[Cite as Molnar v. Wong, 2021-Ohio-1402.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA 

ERIKA MOLNAR, ET AL., : 

 Plaintiffs-Appellants, : 

 No. 109440 

 v. : 

 

MARGARET W. WONG : 

& ASSOCIATES CO., L.P.A., ET AL. 

 

 Defendants-Appellees. : 

 

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION 

 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: April 22, 2021 

 

Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Case No. CV-18-904952 

 

Appearances: 

RaslanPla & Company, L.L.C., Jorge Luis Pla, and Nadia 

R. Zaiem, for appellants. 

Winter | Trimacco Co., L.P.A., Richard C. Alkire, and 

Dean Nieding, for appellees. 

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J.: 

Plaintiffs-appellants, Erika and Zsolt Molnar (“the Molnars”), appeal a 

judgment denying their motion to quash a subpoena duces tecum issued to the 

Cleveland Police Department. They claim the following error: 
The trial court abused its discretion in denying Mr. and Mrs. Molnar’s 

motion to quash appellees’ subpoena in violation of 8 U.S.C. 1367(a)(2) 

and 8 C.F.R. 214.14. 

We find no merit to the appeal and affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

I. Facts and Procedural History 

The Molnars came to the United States from Romania in 2004 on tenyear, multiple-entry, B-2 nonimmigrant tourist visas. In 2005, the Molnars retained 

defendant-appellee, Margaret Wong & Associates Co., L.P.A. (“Wong & Associates” 

or “the firm”), to assist them in adjusting their immigration status from lawful, 

nonimmigrant temporary status to lawful immigrant permanent resident status. 

From April 2005 until October 2010, attorneys at Wong & Associates submitted 

immigration applications to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services 

(“USCIS”),1 but the attorney-client relationship ended before the Molnars received 

permanent resident status. 

In March 201o, the United States charged the Molnars as removable 

aliens and issued notices to appear in immigration court in October 2010. Shortly 

thereafter, the Molnars filed a complaint for legal malpractice against attorneys 

Margaret W. Wong, Lori A. Pinjuh, and Wong & Associates (collectively 

“defendants”), alleging that attorneys and paralegals at the firm made material 

 1 The USCIS is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security. 

Pursuant to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the authorities of the former 

Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”) were transferred to three newly created 

agencies, including USCIS. Chen, ARTICLE: Citizenship Denied: Implications of the 

Naturalization Backlog for Noncitizens in the Military, 97 Denv. L. Rev. 669 (2020). 
misrepresentations both to them and to the USCIS, which caused the Molnars to be 

subjected to deportation proceedings. The Molnars later informed Cleveland police 

that attorneys at Wong & Associates knowingly misled them and accepted legal fees 

for work pursuing immigration benefits that the attorneys knew, or should have 

known, the Molnars were not eligible to receive. 

Officers of the Cleveland Police Department signed and certified a Form 

I-918, Supplement B, stating that the Molnars were victims of qualifying criminal 

activities under the U immigrant visa (“U visa”) program. In 2000, Congress passed 

the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act, codified as 8 U.S.C. 

1101(a)(15)(U), which created the U visa program. Under this program, noncitizen 

aliens can petition for U nonimmigrant status if they have been victims of certain 

qualifying crimes and are willing to cooperate with the government and law 

enforcement in the investigation and prosecution of the criminal activity. If the alien 

meets the statutory requirements, the applicant may obtain employment 

authorization. After three years of U visa status and continuous presence in the 

United States, the applicant may apply for lawful permanent residency. 8 U.S.C. 

1255(l)(1)(A). Thus, U visas allow victims of qualifying crimes to remain in the 

United States when they otherwise might not be allowed. 

It was thought that alien crime victims were less likely to report crimes 

to authorities due to fears of deportation. See, e.g., United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 

422 U.S. 873, 879, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 45 L.Ed.2d 607 (1975) (“The aliens themselves are 

vulnerable to exploitation because they cannot complain of substandard working 
conditions without risking deportation.”). Hence, Congress stated that the purpose 

of the U visa program was to “encourage law enforcement officials to better serve 

immigrant crime victims and to prosecute crimes committed against aliens.” 

Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106-386, 

Section 1502, 114 Stat 1464, 1518 (2000). 

To apply for a U visa, an alien must fill out a Form I-918. The 

application also requires a Form I-918, Supplement B, which must be completed by 

a law enforcement officer. The Supplement Form B requires law enforcement 

officials to describe the alleged criminal activity and the kind of help the victim is 

providing to law enforcement. 8 C.F.R. 214.14(c)(2)(i). 

The Molnars alleged that attorneys at Wong & Associates committed 

the qualifying crimes of perjury, obstruction of justice, and theft by deception as a 

result of the firm’s acceptance of legal fees charged for pursuing immigration 

benefits that the attorneys knew were not available to the Molnars. The Molnars 

further alleged that attorneys at Wong & Associates concealed the theft by knowingly 

making false statements, under penalty of perjury, to the United States Department 

of Homeland Security. 

In October 2014, the USCIS granted the Molnars U nonimmigrant 

status. The USCIS determined that the Molnars were victims of qualifying crimes, 

namely, obstruction of justice and theft by deception.2 Three years later, in October 

 2 A USCIS decision to grant a U visa does not make any determination as to 

whether the alleged qualifying crimes were actually committed. Sanchez v. Mukasey, 508 
2017, the Molnars voluntarily dismissed their legal malpractice case against the 

defendants, pursuant to Civ.R. 41(A). 

In September 2018, the Department of Homeland Security approved 

Erika Molnar’s application to become a lawful permanent resident. It also approved 

Zsolt Molnar’s application for lawful permanent resident status in January 2019. 

They received their green cards based on their U nonimmigrant status. 

Meanwhile, the Molnars refiled their legal malpractice case against the 

defendants. In Count 19 of the refiled complaint, the Molnars alleged that after 

submitting evidence they received in discovery during the first legal malpractice 

action to the USCIS, the USCIS concluded that the Molnars were victims of 

qualifying criminal activity and awarded them U nonimmigrantstatus. The Molnars 

later submitted an affidavit from Maria T. Baldini-Potermin, an immigration law 

expert, who cited the Molnars’ U visa application and I-918 Supplement B forms and 

concluded that “had the USCIS not found that Erika and Zsolt [Molnar] were victims 

of these offenses, it would not have approved their U visas.” (Supplemental affidavit 

of Maria T. Baldini-Potermin at ¶ 24.) 

In an effort to defend against the allegations, the defendants sought 

discovery of the facts underlying the I-918 Supplement B certifications, including 

the names of any certifying agencies and officers, who investigated the alleged 

criminal activity that the Molnars accused the defendants of committing. 

 

F.3d 1254 (9th Cir.2007) (holding that the inclusion of a qualifying crime in an indictment 

or criminal complaint is not a predicate to the issuance of a U visa). 
Defendants requested a complete unredacted copy of the Molnars’ U visa 

applications, including the unredacted, signed Form I-918, Supplement B, U 

Nonimmigrant Status Certifications. 

Defendants also requested copies of documents the Molnars 

submitted to the Ohio Supreme Court Disciplinary Counsel, accusing the defendants 

of professional misconduct. The Molnars refused to produce the requested 

documents and filed a motion for a protective order, arguing that the identities of 

certifying agencies and officers were privileged under both 8 U.S.C. 1367(a)(2) and 

the implementing regulations set forth in 8 C.F.R. 214.14. The Molnars asserted that 

documents provided to the Ohio Supreme Court Disciplinary Counsel were 

privileged and not subject to discovery. Defendants opposed the motions for 

protective order and filed a motion to compel discovery. 

In a judgment entry dated November 14, 2019, the trial court granted 

the protective order in part and denied it part. The trial court held that 8 U.S.C. 

1367(a)(2) does not preclude the defendants from discovering some of the Molnar’s 

U visa information and ordered the Molnars to produce third-party support letters 

submitted to the USCIS, psychological reports submitted to the USCIS, the names 

of the certifying officers, and the identity of the agencies conducting the 

investigation. The court granted the protective order as to social security numbers, 

alien registration numbers, and receipt numbers contained in the Molnar’s U visa 

applications, finding that those materials were not discoverable and were to be 

redacted from the materials released to the defendants. Finally, the trial court 
concluded that documents the Molnars provided to the Ohio Supreme Court 

Disciplinary Counsel were privileged and not subject to discovery. 

With respect to the denial of the protective order, the trial court 

observed that “Plaintiffs’ [C]omplaint specifically put their U visa application, 

medical conditions and medical treatment at issue in this case.” (Nov. 14, 2019, 

judgment entry.) The court explained, in relevant part: 

Additionally, plaintiffs revealed in their complaint and subsequent 

motions that the USCIS granted U nonimmigrant status and ultimately 

permanent status to both Erika and Zsolt Molnar. * * * Therefore, any 

possible chilling effect due to the release of the U visa application would 

be muted as a result of plaintiffs’ current status * * *. 

(Nov. 14, 2019, judgment entry.) 

The Molnars did not appeal the denial, in part, of their motion for 

protective order. Instead, they produced the I-918 Supplement B forms, which 

identified the Cleveland Police Department as the certifying agency. The I-918 

Supplement B forms also identified Detective John L. Stevens and Officer Steven S. 

Loomis as certifying officers. 

Upon receipt of the certifying officers’ names and the law enforcement 

agency’s identity, defendants propounded a subpoena duces tecum on Calvin D. 

Williams, Chief of the Cleveland Police Department, requesting production of 

documents pertaining to the department’s investigation of the crimes of which the 

Molnars alleged they were victims. The subpoena sought (1) all documents, records, 

and things provided to the Cleveland Police Department by or on behalf of Erika 

Molnar; (2) all documents, records, and things provided to the Cleveland Police 
Department by or on behalf of Zsolt Molnar; (3) all statements provided to the 

Cleveland Police Department by Erika Molnar; (4) all statements provided to the 

Cleveland Police Department by Zsolt Molnar; and (5) any and all documents, 

records, statements or things generated as a result of any investigation by the 

Cleveland Police Department. 

The Molnars moved to quash the subpoena, arguing the subpoena 

should be quashed because it required the Cleveland Police Department to produce 

their confidential U visa related documents. The Molnars also asserted that 8 U.S.C. 

1367(a)(2) prohibits discovery from certifying agencies and that the Cleveland Police 

Department is a certifying agency. Defendants, on the other hand, argued that they 

were not requesting U visa documents and, even if they were, 8 U.S.C. 1367(a)(2) 

only applies to certain enumerated governmental agencies such as the United States 

Attorney General or the Department of Homeland Security and does not apply to 

local police departments. 

The trial court denied the motion to quash. This appeal followed. 

II. Law and Analysis 

 In their sole assignment of error, the Molnars argue the trial court 

abused its discretion in denying their motion to quash the defendants’ subpoena 

duces tecum. They contend the trial court’s order violates 8 U.S.C. 1367(a)(2) and 8 

C.F.R. 214.14.3

 3 Although discovery orders are generally interlocutory and not immediately 

appealable, orders requiring the disclosure of privileged information are final, appealable 

orders. Am. Environmental Group, Ltd. v. H.M. Miller Constr. Co., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga 
A. Standard of Review 

Civ.R. 26 permits broad discovery. Esparza v. Klocker, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 101604, 2015-Ohio-110, ¶ 23. Civ.R. 26(B)(1) provides, in relevant 

part: 

Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, 

which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action, 

whether it relates to the claim or defense of the party seeking discovery 

or to the claim or defense of any other party, including the existence, 

description, nature, custody, condition and location of any books, 

documents, electronically stored information, or other tangible things 

and the identity and location of persons having knowledge of any 

discoverable matter. It is not ground for objection that the information 

sought will be inadmissible at the trial if the information sought 

appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible 

evidence. 

We generally review a trial court’s judgment on discovery matters for 

an abuse of discretion. Wall v. Ohio Permanente Med. Group Inc., 119 Ohio App.3d 

654, 695 N.E.2d 1233 (8th Dist.1997). However, the trial court’s interpretation of 

law governing privileged matters is a questionof law that we review de novo review. 

Ward v. Summa Health Sys., 128 Ohio St.3d 212, 2010-Ohio-6275, 943 N.E.2d 514, 

¶ 13, citing Med Mut. of Ohio v. Schlotterer, 122 Ohio St.3d 181, 2009-Ohio-2496, 

909 N.E.2d 1237. 

The appropriate standard of review depends on whether the asserted 

privilege presents a question of law or a question of fact. Randall v. Cantwell Mach. 

Co., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-786, 2013-Ohio-2744, ¶ 9. When interpreting 

 

No. 100854, 2014-Ohio-4681, ¶ 13, citing Johnson v. Univ. Hosps. of Cleveland, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 80117, 2002-Ohio-1396. 
statutory language to determine if requested information is privileged, we apply a 

de novo standard of review. Id. When the claimed privilege requires review of 

factual questions, an abuse-of-discretion standard applies. Id. 

B. Waiver 

As a preliminary matter, we must address the issue of waiver. Wong 

& Associates asserts that the Molnars waived their right to challenge the trial court’s 

interpretation and application of 8 U.S.C. 1367(a)(2) and 8 C.F.R. 214.14 because 

they never appealed the trial court’s denial, in part, of their motion for protective 

order. Indeed, “[a] claim not set forth in the notice of appeal deprives the court of 

jurisdiction to consider it.” Lycourt-Donovan v. Columbia Gas of Ohio, Inc., 152 

Ohio St.3d 73, 2017-Ohio-7566, 93 N.E.3d 902; see also In re A.R., 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 109482, 2020-Ohio-5005, ¶ 16. 

 In denying the protective order in part, the trial court ordered 

production of some of the Molnars’ U visa information. The court ordered 

production of third-party support letters submitted to the USCIS on behalf of Erika 

and Zolst Molnar, psychological reports submitted to the federal government as part 

of the U visa application, and the names of the certifying officers and the names of 

the agencies conducting the investigation. (Nov. 14, 2019, judgment entry.) And, 

the Molnars produced their I-918 Supplement B forms. Hence, the Molnars are 

barred from challenging the propriety of the court’s judgment with respect to these 

documents because the issue as to whether these documents were privileged was 

never appealed. 
The trial court declined to compel the Molnars to produce their entire 

unredacted U visa application. Thus, the Molnars could still challenge subpoena 

requests for any unredacted information in the Molnars U visa applications. 

However, the subpoena did not specifically request unredacted U visa documents. 

To the contrary, the subpoena sought (1) all documents, records, and things 

provided to the Cleveland Police Department by or on behalf of Erika Molnar; (2) all 

documents, records, and things provided to the Cleveland Police Department by or 

on behalf of Zsolt Molnar; (3) all statements provided to the Cleveland Police 

Department by Erika Molnar; (4) all statements provided to the Cleveland Police 

Department by Zsolt Molnar; and (5) any and all documents, records, statements or 

things generated as a result of any investigation by the Cleveland Police Department. 

Although the defendants referenced the Molnars’ I-918 forms in the subpoena, those 

references were made solely for case identification purposes because the Cleveland 

Police Department’s case number on the I-918 forms the Molnars’s produced were 

redacted, and the defendants had no other way of referencing the Molnar’s case. 

Therefore, Wong & Associates asserts that the confidentiality provisions in 8 U.S.C. 

1367(a)(2) and 8 C.F.R. 214.14 are irrelevant with respect to the Molnars’ motion to 

quash the subpoenabecause the subpoena did not request U visa documents. 

Although the subpoena did not expressly request unredacted U visa 

documents, we must nevertheless determine (1) whether the requested documents 

are subject to the confidentiality provisions set forth in 8 U.S.C. 1367(a)(2) and 8 
C.F.R. 214.14, and (2) if so, whether they are nonetheless barred by the Molnars’ 

failure to appeal the denial, in part, of its motion for protective order. 

C. Standing 

 As another preliminary matter, Wong & Associates argues the 

Molnars lacked standing to challenge the subpoena propounded to the Cleveland 

Police Department. Wong & Associates contends that “only the one that is 

subpoenaed (in this case the CPD) has standing to file a motion to quash.” 

(Appellee’s brief p. 15.) 

 However, Civ.R. 45(C) governs motions to quash subpoenas and 

“does not say a motion to quash can only be filed by the person subject to the 

subpoena.” Hanick v. Ferrara, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 19 MA 0074, 2020-Ohio5019, ¶ 55. Civ.R. 45(A)(3) states the party issuing a subpoena “shall serve prompt 

written notice, including a copy of the subpoena, on all other parties * * *.” The 2005 

Staff Note to Civ.R. 45(A)(3) states the notice requirement was added for the 

purpose of providing other parties the opportunity to object to the production or 

inspection of subpoenaed documents. Hanick at ¶ 56. 

 Civ.R. 34, which governs requests for production of documents in 

discovery, states, in relevant part: 

(C) Persons Not Parties. Subject to the scope of discovery 

provisions of Civ. R. 26(B) and 45(F), a person not a party to the action 

may be compelled to produce documents, electronically stored 

information or tangible things or to submit to an inspection as provided 

in Civ. R. 45. 
Civ.R. 34(C) (emphasis sic). Thus, subpoenas issued to a nonparty pursuant to 

Civ.R. 45 are subject to the scope of discovery as defined by Civ.R. 26(B). 

Pursuant to Civ.R. 26(B)(1), a party may obtain discovery regarding 

any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the 

pending action. In other words, a party is not entitled to privileged matter, even if 

it is requested from a nonparty, and a party has standing to object to the request. 

Moreover, Civ.R. 45(C)(3)(b) provides that a court “shall quash or modify the 

subpoena” if it “[r]equires disclosure of privileged or otherwise protected matter and 

no exception or waiver applies.” And, again, the rule does limit who may file the 

motion to quash such a subpoena. Therefore, despite Wong & Associates’ argument 

to the contrary, the Molnars had standing to file a motion to quash the subpoena 

propounded on the Cleveland Police Department on grounds that it sought 

privileged information. 

D. Confidentiality Provisions Applicable to U Visas 

Having determined that the Molnars had standing to file the motion 

to quash and that their failure to appeal the denial, in part, of their motion for 

protection order does not bar our review of the trial court’s judgment with respect to 

the subpoena, we now turn our attention to the confidentiality provisions set forth 

in 8 U.S.C. 1367(a)(2) and 8 C.F.R. 214.14. 

Subsection 1367(a)(2) of 8 U.S.C. 1367 provides, in relevant part: 

Except as provided in subsection (b), in no case may the Attorney 

General, or any other official or employee of the Department of Justice, 

the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Secretary of State, or any other 
official or employee of the Department of Homeland Security or 

Department of State (including any bureau or agency of either of such 

Departments)[.] 

* * * 

(2) permit use by or disclosure to anyone * * * of any information which 

relates to an alien who is the beneficiary of an application for relief 

under paragraph (15)(T), (15)(U), or (51) of section 101(a) of the 

Immigration and Nationality Act * * * . 

As previously stated, Section 1101(a)(15)(U) of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act permits noncitizens to petition for temporary status if he or she has 

been the victim of certain qualifying crimes. 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(U). Therefore, U 

visa applications fall within the scope of 8 U.S.C. 1367(a)(2). Furthermore, the plain 

language of the statute prohibits the agencies enumerated therein, i.e., the Attorney 

General, officials and employees of the Department of Justice, the Secretary of 

Homeland Security, etc., from disclosing information relating to an alien who is the 

beneficiary of an application for relief under the U visa program. 

Subsection 1367(b) of 8 U.S.C. 1367 provides a list of exceptions to the 

confidentiality requirements and allows disclosure of information by the referenced 

agencies to other law enforcement officials for legitimate law enforcement purposes 

in a manner that protects the confidentiality of the information. See, e.g., 8 U.S.C. 

1367(b)(2); 8 C.F.R. 214.14(e)(1)(ii). When one of the agencies listed in 8 U.S.C. 

1367(a)(2) discloses information to other law enforcement agencies, the 

[a]gencies receiving information under this section, whether 

governmental or non-governmental, are bound by the confidentiality 

provisions and other restrictions set out in 8 U.S.C. 1367. 
8 C.F.R. 214.14(e)(2). Thus, 8 C.F.R. 214.14(e)(2) prohibits local law enforcement 

agencies from disclosing U visa information if the local law enforcement agency 

received the information from one of the governmental entities enumerated in 8 

U.S.C. 1367(a). 

Section 1367(a)(2) of 8 U.S.C. 1367 does not expressly preclude other 

governmental agencies, such as the Cleveland Police Department, from disclosing 

information related to an alien’s U visa application. Wong & Associates argues that 

because local police departments are not included in the list of agencies set forth in 

8 U.S.C. 1367(a)(2), local police departments are not bound by its confidentiality 

requirements. 

However, 8 C.F.R. 214.14(a)(2) defines the term “certifying agency” 

for purposes of the U visa program, in relevant part, as “a Federal, State, or local law 

enforcement agency * * * .” Therefore, the Cleveland Police Department, as a local 

law enforcement agency, is a certifying agency with the ability to complete Form I918, Supplement B documents on behalf of aliens petitioning for U visas. Section 

214.14(e) of 8 U.S.C. 214.14 governs restrictions on the use and disclosure of 

information relating to U visas and states, in relevant part, that “[t]he use or 

disclosure * * * of any information relating to the beneficiary of a pending or 

approved petition for U nonimmigrant status is prohibited * * * .” Under the plain 

language of these provisions, any information relating a beneficiary of a pending or 

approved U visa is privileged. In other words, any information in possession of the 
Cleveland Police Department that relates to the Molnar’s U visa applications is 

privileged under 8 U.S.C. 214.14(e). 

Although the defendants’ subpoena did not specifically request 

unredacted U visa documents, it sought information relating to their U visa 

applications, which is privileged under 8 C.F.R. 214.14(e)(2). Nevertheless, courts 

interpreting the confidentiality provisions of 8 U.S.C. 1367(a)(2) and 8 C.F.R. 214.14 

have held that the privilege provided by those provisions is not absolute and that the 

trial court must engage in a balancing of interests. Cazorla v. Koch Foods of 

Mississippi, L.L.C., 838 F.3d 540 (5th Cir.2016). In Cazorla, the Fifth Circuit 

explained that the trial court must compare “the hardship to the party against whom 

discovery is sought against the probative value of the information to the other party.” 

Id. Courts must also weigh relevant public interests at stake in this analysis. Id. 

 In Cazorla, a large group of alien workers, many of whom were 

undocumented, brought a Title VII action against their employer, alleging it was 

common practice for their supervisors to sexually assault and harass female 

employees. They also alleged that their supervisors demanded money from both 

male and female employees in exchange for permission to use the bathroom, to use 

sick leave, or to transfer to another position. The employer defended against the 

allegations, claiming that the plaintiffs-employees fabricated the allegations in order 

to obtain benefits under the U visa program. Id. at 545. To support its defense, the 

employer sought discovery of the employees’ U visa information. Id. 
In balancing the parties’ respective interests, the court concluded that 

the U visa discovery was potentially probative of fraud and was, therefore, relevant 

to the employer’s defense. Id. at 559. However, the court found valid the employees’ 

fears that they would be fired if the employer discovered that they were 

undocumented. Indeed, the employer conceded that it would fire anyone who 

turned out to be undocumented. Id. at 560. The court also recognized that the 

plaintiffs had a legitimate fear of being reported to immigration authorities even 

though the employer was not legally required to report current or former employees 

upon learning that they are undocumented. The court observed that “employers 

commonly and unlawfully retaliate against irksome workers by reporting or 

threatening to report them to immigration authorities” and that “a protective order 

would not necessarily quell claimants’ fear of suffering the same fate * * *.” Id. at 

561. 

The plaintiffs in Cazorla further argued that the employer did not 

need the U visa discovery because it had other material with which to undermine 

the plaintiffs’ allegations. The court, however, rejected this argument on grounds 

that “U visa applications would be novel and significant impeachment evidence.” Id. 

at 562. Nevertheless, the Fifth Circuit concluded that the district court’s discovery 

order did not do enough to address how U visa litigation might intimidate 

individuals outside the litigation and thereby compromise the U visa program and 

law enforcement efforts more broadly. Id. Therefore, the Fifth Circuit remanded 
the case to the district court to “devise an approach to U visa discovery that 

adequately protects the diverse and competing interests at stake.” Id. 

Courts engaged in the balancing of interests must consider the 

potential chilling effect on aliens, who might not cooperate with law enforcement 

agencies if their sensitive U visa information is not kept secret. This chilling effect 

is known as the “in terrorem effect.” Samuel v. Signal Internatl., L.L.C., E.D.Tex. 

No. 1:13-CV-323, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 197639 (Oct. 15, 2014). Indeed, courts have 

acknowledged that disclosure of sensitive U visa information would violate 

Congress’s goal of encouraging aliens to report and assist law enforcement in the 

prosecution of criminal activity. See, e.g., David v. Signal Internatl., L.L.C., 735 

F.Supp.2d 440 (E.D.La.2010) (“[A]ny inquiry into plaintiffs’ current immigration[] 

status * * * will most assuredly strike paralyzing fear in the plaintiffs sufficient to 

chill any inclination they have had to prosecute their claims.”). See also EEOC v. Sol 

Mexican Grill L.L.C., D.D.C. Civil Action No. 18-2227 (CKK), 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 

112745 (June 11, 2019), quoting Rivera v. NIBCO, Inc., 364 F.3d 1057, 1065 (9th Cir. 

2004) (“Forcing those who allege discrimination to reveal their immigration status 

in order to have access to the courts may cause those facing discrimination * * * to 

‘fear that their immigration status would be changed, or that their status would 

reveal the immigration problems of their family or friends.’”). 

The cases discussing the in terrorem effect of disclosing U visa 

information focus much attention on the potential for retaliation against U visa 

applicants, who have not obtained lawful immigration status. See, e.g., Cazorla, 838 
F.3d at 559-560; Rivera at 1064 (“While documented workers face the possibility of 

retaliatory discharge for an assertion of their labor and civil rights, undocumented 

workers confront the harsher reality that, in addition to possible discharge, their 

employer will likely report them to the INS and they will be subjected to deportation 

proceedings or criminal prosecution.”). 

Obviously, the fear of deportation is a paramount concern in such 

cases, and case law substantiates those fears. See, e.g., Does I thru XXIII v. 

Advanced Textile Corp., 214 F.3d 1058, 1062-1063 (9th Cir.2000) (court allowed 

the plaintiffs to plead their claims anonymously due to their fear of retaliatory 

deportation); Sure-Tan, Inc. v. NLRB, 467 U.S. 883, 886-887, 104 S.Ct. 2803, 81 

L.Ed.2d 732 (1984) (employer reported five undocumented workers after they voted 

in favor of union representation); Singh v. Jutla & C.D. & R’s Oil, Inc., 214 F.Supp.2d 

1056, 1057 (N.D.Cal.2002) (employer recruited an undocumented worker and then 

reported him to the INS after he filed an FLSA claim for unpaid wages); Contreras 

v. Corinthian Vigor Ins. Brokerage, Inc., 25 F.Supp.2d 1053, 1055 (N.D.Cal.1998) 

(employer reported an undocumented worker after she filed a claim for unpaid 

wages). 

However, as at least one court has observed: “A granted U visa may 

remove the chilling effect because the petitioner is then protected from deportation 

* * *.” Washington v. Horning Bros., L.L.C., 339 F. Supp. 3d 1106 (E.D.Wash.2018). 

And other courts have concluded that the in terrorem effect of disclosure can be 

mitigated by an order restricting use of the information. See, e.g., Camayo v. John 
Peroulis & Sons Sheep, Inc., D.Colo. Nos. 10-cv-00772-MSK-MJW and 11-cv-01132-

REB-MJW, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 168078 (Nov. 27, 2012); Velasquez Catalan v. 

Vermillion Ranch L.P., D.Colo. Civil Action No. 06-cv-01043-WYD-MJW, 2007 

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22638 (Mar. 28, 2007). 

 By alleging that they obtained U visas and permanent resident status 

because they were victims of qualifying crimes committed by the defendants, the 

Molnars placed their U visa applications directly at issue in this case. Indeed, as 

previously stated, the Molnars’ expert averred that “had the USCIS not found that 

Erika and Zsolt [Molnar] were victims of [qualifying] offenses, it would not have 

approved their visas.” (Supplemental affidavit of Maria T. Baldini-Potermin at 

¶ 24.) Therefore, under Civ.R. 26(A), the defendants are entitled to obtain that 

information in order to prepare a defense against those allegations. And, at the time 

the trial court ruled on the Molnar’s motion for protective order, the Molnars had 

already been granted both U nonimmigrant status and permanent-resident status. 

We, therefore, agree with the trial court that “any possible chilling effect due to the 

release of the U visa applications would be muted.” (Nov. 14, 2019, judgment entry.) 

Moreover, any potential chilling effect on other aliens as a result of disclosure is 

mitigated by the court’s order barring the defendants from releasing the 

discoverable information for purposes unrelated to this lawsuit unless required by 

relevant law. (Nov. 14, 2019, judgment entry.) 

We, therefore, find that the trial court correctly interpreted and 

applied the law regarding the confidentiality provisions set forth in 8 U.S.C. 
1367(a)(2) and 8 C.F.R. 214.14. We also find no abuse of discretion in the trial 

court’s balance of the parties’ competing interests with respect to the requested 

information. 

 The sole assignment of error is overruled. 

 Judgment affirmed. 

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed. 

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the common pleas court to carry 

this judgment into execution. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

 

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE 

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J., CONCURS; 

LISA B. FORBES, J., CONCURS WITH A SEPARATE CONCURRING OPINION 

LISA B. FORBES, J., CONCURRING WITH SEPARATE OPINION: 

I respectfully concur with the majority’s disposition of this case 

upholding the trial court’s decision denying appellants’ motion to quash a subpoena 

duces tecum issued to the Cleveland Police Department. I write separately because 

I find that appellants did not meet their burden of showing that the documents 

subpoenaed from the Cleveland Police Department are privileged. See Waldmann 
v. Waldmann, 48 Ohio St.2d 176, 178, 358 N.E.2d 521 (1976) (the burden of 

establishing a privilege rests upon the party seeking protection). 

In their subpoena to the Cleveland Police Department, appellees’ 

requests do not on their face seek information provided to the police department by 

any federal authorities. Consequently, appellant has not established that all of the 

materials requested in the subpoena issued to the Cleveland Police Department are 

privileged and protected from discovery by 8 U.S.C. 1367. To the extent that 

requested information was provided to the police department by the federal 

government and “relates to an alien who is the beneficiary of an application for” a U 

visa, this information would fall under the protection of 8 U.S.C. 1367 and should 

not be produced. But, in my opinion, the appellants failed to establish that the 

privilege applied to bar production in toto. 

The statute relied on by appellants, 8 U.S.C. 1367, is limited in its 

application. Pursuant to 8 U.S.C. 1367, federal officers and employees in the 

Departments of Justice, Homeland Security, and State are prohibited from using or 

disclosing “any information which relates to an alien who is a beneficiary of an 

application for relief” under, among other provisions, the U visa program, unless the 

disclosure is specifically approved by the statute. The regulations implementing 8 

U.S.C. 1367 are found at 8 C.F.R. 214.14. Each of the authorized disclosures found 

in 8 C.F.R. 214.14(e)(1) tracks the authorized disclosures in the statute except for 

two disclosures not related to the issues addressed in this appeal. Of particular 

relevance to this analysis, the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Attorney 
General are authorized to disclose information to law enforcement officials to be 

used solely for a legitimate law enforcement purpose. 8 U.S.C. 1367(b)(2); 8 C.F.R. 

214.14(e)(1)(ii). 

The regulation further provides that “[a]gencies receiving information 

under this section, whether governmental or non-governmental, are bound” by 8 

U.S.C. 1367. 8 C.F.R. 214.14(e)(2). As noted by the majority, “8 C.F.R. 214.14(e)(2) 

prohibits local law enforcement agencies from disclosing U visa information if the 

local law enforcement agency received the information from one of the 

governmental entities enumerated in 8 U.S.C. 1367(a).” 

With the subpoena issued to the Cleveland Police Department in this 

legal malpractice action, it appears appellees seek information provided by the 

appellants to the police department or generated by the police department in its 

investigation of the appellants’ claims; in other words, the subpoena appears to 

request materials not protected by 8 U.S.C. 1367. However, to the extent that 

documents responsive to the subpoena are protected from disclosure pursuant to 8 

U.S.C. 1367(a) and 8 C.F.R. 214.14(e), the police department should abide by the 

privilege. It is for these reasons that I concur with the majority’s conclusion that the 

trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied the appellants’ motion to 

quash.