# Pest List for the Importation of Fresh Commercial Citrus

Fruit: Grapefruit ( Citrus × paradisi ); Lime ( C. aurantiifolia ); Mandarin Orange
, Tangerine
, or Hybrids ( C. reticulata );
Sweet Orange ( C. sinensis ); and Tangelo ( C. × tangelo ) from

Peru into the Continental United States

Novem ber 2
, 2012

Version 1

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 i

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 ii



## Executive Summary

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this pest list to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commercially produced fresh Citrus fruit for consumption from all are as of Peru into the continental United States. This request ( SENASA

- Peru, 2011 ) is for the following species: grapefruit ( C itrus × paradisi Macfad.); lime ( C. aurantiifolia [Chris tm .] Swingle); mandarin

orange, tangerine , or hybrids ( C. reticulata Blanco); sweet orange ( C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck); and tangelo ( Citrus × tangelo J.W. Ingram & H.E. Moore) ( Rutaceae)

. A n earlier risk assessment was developed for exports of citrus from five production regions , and market access was established ( USDA, 2003 )

.

Here, considering expansion of the export area from Peru to the entire country, we considered the pathway to include the following processes and conditions:

 phytosanitary management of pests associated with Citrus in the grove;

 packinghouse measures that include inspection primary grading to remove small, damaged, infected, or infested fruit; washing and brushing to clean fruit; spraying with wax containing fungicide, followed by air

- drying; secondary grading to remove damaged

or blemished fruit; sorting by size and packaging in new cardboard boxes; storage with safeguarding measures to prevent re

- infestation under consistent conditions; and

 final inspection and certification procedures, prior to approval to start cold treatment f or fruit flies in transit. These processes ( 7 CFR § 319.56, 2012 ) have been successfully implemented for the five previously approved export areas.

Based on the scientific literature, port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and information from the government of Peru, we developed a list of all pests reported in Peru that infest or infect the
Citrus species above

. We identified the following five quarantine pests as likely to follow the commodity pathway of fresh citrus fruit from Peru that are candidates for risk mitigation . We analyzed a ll of these pests in the earlier risk assessment ( USDA, 2003 )

.

Type Pest Classification Pest Scientific Name Arthropods Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus Anastrepha obliqua Anastrepha serpentina Ceratitis capitata Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Ecdytolopha aurantiana

We f ou nd no evidence that the following damaging Citrus pests found in other countries in
South America are in Peru : Bactrocera carambolae, ‘ Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus

, ’ Citrus leprosis virus

, Diaphorina citri

, Elsinoë australis

, Guignardia citricarpa

, Pseudococcus
neomaritimus

, Xanthomonas citri pv. citri , or Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca.

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 iii



## Table of Contents

Executive Summary

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... ii

1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 1

2. Pest Categorization

................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 1
2.1. Pests associated with Citrus species: C. × paradisi, C. aurantiifolia, C. reticulata, C. sinensis, and C. × tangelo

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 1 2.2. Quarantine pests not considered for risk mitigation

................................ ........................... 19 2.3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and candidates for risk mitigation

............ 20

3. Authors and Reviewers

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 21

4. Literature Cited

................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 21

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 1



## 1. Introduction

This document accompanies a request for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s authorization to allow the importation of fresh fruit of the following Citrus species: grapefruit ( C. × paradisi Macfad.)

, lime ( C. aurantiifolia [Christm.] Swingle)

, mandarin orange or tangerine ( C. reticulata Blanco)

, sweet orange ( C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck)

, and tangelo ( Citrus × tangelo J.W. Ingram & H.E. Moore) (Rutaceae) for consumption from the entire country of Peru
into the continental Unite d States. The movement of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries, such as Peru, into the United States is regulated ( 7 CFR § 319.56, 2012 ) . Currently, the entry of
fresh fruit of the above

- listed Citrus species from Peru into the continental United State s is authorized under 7 CFR §319 .56 for only five production regions : Ica, Junin, Lambayeque, Lima, and Piura . The government of Peru seeks approval for entry of citrus from the entire country of Peru

.

The movement of fresh Citrus fruit from Peru is a potential pathway for the introduction of unwanted plant pests into the continental United States. These risks were previousl y evaluated in a pathway

- initiated plant pest risk assessment in 2003 (USDA, 2003). Since then , new pests may have been reported, pest status es may have changed, and the expanded production area may have different pests than the previously evaluated five regions. Consequently, the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) prepare d this document to examine the plant pest risks associated with the movement of this commodity
into the continental United States from the expanded Citrus export area in Peru

.

Based on the market access requesting expansion of the export area from Peru to the entire country, we considered the pathway to include the following processes and conditions ( SENASA

- Peru, 2011 ) :

 phytosanitary management of pests associated with Citrus in the grove;

 packinghouse measures that include inspection; primary grading to remove small, damaged, infected, or infested fruit; washing and brushing to clean fruit; spraying with wax containing fungicide, followed by air

- drying; secondary grading to remove damaged or blemished fruit; sorting by size and packaging in new cardboard boxes; storage with safeguarding measures to prevent re

- infestation under consistent conditions; and

 final inspection and certification procedures, prior to approval to start cold treatment for
fruit flies in transit.
These proposed processes have been successfully implemented for the five previously approved export areas in accordance with U.S. regulations ( 7 CFR § 319.56, 2012 ). By developing this pest list, we can determine if currently described requirement s are adequa te to provide phytosanitary security

, or if other measures may be required.



## 2. Pest Categorization

2.1. Pests associated with Citrus species: C. × paradisi, C. aurantiifolia, C. reticulata, C. sinensis, and C. × tangelo

Below we list the pests associated with the following Citrus species: grapefruit ( C. x paradisi )

, lime ( C. aurantiifolia )

, mandarin orange or tangerine ( C. reticulata )

, sweet orange ( C. sinensis )

,

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 2

and tangelo ( Citrus x tangelo ) (in any country) that occur in Per u (on any host) (Table 1) . We identified the presence or absence of these pests in the continental United States, the quarantine status of the pests with respect to the continental United States, the generally affected plant part or parts, whether quaranti ne pests are likely to follow the pathway and enter the continental
United States on commercial citrus fruit, and pertinent references. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, USDA port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and informati on provided by the government of Peru

. Pests highlighted with a gray background are quarantine pests identified for potential risk mitigation, as we consider them reasonably likely to follow the pathway of commercial fruit shipments. We summarize those pests in a separate table (Table 2).

Please note that in the pest list (Table 1), we do not provide information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway for non

- quarantine pests. Even if non

quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because they already occur in the continental United States. Therefore, for

non

- quarantine pests we indicate that information with N/A (not applicable).

T able 1 . Pests associated with relevant Citrus spp. that are also present in Peru

. Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway

ARTHROPODS Acari: Eriophyidae

Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) CABI, 2012 ; Futch et al., 2011 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ), US ( CABI,
2012 ) No N/A N/A

Acari: Tarsonemidae Polyphagotarsonemus latus
Banks CABI, 2012 ; Gerson, 1992 PE , US ( Vacante,

2010 ) No N/A N/A

Acari: Tenuipalpidae

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) Vacante, 2010 PE, US ( Vacante,
2010 ) No N/A N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae

1 Geographic Distribution (specific states are listed only if distribution is limited): AL = Alabama, AR = Arkansas, AZ = Arizona, CA = California, DC = District of Columbia, FL = Florida, GA = Georgia, HI = Hawaii, IA = Iowa, LA = Louisiana, MD = Maryland, MS = Mississippi, TX = Texas, TH = Thailand, US = United States (widespread) , VA = Virginia, WA = Washington (Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species is considered a quarantine pest for the United States.)

2 Brackets (“[ ]”) around the quarantine status designation indicate that the pest has a limited distributi on in the continental
United States and is either under official control or under consideration for official control. If no reference is listed, this was verified in PestID (2012).

3 Plant Parts: Br = Branch, F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence, GP = Growing poi nt, L = Leaf, R = Root, S = Stem, Sd = Seed

. F or

non

- quarantine pests, we put N/A (= Not Applicable) in the columns for “Plant Part(s) Association” and “Follow Pathway.” See discussion above for more information.

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 3

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Eotetranychus lewisi (McGregor) Vacante, 2010 PE, US ( Vacante,
2010 ) No N/A N/A

Oligonychus peruvianus (McGregor) Vacante, 2010 PE, US ( Vacante,
2010 ) No N/A N/A

Panonychus citri (McGregor) CABI, 2012 ; Futch et al., 2011 PE ( Alata C ondor,

1973 ), US ( CABI,
2012 ) No N/A N/A

Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) CABI, 2012 P E, US ( CABI, 2001 ; Ehler, 1974 ; Johnson et al., 1989 ; Mollet and Sevacherian,
1984 ) No N/A N/A

Tetranychus urticae Koch Vacante, 2010 PE, US ( Vacante,
2010 ) No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Cer ambycidae Macropophora a c centifer (Oliv i er) Escalante et al.,
1981 PE ( Escalante et al.,

1981 ) Yes S ( Escalante et al., 1981 ) No

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) CABI, 2012 ; Cabrera Walsh,
2003 PE ( CABI, 2012 ) Yes F, L, R ( CABI, 2012 ) No 4

Coleoptera: Curculionidae Compsus sp. Alata Condor,
1973 ; Arnett et al.,
2002 ; Borrer et al.,
1989 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ; Arnett et al.,
2002 ; Borrer et al.,
1989 Yes L, R ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; Arnett et al.,
2002 ; Borrer et al., 1989 ) No

Macrostylus puberulus
Boheman Syn.: Amphideritus puberulus Alata Condor,
1973 ; Garces,
1988 ; Wibmer and O'Brien, 1986 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ; Garces, 1988 ; Wibmer and O'Brien,
1986 ) Yes S ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; Garces, 1988 ; Wibmer and O'Brien, 1986 ) No

Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman) [Syn.: P. godmani (Crotch)] CABI, 2012 P E , US ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; CABI,
2000 ) No N/A N/A

Rhynchophorus palmarum (Linnaeus) CABI, 2002 ; PestID, 2003 PE ( CABI, 2002 ;

PestID, 2003 ) , US (CA, limited distribution) ( Hoddle,
2011 ) Yes F, I, L, S ( CABI, 2002 ; PestID, 2003 ) No 5

4 Because of its size, biology and mobility , this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 4

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Ancistrosoma klugi Curtis Alata Condor,
1973 ; Blackwelder,
1956 ; Dourojeanni,
1992 ; Peña and Bennett, 1995 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ; Blackwelder,
1956 ; Dourojeanni,
1992 ; Peña and Bennett, 1995 ) Yes I, L, R ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; Blackwelder,
1956 ; Dourojeanni,
1992 ; Peña and Bennett,
1995 ) No

Gymnetosoma mathani (Pauill) Alata Condor,
19 73 ; Borrer et al.,
1989 ; White, 1983 PE ( Alata Condor,

19 73 ; Borrer et al.,
1989 ; White, 1983 ) Yes F, I, L ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; Borrer et al.,
1989 ; White,
1983 ) 6 No 7

Diptera: Lonchaeidae Neosilba pendula Bezzi Araújo and Zucchi, 2002 PE ( Hofshi, 2003 ) Yes F ( Araújo and Zucchi, 2002 ) No 8

Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) CABI, 2012 ; Ovruski et al.,
2003 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ; CABI, 2012 ; Steck, 1991 ) Yes F ( CABI,
2012 ) Yes

Anastrepha obliqua Macquart CABI, 2012 PE ( CABI, 2012 ; Korytkowski and Ojeda, 1968 ) Yes F ( CABI,
2012 ; Korytkowski

an d Ojeda,
1968 ) Yes

Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann) CABI, 2012 PE ( Alata Con dor,
1973 ; CABI, 2012 ; Foote et al., 1993 ; Weems, 2012 ) Yes F ( CABI,
2012 ) Yes

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) CABI, 2012 PE ( Aguilar, 1982 ; Alata Condor, 1973 ; CABI, 2012 ) Yes F ( CABI,
2012 ) Yes

5 Because of its size, biology , and mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and proc essing.

6 Many scarabs feed on plant materials such as grasses, foliage, fruits, and flowers, and some are serious pests of various agricultural crops ( Borrer et al., 1989 ). We assume that only the adults attack the fruit, as we found no evidence that scarab larvae feed on fruit ( White, 1983 ).

7 Because of their size, biology

, and mobility, adults of this pest are highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

8 This species is a secondary pest that uses hosts previously damaged by primary invaders, particularly fruit flies ( White and
Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). Culling damaged fruit and mitigating fruit flies is highly likely to remove these pests from the pathway.

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 5

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Tetreuaresta punctipennata Hering Alata Condor,
1973 ; Borge and Basedow, 1997 ; Gordh and Headrick, 2001 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ; Borge and Basedow, 199 7 ; Gordh and Headrick,
2001 ) Yes I ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; Borge and Basedow,
1997 ; Gordh and Headrick,
2001 No

Diptera: Muscidae Atherigona orientalis
Schiner CABI, 2012 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Diptera: Cecidomyiidae Prodiplosis longifila Gagné Pena et al., 1989 PE, US (FL) ( Pena et al., 1989 ) [ Yes ] N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby EPPO/CABI,
1997a ; Maes and Mound, 1993 PE, US (FL, HI, TX)

( EPPO/CABI, 1997a ) [ Yes ] L ( Nguyen et al., 2010 ) No

Aleurodicus sp cercana a A.
cocois (Curtis) Nunez, 2008 PE ( Nunez, 2008 ) Yes L ( Nunez,
2008 ) No

Aleurodicus coccolobae Quaintance and Baker Nunez, 2008 PE ( Nunez, 2008 ) Yes L ( Nunez,
2008 ) No

Aleurodicus dispersus
Russell CABI, 2012 PE, US ( Lambkin,
1999 ) No 9 L ( CABI,
2012 ) No

Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) CABI, 2012 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ; Kerns et al., 2001 ; Miklasiewicz and Walker, 1990 ) No N/A N/A

Aleurotrachelus sp. Nunez, 2008 PE ( Nunez, 2008 ) Yes L ( Nunez,
2008 ) No

Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) CABI, 2012 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A Paraleyrodes sp. Nunez, 2008 PE ( Nunez, 2008 ) Yes L ( Nunez,
2008 ) No

Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) Nguyen et al.,
2010 PE ( Valencia et al.,

2010 ); US ( Nguyen et al., 2010 ) No 10 N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aphididae Aphis gossypii Glover CABI, 2012 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A Aphis spiraecola Patch CABI, 2012 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) CABI, 2012 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer CABI, 2012 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

9 Aleurodicus dispersus was listed previously as a quarantine pest ( USDA, 2003 ). Currently, n o action is required for this pest on commoditie s for consumption ( PestID, 2012 ).

10 Status of this pest was recently changed to non

- reportable/non

- ac tionable (PestID, 2012).

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 6

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) CABI, 2012 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) CABI, 2012 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy) Syn: T. citricida CABI, 2012 PE, US (FL, HI, PR) ( CABI, 2012 ) [ Yes ] L, S, I ( CABI,
2012 ) No

Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae

Asterolecanium sp. Alata Condor,
1973 ; Hamon,
1977 ; Hill, 1983 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ) Yes L, S, F ( Hamon,
1977 ; Hill,
1983 ) Yes

Lecanodiaspis sp. Alata Condor,
1973 PE (Alata Condor,

1973) Yes S, B ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ) No

Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes sp. Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI, 2012 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ) Y es L, S (Alata Condor, 1973; CABI, 2012) No

Ceroplastes cirripediformis (Comstock) CABI, 2000 ; Marin

- Loayza and
Cisneros

- Vera,
1995 PE, US (CAB I , 2000;

Marin

- Loayza and
Cisneros

- Vera, 1995 ) No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes floridensis (Comstock) CABI, 2000 PE ( Marin

- Loayza
and Cisneros

- Vera,
1995 ) , US (CABI

, 2000) No N/A N/A

Coccus hesperidum L. Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI,
2000 ; Hamon,
1984 PE, US ( Alata

Condor, 1973 ; CABI,
2000 ; Hamon, 1984 ) No N/A N/A

Coccus viridis (Green) ( Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI,
2002 ; Dekle and Fasulo, 20 02 ) PE ( Gomez de Picho,

1991 ) , US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ) No 11 N/A N/A

Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) (Syn: Lecanium
corni Bouché ) Alata Condor, 1973; CABI, 2002 PE, US ( Alata

Condor, 1973; CABI, 2002) No N/A N/A

Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Ckll.) Alata Condor,
1973 ; Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; CABI,
2001 PE, US (Alata

Condor, 1973; CABI, 2001; Ben

- Dov et al.,
2012 ) No N/A N/A

11 Coccus viridis was listed as a quarantine pest previously (USDA, 2003), but currently is non

- reportable/non

- actionable (PestID, 2012).

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 7

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway

Pulvinaria sp. (Tao, Wong & Chang) Alata Condor,
1973 ; Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; CABI,
2002 ; Hill, 1983 PE (Alata Condor,

1973) Yes L, S, F (Hill, 1983; Ben

Dov et al.,
2012 ; CABI, 2002) Yes

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI,
2000 ; Hamon,
1984 PE, US (Alata

Condor, 1973; CABI, 2001; Hamon, 1984) No N/A N/A

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI,
2000 ; Hamon,
1984 PE, US (Alata

Condor, 1973; CABI, 2001; Hamon, 1984 No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Diaspididae 12

Aonidia sp. Alata Condor,
1973 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ) Yes L ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ) No

Acutaspis albopicta (Cockerell) Ben

- Dov et al.,
2012 PE, US (Ben

- Dov et

al., 2012) No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret CABI, 2002 PE, US (CA, FL, HI) (CABI, 2002) No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus nerii Bouché CABI, 2002 PE, US (CA, HI) (CABI, 2002) No N/A N/A

Aulacaspis tubercularis
Newstead CABI, 2002 ; PestID, 2003 PE (PestID, 2003) Yes L ( Hodges and
Ha mon, 2004 ); F ( Daneel and Joubert, 2009 ) Yes 12

Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI,
2001 ; Nakahara,
1982 PE, US (Alata

Condor, 1973; CABI, 2001; Nakahara, 1982) No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI,
2001 ; Nakahara,
1982 PE, US (Alata

Condor, 1973; CABI, 2001; Nakahara, 1982) No N/A N/A

Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) CABI, 2000 PE, US (CABI, 2000) No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI,
2000 ; Nakahara,
1982 ; Nunez, 2008 PE, US (Alata

Condor, 1973; CABI

, 2000; Nakahara, 1982) No N/A N/A

12 Although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are highly unl ikely to become established via this pathway. Plea se see discussion in section 2.2.2 for a detailed explanation.

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 8

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell) Nunez, 2008 PE ( Nunez, 2008 ), US (Ben

- Dov, et al., 2012) No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) (Syn: Cornuaspis beckii ) Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI,
2000 ; Nakahara,
1982 PE, US (Alata

Condor, 1973; CABI, 2000; Nakahara, 1982 No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard) (Syn: Insulaspis gloverii (Packard)) Alata Condor,
1973 ; Gonzalez et al., 2005 ; Nakahara, 1982 PE (Alata Condor,

1973; Nuñez, 2008), US ( CABI, 2000; Nakahara, 1982 ; B en

Dov et al., 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Mycetaspis personata (Comstock) Ben

- Dov et al.,
2012 PE, US (FL) (Ben

Dov et al., 2012) No N/A N/A

Parlatoria cinerea Hadden
in Doane & Hadden Ben

- Dov et al.,
2012 ; Kosztarab,
1996 ; Ooi et al.,
2002 PE, US (MD, DC)

( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2002 ; Kosztarab, 1996; Ooi et al., 2002) [ Ye s ] F, L ( Masten Milek et al.,
2009 ; Neubauer,
1980 ) Yes 12

Parlatoria pergandii
Comstock Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI,
2001 ; Kosztarab,
1996 PE, US (Alata

Condor, 1973; CABI, 2001; Kosztarab, 1996) No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) Nunez, 2008 PE ( Nunez, 2008 ), US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2012) No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani Colley Alata Condor, 1973; CABI, 2002; B en

- Dov et al., 2012 PE, US (Alata

Condor, 1973; CABI, 2002; Ben

- Dov et al.,
2002 ) No N/A N/A

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) Kosztarab, 1996 ; PestID, 2003 PE (Kosztarab, 1996;

PestID , 2003) Yes F, L, S (Kosztarab, 1996; PestID

, 2003) Yes 12

Pseudischnaspis acephala
Ferris Ben

- Dov et al.,
2012 PE (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2012) Yes L (Ben

- Dov et al., 2012) No

Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI,
2000 ; Dekle,
1976 ; Ebeling,
1959 PE, US (FL) (Alata

Condor, 1973; CABI, 2000; Ebeling, 1959) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 9

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Icerya purchasi Maskell Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI, 2000 PE, US (Alata

Condor, 1973; CABI, 2000) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Ortheziidae Insignorthezia pseudinsignis (Morrison) Ben

- Dov et al.,
2012 PE, US (Ben

- Dov et

al., 2012) No N/A N/A

Praelongorthezia citricola (Beingolea) (Syn.: Orthezia citricola Beingolea) Beingolea, 1971b ; CABI, 2001 ; Ben

Dov et al., 2012 PE (Beingolea,

1971b; CABI, 2001;
Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ) Yes L, S (Beingolea, 1971b; CABI, 2001; Ben

Dov et al.,
2002 ) No

Praelongorthezia olivicola
Kozár ( Syn.: Orthezia olivicola Beingolea) Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI,
2001 ; Peña and Bennett, 1995 ; Ben

- Dov et al.,
2012 PE (Alata Condor,

1973; CABI, 2001; Peña and Bennett, 1995; Ben

- Dov et al.,
2002 ) Yes L, S (Alata Condor, 1973; CABI, 2001;
Peña and Bennett, 1995;
Ben

- Dov et al., 2002 ) N o

Praelongorthezia praelonga Douglas (Syn.: Orthezia praelonga Douglas) Alata Condor,
1973 ; Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; CABI,
2001 ; PestID,
2003 PE, US (VI, PR)

(Alata Condor, 1973; CABI, 2001; Ben

Dov et al., 2002 ; PestID , 2003) Yes L, S (Alata Condor, 1973; CABI, 2001;
Ben

- Dov et al., 2002 ; P estID , 2003) No

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Arvelius acutispinus
Breddin Alata Condor,
1973 ; Henry and
Froes chner, 1988 PE (Alata Condor,

1973; Henry and Froeschner, 1988;
McPherson and McPherson, 2000 ) Yes L, S, I, F (Alata Condor, 1973; Henry
and Froeschner, 1988;
McPherson
and McPherson, 2000) No 13

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) CABI, 2000 PE, US (CABI, 2000) No N/A N/A

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Ben

- Dov et al.,
2012 PE (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2012) Y es L, S, I, F ( Kessing et al.,
2007 ) No 14

Ferrisia virgata Cock CABI, 2000 PE, US (CABI, 2000) No N/A N/A

13 Because of its size, biology

, and mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and p rocessing.

14 Mealybugs are conspicuous and highly unlikely to survive post

- harvest grading and treatment.

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 10

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell) CABI, 2002 PE, US (CABI, 2002) No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus madeirensis
Green CABI, 2002 PE, US (CABI, 2002) No N/A N/A

Planococcus citri (Risso) Alata Condor,
1973 ; Beingolea,
1971a ; CABI,
2000 PE, US (Alata

Condor, 1973; Beingolea, 1971a; CABI, 2000) No N/A N/A

Planococcus minor (Maskell) Ben

- Dov et al.,
2012 ; CABI,
2002 ; Ooi et al.,
2002 ; PestID,
2003 PE (CABI, 2002;

Ben

- Dov et al., 2002 ; PestID , 2003; Ben

Dov, 1994; Ooi et al., 2002) No 15 N/A N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni Tozzetti CABI, 2002 PE, US (CABI, 2002) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae Euryophthalmus balteatus (Stal) Alata Condor,
1973 ; UC IPM,
2008 PE (Alata Condor,

1973) Yes F (Alata Condor, 1973; UC IPM,
2008 ) No 16

Hymenoptera: Apidae Trigona hyalinata
amazonensis Du. Alata Condor,
1973 ; Hill, 1983 ; Myazaki et al.,
1984 PE (Alata Condor,

1973; Hill, 1983; Myazaki et al., 1984) Yes L, I, F (Alata Condor, 1973; Hill, 1983; Myazaki et al., 1984) No 16

Trigona testacea cupira
Smith Alata Condor,
1973 ; Escalante et al., 1981 ; Hill,
1983 ; Escalante,
1974 PE (Alata Condor,

1973; Freire and Gara, 1970 ; Hill, 1983; Escalante, 1974) Yes L, I, F (Alata Condor, 1973;
Freire and Gara, 1970 ; Hill, 1983; Escalante, 1974) No 16

Trigona trinidadensis (Provancher) [Syn: Melipona
trinidadensis ] Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI,
2001 ; Hill, 1983 PE (Alata Condor,

1973; CABI, 2001; Hill, 1983) Yes L, S, F (Alata Condor, 1973; CABI, 2001; Hill, 1983) No 16

Hymenoptera: Formicidae Acromyrex hispidus
Santschi Alata Condor,
1973 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ) Yes whole plant, L ( Alata Condor,
1973 ) No

15 Planococcus minor was listed as a quarantine pest previously (USDA, 2003), but currently is non

- reportable/non

actionable (PestID, 2012).

16 Becau se of its size, biology

, and mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 11

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Atta cephalotes L. Alata Condor,
1973 ; Kliejunas et al., 2001 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ) Yes L ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; Kliejunas et al., 2001 ) No

Atta sexdens L

. Alata Condor,
1973 ; Escalante et al., 1981 ; Kliejunas et al.,
2001 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ; Escalante et al.,
1981 ; Kliejuna s et al., 2001) Yes L ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; Kliejunas et al., 2001) No

Hymenoptera: Meliponidae Melipona sp. Escalante, 1974 PE ( Escalante, 1974 ) Yes F ( Escalante,
1974 ) No 16

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae

Carales astur (Cramer) Jacobson, 1991 ; Jacobson, 2003 ; Zhang, 1994 PE ( Jacobson, 1991 ;

Anonymous, 2003 ; Zhang, 1994 ) Yes L ( Anonymous,
2003 ; Jacobson,
2003 ; Zhang,
1994 ) No

Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Phyllocnistis citrella
Stainton CABI, 2001 ; Heppner and Fasulo, 2010 ; Castillo C. and Cornejo H., 1995 PE ( Campos et al.,

2007 ) , US (AL, FL, LA, TX) ( CABI,
2001 ; Heppner and Fasulo, 2010 ) [ Yes ] L ( CABI,
2001 ; Campos et al., 2007 ; Castillo C. and Cornejo H.,
1995 ; Heppner and Fasulo,
2010 ) No

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

Sibine sp. Alata Condor,
1973 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ) Yes L ( Alata Condor, 1973 ) No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel CABI, 2012 ; Car bonell Torres,
1999 PE ( CABI, 2012 ;

Carbonell Torres,
1999 ) , US ( CABI,
2012 ) No N/A N/A

Helicoverp a zea (Boddie) CABI, 2002 PE, US ( CABI, 2002 ) No N/A N/A

Peridroma saucia (Hübner) CABI, 2012 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A Spodoptera eridania Stoll CABI, 2002 PE, US ( CABI, 2002 ) No N/A N/A Spodoptera frugiperda J.E.
Smith CABI, 2002 PE, US ( CABI, 2002 ) No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 12

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Inga iacunata (Meyr.) Alata Condor,
1973 ; Borrer et al.,
1989 ; Borrer and White, 1970 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ; Borrer et al.,
1989 ; Borrer and White, 1970 ) Yes L , F, S ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; Borrer et al.,
1989 ; Borrer and White,
1970 ) No 17

Lepidoptera: Papilionidae Papilio isidorus isidorus Doubleday (Syn: Heraclides isidorus
isidorus Doubleday) Alata Condor,
1973 ; Lewis, 2010 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ; Lewis, 2010 ) Yes L ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; Lewis, 2010 ) No

Papilio paeon paeon (Boisduval) (Syn: Heraclides paeon

paeon (Guilding) Alata Condor,
1973 ; Lewis, 2010 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ; Lewis, 2010 ) Yes L ( Alata Condor, 19 73 ; Lewis, 2010 ) No

Lepidoptera: Psychidae Oiketicus kirbyi Guilding Alata Condor,
1973 ; Gordh and Headrick, 2001 ; Gravena and de Almeida, 1982 ; Zhang, 1994 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ; Gordh and Headrick, 2001 ; Rhainds and Cabrera

– La Rosa, 2010 ) Yes L ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; Gordh and Headrick,
2001 Gravena
and de Almeida,
1982 ; Zhang,
1994 ) No

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Argyrotaenia sphaleropa Meyrick Aguilar, 1980 ; Alata Condor,
1973 ; Ebeling,
195 9 ; Meneguim and Hohmann,
2007 ; Salazar Torres, 1999 PE ( Aguilar, 1980 ;

Alata Condor, 1973 ; Ebeling, 1959 ; Meneguim and Hohmann, 200 7 ; Salazar Torres, 1999 ) Yes L, F, I ( Aguilar,
1980 ; Alata Condor, 1973 ; Ebeling, 1959 ; Meneguim and Hohmann,
2007 ; Salazar Torres, 1999 ) No 18

17 We found no specific biological information on I. iacunata . In general, though, caterpillars in this genus tie together mature or old leaves and line them with silk and frass, where they rest and develop ( Diniz et al., 2007 ). The final instar complete s the larval stage and pupates in a special envelope inside the leaf shelter. Therefore, Inga species are highly unlikely to be
associated with fruit.

18 Argyrotaenia sphaleropa typically attacks citrus during fruit set, causing premature fruit drop , or c auses noticeable damage to the fruit rind and does not feed inside fruit (Salazar Torres, 1999; Meneguim and Hohmann, 2007 )

. It is, therefore, highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest.

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 13

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima) (Syn s .: E. torticornis, Gymnandrosoma
aurantianum ) Adamski and Brown, 2001 ; Bento et al., 2001 PE ( Escalante et al.,

1981 ) Yes F ( Adamski and Brown,
2001 ; Bento et al., 2001 ; Escalante et al., 1981 ) Yes

Orthoptera: Acrididae Microcentrum laurifolium L. Alata Condor,
1973 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ) Yes F, L, I ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; Griffiths,
1952 19 ) No

Schistocerca cancellata
Serv. Alata Condor,
1973 ; CABI, 2000 PE ( Alata Condor,

1973 ; CABI, 2000 ) Yes L ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; CABI, 2000 ) No

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) CABI, 2012 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
Bouché CABI, 2012 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Microcephalothrips
abdominalis (D.L. Crawford) CABI, 2012 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Thrips tabaci Lindeman Tsuchiya, 2002 ; Vassiliou, 2010 PE ( SENASA

- Peru,

2011 ), US ( Hodges and Hamon, 2004 ) No N/A N/A

NEMATODES

Criconemella sp. De Grisse
& Loof CABI, 2000 PE ( CABI, 2000 ) Yes R ( CABI,
2000 ; Norton et al., 1984 ) No

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher CABI, 20 01 ; O'Bannon and Inserra, 1989 PE, US ( CABI, 2001 ;

Norton et al., 1984 ; O'Bannon and Inserra, 1989 ) No N/A N/A

19 Based on the feeding habits on Citrus trees of a related species of katydid, Micr ocentrum rhombifolium

, katydids primarily feed on leaves, and only occasionally feed on the rind of Citrus fruit ( Griffiths, 1952 ). In addition, these species are typically quite large and conspicuous, making them easy to remove from infest ed commodities. Thus, this pest seems highly unlikely to follow the pathway.

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 14

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Golden CABI, 2001 ; Norton et al.,
1984 ; O'Bannon and Inserra, 1989 PE, US ( CABI, 2001 ;

Norton et al., 1984 ; O'Bannon and Inserra, 1989 ) No N/A N/A

Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi CABI, 2001 ; MacGowan, 1984 PE ( CABI, 2001 ;

MacGowan, 1984 ; Norton et al., 1984 ) Yes 20 R ( CABI,
2001 ; MacGowan,
1984 ; Norton et al., 1984 ) No

Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi CABI, 2001 PE ( CABI, 2001 ) Yes R ( CABI,
2001 ) No

Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipjev &
Schuurmans Stekhoven CABI, 2001 PE, US ( CABI, 2001 ; Norton et al., 1984 ) No N/A N/A

Radopholus similis (Cobb)
Thorne CABI, 2001 ; Timmer et al.,
2000 PE, US (FL, HI, PR)

( CABI, 2001 ; Timmer et al., 2000 ) [ Yes ] R ( CABI,
2001 ; Timmer et al., 2000 ) No

Rotylenchulus reniformis
Linford & Oliveira CABI, 2001 PE, US ( CABI, 2001 ; Norton et al., 1984 ) No N/A N/A

Scutellonema brachyurus Steiner, Andrássy CABI, 2001 ; O'Bannon and Inserra, 1989 PE, US ( CABI, 2001 ;

O'Bannon and Inserra, 1989 ) No N/A N/A

Trichodorus sp. CABI, 2001 ; Norton et al., 1984 PE ( CABI, 2001 ;

Norton et al., 1984 ) Yes R ( CABI,
2001 ; Norton et al., 1984 ) No

Tylenchulus semipenetrans
Cobb CABI, 2001 ; Herrera et al.,
1980 ; Koc, 1997 PE ( Koc, 1997 ), US

( CABI, 2001 ; Herrera et al., 1980 ) No N/A N/A

Xiphinema brasiliense
Lordello Alkemade and Loof, 1990 ; Lamberti et al.,
1987 ; Norton et al., 1984 ) PE, US (FL)

( Alkemade and Loof,
1990 ; Lamberti et al.,
1987 ; Norton et al.,
1984 ) [ Yes ] R ( Alkemade and Loof,
1990 ; Lamberti et al., 1987 ; Norton et al.,
1984 ) No

Xiphinema brevicolle
Lordello & Da Costa Alkemade and Loof, 1990 PE, US (CA)

( Alkemade and Loof,
1990 ; Norton et al.,
1984 ) [ Yes ] R ( Alkemade
and Loof,
1990 ; Norton et al., 1984 ) No

Xiphinema californicum
Lamberti and Bleve

Zacheo Alkemade and Loof, 1990 ; Norton et al., 1984 PE, US ( Alkemade

and Loof, 1990 ; Norton et al., 1984 ) No N/A N/A

Xiphinema floridae
Lamberti and Bleve

Zacheo Lamberti et al.,
1987 PE, US ( Lamberti et

al., 1987 ; Norton et al., 1984 ) No N/A N/A

20 No action required except when destined to Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands ( PestID, 2012 ).

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 15

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Xiphinema index Thorne &
Allen CABI, 2001 ; Lehman, 1981 PE, US ( CABI, 2001 ;

Lehman, 1981 ; Norton et al., 1984 ) No N/A N/A

Xiphinema paritaliae Loof
& Sharma Lamberti et al.,
1987 PE ( Lamberti et al.,

1987 ) Yes R ( Lamberti et al., 1987 ) No

Xiphinema peruvianum n.sp. ( Syn.: X

. americanum Cobb sensu lato) Lamberti and
Bleve

- Zacheo,
1979 ; Lamberti et al., 1987 PE ( Lamberti and

Bleve

- Zacheo, 1979 ; Lamberti et al., 1987 ) Yes R ( Lamberti
and Bleve

Zacheo, 1979 ; La mberti et al., 1987 ) No

Xiphinema setariae Luc Alkemade and Loof, 1990 PE, US ( Alkemade

and Loof, 1990 ; No rton et al., 1984 ) No N/A N/A

Xiphinema vulgare Tarjan Lamberti et al.,
1987 ; Tarjan, 1964 PE, US ( Lamberti et

al., 1987 ; Tarjan,
1964 ) No N/A N/A

FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS

Alternaria alternata (Fr.: Fr.) Keissl. Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Marín et al.,
2006 PE ( Farr and

Rossman, 2012 ; Marín et al., 2006 )

, US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ) No 21 N/A N/A

Alternaria brassicae (Berk.)
Sacc. CABI, 2001 PE, US ( CABI, 2001 ; Farr and Rossman,
2012 ) No N/A N/A

Alternaria citri Ellis and N.
Pierce Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Koc, 1997 PE ( Koc, 1997 ;

SENASA

- Peru,
2011 ), US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu &
Kimbr (Syn.: Corticium rolfsii Curzi) (Anamorph: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. ) Farr and Rossman,
2012 P E, US ( Farr and

Rossman, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria parva Pennycook & Samuels (Anamorph: Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A. J. L. Phillips) Cunnington et al.,
2007 ; Adesemoye and Eskalen, 2011 PE ( Javier

- Alva et al.,

2009 )

, US ( Urbez

Torres and Gubler,
2009 ; Adesemoye and Eskalen, 2011 ) No N/A N/A

21 Marín et al. (2006 ) report a damaging tangerine

- pathotype of Alternaria alternata in Peru, which may be a unique strain of this pathogen

. Currently, h owever, we cannot regulate this pathogen strain, because we cannot distinguish it from native
strains of A. alternata in the U nited S tates

.

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 16

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel Anamorph: Botrytis cinerea Fullerton et al.,
1999 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 PE ( Koc, 1997 ), US

( Farr and Rossman,
2012 ) No N/A N/A

Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis
& Halst. Castrillón A. and Urrea J., 2000 ; CABI, 2001 ; Farr and Rossman,
2012 PE ( CABI, 2012 ) ,

US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)
Penz. & Sacc. (Teleomorph: Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. & Schrenk) Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Agostini et al., 1992 PE ( Farr and

Rossman, 2012 ; Lenne and Burdon,
1990 ), US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Corticium koleroga (Cooke)
Höhnel Syn.: Pellicularia koleroga Cooke CABI, 2012 ; Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Timmer et al., 2000 PE, US ( CABI, 2012 ;

Farr and Rossman,
2012 ) No N/A N/A

Corticium salmonicolor
Berk. & Broome Syn.: Erythricium
salmonicolor Berk. & Broome) Burdsall CABI, 2000 ; Timmer et al.,
2000 PE, US ( CABI, 2000 ;

Timmer et al., 2000 ) No N/A N/A

Elsinoë fawcettii Bitanc. &
Jenkins CABI, 2000 ; Sivanesan and Critchett, 1974 PE, US ( CABI, 2000 ;

Sivanesan and Critchett, 1974 ) No N/A N/A

Haematonectria
haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman (Anamorph:
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.) Koc, 1997 PE ( Koc, 1997 ), US ( Farr and Rossman,
2012 ) No N/A N/A

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (Syn.: Botryodiplodia
theobromae Pat. ) (Teleomorph: Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx) Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Koc, 1997 PE ( Farr and

Rossman, 2012 ; Koc,
1997 )

, US ( Farr and Rossman, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid CABI, 2012 ; Farr and Rossman,
2012 PE ( CABI, 2012 ;

Torres, 2 002 ), US ( CABI, 2001 ; Fa

rr and Rossman, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Penicillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc. Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Koc, 1997 PE ( Farr and

Rossman, 2012 ; Koc,
1997 ) No N/A N/A

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 17

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway

Penicillium italicum
Wehmer Koc, 1997 PE ( Koc, 1997 ), US ( Farr and Rossman,
2012 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) Schröter CABI, 2001 ; Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Thomidis et al., 2005 PE, US ( CABI, 2001 ;

Farr and Rossman,
2012 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora capsici
Leonian CABI, 2001 ; Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Horst, 2001 PE, US ( CABI, 2001 ;

Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Horst, 2001 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora citrophthora (R.H. Sm. & E. Sm.)
Leonian Bowman et al.,
2007 ; CABI,
2001 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Koc, 199 7 PE ( Farr and

Rossman, 2012 ; Koc,
1997 ), US ( CABI,
2001 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora nicotianae
Breda de Haan (Syn.: P

. parasitica
Dastur ) Bowman et al.,
2007 ; CABI,
2001 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 PE ( Koc, 1997 ), US

( CABI, 2001 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora palm ivora (E. J. Butler) E. J. Butler Bowman et al.,
2007 ; CABI,
2001 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Timmer et al.,
2000 PE, US ( CABI, 2001 ;

Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Timmer et al.,
2000 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora spp. Koc, 1997 PE ( Koc, 1997 ) Yes Seedlings, F ( Koc, 1997 ) Yes

Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. CABI, 2002 ; Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Koc, 1997 ; Timmer et al.,
2000 PE, US (PR, VI)

( CABI, 2002 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Timmer et al., 2000 ) Yes R ( CABI,
2002 ; Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Timmer et al., 2000 ) No

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary CABI, 2001 ; Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Timmer et al., 2000 PE ( Torres, 2002 ;

Farr and Rossman,
2012 ), US ( CABI,
2001 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Timmer et al., 2000 ) No N/A N/A

Septoria sp. Alvarez

- Bernaola et al., 2007 PE 22 ( Alvarez

Bernaola et al., 2007 ) Yes F ( Alvarez

Bernaola et al., 2007 ) Yes

22 Alvarez

- Bernaola et al. ( 2007 ) reported what appears to be a unique species of Septoria that infects fruit of Citrus limetta
in Peru. Extensive host range testing of other C itrus species has not been reported to date, so we do not know if the host range is limited to C. limetta

. It appears distinct from Septoria citri (on C. limon from Spain) and S. citricola ( on C.
sinensis in Italy), but it is not clear if it has been descr ibed and named as a new species to date ( Alvarez

- Bernaola et al.,

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 18

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Sphaeropsis tumefaciens Hedges Abbott, 1931 ; Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Timmer et al., 2000 PE ( Abbott, 1931 ),

US ( Farr and
Rossm an, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (Anamorph: Rhizoctonia
solani J.G. Kühn Farr and Rossman,
2012 ; Timmer et al., 2000 PE, US ( CABI , 2001 ;

Farr and Rossman,
2012 ) No N/A N/A

BACTERIA AND PHYTOPLASMAS
Rhizobium radiobacter (Beij. & v. Deld.) Pribram Bradbury, 1986 ; CABI, 2001 PE, US ( Bradbury,

1986 ; CABI, 2001 ) No N/A N/A

VIRUSES AND VIROIDS

Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) CABI, 2012 PE ( CABI, 2012 ; Murcia et al., 2010 ), US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) Timmer et al.,
2000 PE ( Bazan de Segura,

1972 ; Koc, 1997 ) , US ( Timmer et al., 2000 ) No N/A N/A

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) Saponari and Yokomi, 2010 ; CABI, 2000 ; Roistacher and Moreno, 1991 PE ( Koc, 1997 ), US

( Roistacher and Moreno, 1991 ; Saponari and Yokomi, 2010 ; CABI, 2000 ) No N/A N/A

Citrus vein enation virus (CVEC) Bazan de Segura,
1972 ; Timmer et al., 2000 PE, US ( Bazan de

Segura, 1972 ; Timmer et al., 2000 ) No N/A N/A

Citrus dwarfing viroid ( Syn.: Citrus viroid III (CVd

- III)) Murcia et al., 2010 PE ( Murcia et al.,
2010 ), US ( Brlansky and Timmer, 2012 ; Kunta et al., 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) (Citrus cachexia) Murcia et al., 2010 PE ( Murcia et al.,
2010 ), US ( Brlansky and Timmer, 2012 ; Kunta et al., 2007 ; Timmer et al., 2000 ) No N/A N/A

ALGAE Cephaleuros virescens
Künze Koc, 1997 PE ( Koc, 1997 ), US ( CABI, 2012 ) No N/A N/A

MOLLUSKS

2007 ). Citrus limetta is not proposed for export from Peru, so if this Septoria species infects only C. limetta , then it would not move on other exported Citrus species.

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 19

Scientific Name Reported on
Citrus spp. Distribution 1 Quaran

tine pest 2 Plant part(s)

association 3 Follow

pathway Helix aspersa Muller (Mollusca: Helicidae) CABI, 2001 ; Dekle and Fasulo,
2002 PE, US ( CABI, 2001 ;

Dekle and Fasulo,
2002 ) Yes 23 Bark, wood, R, F, L, S, Sd, I ( CABI,
2001 ; Dekle and Fasulo,
2002 ) No 24



### 2.2. Quarantine pests not considered for risk mitigation

Quarantine pests not listed above could be detrimental to agriculture or ecosystems in the continental United States, but they are not candidates for risk mitigation for a variety of reasons. For example, they may be mainly associated with plant parts other than the commodity; they may be associated with the commodity, but would not reasonably remain with the commodity through standard harvest and post

harvest processing; they may have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities during U.S. agricultural port

- of

- entry inspection, but would not likely be present in commercial shipments; or the organism may have been identified (in the literature or in USDA’s intercept ion data) only to the genus level, and the genus in question occurs in the continental United States.

2.2.1. Pests not identified to species Generally, based on standards by the International Plant Protection Convention ( IPPC, 2009 ), we do not consider risk mitigation measures for organisms identified only to the genus level if the genus in question is reported in the continental United States. Often there are many species within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the continental United States and, consequently, whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest for the continental United States. In this risk assessment, the above statement applies to the ar thropods Compsus, Aleurotrachelus, Aonidia, Paraleyrodes, Asterolecanium, Lecanodiaspis, Ceroplastes, Pulvinaria, Melipona , and Sibine and to the pathogens Criconemella, Septoria

, and Trichodorus

. These genera occur in the continental United States ( CABI, 2012 ; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Ben

- Dov et al., 2012 ; O’Brien and Peña, 2012 ; Hodges and Hamon, 2004 ; Bibbs and Frank, 2012 ). Lack of specific identification may indicate the limits of current
taxonomic kno wledge, or the life stage or quality of the specimen submitted for identification. Pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Lack of specific identification does not rule out the possibility that a high

- risk qu arantine pest was intercepted. Conversely, the development of detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as internal fruit feeders or foliage pests, allows effective mitigation measures to eliminate the known org anisms as well as similar but incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same niche. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, we may reevaluate their risk.

2.2.2. Armored scales We did not further analyze the armored scale s (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) identified in this risk assessment as quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway, Aulacaspis tubercularis, Parlatoria

23 Listed as actionable pest for Alabama and Florida only ( PestID, 2012 )

. 24 Because of its size, biology

, an d/or mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing

.

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 20

cinerea, and Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis

, because armored scales are highly unlikely to become
establish ed via this pathway due to their very limited ability to disperse to new host plants ( Miller et al.,
1985 ; PERAL, 2007 ). Only a certain immature form of armored scales, th e crawler, can self

- disperse. Crawlers are highly unlikely to successfully disperse by walking from their natal host since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces. They typically disperse by being blown from plant to plant i n the wind. Additionally, their dispersal period is limited to approximately 24 hours, after which they start feeding, become firmly anchored to the host tissue, and lose their legs. Adult females have no wings or legs. Dispersal from fruit discarded into the environment is highly unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peels.

2.2.3. Doubtful host association Anastrepha distincta

. Anastrepha distincta Greene [ Diptera : Tephritidae ] is reported in Peru ( CABI,
2002 ; Norrbom and Kim, 1988 ; Couturier et al., 1993 ) and on Citrus spp. ( CABI, 2002 ; Norrbom and Kim, 1988 ; Uchoa

- Fernandes et al., 2003 ). Despite that, Norrbom and Kim, 1988 ) list only lab and questionable reports of A. distincta on citrus. Consequently, we think that this fruit fly species is unlikely to be associated with commercial citrus for export. Anastrepha grandis and A. minensis

. Anastrepha grandis Macquart ( CABI, 2002 ; Korytkowski and Ojeda, 1968 ; Norrbom and Kim, 1988 ; Stone, 1942 ) , and A. minensis Lima (synonym = A. extensa Stone) [ Diptera: Tephritidae ] ( Korytkowski and Ojeda, 1968 ; Norrbom and Kim, 1988 ; Stone, 1942 ) are both reported to be in Peru

. For both pests, Citrus spp. , however, are either doubtful host s ( Norrbom and Kim, 1988 ; Ooi et al., 2002 ) or are not included in the reported host range ( White and Elson

- Harris,
1992 ). Therefore , we did not list them above.

Anastrepha striata

. Anastrepha striata Schin. is reported in Peru ( Alata Condor, 1973 ; CABI, 2012 ), but is typically restricted to fruit of the genus Psidium (guavas) and is considered stenophagous (Aluja et al. 2000a; Aluja et al. 2004). The primary records of A. striata on citrus are questionable, and, therefore, this fruit fly is unlik ely to attack citrus ( Norrbom, 2003 ). Based on that evidence, we did not list the pest
above.

Mycena citricolor

. Mycena citricolor (Berk. & Curtis) Sacc. [Fung i and Chromistans] has been reported in Peru (CABI, 2002; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Mariau, 2001; Thurston, 1973), and is actionable except when destined to Puerto Rico or the U.S. Virgin Islands, where it is already established (PestID, 2012). It has only b een reported to infect coffee fruit (Trujillo et al., 1995) and has not been associated with
Citrus fruit infection to date.

2.3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and candidates for risk mitigation

We identified quarantine pests that are lik ely to follow the commodity pathway and that are candidates for further mitigation below ( Table 2 )

.

As noted in the Introduction, Peru proposes to include the following processes and conditions prior to approval to start cold treatment for fruit flies in transit:

 phytosanitary management of pests associated with Citrus in the grove;

 packinghouse measures that include inspection; primary grading to remove small, damaged, infected, or infested f

ruit; washing and brushing to clean fruit; spraying with wax containing

### Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 21

fungicide, followed by air

- drying; secondary grading to remove damaged or blemished fruit; sorting by size and packaging in new cardboard boxes; storage with safeguarding measures to

p revent reinfestation under consistent conditions; and

 final inspection and certification procedures, These processes ( 7 CFR § 319.56, 2012 ) have been successfully implemented for the five previously approved export areas.

Table 2. Quarantine arthropod pests likely to follow the pathway with fresh fruit of Citrus spp. from all parts of Peru and under consideration for further mitigation.

Pest Classification Pest Scientific Name Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus Anastrepha obliqua Anastrepha serpentina Ceratitis capitata Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Ecdytolopha aurantiana


## 3. Authors and Reviewers

Author : Lisa M. Ferguson, Risk Analyst /Plant Pathologist a



### Reviewers : Robert G. Ahern, Risk Analyst/Entomologist a 

### Betsy Randall

- Schadel, Risk Analyst/Plant Pathologist a

a 

### Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ



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