reviewed science and supporting studies conducted in accordance with sound and objective scientific practices; and (ii) data collected by accepted methods or best available methods (if the reliability of the method and the nature of the decision justifies use of the data).
(B) PUBLIC INFORMATION .—In carrying out this section, the Administrator shall ensure that the presentation of information on public health effects is comprehensive, informative, and understandable. The Administrator shall, in a document made available to the public in support of a regulation promulgated under this section, specify, to the extent practicable— (i) each population addressed by any estimate of public health effects; (ii) the expected risk or central estimate of risk for the specific populations; (iii) each appropriate upper-bound or lower-bound estimate of risk; (iv) each significant uncertainty identified in the process of the assessment of public health effects and studies that would assist in resolving the uncertainty;

and (v) peer-reviewed studies known to the Administrator that support, are directly relevant to, or fail to support any estimate of public health effects and the methodology used to reconcile inconsistencies in the

scientific data.
(C) H EALTH RISK REDUCTION AND COST ANALYSIS .— (i) MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS .—When proposing any national primary drinking water regulationthat includes a maximum contaminant level, the Administrator shall, with respect to a maximum contaminant level that is being considered in accordance withparagraph (4) and each alternative maximum contaminant level that is being considered pursuant to paragraph (5) or (6)(A), publish, seek public comment on, Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002364 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

and use for the purposes of paragraphs (4), (5), and (6) an analysis of each of the following: (I) Quantifiable and nonquantifiable health

risk reduction benefits for which there is a factual basis in the rulemaking record to conclude that such benefits are likely to occur as the result of treatment to comply with each level. (II) Quantifiable and nonquantifiable health

risk reduction benefits for which there is a factual basis in the rulemaking record to conclude that such benefits are likely to occur from reductions in co-occurring contaminants that may be attributedsolely to compliance with the maximum contaminant level, excluding benefits resulting from compliance with other proposed or promulgated regulations. (III) Quantifiable and nonquantifiable costs

for which there is a factual basis in the rulemaking record to conclude that such costs are likely to occur solely as a result of compliance with the maximum contaminant level, includingmonitoring, treatment, and other costs and excluding costs resulting from compliance with other proposed or promulgated regulations.
(IV) The incremental costs and benefits associated with each alternative maximum contaminant level considered.(V) The effects of the contaminant on the general population and on groups within the general population such as infants, children, pregnant women, the elderly, individuals with a history of serious illness, or other subpopulations that are identified as likely to be at greater risk of adverse health effects due to exposure to contaminants in drinking water than the general population. (VI) Any increased health risk that may occuras the result of compliance, including risks associated with co-occurring contaminants. (VII) Other relevant factors, including thequality and extent of the information, the uncertainties in the analysis supporting subclauses (I)through (VI), and factors with respect to the degree and nature of the risk.
(ii) T REATMENT TECHNIQUES .—When proposing anational primary drinking water regulation that includes a treatment technique in accordance with paragraph (7)(A), the Administrator shall publish and seekpublic comment on an analysis of the health risk reduction benefits and costs likely to be experienced as the result of compliance with the treatment technique and alternative treatment techniques that are being considered, taking into account, as appropriate, the
factors described in clause (i). Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002365 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(iii) APPROACHES TO MEASURE AND VALUE BENE

FITS .—The Administrator may identify valid approaches for the measurement and valuation of benefits under this subparagraph, including approaches to identify consumer willingness to pay for reductions in health risks from drinking water contaminants.
(iv) AUTHORIZATION .—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator, acting through theOffice of Ground Water and Drinking Water, to conduct studies, assessments, and analyses in support of regulations or the development of methods, $35,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1996 through 2003.

(4) G OALS AND STANDARDS .— (A) MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL GOALS .—Each maximum contaminant level goal established under this subsection shall be set at the level at which no known or anticipated adverse effects on the health of persons occur and which allows an adequate margin of safety.
(B) MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS .—Except as provided in paragraphs (5) and (6), each national primary drinking water regulation for a contaminant for which a maximum contaminant level goal is established under this subsection shall specify a maximum contaminant level for

such contaminant which is as close to the maximum contaminant level goal as is feasible.
(C) D ETERMINATION .—At the time the Administrator proposes a national primary drinking water regulation under this paragraph, the Administrator shall publish a

determination as to whether the benefits of the maximum contaminant level justify, or do not justify, the costs based on the analysis conducted under paragraph (3)(C).
(D) D EFINITION OF FEASIBLE .—For the purposes of this subsection, the term ‘‘feasible’’ means feasible with the use of the best technology, treatment techniques and other means which the Administrator finds, after examinationfor efficacy under field conditions and not solely under laboratory conditions, are available (taking cost into consideration). For the purpose of this paragraph, granular activated carbon is feasible for the control of synthetic organic chemicals, and any technology, treatment technique, or

other means found to be the best available for the control of synthetic organic chemicals must be at least as effectivein controlling synthetic organic chemicals as granular activated carbon.
(E) F EASIBLE TECHNOLOGIES .— (i) I N GENERAL .—Each national primary drinkingwater regulation which establishes a maximum contaminant level shall list the technology, treatment techniques, and other means which the Administratorfinds to be feasible for purposes of meeting such maximum contaminant level, but a regulation under thissubsection shall not require that any specified technology, treatment technique, or other means be used Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002366 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

for purposes of meeting such maximum contaminant

level.
(ii) L IST OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMALL SYSTEMS .—The Administrator shall include in the list any technology, treatment technique, or other means that is affordable, as determined by the Administrator in consultation with the States, for small public water systems serving— (I) a population of 10,000 or fewer but more than 3,300; (II) a population of 3,300 or fewer but more than 500; and (III) a population of 500 or fewer but more than 25;and that achieves compliance with the maximum contaminant level or treatment technique, including packaged or modular systems and point-of-entry or pointof-use treatment units. Point-of-entry and point-of-usetreatment units shall be owned, controlled and maintained by the public water system or by a person under contract with the public water system to ensure proper operation and maintenance and compliance

with the maximum contaminant level or treatment technique and equipped with mechanical warnings to ensure that customers are automatically notified ofoperational problems. The Administrator shall not include in the list any point-of-use treatment technology,treatment technique, or other means to achieve compliance with a maximum contaminant level or treatment technique requirement for a microbial contaminant (or an indicator of a microbial contaminant). If

the American National Standards Institute has issued product standards applicable to a specific type ofpoint-of-entry or point-of-use treatment unit, individual units of that type shall not be accepted for compliance with a maximum contaminant level or treatment technique requirement unless they are independently certified in accordance with such standards. In listing any technology, treatment technique, or other means pursuant to this clause, the Administrator shall consider the quality of the source water to be treated.
(iii) L IST OF TECHNOLOGIES THAT ACHIEVE COMPLI

ANCE .—Except as provided in clause (v), not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this clause and after consultation with the States, the Administratorshall issue a list of technologies that achieve compliance with the maximum contaminant level or treatment technique for each category of public water systems described in subclauses (I), (II), and (III) of clause (ii) for each national primary drinking water regulation promulgated prior to the date of enactment of this paragraph.
(iv) ADDITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES .—The Administrator may, at any time after a national primary Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002367 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

drinking water regulation has been promulgated, supplement the list of technologies describing additional or new or innovative treatment technologies that meet the requirements of this paragraph for categories of small public water systems described in subclauses (I),(II), and (III) of clause (ii) that are subject to the regulation.
(v) T ECHNOLOGIES THAT MEET SURFACE WATER

TREATMENT RULE .—Within one year after the date of enactment of this clause, the Administrator shall list technologies that meet the Surface Water TreatmentRule for each category of public water systems described in subclauses (I), (II), and (III) of clause (ii).
(5) ADDITIONAL HEALTH RISK CONSIDERATIONS .— (A) I N GENERAL .—Notwithstanding paragraph (4), the Administrator may establish a maximum contaminant

level for a contaminant at a level other than the feasible level, if the technology, treatment techniques, and other

means used to determine the feasible level would result in an increase in the health risk from drinking water by—(i) increasing the concentration of other contaminants in drinking water; or (ii) interfering with the efficacy of drinking water treatment techniques or processes that are used to comply with other national primary drinking water regulations.
(B) E STABLISHMENT OF LEVEL .—If the Administrator

establishes a maximum contaminant level or levels or requires the use of treatment techniques for any contaminant or contaminants pursuant to the authority of this paragraph— (i) the level or levels or treatment techniques shall minimize the overall risk of adverse health effects by balancing the risk from the contaminant and the risk

from other contaminants the concentrations of which may be affected by the use of a treatment techniqueor process that would be employed to attain the maximum contaminant level or levels; and(ii) the combination of technology, treatment techniques, or other means required to meet the level or levels shall not be more stringent than is feasible (as defined in paragraph (4)(D)).
(6) ADDITIONAL HEALTH RISK REDUCTION AND COST CONSID

ERATIONS .— (A) I N GENERAL .—Notwithstanding paragraph (4), ifthe Administrator determines based on an analysis conducted under paragraph (3)(C) that the benefits of a maximum contaminant level promulgated in accordance with paragraph (4) would not justify the costs of complying withthe level, the Administrator may, after notice and opportunity for public comment, promulgate a maximum contaminant level for the contaminant that maximizes health risk reduction benefits at a cost that is justified by the

benefits. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002368 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 So in law. Indentation is incorrect. (B) E XCEPTION .—The Administrator shall not use theauthority of this paragraph to promulgate a maximum contaminant level for a contaminant, if the benefits of compliance with a national primary drinking water regulation for the contaminant that would be promulgated in accordance with paragraph (4) experienced by— (i) persons served by large public water systems;

and (ii) persons served by such other systems as are unlikely, based on information provided by the States, to receive a variance under section 1415(e) (relating to small system variances); would justify the costs to the systems of complying with the regulation. This subparagraph shall not apply if the contaminant is found almost exclusively in small systems eligible under section 1415(e) for a small system variance.
(C) D ISINFECTANTS AND DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS .—The Administrator may not use the authority of this paragraph to establish a maximum contaminant level in aStage I or Stage II national primary drinking water regulation (as described in paragraph (2)(C)) for contaminantsthat are disinfectants or disinfection byproducts, or to establish a maximum contaminant level or treatment technique requirement for the control of cryptosporidium. Theauthority of this paragraph may be used to establish regulations for the use of disinfection by systems relying on ground water sources as required by paragraph (8).
(D) J UDICIAL REVIEW .—A determination by the Administrator that the benefits of a maximum contaminant level or treatment requirement justify or do not justify the costs of complying with the level shall be reviewed by the court pursuant to section 1448 only as part of a review of a final national primary drinking water regulation that has been promulgated based on the determination and shall not be set aside by the court under that section unless the court finds that the determination is arbitrary and capricious.
(7)(A) 1 The Administrator is authorized to promulgate a national primary drinking water regulation that requires the use ofa treatment technique in lieu of establishing a maximum contaminant level, if the Administrator makes a finding that it is not economically or technologically feasible to ascertain the level of the contaminant. In such case, the Administrator shall identify those treatment techniques which, in the Administrator’s judgment, would prevent known or anticipated adverse effects on the health of persons to the extent feasible. Such regulations shall specify each treatment technique known to the Administrator which meets the requirements of this paragraph, but the Administrator maygrant a variance from any specified treatment technique in accordance with section 1415(a)(3).(B) Any schedule referred to in this subsection for the promulgation of a national primary drinking water regulation for any contaminant shall apply in the same manner if the regulation requires Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002369 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

a treatment technique in lieu of establishing a maximum contaminant level.
(C)(i) Not later than 18 months after the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, the Administrator shallpropose and promulgate national primary drinking water regulations specifying criteria under which filtration (including coagulation and sedimentation, as appropriate) is required as a treatment technique for public water systems supplied by surface watersources. In promulgating such rules, the Administrator shall consider the quality of source waters, protection afforded by watershed management, treatment practices (such as disinfection and length of water storage) and other factors relevant to protection of health. (ii) In lieu of the provisions of section 1415 the Administratorshall specify procedures by which the State determines which public water systems within its jurisdiction shall adopt filtration under the criteria of clause (i). The State may require the public watersystem to provide studies or other information to assist in this determination. The procedures shall provide notice and opportunity for public hearing on this determination. If the State determines that filtration is required, the State shall prescribe a schedule forcompliance by the public water system with the filtration requirement. A schedule shall require compliance within 18 months of a
determination made under clause (iii).
(iii) Within 18 months from the time that the Administrator establishes the criteria and procedures under this subparagraph, aState with primary enforcement responsibility shall adopt any necessary regulations to implement this subparagraph. Within 12months of adoption of such regulations the State shall make determinations regarding filtration for all the public water systems within its jurisdiction supplied by surface waters. (iv) If a State does not have primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems, the Administrator shall have the same authority to make the determination in clause (ii) in such State as the State would have under that clause. Any filtration requirement or schedule under this subparagraph shall be treated as if it were a requirement of a national primary drinking water regulation. (v) As an additional alternative to the regulations promulgated pursuant to clauses (i) and (iii), including the criteria for avoiding filtration contained in 40 CFR 141.71, a State exercising primaryenforcement responsibility for public water systems may, on a caseby-case basis, and after notice and opportunity for public comment, establish treatment requirements as an alternative to filtration in the case of systems having uninhabited, undeveloped watersheds inconsolidated ownership, and having control over access to, and activities in, those watersheds, if the State determines (and the Administrator concurs) that the quality of the source water and the alternative treatment requirements established by the State ensure greater removal or inactivation efficiencies of pathogenic organisms for which national primary drinking water regulations have been promulgated or that are of public health concern than would be achieved by the combination of filtration and chlorine disinfection (in compliance with this section).
(8) D ISINFECTION .—At any time after the end of the 3-yearperiod that begins on the date of enactment of the Safe DrinkQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002370 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

ing Water Act Amendments of 1996, but not later than thedate on which the Administrator promulgates a Stage II rulemaking for disinfectants and disinfection byproducts (as described in paragraph (2)(C)), the Administrator shall also promulgate national primary drinking water regulations requiringdisinfection as a treatment technique for all public water systems, including surface water systems and, as necessary, ground water systems. After consultation with the States, theAdministrator shall (as part of the regulations) promulgate criteria that the Administrator, or a State that has primary enforcement responsibility under section 1413, shall apply to determine whether disinfection shall be required as a treatment technique for any public water system served by ground water. The Administrator shall simultaneously promulgate a rule specifying criteria that will be used by the Administrator (ordelegated State authorities) to grant variances from this requirement according to the provisions of sections 1415(a)(1)(B)and 1415(a)(3). In implementing section 1442(e) the Administrator or the delegated State authority shall, where appropriate, give special consideration to providing technical assistance to small public water systems in complying with the regulations promulgated under this paragraph.
(9) R EVIEW AND REVISION .—The Administrator shall, notless often than every 6 years, review and revise, as appropriate, each national primary drinking water regulation promulgated under this title. Any revision of a national primary drinking water regulation shall be promulgated in accordance with this section, except that each revision shall maintain, or provide for greater, protection of the health of persons.
(10) E FFECTIVE DATE .—A national primary drinking waterregulation promulgated under this section (and any amendment thereto) shall take effect on the date that is 3 years afterthe date on which the regulation is promulgated unless the Administrator determines that an earlier date is practicable, except that the Administrator, or a State (in the case of an individual system), may allow up to 2 additional years to comply with a maximum contaminant level or treatment technique ifthe Administrator or State (in the case of an individual system) determines that additional time is necessary for capital improvements. (11) No national primary drinking water regulation may require the addition of any substance for preventive health care purposes unrelated to contamination of drinking water.
(12) C ERTAIN CONTAMINANTS .— (A) ARSENIC .— (i) S CHEDULE AND STANDARD .—Notwithstandingthe deadlines set forth in paragraph (1), the Administrator shall promulgate a national primary drinkingwater regulation for arsenic pursuant to this subsection, in accordance with the schedule established by this paragraph.
(ii) S TUDY PLAN .—Not later than 180 days afterthe date of enactment of this paragraph, the Administrator shall develop a comprehensive plan for study in Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002371 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 So in law. Indentation is incorrect. support of drinking water rulemaking to reduce the uncertainty in assessing health risks associated with exposure to low levels of arsenic. In conducting suchstudy, the Administrator shall consult with the National Academy of Sciences, other Federal agencies, and interested public and private entities.
(iii) C OOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS .—In carrying outthe study plan, the Administrator may enter into cooperative agreements with other Federal agencies, State and local governments, and other interested public and private entities.
(iv) P ROPOSED REGULATIONS .—The Administratorshall propose a national primary drinking water regulation for arsenic not later than January 1, 2000.
(v) F INAL REGULATIONS .—Not later than January1, 2001, after notice and opportunity for public comment, the Administrator shall promulgate a national primary drinking water regulation for arsenic.
(vi) AUTHORIZATION .—There are authorized to be appropriated $2,500,000 for each of fiscal years 1997through 2000 for the studies required by this paragraph.
(B) S ULFATE .— (i) ADDITIONAL STUDY .—Prior to promulgating a national primary drinking water regulation for sulfate,

the Administrator and the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shall jointly conductan additional study to establish a reliable dose-response relationship for the adverse human health effects that may result from exposure to sulfate in drinking water, including the health effects that maybe experienced by groups within the general population (including infants and travelers) that are potentially at greater risk of adverse health effects as the result of such exposure. The study shall be conducted in consultation with interested States, shall be basedon the best available, peer-reviewed science and supporting studies conducted in accordance with soundand objective scientific practices, and shall be completed not later than 30 months after the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments

of 1996.
(ii) 1 D ETERMINATION .—The Administrator shall include sulfate among the 5 or more contaminants for which a determination is made pursuant to paragraph (3)(B) not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996.
(iii) 1 P ROPOSED AND FINAL RULE .—Notwithstanding the deadlines set forth in paragraph (2), the Administrator may, pursuant to the authorities of this subsection andafter notice and opportunity for public comment, promulgate a final national primary drinking water regulation for Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002372 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

sulfate. Any such regulation shall include requirements forpublic notification and options for the provision of alternative water supplies to populations at risk as a means of complying with the regulation in lieu of a best available treatment technology or other means.
(13) RADON IN DRINKING WATER .— (A) NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULA

-

TION .—Notwithstanding paragraph (2), the Administratorshall withdraw any national primary drinking water regulation for radon proposed prior to the date of enactment ofthis paragraph and shall propose and promulgate a regulation for radon under this section, as amended by the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996.
(B) R ISK ASSESSMENT AND STUDIES .— (i) A SSESSMENT BY NAS .—Prior to proposing a national primary drinking water regulation for radon,the Administrator shall arrange for the National Academy of Sciences to prepare a risk assessment for radon in drinking water using the best available science in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (3).

The risk assessment shall consider each of the risks associated with exposure to radon from drinking water

and consider studies on the health effects of radon at levels and under conditions likely to be experienced through residential exposure. The risk assessment shall be peer-reviewed.
(ii) S TUDY OF OTHER MEASURES .—The Administrator shall arrange for the National Academy of Sciences to prepare an assessment of the health risk reduction benefits associated with various mitigation

measures to reduce radon levels in indoor air. The assessment may be conducted as part of the risk assessment authorized by clause (i) and shall be used by the Administrator to prepare the guidance and approve State programs under subparagraph (G).
(iii) O THER ORGANIZATION .—If the National Academy of Sciences declines to prepare the risk assessment or studies required by this subparagraph, theAdministrator shall enter into a contract or cooperative agreement with another independent, scientific organization to prepare such assessments or studies.
(C) H EALTH RISK REDUCTION AND COST ANALYSIS .—Not

later than 30 months after the date of enactment of thisparagraph, the Administrator shall publish, and seek public comment on, a health risk reduction and cost analysis meeting the requirements of paragraph (3)(C) for potential maximum contaminant levels that are being considered for radon in drinking water. The Administrator shall include a response to all significant public comments received onthe analysis with the preamble for the proposed rule published under subparagraph (D).
(D) P ROPOSED REGULATION .—Not later than 36 monthsafter the date of enactment of this paragraph, the Administrator shall propose a maximum contaminant level goal Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002373 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

and a national primary drinking water regulation for radon pursuant to this section.
(E) F INAL REGULATION .—Not later than 12 months after the date of the proposal under subparagraph (D), the Administrator shall publish a maximum contaminant level goal and promulgate a national primary drinking water regulation for radon pursuant to this section based on the risk assessment prepared pursuant to subparagraph (B) and the health risk reduction and cost analysis publishedpursuant to subparagraph (C). In considering the risk assessment and the health risk reduction and cost analysis in connection with the promulgation of such a standard,

the Administrator shall take into account the costs and benefits of control programs for radon from other sources.
(F) ALTERNATIVE MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVEL .—If the maximum contaminant level for radon in drinking water promulgated pursuant to subparagraph (E) is more stringent than necessary to reduce the contribution to radon in indoor air from drinking water to a concentration that is equivalent to the national average concentration ofradon in outdoor air, the Administrator shall, simultaneously with the promulgation of such level, promulgate

an alternative maximum contaminant level for radon that would result in a contribution of radon from drinkingwater to radon levels in indoor air equivalent to the national average concentration of radon in outdoor air. If theAdministrator promulgates an alternative maximum contaminant level under this subparagraph, the Administrator shall, after notice and opportunity for public comment and in consultation with the States, publish guidelines for State programs, including criteria for multimedia measures to mitigate radon levels in indoor air, to be used by the States in preparing programs under subparagraph(G). The guidelines shall take into account data from existing radon mitigation programs and the assessment of mitigation measures prepared under subparagraph (B).
(G) M ULTIMEDIA RADON MITIGATION PROGRAMS .— (i) I N GENERAL .—A State may develop and submita multimedia program to mitigate radon levels in indoor air for approval by the Administrator under this subparagraph. If, after notice and the opportunity forpublic comment, such program is approved by the Administrator, public water systems in the State may comply with the alternative maximum contaminant level promulgated under subparagraph (F) in lieu ofthe maximum contaminant level in the national primary drinking water regulation promulgated under subparagraph (E).
(ii) E LEMENTS OF PROGRAMS .—State programs may rely on a variety of mitigation measures includingpublic education, testing, training, technical assistance, remediation grant and loan or incentive programs, or other regulatory or nonregulatory measures. The effectiveness of elements in State programs shall Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002374 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

be evaluated by the Administrator based on the assessment prepared by the National Academy of Sciences under subparagraph (B) and the guidelines published by the Administrator under subparagraph
(F).
(iii) APPROVAL .—The Administrator shall approve a State program submitted under this paragraph if the health risk reduction benefits expected to be achieved by the program are equal to or greater than

the health risk reduction benefits that would beachieved if each public water system in the State complied with the maximum contaminant level promulgated under subparagraph (E). The Administrator shall approve or disapprove a program submitted under this paragraph within 180 days of receipt. A program that is not disapproved during such periodshall be deemed approved. A program that is disapproved may be modified to address the objections of the Administrator and be resubmitted for approval.
(iv) R EVIEW .—The Administrator shall periodically, but not less often than every 5 years, review each multimedia mitigation program approved under this subparagraph to determine whether it continues to meet the requirements of clause (iii) and shall, after written notice to the State and an opportunity for theState to correct any deficiency in the program, withdraw approval of programs that no longer comply with such requirements.
(v) E XTENSION .—If, within 90 days after the promulgation of an alternative maximum contaminant level under subparagraph (F), the Governor of a State submits a letter to the Administrator committing to develop a multimedia mitigation program under thissubparagraph, the effective date of the national primary drinking water regulation for radon in the State that would be applicable under paragraph (10) shall be extended for a period of 18 months.
(vi) L OCAL PROGRAMS .—In the event that a Statechooses not to submit a multimedia mitigation program for approval under this subparagraph or has submitted a program that has been disapproved, anypublic water system in the State may submit a program for approval by the Administrator according to the same criteria, conditions, and approval processthat would apply to a State program. The Administrator shall approve a multimedia mitigation program if the health risk reduction benefits expected to be achieved by the program are equal to or greater than

the health risk reduction benefits that would result from compliance by the public water system with the maximum contaminant level for radon promulgated under subparagraph (E).
(14) R ECYCLING OF FILTER BACKWASH .—The Administrator shall promulgate a regulation to govern the recycling of filter Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002375 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

backwash water within the treatment process of a public water system. The Administrator shall promulgate such regulation not later than 4 years after the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 unless such recycling has been addressed by the Administrator’s Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule prior to such date.
(15) V ARIANCE TECHNOLOGIES .— (A) I N GENERAL .—At the same time as the Administrator promulgates a national primary drinking water regulation for a contaminant pursuant to this section, the Administrator shall issue guidance or regulations describing the best treatment technologies, treatment techniques, or other means (referred to in this paragraph as ‘‘variance technology’’) for the contaminant that the Administrator finds, after examination for efficacy under field conditions and not solely under laboratory conditions, are availableand affordable, as determined by the Administrator in consultation with the States, for public water systems of varying size, considering the quality of the source water to be treated. The Administrator shall identify such variance technologies for public water systems serving— (i) a population of 10,000 or fewer but more than
3,300; (ii) a population of 3,300 or fewer but more than 500; and (iii) a population of 500 or fewer but more than
25,if, considering the quality of the source water to be treated, no treatment technology is listed for public water systems of that size under paragraph (4)(E). Variance technologies identified by the Administrator pursuant to this paragraph may not achieve compliance with the maximum contaminant level or treatment technique requirement of such regulation, but shall achieve the maximum reduction or inactivation efficiency that is affordable considering the size of the system and the quality of the source water. Theguidance or regulations shall not require the use of a technology from a specific manufacturer or brand.
(B) L IMITATION .—The Administrator shall not identify any variance technology under this paragraph, unless the Administrator has determined, considering the quality of the source water to be treated and the expected useful lifeof the technology, that the variance technology is protective of public health.
(C) ADDITIONAL INFORMATION .—The Administrator shall include in the guidance or regulations identifyingvariance technologies under this paragraph any assumptions supporting the public health determination referred to in subparagraph (B), where such assumptions concern the public water system to which the technology may beapplied, or its source waters. The Administrator shall provide any assumptions used in determining affordability, taking into consideration the number of persons served bysuch systems. The Administrator shall provide as much reQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002376 Sec. 1412 SAFE DRINKING WATER

liable information as practicable on performance, effectiveness, limitations, costs, and other relevant factors including the applicability of variance technology to waters from surface and underground sources.

(D) R EGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE .—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this paragraph and after consultation with the States, the Administrator shall issue guidance or regulations under subparagraph (A) foreach national primary drinking water regulation promulgated prior to the date of enactment of this paragraph for which a variance may be granted under section 1415(e).The Administrator may, at any time after a national primary drinking water regulation has been promulgated,issue guidance or regulations describing additional variance technologies. The Administrator shall, not less often than every 7 years, or upon receipt of a petition supported by substantial information, review variance technologies identified under this paragraph. The Administrator shall issue revised guidance or regulations if new or innovativevariance technologies become available that meet the requirements of this paragraph and achieve an equal orgreater reduction or inactivation efficiency than the variance technologies previously identified under this subparagraph. No public water system shall be required to replacea variance technology during the useful life of the technology for the sole reason that a more efficient variance technology has been listed under this subparagraph.(c) The Administrator shall publish proposed national secondary drinking water regulations within 270 days after the date of enactment of this title. Within 90 days after publication of any such regulation, he shall promulgate such regulation with suchmodifications as he deems appropriate. Regulations under this subsection may be amended from time to time.(d) Regulations under this section shall be prescribed in accordance with section 553 of title 5, United States Code (relatingto rulemaking), except that the Administrator shall provide opportunity for public hearing prior to promulgation of such regulations. In proposing and promulgating regulations under this section, the Administrator shall consult with the Secretary and the National Drinking Water Advisory Council. (e) The Administrator shall request comments from the Science Advisory Board (established under the Environmental Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978) prior to proposal of a maximum contaminant level goal and national primary drinkingwater regulation. The Board shall respond, as it deems appropriate, within the time period applicable for promulgation of thenational primary drinking water standard concerned. This subsection shall, under no circumstances, be used to delay final promulgation of any national primary drinking water standard.

[42 U.S.C. 300g–1] Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002377 Sec. 1413 SAFE DRINKING WATER

STATE PRIMARY ENFORCEMENT RESPONSIBILITY

S EC . 1413. (a) For purposes of this title, a State has primaryenforcement responsibility for public water systems during any period for which the Administrator determines (pursuant to regulations prescribed under subsection (b)) that such State— (1) has adopted drinking water regulations that are no less stringent than the national primary drinking water regulations promulgated by the Administrator under subsections (a) and (b) of section 1412 not later than 2 years after the date on which the regulations are promulgated by the Administrator, except that the Administrator may provide for an extension ofnot more than 2 years if, after submission and review of appropriate, adequate documentation from the State, the Administrator determines that the extension is necessary and justified; (2) has adopted and is implementing adequate proceduresfor the enforcement of such State regulations, including conducting such monitoring and making such inspections as the Administrator may require by regulation;(3) will keep such records and make such reports with respect to its activities under paragraphs (1) and (2) as the Administrator may require by regulation; (4) if it permits variances or exemptions, or both, from the requirements of its drinking water regulations which meet therequirements of paragraph (1), permits such variances and exemptions under conditions and in a manner which is not less stringent than the conditions under, and the manner in, which variances and exemptions may be granted under sections 1415 and 1416; (5) has adopted and can implement an adequate plan forthe provision of safe drinking water under emergency circumstances including earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and other natural disasters, as appropriate; and(6) has adopted authority for administrative penalties (unless the constitution of the State prohibits the adoption of the authority) in a maximum amount— (A) in the case of a system serving a population of more than 10,000, that is not less than $1,000 per day per
violation; and (B) in the case of any other system, that is adequate to ensure compliance (as determined by the State); except that a State may establish a maximum limitation onthe total amount of administrative penalties that may be imposed on a public water system per violation. (b)(1) The Administrator shall, by regulation (proposed within 180 days of the date of the enactment of this title), prescribe themanner in which a State may apply to the Administrator for a determination that the requirements of paragraphs (1), (2), (3), and (4) of subsection (a) are satisfied with respect to the State, the manner in which the determination is made, the period for which the determination will be effective, and the manner in which the Administrator may determine that such requirements are no longer met. Such regulations shall require that before a determination of the Administrator that such requirements are met or are no longer Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002378 Sec. 1414 SAFE DRINKING WATER

met with respect to a State may become effective, the Administrator shall notify such State of the determination and the reasons therefor and shall provide an opportunity for public hearing on the determination. Such regulations shall be promulgated (with such modifications as the Administrator deems appropriate) within 90 days of the publication of the proposed regulations in the Federal Register. The Administrator shall promptly notify in writing thechief executive officer of each State of the promulgation of regulations under this paragraph. Such notice shall contain a copy of the regulations and shall specify a State’s authority under this title when it is determined to have primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems. (2) When an application is submitted in accordance with the Administrator’s regulations under paragraph (1), the Administratorshall within 90 days of the date on which such application is submitted (A) make the determination applied for, or (B) deny the application and notify the applicant in writing of the reasons for his

denial.
(c) I NTERIM P RIMARY E NFORCEMENT AUTHORITY .—A State that has primary enforcement authority under this section with respect to each existing national primary drinking water regulation shall be considered to have primary enforcement authority with respect to each new or revised national primary drinking water regulation during the period beginning on the effective date of a regulationadopted and submitted by the State with respect to the new or revised national primary drinking water regulation in accordancewith subsection (b)(1) and ending at such time as the Administrator makes a determination under subsection (b)(2)(B) with respect to the regulation.

[42 U.S.C. 300g–2]

ENFORCEMENT OF DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS

S EC . 1414. (a)(1)(A) Whenever the Administrator finds duringa period during which a State has primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems (within the meaning of section 1413(a)) that any public water system—(i) for which a variance under section 1415 or an exemption under section 1416 is not in effect, does not comply with any applicable requirement, or(ii) for which a variance under section 1415 or an exemption under section 1416 is in effect, does not comply with any schedule or other requirement imposed pursuant thereto,he shall so notify the State and such public water system and provide such advice and technical assistance to such State and publicwater system as may be appropriate to bring the system into compliance with the requirement by the earliest feasible time.(B) If, beyond the thirtieth day after the Administrator’s notification under subparagraph (A), the State has not commenced appropriate enforcement action, the Administrator shall issue an order under subsection (g) requiring the public water system to comply with such applicable requirement or the Administrator
shall commence a civil action under subsection (b).
(2) E NFORCEMENT IN NONPRIMACY STATES .— Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002379 Sec. 1414 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(A) I N GENERAL .—If, on the basis of information available to the Administrator, the Administrator finds, with respect to a period in which a State does not have primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems, that a public water system in the State—
(i) for which a variance under section 1415 or an exemption under section 1416 is not in effect, does not comply with any applicable requirement; or
(ii) for which a variance under section 1415 or an exemption under section 1416 is in effect, does notcomply with any schedule or other requirement imposed pursuant to the variance or exemption; the Administrator shall issue an order under subsection (g)requiring the public water system to comply with the requirement, or commence a civil action under subsection
(b).
(B) N OTICE .—If the Administrator takes any action pursuant to this paragraph, the Administrator shall notifyan appropriate local elected official, if any, with jurisdiction over the public water system of the action prior to the

time that the action is taken.(b) The Administrator may bring a civil action in the appropriate United States district court to require compliance with any applicable requirement, with an order issued under subsection (g), or with any schedule or other requirement imposed pursuant to a variance or exemption granted under section 1415 or 1416 if— (1) authorized under paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a),

or (2) if requested by (A) the chief executive officer of the State in which is located the public water system which is not in compliance with such regulation or requirement, or (B) the agency of such State which has jurisdiction over compliance bypublic water systems in the State with national primary drinking water regulations or State drinking water regulations. The court may enter, in an action brought under this subsection, such judgment as protection of public health may require, taking into consideration the time necessary to comply and the availability of alternative water supplies; and, if the court determines thatthere has been a violation of the regulation or schedule or other requirement with respect to which the action was brought, the courtmay, taking into account the seriousness of the violation, the population at risk, and other appropriate factors, impose on the violator a civil penalty of not to exceed $25,000 for each day in which such

violation occurs.
(c) N OTICE TO P ERSONS S ERVED .— (1) I N GENERAL .—Each owner or operator of a public water system shall give notice of each of the following to the persons served by the system: (A) Notice of any failure on the part of the public

water system to—(i) comply with an applicable maximum contaminant level or treatment technique requirement of, or a testing procedure prescribed by, a national primary drinking water regulation; or Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002380 Sec. 1414 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(ii) perform monitoring required by section
1445(a). (B) If the public water system is subject to a variance granted under subsection (a)(1)(A), (a)(2), or (e) of section 1415 for an inability to meet a maximum contaminant level requirement or is subject to an exemption granted under section 1416, notice of— (i) the existence of the variance or exemption; and (ii) any failure to comply with the requirements of any schedule prescribed pursuant to the variance or exemption.(C) Notice of the concentration level of any unregulated contaminant for which the Administrator has required public notice pursuant to paragraph (2)(E).
(2) F ORM

, MANNER

, AND FREQUENCY OF NOTICE .— (A) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator shall, by regulation, and after consultation with the States, prescribe the manner, frequency, form, and content for giving notice under this subsection. The regulations shall— (i) provide for different frequencies of notice based

on the differences between violations that are intermittent or infrequent and violations that are continuous or frequent; and(ii) take into account the seriousness of any potential adverse health effects that may be involved.
(B) S TATE REQUIREMENTS .— (i) I N GENERAL .—A State may, by rule, establish alternative notification requirements—(I) with respect to the form and content of notice given under and in a manner in accordance with subparagraph (C); and (II) with respect to the form and content of notice given under subparagraph (D).
(ii) C ONTENTS .—The alternative requirementsshall provide the same type and amount of information as required pursuant to this subsection and regulations issued under subparagraph (A).
(iii) R ELATIONSHIP TO SECTION 1413 .—Nothing in this subparagraph shall be construed or applied to modify the requirements of section 1413.
(C) VIOLATIONS WITH POTENTIAL TO HAVE SERIOUS AD

VERSE EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH .—Regulations issuedunder subparagraph (A) shall specify notification procedures for each violation by a public water system that has the potential to have serious adverse effects on human health as a result of short-term exposure. Each notice of violation provided under this subparagraph shall— (i) be distributed as soon as practicable after the occurrence of the violation, but not later than 24 hours after the occurrence of the violation;(ii) provide a clear and readily understandable explanation of— (I) the violation; Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002381 Sec. 1414 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(II) the potential adverse effects on human health; (III) the steps that the public water system is taking to correct the violation; and (IV) the necessity of seeking alternative water supplies until the violation is corrected; (iii) be provided to the Administrator or the headof the State agency that has primary enforcement responsibility under section 1413 as soon as practicable,

but not later than 24 hours after the occurrence of the violation; and (iv) as required by the State agency in general regulations of the State agency, or on a case-by-case basis after the consultation referred to in clause (iii), considering the health risks involved— (I) be provided to appropriate broadcast media; (II) be prominently published in a newspaper of general circulation serving the area not later than 1 day after distribution of a notice pursuant to clause (i) or the date of publication of the next issue of the newspaper; or(III) be provided by posting or door-to-door notification in lieu of notification by means of broadcast media or newspaper.
(D) WRITTEN NOTICE .— (i) I N GENERAL .—Regulations issued under subparagraph (A) shall specify notification procedures forviolations other than the violations covered by subparagraph (C). The procedures shall specify that a public water system shall provide written notice to each person served by the system by notice (I) in the first bill (if any) prepared after the date of occurrence of the violation, (II) in an annual report issued not later than 1 year after the date of occurrence of the violation, or (III) by mail or direct delivery as soon as practicable, but not later than 1 year after the date of

occurrence of the violation.
(ii) F ORM AND MANNER OF NOTICE .—The Administrator shall prescribe the form and manner of the notice to provide a clear and readily understandable explanation of the violation, any potential adverse health effects, and the steps that the system is taking to seek alternative water supplies, if any, until the violation is

corrected.
(E) UNREGULATED CONTAMINANTS .—The Administratormay require the owner or operator of a public water system to give notice to the persons served by the system ofthe concentration levels of an unregulated contaminant required to be monitored under section 1445(a).
(3) R EPORTS .— (A) ANNUAL REPORT BY STATE .— (i) I N GENERAL .—Not later than January 1, 1998, and annually thereafter, each State that has primary Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002382 Sec. 1414 SAFE DRINKING WATER

enforcement responsibility under section 1413 shallprepare, make readily available to the public, and submit to the Administrator an annual report on violations of national primary drinking water regulationsby public water systems in the State, including violations with respect to (I) maximum contaminant levels,(II) treatment requirements, (III) variances and exemptions, and (IV) monitoring requirements determined to be significant by the Administrator after consultation with the States.
(ii) D ISTRIBUTION .—The State shall publish and distribute summaries of the report and indicate where the full report is available for review.
(B) ANNUAL REPORT BY ADMINISTRATOR .—Not laterthan July 1, 1998, and annually thereafter, the Administrator shall prepare and make available to the public anannual report summarizing and evaluating reports submitted by States pursuant to subparagraph (A) and notices submitted by public water systems serving Indian Tribes provided to the Administrator pursuant to subparagraph (C) or (D) of paragraph (2) and making recommendations concerning the resources needed to improve compliance with this title. The report shall include information about public water system compliance on Indian reservations

and about enforcement activities undertaken and financialassistance provided by the Administrator on Indian reservations, and shall make specific recommendations concerning the resources needed to improve compliance with

this title on Indian reservations.
(4) C ONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORTS BY COMMUNITY WATER

SYSTEMS .— (A) ANNUAL REPORTS TO CONSUMERS .—The Administrator, in consultation with public water systems, environmental groups, public interest groups, risk communication experts, and the States, and other interested parties, shallissue regulations within 24 months after the date of enactment of this paragraph to require each community water system to mail to each customer of the system at least once annually a report on the level of contaminants in the drinking water purveyed by that system (referred to in this paragraph as a ‘‘consumer confidence report’’). Suchregulations shall provide a brief and plainly worded definition of the terms ‘‘maximum contaminant level goal’’,‘‘maximum contaminant level’’, ‘‘variances’’, and ‘‘exemptions’’ and brief statements in plain language regardingthe health concerns that resulted in regulation of each regulated contaminant. The regulations shall also include abrief and plainly worded explanation regarding contaminants that may reasonably be expected to be present in drinking water, including bottled water. The regulations shall also provide for an Environmental Protection Agency

toll-free hotline that consumers can call for more information and explanation. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002383 Sec. 1414 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(B) C ONTENTS OF REPORT .—The consumer confidencereports under this paragraph shall include, but not be limited to, each of the following:
(i) Information on the source of the water purveyed. (ii) A brief and plainly worded definition of the terms ‘‘maximum contaminant level goal’’, ‘‘maximum contaminant level’’, ‘‘variances’’, and ‘‘exemptions’’ as provided in the regulations of the Administrator. (iii) If any regulated contaminant is detected in the water purveyed by the public water system, a statement setting forth (I) the maximum contaminant level goal, (II) the maximum contaminant level, (III) the level of such contaminant in such water system, and (IV) for any regulated contaminant for which

there has been a violation of the maximum contaminant level during the year concerned, the brief statement in plain language regarding the health concerns that resulted in regulation of such contaminant, as provided by the Administrator in regulations under subparagraph (A).(iv) Information on compliance with national primary drinking water regulations, as required by the Administrator, and notice if the system is operating under a variance or exemption and the basis on which the variance or exemption was granted.(v) Information on the levels of unregulated contaminants for which monitoring is required under section 1445(a)(2) (including levels of cryptosporidium and radon where States determine they may be
found).(vi) A statement that the presence of contaminants in drinking water does not necessarily indicate that the drinking water poses a health risk and that more information about contaminants and potentialhealth effects can be obtained by calling the Environmental Protection Agency hotline.A public water system may include such additional information as it deems appropriate for public education. TheAdministrator may, for not more than 3 regulated contaminants other than those referred to in subclause (IV) of clause (iii), require a consumer confidence report underthis paragraph to include the brief statement in plain language regarding the health concerns that resulted in regulation of the contaminant or contaminants concerned, asprovided by the Administrator in regulations under subparagraph (A).
(C) C OVERAGE .—The Governor of a State may determine not to apply the mailing requirement of subparagraph (A) to a community water system serving fewer than 10,000 persons. Any such system shall— (i) inform, in the newspaper notice required by clause (iii) or by other means, its customers that the Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002384 Sec. 1414 SAFE DRINKING WATER

system will not be mailing the report as required by subparagraph (A); (ii) make the consumer confidence report available upon request to the public; and (iii) publish the report referred to in subparagraph (A) annually in one or more local newspapers serving the area in which customers of the system are located.
(D) ALTERNATIVE TO PUBLICATION .—For any community water system which, pursuant to subparagraph (C), isnot required to meet the mailing requirement of subparagraph (A) and which serves 500 persons or fewer, the community water system may elect not to comply with clause(i) or (iii) of subparagraph (C). If the community water system so elects, the system shall, at a minimum— (i) prepare an annual consumer confidence report pursuant to subparagraph (B); and (ii) provide notice at least once per year to each of its customers by mail, by door-to-door delivery, byposting or by other means authorized by the regulations of the Administrator that the consumer confidence report is available upon request.
(E) ALTERNATIVE FORM AND CONTENT .—A State exercising primary enforcement responsibility may establish,by rule, after notice and public comment, alternative requirements with respect to the form and content of consumer confidence reports under this paragraph. (d) Whenever, on the basis of information available to him, the

Administrator finds that within a reasonable time after national secondary drinking water regulations have been promulgated, one or more public water systems in a State do not comply with suchsecondary regulations, and that such noncompliance appears to result from a failure of such State to take reasonable action to assurethat public water systems throughout such State meet such secondary regulations, he shall so notify the State. (e) Nothing in this title shall diminish any authority of a Stateor political subdivision to adopt or enforce any law or regulation respecting drinking water regulations or public water systems, but no such law or regulation shall relieve any person of any requirement otherwise applicable under this title.(f) If the Administrator makes a finding of noncompliance (described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of subsection (a)(1)) with respect to a public water system in a State which has primary enforcement responsibility, the Administrator may, for the purpose of assisting that State in carrying out such responsibility and upon the petitionof such State or public water system or persons served by such system, hold, after appropriate notice, public hearings for the purpose of gathering information from technical or other experts, Federal, State, or other public officials, representatives of such public watersystem, persons served by such system, and other interested persons on— (1) the ways in which such system can within the earliest feasible time be brought into compliance with the regulation or requirement with respect to which such finding was made, and Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002385 Sec. 1414 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(2) the means for the maximum feasible protection of the public health during any period in which such system is not in compliance with a national primary drinking water regulation or requirement applicable to a variance or exemption.On the basis of such hearings the Administrator shall issue recommendations which shall be sent to such State and public watersystem and shall be made available to the public and communications media. (g)(1) In any case in which the Administrator is authorized to bring a civil action under this section or under section 1445 with respect to any applicable requirement, the Administrator also mayissue an order to require compliance with such applicable requirement. (2) An order issued under this subsection shall not take effect, in the case of a State having primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems in that State, until after the Administratorhas provided the State with an opportunity to confer with the Administrator regarding the order. A copy of any order issued under this subsection shall be sent to the appropriate State agency of the State involved if the State has primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems in that State. Any order issued under this subsection shall state with reasonable specificity the nature of the violation. In any case in which an order under this subsection isissued to a corporation, a copy of such order shall be issued to appropriate corporate officers. (3)(A) Any person who violates, or fails or refuses to comply with, an order under this subsection shall be liable to the UnitedStates for a civil penalty of not more than $25,000 per day of violation.(B) In a case in which a civil penalty sought by the Administrator under this paragraph does not exceed $5,000, the penalty shall be assessed by the Administrator after notice and opportunity for a public hearing (unless the person against whom the penaltyis assessed requests a hearing on the record in accordance with section 554 of title 5, United States Code). In a case in which a civil penalty sought by the Administrator under this paragraph exceeds $5,000, but does not exceed $25,000, the penalty shall be assessed by the Administrator after notice and opportunity for a hearing on the record in accordance with section 554 of title 5, United States

Code. (C) Whenever any civil penalty sought by the Administrator under this subsection for a violation of an applicable requirement exceeds $25,000, the penalty shall be assessed by a civil actionbrought by the Administrator in the appropriate United States district court (as determined under the provisions of title 28 of the
United States Code). (D) If any person fails to pay an assessment of a civil penaltyafter it has become a final and unappealable order, or after the appropriate court of appeals has entered final judgment in favor of the Administrator, the Attorney General shall recover the amount for which such person is liable in any appropriate district court ofthe United States. In any such action, the validity and appropriateness of the final order imposing the civil penalty shall not be subject to review. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002386 Sec. 1415 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 Lack of comma so in law. Section 403 of the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 (P.L. 107–188; 116 Stat.594) amended section 1414(i)(1) by inserting ‘‘1433’’ after ‘‘1417’’. The amendment should probably have inserted ‘‘1433,’’ after ‘‘1417,’’. (h) C ONSOLIDATION I NCENTIVE .— (1) I N GENERAL .—An owner or operator of a public water system may submit to the State in which the system is located(if the State has primary enforcement responsibility under section 1413) or to the Administrator (if the State does not have primary enforcement responsibility) a plan (including specific
measures and schedules) for— (A) the physical consolidation of the system with 1 or more other systems; (B) the consolidation of significant management and administrative functions of the system with 1 or more other systems; or (C) the transfer of ownership of the system that may reasonably be expected to improve drinking water quality.
(2) C ONSEQUENCES OF APPROVAL .—If the State or the Administrator approves a plan pursuant to paragraph (1), no enforcement action shall be taken pursuant to this part with respect to a specific violation identified in the approved planprior to the date that is the earlier of the date on which consolidation is completed according to the plan or the date that is 2 years after the plan is approved.
(i) D EFINITION OF APPLICABLE R EQUIREMENT .—In this section, the term ‘‘applicable requirement’’ means— (1) a requirement of section 1412, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417 1 1433, 1441, or 1445; (2) a regulation promulgated pursuant to a section referred to in paragraph (1);(3) a schedule or requirement imposed pursuant to a section referred to in paragraph (1); and (4) a requirement of, or permit issued under, an applicableState program for which the Administrator has made a determination that the requirements of section 1413 have been satisfied, or an applicable State program approved pursuant to this part.

[42 U.S.C. 300g–3]

VARIANCES

S EC . 1415. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of this part, variances from national primary drinking water regulations may be granted as follows:(1)(A) A State which has primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems may grant one or more variances from an applicable national primary drinking waterregulation to one or more public water systems within its jurisdiction which, because of characteristics of the raw water sources which are reasonably available to the systems, cannot meet the requirements respecting the maximum contaminant levels of such drinking water regulation. A variance may be issued to a system on condition that the system install the best Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002387 Sec. 1415 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 Section 501(a)(3) of Public Law 104–182 inserted an additional ‘‘the’’ before the word ‘‘time’’. technology, treatment techniques, or other means, which theAdministrator finds are available (taking costs into consideration), and based upon an evaluation satisfactory to the State

that indicates that alternative sources of water are not reasonably available to the system. The Administrator shall propose and promulgate his finding of the best available technology,treatment techniques or other means available for each contaminant for purposes of this subsection at the time he proposes and promulgates a maximum contaminant level for eachsuch contaminant. The Administrator’s finding of best available technology, treatment techniques or other means for purposes of this subsection may vary depending on the number of persons served by the system or for other physical conditions related to engineering feasibility and costs of compliance withmaximum contaminant levels as considered approprate by Administrator. Before a State may grant a variance under this subparagraph, the State must find that the variance will not result in an unreasonable risk to health. If a State grants a public water system a variance under this subparagraph, the State shall prescribe at the the 1 time the variance is granted,

a schedule for— (i) compliance (including increments of progress) bythe public water system with each contaminant level requirement with respect to which the variance was granted,

and (ii) implementation by the public water system of such additional control measures as the State may require foreach contaminant, subject to such contaminant level requirement, during the period ending on the date compliance with such requirement is required.Before a schedule prescribed by a State pursuant to this subparagraph may take effect, the State shall provide notice and opportunity for a public hearing on the schedule. A noticegiven pursuant to the preceding sentence may cover the prescribing of more than one such schedule and a hearing heldpursuant to such notice shall include each of the schedules covered by the notice. A schedule prescribed pursuant to this subparagraph for a public water system granted a variance shall require compliance by the system with each contaminant level requirement with respect to which the variance was granted asexpeditiously as practicable (as the State may reasonably determine). (B) A State which has primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems may grant to one or more public water systems within its jurisdiction one or more variancesfrom any provision of a national primary drinking water regulation which requires the use of a specified treatment technique with respect to a contaminant if the public water system applying for the variance demonstrates to the satisfaction of the State that such treatment technique is not necessary to protect the health of persons because of the nature of the raw water source of such system. A variance granted under this Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002388 Sec. 1415 SAFE DRINKING WATER

subparagraph shall be conditioned on such monitoring and other requirements as the Administrator may prescribe. (C) Before a variance proposed to be granted by a State under subparagraph (A) or (B) may take effect, such State shall provide notice and opportunity for public hearing on the proposed variance. A notice given pursuant to the preceding sentence may cover the granting of more than one variance and a hearing held pursuant to such notice shall include eachof the variances covered by the notice. The State shall promptly notify the Administrator of all variances granted by it. Such
notification shall contain the reason for the variance (and in the case of a variance under subparagraph (A), the basis for the finding required by that subparagraph before the granting
of the variance) and documentation of the need for the variance. (D) Each public water system’s variance granted by a State under subparagraph (A) shall be conditioned by the State upon compliance by the public water system with the scheduleprescribed by the State pursuant to that subparagraph. The requirements of each schedule prescribed by a State pursuant to that subparagraph shall be enforceable by the State under its laws. Any requirement of a schedule on which a variancegranted under that subparagraph is conditioned may be enforced under section 1414 as if such requirement was part of a national primary drinking water regulation.(E) Each schedule prescribed by a State pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall be deemed approved by the Administrator unless the variance for which it was prescribed is revoked by the Administrator under such subparagraph.
(F) Not later than 18 months after the effective date of theinterim national primary drinking water regulations the Administrator shall complete a comprehensive review of thevariances granted under subparagraph (A) (and schedules prescribed pursuant thereto) and under subparagraph (B) by the States during the one-year period beginning on such effective date. The Administrator shall conduct such subsequent reviews of variances and schedules as he deems necessary to carry out the purposes of this title, but each subsequent review shall be completed within each 3-year period following the completion of the first review under this subparagraph. Before conducting any review under this subparagraph, the Administrator shall publish notice of the proposed review in the Federal Register. Such notice shall (i) provide information respecting the locationof data and other information respecting the variances to be reviewed (including data and other information concerning new scientific matters bearing on such variances), and (ii) advise of the opportunity to submit comments on the variances reviewed and on the need for continuing them. Upon completion of any such review, the Administrator shall publish in the FederalRegister the results of his review together with findings responsive to comments submitted in connection with such review.(G)(i) If the Administrator finds that a State has, in a substantial number of instances, abused its discretion in granting Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002389 Sec. 1415 SAFE DRINKING WATER

variances under subparagraph (A) or (B) or that in a substantial number of cases the State has failed to prescribe schedules in accordance with subparagraph (A), the Administrator shall notify the State of his findings. In determining if a State has abused its discretion in granting variances in a substantial number of instances, the Administrator shall consider the number of persons who are affected by the variances and if the requirements applicable to the granting of the variances were complied with. A notice under this clause shall— (I) identify each public water system with respect to which the finding was made, (II) specify the reasons for the finding, and (III) as appropriate, propose revocations of specificvariances or propose revised schedules or other requirements for specific public water systems granted variances,

or both. (ii) The Administrator shall provide reasonable notice and public hearing on the provisions of each notice given pursuant to clause (i) of this subparagraph. After a hearing on a notice pursuant to such clause, the Administrator shall (I) rescind the finding for which the notice was given and promptly notify theState of such rescission, or (II) promulgate (with such modifications as he deems appropriate) such variance revocations andrevised schedules or other requirements proposed in such notice as he deems appropriate. Not later than 180 days after thedate a notice is given pursuant to clause (i) of this subparagraph, the Administrator shall complete the hearing on the notice and take the action required by the preceding sentence.(iii) If a State is notified under clause (i) of this subparagraph of a finding of the Administrator made with respect to a variance granted a public water system within that State or to a schedule or other requirement for a variance and if, before

a revocation of such variance or a revision of such schedule orother requirement promulgated by the Administrator takes effect, the State takes corrective action with respect to such variance or schedule or other requirement which the Administrator determines makes his finding inapplicable to such variance or schedule or other requirement, the Administrator shall rescind the application of his finding to that variance or schedule or other requirement. No variance revocation or revised schedule or other requirement may take effect before the expiration of 90 days following the date of the notice in which the revocation or revised schedule or other requirement was proposed.(2) If a State does not have primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems, the Administrator shall have the same authority to grant variances in such State as theState would have under paragraph (1) if it had primary enforcement responsibility. (3) The Administrator may grant a variance from anytreatment technique requirement of a national primary drinking water regulation upon a showing by any person that an alternative treatment technique not included in such requirement is at least as efficient in lowering the level of the contaminant with respect to which such requirement was preQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002390 Sec. 1415 SAFE DRINKING WATER

scribed. A variance under this paragraph shall be conditioned on the use of the alternative treatment technique which is the

basis of the variance. (b) Any schedule or other requirement on which a variancegranted under paragraph (1)(B) or (2) of subsection (a) is conditioned may be enforced under section 1414 as if such schedule or other requirement was part of a national primary drinking water regulation. (c) If an application for a variance under subsection (a) is made, the State receiving the application or the Administrator, asthe case may be, shall act upon such application within a reasonable period (as determined under regulations prescribed by the Administrator) after the date of its submission. (d) For purposes of this section, the term ‘‘treatment technique requirement’’ means a requirement in a national primary drinking water regulation which specifies for a contaminant (in accordance with section 1401(1)(C)(ii)) each treatment technique known to the

Administrator which leads to a reduction in the level of such contaminant sufficient to satisfy the requirements of section 1412(b).
(e) S MALL SYSTEM V ARIANCES .— (1) I N GENERAL .—A State exercising primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems under section 1413 (or the Administrator in nonprimacy States) may grant a varianceunder this subsection for compliance with a requirement specifying a maximum contaminant level or treatment technique contained in a national primary drinking water regulation to—(A) public water systems serving 3,300 or fewer persons; and (B) with the approval of the Administrator pursuant to paragraph (9), public water systems serving more than 3,300 persons but fewer than 10,000 persons, if the variance meets each requirement of this subsection.
(2) A VAILABILITY OF VARIANCES .—A public water system may receive a variance pursuant to paragraph (1), if—
(A) the Administrator has identified a variance technology under section 1412(b)(15) that is applicable to the size and source water quality conditions of the public

water system; (B) the public water system installs, operates, and maintains, in accordance with guidance or regulations issued by the Administrator, such treatment technology, treatment technique, or other means; and(C) the State in which the system is located determines that the conditions of paragraph (3) are met.
(3) C ONDITIONS FOR GRANTING VARIANCES .—A variance under this subsection shall be available only to a system— (A) that cannot afford to comply, in accordance with affordability criteria established by the Administrator (orthe State in the case of a State that has primary enforcement responsibility under section 1413), with a national primary drinking water regulation, including compliance through— (i) treatment; (ii) alternative source of water supply; or Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002391 Sec. 1415 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(iii) restructuring or consolidation (unless the Administrator (or the State in the case of a State that has primary enforcement responsibility under section
1413) makes a written determination that restructuring or consolidation is not practicable); and
(B) for which the Administrator (or the State in thecase of a State that has primary enforcement responsibility under section 1413) determines that the terms of thevariance ensure adequate protection of human health, considering the quality of the source water for the system and the removal efficiencies and expected useful life of the treatment technology required by the variance.
(4) C OMPLIANCE SCHEDULES .—A variance granted under this subsection shall require compliance with the conditions of the variance not later than 3 years after the date on which the variance is granted, except that the Administrator (or theState in the case of a State that has primary enforcement responsibility under section 1413) may allow up to 2 additionalyears to comply with a variance technology, secure an alternative source of water, restructure or consolidate if the Administrator (or the State) determines that additional time is necessary for capital improvements, or to allow for financial assistance provided pursuant to section 1452 or any other Federal or State program.
(5) D URATION OF VARIANCES .—The Administrator (or theState in the case of a State that has primary enforcement responsibility under section 1413) shall review each variance granted under this subsection not less often than every 5 yearsafter the compliance date established in the variance to determine whether the system remains eligible for the variance and is conforming to each condition of the variance.
(6) I NELIGIBILITY FOR VARIANCES .—A variance shall not be

available under this subsection for— (A) any maximum contaminant level or treatmenttechnique for a contaminant with respect to which a national primary drinking water regulation was promulgated prior to January 1, 1986; or (B) a national primary drinking water regulation for a microbial contaminant (including a bacterium, virus, or other organism) or an indicator or treatment technique for

a microbial contaminant.
(7) R EGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE .— (A) I N GENERAL .—Not later than 2 years after the date

of enactment of this subsection and in consultation with the States, the Administrator shall promulgate regulationsfor variances to be granted under this subsection. The regulations shall, at a minimum, specify— (i) procedures to be used by the Administrator ora State to grant or deny variances, including requirements for notifying the Administrator and consumers of the public water system that a variance is proposed to be granted (including information regarding the contaminant and variance) and requirements for a Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002392 Sec. 1415 SAFE DRINKING WATER

public hearing on the variance before the variance is granted; (ii) requirements for the installation and proper operation of variance technology that is identified (pursuant to section 1412(b)(15)) for small systems and the financial and technical capability to operate the treatment system, including operator training and certification;(iii) eligibility criteria for a variance for each national primary drinking water regulation, including requirements for the quality of the source water (pursuant to section 1412(b)(15)(A)); and(iv) information requirements for variance applications. (B) AFFORDABILITY CRITERIA .—Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of the Safe DrinkingWater Act Amendments of 1996, the Administrator, in consultation with the States and the Rural Utilities Service of the Department of Agriculture, shall publish information to assist the States in developing affordability criteria. The affordability criteria shall be reviewed by the States not less often than every 5 years to determine if changes are

needed to the criteria.
(8) R EVIEW BY THE ADMINISTRATOR .— (A) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator shall periodicallyreview the program of each State that has primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems undersection 1413 with respect to variances to determine whether the variances granted by the State comply with the requirements of this subsection. With respect to affordability, the determination of the Administrator shall belimited to whether the variances granted by the State comply with the affordability criteria developed by the State.
(B) N OTICE AND PUBLICATION .—If the Administrator determines that variances granted by a State are not in compliance with affordability criteria developed by theState and the requirements of this subsection, the Administrator shall notify the State in writing of the deficiencies and make public the determination.
(9) APPROVAL OF VARIANCES .—A State proposing to granta variance under this subsection to a public water system serving more than 3,300 and fewer than 10,000 persons shall submit the variance to the Administrator for review and approval prior to the issuance of the variance. The Administrator shall approve the variance if it meets each of the requirements of this subsection. The Administrator shall approve or disapprove the variance within 90 days. If the Administrator disapprovesa variance under this paragraph, the Administrator shall notify the State in writing of the reasons for disapproval and the variance may be resubmitted with modifications to address the objections stated by the Administrator.
(10) O BJECTIONS TO VARIANCES .— (A) B Y THE ADMINISTRATOR .—The Administrator may review and object to any variance proposed to be granted Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002393 Sec. 1416 SAFE DRINKING WATER

by a State, if the objection is communicated to the State not later than 90 days after the State proposes to grant the variance. If the Administrator objects to the granting of a variance, the Administrator shall notify the State inwriting of each basis for the objection and propose a modification to the variance to resolve the concerns of the Administrator. The State shall make the recommended modification or respond in writing to each objection. If the State issues the variance without resolving the concerns of the Administrator, the Administrator may overturn the Statedecision to grant the variance if the Administrator determines that the State decision does not comply with this

subsection.

(B) P ETITION BY CONSUMERS .—Not later than 30 days after a State exercising primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems under section 1413 proposes to grant a variance for a public water system, any personserved by the system may petition the Administrator to object to the granting of a variance. The Administrator shall respond to the petition and determine whether to object to the variance under subparagraph (A) not later than 60 days after the receipt of the petition.

(C) T IMING .—No variance shall be granted by a State until the later of the following: (i) 90 days after the State proposes to grant a

variance. (ii) If the Administrator objects to the variance,

the date on which the State makes the recommended modifications or responds in writing to each objection.

[42 U.S.C. 300g–4]

EXEMPTIONS

S EC . 1416. (a) A State which has primary enforcement responsibility may exempt any public water system within the State’s jurisdiction from any requirement respecting a maximum contaminant level or any treatment technique requirement, or from both, of an applicable national primary drinking water regulation upon a finding that— (1) due to compelling factors (which may include economic factors, including qualification of the public water system as asystem serving a disadvantaged community pursuant to section 1452(d)), the public water system is unable to comply with such contaminant level or treatment technique requirement, or to implement measures to develop an alternative source of water supply,(2) the public water system was in operation on the effective date of such contaminant level or treatment technique requirement, a system that was not in operation by that date, only if no reasonable alternative source of drinking water is available to such new system, Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002394 Sec. 1416 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 So in law. The semicolon probably should have been a comma. See the amendment made by section 117(a)(2) of Public Law 104–182.(3) the granting of the exemption will not result in an unreasonable risk to health; 1 and (4) management or restructuring changes (or both) cannot reasonably be made that will result in compliance with this title or, if compliance cannot be achieved, improve the quality of the drinking water. (b)(1) If a State grants a public water system an exemptionunder subsection (a), the State shall prescribe, at the time the exemption is granted, a schedule for—(A) compliance (including increments of progress or measures to develop an alternative source of water supply) by the public water system with each contaminant level requirement or treatment technique requirement with respect to which the exemption was granted, and (B) implementation by the public water system of suchcontrol measures as the State may require for each contaminant, subject to such contaminant level requirement or treatment technique requirement, during the period ending on the date compliance with such requirement is required. Before a schedule prescribed by a State pursuant to this subsection may take effect, the State shall provide notice and opportunity for a public hearing on the schedule. A notice given pursuant to the preceding sentence may cover the prescribing of more than onesuch schedule and a hearing held pursuant to such notice shall include each of the schedules covered by the notice. (2)(A) A schedule prescribed pursuant to this subsection for a public water system granted an exemption under subsection (a) shall require compliance by the system with each contaminant level and treatment technique requirement with respect to which the exemption was granted as expeditiously as practicable (as the State may reasonably determine) but not later than 3 years after the otherwise applicable compliance date established in section
1412(b)(10).(B) No exemption shall be granted unless the public water system establishes that— (i) the system cannot meet the standard without capitalimprovements which cannot be completed prior to the date established pursuant to section 1412(b)(10);(ii) in the case of a system which needs financial assistance for the necessary improvement, the system has enteredinto an agreement to obtain such financial assistance or assistance pursuant to section 1452, or any other Federal or State program is reasonably likely to be available within the period of the exemption; or (iii) the system has entered into an enforceable agreement to become a part of a regional public water system; and the system is taking all practicable steps to meet the standard. (C) In the case of a system which does not serve more than a population of 3,300 and which needs financial assistance for the necessary improvements, an exemption granted under clause (i) or (ii) of subparagraph (B) may be renewed for one or more additional Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002395 Sec. 1416 SAFE DRINKING WATER

2-year periods, but not to exceed a total of 6 years, if the systemestablishes that it is taking all practicable steps to meet the requirements of subparagraph (B).
(D) L IMITATION .—A public water system may not receive an exemption under this section if the system was granted a variance
under section 1415(e). (3) Each public water system’s exemption granted by a Stateunder subsection (a) shall be conditioned by the State upon compliance by the public water system with the schedule prescribed by the State pursuant to this subsection. The requirements of each schedule prescribed by a State pursuant to this subsection shall be enforceable by the State under its laws. Any requirement of aschedule on which an exemption granted under this section is conditioned may be enforced under section 1414 as if such requirement was part of a national primary drinking water regulation.(4) Each schedule prescribed by a State pursuant to this subsection shall be deemed approved by the Administrator unless theexemption for which it was prescribed is revoked by the Administrator under subsection (d)(2) or the schedule is revised by the Administrator under such subsection. (c) Each State which grants an exemption under subsection (a)shall promptly notify the Administrator of the granting of such exemption. Such notification shall contain the reasons for the exemption (including the basis for the finding required by subsection (a)(3) before the exemption may be granted) and document the need for the exemption.
(d)(1) Not later than 18 months after the effective date of theinterim national primary drinking water regulations the Administrator shall complete a comprehensive review of the exemptions granted (and schedules prescribed pursuant thereto) by the States during the one-year period beginning on such effective date. The Administrator shall conduct such subsequent reviews of exemptions and schedules as he deems necessary to carry out the purposes of this title, but each subsequent review shall be completed within each 3-year period following the completion of the first review under this subparagraph. Before conducting any review under thissubparagraph, the Administrator shall publish notice of the proposed review in the Federal Register. Such notice shall (A) provide information respecting the location of data and other information respecting the exemptions to be reviewed (including data and otherinformation concerning new scientific matters bearing on such exemptions), and (B) advise of the opportunity to submit comments on the exemptions reviewed and on the need for continuing them.Upon completion of any such review, the Administrator shall publish in the Federal Register the results of his review together with findings responsive to comments submitted in connection with such

review.(2)(A) If the Administrator finds that a State has, in a substantial number of instances, abused its discretion in granting exemptions under subsection (a) or failed to prescribe schedules in accordance with subsection (b), the Administrator shall notify the State of his finding. In determining if a State has abused its discretion in granting exemptions in a substantial number of instances, theAdministrator shall consider the number of persons who are afQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002396 Sec. 1416 SAFE DRINKING WATER

fected by the exemptions and if the requirements applicable to the granting of the exemptions were complied with. A notice under this subparagraph shall— (i) identify each exempt public water system with respect to which the finding was made, (ii) specify the reasons for the finding, and(iii) as appropriate, propose revocations of specific exemptions or propose revised schedules for specific exempt public water systems, or both.(B) The Administrator shall provide reasonable notice and public hearing on the provisions of each notice given pursuant to subparagraph (A). After a hearing on a notice pursuant to subparagraph (A), the Administrator shall (i) rescind the finding for whichthe notice was given and promptly notify the State of such rescission, or (ii) promulgate (with such modifications as he deems appropriate) such exemption revocations and revised schedules proposed in such notice as he deems appropriate. Not later than 180 days after the date a notice is given pursuant to subparagraph (A), the Administrator shall complete the hearing on the notice and take the action required by the preceding sentence. (C) If a State is notified under subparagraph (A) of a finding of the Administrator made with respect to an exemption granted a public water system within that State or to a schedule prescribed pursuant to such an exemption and if before a revocation of suchexemption or a revision of such schedule promulgated by the Administrator takes effect the State takes corrective action with respect to such exemption or schedule which the Administrator determines makes his finding inapplicable to such exemption or schedule, the Administrator shall rescind the application of his finding to that exemption or schedule. No exemption revocation or revised schedule may take effect before the expiration of 90 days following

the date of the notice in which the revocation or revised schedule was proposed. (e) For purposes of this section, the term ‘‘treatment technique requirement’’ means a requirement in a national primary drinking water regulation which specifies for a contaminant (in accordance with section 1401(1)(C)(ii)) each treatment technique known to the

Administrator which leads to a reduction in the level of such contaminant sufficient to satisfy the requirements of section 1412(b). (f) If a State does not have primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems, the Administrator shall have the sameauthority to exempt public water systems in such State from maximum contaminant level requirements and treatment technique requirements under the same conditions and in the same manner asthe State would be authorized to grant exemptions under this section if it had primary enforcement responsibility. (g) If an application for an exemption under this section is made, the State receiving the application or the Administrator, asthe case may be, shall act upon such application within a reasonable period (as determined under regulations prescribed by the Administrator) after the date of its submission.

[42 U.S.C. 300g–5] Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002397 Sec. 1417 SAFE DRINKING WATER

PROHIBITION ON USE OF LEAD PIPES

, SOLDER

, AND FLUX

S EC . 1417. (a) I N GENERAL .— (1) P ROHIBITIONS .— (A) I N GENERAL .—No person may use any pipe, any pipe or plumbing fitting or fixture, any solder, or any flux, after June 19, 1986, in the installation or repair of— (i) any public water system; or(ii) any plumbing in a residential or nonresidential facility providing water for human consumption, that is not lead free (within the meaning of subsection (d)).
(B) L EADED JOINTS .—Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to leaded joints necessary for the repair of cast iron pipes.
(2) P UBLIC NOTICE REQUIREMENTS .— (A) I N GENERAL .—Each owner or operator of a public water system shall identify and provide notice to personsthat may be affected by lead contamination of their drinking water where such contamination results from either or both of the following:
(i) The lead content in the construction materials of the public water distribution system. (ii) Corrosivity of the water supply sufficient to cause leaching of lead. The notice shall be provided in such manner and form as may be reasonably required by the Administrator. Notice under this paragraph shall be provided notwithstanding the absence of a violation of any national drinking water

standard.
(B) C ONTENTS OF NOTICE .—Notice under this paragraph shall provide a clear and readily understandable explanation of— (i) the potential sources of lead in the drinking

water, (ii) potential adverse health effects, (iii) reasonably available methods of mitigating known or potential lead content in drinking water, (iv) any steps the system is taking to mitigate lead content in drinking water, and(v) the necessity for seeking alternative water supplies, if any.
(3) UNLAWFUL ACTS .—Effective 2 years after the date of enactment of this paragraph, it shall be unlawful— (A) for any person to introduce into commerce any pipe, or any pipe or plumbing fitting or fixture, that is not lead free, except for a pipe that is used in manufacturing or industrial processing; (B) for any person engaged in the business of selling plumbing supplies, except manufacturers, to sell solder or flux that is not lead free; or(C) for any person to introduce into commerce any solder or flux that is not lead free unless the solder or flux bears a prominent label stating that it is illegal to use the solder or flux in the installation or repair of any plumbing providing water for human consumption. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002398 Sec. 1417 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(b) S TATE E NFORCEMENT .— (1) E NFORCEMENT OF PROHIBITION .—The requirements of
subsection (a)(1) shall be enforced in all States effective 24

months after the enactment of this section. States shall enforce such requirements through State or local plumbing codes, or such other means of enforcement as the State may determine to be appropriate.
(2) E NFORCEMENT OF PUBLIC NOTICE REQUIREMENTS .—Therequirements of subsection (a)(2) shall apply in all States effective 24 months after the enactment of this section.
(c) P ENALTIES .—If the Administrator determines that a State isnot enforcing the requirements of subsection (a) as required pursuant to subsection (b), the Administrator may withhold up to 5 percent of Federal funds available to that State for State program grants under section 1443(a).
(d) D EFINITION OF L EAD F REE .—For purposes of this section,

the term ‘‘lead free’’—(1) when used with respect to solders and flux refers to solders and flux containing not more than 0.2 percent lead; (2) when used with respect to pipes and pipe fittings refers to pipes and pipe fittings containing not more than 8.0 percent lead; and(3) when used with respect to plumbing fittings and fixtures, refers to plumbing fittings and fixtures in compliance
with standards established in accordance with subsection (e).
(e) P LUMBING F ITTINGS AND F IXTURES .— (1) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator shall provide accurate and timely technical information and assistance to qualifiedthird-party certifiers in the development of voluntary standards and testing protocols for the leaching of lead from newplumbing fittings and fixtures that are intended by the manufacturer to dispense water for human ingestion.
(2) S TANDARDS .— (A) I N GENERAL .—If a voluntary standard for the leaching of lead is not established by the date that is 1year after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall, not later than 2 years after the date ofenactment of this subsection, promulgate regulations setting a health-effects-based performance standard establishing maximum leaching levels from new plumbing fittings and fixtures that are intended by the manufacturer to dispense water for human ingestion. The standard shall become effective on the date that is 5 years after the date of promulgation of the standard.
(B) ALTERNATIVE REQUIREMENT .—If regulations are required to be promulgated under subparagraph (A) and have not been promulgated by the date that is 5 years after the date of enactment of this subsection, no personmay import, manufacture, process, or distribute in commerce a new plumbing fitting or fixture, intended by the manufacturer to dispense water for human ingestion, that contains more than 4 percent lead by dry weight.

[42 U.S.C. 300g–6] Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002399 Sec. 1418 SAFE DRINKING WATER

MONITORING OF CONTAMINANTS

S EC . 1418. (a) I NTERIM M ONITORING R ELIEF AUTHORITY .— (1) I N GENERAL .—A State exercising primary enforcementresponsibility for public water systems may modify the monitoring requirements for any regulated or unregulated contaminants for which monitoring is required other than microbialcontaminants (or indicators thereof), disinfectants and disinfection byproducts or corrosion byproducts for an interim period to provide that any public water system serving 10,000 persons or fewer shall not be required to conduct additional quarterlymonitoring during an interim relief period for such contaminants if—(A) monitoring, conducted at the beginning of the period for the contaminant concerned and certified to theState by the public water system, fails to detect the presence of the contaminant in the ground or surface water supplying the public water system; and (B) the State, considering the hydrogeology of the area and other relevant factors, determines in writing that thecontaminant is unlikely to be detected by further monitoring during such period.
(2) T ERMINATION ; TIMING OF MONITORING .—The interim relief period referred to in paragraph (1) shall terminate when permanent monitoring relief is adopted and approved for such State, or at the end of 36 months after the date of enactmentof the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996, whichever comes first. In order to serve as a basis for interim relief, the monitoring conducted at the beginning of the period must occur at the time determined by the State to be the time of the public water system’s greatest vulnerability to the contaminant concerned in the relevant ground or surface water, taking into account in the case of pesticides the time of application of the pesticide for the source water area and the travel time for the pesticide to reach such waters and taking into account, in the case of other contaminants, seasonality of precipitation and

contaminant travel time.
(b) P ERMANENT M ONITORING R ELIEF AUTHORITY .— (1) I N GENERAL .—Each State exercising primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems under this title and having an approved source water assessment programmay adopt, in accordance with guidance published by the Administrator, tailored alternative monitoring requirements for public water systems in such State (as an alternative to the monitoring requirements for chemical contaminants set forth in the applicable national primary drinking water regulations)
where the State concludes that (based on data available at the time of adoption concerning susceptibility, use, occurrence, or wellhead protection, or from the State’s drinking water source water assessment program) such alternative monitoring would provide assurance that it complies with the Administrator’s guidelines. The State program must be adequate to assurecompliance with, and enforcement of, applicable national primary drinking water regulations. Alternative monitoring shall Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002400 Sec. 1418 SAFE DRINKING WATER

not apply to regulated microbiological contaminants (or indicators thereof), disinfectants and disinfection byproducts, or corrosion byproducts. The preceding sentence is not intended tolimit other authority of the Administrator under other provisions of this title to grant monitoring flexibility.
(2) GUIDELINES .— (A) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator shall issue, after notice and comment and at the same time as guidelines are issued for source water assessment under section 1453, guidelines for States to follow in proposing alternative monitoring requirements under paragraph (1) for chemicalcontaminants. The Administrator shall publish such guidelines in the Federal Register. The guidelines shall assure that the public health will be protected from drinking water contamination. The guidelines shall require that aState alternative monitoring program apply on a contaminant-by-contaminant basis and that, to be eligible for such alternative monitoring program, a public water system must show the State that the contaminant is not present in the drinking water supply or, if present, it is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level.
(B) D EFINITION .—For purposes of subparagraph (A), the phrase ‘‘reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level’’ means that, although contaminantshave been detected in a water supply, the State has sufficient knowledge of the contamination source and extent of contamination to predict that the maximum contaminantlevel will not be exceeded. In determining that a contaminant is reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level, States shall consider the quality and completeness of data, the length of time covered and the volatility or stability of monitoring results during that time,and the proximity of such results to the maximum contaminant level. Wide variations in the analytical results, or analytical results close to the maximum contaminantlevel, shall not be considered to be reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level.
(3) E FFECT OF DETECTION OF CONTAMINANTS .—The guidelines issued by the Administrator under paragraph (2) shall require that if, after the monitoring program is in effect and operating, a contaminant covered by the alternative monitoringprogram is detected at levels at or above the maximum contaminant level or is no longer reliably or consistently below the maximum contaminant level, the public water system must

either—
(A) demonstrate that the contamination source has

been removed or that other action has been taken to eliminate the contamination problem; or (B) test for the detected contaminant pursuant to the applicable national primary drinking water regulation.
(4) S TATES NOT EXERCISING PRIMARY ENFORCEMENT RE

SPONSIBILITY .—The Governor of any State not exercising primary enforcement responsibility under section 1413 on thedate of enactment of this section may submit to the AdminisQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002401 Sec. 1419 SAFE DRINKING WATER

trator a request that the Administrator modify the monitoring requirements established by the Administrator and applicable to public water systems in that State. After consultation with the Governor, the Administrator shall modify the requirements for public water systems in that State if the request of the Governor is in accordance with each of the requirements of this subsection that apply to alternative monitoring requirementsestablished by States that have primary enforcement responsibility. A decision by the Administrator to approve a requestunder this clause shall be for a period of 3 years and may subsequently be extended for periods of 5 years.
(c) T REATMENT AS NPDWR.—All monitoring relief granted by a State to a public water system for a regulated contaminant under subsection (a) or (b) shall be treated as part of the national primary drinking water regulation for that contaminant.
(d) O THER M ONITORING R ELIEF .—Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect the authority of the States under applicablenational primary drinking water regulations to alter monitoring requirements through waivers or other existing authorities. The Administrator shall periodically review and, as appropriate, revise

such authorities.

[42 U.S.C. 300g–7]

OPERATOR CERTIFICATION

S EC . 1419. (a) GUIDELINES .—Not later than 30 months after the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 and in cooperation with the States, the Administrator shallpublish guidelines in the Federal Register, after notice and opportunity for comment from interested persons, including States andpublic water systems, specifying minimum standards for certification (and recertification) of the operators of community and nontransient noncommunity public water systems. Such guidelines shall take into account existing State programs, the complexity ofthe system, and other factors aimed at providing an effective program at reasonable cost to States and public water systems, taking into account the size of the system.
(b) S TATE P ROGRAMS .—Beginning 2 years after the date on which the Administrator publishes guidelines under subsection (a), the Administrator shall withhold 20 percent of the funds a State

is otherwise entitled to receive under section 1452 unless the State has adopted and is implementing a program for the certification of operators of community and nontransient noncommunity publicwater systems that meets the requirements of the guidelines published pursuant to subsection (a) or that has been submitted in compliance with subsection (c) and that has not been disapproved.
(c) E XISTING P ROGRAMS .—For any State exercising primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems or any other State which has an operator certification program, the guidelines under subsection (a) shall allow the State to enforce such program in lieu of the guidelines under subsection (a) if the State submitsthe program to the Administrator within 18 months after the publication of the guidelines unless the Administrator determines (within 9 months after the State submits the program to the AdminisQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002402 Sec. 1420 SAFE DRINKING WATER

trator) that such program is not substantially equivalent to suchguidelines. In making this determination, an existing State program shall be presumed to be substantially equivalent to the guidelines, notwithstanding program differences, based on the size of systems or the quality of source water, providing the State programmeets the overall public health objectives of the guidelines. If disapproved, the program may be resubmitted within 6 months after receipt of notice of disapproval.
(d) E XPENSE R EIMBURSEMENT .— (1) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator shall provide reimbursement for the costs of training, including an appropriate per diem for unsalaried operators, and certification for personsoperating systems serving 3,300 persons or fewer that are required to undergo training pursuant to this section.
(2) S TATE GRANTS .—The reimbursement shall be provided through grants to States with each State receiving an amountsufficient to cover the reasonable costs for training all such operators in the State, as determined by the Administrator, to the extent required by this section. Grants received by a Statepursuant to this paragraph shall first be used to provide reimbursement for training and certification costs of persons operating systems serving 3,300 persons or fewer. If a State has reimbursed all such costs, the State may, after notice to the Administrator, use any remaining funds from the grant for any of the other purposes authorized for grants under section 1452.
(3) AUTHORIZATION .—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to provide grants for reimbursement under this section $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1997 through 2003.
(4) R ESERVATION .—If the appropriation made pursuant to paragraph (3) for any fiscal year is not sufficient to satisfy the requirements of paragraph (1), the Administrator shall, prior to any other allocation or reservation, reserve such sums as necessary from the funds appropriated pursuant to section1452(m) to provide reimbursement for the training and certification costs mandated by this subsection.

[42 U.S.C. 300g–8]

CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

S EC . 1420. (a) S TATE AUTHORITY FOR N EW SYSTEMS .—A Stateshall receive only 80 percent of the allotment that the State is otherwise entitled to receive under section 1452 (relating to State loan funds) unless the State has obtained the legal authority or other means to ensure that all new community water systems and new nontransient, noncommunity water systems commencing operationafter October 1, 1999, demonstrate technical, managerial, and financial capacity with respect to each national primary drinking water regulation in effect, or likely to be in effect, on the date of commencement of operations.
(b) SYSTEMS IN S IGNIFICANT N ONCOMPLIANCE .— (1) L IST .—Beginning not later than 1 year after the dateof enactment of this section, each State shall prepare, periodically update, and submit to the Administrator a list of commuQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002403 Sec. 1420 SAFE DRINKING WATER

nity water systems and nontransient, noncommunity water systems that have a history of significant noncompliance with this title (as defined in guidelines issued prior to the date of enactment of this section or any revisions of the guidelines that have been made in consultation with the States) and, to the extent practicable, the reasons for noncompliance.
(2) R EPORT .—Not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of this section and as part of the capacity developmentstrategy of the State, each State shall report to the Administrator on the success of enforcement mechanisms and initialcapacity development efforts in assisting the public water systems listed under paragraph (1) to improve technical, managerial, and financial capacity.
(3) W ITHHOLDING .—The list and report under this subsection shall be considered part of the capacity developmentstrategy of the State required under subsection (c) of this section for purposes of the withholding requirements of section 1452(a)(1)(G)(i) (relating to State loan funds).
(c) C APACITY D EVELOPMENT S TRATEGY .— (1) I N GENERAL .—Beginning 4 years after the date of enactment of this section, a State shall receive only— (A) 90 percent in fiscal year 2001; (B) 85 percent in fiscal year 2002; and (C) 80 percent in each subsequent fiscal year,

of the allotment that the State is otherwise entitled to receive under section 1452 (relating to State loan funds), unless theState is developing and implementing a strategy to assist public water systems in acquiring and maintaining technical, managerial, and financial capacity.
(2) C ONTENT .—In preparing the capacity development strategy, the State shall consider, solicit public comment on, and include as appropriate—
(A) the methods or criteria that the State will use to identify and prioritize the public water systems most inneed of improving technical, managerial, and financial capacity;(B) a description of the institutional, regulatory, financial, tax, or legal factors at the Federal, State, or local level that encourage or impair capacity development;(C) a description of how the State will use the authorities and resources of this title or other means to— (i) assist public water systems in complying with national primary drinking water regulations;(ii) encourage the development of partnerships between public water systems to enhance the technical, managerial, and financial capacity of the systems; and (iii) assist public water systems in the training and certification of operators; (D) a description of how the State will establish abaseline and measure improvements in capacity with respect to national primary drinking water regulations and State drinking water law; and(E) an identification of the persons that have an interest in and are involved in the development and implemenQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002404 Sec. 1420 SAFE DRINKING WATER

tation of the capacity development strategy (including allappropriate agencies of Federal, State, and local governments, private and nonprofit public water systems, and public water system customers).
(3) R EPORT .—Not later than 2 years after the date on which a State first adopts a capacity development strategy under this subsection, and every 3 years thereafter, the head of the State agency that has primary responsibility to carry out this title in the State shall submit to the Governor a report that shall also be available to the public on the efficacy of the strategy and progress made toward improving the technical, managerial, and financial capacity of public water systems in

the State.
(4) R EVIEW .—The decisions of the State under this section regarding any particular public water system are not subject to review by the Administrator and may not serve as the basis for withholding funds under section 1452.
(d) F EDERAL A SSISTANCE .— (1) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator shall support the States in developing capacity development strategies.
(2) I NFORMATIONAL ASSISTANCE .— (A) I N GENERAL .—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this section, the Administrator

shall— (i) conduct a review of State capacity development

efforts in existence on the date of enactment of this section and publish information to assist States and public water systems in capacity development efforts;

and (ii) initiate a partnership with States, public water systems, and the public to develop informationfor States on recommended operator certification requirements. (B) P UBLICATION OF INFORMATION .—The Administratorshall publish the information developed through the partnership under subparagraph (A)(ii) not later than 18

months after the date of enactment of this section.
(3) P ROMULGATION OF DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS .—In promulgating a national primary drinking water regulation, the Administrator shall include an analysis of the likely effect of compliance with the regulation on the technical, financial, and managerial capacity of public water systems.
(4) GUIDANCE FOR NEW SYSTEMS .—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this section, the Administrator shall publish guidance developed in consultation with the States describing legal authorities and other means to ensure that all new community water systems and new nontransient,noncommunity water systems demonstrate technical, managerial, and financial capacity with respect to national primary drinking water regulations.
(e) V ARIANCES AND E XEMPTIONS .—Based on information obtained under subsection (c)(3), the Administrator shall, as appropriate, modify regulations concerning variances and exemptions for small public water systems to ensure flexibility in the use of the Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002405 Sec. 1420 SAFE DRINKING WATER

variances and exemptions. Nothing in this subsection shall be interpreted, construed, or applied to affect or alter the requirements

of section 1415 or 1416.
(f) S MALL P UBLIC W ATER SYSTEMS T ECHNOLOGY A SSISTANCE C ENTERS .— (1) GRANT PROGRAM .—The Administrator is authorized to make grants to institutions of higher learning to establish andoperate small public water system technology assistance centers in the United States.
(2) R ESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CENTERS .—The responsibilities of the small public water system technology assistance

centers established under this subsection shall include the conduct of training and technical assistance relating to the information, performance, and technical needs of small public water systems or public water systems that serve Indian Tribes.
(3) APPLICATIONS .—Any institution of higher learning interested in receiving a grant under this subsection shall submitto the Administrator an application in such form and containing such information as the Administrator may require by regulation.
(4) S ELECTION CRITERIA .—The Administrator shall select recipients of grants under this subsection on the basis of the following criteria:(A) The small public water system technology assistance center shall be located in a State that is representative of the needs of the region in which the State is located for addressing the drinking water needs of small and rural

communities or Indian Tribes. (B) The grant recipient shall be located in a regionthat has experienced problems, or may reasonably be foreseen to experience problems, with small and rural public

water systems. (C) The grant recipient shall have access to expertise in small public water system technology management. (D) The grant recipient shall have the capability todisseminate the results of small public water system technology and training programs. (E) The projects that the grant recipient proposes to carry out under the grant are necessary and appropriate. (F) The grant recipient has regional support beyond

the host institution.
(5) C ONSORTIA OF STATES .—At least 2 of the grants under

this subsection shall be made to consortia of States with low population densities.
(6) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS .—There are authorized to be appropriated to make grants under this subsection $2,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1997 through 1999, and $5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2000 through 2003. (g) E NVIRONMENTAL F INANCE C ENTERS .— (1) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator shall provide initialfunding for one or more university-based environmental finance centers for activities that provide technical assistance to State and local officials in developing the capacity of public Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002406 Sec. 1421 SAFE DRINKING WATER

water systems. Any such funds shall be used only for activities that are directly related to this title.
(2) NATIONAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT CLEARINGHOUSE .—The Administrator shall establish a national public water system capacity development clearinghouse to receive and disseminate information with respect to developing, improving, and maintaining financial and managerial capacity at publicwater systems. The Administrator shall ensure that the clearinghouse does not duplicate other federally supported clearinghouse activities.
(3) C APACITY DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES .—The Administrator may request an environmental finance center funded under paragraph (1) to develop and test managerial, financial, and institutional techniques for capacity development. The techniques may include capacity assessment methodologies, manual and computer based public water system rate models and capital planning models, public water system consolidation procedures, and regionalization models.
(4) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS .—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subsection $1,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 1997 through 2003.
(5) L IMITATION .—No portion of any funds made available under this subsection may be used for lobbying expenses.

[42 U.S.C. 300g–9]

PART C—P ROTECTION OF UNDERGROUND S OURCES OF D RINKING
W

ATER

REGULATIONS FOR STATE PROGRAMS

S EC . 1421. (a)(1) The Administrator shall publish proposed regulations for State underground injection control programs within 180 days after the date of enactment of this title. Within 180 days after publication of such proposed regulations, he shall promulgate such regulations with such modifications as he deems appropriate. Any regulation under this subsection may be amended from time

to time. (2) Any regulation under this section shall be proposed and promulgated in accordance with section 553 of title 5, United States Code (relating to rulemaking), except that the Administrator shall provide opportunity for public hearing prior to promulgation of such regulations. In proposing and promulgating regulationsunder this section, the Administrator shall consult with the Secretary, the National Drinking Water Advisory Council, and other appropriate Federal entities and with interested State entities. (b)(1) Regulations under subsection (a) for State undergroundinjection programs shall contain minimum requirements for effective programs to prevent underground injection which endangers drinking water sources within the meaning of subsection (d)(2). Such regulations shall require that a State program, in order to be approved under section 1422—(A) shall prohibit, effective on the date on which the applicable underground injection control program takes effect, any underground injection in such State which is not authorized by Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002407 Sec. 1421 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 So in law. The reference to ‘‘section 1447(b)’’ probably should refer to ‘‘section 1447(a)’’. See the amendment made by section 129 of Public Law 104–182. a permit issued by the State (except that the regulations may permit a State to authorize underground injection by rule);(B) shall require (i) in the case of a program which provides for authorization of underground injection by permit, that the applicant for the permit to inject must satisfy theState that the underground injection will not endanger drinking water sources, and (ii) in the case of a program which provides for such an authorization by rule, that no rule may be promulgated which authorizes any underground injection which endangers drinking water sources; (C) shall include inspection, monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements; and (D) shall apply (i) as prescribed by section 1447(b) 1 , to underground injections by Federal agencies, and (ii) to underground injections by any other person whether or not occurring on property owned or leased by the United States. (2) Regulations of the Administrator under this section forState underground injection control programs may not prescribe requirements which interfere with or impede— (A) the underground injection of brine or other fluidswhich are brought to the surface in connection with oil or natural gas production or natural gas storage operations, or (B) any underground injection for the secondary or tertiary recovery of oil or natural gas, unless such requirements are essential to assure that underground sources of drinking water will not be endangered by such injection. (3)(A) The regulations of the Administrator under this section shall permit or provide for consideration of varying geologic,hydrological, or historical conditions in different States and in different areas within a State.(B)(i) In prescribing regulations under this section the Administrator shall, to the extent feasible, avoid promulgation of requirements which would unnecessarily disrupt State underground injection control programs which are in effect and being enforced in a

substantial number of States.(ii) For the purpose of this subparagraph, a regulation prescribed by the Administrator under this section shall be deemed to disrupt a State underground injection control program only if it would be infeasible to comply with both such regulation and the State underground injection control program.(iii) For the purpose of this subparagraph, a regulation prescribed by the Administrator under this section shall be deemed unnecessary only if, without such regulation, underground sourcesof drinking water will not be endangered by any underground injection.(C) Nothing in this section shall be construed to alter or affect the duty to assure that underground sources of drinking water will not be endangered by any underground injection. (c)(1) The Administrator may, upon application of the Governorof a State which authorizes underground injection by means of permits, authorize such State to issue (without regard to subsection Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002408 Sec. 1421 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(b)(1)(B)(i)) temporary permits for underground injection which may be effective until the expiration of four years after the date of enactment of this title, if—

(A) the Administrator finds that the State has demonstrated that it is unable and could not reasonably have beenable to process all permit applications within the time available;

(B) the Administrator determines the adverse effect on the environment of such temporary permits is not unwarranted;(C) such temporary permits will be issued only with respect to injection wells in operation on the date on which suchState’s permit program approved under this part first takes effect and for which there was inadequate time to process its permit application; and (D) the Administrator determines the temporary permits require the use of adequate safeguards established by rules adopted by him. (2) The Administrator may, upon application of the Governorof a State which authorizes underground injection by means of permits, authorize such State to issue (without regard to subsection (b)(1)(B)(i)), but after reasonable notice and hearing, one or moretemporary permits each of which is applicable to a particular injection well and to the underground injection of a particular fluid and which may be effective until the expiration of four years after the date of enactment of this title, if the State finds, on the record of such hearing—(A) that technology (or other means) to permit safe injection of the fluid in accordance with the applicable underground injection control program is not generally available (taking costs into consideration); (B) that injection of the fluid would be less harmful to health than the use of other available means of disposing of waste or producing the desired product; and (C) that available technology or other means have beenemployed (and will be employed) to reduce the volume and toxicity of the fluid and to minimize the potentially adverse effect of the injection on the public health. (d) For purposes of this part:(1) The term ‘‘underground injection’’ means the subsurface emplacement of fluids by well injection. Such term doesnot include the underground injection of natural gas for purposes of storage. (2) Underground injection endangers drinking watersources if such injection may result in the presence in underground water which supplies or can reasonably be expected to supply any public water system of any contaminant, and if the presence of such contaminant may result in such system’s notcomplying with any national primary drinking water regulation or may otherwise adversely affect the health of persons.

[42 U.S.C. 300h] Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002409 Sec. 1422 SAFE DRINKING WATER

STATE PRIMARY ENFORCEMENT RESPONSIBILITY

S EC . 1422. (a) Within 180 days after the date of enactment of this title, the Administrator shall list in the Federal Register eachState for which in his judgment a State underground injection control program may be necessary to assure that underground injection will not endanger drinking water sources. Such list may be

amended from time to time.
(b)(1)(A) Each State listed under subsection (a) shall within 270 days after the date of promulgation of any regulation under section 1421 (or, if later, within 270 days after such State is firstlisted under subsection (a)) submit to the Administrator an application which contains a showing satisfactory to the Administrator

that the State— (i) has adopted after reasonable notice and public hearings, and will implement, an underground injection control program which meets the requirements of regulations in effect under section 1421; and(ii) will keep such records and make such reports with respect to its activities under its underground injection control program as the Administrator may require by regulation.The Administrator may, for good cause, extend the date for submission of an application by any State under this subparagraph for a period not to exceed an additional 270 days. (B) Within 270 days of any amendment of a regulation under section 1421 revising or adding any requirement respecting State underground injection control programs, each State listed under
subsection (a) shall submit (in such form and manner as the Administrator may require) a notice to the Administrator containing a showing satisfactory to him that the State underground injection control program meets the revised or added requirement.(2) Within ninety days after the State’s application under paragraph (1)(A) or notice under paragraph (1)(B) and after reasonable opportunity for presentation of views, the Administrator shall by rule either approve, disapprove, or approve in part and disapprove in part, the State’s underground injection control program. (3) If the Administrator approves the State’s program underparagraph (2), the State shall have primary enforcement responsibility for underground water sources until such time as the Administrator determines, by rule, that such State no longer meets therequirements of clause (i) or (ii) of paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection. (4) Before promulgating any rule under paragraph (2) or (3) of this subsection, the Administrator shall provide opportunity for public hearing respecting such rule. (c) If the Administrator disapproves a State’s program (or part thereof) under subsection (b)(2), if the Administrator determinesunder subsection (b)(3) that a State no longer meets the requirements of clause (i) or (ii) of subsection (b)(1)(A), or if a State fails to submit an application or notice before the date of expiration of the period specified in subsection (b)(1), the Administrator shall byregulation within 90 days after the date of such disapproval, determination, or expiration (as the case may be) prescribe (and may from time to time by regulation revise) a program applicable to Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002410 Sec. 1423 SAFE DRINKING WATER

such State meeting the requirements of section 1421(b). Such program may not include requirements which interfere with or impede— (1) the underground injection of brine or other fluids which are brought to the surface in connection with oil or natural gas production or natural gas storage operations, or (2) any underground injection for the secondary or tertiary recovery of oil or natural gas, unless such requirements are essential to assure that underground sources of drinking water will not be endangered by such injection.Such program shall apply in such State to the extent that a program adopted by such State which the Administrator determines meets such requirements is not in effect. Before promulgating anyregulation under this section, the Administrator shall provide opportunity for public hearing respecting such regulation. (d) For purposes of this title, the term ‘‘applicable undergroundinjection control program’’ with respect to a State means the program (or most recent amendment thereof) (1) which has beenadopted by the State and which has been approved under subsection (b), or (2) which has been prescribed by the Administrator
under subsection (c).(e) An Indian Tribe may assume primary enforcement responsibility for underground injection control under this section consistent with such regulations as the Administrator has prescribed pursuant to Part C and section 1451 of this Act. The area over which such Indian Tribe exercises governmental jurisdiction need not have been listed under subsection (a) of this section, and suchTribe need not submit an application to assume primary enforcement responsibility within the 270-day deadline noted in subsection (b)(1)(A) of this section. Until an Indian Tribe assumes primary enforcement responsibility, the currently applicable underground injection control program shall continue to apply. If an applicable underground injection control program does not exist for an Indian Tribe, the Administrator shall prescribe such a programpursuant to subsection (c) of this section, and consistent with section 1421(b), within 270 days after the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, unless an Indian Tribefirst obtains approval to assume primary enforcement responsibility for underground injection control.

[42 U.S.C. 300h–1]

ENFORCEMENT OF PROGRAM

S EC . 1423. (a)(1) Whenever the Administrator finds during aperiod during which a State has primary enforcement responsibility for underground water sources (within the meaning of section 1422(b)(3) or section 1425(c)) that any person who is subject to arequirement of an applicable underground injection control program in such State is violating such requirement, he shall so notify the State and the person violating such requirement. If beyond the thirtieth day after the Administrator’s notification the State has not commenced appropriate enforcement action, the Administrator shall issue an order under subsection (c) requiring the person to Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002411 Sec. 1423 SAFE DRINKING WATER

comply with such requirement or the Administrator shall commence a civil action under subsection (b). (2) Whenever the Administrator finds during a period during which a State does not have primary enforcement responsibility forunderground water sources that any person subject to any requirement of any applicable underground injection control program in such State is violating such requirement, the Administrator shall issue an order under subsection (c) requiring the person to comply with such requirement or the Administrator shall commence a civil
action under subsection (b).
(b) C IVIL AND C RIMINAL ACTIONS .—Civil actions referred to inparagraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a) shall be brought in the appropriate United States district court. Such court shall have jurisdiction to require compliance with any requirement of an applicableunderground injection program or with an order issued under subsection (c). The court may enter such judgment as protection ofpublic health may require. Any person who violates any requirement of an applicable underground injection control program or an order requiring compliance under subsection (c)— (1) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $25,000 for each day of such violation, and (2) if such violation is willful, such person may, in addition to or in lieu of the civil penalty authorized by paragraph (1), be imprisoned for not more than 3 years, or fined in accordance with title 18 of the United States Code, or both.
(c) ADMINISTRATIVE O RDERS .—(1) In any case in which the Administrator is authorized to bring a civil action under this section with respect to any regulation or other requirement of this part other than those relating to— (A) the underground injection of brine or other fluidswhich are brought to the surface in connection with oil or natural gas production, or (B) any underground injection for the secondary or tertiary recovery of oil or natural gas,the Administrator may also issue an order under this subsection either assessing a civil penalty of not more than $10,000 for each dayof violation for any past or current violation, up to a maximum administrative penalty of $125,000, or requiring compliance with such regulation or other requirement, or both. (2) In any case in which the Administrator is authorized tobring a civil action under this section with respect to any regulation, or other requirement of this part relating to— (A) the underground injection of brine or other fluidswhich are brought to the surface in connection with oil or natural gas production, or (B) any underground injection for the secondary or tertiary recovery of oil or natural gas,the Administrator may also issue an order under this subsection either assessing a civil penalty of not more than $5,000 for each dayof violation for any past or current violation, up to a maximum administrative penalty of $125,000, or requiring compliance with such regulation or other requirement, or both. (3)(A) An order under this subsection shall be issued by the Administrator after opportunity (provided in accordance with this Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002412 Sec. 1423 SAFE DRINKING WATER

subparagraph) for a hearing. Before issuing the order, the Administrator shall give to the person to whom it is directed written noticeof the Administrator’s proposal to issue such order and the opportunity to request, within 30 days of the date the notice is received by such person, a hearing on the order. Such hearing shall not be subject to section 554 or 556 of title 5, United States Code, but shall provide a reasonable opportunity to be heard and to present

evidence.(B) The Administrator shall provide public notice of, and reasonable opportunity to comment on, any proposed order. (C) Any citizen who comments on any proposed order under subparagraph (B) shall be given notice of any hearing under thissubsection and of any order. In any hearing held under subparagraph (A), such citizen shall have a reasonable opportunity to be heard and to present evidence.(D) Any order issued under this subsection shall become effective 30 days following its issuance unless an appeal is taken pursuant to paragraph (6). (4)(A) Any order issued under this subsection shall state with reasonable specificity the nature of the violation and may specify a reasonable time for compliance. (B) In assessing any civil penalty under this subsection, the Administrator shall take into account appropriate factors, including (i) the seriousness of the violation; (ii) the economic benefit (if any) resulting from the violation; (iii) any history of such violations; (iv) any good-faith efforts to comply with the applicable requirements; (v) the economic impact of the penalty on the violator; and (vi) such other matters as justice may require. (5) Any violation with respect to which the Administrator has commenced and is diligently prosecuting an action, or has issued an order under this subsection assessing a penalty, shall not be subject to an action under subsection (b) of this section or section 1424(c) or 1449, except that the foregoing limitation on civil actions under section 1449 of this Act shall not apply with respect to any

violation for which—
(A) a civil action under section 1449(a)(1) has been filed prior to commencement of an action under this subsection, or
(B) a notice of violation under section 1449(b)(1) has been given before commencement of an action under this subsection
and an action under section 1449(a)(1) of this Act is filed before 120 days after such notice is given.(6) Any person against whom an order is issued or who commented on a proposed order pursuant to paragraph (3) may file an appeal of such order with the United States District Court for the District of Columbia or the district in which the violation is alleged to have occurred. Such an appeal may only be filed within the 30- day period beginning on the date the order is issued. Appellant shall simultaneously send a copy of the appeal by certified mail to the Administrator and to the Attorney General. The Administrator shall promptly file in such court a certified copy of the record on which such order was imposed. The district court shall not set

aside or remand such order unless there is not substantial evidenceon the record, taken as a whole, to support the finding of a violation or, unless the Administrator’s assessment of penalty or reQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002413 Sec. 1424 SAFE DRINKING WATER

quirement for compliance constitutes an abuse of discretion. The district court shall not impose additional civil penalties for the same violation unless the Administrator’s assessment of a penalty constitutes an abuse of discretion. Notwithstanding section 1448(a)(2), any order issued under paragraph (3) shall be subject to judicial review exclusively under this paragraph. (7) If any person fails to pay an assessment of a civil penalty— (A) after the order becomes effective under paragraph (3),

or (B) after a court, in an action brought under paragraph (6), has entered a final judgment in favor of the Administrator, the Administrator may request the Attorney General to bring a civil action in an appropriate district court to recover the amountassessed (plus costs, attorneys’ fees, and interest at currently prevailing rates from the date the order is effective or the date of such final judgment, as the case may be). In such an action, the validity, amount, and appropriateness of such penalty shall not be subject

to review. (8) The Administrator may, in connection with administrative proceedings under this subsection, issue subpoenas compelling the attendance and testimony of witnesses and subpoenas duces tecum, and may request the Attorney General to bring an action to enforceany subpoena under this section. The district courts shall have jurisdiction to enforce such subpoenas and impose sanction. (d) Nothing in this title shall diminish any authority of a Stateor political subdivision to adopt or enforce any law or regulation respecting underground injection but no such law or regulation shall relieve any person of any requirement otherwise applicable under

this title.

[42 U.S.C. 300h–2]

INTERIM REGULATION OF UNDERGROUND INJECTIONS

S EC . 1424. (a)(1) Any person may petition the Administrator to have an area of a State (or States) designated as an area in whichno new underground injection well may be operated during the period beginning on the date of the designation and ending on thedate on which the applicable underground injection control program covering such area takes effect unless a permit for the operation of such well has been issued by the Administrator under subsection (b). The Administrator may so designate an area within a State if he finds that the area has one aquifer which is the soleor principal drinking water source for the area and which, if contaminated, would create a significant hazard to public health.(2) Upon receipt of a petition under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Administrator shall publish it in the Federal Register and shall provide an opportunity to interested persons to submit written data, views, or arguments thereon. Not later than the 30th day following the date of the publication of a petition under this paragraph in the Federal Register, the Administrator shall either make the designation for which the petition is submitted or deny the petition.(b)(1) During the period beginning on the date an area is designated under subsection (a) and ending on the date the applicable Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002414 Sec. 1424 SAFE DRINKING WATER

underground injection control program covering such area takes effect, no new underground injection well may be operated in sucharea unless the Administrator has issued a permit for such operation. (2) Any person may petition the Administrator for the issuanceof a permit for the operation of such a well in such an area. A petition submitted under this paragraph shall be submitted in suchmanner and contain such information as the Administrator may require by regulation. Upon receipt of such a petition, the Administrator shall publish it in the Federal Register. The Administrator shall give notice of any proceeding on a petition and shall provide opportunity for agency hearing. The Administrator shall act upon such petition on the record of any hearing held pursuant to the preceding sentence respecting such petition. Within 120 days of the publication in the Federal Register of a petition submitted under this paragraph, the Administrator shall either issue the permit for which the petition was submitted or shall deny its issuance. (3) The Administrator may issue a permit for the operation ofa new underground injection well in an area designated under subsection (a) only if he finds that the operation of such well will not cause contamination of the aquifer of such area so as to create asignificant hazard to public health. The Administrator may condition the issuance of such a permit upon the use of such control measures in connection with the operation of such well, for which the permit is to be issued, as he deems necessary to assure that the operation of the well will not contaminate the aquifer of thedesignated area in which the well is located so as to create a significant hazard to public health. (c) Any person who operates a new underground injection well in violation of subsection (b), (1) shall be subject to a civil penaltyof not more than $5,000 for each day in which such violation occurs, or (2) if such violation is willful, such person may, in lieu of the civil penalty authorized by clause (1), be fined not more than$10,000 for each day in which such violation occurs. If the Administrator has reason to believe that any person is violating or will violate subsection (b), he may petition the United States district court to issue a temporary restraining order or injunction (including a mandatory injunction) to enforce such subsection.(d) For purposes of this section, the term ‘‘new underground injection well’’ means an underground injection well whose operation was not approved by appropriate State and Federal agencies before

the date of the enactment of this title. (e) If the Administrator determines, on his own initiative orupon petition, that an area has an aquifer which is the sole or principal drinking water source for the area and which, if contaminated, would create a significant hazard to public health, he shall publish notice of that determination in the Federal Register. Afterthe publication of any such notice, no commitment for Federal financial assistance (through a grant, contract, loan guarantee, orotherwise) may be entered into for any project which the Administrator determines may contaminate such aquifer through a recharge zone so as to create a significant hazard to public health,but a commitment for Federal financial assistance may, if authorized under another provision of law, be entered into to plan or deQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002415 Sec. 1425 SAFE DRINKING WATER

sign the project to assure that it will not so contaminate the aquifer.

[42 U.S.C. 300h–3]

OPTIONAL DEMONSTRATION BY STATES RELATING TO OIL OR NATURAL

GAS

S EC . 1425. (a) For purposes of the Administrator’s approval ordisapproval under section 1422 of that portion of any State underground injection control program which relates to— (1) the underground injection of brine or other fluids which are brought to the surface in connection with oil or natural gas production or natural gas storage operations, or (2) any underground injection for the secondary or tertiary recovery of oil or natural gas, in lieu of the showing required under subparagraph (A) of section 1422(b)(1) the State may demonstrate that such portion of the State program meets the requirements of subparagraphs (A)through (D) of section 1421(b)(1) and represents an effective program (including adequate recordkeeping and reporting) to prevent underground injection which endangers drinking water sources. (b) If the Administrator revises or amends any requirement ofa regulation under section 1421 relating to any aspect of the underground injection referred to in subsection (a), in the case of that portion of a State underground injection control program for which the demonstration referred to in subsection (a) has been made, in lieu of the showing required under section 1422(b)(1)(B) the Statemay demonstrate that, with respect to that aspect of such underground injection, the State program meets the requirements of subparagraphs (A) through (D) of section 1421(b)(1) and represents an effective program (including adequate recordkeeping and reporting) to prevent underground injection which endangers drinking water

sources. (c)(1) Section 1422(b)(3) shall not apply to that portion of anyState underground injection control program approved by the Administrator pursuant to a demonstration under subsection (a) ofthis section (and under subsection (b) of this section where applicable). (2) If pursuant to such a demonstration, the Administrator approves such portion of the State program, the State shall have primary enforcement responsibility with respect to that portion untilsuch time as the Administrator determines, by rule, that such demonstration is no longer valid. Following such a determination, theAdministrator may exercise the authority of subsection (c) of section 1422 in the same manner as provided in such subsection with respect to a determination described in such subsection.(3) Before promulgating any rule under paragraph (2), the Administrator shall provide opportunity for public hearing respecting

such rule.

[42 U.S.C. 300h–4] Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002416 Sec. 1426 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 So in law. The ‘‘(a)’’ in section 1426, as amended by section 501(f)(2) of Public Law 104–182,should be deleted because subsection (b) of such section was struck out by section 2021(f) of Public Law 104–66. REGULATION OF STATE PROGRAMS

S EC . 1426. (a) 1 Not later than 18 months after enactment ofthe Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, the Administrator shall modify regulations issued under this Act for Class I injection wells to identify monitoring methods, in addition to those in effect on November 1, 1985, including groundwater monitoring. In accordance with such regulations, the Administrator, or delegatedState authority, shall determine the applicability of such monitoring methods, wherever appropriate, at locations and in such amanner as to proivide the earliest possible detection of fluid migration into, or in the direction of, underground sources of drinking water from such wells, based on its assessment of the potential for fluid migration from the injection zone that may be harmful to human health or the environment. For purposes of this subsection, a class I injection well is defined in accordance with 40 CFR 146.05 as in effect on November 1, 1985.

[42 U.S.C. 300h–5]

SOLE SOURCE AQUIFER DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM

S EC . 1427. (a) PURPOSE .—The purpose of this section is to establish procedures for development, implementation, and assessment of demonstration programs designed to protect critical aquiferprotection areas located within areas designated as sole or principal source aquifers under section 1424(e) of this Act.
(b) D EFINITION .—For purposes of this section, the term ‘‘critical aquifer protection area’’ means either of the following: (1) All or part of an area located within an area for whichan application or designation as a sole or principal source aquifer pursuant to section 1424(e), has been submitted and approved by the Administrator and which satisfies the criteria established by the Administrator under subsection (d).(2) All or part of an area which is within an aquifer designated as a sole source aquifer as of the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 and for which anareawide ground water quality protection plan has been approved under section 208 of the Clean Water Act prior to such

enactment. (c) APPLICATION .—Any State, municipal or local government or political subdivision thereof of any planning entity (including any interstate regional planning entity) that identifies a critical aquifer protection area over which it has authority or jurisdiction mayapply to the Administrator for the selection of such area for a demonstration program under this section. Any applicant shall consultwith other government or planning entities with authority or jurisdiction in such area prior to application. Applicants, other than theGovernor, shall submit the application for a demonstration program jointly with the Governor.
(d) C RITERIA .—Not later than 1 year after the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, the Administratorshall, by rule, establish criteria for identifying critical aquifer proQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002417 Sec. 1427 SAFE DRINKING WATER

tection areas under this section. In establishing such criteria, the Administrator shall consider each of the following: (1) The vulnerability of the aquifer to contamination due to hydrogeologic characteristics. (2) The number of persons or the proportion of population using the ground water as a drinking water source. (3) The economic, social and environmental benefits that would result to the area from maintenance of ground water of high quality. (4) The economic, social and environmental costs that would result from degradation of the quality of the ground

water. (e) C ONTENTS OF APPLICATION .—An application submitted to the Administrator by any applicant for demonstration program under this section shall meet each of the following requirements: (1) The application shall propose boundaries for the critical aquifer protection area within its jurisdiction.(2) The application shall designate or, if necessary, establish a planning entity (which shall be a public agency and which shall include representation of elected local and Stategovernmental officials) to develop a comprehensive management plan (hereinafter in this section referred to as the ‘‘plan’’)for the critical protection area. Where a local government planning agency exists with adequate authority to carry out this section with respect to any proposed critical protection area, such agency shall be designated as the planning entity. (3) The application shall establish procedures for publicparticipation in the development of the plan, for review, approval, and adoption of the plan, and for assistance to municipalities and other public agencies with authority under State law to implement the plan.(4) The application shall include a hydrogeologic assessment of surface and ground water resources within the critical protection area.(5) The application shall include a comprehensive management plan for the proposed protection area.(6) The application shall include the measures and schedule proposed for implementation of such plan.
(f) C OMPREHENSIVE P LAN .— (1) The objective of a comprehensive management plansubmitted by an applicant under this section shall be to maintain the quality of the ground water in the critical protection area in a manner reasonably expected to protect human health, the environment and ground water resources. In orderto achieve such objective, the plan may be designed to maintain, to the maximum extent possible, the natural vegetative and hydrogeological conditions. Each of the following elements shall be included in such a protection plan:(A) A map showing the detailed boundary of the critical protection area. (B) An identification of existing and potential point and nonpoint sources of ground water degradation.(C) An assessment of the relationship between activities on the land surface and ground water quality. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002418 Sec. 1427 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(D) Specific actions and management practices to beimplemented in the critical protection area to prevent adverse impacts on ground water quality. (E) Identification of authority adequate to implement the plan, estimates of program costs, and sources of State matching funds. (2) Such plan may also include the following: (A) A determination of the quality of the existing ground water recharged through the special protection area and the natural recharge capabilities of the special protection area watershed.(B) Requirements designed to maintain existing underground drinking water quality or improve underground drinking water quality if prevailing conditions fail to meet drinking water standards, pursuant to this Act and State

law. (C) Limits on Federal, State, and local government, financially assisted activities and projects which may contribute to degradation of such ground water or any loss of natural surface and subsurface infiltration of purification capability of the special protection watershed.(D) A comprehensive statement of land use management including emergency contingency planning as it pertains to the maintenance of the quality of underground sources of drinking water or to the improvement of suchsources if necessary to meet drinking water standards pursuant to this Act and State law. (E) Actions in the special protection area which wouldavoid adverse impacts on water quality, recharge capabilities, or both.(F) Consideration of specific techniques, which may include clustering, transfer of development rights, and other innovative measures sufficient to achieve the objectives of

this section.
(G) Consideration of the establishment of a State institution to facilitate and assist funding a development transfer credit system. (H) A program for State and local implementation of the plan described in this subsection in a manner that will insure the continued, uniform, consistent protection of the critical protection area in accord with the purposes of this

section. (I) Pollution abatement measures, if appropriate. (g) P LANS UNDER S ECTION 208 OF THE C LEAN W ATER ACT .—A plan approved before the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water

Act Amendments of 1986 under section 208 of the Clean Water Act to protect a sole source aquifer designated under section 1424(e) of this Act shall be considered a comprehensive management plan for the purposes of this section.
(h) C ONSULTATION AND H EARINGS .—During the development ofa comprehensive management plan under this section, the planning entity shall consult with, and consider the comments of, appropriate officials of any municipality and State or Federal agency which has jurisdiction over lands and waters within the special Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002419 Sec. 1427 SAFE DRINKING WATER

protection area, other concerned organizations and technical andcitizen advisory committees. The planning entity shall conduct public hearings at places within the special protection area for the purpose of providing the opportunity to comment on any aspect of the plan.
(i) APPROVAL OR D ISAPPROVAL .—Within 120 days after receiptof an application under this section, the Administrator shall approve or disapprove the application. The approval or disapproval shall be based on a determination that the critical protection area
satisfies the criteria established under subsection (d) and that a demonstration program for the area would provide protection forground water quality consistent with the objectives stated in subsection (f). The Administrator shall provide to the Governor a written explanation of the reasons for the disapproval of any such application. Any petitioner may modify and resubmit any applicationwhich is not approved. Upon approval of an application, the Administrator may enter into a cooperative agreement with the applicant to establish a demonstration program under this section. (j) GRANTS AND R EIMBURSEMENT .—Upon entering a cooperative agreement under subsection (i), the Administrator may provide to the applicant, on a matching basis, a grant of 50 per centum of the costs of implementing the plan established under this section. The Administrator may also reimburse the applicant of an approvedplan up to 50 per centum of the costs of developing such plan, except for plans approved under section 208 of the Clean Water Act. The total amount of grants under this section for any one aquifer, designated under section 1424(e), shall not exceed $4,000,000 in any one fiscal year.
(k) ACTIVITIES F UNDED UNDER O THER LAW .—No funds authorized under this section may be used to fund activities funded under other sections of this Act or the Clean Water Act, the Solid WasteDisposal Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 or other environmental laws.
(l) S AVINGS P ROVISION .—Nothing under this section shall be construed to amend, supersede or abrogate rights to quantities of water which have been established by interstate water compacts, Supreme Court decrees, or State water laws, or any requirementimposed or right provided under any Federal or State environmental or public health statute.
(m) AUTHORIZATION .—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section not more than the following amounts:

Fiscal year: Amount 1987 ................................................................................................. $10,000,000

1988 ................................................................................................. 15,000,000 1989 ................................................................................................. 17,500,000 1990 ................................................................................................. 17,500,000 1991 ................................................................................................. 17,500,000 1992–2003 ....................................................................................... 15,000,000.

Matching grants under this section may also be used to implementor update any water quality management plan for a sole or principal source aquifer approved (before the date of the enactment of this section) by the Administrator under section 208 of the Federal

Water Pollution Control Act.

[42 U.S.C. 300h–6] Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002420 Sec. 1428 SAFE DRINKING WATER

STATE PROGRAMS TO ESTABLISH WELLHEAD PROTECTION AREAS

S EC . 1428. (a) S TATE P ROGRAMS .—The Governor ordir Governor’s designee of each State shall, within 3 years of the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, adopt and submit to the Administrator a State program to protect wellhead areas within their jurisdiction from contaminants which may have any adverse effect on the health of persons. Each State program under this section shall, at a minimum— (1) specify the duties of State agencies, local governmental entities, and public water supply systems with respect to the development and implementation of programs required by this section; (2) for each wellhead, determine the wellhead protectionareas as defined in subsection (e) based on all reasonably available hydrogeologic information on ground water flow, rechargeand discharge and other information the State deems necessary to adequately determine the wellhead protection area;(3) identify within each wellhead protection area all potential anthropogenic sources of contaminants which may have any adverse effect on the health of persons;(4) describe a program that contains, as appropriate, technical assistance, financial assistance, implementation of control measures, education, training, and demonstration projects to protect the water supply within wellhead protection areas from such contaminants; (5) include contingency plans for the location and provisionof alternate drinking water supplies for each public water system in the event of well or wellfield contamination by such contaminants; and (6) include a requirement that consideration be given to all potential sources of such contaminants within the expected wellhead area of a new water well which serves a public water supply system.
(b) P UBLIC PARTICIPATION .—To the maximum extent possible, each State shall establish procedures, including but not limited to the establishment of technical and citizens’ advisory committees, to encourage the public to participate in developing the protection program for wellhead areas and source water assessment programsunder section 1453. Such procedures shall include notice and opportunity for public hearing on the State program before it is submitted to the Administrator.
(c) D ISAPPROVAL .— (1) I N GENERAL .—If, in the judgment of the Administrator, a State program or portion thereof under subsection (a) is notadequate to protect public water systems as required by subsection (a) or a State program under section 1453 or section 1418(b) does not meet the applicable requirements of section 1453 or section 1418(b), the Administrator shall disapprove such program or portion thereof. A State program developedpursuant to subsection (a) shall be deemed to be adequate unless the Administrator determines, within 9 months of the receipt of a State program, that such program (or portion thereof) is inadequate for the purpose of protecting public water sysQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002421 Sec. 1428 SAFE DRINKING WATER

tems as required by this section from contaminants that mayhave any adverse effect on the health of persons. A State program developed pursuant to section 1453 or section 1418(b) shall be deemed to meet the applicable requirements of section
1453 or section 1418(b) unless the Administrator determineswithin 9 months of the receipt of the program that such program (or portion thereof) does not meet such requirements. If the Administrator determines that a proposed State program (or any portion thereof) is disapproved, the Administrator shall

submit a written statement of the reasons for such determination to the Governor of the State.
(2) M ODIFICATION AND RESUBMISSION .—Within 6 monthsafter receipt of the Administrator’s written notice under paragraph (1) that any proposed State program (or portion thereof) is disapproved, the Governor or Governor’s designee, shall modify the program based upon the recommendations of theAdministrator and resubmit the modified program to the Administrator. (d) F EDERAL A SSISTANCE .—After the date 3 years after the enactment of this section, no State shall receive funds authorized tobe appropriated under this section except for the purpose of implementing the program and requirements of paragraphs (4) and (6)
of subsection (a).
(e) D EFINITION OF WELLHEAD P ROTECTION AREA .—As used in this section, the term ‘‘wellhead protection area’’ means the surfaceand subsurface area surrounding a water well or wellfield, supplying a public water system, through which contaminants are reasonably likely to move toward and reach such water well or wellfield. The extent of a wellhead protection area, within a State, necessary to provide protection from contaminants which may have any adverse effect on the health of persons is to be determined by the State in the program submitted under subsection (a). Not later than one year after the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water ActAmendments of 1986, the Administrator shall issue technical guidance which States may use in making such determinations. Such guidance may reflect such factors as the radius of influence around a well or wellfield, the depth of drawdown of the water table by such well or wellfield at any given point, the time or rate of travel of various contaminants in various hydrologic conditions, distance from the well or wellfield, or other factors affecting the likelihood of contaminants reaching the well or wellfield, taking into accountavailable engineering pump tests or comparable data, field reconnaissance, topographic information, and the geology of the formation in which the well or wellfield is located.
(f) P ROHIBITIONS .— (1) ACTIVITIES UNDER OTHER LAWS .—No funds authorized to be appropriated under this section may be used to support activities authorized by the Federal Water Pollution ControlAct, the Solid Waste Disposal Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, or

other sections of this Act.
(2) I NDIVIDUAL SOURCES .—No funds authorized to be appropriated under this section may be used to bring individual sources of contamination into compliance. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002422 Sec. 1428 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(g) I MPLEMENTATION .—Each State shall make every reasonable effort to implement the State wellhead area protection program under this section within 2 years of submitting the program to the

Administrator. Each State shall submit to the Administrator a biennial status report describing the State’s progress in implementing the program. Such report shall include amendments to the State program for water wells sited during the biennial period.
(h) F EDERAL AGENCIES .—Each department, agency, and instrumentality of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Federal Government having jurisdiction over any potential sourceof contaminants identified by a State program pursuant to the provisions of subsection (a)(3) shall be subject to and comply with allrequirements of the State program developed according to subsection (a)(4) applicable to such potential source of contaminants, both substantive and procedural, in the same manner, and to the same extent, as any other person is subject to such requirements, including payment of reasonable charges and fees. The Presidentmay exempt any potential source under the jurisdiction of any department, agency, or instrumentality in the executive branch if the President determines it to be in the paramount interest of the United States to do so. No such exemption shall be granted due tothe lack of an appropriation unless the President shall have specifically requested such appropriation as part of the budgetary processand the Congress shall have failed to make available such requested appropriations.
(i) ADDITIONAL R EQUIREMENT .— (1) I N GENERAL .—In addition to the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, States in which there are more than2,500 active wells at which annular injection is used as of January 1, 1986, shall include in their State program a certification that a State program exists and is being adequately enforced that provides protection from contaminants which may have any adverse effect on the health of persons and which are associated with the annular injection or surface disposal of brines associated with oil and gas production.
(2) D EFINITION .—For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘‘annular injection’’ means the reinjection of brines associated with the production of oil or gas between the production and surface casings of a conventional oil or gas producing well.
(3) R EVIEW .—The Administrator shall conduct a review of each program certified under this subsection.
(4) D ISAPPROVAL .—If a State fails to include the certification required by this subsection or if in the judgment of theAdministrator the State program certified under this subsection is not being adequately enforced, the Administrator shall disapprove the State program submitted under subsection
(a) of this section. (j) C OORDINATION W ITH O THER LAWS .—Nothing in this sectionshall authorize or require any department, agency, or other instrumentality of the Federal Government or State or local governmentto apportion, allocate or otherwise regulate the withdrawal or beneficial use of ground or surface waters, so as to abrogate or modifyany existing rights to water established pursuant to State or Federal law, including interstate compacts. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002423 Sec. 1429 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(k) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS .—Unless the State program is disapproved under this section, the Administrator shallmake grants to the State for not less than 50 or more than 90 percent of the costs incurred by a State (as determined by the Administrator) in developing and implementing each State programunder this section. For purposes of making such grants there is authorized to be appropriated not more than the following amounts:

Fiscal year: Amount 1987 ................................................................................................. $20,000,000

1988 ................................................................................................. 20,000,000 1989 ................................................................................................. 35,000,000 1990 ................................................................................................. 35,000,000 1991 ................................................................................................. 35,000,000 1992–2003 ....................................................................................... 30,000,000.

[42 U.S.C. 300h–7]

STATE GROUND WATER PROTECTION GRANTS

S EC . 1429. (a) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator may make a grant to a State for the development and implementation of a State program to ensure the coordinated and comprehensive protection of ground water resources within the State.
(b) GUIDANCE .—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996, and annually thereafter, the Administrator shall publish guidance that establishes procedures for application for State ground water protection program assistance and that identifies key elements of State ground water protection programs.
(c) C ONDITIONS OF GRANTS .— (1) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator shall award grants toStates that submit an application that is approved by the Administrator. The Administrator shall determine the amount of a grant awarded pursuant to this paragraph on the basis of an assessment of the extent of ground water resources in the State and the likelihood that awarding the grant will result in sustained and reliable protection of ground water quality.
(2) I NNOVATIVE PROGRAM GRANTS .—The Administrator may also award a grant pursuant to this subsection for innovative programs proposed by a State for the prevention of ground

water contamination. (3) ALLOCATION OF FUNDS .—The Administrator shall, at aminimum, ensure that, for each fiscal year, not less than 1 percent of funds made available to the Administrator by appropriations to carry out this section are allocated to each Statethat submits an application that is approved by the Administrator pursuant to this section.
(4) L IMITATION ON GRANTS .—No grant awarded by the Administrator may be used for a project to remediate ground

water contamination. (d) AMOUNT OF GRANTS .—The amount of a grant awarded pursuant to paragraph (1) shall not exceed 50 percent of the eligible costs of carrying out the ground water protection program that is the subject of the grant (as determined by the Administrator) for the 1-year period beginning on the date that the grant is awarded. The State shall pay a State share to cover the costs of the ground Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002424 Sec. 1431 SAFE DRINKING WATER

water protection program from State funds in an amount that is not less than 50 percent of the cost of conducting the program.

(e) E VALUATIONS AND R EPORTS .—Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996, and every 3 years thereafter, the Administrator shall evaluate the State ground water protection programs that are the subject of grants awarded pursuant to this section and report to the Congress on the status of ground water quality in the United States and the effectiveness of State programs for ground water
protection.
(f) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS .—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $15,000,000 for each of
fiscal years 1997 through 2003.

[42 U.S.C. 300h–8]

PART D—E MERGENCY P OWERS

EMERGENCY POWERS

S EC . 1431. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of thistitle, the Administrator, upon receipt of information that a contaminant which is present in or is likely to enter a public water system or an underground source of drinking water, or that there is a threatened or potential terrorist attack (or other intentional act designed to disrupt the provision of safe drinking water or toimpact adversely the safety of drinking water supplied to communities and individuals), which may present an imminent and substantial endangerment to the health of persons, and that appropriate State and local authorities have not acted to protect thehealth of such persons, may take such actions as he may deem necessary in order to protect the health of such persons. To the extent he determines it to be practicable in light of such imminent endangerment, he shall consult with the State and local authorities

in order to confirm the correctness of the information on which action proposed to be taken under this subsection is based and to ascertain the action which such authorities are or will be taking. The action which the Administrator may take may include (but shall not be limited to) (1) issuing such orders as may be necessary toprotect the health of persons who are or may be users of such system (including travelers), including orders requiring the provision of alternative water supplies by persons who caused or contributedto the endangerment, and (2) commencing a civil action for appropriate relief, including a restraining order or permanent or temporary injunction. (b) Any person who violates or fails or refuses to comply with any order issued by the Administrator under subsection (a)(1) may, in an action brought in the appropriate United States district court to enforce such order, be subject to a civil penalty of not to exceed $15,000 for each day in which such violation occurs or failure to
comply continues.

[42 U.S.C. 300i] Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002425 Sec. 1433 SAFE DRINKING WATER

TAMPERING WITH PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS

S EC . 1432. (a) TAMPERING .—Any person who tampers with a public water system shall be imprisoned for not more than 20 years, or fined in accordance with title 18 of the United States Code, or both.
(b) ATTEMPT OR T HREAT .—Any person who attempts to tamper, or makes a threat to tamper, with a public drinking water system be imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or fined in accordance with title 18 of the United States Code, or both.
(c) C IVIL P ENALTY .—The Administrator may bring a civil action in the appropriate United States district court (as determined under the provisions of title 28 of the United States Code) against any person who tampers, attempts to tamper, or makes a threat to tamper with a public water system. The court may impose on suchperson a civil penalty of not more than $1,000,000 for such tampering or not more than $100,000 for such attempt or threat.

(d) D EFINITION OF ‘‘TAMPER’’.—For purposes of this section, the term ‘‘tamper’’ means— (1) to introduce a contaminant into a public water system with the intention of harming persons; or (2) to otherwise interfere with the operation of a public water system with the intention of harming persons.

[42 U.S.C. 300i–1]

SEC. 1433. TERRORIST AND OTHER INTENTIONAL ACTS. (a) VULNERABILITY A SSESSMENTS .—(1) Each community water system serving a population of greater than 3,300 persons shallconduct an assessment of the vulnerability of its system to a terrorist attack or other intentional acts intended to substantially disrupt the ability of the system to provide a safe and reliable supply of drinking water. The vulnerability assessment shall include, but not be limited to, a review of pipes and constructed conveyances,physical barriers, water collection, pretreatment, treatment, storage and distribution facilities, electronic, computer or other automated systems which are utilized by the public water system, the use, storage, or handling of various chemicals, and the operation and maintenance of such system. The Administrator, not later than August 1, 2002, after consultation with appropriate departments and agencies of the Federal Government and with State and local governments, shall provide baseline information to communitywater systems required to conduct vulnerability assessments regarding which kinds of terrorist attacks or other intentional acts are the probable threats to—(A) substantially disrupt the ability of the system to provide a safe and reliable supply of drinking water; or (B) otherwise present significant public health concerns. (2) Each community water system referred to in paragraph (1) shall certify to the Administrator that the system has conducted an assessment complying with paragraph (1) and shall submit to the Administrator a written copy of the assessment. Such certification and submission shall be made prior to:(A) March 31, 2003, in the case of systems serving a population of 100,000 or more. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002426 Sec. 1433 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(B) December 31, 2003, in the case of systems serving a population of 50,000 or more but less than 100,000.(C) June 30, 2004, in the case of systems serving a population greater than 3,300 but less than 50,000. (3) Except for information contained in a certification under this subsection identifying the system submitting the certificationand the date of the certification, all information provided to the Administrator under this subsection and all information derived therefrom shall be exempt from disclosure under section 552 of title

5 of the United States Code. (4) No community water system shall be required under State or local law to provide an assessment described in this section to any State, regional, or local governmental entity solely by reasonof the requirement set forth in paragraph (2) that the system submit such assessment to the Administrator. (5) Not later than November 30, 2002, the Administrator, inconsultation with appropriate Federal law enforcement and intelligence officials, shall develop such protocols as may be necessary to protect the copies of the assessments required to be submitted
under this subsection (and the information contained therein) from unauthorized disclosure. Such protocols shall ensure that—(A) each copy of such assessment, and all information contained in or derived from the assessment, is kept in a secure location; (B) only individuals designated by the Administrator may have access to the copies of the assessments; and (C) no copy of an assessment, or part of an assessment, or

information contained in or derived from an assessment shall be available to anyone other than an individual designated by

the Administrator.At the earliest possible time prior to November 30, 2002, the Administrator shall complete the development of such protocols forthe purpose of having them in place prior to receiving any vulnerability assessments from community water systems under this subsection. (6)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), any individualreferred to in paragraph (5)(B) who acquires the assessment submitted under paragraph (2), or any reproduction of such assessment, or any information derived from such assessment, and who knowingly or recklessly reveals such assessment, reproduction, or

information other than— (i) to an individual designated by the Administrator under paragraph (5), (ii) for purposes of section 1445 or for actions under section
1431, or (iii) for use in any administrative or judicial proceeding to impose a penalty for failure to comply with this section, shall upon conviction be imprisoned for not more than one year or fined in accordance with the provisions of chapter 227 of title 18, United States Code, applicable to class A misdemeanors, or both, and shall be removed from Federal office or employment. (B) Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), an individual referred to in paragraph (5)(B) who is an officer or employee of the United Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002427 Sec. 1433 SAFE DRINKING WATER

States may discuss the contents of a vulnerability assessment submitted under this section with a State or local official. (7) Nothing in this section authorizes any person to withholdany information from Congress or from any committee or subcommittee of Congress.
(b) E MERGENCY R ESPONSE P LAN .—Each community water system serving a population greater than 3,300 shall prepare or revise, where necessary, an emergency response plan that incorporates the results of vulnerability assessments that have been completed. Each such community water system shall certify to the Administrator, as soon as reasonably possible after the enactment of this section, but not later than 6 months after the completion of the vulnerability assessment under subsection (a), that the systemhas completed such plan. The emergency response plan shall include, but not be limited to, plans, procedures, and identification of equipment that can be implemented or utilized in the event of a terrorist or other intentional attack on the public water system.The emergency response plan shall also include actions, procedures, and identification of equipment which can obviate or significantly lessen the impact of terrorist attacks or other intentional actions on the public health and the safety and supply of drinking water provided to communities and individuals. Community water systems shall, to the extent possible, coordinate with existing Local Emergency Planning Committees established under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11001 et seq.) when preparing or revising an emergency response plan under

this subsection.
(c) R ECORD MAINTENANCE .—Each community water system shall maintain a copy of the emergency response plan completedpursuant to subsection (b) for 5 years after such plan has been certified to the Administrator under this section.
(d) GUIDANCE TO S MALL P UBLIC W ATER SYSTEMS .—The Administrator shall provide guidance to community water systems serving a population of less than 3,300 persons on how to conduct vulnerability assessments, prepare emergency response plans, and address threats from terrorist attacks or other intentional actions designed to disrupt the provision of safe drinking water or significantly affect the public health or significantly affect the safety or supply of drinking water provided to communities and individuals.
(e) F UNDING .—(1) There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section not more than $160,000,000 for the fiscal year 2002 and such sums as may be necessary for the fiscal years 2003 through 2005. (2) The Administrator, in coordination with State and local governments, may use funds made available under paragraph (1)to provide financial assistance to community water systems for purposes of compliance with the requirements of subsections (a) and(b) and to community water systems for expenses and contracts designed to address basic security enhancements of critical importance and significant threats to public health and the supply ofdrinking water as determined by a vulnerability assessment conducted under subsection (a). Such basic security enhancements may include, but shall not be limited to the following: Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002428 Sec. 1434 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(A) the purchase and installation of equipment for detection of intruders;(B) the purchase and installation of fencing, gating, lighting, or security cameras; (C) the tamper-proofing of manhole covers, fire hydrants, and valve boxes; (D) the rekeying of doors and locks;(E) improvements to electronic, computer, or other automated systems and remote security systems; (F) participation in training programs, and the purchase of training manuals and guidance materials, relating to security against terrorist attacks;(G) improvements in the use, storage, or handling of various chemicals; and (H) security screening of employees or contractor support

services. Funding under this subsection for basic security enhancements shall not include expenditures for personnel costs, or monitoring, operation, or maintenance of facilities, equipment, or systems. (3) The Administrator may use not more than $5,000,000 from the funds made available under paragraph (1) to make grants to community water systems to assist in responding to and alleviatingany vulnerability to a terrorist attack or other intentional acts intended to substantially disrupt the ability of the system to provide a safe and reliable supply of drinking water (including sources of water for such systems) which the Administrator determines to present an immediate and urgent security need. (4) The Administrator may use not more than $5,000,000 from the funds made available under paragraph (1) to make grants to community water systems serving a population of less than 3,300 persons for activities and projects undertaken in accordance with the guidance provided to such systems under subsection (d).

[42 U.S.C. 300i–2]

SEC. 1434. CONTAMINANT PREVENTION, DETECTION AND RESPONSE. (a) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator, in consultation with theCenters for Disease Control and, after consultation with appropriate departments and agencies of the Federal Government andwith State and local governments, shall review (or enter into contracts or cooperative agreements to provide for a review of) currentand future methods to prevent, detect and respond to the intentional introduction of chemical, biological or radiological contaminants into community water systems and source water for community water systems, including each of the following: (1) Methods, means and equipment, including real time monitoring systems, designed to monitor and detect various levels of chemical, biological, and radiological contaminants or

indicators of contaminants and reduce the likelihood that such contaminants can be successfully introduced into public water systems and source water intended to be used for drinking

water.(2) Methods and means to provide sufficient notice to operators of public water systems, and individuals served by suchsystems, of the introduction of chemical, biological or radioQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002429 Sec. 1435 SAFE DRINKING WATER

logical contaminants and the possible effect of such introduction on public health and the safety and supply of drinking

water. (3) Methods and means for developing educational and awareness programs for community water systems. (4) Procedures and equipment necessary to prevent the flow of contaminated drinking water to individuals served by public water systems. (5) Methods, means, and equipment which could negate or mitigate deleterious effects on public health and the safety and supply caused by the introduction of contaminants into waterintended to be used for drinking water, including an examination of the effectiveness of various drinking water technologies in removing, inactivating, or neutralizing biological, chemical, and radiological contaminants. (6) Biomedical research into the short-term and long-termimpact on public health of various chemical, biological and radiological contaminants that may be introduced into public water systems through terrorist or other intentional acts.
(b) F UNDING .—For the authorization of appropriations to carry out this section, see section 1435(e).

[42 U.S.C. 300i–3]

SEC. 1435. SUPPLY DISRUPTION PREVENTION, DETECTION AND RESPONSE. (a) D ISRUPTION OF S UPPLY OR S AFETY .—The Administrator, in coordination with the appropriate departments and agencies of theFederal Government, shall review (or enter into contracts or cooperative agreements to provide for a review of) methods and means by which terrorists or other individuals or groups could disrupt the supply of safe drinking water or take other actions against watercollection, pretreatment, treatment, storage and distribution facilities which could render such water significantly less safe for human consumption, including each of the following:(1) Methods and means by which pipes and other constructed conveyances utilized in public water systems could bedestroyed or otherwise prevented from providing adequate supplies of drinking water meeting applicable public health standards. (2) Methods and means by which collection, pretreatment, treatment, storage and distribution facilities utilized or used in connection with public water systems and collection and pretreatment storage facilities used in connection with public water systems could be destroyed or otherwise prevented fromproviding adequate supplies of drinking water meeting applicable public health standards.(3) Methods and means by which pipes, constructed conveyances, collection, pretreatment, treatment, storage and distribution systems that are utilized in connection with public water systems could be altered or affected so as to be subject to cross-contamination of drinking water supplies.(4) Methods and means by which pipes, constructed conveyances, collection, pretreatment, treatment, storage and distribution systems that are utilized in connection with public Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002430 Sec. 1441 SAFE DRINKING WATER

water systems could be reasonably protected from terrorist attacks or other acts intended to disrupt the supply or affect the safety of drinking water.(5) Methods and means by which information systems, including process controls and supervisory control and data acquisition and cyber systems at community water systems could be disrupted by terrorists or other groups.
(b) ALTERNATIVE S OURCES .—The review under this sectionshall also include a review of the methods and means by which alternative supplies of drinking water could be provided in the event of the destruction, impairment or contamination of public water

systems. (c) R EQUIREMENTS AND C ONSIDERATIONS .—In carrying out this

section and section 1434—
(1) the Administrator shall ensure that reviews carried outunder this section reflect the needs of community water systems of various sizes and various geographic areas of the United States; and (2) the Administrator may consider the vulnerability of, orpotential for forced interruption of service for, a region or service area, including community water systems that provide service to the National Capital area.
(d) I NFORMATION S HARING .—As soon as practicable after reviews carried out under this section or section 1434 have been evaluated, the Administrator shall disseminate, as appropriate as determined by the Administrator, to community water systems information on the results of the project through the Information Sharing and Analysis Center, or other appropriate means.
(e) F UNDING .—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section and section 1434 not more than $15,000,000 for the fiscal year 2002 and such sums as may be necessary for the fiscal years 2003 through 2005.

[42 U.S.C. 300i–4]

PART E—GENERAL P ROVISIONS

ASSURANCE OF AVAILABILITY OF ADEQUATE SUPPLIES OF CHEMICALS

NECESSARY FOR TREATMENT OF WATER

S EC . 1441. (a) If any person who uses chlorine, activated carbon, lime, ammonia, soda ash, potassium permanganate, caustic soda, or other chemical or substance for the purpose of treating water in any public water system or in any public treatment works

determines that the amount of such chemical or substance necessary to effectively treat such water is not reasonably available tohim or will not be so available to him when required for the effective treatment of such water, such person may apply to the Administrator for a certification (hereinafter in this section referred to as
a ‘‘certification of need’’) that the amount of such chemical or substance which such person requires to effectively treat such water is not reasonably available to him or will not be so available when required for the effective treatment of such water. (b)(1) An application for a certification of need shall be in suchform and submitted in such manner as the Administrator may require and shall (A) specify the persons the applicant determines Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002431 Sec. 1441 SAFE DRINKING WATER

are able to provide the chemical or substance with respect to which the application is submitted, (B) specify the persons from whom the applicant has sought such chemical or substance, and (C) contain such other information as the Administrator may require.(2) Upon receipt of an application under this section, the Administrator shall (A) publish in the Federal Register a notice of the receipt of the application and a brief summary of it, (B) notify inwriting each person whom the President or his delegate (after consultation with the Administrator) determines could be made subjectto an order required to be issued upon the issuance of the certification of need applied for in such application, and (C) provide anopportunity for the submission of written comments on such application. The requirements of the preceding sentence of this paragraph shall not apply when the Administrator for good cause finds (and incorporates the finding with a brief statement of reasons therefor in the order issued) that waiver of such requirements is necessary in order to protect the public health. (3) Within 30 days after— (A) the date a notice is published under paragraph (2) in the Federal Register with respect to an application submitted under this section for the issuance of a certification of need, or(B) the date on which such application is received if as authorized by the second sentence of such paragraph no notice is published with respect to such application, the Administrator shall take action either to issue or deny the

issuance of a certification of need.
(c)(1) If the Administrator finds that the amount of a chemicalor substance necessary for an applicant under an application submitted under this section to effectively treat water in a public water system or in a public treatment works is not reasonably available to the applicant or will not be so available to him whenrequired for the effective treatment of such water, the Administrator shall issue a certification of need. Not later than seven daysfollowing the issuance of such certification, the President or his delegate shall issue an order requiring the provision to such person

of such amounts of such chemical or substance as the Administrator deems necessary in the certification of need issued for such person. Such order shall apply to such manufacturers, producers,processors, distributors, and repackagers of such chemical or substance as the President or his delegate deems necessary and appropriate, except that such order may not apply to any manufacturer,producer, or processor of such chemical or substance who manufactures, produces, or processes (as the case may be) such chemical or substance solely for its own use. Persons subject to an order issuedunder this section shall be given a reasonable opportunity to consult with the President or his delegate with respect to the implementation of the order.(2) Orders which are to be issued under paragraph (1) to manufacturers, producers, and processors of a chemical or substance shall be equitably apportioned, as far as practicable, among allmanufacturers, producers, and processors of such chemical or substance; and orders which are to be issued under paragraph (1) to distributors and repackagers of a chemical or substance shall be equitably apportioned, as far as practicable, among all distributors Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002432 Sec. 1442 SAFE DRINKING WATER

and repackagers of such chemical or substance. In apportioning orders issued under paragraph (1) to manufacturers, producers, processors, distributors, and repackagers of chlorine, the President orhis delegate shall, in carrying out the requirements of the preceding sentence, consider—(A) the geographical relationships and established commercial relationships between such manufacturers, producers, processors, distributors, and repackagers and the persons for whom the orders are issued;(B) in the case of orders to be issued to producers of chlorine, the (i) amount of chlorine historically supplied by eachsuch producer to treat water in public water systems and public treatment works, and (ii) share of each such producer of the total annual production of chlorine in the United States; and (C) such other factors as the President or his delegate maydetermine are relevant to the apportionment of orders in accordance with the requirements of the preceding sentence.(3) Subject to subsection (f), any person for whom a certification of need has been issued under this subsection may upon theexpiration of the order issued under paragraph (1) upon such certification apply under this section for additional certifications. (d) There shall be available as a defense to any action brought for breach of contract in a Federal or State court arising out of delay or failure to provide, sell, or offer for sale or exchange achemical or substance subject to an order issued pursuant to subsection (c)(1), that such delay or failure was caused solely by compliance with such order. (e)(1) Whoever knowingly fails to comply with any order issued pursuant to subsection (c)(1) shall be fined not more than $5,000 for each such failure to comply. (2) Whoever fails to comply with any order issued pursuant to subsection (c)(1) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not more than $2,500 for each such failure to comply.

(3) Whenever the Administrator or the President or his delegate has reason to believe that any person is violating or will violate any order issued pursuant to subsection (c)(1), he may petition a United States district court to issue a temporary restrainingorder or preliminary or permanent injunction (including a mandatory injunction) to enforce the provisions of such order.
(f) No certification of need or order issued under this section may remain in effect for more than one year.

[42 U.S.C. 300j]

RESEARCH

, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

, INFORMATION

, TRAINING OF

PERSONNEL

S EC . 1442. (a)(1) The Administrator may conduct research,studies, and demonstrations relating to the causes, diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of physical and mental diseases andother impairments of man resulting directly or indirectly from contaminants in water, or to the provision of a dependably safe supply of drinking water, including—(A) improved methods (i) to identify and measure the existence of contaminants in drinking water (including methods Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002433 Sec. 1442 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 So in law. Indentation is incorrect.which may be used by State and local health and water officials), and (ii) to identify the source of such contaminants; (B) improved methods to identify and measure the health effects of contaminants in drinking water; (C) new methods of treating raw water to prepare it for drinking, so as to improve the efficiency of water treatment and to remove contaminants from water;(D) improved methods for providing a dependably safe supply of drinking water, including improvements in water purification and distribution, and methods of assessing the health related hazards of drinking water; and (E) improved methods of protecting underground water sources of public water systems from contamination.
(2) 1 I NFORMATION AND RESEARCH FACILITIES .—In carrying out this title, the Administrator is authorized to— (A) collect and make available information pertainingto research, investigations, and demonstrations with respect to providing a dependably safe supply of drinkingwater, together with appropriate recommendations in connection with the information; and (B) make available research facilities of the Agency toappropriate public authorities, institutions, and individuals engaged in studies and research relating to this title.(3) The Administrator shall carry out a study of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination of actual or potential sources of drinking water, contamination of such sources by other substances known or suspected to be harmful to public health, the effects of such contamination, and means of removing, treating, or otherwisecontrolling such contamination. To assist in carrying out this paragraph, the Administrator is authorized to make grants to public agencies and private nonprofit institutions. (4) The Administrator shall conduct a survey and study of— (A) disposal of waste (including residential waste) whichmay endanger underground water which supplies, or can reasonably be expected to supply, any public water systems, and (B) means of control of such waste disposal. Not later than one year after the date of enactment of this title, he shall transmit to the Congress the results of such survey andstudy, together with such recommendations as he deems appropriate.(5) The Administrator shall carry out a study of methods of underground injection which do not result in the degradation of underground drinking water sources. (6) The Administrator shall carry out a study of methods ofpreventing, detecting, and dealing with surface spills of contaminants which may degrade underground water sources for public

water systems.(7) The Administrator shall carry out a study of virus contamination of drinking water sources and means of control of such contamination. (8) The Administrator shall carry out a study of the nature and extent of the impact on underground water which supplies or can Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002434 Sec. 1442 SAFE DRINKING WATER

reasonably be expected to supply public water systems of (A) abandoned injection or extraction wells; (B) intensive application of pesticides and fertilizers in underground water recharge areas; and (C)ponds, pools, lagoons, pits, or other surface disposal of contaminants in underground water recharge areas. (9) The Administrator shall conduct a comprehensive study of public water supplies and drinking water sources to determine the nature, extent, sources of and means of control of contamination by chemicals or other substances suspected of being carcinogenic. Not later than six months after the date of enactment of this title, heshall transmit to the Congress the initial results of such study, together with such recommendations for further review and corrective action as he deems appropriate. (10) The Administrator shall carry out a study of the reaction

of chlorine and humic acids and the effects of the contaminants which result from such reaction on public health and on the safety of drinking water, including any carcinogenic effect.(b) The Administrator is authorized to provide technical assistance and to make grants to States, or publicly owned water systems to assist in responding to and alleviating any emergency situation affecting public water systems (including sources of water forsuch systems) which the Administrator determines to present substantial danger to the public health. Grants provided under this subsection shall be used only to support those actions which (i) arenecessary for preventing, limiting or mitigating danger to the public health in such emergency situation and (ii) would not, in the judgment of the Administrator, be taken without such emergencyassistance. The Administrator may carry out the program authorized under this subparagraph as part of, and in accordance withthe terms and conditions of, any other program of assistance for environmental emergencies which the Administrator is authorized tocarry out under any other provision of law. No limitation on appropriations for any such other program shall apply to amounts appropriated under this subparagraph.
(c) The Administrator shall—(1) provide training for, and make grants for training (including postgraduate training) of (A) personnel of State agencies which have primary enforcement responsibility and ofagencies or units of local government to which enforcement responsibilities have been delegated by the State, and (B) personnel who manage or operate public water systems, and (2) make grants for postgraduate training of individuals (including grants to educational institutions for traineeships)for purposes of qualifying such individuals to work as personnel referred to in paragraph (1).Reasonable fees may be charged for training provided under paragraph (1)(B) to persons other than personnel of State or local agencies but such training shall be provided to personnel of State or local agencies without charge. (d) There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out sub- section (b) not more than $35,000,000 for the fiscal year 2002 and such sums as may be necessary for each fiscal year thereafter.
(e) T ECHNICAL A SSISTANCE .—The Administrator may provide technical assistance to small public water systems to enable such Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002435 Sec. 1443 SAFE DRINKING WATER

systems to achieve and maintain compliance with applicable national primary drinking water regulations. Such assistance may include circuit-rider and multi-State regional technical assistance programs, training, and preliminary engineering evaluations. The Administrator shall ensure that technical assistance pursuant tothis subsection is available in each State. Each nonprofit organization receiving assistance under this subsection shall consult with the State in which the assistance is to be expended or otherwise made available before using assistance to undertake activities to carry out this subsection. There are authorized to be appropriated

to the Administrator to be used for such technical assistance$15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1997 through 2003. No portion of any State loan fund established under section 1452 (relating to State loan funds) and no portion of any funds made available under this subsection may be used for lobbying expenses. Of the total amount appropriated under this subsection, 3 percent shall beused for technical assistance to public water systems owned or operated by Indian Tribes.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–1]

GRANTS FOR STATE PROGRAMS

S EC . 1443. (a)(1) From allotments made pursuant to paragraph(4), the Administrator may make grants to States to carry out public water system supervision programs.(2) No grant may be made under paragraph (1) unless an application therefor has been submitted to the Administrator in such form and manner as he may require. The Administrator may notapprove an application of a State for its first grant under paragraph (1) unless he determines that the State— (A) has established or will establish within one year fromthe date of such grant a public water system supervision program, and(B) will, within that one year, assume primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems within the State.No grant may be made to a State under paragraph (1) for any period beginning more than one year after the date of the State’s firstgrant unless the State has assumed and maintains primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems within the State. The prohibitions contained in the preceding two sentences shall not apply to such grants when made to Indian Tribes. (3) A grant under paragraph (1) shall be made to cover notmore than 75 per centum of the grant recipient’s costs (as determined under regulations of the Administrator) in carrying out, during the one-year period beginning on the date the grant is made, a public water system supervision program. (4) In each fiscal year the Administrator shall, in accordance with regulations, allot the sums appropriated for such year underparagraph (5) among the States on the basis of population, geographical area, number of public water systems, and other relevant factors. No State shall receive less than 1 per centum of the annual appropriation for grants under paragraph (1): Provided, That theAdministrator may, by regulation, reduce such percentage in accordance with the criteria specified in this paragraph: And proQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002436 Sec. 1443 SAFE DRINKING WATER

vided further, That such percentage shall not apply to grants allotted to Guam, American Samoa, or the Virgin Islands. (5) The prohibition contained in the last sentence of paragraph (2) may be waived by the Administrator with respect to a grant to a State through fiscal year 1979 but such prohibition may only be waived if, in the judgment of the Administrator— (A) the State is making a diligent effort to assume and maintain primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems within the State;(B) the State has made significant progress toward assuming and maintaining such primary enforcement responsibility;

and
(C) there is reason to believe the State will assume such primary enforcement responsibility by October 1, 1979. The amount of any grant awarded for the fiscal years 1978 and 1979 pursuant to a waiver under this paragraph may not exceed75 per centum of the allotment which the State would have received for such fiscal year if it had assumed and maintained such primary enforcement responsibility. The remaining 25 per centum of the amount allotted to such State for such fiscal year shall be retained by the Administrator, and the Administrator may award

such amount to such State at such time as the State assumes suchresponsibility before the beginning of fiscal year 1980. At the beginning of each fiscal years 1979 and 1980 the amounts retained by the Administrator for any preceding fiscal year and not awarded by the beginning of fiscal year 1979 or 1980 to the States to which such amounts were originally allotted may be removed from the original allotment and reallotted for fiscal year 1979 or 1980 (asthe case may be) to States which have assumed primary enforcement responsibility by the beginning of such fiscal year. (6) The Administrator shall notify the State of the approval or disapproval of any application for a grant under this section— (A) within ninety days after receipt of such application, or (B) not later than the first day of the fiscal year for which the grant application is made, whichever is later.
(7) AUTHORIZATION .—For the purpose of making grants under paragraph (1), there are authorized to be appropriated $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1997 through 2003.

(8) R ESERVATION OF FUNDS BY THE ADMINISTRATOR .—If the Administrator assumes the primary enforcement responsibilityof a State public water system supervision program, the Administrator may reserve from funds made available pursuant to this subsection an amount equal to the amount that would otherwise have been provided to the State pursuant to this

subsection. The Administrator shall use the funds reservedpursuant to this paragraph to ensure the full and effective administration of a public water system supervision program in

the State.
(9) S TATE LOAN FUNDS .— (A) R ESERVATION OF FUNDS .—For any fiscal year for which the amount made available to the Administrator by appropriations to carry out this subsection is less than the amount that the Administrator determines is necessary to supplement funds made available pursuant to paragraph Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002437 Sec. 1443 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(8) to ensure the full and effective administration of a public water system supervision program in a State, the Administrator may reserve from the funds made available to the State under section 1452 (relating to State loan funds) an amount that is equal to the amount of the shortfall. This paragraph shall not apply to any State not exercisingprimary enforcement responsibility for public water systems as of the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking

Water Act Amendments of 1996.
(B) D UTY OF ADMINISTRATOR .—If the Administrator reserves funds from the allocation of a State under subparagraph (A), the Administrator shall carry out in the State each of the activities that would be required of the Stateif the State had primary enforcement authority under section 1413. (b)(1) From allotments made pursuant to paragraph (4), the Administrator may make grants to States to carry out underground water source protection programs.(2) No grant may be made under paragraph (1) unless an application therefor has been submitted to the Administrator in such form and manner as he may require. No grant may be made to any State under paragraph (1) unless the State has assumed primaryenforcement responsibility within two years after the date the Administrator promulgates regulations for State underground injection control programs under section 1421. The prohibition contained in the preceding sentence shall not apply to such grants

when made to Indian Tribes. (3) A grant under paragraph (1) shall be made to cover notmore than 75 per centum of the grant recipient’s costs (as determined under regulations of the Administrator) in carrying out, during the one-year period beginning on the date the grant is made, an underground water source protection program. (4) In each fiscal year the Administrator shall, in accordance with regulations, allot the sums appropriated for such year underparagraph (5) among the States on the basis of population, geographical area, and other relevant factors. (5) For purposes of making grants under paragraph (1) there are authorized to be appropriated $5,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1976, $7,500,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1977, $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1978 and 1979, $7,795,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1980, $18,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1981, and $21,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982. For the
purpose of making grants under paragraph (1) there are authorized to be appropriated not more than the following amounts:

Fiscal year: Amount 1987 ................................................................................................. $19,700,000

1988 ................................................................................................. 19,700,000
1989 ................................................................................................. 20,850,000
1990 ................................................................................................. 20,850,000
1991 ................................................................................................. 20,850,000
1992–2003 ....................................................................................... 15,000,000.

(c) For purposes of this section: Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002438 Sec. 1444 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(1) The term ‘‘public water system supervision program’’ means a program for the adoption and enforcement of drinking water regulations (with such variances and exemptions from such regulations under conditions and in a manner which is not less stringent than the conditions under, and the mannerin, which variances and exemptions may be granted under sections 1415 and 1416) which are no less stringent than the national primary drinking water regulations under section 1412, and for keeping records and making reports required by section
1413(a)(3).(2) The term ‘‘underground water source protection program’’ means a program for the adoption and enforcement of a program which meets the requirements of regulations undersection 1421 and for keeping records and making reports required by section 1422(b)(1)(A)(ii). Such term includes, where applicable, a program which meets the requirements of section

1425.
(d) N EW YORK C ITY W ATERSHED P ROTECTION P ROGRAM .— (1) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator is authorized to provide financial assistance to the State of New York for demonstration projects implemented as part of the watershed program for the protection and enhancement of the quality ofsource waters of the New York City water supply system, including projects that demonstrate, assess, or provide for comprehensive monitoring and surveillance and projects necessary to comply with the criteria for avoiding filtration contained in 40 CFR 141.71. Demonstration projects which shall be eligible

for financial assistance shall be certified to the Administrator by the State of New York as satisfying the purposes of this subsection. In certifying projects to the Administrator, the State of New York shall give priority to monitoring projects that have undergone peer review.
(2) R EPORT .—Not later than 5 years after the date on which the Administrator first provides assistance pursuant to this paragraph, the Governor of the State of New York shall submit a report to the Administrator on the results of projects

assisted.
(3) MATCHING REQUIREMENTS .—Federal assistance provided under this subsection shall not exceed 50 percent of the total cost of the protection program being carried out for any particular watershed or ground water recharge area.
(4) AUTHORIZATION .—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to carry out this subsection for each of fiscal years 1997 through 2003, $15,000,000 for the
purpose of providing assistance to the State of New York to carry out paragraph (1).

[42 U.S.C. 300j–2]

SPECIAL STUDY AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECT GRANTS ; GUARANTEED

LOANS

S EC . 1444. (a) The Administrator may make grants to any person for the purposes of— Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002439 Sec. 1444 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(1) assisting in the development and demonstration (including construction) of any project which will demonstrate anew or improved method, approach, or technology, for providing a dependably safe supply of drinking water to the public; and(2) assisting in the development and demonstration (including construction) of any project which will investigate and demonstrate health implications involved in the reclamation,recycling, and reuse of waste waters for drinking and the processes and methods for the preparation of safe and acceptable drinking water. (b) Grants made by the Administrator under this section shall be subject to the following limitations:
(1) Grants under this section shall not exceed 66 2 ⁄

3 per centum of the total cost of construction of any facility and 75per centum of any other costs, as determined by the Administrator. (2) Grants under this section shall not be made for anyproject involving the construction or modification of any facilities for any public water system in a State unless such projecthas been approved by the State agency charged with the responsibility for safety of drinking water (or if there is no such agency in a State, by the State health authority). (3) Grants under this section shall not be made for any project unless the Administrator determines, after consulting the National Drinking Water Advisory Council, that such project will serve a useful purpose relating to the development and demonstration of new or improved techniques, methods, or technologies for the provision of safe water to the public for drinking. (4) Priority for grants under this section shall be given where there are known or potential public health hazards which require advanced technology for the removal of particleswhich are too small to be removed by ordinary treatment technology. (c) For the purposes of making grants under subsections (a) and (b) of this section there are authorized to be appropriated $7,500,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1975; and $7,500,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1976; and $10,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1977. (d) The Administrator during the fiscal years ending June 30, 1975, and June 30, 1976, shall carry out a program of guaranteeing loans made by private lenders to small public water systems for thepurpose of enabling such systems to meet national primary drinking water regulations prescribed under section 1412. No such guarantee may be made with respect to a system unless (1) such system cannot reasonably obtain financial assistance necessary to complywith such regulations from any other source, and (2) the Administrator determines that any facilities constructed with a loan guaranteed under this subsection is not likely to be made obsolete by subsequent changes in primary regulations. The aggregate amountof indebtedness guaranteed with respect to any system may not exceed $50,000. The aggregate amount of indebtedness guaranteed Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002440 Sec. 1445 SAFE DRINKING WATER

under this subsection may not exceed $50,000,000. The Administrator shall prescribe regulations to carry out this subsection.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–3]

RECORDS AND INSPECTIONS

S EC . 1445. (a)(1)(A) Every person who is subject to any requirement of this title or who is a grantee, shall establish and maintainsuch records, make such reports, conduct such monitoring, and provide such information as the Administrator may reasonably requireby regulation to assist the Administrator in establishing regulations under this title, in determining whether such person has acted or is acting in compliance with this title, in administering any program of financial assistance under this title, in evaluating the health risks of unregulated contaminants, or in advising the public of such risks. In requiring a public water system to monitorunder this subsection, the Administrator may take into consideration the system size and the contaminants likely to be found in the system’s drinking water. (B) Every person who is subject to a national primary drinking water regulation under section 1412 shall provide such information as the Administrator may reasonably require, after consultation with the State in which such person is located if such State has primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems, on a case-by-case basis, to determine whether such person has acted or is acting in compliance with this title. (C) Every person who is subject to a national primary drinking water regulation under section 1412 shall provide such informationas the Administrator may reasonably require to assist the Administrator in establishing regulations under section 1412 of this title,after consultation with States and suppliers of water. The Administrator may not require under this subparagraph the installation of treatment equipment or process changes, the testing of treatmenttechnology, or the analysis or processing of monitoring samples, except where the Administrator provides the funding for such activities. Before exercising this authority, the Administrator shall first seek to obtain the information by voluntary submission. (D) The Administrator shall not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this subparagraph, after consultation withpublic health experts, representatives of the general public, and officials of State and local governments, review the monitoring requirements for not fewer than 12 contaminants identified by the Administrator, and promulgate any necessary modifications.
(2) M ONITORING PROGRAM FOR UNREGULATED CONTAMI

NANTS .— (A) E STABLISHMENT .—The Administrator shall promulgate regulations establishing the criteria for a monitoring program for unregulated contaminants. The regulations shall require monitoring of drinking water supplied by public water systems and shall vary the frequency and schedule for monitoring requirements for systems based on the number of persons served by the system, the source of supply, and the contaminants likely to be found, ensuring Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002441 Sec. 1445 SAFE DRINKING WATER

that only a representative sample of systems serving 10,000 persons or fewer are required to monitor.
(B) M ONITORING PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN UNREGULATED

CONTAMINANTS .— (i) I NITIAL LIST .—Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 and every 5 years thereafter, theAdministrator shall issue a list pursuant to subparagraph (A) of not more than 30 unregulated contaminants to be monitored by public water systems and to be included in the national drinking water occurrence data base maintained pursuant to subsection (g).
(ii) G OVERNORS ’ PETITION .—The Administrator shall include among the list of contaminants for whichmonitoring is required under this paragraph each contaminant recommended in a petition signed by theGovernor of each of 7 or more States, unless the Administrator determines that the action would prevent the listing of other contaminants of a higher public

health concern.
(C) M ONITORING PLAN FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SYS

-

TEMS .— (i) I N GENERAL .—Based on the regulations promulgated by the Administrator, each State may develop arepresentative monitoring plan to assess the occurrence of unregulated contaminants in public water systems that serve a population of 10,000 or fewer inthat State. The plan shall require monitoring for systems representative of different sizes, types, and geographic locations in the State.
(ii) GRANTS FOR SMALL SYSTEM COSTS .—From funds reserved under section 1452(o) or appropriated under subparagraph (H), the Administrator shall pay the reasonable cost of such testing and laboratory analysis as are necessary to carry out monitoring under the plan.
(D) M ONITORING RESULTS .—Each public water system that conducts monitoring of unregulated contaminants pursuant to this paragraph shall provide the results of the monitoring to the primary enforcement authority for the

system. (E) N OTIFICATION .—Notification of the availability ofthe results of monitoring programs required under paragraph (2)(A) shall be given to the persons served by the

system. (F) W AIVER OF MONITORING REQUIREMENT .—The Administrator shall waive the requirement for monitoring for a contaminant under this paragraph in a State, if theState demonstrates that the criteria for listing the contaminant do not apply in that State.
(G) ANALYTICAL METHODS .—The State may use screening methods approved by the Administrator under subsection (i) in lieu of monitoring for particular contaminants under this paragraph. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002442 Sec. 1445 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(H) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS .—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this paragraph $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1997 through 2003. (b)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Administrator, or representatives of the Administrator duly designated by him, upon presenting appropriate credentials and a written notice toany supplier of water or other person subject to (A) a national primary drinking water regulation prescribed under section 1412, (B)an applicable underground injection control program, or (C) any requirement to monitor an unregulated contaminant pursuant to subsection (a), or person in charge of any of the property of such supplier or other person referred to in clause (A), (B), or (C), is authorized to enter any establishment, facility, or other property of suchsupplier or other person in order to determine whether such supplier or other person has acted or is acting in compliance with this title, including for this purpose, inspection, at reasonable times, of records, files, papers, processes, controls, and facilities, or in order to test any feature of a public water system, including its raw water source. The Administrator or the Comptroller General (or any representative designated by either) shall have access for thepurpose of audit and examination to any records, reports, or information of a grantee which are required to be maintained under subsection (a) or which are pertinent to any financial assistance

under this title.(2) No entry may be made under the first sentence of paragraph (1) in an establishment, facility, or other property of a supplier of water or other person subject to a national primary drinking water regulation if the establishment, facility, or other property is located in a State which has primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems unless, before written notice of such entry is made, the Administrator (or his representative) notifies the State agency charged with responsibility for safe drinking water of the reasons for such entry. The Administrator shall, upon a showing bythe State agency that such an entry will be detrimental to the administration of the State’s program of primary enforcement responsibility, take such showing into consideration in determining whether to make such entry. No State agency which receives noticeunder this paragraph of an entry proposed to be made under paragraph (1) may use the information contained in the notice to informthe person whose property is proposed to be entered of the proposed entry; and if a State agency so uses such information, notice to the agency under this paragraph is not required until such timeas the Administrator determines the agency has provided him satisfactory assurances that it will no longer so use information contained in a notice under this paragraph. (c) Whoever fails or refuses to comply with any requirement ofsubsection (a) or to allow the Administrator, the Comptroller General, or representatives of either, to enter and conduct any audit or inspection authorized by subsection (b) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not to exceed $25,000. (d)(1) Subject to paragraph (2), upon a showing satisfactory to the Administrator by any person that any information required under this section from such person, if made public, would divulge trade secrets or secret processes of such person, the Administrator Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002443 Sec. 1445 SAFE DRINKING WATER

shall consider such information confidential in accordance with the purposes of section 1905 of title 18 of the United States Code. Ifthe applicant fails to make a showing satisfactory to the Administrator, the Administrator shall give such applicant thirty days’ notice before releasing the information to which the application relates (unless the public health or safety requires an earlier release
of such information).(2) Any information required under this section (A) may be disclosed to other officers, employees, or authorized representatives ofthe United States concerned with carrying out this title or to committees of the Congress, or when relevant in any proceeding under this title, and (B) shall be disclosed to the extent it deals with thelevel of contaminants in drinking water. For purposes of this subsection the term ‘‘information required under this section’’ means any papers, books, documents, or information, or any particularpart thereof, reported to or otherwise obtained by the Administrator under this section. (e) For purposes of this section, (1) the term ‘‘grantee’’ means any person who applies for or receives financial assistance, by grant, contract, or loan guarantee under this title, and (2) the term ‘‘person’’ includes a Federal agency.
(f) I NFORMATION R EGARDING D RINKING W ATER C OOLERS .—TheAdministrator may utilize the authorities of this section for purposes of part F. Any person who manufactures, imports, sells, or distributes drinking water coolers in interstate commerce shall betreated as a supplier of water for purposes of applying the provisions of this section in the case of persons subject to part F. (g) O CCURRENCE D ATA B ASE .— (1) I N GENERAL .—Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of1996, the Administrator shall assemble and maintain a national drinking water contaminant occurrence data base, usinginformation on the occurrence of both regulated and unregulated contaminants in public water systems obtained under
subsection (a)(1)(A) or subsection (a)(2) and reliable information from other public and private sources.
(2) PUBLIC INPUT .—In establishing the occurrence data base, the Administrator shall solicit recommendations from theScience Advisory Board, the States, and other interested parties concerning the development and maintenance of a national drinking water contaminant occurrence data base, including such issues as the structure and design of the data base, datainput parameters and requirements, and the use and interpretation of data.
(3) U SE .—The data shall be used by the Administrator in making determinations under section 1412(b)(1) with respect to the occurrence of a contaminant in drinking water at a level of public health concern.
(4) PUBLIC RECOMMENDATIONS .—The Administrator shallperiodically solicit recommendations from the appropriate officials of the National Academy of Sciences and the States, and any person may submit recommendations to the Administrator, with respect to contaminants that should be included in thenational drinking water contaminant occurrence data base, inQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002444 Sec. 1446 SAFE DRINKING WATER

cluding recommendations with respect to additional unregulated contaminants that should be listed under subsection (a)(2). Any recommendation submitted under this clause shall be accompanied by reasonable documentation that— (A) the contaminant occurs or is likely to occur in drinking water; and (B) the contaminant poses a risk to public health.
(5) P UBLIC AVAILABILITY .—The information from the data base shall be available to the public in readily accessible form.
(6) R EGULATED CONTAMINANTS .—With respect to each contaminant for which a national primary drinking water regulation has been established, the data base shall include information on the detection of the contaminant at a quantifiable levelin public water systems (including detection of the contaminant at levels not constituting a violation of the maximum contaminant level for the contaminant).
(7) UNREGULATED CONTAMINANTS .—With respect to contaminants for which a national primary drinking water regulation has not been established, the data base shall include— (A) monitoring information collected by public water systems that serve a population of more than 10,000, as required by the Administrator under subsection (a);(B) monitoring information collected from a representative sampling of public water systems that serve a population of 10,000 or fewer; and(C) other reliable and appropriate monitoring information on the occurrence of the contaminants in public water systems that is available to the Administrator.
(h) A VAILABILITY OF I NFORMATION ON S MALL SYSTEM T ECH

-

NOLOGIES .—For purposes of sections 1412(b)(4)(E) and 1415(e) (relating to small system variance program), the Administrator mayrequest information on the characteristics of commercially available treatment systems and technologies, including the effectiveness and performance of the systems and technologies under various operating conditions. The Administrator may specify the form, content, and submission date of information to be submitted bymanufacturers, States, and other interested persons for the purpose of considering the systems and technologies in the development of regulations or guidance under sections 1412(b)(4)(E) and
1415(e).
(i) S CREENING M ETHODS .—The Administrator shall review new analytical methods to screen for regulated contaminants and may approve such methods as are more accurate or cost-effective than established reference methods for use in compliance monitoring.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–4]

NATIONAL DRINKING WATER ADVISORY COUNCIL

S EC . 1446. (a) There is established a National Drinking Water Advisory Council which shall consist of fifteen members appointed by the Administrator after consultation with the Secretary. Five members shall be appointed from the general public; five membersshall be appointed from appropriate State and local agencies concerned with water hygiene and public water supply; and five memQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002445 Sec. 1447 SAFE DRINKING WATER

bers shall be appointed from representatives of private organizations or groups demonstrating an active interest in the field of water hygiene and public water supply, of which two such members shall be associated with small, rural public water systems. Each member of the Council shall hold office for a term of three years, except that— (1) any member appointed to fill a vacancy occurring priorto the expiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed shall be appointed for the remainder of such term; and (2) the terms of the members first taking office shall expireas follows: Five shall expire three years after the date of enactment of this title, five shall expire two years after such date, and five shall expire one year after such date, as designated by the Administrator at the time of appointment. The members of the Council shall be eligible for reappointment.(b) The Council shall advise, consult with, and make recommendations to, the Administrator on matters relating to activities, functions, and policies of the Agency under this title. (c) Members of the Council appointed under this section shall, while attending meetings or conferences of the Council or otherwiseengaged in business of the Council, receive compensation and allowances at a rate to be fixed by the Administrator, but not exceeding the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic pay in effect for grade GS–18 of the General Schedule for each day (includingtraveltime) during which they are engaged in the actual performance of duties vested in the Council. While away from their homes or regular places of business in the performance of services for the Council, members of the Council shall be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, in the same manner aspersons employed intermittently in the Government service are allowed expenses under section 5703(b) of title 5 of the United States

Code.(d) Section 14(a) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (relating to termination) shall not apply to the Council.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–5]

FEDERAL AGENCIES

S EC . 1447. (a) I N GENERAL .—Each department, agency, and instrumentality of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of

the Federal Government—(1) owning or operating any facility in a wellhead protection area; (2) engaged in any activity at such facility resulting, or which may result, in the contamination of water supplies in any such area; (3) owning or operating any public water system; or (4) engaged in any activity resulting, or which may result in, underground injection which endangers drinking water (within the meaning of section 1421(d)(2)), shall be subject to, and comply with, all Federal, State, interstate, and local requirements, both substantive and procedural (includingany requirement for permits or reporting or any provisions for injunctive relief and such sanctions as may be imposed by a court to Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002446 Sec. 1447 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 So in law. The word ‘‘Court’’ should be lowercase. enforce such relief), respecting the protection of such wellhead areas, respecting such public water systems, and respecting any underground injection in the same manner and to the same extentas any person is subject to such requirements, including the payment of reasonable service charges. The Federal, State, interstate, and local substantive and procedural requirements referred to in this subsection include, but are not limited to, all administrativeorders and all civil and administrative penalties and fines, regardless of whether such penalties or fines are punitive or coercive innature or are imposed for isolated, intermittent, or continuing violations. The United States hereby expressly waives any immunity otherwise applicable to the United States with respect to any such substantive or procedural requirement (including, but not limitedto, any injunctive relief, administrative order or civil or administrative penalty or fine referred to in the preceding sentence, or reasonable service charge). The reasonable service charges referred to inthis subsection include, but are not limited to, fees or charges assessed in connection with the processing and issuance of permits,renewal of permits, amendments to permits, review of plans, studies, and other documents, and inspection and monitoring of facilities, as well as any other nondiscriminatory charges that are assessed in connection with a Federal, State, interstate, or local regulatory program respecting the protection of wellhead areas or public water systems or respecting any underground injection. Neither the United States, nor any agent, employee, or officer thereof, shall be immune or exempt from any process or sanction of any State or

Federal Court 1 with respect to the enforcement of any such injunctive relief. No agent, employee, or officer of the United States shall be personally liable for any civil penalty under any Federal, State, interstate, or local law concerning the protection of wellhead areas or public water systems or concerning underground injection with respect to any act or omission within the scope of the official duties of the agent, employee, or officer. An agent, employee, or officer ofthe United States shall be subject to any criminal sanction (including, but not limited to, any fine or imprisonment) under any Federal or State requirement adopted pursuant to this title, but no department, agency, or instrumentality of the executive, legislative, or judicial branch of the Federal Government shall be subject to any such sanction. The President may exempt any facility of any department, agency, or instrumentality in the executive branch from compliance with such a requirement if he determines it to be in the paramount interest of the United States to do so. No such exemption shall be granted due to lack of appropriation unless the President shall have specifically requested such appropriation as a part of the budgetary process and the Congress shall have failed to make available such requested appropriation. Any exemptionshall be for a period not in excess of 1 year, but additional exemptions may be granted for periods not to exceed 1 year upon thePresident’s making a new determination. The President shall report each January to the Congress all exemptions from the requireQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002447 Sec. 1447 SAFE DRINKING WATER

ments of this section granted during the preceding calendar year, together with his reason for granting each such exemption.
(b) ADMINISTRATIVE P ENALTY O RDERS .— (1) I N GENERAL .—If the Administrator finds that a Federal agency has violated an applicable requirement under this title,the Administrator may issue a penalty order assessing a penalty against the Federal agency.
(2) P ENALTIES .—The Administrator may, after notice to the agency, assess a civil penalty against the agency in an amount not to exceed $25,000 per day per violation.

(3) P ROCEDURE .—Before an administrative penalty order issued under this subsection becomes final, the Administratorshall provide the agency an opportunity to confer with the Administrator and shall provide the agency notice and an opportunity for a hearing on the record in accordance with chapters 5 and 7 of title 5, United States Code.
(4) P UBLIC REVIEW .— (A) I N GENERAL .—Any interested person may obtain review of an administrative penalty order issued under this subsection. The review may be obtained in the United

States District Court for the District of Columbia or in the

United States District Court for the district in which theviolation is alleged to have occurred by the filing of a complaint with the court within the 30-day period beginningon the date the penalty order becomes final. The person filing the complaint shall simultaneously send a copy of the complaint by certified mail to the Administrator and the Attorney General.
(B) R ECORD .—The Administrator shall promptly file in the court a certified copy of the record on which the order

was issued.
(C) S TANDARD OF REVIEW .—The court shall not set

aside or remand the order unless the court finds that there is not substantial evidence in the record, taken as a whole, to support the finding of a violation or that the assessment of the penalty by the Administrator constitutes an abuse

of discretion.
(D) P ROHIBITION ON ADDITIONAL PENALTIES .—Thecourt may not impose an additional civil penalty for a violation that is subject to the order unless the court finds that the assessment constitutes an abuse of discretion by

the Administrator.
(c) L IMITATION ON S TATE U SE OF F UNDS C OLLECTED F ROM F ED

ERAL G OVERNMENT .—Unless a State law in effect on the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 or a State constitution requires the funds to be used in a differentmanner, all funds collected by a State from the Federal Government from penalties and fines imposed for violation of any substantive or procedural requirement referred to in subsection (a) shall be used by the State only for projects designed to improve or protect the environment or to defray the costs of environmental protection or enforcement. (d)(1) Nothing in the Safe Drinking Water Amendments of

1977 shall be construed to alter or affect the status of American InQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002448 Sec. 1448 SAFE DRINKING WATER

dian lands or water rights nor to waive any sovereignty over Indian lands guaranteed by treaty or statute. (2) For the purposes of this Act, the term ‘‘Federal agency’’ shall not be construed to refer to or include any American Indian tribe, nor to the Secretary of the Interior in his capacity as trustee

of Indian lands.
(e) W ASHINGTON AQUEDUCT .—The Secretary of the Army shall not pass the cost of any penalty assessed under this title on to any customer, user, or other purchaser of drinking water from the Washington Aqueduct system, including finished water from the Dalecarlia or McMillan treatment plant.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–6]

JUDICIAL REVIEW

S EC . 1448. (a) A petition for review of—(1) actions pertaining to the establishment of national primary drinking water regulations (including maximum contaminant level goals) may be filed only in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia circuit; and (2) any other final action of the Administrator under this Act may be filed in the circuit in which the petitioner resides or transacts business which is directly affected by the action. Any such petition shall be filed within the 45-day period beginning on the date of the promulgation of the regulation or any other final Agency action with respect to which review is sought or on the date of the determination with respect to which review is sought, andmay be filed after the expiration of such 45-day period if the petition is based solely on grounds arising after the expiration of such period. Action of the Administrator with respect to which review could have been obtained under this subsection shall not be subjectto judicial review in any civil or criminal proceeding for enforcement or in any civil action to enjoin enforcement. In any petition concerning the assessment of a civil penalty pursuant to section 1414(g)(3)(B), the petitioner shall simultaneously send a copy of the complaint by certified mail to the Administrator and the Attorney General. The court shall set aside and remand the penalty order

if the court finds that there is not substantial evidence in the record to support the finding of a violation or that the assessmentof the penalty by the Administrator constitutes an abuse of discretion.(b) The United States district courts shall have jurisdiction of actions brought to review (1) the granting of, or the refusing to grant, a variance or exemption under section 1415 or 1416 or (2)the requirements of any schedule prescribed for a variance or exemption under such section or the failure to prescribe such a schedule. Such an action may only be brought upon a petition for review filed with the court within the 45-day period beginning on the datethe action sought to be reviewed is taken or, in the case of a petition to review the refusal to grant a variance or exemption or the failure to prescribe a schedule, within the 45-day period beginningon the date action is required to be taken on the variance, exemption, or schedule, as the case may be. A petition for such review may be filed after the expiration of such period if the petition is Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002449 Sec. 1449 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 So in law. The reference to ‘‘section 1429(b)’’ probably should be to ‘‘1447(b)’’. based solely on grounds arising after the expiration of such period. Action with respect to which review could have been obtained under this subsection shall not be subject to judicial review in any civil or criminal proceeding for enforcement or in any civil action to enjoin enforcement.(c) In any judicial proceeding in which review is sought of a determination under this title required to be made on the record after notice and opportunity for hearing, if any party applies to the court

for leave to adduce additional evidence and shows to the satisfaction of the court that such additional evidence is material and thatthere were reasonable grounds for the failure to adduce such evidence in the proceeding before the Administrator, the court may
order such additional evidence (and evidence in rebuttal thereof) to be taken before the Administrator, in such manner and upon suchterms and conditions as the court may deem proper. The Administrator may modify his findings as to the facts, or make new findings, by reason of the additional evidence so taken, and he shall file such modified or new findings, and his recommendation, if any, for the modification or setting aside of his original determination,

with the return of such additional evidence.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–7]

CITIZEN’ S CIVIL ACTION

S EC . 1449. (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, any person may commence a civil action on his own behalf— (1) against any person (including (A) the United States, and (B) any other governmental instrumentality or agency tothe extent permitted by the eleventh amendment to the Constitution) who is alleged to be in violation of any requirement prescribed by or under this title;(2) against the Administrator where there is alleged a failure of the Administrator to perform any act or duty under this title which is not discretionary with the Administrator; or(3) for the collection of a penalty by the United States Government (and associated costs and interest) against any Federal agency that fails, by the date that is 18 months after the effective date of a final order to pay a penalty assessed by the
Administrator under section 1429(b) 1 , to pay the penalty. No action may be brought under paragraph (1) against a public water system for a violation of a requirement prescribed by orunder this title which occurred within the 27-month period beginning on the first day of the month in which this title is enacted. The United States district courts shall have jurisdiction, withoutregard to the amount in controversy or the citizenship of the parties, to enforce in an action brought under this subsection any requirement prescribed by or under this title or to order the Administrator to perform an act, or duty described in paragraph (2), as the case may be. (b) No civil action may be commenced—(1) under subsection (a)(1) of this section respecting violation of a requirement prescribed by or under this title— Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002450 Sec. 1449 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(A) prior to sixty days after the plaintiff has given notice of such violation (i) to the Administrator, (ii) to any alleged violator of such requirement and (iii) to the State in which the violation occurs, or (B) if the Administrator, the Attorney General, or the State has commenced and is diligently prosecuting a civilaction in a court of the United States to require compliance with such requirement, but in any such action in a court of the United States any person may intervene as a matter of right; or (2) under subsection (a)(2) of this section prior to sixty days after the plaintiff has given notice of such action to the Administrator; or(3) under subsection (a)(3) prior to 60 days after the plaintiff has given notice of such action to the Attorney General and to the Federal agency. Notice required by this subsection shall be given in such manner as the Administrator shall prescribe by regulation. No person may commence a civil action under subsection (a) to require a State to prescribe a schedule under section 1415 or 1416 for a variance or exemption, unless such person shows to the satisfaction of the

court that the State has in a substantial number of cases failed to prescribe such schedules. (c) In any action under this section, the Administrator or the Attorney General, if not a party, may intervene as a matter of right. (d) The court, in issuing any final order in any action brought under subsection (a) of this section, may award costs of litigation (including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees) to any party whenever the court determines such an award is appropriate.The court may, if a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction is sought, require the filing of a bond or equivalent security in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (e) Nothing in this section shall restrict any right which any person (or class of persons) may have under any statute or common law to seek enforcement of any requirement prescribed by or under this title or to seek any other relief. Nothing in this section or in any other law of the United States shall be construed to prohibit, exclude, or restrict any State or local government from—(1) bringing any action or obtaining any remedy or sanction in any State or local court, or(2) bringing any administrative action or obtaining any administrative remedy or sanction, against any agency of the United States under State or local lawto enforce any requirement respecting the provision of safe drinking water or respecting any underground injection control program.Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize judicial review of regulations or orders of the Administrator under this title,except as provided in section 1448. For provisions providing for application of certain requirements to such agencies in the same manner as to nongovernmental entities, see section 1447.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–8] Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002451 Sec. 1450 SAFE DRINKING WATER

GENERAL PROVISIONS

S EC . 1450. (a)(1) The Administrator is authorized to prescribe such regulations as are necessary or appropriate to carry out his

functions under this title. (2) The Administrator may delegate any of his functions underthis title (other than prescribing regulations) to any officer or employee of the Agency. (b) The Administrator, with the consent of the head of any other agency of the United States, may utilize such officers and employees of such agency as he deems necessary to assist him in carrying out the purposes of this title.(c) Upon the request of a State or interstate agency, the Administrator may assign personnel of the Agency to such State or interstate agency for the purposes of carrying out the provisions of

this title. (d)(1) The Administrator may make payments of grants under this title (after necessary adjustment on account of previouslymade underpayments or overpayments) in advance or by way of reimbursement, and in such installments and on such conditions as he may determine. (2) Financial assistance may be made available in the form of grants only to individuals and nonprofit agencies or institutions.For purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘‘nonprofit agency or institution’’ means an agency or institution no part of the net earnings of which inure, or may lawfully inure, to the benefit of any private

shareholder or individual.(e) The Administrator shall take such action as may be necessary to assure compliance with provisions of the Act of March 3, 1931 (known as the Davis-Bacon Act; 40 U.S.C. 276a–276a(5)). The Secretary of Labor shall have, with respect to the labor standards specified in this subsection, the authority and functions set forth in Reorganization Plan Numbered 14 of 1950 (15 F.R. 3176; 64 Stat. 1267) and section 2 of the Act of June 13, 1934 (40 U.S.C. 276c).(f) The Administrator shall request the Attorney General to appear and represent him in any civil action instituted under thistitle to which the Administrator is a party. Unless, within a reasonable time, the Attorney General notifies the Administrator thathe will appear in such action, attorneys appointed by the Administrator shall appear and represent him.(g) The provisions of this title shall not be construed as affecting any authority of the Administrator under part G of title III of

this Act. (h) Not later than April 1 of each year, the Administrator shallsubmit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report respecting the activitiesof the Agency under this title and containing such recommendations for legislation as he considers necessary. The report of the

Administrator under this subsection which is due not later than April 1, 1975, and each subsequent report of the Administrator

under this subsection shall include a statement on the actual andanticipated cost to public water systems in each State of compliance with the requirements of this title. The Office of Management Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002452 Sec. 1450 SAFE DRINKING WATER

and Budget may review any report required by this subsection before its submission to such committees of Congress, but the Office may not revise any such report, require any revision in any such report, or delay its submission beyond the day prescribed for its submission, and may submit to such committees of Congress its comments respecting any such report. (i)(1) No employer may discharge any employee or otherwisediscriminate against any employee with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment because theemployee (or any person acting pursuant to a request of the employee) has— (A) commenced, caused to be commenced, or is about to commence or cause to be commenced a proceeding under this title or a proceeding for the administration or enforcement of drinking water regulations or underground injection control programs of a State, (B) testified or is about to testify in any such proceeding,

or (C) assisted or participated or is about to assist or participate in any manner in such a proceeding or in any other action to carry out the purposes of this title. (2)(A) Any employee who believes that he has been discharged or otherwise discriminated against by any person in violation of paragraph (1) may, within 30 days after such violation occurs, file(or have any person file on his behalf) a complaint with the Secretary of Labor (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the ‘‘Secretary’’) alleging such discharge or discrimination. Upon receipt of such a complaint, the Secretary shall notify the person named in the complaint of the filing of the complaint. (B)(i) Upon receipt of a complaint filed under subparagraph(A), the Secretary shall conduct an investigation of the violation alleged in the complaint. Within 30 days of the receipt of such complaint, the Secretary shall complete such investigation and shallnotify in writing the complainant (and any person acting in his behalf) and the person alleged to have committed such violation ofthe results of the investigation conducted pursuant to this subparagraph. Within 90 days of the receipt of such complaint the Secretary shall, unless the proceeding on the complaint is terminated by the Secretary on the basis of a settlement entered into by the Secretary and the person alleged to have committed such violation, issue an order either providing the relief prescribed by clause (ii) or denying the complaint. An order of the Secretary shall be made on the record after notice and opportunity for agency hearing. The Secretary may not enter into a settlement terminating a proceedingon a complaint without the participation and consent of the complainant. (ii) If in response to a complaint filed under subparagraph (A)the Secretary determines that a violation of paragraph (1) has occurred, the Secretary shall order (I) the person who committed such violation to take affirmative action to abate the violation, (II)such person to reinstate the complainant to his former position together with the compensation (including back pay), terms, conditions, and privileges of his employment, (III) compensatory damages, and (IV) where appropriate, exemplary damages. If such an Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002453 Sec. 1451 SAFE DRINKING WATER

order is issued, the Secretary, at the request of the complainant, shall assess against the person against whom the order is issueda sum equal to the aggregate amount of all costs and expenses (including attorneys’ fees) reasonably incurred, as determined by theSecretary, by the complainant for, or in connection with, the bringing of the complaint upon which the order was issued. (3)(A) Any person adversely affected or aggrieved by an order issued under paragraph (2) may obtain review of the order in theUnited States Court of Appeals for the circuit in which the violation, with respect to which the order was issued, allegedly occurred. The petition for review must be filed within sixty days from the issuance of the Secretary’s order. Review shall conform to chapter7 of title 5 of the United States Code. The commencement of proceedings under this subparagraph shall not, unless ordered by the court, operate as a stay of the Secretary’s order. (B) An order of the Secretary with respect to which reviewcould have been obtained under subparagraph (A) shall not be subject to judicial review in any criminal or other civil proceeding. (4) Whenever a person has failed to comply with an order issued under paragraph (2)(B), the Secretary shall file a civil action

in the United States District Court for the district in which the violation was found to occur to enforce such order. In actions brought under this paragraph, the district courts shall have jurisdiction to grant all appropriate relief including, but not limited to, injunctive relief, compensatory, and exemplary damages.(5) Any nondiscretionary duty imposed by this section is enforceable in mandamus proceeding brought under section 1361 of

title 28 of the United States Code. (6) Paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to any employee who, acting without direction from his employer (or the employer’s agent), deliberately causes a violation of any requirement of this

title.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–9]

INDIAN TRIBES

S EC . 1451. (a) I N GENERAL .—Subject to the provisions of subsection (b), the Administrator—

(1) is authorized to treat Indian Tribes as States under this title,(2) may delegate to such Tribes primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems and for underground injection control, and (3) may provide such Tribes grant and contract assistance to carry out functions provided by this title.

(b) EPA R EGULATIONS .— (1) S PECIFIC PROVISIONS .—The Administrator shall, within 18 months after the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, promulgate final regulations specifying those provisions of this title for which it is appropriate to treat

Indian Tribes as States. Such treatment shall be authorized only if: Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002454 Sec. 1452 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(A) the Indian Tribes is recognized by the Secretary ofthe Interior and has a governing body carrying out substantial governmental duties and powers; (B) the functions to be exercised by the Indian Tribeare within the area of the Tribal Government’s jurisdiction; and(C) the Indian Tribe is reasonably expected to be capable, in the Administrator’s judgment, of carrying out the

functions to be exercised in a manner consistent with theterms and purposes of this title and of all applicable regulations.
(2) P ROVISIONS WHERE TREATMENT AS STATE INAPPRO

PRIATE .—For any provision of this title where treatment of Indian Tribes as identical to States is inappropriate, administratively infeasible or otherwise inconsistent with the purposes of this title, the Administrator may include in the regulations promulgated under this section, other means for administering such provision in a manner that will achieve the purpose of the provision. Nothing in this section shall be construed to allowIndian Tribes to assume or maintain primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems or for underground injection control in a manner less protective of the health of persons than such responsibility may be assumed or maintained by aState. An Indian tribe shall not be required to exercise criminal enforcement jurisdiction for purposes of complying with the preceding sentence.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–11]

STATE REVOLVING LOAN FUNDS

S EC . 1452. (a) GENERAL AUTHORITY .— (1) GRANTS TO STATES TO ESTABLISH STATE LOAN FUNDS .— (A) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator shall offer toenter into agreements with eligible States to make capitalization grants, including letters of credit, to the Statesunder this subsection to further the health protection objectives of this title, promote the efficient use of fund resources, and for other purposes as are specified in this

title.
(B) E STABLISHMENT OF FUND .—To be eligible to receivea capitalization grant under this section, a State shall establish a drinking water treatment revolving loan fund (referred to in this section as a ‘‘State loan fund’’) and comply with the other requirements of this section. Each grant to a State under this section shall be deposited in the State loan fund established by the State, except as otherwise provided in this section and in other provisions of this title. No funds authorized by other provisions of this title to be used for other purposes specified in this title shall be deposited in any State loan fund.
(C) E XTENDED PERIOD .—The grant to a State shall be available to the State for obligation during the fiscal yearfor which the funds are authorized and during the following fiscal year, except that grants made available from Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002455 Sec. 1452 SAFE DRINKING WATER

funds provided prior to fiscal year 1997 shall be available for obligation during each of the fiscal years 1997 and

1998. (D) ALLOTMENT FORMULA .—Except as otherwise provided in this section, funds made available to carry out

this section shall be allotted to States that have entered into an agreement pursuant to this section (other than the
District of Columbia) in accordance with— (i) for each of fiscal years 1995 through 1997, a

formula that is the same as the formula used to distribute public water system supervision grant funds under section 1443 in fiscal year 1995, except that theminimum proportionate share established in the formula shall be 1 percent of available funds and the formula shall be adjusted to include a minimum proportionate share for the State of Wyoming and the District of Columbia; and (ii) for fiscal year 1998 and each subsequent fiscalyear, a formula that allocates to each State the proportional share of the State needs identified in the most recent survey conducted pursuant to subsection (h), except that the minimum proportionate share providedto each State shall be the same as the minimum proportionate share provided under clause (i).
(E) R EALLOTMENT .—The grants not obligated by the last day of the period for which the grants are available shall be reallotted according to the appropriate criteria set forth in subparagraph (D), except that the Administrator may reserve and allocate 10 percent of the remaining

amount for financial assistance to Indian Tribes in addition to the amount allotted under subsection (i) and noneof the funds reallotted by the Administrator shall be reallotted to any State that has not obligated all sums allotted to the State pursuant to this section during the period in which the sums were available for obligation.
(F) N ONPRIMACY STATES .—The State allotment for a State not exercising primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems shall not be deposited in any such fund but shall be allotted by the Administrator under this subparagraph. Pursuant to section 1443(a)(9)(A) such sums allotted under this subparagraph shall be reservedas needed by the Administrator to exercise primary enforcement responsibility under this title in such State andthe remainder shall be reallotted to States exercising primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems for deposit in such funds. Whenever the Administrator makes a final determination pursuant to section 1413(b) that the requirements of section 1413(a) are no longer being met by a State, additional grants for such State under this title shall be immediately terminated by the Administrator. This subparagraph shall not apply to any State not exercising primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems as of the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002456 Sec. 1452 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 So in law. The reference to ‘‘1419’’ probably should be to ‘‘section 1419’’. See the amendment made by section 130 of Public Law 104–182. (G) O THER PROGRAMS .— (i) N EW SYSTEM CAPACITY .—Beginning in fiscalyear 1999, the Administrator shall withhold 20 percent of each capitalization grant made pursuant to

this section to a State unless the State has met the requirements of section 1420(a) (relating to capacity development) and shall withhold 10 percent for fiscalyear 2001, 15 percent for fiscal year 2002, and 20 percent for fiscal year 2003 if the State has not compliedwith the provisions of section 1420(c) (relating to capacity development strategies). Not more than a total of 20 percent of the capitalization grants made to a State in any fiscal year may be withheld under the preceding provisions of this clause. All funds withheld by the Administrator pursuant to this clause shall be reallotted by the Administrator on the basis of the same ratio as is applicable to funds allotted under subparagraph (D). None of the funds reallotted by theAdministrator pursuant to this paragraph shall be allotted to a State unless the State has met the requirements of section 1420 (relating to capacity development).
(ii) O PERATOR CERTIFICATION .—The Administrator shall withhold 20 percent of each capitalization grant made pursuant to this section unless the State has met the requirements of 1419 1 (relating to operator certification). All funds withheld by the Administratorpursuant to this clause shall be reallotted by the Administrator on the basis of the same ratio as applicable to funds allotted under subparagraph (D). None of the funds reallotted by the Administrator pursuant to this paragraph shall be allotted to a State unless theState has met the requirements of section 1419 (relating to operator certification).
(2) U SE OF FUNDS .—Except as otherwise authorized by this title, amounts deposited in a State loan fund, including loan repayments and interest earned on such amounts, shall be used only for providing loans or loan guarantees, or as a source of reserve and security for leveraged loans, the proceeds of which are deposited in a State loan fund established under paragraph (1), or other financial assistance authorized underthis section to community water systems and nonprofit noncommunity water systems, other than systems owned by Federal agencies. Financial assistance under this section may beused by a public water system only for expenditures (not including monitoring, operation, and maintenance expenditures) of a type or category which the Administrator has determined,through guidance, will facilitate compliance with national primary drinking water regulations applicable to the system under section 1412 or otherwise significantly further the health protection objectives of this title. The funds may also be Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002457 Sec. 1452 SAFE DRINKING WATER

used to provide loans to a system referred to in section 1401(4)(B) for the purpose of providing the treatment described
in section 1401(4)(B)(i)(III). The funds shall not be used for theacquisition of real property or interests therein, unless the acquisition is integral to a project authorized by this paragraphand the purchase is from a willing seller. Of the amount credited to any State loan fund established under this section inany fiscal year, 15 percent shall be available solely for providing loan assistance to public water systems which regularly serve fewer than 10,000 persons to the extent such funds can be obligated for eligible projects of public water systems.
(3) L IMITATION .— (A) I N GENERAL .—Except as provided in subparagraph (B), no assistance under this section shall be provided to a public water system that—(i) does not have the technical, managerial, and financial capability to ensure compliance with the requirements of this title; or(ii) is in significant noncompliance with any requirement of a national primary drinking water regulation or variance.
(B) R ESTRUCTURING .—A public water system describedin subparagraph (A) may receive assistance under this section if— (i) the use of the assistance will ensure compliance; and (ii) if subparagraph (A)(i) applies to the system,the owner or operator of the system agrees to undertake feasible and appropriate changes in operations (including ownership, management, accounting, rates, maintenance, consolidation, alternative water supply, or other procedures) if the State determines that the measures are necessary to ensure that the system has the technical, managerial, and financial capability to comply with the requirements of this title over the long term.
(C) R EVIEW .—Prior to providing assistance under thissection to a public water system that is in significant noncompliance with any requirement of a national primarydrinking water regulation or variance, the State shall conduct a review to determine whether subparagraph (A)(i) applies to the system.
(b) I NTENDED U SE P LANS .— (1) I N GENERAL .—After providing for public review and comment, each State that has entered into a capitalization agreement pursuant to this section shall annually prepare a plan that identifies the intended uses of the amounts available

to the State loan fund of the State.
(2) C ONTENTS .—An intended use plan shall include— (A) a list of the projects to be assisted in the first fiscalyear that begins after the date of the plan, including a description of the project, the expected terms of financial assistance, and the size of the community served; Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002458 Sec. 1452 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(B) the criteria and methods established for the distribution of funds; and (C) a description of the financial status of the State loan fund and the short-term and long-term goals of the

State loan fund.
(3) U SE OF FUNDS .— (A) I N GENERAL .—An intended use plan shall provide, to the maximum extent practicable, that priority for the use of funds be given to projects that— (i) address the most serious risk to human health; (ii) are necessary to ensure compliance with the requirements of this title (including requirements for filtration); and(iii) assist systems most in need on a per household basis according to State affordability criteria.
(B) L IST OF PROJECTS .—Each State shall, after noticeand opportunity for public comment, publish and periodically update a list of projects in the State that are eligiblefor assistance under this section, including the priority assigned to each project and, to the extent known, the expected funding schedule for each project.
(c) F UND MANAGEMENT .—Each State loan fund under this section shall be established, maintained, and credited with repayments and interest. The fund corpus shall be available in perpetuity for providing financial assistance under this section. To the extent amounts in the fund are not required for current obligation or expenditure, such amounts shall be invested in interest bearing obligations.
(d) A SSISTANCE FOR D ISADVANTAGED C OMMUNITIES .— (1) L OAN SUBSIDY .—Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, in any case in which the State makes a loan pursuant to subsection (a)(2) to a disadvantaged community orto a community that the State expects to become a disadvantaged community as the result of a proposed project, the State may provide additional subsidization (including forgiveness of principal).
(2) T OTAL AMOUNT OF SUBSIDIES .—For each fiscal year, the total amount of loan subsidies made by a State pursuant to paragraph (1) may not exceed 30 percent of the amount of the capitalization grant received by the State for the year.
(3) D EFINITION OF DISADVANTAGED COMMUNITY .—In this subsection, the term ‘‘disadvantaged community’’ means the service area of a public water system that meets affordability criteria established after public review and comment by theState in which the public water system is located. The Administrator may publish information to assist States in establishing affordability criteria.
(e) S TATE C ONTRIBUTION .—Each agreement under subsection (a) shall require that the State deposit in the State loan fund from State moneys an amount equal to at least 20 percent of the total amount of the grant to be made to the State on or before the date on which the grant payment is made to the State, except that a State shall not be required to deposit such amount into the fund prior to the date on which each grant payment is made for fiscal Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002459 Sec. 1452 SAFE DRINKING WATER

years 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 if the State deposits the State contribution amount into the State loan fund prior to September
30, 1999.
(f) TYPES OF A SSISTANCE .—Except as otherwise limited by State law, the amounts deposited into a State loan fund under this section may be used only— (1) to make loans, on the condition that— (A) the interest rate for each loan is less than or equal to the market interest rate, including an interest free loan; (B) principal and interest payments on each loan will commence not later than 1 year after completion of the project for which the loan was made, and each loan will befully amortized not later than 20 years after the completion of the project, except that in the case of a disadvantaged community (as defined in subsection (d)(3)), a State may provide an extended term for a loan, if the extended

term— (i) terminates not later than the date that is 30 years after the date of project completion; and (ii) does not exceed the expected design life of the project; (C) the recipient of each loan will establish a dedicatedsource of revenue (or, in the case of a privately owned system, demonstrate that there is adequate security) for the repayment of the loan; and(D) the State loan fund will be credited with all payments of principal and interest on each loan; (2) to buy or refinance the debt obligation of a municipality or an intermunicipal or interstate agency within the State atan interest rate that is less than or equal to the market interest rate in any case in which a debt obligation is incurred after July 1, 1993;(3) to guarantee, or purchase insurance for, a local obligation (all of the proceeds of which finance a project eligible for assistance under this section) if the guarantee or purchase would improve credit market access or reduce the interest rate applicable to the obligation; (4) as a source of revenue or security for the payment of principal and interest on revenue or general obligation bonds issued by the State if the proceeds of the sale of the bonds will be deposited into the State loan fund; and (5) to earn interest on the amounts deposited into the

State loan fund. (g) ADMINISTRATION OF S TATE L OAN F UNDS .— (1) C OMBINED FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION .—Notwithstanding subsection (c), a State may (as a convenience and to avoid unnecessary administrative costs) combine, in accordance with State law, the financial administration of a State loan

fund established under this section with the financial administration of any other revolving fund established by the State if otherwise not prohibited by the law under which the State loan

fund was established and if the Administrator determines

that— Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002460 Sec. 1452 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(A) the grants under this section, together with loan repayments and interest, will be separately accounted for and used solely for the purposes specified in subsection (a);

and (B) the authority to establish assistance priorities andcarry out oversight and related activities (other than financial administration) with respect to assistance remains with the State agency having primary responsibility for administration of the State program under section 1413, after consultation with other appropriate State agencies (as determined by the State): Provided , That in nonprimacy States eligible to receive assistance under this section, the Governor shall determine which State agency willhave authority to establish priorities for financial assistance from the State loan fund.
(2) C OST OF ADMINISTERING FUND .—Each State may annually use up to 4 percent of the funds allotted to the State under

this section to cover the reasonable costs of administration ofthe programs under this section, including the recovery of reasonable costs expended to establish a State loan fund which are incurred after the date of enactment of this section, and to provide technical assistance to public water systems within the State. For fiscal year 1995 and each fiscal year thereafter, eachState may use up to an additional 10 percent of the funds allotted to the State under this section— (A) for public water system supervision programs under section 1443(a); (B) to administer or provide technical assistance through source water protection programs; (C) to develop and implement a capacity development strategy under section 1420(c); and (D) for an operator certification program for purposes of meeting the requirements of section 1419, if the State matches the expenditures with at least an equal

amount of State funds. At least half of the match must be additional to the amount expended by the State for public water supervision in fiscal year 1993. An additional 2 percent of the funds annually allotted to each State under this section may be used by the State to provide technical assistance to public water systems serving 10,000 or fewer persons in the State. Funds utilized under subparagraph (B) shall not be used for

enforcement actions.
(3) GUIDANCE AND REGULATIONS .—The Administrator shallpublish guidance and promulgate regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this section, including— (A) provisions to ensure that each State commits and expends funds allotted to the State under this section asefficiently as possible in accordance with this title and applicable State laws; (B) guidance to prevent waste, fraud, and abuse; and (C) guidance to avoid the use of funds made available under this section to finance the expansion of any public water system in anticipation of future population growth. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002461 Sec. 1452 SAFE DRINKING WATER

The guidance and regulations shall also ensure that the States,and public water systems receiving assistance under this section, use accounting, audit, and fiscal procedures that conform to generally accepted accounting standards.
(4) S TATE REPORT .—Each State administering a loan fund and assistance program under this subsection shall publish and submit to the Administrator a report every 2 years on its activities under this section, including the findings of the most

recent audit of the fund and the entire State allotment. TheAdministrator shall periodically audit all State loan funds established by, and all other amounts allotted to, the States pursuant to this section in accordance with procedures established by the Comptroller General.
(h) N EEDS S URVEY .—The Administrator shall conduct an assessment of water system capital improvement needs of all eligible public water systems in the United States and submit a report to the Congress containing the results of the assessment within 180 days after the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 and every 4 years thereafter.
(i) I NDIAN T RIBES .— (1) I N GENERAL .—1 1 ⁄

2 percent of the amounts appropriatedannually to carry out this section may be used by the Administrator to make grants to Indian Tribes and Alaska Native villages that have not otherwise received either grants from the

Administrator under this section or assistance from State loan funds established under this section. The grants may only be used for expenditures by tribes and villages for public water system expenditures referred to in subsection (a)(2).
(2) U SE OF FUNDS .—Funds reserved pursuant to paragraph(1) shall be used to address the most significant threats to public health associated with public water systems that serve Indian Tribes, as determined by the Administrator in consultation with the Director of the Indian Health Service and Indian

Tribes.
(3) ALASKA NATIVE VILLAGES .—In the case of a grant for a project under this subsection in an Alaska Native village, the Administrator is also authorized to make grants to the State of Alaska for the benefit of Native villages. An amount not to exceed 4 percent of the grant amount may be used by the State of Alaska for project management.
(4) N EEDS ASSESSMENT .—The Administrator, in consultation with the Director of the Indian Health Service and Indian Tribes, shall, in accordance with a schedule that is consistent with the needs surveys conducted pursuant to subsection (h),prepare surveys and assess the needs of drinking water treatment facilities to serve Indian Tribes, including an evaluation of the public water systems that pose the most significant threats to public health. (j) O THER AREAS .—Of the funds annually available under thissection for grants to States, the Administrator shall make allotments in accordance with section 1443(a)(4) for the Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, AmericanSamoa, and Guam. The grants allotted as provided in this subsection may be provided by the Administrator to the governments Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002462 Sec. 1452 SAFE DRINKING WATER

of such areas, to public water systems in such areas, or to both, to be used for the public water system expenditures referred to insubsection (a)(2). The grants, and grants for the District of Columbia, shall not be deposited in State loan funds. The total allotmentof grants under this section for all areas described in this subsection in any fiscal year shall not exceed 0.33 percent of the aggregate amount made available to carry out this section in that fiscal

year. (k) O THER AUTHORIZED ACTIVITIES .— (1) I N GENERAL .—Notwithstanding subsection (a)(2), a State may take each of the following actions: (A) Provide assistance, only in the form of a loan, to one or more of the following:(i) Any public water system described in subsection (a)(2) to acquire land or a conservation easement from a willing seller or grantor, if the purpose of the acquisition is to protect the source water of the system from contamination and to ensure compliance with national primary drinking water regulations. (ii) Any community water system to implement local, voluntary source water protection measures to protect source water in areas delineated pursuant tosection 1453, in order to facilitate compliance with national primary drinking water regulations applicableto the system under section 1412 or otherwise significantly further the health protection objectives of this title. Funds authorized under this clause may be used to fund only voluntary, incentive-based mechanisms.(iii) Any community water system to provide funding in accordance with section 1454(a)(1)(B)(i).(B) Provide assistance, including technical and financial assistance, to any public water system as part of a capacity development strategy developed and implemented in
accordance with section 1420(c). (C) Make expenditures from the capitalization grant of the State for fiscal years 1996 and 1997 to delineate and assess source water protection areas in accordance withsection 1453, except that funds set aside for such expenditure shall be obligated within 4 fiscal years.(D) Make expenditures from the fund for the establishment and implementation of wellhead protection programs

under section 1428.
(2) L IMITATION .—For each fiscal year, the total amount of assistance provided and expenditures made by a State under this subsection may not exceed 15 percent of the amount of the capitalization grant received by the State for that year and may not exceed 10 percent of that amount for any one of the following activities:(A) To acquire land or conservation easements pursuant to paragraph (1)(A)(i).(B) To provide funding to implement voluntary, incentive-based source water quality protection measures pursuant to clauses (ii) and (iii) of paragraph (1)(A). Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002463 Sec. 1452 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(C) To provide assistance through a capacity development strategy pursuant to paragraph (1)(B). (D) To make expenditures to delineate or assess source water protection areas pursuant to paragraph (1)(C). (E) To make expenditures to establish and implement wellhead protection programs pursuant to paragraph
(1)(D).
(3) S TATUTORY CONSTRUCTION .—Nothing in this sectioncreates or conveys any new authority to a State, political subdivision of a State, or community water system for any new regulatory measure, or limits any authority of a State, political subdivision of a State or community water system.
(l) S AVINGS .—The failure or inability of any public water system to receive funds under this section or any other loan or grant program, or any delay in obtaining the funds, shall not alter theobligation of the system to comply in a timely manner with all applicable drinking water standards and requirements of this title.
(m) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS .—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the purposes of this section $599,000,000 for the fiscal year 1994 and $1,000,000,000 for eachof the fiscal years 1995 through 2003. To the extent amounts authorized to be appropriated under this subsection in any fiscal yearare not appropriated in that fiscal year, such amounts are authorized to be appropriated in a subsequent fiscal year (prior to the fiscal year 2004). Such sums shall remain available until expended.
(n) H EALTH E FFECTS S TUDIES .—From funds appropriated pursuant to this section for each fiscal year, the Administrator shall reserve $10,000,000 for health effects studies on drinking watercontaminants authorized by the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996. In allocating funds made available under this subsection, the Administrator shall give priority to studies concerning the health effects of cryptosporidium (as authorized by section 1458(c)), disinfection byproducts (as authorized by section 1458(c)),and arsenic (as authorized by section 1412(b)(12)(A)), and the implementation of a plan for studies of subpopulations at greater risk of adverse effects (as authorized by section 1458(a)).
(o) M ONITORING FOR UNREGULATED C ONTAMINANTS .—Fromfunds appropriated pursuant to this section for each fiscal year beginning with fiscal year 1998, the Administrator shall reserve$2,000,000 to pay the costs of monitoring for unregulated contaminants under section 1445(a)(2)(C). (p) D EMONSTRATION P ROJECT FOR S TATE OF VIRGINIA .—Notwithstanding the other provisions of this section limiting the use of funds deposited in a State loan fund from any State allotment, the State of Virginia may, as a single demonstration and with the approval of the Virginia General Assembly and the Administrator,conduct a program to demonstrate alternative approaches to intergovernmental coordination to assist in the financing of new drinking water facilities in the following rural communities in southwestern Virginia where none exists on the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 and where such communities are experiencing economic hardship: Lee County,Wise County, Scott County, Dickenson County, Russell County, Buchanan County, Tazewell County, and the city of Norton, Virginia. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002464 Sec. 1453 SAFE DRINKING WATER

The funds allotted to that State and deposited in the State loan fund may be loaned to a regional endowment fund for the purposeset forth in this subsection under a plan to be approved by the Administrator. The plan may include an advisory group that includes representatives of such counties. (q) S MALL SYSTEM T ECHNICAL A SSISTANCE .—The Administratormay reserve up to 2 percent of the total funds appropriated pursuant to subsection (m) for each of the fiscal years 1997 through 2003 to carry out the provisions of section 1442(e) (relating to technical assistance for small systems), except that the total amount of fundsmade available for such purpose in any fiscal year through appropriations (as authorized by section 1442(e)) and reservations made pursuant to this subsection shall not exceed the amount authorized by section 1442(e).
(r) E VALUATION .—The Administrator shall conduct an evaluation of the effectiveness of the State loan funds through fiscal year 2001. The evaluation shall be submitted to the Congress at the same time as the President submits to the Congress, pursuant tosection 1108 of title 31, United States Code, an appropriations request for fiscal year 2003 relating to the budget of the Environmental Protection Agency.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–12]

SOURCE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT

S EC . 1453. (a) S OURCE W ATER A SSESSMENT .— (1) GUIDANCE .—Within 12 months after the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996, after notice and comment, the Administrator shall publishguidance for States exercising primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems to carry out directly or throughdelegation (for the protection and benefit of public water systems and for the support of monitoring flexibility) a source water assessment program within the State’s boundaries. EachState adopting modifications to monitoring requirements pursuant to section 1418(b) shall, prior to adopting such modifications, have an approved source water assessment programunder this section and shall carry out the program either directly or through delegation.
(2) P ROGRAM REQUIREMENTS .—A source water assessment program under this subsection shall—
(A) delineate the boundaries of the assessment areasin such State from which one or more public water systems in the State receive supplies of drinking water, using all reasonably available hydrogeologic information on the sources of the supply of drinking water in the State andthe water flow, recharge, and discharge and any other reliable information as the State deems necessary to adequately determine such areas; and (B) identify for contaminants regulated under this title for which monitoring is required under this title (or anyunregulated contaminants selected by the State, in its discretion, which the State, for the purposes of this subsection, has determined may present a threat to public Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002465 Sec. 1453 SAFE DRINKING WATER

health), to the extent practical, the origins within each delineated area of such contaminants to determine the susceptibility of the public water systems in the delineated

area to such contaminants.
(3) APPROVAL

, IMPLEMENTATION

, AND MONITORING RE

-

LIEF .—A State source water assessment program under this

subsection shall be submitted to the Administrator within 18 months after the Administrator’s guidance is issued under this subsection and shall be deemed approved 9 months after the date of such submittal unless the Administrator disapproves the program as provided in section 1428(c). States shall begin implementation of the program immediately after its approval. The Administrator’s approval of a State program under thissubsection shall include a timetable, established in consultation with the State, allowing not more than 2 years for completion after approval of the program. Public water systems seeking monitoring relief in addition to the interim relief provided under section 1418(a) shall be eligible for monitoring relief,consistent with section 1418(b), upon completion of the assessment in the delineated source water assessment area or areas

concerned.
(4) T IMETABLE .—The timetable referred to in paragraph (3) shall take into consideration the availability to the State offunds under section 1452 (relating to State loan funds) for assessments and other relevant factors. The Administrator may extend any timetable included in a State program approved under paragraph (3) to extend the period for completion by an

additional 18 months.
(5) D EMONSTRATION PROJECT .—The Administrator shall, assoon as practicable, conduct a demonstration project, in consultation with other Federal agencies, to demonstrate the most effective and protective means of assessing and protecting source waters serving large metropolitan areas and located on

Federal lands.
(6) U SE OF OTHER PROGRAMS .—To avoid duplication and to encourage efficiency, the program under this section may make use of any of the following: (A) Vulnerability assessments, sanitary surveys, and monitoring programs. (B) Delineations or assessments of ground watersources under a State wellhead protection program developed pursuant to this section. (C) Delineations or assessments of surface or ground water sources under a State pesticide management plan developed pursuant to the Pesticide and Ground Water State Management Plan Regulation (subparts I and J ofpart 152 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations), promulgated under section 3(d) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. 136a(d)).
(D) Delineations or assessments of surface water sources under a State watershed initiative or to satisfy the watershed criterion for determining if filtration is required
under the Surface Water Treatment Rule (section 141.70 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations). Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002466 Sec. 1454 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(E) Delineations or assessments of surface or ground water sources under programs or plans pursuant to the

Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
(7) P UBLIC AVAILABILITY .—The State shall make the results of the source water assessments conducted under this subsection available to the public.
(b) APPROVAL AND D ISAPPROVAL .—For provisions relating to program approval and disapproval, see section 1428(c).

[42 U.S.C. 300j–13]

SOURCE WATER PETITION PROGRAM

S EC . 1454. (a) P ETITION P ROGRAM .— (1) I N GENERAL .— (A) E STABLISHMENT .—A State may establish a program under which an owner or operator of a communitywater system in the State, or a municipal or local government or political subdivision of a State, may submit a source water quality protection partnership petition to theState requesting that the State assist in the local development of a voluntary, incentive-based partnership, amongthe owner, operator, or government and other persons likely to be affected by the recommendations of the partnership, to—(i) reduce the presence in drinking water of contaminants that may be addressed by a petition by considering the origins of the contaminants, including to the maximum extent practicable the specific activities that affect the drinking water supply of a community;
(ii) obtain financial or technical assistance necessary to facilitate establishment of a partnership, orto develop and implement recommendations of a partnership for the protection of source water to assist inthe provision of drinking water that complies with national primary drinking water regulations with respect to contaminants addressed by a petition; and (iii) develop recommendations regarding voluntaryand incentive-based strategies for the long-term protection of the source water of community water systems. (B) F UNDING .—Each State may— (i) use funds set aside pursuant to section 1452(k)(1)(A)(iii) by the State to carry out a program described in subparagraph (A), including assistance to voluntary local partnerships for the development and implementation of partnership recommendations for the protection of source water such as source waterquality assessment, contingency plans, and demonstration projects for partners within a source water area delineated under section 1453(a); and (ii) provide assistance in response to a petition submitted under this subsection using funds referred
to in subsection (b)(2)(B). Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002467 Sec. 1454 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(2) O BJECTIVES .—The objectives of a petition submitted

under this subsection shall be to—(A) facilitate the local development of voluntary, incentive-based partnerships among owners and operators ofcommunity water systems, governments, and other persons in source water areas; and(B) obtain assistance from the State in identifying resources which are available to implement the recommendations of the partnerships to address the origins of drinking water contaminants that may be addressed by a petition (including to the maximum extent practicable thespecific activities contributing to the presence of the contaminants) that affect the drinking water supply of a community. (3) C ONTAMINANTS ADDRESSED BY A PETITION .—A petition submitted to a State under this subsection may address only

those contaminants— (A) that are pathogenic organisms for which a national primary drinking water regulation has been established or is required under section 1412; or(B) for which a national primary drinking water regulation has been promulgated or proposed and that are detected by adequate monitoring methods in the sourcewater at the intake structure or in any collection, treatment, storage, or distribution facilities by the community water systems at levels— (i) above the maximum contaminant level; or (ii) that are not reliably and consistently below

the maximum contaminant level.
(4) C ONTENTS .—A petition submitted under this subsection shall, at a minimum—
(A) include a delineation of the source water area in the State that is the subject of the petition; (B) identify, to the maximum extent practicable, the origins of the drinking water contaminants that may be addressed by a petition (including to the maximum extentpracticable the specific activities contributing to the presence of the contaminants) in the source water area delineated under section 1453; (C) identify any deficiencies in information that willimpair the development of recommendations by the voluntary local partnership to address drinking water contaminants that may be addressed by a petition; (D) specify the efforts made to establish the voluntary local partnership and obtain the participation of—(i) the municipal or local government or other political subdivision of the State with jurisdiction over the source water area delineated under section 1453;

and (ii) each person in the source water area delineated under section 1453—(I) who is likely to be affected by recommendations of the voluntary local partnership;

and Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002468 Sec. 1454 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(II) whose participation is essential to the success of the partnership; (E) outline how the voluntary local partnership has orwill, during development and implementation of recommendations of the voluntary local partnership, identify,recognize and take into account any voluntary or other activities already being undertaken by persons in the source

water area delineated under section 1453 under Federal or

State law to reduce the likelihood that contaminants will occur in drinking water at levels of public health concern;

and (F) specify the technical, financial, or other assistance that the voluntary local partnership requests of the Stateto develop the partnership or to implement recommendations of the partnership.
(b) APPROVAL OR D ISAPPROVAL OF P ETITIONS .— (1) I N GENERAL .—After providing notice and an opportunity for public comment on a petition submitted under subsection (a), the State shall approve or disapprove the petition, in whole or in part, not later than 120 days after the date of submission of the petition.
(2) APPROVAL .—The State may approve a petition if the petition meets the requirements established under subsection (a).The notice of approval shall, at a minimum, include for informational purposes—(A) an identification of technical, financial, or other assistance that the State will provide to assist in addressing the drinking water contaminants that may be addressed by a petition based on—(i) the relative priority of the public health concern identified in the petition with respect to the other water quality needs identified by the State; (ii) any necessary coordination that the State will perform of the program established under this section with programs implemented or planned by other States under this section; and (iii) funds available (including funds available from a State revolving loan fund established under
title VI of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.)) or section 1452; (B) a description of technical or financial assistance pursuant to Federal and State programs that is availableto assist in implementing recommendations of the partnership in the petition, including— (i) any program established under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.); (ii) the program established under section 6217 of

the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990 (16 U.S.C. 1455b);(iii) the agricultural water quality protection program established under chapter 2 of subtitle D of title XII of the Food Security Act of 1985 (16 U.S.C. 3838 et seq.); Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002469 Sec. 1454 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(iv) the sole source aquifer protection program established under section 1427; (v) the community wellhead protection program established under section 1428; (vi) any pesticide or ground water management plan;(vii) any voluntary agricultural resource management plan or voluntary whole farm or whole ranch management plan developed and implemented under a process established by the Secretary of Agriculture;

and (viii) any abandoned well closure program; and (C) a description of activities that will be undertaken to coordinate Federal and State programs to respond to the petition. (3) D ISAPPROVAL .—If the State disapproves a petition submitted under subsection (a), the State shall notify the entitysubmitting the petition in writing of the reasons for disapproval. A petition may be resubmitted at any time if— (A) new information becomes available; (B) conditions affecting the source water that is the subject of the petition change; or (C) modifications are made in the type of assistance being requested.
(c) GRANTS TO S UPPORT S TATE P ROGRAMS .— (1) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator may make a grant to each State that establishes a program under this section that is approved under paragraph (2). The amount of each grant shall not exceed 50 percent of the cost of administering the program for the year in which the grant is available.
(2) APPROVAL .—In order to receive grant assistance under this subsection, a State shall submit to the Administrator forapproval a plan for a source water quality protection partnership program that is consistent with the guidance published under subsection (d). The Administrator shall approve the plan if the plan is consistent with the guidance published under
subsection (d).
(d) GUIDANCE .— (1) I N GENERAL .—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this section, the Administrator, in consultation with the States, shall publish guidance to assist—(A) States in the development of a source water quality protection partnership program; and(B) municipal or local governments or political subdivisions of a State and community water systems in the development of source water quality protection partnerships and in the assessment of source water quality.
(2) C ONTENTS OF THE GUIDANCE .—The guidance shall, at a

minimum—(A) recommend procedures for the approval or disapproval by a State of a petition submitted under subsection (a);(B) recommend procedures for the submission of petitions developed under subsection (a); Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002470 Sec. 1455 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(C) recommend criteria for the assessment of source water areas within a State; and (D) describe technical or financial assistance pursuant to Federal and State programs that is available to addressthe contamination of sources of drinking water and to develop and respond to petitions submitted under subsection
(a).
(e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS .—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1997 through 2003. Each State with a plan for a program approved under subsection (b) shall receive an equitable portion of the funds available for any fiscal year.
(f) S TATUTORY C ONSTRUCTION .—Nothing in this section— (1)(A) creates or conveys new authority to a State, political subdivision of a State, or community water system for any new regulatory measure; or (B) limits any authority of a State, political subdivision, or community water system; or (2) precludes a community water system, municipal or local government, or political subdivision of a government fromlocally developing and carrying out a voluntary, incentivebased, source water quality protection partnership to address the origins of drinking water contaminants of public health

concern.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–14]

WATER CONSERVATION PLAN

S EC . 1455. (a) GUIDELINES .—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996, the Administrator shall publish in the Federal Register guidelines for water conservation plans for public water systemsserving fewer than 3,300 persons, public water systems serving between 3,300 and 10,000 persons, and public water systems serving more than 10,000 persons, taking into consideration such factors as water availability and climate.
(b) L OANS OR GRANTS .—Within 1 year after publication of theguidelines under subsection (a), a State exercising primary enforcement responsibility for public water systems may require a public water system, as a condition of receiving a loan or grant from a State loan fund under section 1452, to submit with its application for such loan or grant a water conservation plan consistent with such guidelines.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–15]

ASSISTANCE TO COLONIAS

S EC . 1456. (a) D EFINITIONS .—As used in this section:
(1) B ORDER STATE .—The term ‘‘border State’’ means Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas.
(2) E LIGIBLE COMMUNITY .—The term ‘‘eligible community’’ means a low-income community with economic hardship that— (A) is commonly referred to as a colonia; (B) is located along the United States-Mexico border (generally in an unincorporated area); and Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002471 Sec. 1458 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(C) lacks a safe drinking water supply or adequate facilities for the provision of safe drinking water for human consumption. (b) GRANTS T O ALLEVIATE H EALTH R ISKS .—The Administratorof the Environmental Protection Agency and the heads of other appropriate Federal agencies are authorized to award grants to a border State to provide assistance to eligible communities to facilitate compliance with national primary drinking water regulations or otherwise significantly further the health protection objectives of

this title.
(c) U SE OF F UNDS .—Each grant awarded pursuant to subsection (b) shall be used to provide assistance to one or more eligible communities with respect to which the residents are subject to a significant health risk (as determined by the Administrator or the head of the Federal agency making the grant) attributable to the lack of access to an adequate and affordable drinking water supply system.
(d) C OST S HARING .—The amount of a grant awarded pursuant to this section shall not exceed 50 percent of the costs of carrying out the project that is the subject of the grant.
(e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS .—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $25,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1997 through 1999.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–16]

ESTROGENIC SUBSTANCES SCREENING PROGRAM

S EC . 1457. In addition to the substances referred to in section 408(p)(3)(B) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 346a(p)(3)(B)) the Administrator may provide for testing under the screening program authorized by section 408(p) of such Act, in accordance with the provisions of section 408(p) of such Act, of any other substance that may be found in sources of drinkingwater if the Administrator determines that a substantial population may be exposed to such substance.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–17]

DRINKING WATER STUDIES

S EC . 1458. (a) S UBPOPULATIONS AT GREATER R ISK .— (1) I N GENERAL .—The Administrator shall conduct a continuing program of studies to identify groups within the general population that may be at greater risk than the generalpopulation of adverse health effects from exposure to contaminants in drinking water. The study shall examine whether and to what degree infants, children, pregnant women, the elderly,individuals with a history of serious illness, or other subpopulations that can be identified and characterized are likely to experience elevated health risks, including risks of cancer, from contaminants in drinking water.
(2) R EPORT .—Not later than 4 years after the date of enactment of this subsection and periodically thereafter as newand significant information becomes available, the Administrator shall report to the Congress on the results of the studies. Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002472 Sec. 1458 SAFE DRINKING WATER

(b) B IOLOGICAL M ECHANISMS .—The Administrator shall conduct biomedical studies to—(1) understand the mechanisms by which chemical contaminants are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the human body, so as to develop more accurate physiologically based models of the phenomena;
(2) understand the effects of contaminants and the mechanisms by which the contaminants cause adverse effects (especially noncancer and infectious effects) and the variations in the effects among humans, especially subpopulations at greater risk of adverse effects, and between test animals and humans;

and (3) develop new approaches to the study of complex mixtures, such as mixtures found in drinking water, especially todetermine the prospects for synergistic or antagonistic interactions that may affect the shape of the dose-response relationship of the individual chemicals and microbes, and to examine noncancer endpoints and infectious diseases, and susceptible individuals and subpopulations.
(c) S TUDIES ON HARMFUL S UBSTANCES IN D RINKING W ATER .— (1) D EVELOPMENT OF STUDIES .—The Administrator shall,not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this section and after consultation with the Secretary of Health andHuman Services, the Secretary of Agriculture, and, as appropriate, the heads of other Federal agencies, conduct the studiesdescribed in paragraph (2) to support the development and implementation of the most current version of each of the following:
(A) Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (59 Fed. Reg. 38832 (July 29, 1994)). (B) Disinfectant and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (59 Fed. Reg. 38668 (July 29, 1994)). (C) Ground Water Disinfection Rule (availability of draft summary announced at (57 Fed. Reg. 33960; July 31,
1992)).
(2) C ONTENTS OF STUDIES .—The studies required by paragraph (1) shall include, at a minimum, each of the following:(A) Toxicological studies and, if warranted, epidemiological studies to determine what levels of exposure from disinfectants and disinfection byproducts, if any, may be associated with developmental and birth defects and other potential toxic end points.(B) Toxicological studies and, if warranted, epidemiological studies to quantify the carcinogenic potential fromexposure to disinfection byproducts resulting from different disinfectants. (C) The development of dose-response curves for pathogens, including cryptosporidium and the Norwalk

virus.
(3) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS .—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subsection $12,500,000 for each of fiscal years 1997 through 2003.
(d) W ATERBORNE D ISEASE O CCURRENCE S TUDY .— Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002473 Sec. 1461 SAFE DRINKING WATER

1 Part F was added by the Lead Contamination Control Act of 1988 (P.L. 100–572; 102 Stat.
2884). (1) SYSTEM .—The Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Administrator shall jointly— (A) within 2 years after the date of enactment of thissection, conduct pilot waterborne disease occurrence studies for at least 5 major United States communities or public water systems; and (B) within 5 years after the date of enactment of thissection, prepare a report on the findings of the pilot studies, and a national estimate of waterborne disease occurrence. (2) T RAINING AND EDUCATION .—The Director and Administrator shall jointly establish a national health care providertraining and public education campaign to inform both the professional health care provider community and the general public about waterborne disease and the symptoms that may be caused by infectious agents, including microbial contaminants. In developing such a campaign, they shall seek comment frominterested groups and individuals, including scientists, physicians, State and local governments, environmental groups, public water systems, and vulnerable populations.
(3) F UNDING .—There are authorized to be appropriated for each of the fiscal years 1997 through 2001, $3,000,000 to carry

out this subsection. To the extent funds under this subsection are not fully appropriated, the Administrator may use not more than $2,000,000 of the funds from amounts reserved under section 1452(n) for health effects studies for purposes of this subsection. The Administrator may transfer a portion of

such funds to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for such purposes.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–18]

PART F—ADDITIONAL R EQUIREMENTS T O R EGULATE THE S AFETY OF
D RINKING W ATER 1

DEFINITIONS

S EC . 1461. As used in this part—
(1) D RINKING WATER COOLER .—The term ‘‘drinking water cooler’’ means any mechanical device affixed to drinking watersupply plumbing which actively cools water for human consumption. (2) L EAD FREE .—The term ‘‘lead free’’ means, with respect to a drinking water cooler, that each part or component of the cooler which may come in contact with drinking water contains not more than 8 percent lead, except that no drinking water cooler which contains any solder, flux, or storage tank interior surface which may come in contact with drinking water shallbe considered lead free if the solder, flux, or storage tank interior surface contains more than 0.2 percent lead. The Administrator may establish more stringent requirements for treating any part or component of a drinking water cooler as lead free for purposes of this part whenever he determines that any Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002474 Sec. 1462 SAFE DRINKING WATER

such part may constitute an important source of lead in drinking water. (3) L OCAL EDUCATIONAL AGENCY .—The term ‘‘local educational agency’’ means— (A) any local educational agency as defined in section 9101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of
1965, (B) the owner of any private, nonprofit elementary or secondary school building, and (C) the governing authority of any school operating under the defense dependent’s education system provided for under the Defense Dependent’s Education Act of 1978 (20 U.S.C. 921 and following).
(4) R EPAIR .—The term ‘‘repair’’ means, with respect to adrinking water cooler, to take such corrective action as is necessary to ensure that water cooler is lead free.
(5) R EPLACEMENT .—The term ‘‘replacement’’, when used with respect to a drinking water cooler, means the permanent

removal of the water cooler and the installation of a lead free

water cooler.
(6) S CHOOL .—The term ‘‘school’’ means any elementaryschool or secondary school as defined in section 9101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and any kindergarten or day care facility.
(7) L EAD

- LINED TANK .—The term ‘‘lead-lined tank’’ means a water reservoir container in a drinking water cooler which

container is constructed of lead or which has an interior surface which is not leadfree.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–21]

RECALL OF DRINKING WATER COOLERS WITH LEAD

- LINED TANKS

S EC . 1462. For purposes of the Consumer Product Safety Act, all drinking water coolers identified by the Administrator on thelist under section 1463 as having a lead-lined tank shall be considered to be imminently hazardous consumer products within the meaning of section 12 of such Act (15 U.S.C. 2061). After noticeand opportunity for comment, including a public hearing, the Consumer Product Safety Commission shall issue an order requiring the manufacturers and importers of such coolers to repair, replace, or recall and provide a refund for such coolers within 1 year after

the enactment of the Lead Contamination Control Act of 1988. For purposes of enforcement, such order shall be treated as an order
under section 15(d) of that Act (15 U.S.C. 2064(d)).

[42 U.S.C. 300j–22]

DRINKING WATER COOLERS CONTAINING LEAD

S EC . 1463. (a) PUBLICATION OF L ISTS .—The Administrator shall, after notice and opportunity for public comment, identify each brand and model of drinking water cooler which is not lead free, including each brand and model of drinking water cooler which has a lead-lined tank. For purposes of identifying the brandand model of drinking water coolers under this subsection, the Administrator shall use the best information available to the EnvironQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002475 Sec. 1464 SAFE DRINKING WATER

mental Protection Agency. Within 100 days after the enactment of this section, the Administrator shall publish a list of each brand and model of drinking water cooler identified under this subsection. Such list shall separately identify each brand and model of cooler

which has a lead-lined tank. The Administrator shall continue to gather information regarding lead in drinking water coolers andshall revise and republish the list from time to time as may be appropriate as new information or analysis becomes available regarding lead contamination in drinking water coolers.
(b) P ROHIBITION .—No person may sell in interstate commerce, or manufacture for sale in interstate commerce, any drinking watercooler listed under subsection (a) or any other drinking water cooler which is not lead free, including a lead-lined drinking water

cooler.
(c) C RIMINAL P ENALTY .—Any person who knowingly violates the prohibition contained in subsection (b) shall be imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or fined in accordance with title 18 of the United States Code, or both.
(d) C IVIL P ENALTY .—The Administrator may bring a civil action in the appropriate United States District Court (as determinedunder the provisions of title 28 of the United States Code) to impose a civil penalty on any person who violates subsection (b). Inany such action the court may impose on such person a civil penalty of not more than $5,000 ($50,000 in the case of a second or subsequent violation).

[42 U.S.C. 300j–23]

LEAD CONTAMINATION IN SCHOOL DRINKING WATER

S EC . 1464. (a) D ISTRIBUTION OF D RINKING W ATER C OOLER
L IST .—Within 100 days after the enactment of this section, the Administrator shall distribute to the States a list of each brand andmodel of drinking water cooler identified and listed by the Administrator under section 1463(a).
(b) GUIDANCE D OCUMENT AND T ESTING P ROTOCOL .—The Administrator shall publish a guidance document and a testing protocol to assist schools in determining the source and degree of lead contamination in school drinking water supplies and in remedyingsuch contamination. The guidance document shall include guidelines for sample preservation. The guidance document shall also include guidance to assist States, schools, and the general public in ascertaining the levels of lead contamination in drinking water coolers and in taking appropriate action to reduce or eliminate suchcontamination. The guidance document shall contain a testing protocol for the identification of drinking water coolers which contribute to lead contamination in drinking water. Such document and protocol may be revised, republished and redistributed as the Administrator deems necessary. The Administrator shall distribute the guidance document and testing protocol to the States within 100 days after the enactment of this section.
(c) D ISSEMINATION TO S CHOOLS , E TC .—Each State shall providefor the dissemination to local educational agencies, private nonprofit elementary or secondary schools and to day care centers ofthe guidance document and testing protocol published under subQ:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002476 Sec. 1465 SAFE DRINKING WATER

section (b), together with the list of drinking water coolers published under section 1463(a).

(d) R EMEDIAL ACTION P ROGRAM .— (1) T ESTING AND REMEDYING LEAD CONTAMINATION .—Within 9 months after the enactment of this section, each State shall establish a program, consistent with this section, to assist local educational agencies in testing for, and remedying, lead contamination in drinking water from coolers and from other sources of lead contamination at schools under the jurisdiction of such agencies.

(2) P UBLIC AVAILABILITY .—A copy of the results of any testing under paragraph (1) shall be available in the administrative offices of the local educational agency for inspection by the public, including teachers, other school personnel, and parents. The local educational agency shall notify parent, teacher, andemployee organizations of the availability of such testing results.

(3) C OOLERS .—In the case of drinking water coolers, suchprogram shall include measures for the reduction or elimination of lead contamination from those water coolers which

are not lead free and which are located in schools. Such measures shall be adequate to ensure that within 15 months after

the enactment of this subsection all such water coolers inschools under the jurisdiction of such agencies are repaired, replaced, permanently removed, or rendered inoperable unlessthe cooler is tested and found (within the limits of testing accuracy) not to contribute lead to drinking water.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–24]

FEDERAL ASSISTANCE FOR STATE PROGRAMS REGARDING LEAD

CONTAMINATION IN SCHOOL DRINKING WATER

S EC . 1465. (a) S CHOOL D RINKING W ATER P ROGRAMS .—The Administrator shall make grants to States to establish and carry outState programs under section 1464 to assist local educational agencies in testing for, and remedying, lead contamination in drinking water from drinking water coolers and from other sources of lead contamination at schools under the jurisdiction of such agencies. Such grants may be used by States to reimburse local educational agencies for expenses incurred after the enactment of this section for such testing and remedial action.

(b) L IMITS .—Each grant under this section shall be used by the State for testing water coolers in accordance with section 1464, for testing for lead contamination in other drinking water supplies under section 1464, or for remedial action under State programs under section 1464. Not more than 5 percent of the grant may be used for program administration.

(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS .—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section not more than $30,000,000 for fiscal year 1989, $30,000,000 for fiscal year 1990, and $30,000,000 for fiscal year 1991.

[42 U.S.C. 300j–25] Q:\COMP\ENVIR2\SDWA

December 31, 2002