|  The        Library of Congress>>Researchers                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |  |
|   Home >> Tracer          Bullets                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               | FindinScience                Tracer BulletsScience Reference PagesResearchers                Web PagesAll Library of Congress Pages |
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |  |
|  

**Spotted knapweed -  Plant                    Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group, Tree                    of Heaven - U.S.                  National Arboretum, and Purple Loosestrife, Plant                Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group**
Invasive Species
**Tracer Bullet 05-3**
- Scope
- Introductions to the Topic
- Subject Headings
- Basic Texts
- Specialized Titles
- Handbooks,                               Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
- Conference Proceedings
- Government Publications
- Technical Reports
- Selected Technical Reports
- Dissertations
- Selected Dissertations
- Bibliographies
- Abstracting and Indexing Services                             
- Journals 
- Representative Journal Articles
- Selected Materials
- Additional Sources of Information
- Selected Internet Resources
**SCOPE**
 Since earliest times, humans have deliberately or inadvertently                moved organisms from one place to another. Most of our food and                forestry crops and domesticated animals, for example, are introduced                species, cultivated far beyond their normal ranges. In recent                years, though, the rate of such translocations has increased                dramatically because of greater movement of the human population,                providing numerous new pathways for unintended movement of organisms.                Not all introduced species are able to spread successfully and                become invasive; most quickly succumb in their new environments.                However, when species are introduced into environments free of                the diseases and predators they faced in their native habitat,                or when species grow and reproduce more rapidly than similar                organisms in their new habitat, they may pose a significant threat                to local ecosystem functions and biodiversity or even cause harm                to human health. Their economic impact can be substantial; it                reaches billions of dollars each year in the United States alone.                 This *Tracer Bullet* lists selected books and other resources related                to the many aspects of invasive species. Not intended to be a                comprehensive bibliography, it is intended–as the name              of the series implies–to put the reader “on target.”

TOP OF PAGE
**INTRODUCTIONS TO THE TOPIC**
 Bright, Chris.  Bio-invasions: the spread of exotic species.               *World watch*, v. 8, July/Aug. 1995: 10-19. 			   HC79.E5W674 and Pamphlet            box <SciRR>

 Burdick, Alan. The truth about invasive species. *Discover*, v.              26, May 2005: 34-41, 85.     Q1.D57 and Pamphlet box <SciRR>

 Campbell, Faith Thompson. Killer pigs, vines, and fungi: alien              species threaten native ecosystems. *Endangered species technical              bulletin*, v. 19, Sept. 1994: 3-5.     Pamphlet box <SciRR>

 McGrath, Susan. Attack of the alien invaders. *National geographic*,              v. 207, Mar. 2005: 92-117.			     Pamphlet box <SciRR>

 McNeely, Jeffrey A. Strangers in our midst: the problem of invasive              alien species. *Environment*, v. 46, July/Aug. 2004: 16-31.			     Pamphlet box <SciRR>

 Reichard, Sarah Hayden, and Peter S. White. Invasion biology:              an emerging field of study. *Annals of the Missouri Botanical              Garden,*              v. 90, no. 1, 2003: 64-66.     QK1.M65 and Pamphlet box <SciRR>

 Stein, Bruce A., and Stephanie R. Flack, eds. *America’s              least wanted: alien species invasions of U.S. ecosystems*. Arlington,              VA, The Nature Conservancy, 1996. 31 p.     Pamphlet box <SciRR>

TOP OF PAGE
**SUBJECT HEADINGS**
 Subject headings used by the Library of Congress, under which               books on invasive species can be located in most card, book, and              online catalogs, are listed below. Many of these subject headings            may be subdivided.

**Highly Relevant**
              NONINDIGENOUS PESTSALIEN PLANTSANIMAL INTRODUCTIONBIOLOGICAL INVASIONSINVASIVE PLANTSPLANT INVASIONS
**Relevant**
             INTRODUCED BIRDSINTRODUCED FISHESINTRODUCED MAMMALSINTRODUCED ORGANISMSNONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC PESTSNOXIOUS WEEDSPEST INTRODUCTIONPLANT INTRODUCTION
**Related**
             BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY CONSERVATIONDISCHARGE OF BALLAST WATEREXOTIC ANIMALSEXOTIC FISHESEXOTIC FORESTRYEXOTIC PLANTSNATURAL SELECTIONNATURE CONSERVATIONWEEDS
See also more specific topics such as �Brown Tree Snake,� �Bufo Marinus,� �Gypsy Moth,� �Hemlock Woolly Adelgid,� �Hydrilla,� �Kudzu,� �Purple Loosestrife,� �Zebra Mussel,� etc.

TOP OF PAGE
**BASIC TEXTS**
 		Baskin, Yvonne.  *A plague of rats and rubbervines: the              growing threat of species invasions*. Washington, Island Press/Shearwater              Books, c2002. 377 p.   “A SCOPE--GISP project.”    Bibliographic notes: p. 321-354.    QH353.B28 2002 <SciRR>

*Biological invasions: a global perspective.* Edited by J. A. Drake              and others. Chichester, New York, Published on behalf of the Scientific              Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) of the International              Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) by Wiley, c1989. 525 p. (SCOPE              report, 37)			       Papers from a number of national and international workshops resulting from  a SCOPE program on the ecology of biological invasions initiated in mid-1982.     Includes bibliographies.     QH353.B56 1989

*Biological pollution: an emerging global menace.* Edited by Kerry              O. Britton. St. Paul, MN, American Phytopathological Society, c2004.              113 p.	     Includes bibliographies.     SB990.B56 2003

 Bright, Chris. *Life out of bounds: bioinvasion in a borderless              world*. New York, Norton, c1998. 287 p. (Worldwatch environmental              alert series)     Bibliography: p. 227-278.     QH353.B75 1998

 Elton, Charles S. (Charles Sutherland). *The ecology of invasions              by animals and plants*. With a foreword by Daniel Simberloff. Chicago,              University of Chicago Press, 2000. 181 p.			       Originally published: London, Methuen, c1958. With a new foreword.     Bibliography: p. 160-174.     A classic work, by one of the founders of modern ecology. Simberloff’s  foreword evaluates Elton’s work based on scientific advances since this  pioneering title was published.     QH541.E4 2000

*Invasive species in a changing world.* Edited by Harold A. Mooney              and Richard J. Hobbs. Washington, Island Press, c2000. 457 p. 			     “A Project of SCOPE: The Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment.”     Includes bibliographies.     QH353.I59 2000

 Todd, Kim. *Tinkering with Eden: a natural history of exotics              in America*. New York, W. W. Norton, c2001. 302 p.			      Bibliography: p. 267-285.		       QL86.T64 2001

 Van Driesche, Jason, and Roy Van Driesche. *Nature out of                place: biological invasions in the global age*. Washington, Island Press,              c2000. 363 p.			     Bibliography: p. 307-308.		       QH353.V36 2000

 TOP OF PAGE
**SPECIALIZED TITLES**
**Titles about Particular Geographical Areas**

*Alien invaders in Canada’s waters, wetlands, and forests.*              Edited by Renata Claudi, Patrick Nantel, and Elizabeth Muckle-Jeffs.              Ottawa, Canadian Forest Service, Science Branch, c2002. 320 p.			     Includes bibliographies.                 SB990.5.C3A45 2002

*Biogeography of Mediterranean invasions*. Edited by R. H. Groves              and F. di Castri. Cambridge, Eng., New York, Cambridge University              Press, 1991. 485 p.     Includes bibliographies.      QH353.B54 1991

  Cox, George W. *Alien species in North America and Hawaii: impacts on natural  ecosystems.* Washington, Island Press, c1999. 387 p.      Bibliography: p. 315-357.       SB990.5.U6C68 1999

 Devine, Bob. *Alien invasion: America’s battle with non-native              animals and plants*. Washington, National Geographic Society, c1998.              280 p.		         	QH353.D48 1998

*Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impacts,                and management.* Edited by Erkki Leppäkoski, Stephan Gollasch,              and Sergej Olenin. Dordrecht, Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers,              c2002. 583 p.	       Bibliography: p. 548-583.     SH174.5.I58 2002

*Invasive species in the Pacific: a technical review and draft regional  strategy.*  Technically edited by Greg Sherley. Samoa, South Pacific Regional Environment  Programme, 2000. 190 p.     Includes bibliographies.     QH353.I597 2000

  Low, Tim. *Feral future: the untold story of Australia’s exotic invaders.*  Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2002. 394 p.       Originally published: Ringwood, Vic., Viking, 1999.     Bibliography: p. 349-375.     QH353.L68 2002

 National Synthesis Symposium on the Ecology of Biological Invasions              (1985, Stellenbosch, South Africa). *The ecology and management              of biological invasions in southern Africa: proceedings of the              National Synthesis Symposium on the Ecology of Biological Invasions*.              Edited by I. A. W. Macdonald, F. J. Kruger, A. A. Ferrar. Cape              Town, New York, Oxford University Press, 1986. 324 p. 			 			     Held in Stellenbosch, South Africa, Nov. 27-29, 1985.     Includes bibliographies.     QH353.N37 1985            

*Strangers in paradise: impact and management of nonindigenous              species in Florida.* Edited by Daniel Simberloff, Don C. Schmitz,              Tom C. Brown; foreword by Edward O. Wilson. Washington, Island              Press, c1997. 467 p.       Bibliography: p. 369-432.  	   SB990.5.U6S88 1997

 Yan, Xie, and others. Invasive species in China--an overview.              *Biodiversity and conservation*, v. 10, Aug. 2001: 1317-1341.			     Includes an extensive bibliography.			     QH75.A1B513  

**Titles about Particular Types of Organisms**

*Invasive arthropods in agriculture: problems and solutions*. Editors: Guy	  J. Hallman, Charles P. Schwalbe. Enfield, NH, Science Publishers, c2002. 447	  p.   Includes bibliographies.   SB990.I564 2002

 Lever, Christopher. *Naturalized reptiles and amphibians of the world.*      Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003. 318 p.	   Bibliography: p. 244-306. 	   QL641.L48 2003 <SciRR> 

*Marine bioinvasions: proceedings of a conference, January 24-27,        1999*.      Edited by Judith Pederson. Cambridge, MA, MIT Sea Grant College Program,      MIT SG Center for Coastal Resources, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,      [1999?] 427 p.	     “The first National Conference on Marine Bioinvasions was held ... at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology.”	     Includes bibliographies.     QH353.M27 1999  

 Myers, Judith H., and Dawn Bazely. *Ecology and control of introduced      plants*. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2003. 313 p.      Bibliography: p. 271-300.      SB613.5.M94 2003

*Nonindigenous freshwater organisms: vectors, biology, and impacts*. Edited      by Renata Claudi and Joseph H. Leach. Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers, c2000.      464 p.     Includes bibliographies.     QH102.C56 2000

*Predicting invasions of nonindigenous plants and plant pests.* Committee      on the Scientific Basis for Predicting the Invasive Potential of Nonindigenous      Plants and Plant Pests in the United States, Board on Agriculture and Natural      Resources, Board on Life Sciences, Division on Earth and Life Studies,      National Research Council. Washington, National Academy Press, c2002. 194      p.	       Bibliography: p. 152-175.		   SB990.5.U6P74 2002     Available online at http://www.nap.edu/books/0309082641/html/

**Titles about Particular Topics**

*Biological invasions: economic and environmental costs of alien plant,      animal, and microbe species*. Edited by David Pimentel. Boca Raton, CRC      Press, c2002. 369 p.     Includes bibliographies.     QH353.B57 2002

 Cox, George W. *Alien species and evolution: the evolutionary ecology      of exotic plants, animals, microbes, and interacting native species*. Washington,      Island Press, 2004. 377 p.      Bibliography: p. 287-344.     QH353.C69 2004

*The Economics of biological invasions*. Edited by Charles Perrings, Mark      Williamson, Silvana Dalmazzone. Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, Edward      Elgar, c2000. 249 p. 	      Includes bibliographies.	      QH353.E36 2000

*Exotic pests and diseases: biology and economics for biosecurity*. Daniel      A. Sumner, editor. Ames, IA, Iowa State Press, 2003. 265 p.     Includes bibliographical references.     SB990.5.U6E95 2003

*The Great reshuffling: human dimensions of invasive alien species*. Edited      by Jeffrey A. McNeely. Gland, Switzerland, Cambridge, IUCN, 2001. 242 p.         Bibliography: p. 213-237.	     SB613.5.G54 2001

*Invasive species: vectors and management strategies*. Edited by Gregory M. Ruiz  and James T. Carlton. Washington, Island Press, c2003. 517 p.     Includes bibliographies.      QH353.I62 2003    

TOP OF PAGE
**HANDBOOKS,  ENCYCLOPEDIAS,                  AND DICTIONARIES**
**Handbooks, Encyclopedias and Dictionaries containing supplementary material include:**

Cronk, Quentin C. B., and Janice L. Fuller.  *Plant invaders:              the threat to natural ecosystems.*London, New York, Chapman & Hall,              1995. 241 p. (‘People and plants’ conservation manual)			     Bibliography: p. 211-231.   “WWF International (World Wide Fund for Nature); UNESCO (United NationsEducational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization); Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,UK.”    SB613.5.C76 1995

 Fuller, Pam L., Leo G. Nico, and James D. Williams.*Nonindigenous              fishes introduced into inland waters of the United States*. Bethesda,              MD, American Fisheries Society, c1999. 613 p. (American Fisheries              Society special publication, 27) 			      Bibliography: p. 489-548.		       QL627.F86 1999

*Invasive alien species: a toolkit of best prevention and                management practices.* Edited by Rüdiger Wittenberg and Matthew J.W. Cock;              Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) ... [et al.]. Wallingford,              Oxon, UK, New York, CABI Pub., c2001. 228 p.     SB990.I56 2001   “The toolkit was designed and partially drafted at an international workshopheld in Kuala Lumpur, 22-27 March 1999.”

*Invasive plants: weeds of the global garden*. John M. Randall & Janet              Marinelli, editors. Brooklyn, NY, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, c1996.              111 p. (21st-century gardening series, handbook #149)		       SB1.P56 no. 149

 Long, John L. *Introduced mammals of the world: their history,              distribution, and influence*. Wallingford, Oxon, UK, CABI Pub.,              Collingwood, VIC, c2003. 589 p.     Bibliography: p. 535-576.     QL703.L66 2004 <SciRR>

 Randall, R. P. (Roderick Peter). *A global compendium of weeds*.              Melbourne, R.G. and F.J. Richardson, c2002. 905 p.			     Bibliography: p. vii-xxvii.		       SB611.R34 2002 <SciRR>

 Weber, Ewald. *Invasive plant species of the world: a reference              guide to environmental weeds*. Wallingford, Oxon, UK, Cambridge,              MA, CABI Pub., 2003. 548 p.     Bibliography: p. 461-536.      SB613.5.W43 2003 <SciRR>

*World weeds: natural histories and distribution*. LeRoy Holm ...              [et al.]. New York, Wiley, c1997. 1129 p.      Bibliography: p. 929-1023      SB611.W39 1997 <SciRR>

TOP OF PAGE
**CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS**
 	International Conference on Marine Bioinvasions (2nd, 2001,              New Orleans, La.). *Marine bioinvasions: patterns, processes,              and perspectives*. Edited by Judith Pederson. Dordrecht, Boston, Kluwer              Academic Publishers, 2003. 143 p.		   Includes bibliographies.		       “Reprinted from *Biological Invasions*, Volume 5(1-2), 2003.”     QH353.I568 2001

*Invasive species and biodiversity management*. Edited by Odd Terje Sandlund, PeterJohan Schei, and Åslaug Viken. Dordrecht, Netherlands, Boston, Kluwer Academic,c1999. 431 p. (Population and community biology series, v. 24)   Includes bibliographies.   Based on papers from the Norway/United Nations (UN) Conference on Alien Species,held in Trondheim, Norway, July 1-5, 1996.   SB990.I58 1999

*Nonindigenous Estuarine & Marine Organisms (NEMO): proceedings              of the conference and workshop, Seattle, Washington, April 1993*.              [Silver Spring, MD], U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and              Atmospheric Administration, [1994]. 125 p.     Includes bibliographies.     QL86.N65 1994            

TOP OF PAGE
**GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS**
*Harmful non-indigenous species in the United States*. Washington,              U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1993. 391 p. (OTA-F-565)     Includes bibliographies.      SB990.5.U6H36 1993 <SciRR>     Available online at http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1993/9325_n.html

*Invasive species: clearer focus and greater commitment needed              to effectively manage the problem: report to Executive Agency Officials*.              United States General Accounting Office. Washington, GAO, 2002.              96 p. (GAO-03-1) 			     SB990.5.U6I58 2002     Available online at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d031.pdf

 Miller, James H. *Nonnative invasive plants of southern forests:              a field guide for identification and control*. Asheville, NC, U.S.              Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station,              2003. 93 p. (General technical report SRS, 62)    Bibliography: p. 85-86.    QK124.M56 2003    Available online at http://www.invasive.org/eastern/srs/

 Thomas, Lindsey Kay. *The impact of three exotic plant species              on a Potomac island*. Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1980.              179 p. (National Park Service scientific monograph, no. 13) 			     Bibliography: p. 167-172.		       QK153.T46  

 Westbrooks, Randy G. *Invasive plants: changing the landscape              of America: fact book*. Washington, Federal Interagency Committee              for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds, 1998. 109 p.			      Bibliography: p. 103-107.		       SB612.A2W47  1998            

TOP OF PAGE
**TECHNICAL REPORTS**
Technical Reports and other types of literature are indexed in the following guide:

*Government Reports Announcements & Index* (1946-)   Z7916.G78 <SciRR A&I> and Electronic Format

TOP OF PAGE
**SELECTED TECHNICAL REPORTS**
 Reports listed below are available in the microform collection              of the Science Reading Room. These and other reports are sold by              the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,              Springfield, Virginia 22161. NTIS telephone: (703) 605-6585. NTIS              web site: http://www.ntis.gov.

 Lambdin, Paris L., and Jerome F. Grant. *Assessment of exotic and invasive		      plants along roadways in Tennessee*. Knoxville, TN, Agriculture Experiment		      Station, University of Tennessee, 2000. 166 p.			     PB2000-108046

 Ludke, Larry, and others. *Invasive plant species inventory, mapping,		      and monitoring: a national strategy [Workshop report]*. Denver, CO, Geological		      Survey, Water Resources Div., 2002. 20 p. (USGS/BRD/ITR-2002-0006)			     PB2003-101049

*Marine and aquatic nonindigenous species in California: an assessment		      of current status and research needs. Summary of a Program Development		      Workshop.* Sponsored by the California Sea Grant System. Editors: Paul		      G. Olin and Jodi L. Cassell. La Jolla, CA, California Sea Grant College		      System, University of California, 1997. 38 p.     PB99-107351

 Pratt, Robert J. *Invasive species–a threat to the homeland?* Carlisle		      Barracks, PA, U.S. Army War College, 2003. 44 p.			     ADA415732		      

*Proceedings of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Interagency Research Forum			(13th) on Gypsy Moth and Other Invasive Species*. Held in Annapolis, Maryland,			on January 15-18, 2002. Newton Square, PA, Northeastern Research Station,			2002. 134 p. (FSGTR-NE-300) 			   PB2003-103567

TOP OF PAGE
**DISSERTATIONS**
 Dissertations can be identified by using online resources or              the following indexes located in the Main Reading Room. Consult              any reference librarian about options. Some dissertations may be              available              in              full text through electronic resources on public terminals at the            Library of Congress.

*Comprehensive Dissertation Index*, 1861-1972.			   Z5053.X47 1973

*Comprehensive Dissertation Index.* Supplement. (1973- annual)   Z5053.X47a

*Dissertation Abstracts International*(1938- monthly)   Z5053.D57			

TOP OF PAGE
**SELECTED DISSERTATIONS**
 	Fernberg, Laurence Seth.  *Causes and consequences of purple              loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) invasions on native wetlands*.              Ann Arbor, MI, UMI, 1998.   UMI publication number AAT 9816343   Collation of the original: 281 p.   Thesis (doctoral)--Fordham University, 1998.

 Howe, Katherine Mitchell. *The ecology of invasions in a Minnesota              grassland: characteristics of invasive species and invaded communities              and the effects of global change.* Ann Arbor, MI, UMI, 2003.			     UMI publication number AAT 3072094     Collation of the original: 167 p.      Thesis (doctoral)--University of Washington, 2002.

  Kellogg, Chever Harden. *Plant community succession and invasion in restored    freshwater marshes*. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI, 2002.      UMI publication number AAT 3040571     Collation of the original: 164 p.     Thesis (doctoral)--University of Notre Dame, 2002.

 Saltonstall, Kristin. *Phylogeography of Phragmites australis              in North America: A historical perspective on a cryptic invasion*.              Ann Arbor, MI, UMI, 2003.     UMI publication number AAT 3068344     Collation of the original: 251 p.     Thesis (doctoral)--Yale University, 2002.            

TOP OF PAGE
**BIBLIOGRAPHIES**
Clewis, Beth.  *Biological invasions: a selected bibliography.*              Monticello, IL, Vance Bibliographies, 1991. 8 p. 			   (Public administration              series–bibliography, P3038)   Z5322.B54C54 1991

*Understanding and managing invasive plants in wilderness and other			    natural areas: an annotated reading list.* Authors, Sophie Osborn and others. Fort			  Collins, CO, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research			  Station, 2002. 65 p. 			     (General technical report RMRS, GTR-79)     Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr079_4.pdf  

TOP OF PAGE
**ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES**
 Abstracting and Indexing Services that index relevant journal              articles and other types of literature are listed below. Some suggested              terms for searching include Invasive Species, Invasive Plants,              headings listed in the Subject Headings section of this guide,              or more specific headings, depending upon the topic of interest.              Many              of the titles may now be available in electronic format. **Consult              a reference librarian for the location and format of abstracting              and indexing services in the Science Reading Room**

*Applied Science & Technology Index (1913- )*			   Z7913.I7 <SciRR A&I> and Electronic Format            

*Bibliography of Agriculture AGRICOLA (1942- )*   Z5073.U572 <SciRR A&I> and Electronic Format            

*Biological and Agricultural Index (1916- )*   Z5073.A46 <SciRR A&I> and Electronic Format            

*Ecological Abstracts* (1974- )   QH540.E27 <SciRR A&I>

*Ecology Abstracts* (1975- )   QH540.A66 <SciRR A&I> and Electronic Format

*Environmental Sciences & Pollution Management* (1967- )   Electronic Format   Online in LC: CSA

*General Science Abstract (1978- )*   Z7401.G46 <SciRR A&I> and Electronic Format

*GEOBASE (1980- )*   Electronic Format

*Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature (1900-)*   AI3.R48 <BusRR> and Electronic Format

*Science Citation Index (1961- )*   Z7401.S365 <SciRR A&I> and  Electronic format

*Wildlife & Ecology Studies Worldwide (1935- )*br>   Electronic format

*Zoological Record (1864- )*   Z7991.Z87 <SciRR A&I> and Electronic format

TOP OF PAGE
**JOURNALS**
Journals that often contain relevant articles include the following:
*Biodiversity and Conservation*QH75.A1B513*Biological Conservation*S900.B5*Biological Invasions*QH353.B559*BioScience*QH1.A277*Conservation Biology*QH75.A1C665*Diversity & Distributions*QH75.A1B53 *Ecological Restoration*QH76.R47*Ecology*QH540.E3 *Ecology Letters*QH540.E316*Journal of Applied Ecology*S3.J86*National Wildlife*S964.U6N35*Natural Areas Journal*QH76.J68*Nature*Q1.N2*Science*Q1.S35
TOP OF PAGE
**REPRESENTATIVE JOURNAL ARTICLES**
Bax, N., and others. The control of biological invasions in the              world’s oceans. *Conservation biology*, v. 15, Oct. 2001: 1234-1246.               QH75.A1C665

 Brooks, Matthew L., and others. Effects of invasive alien plants              on fire regimes. *BioScience*, v. 54, July 2004: 677-688. 			     QH1.A277

  Chapuis, J. L., P. Boussès, and G. Barnaud. Alien mammals, impact and  management in the French subantarctic islands. *Biological conservation*, v.  67, no. 2, 1994: 97-104.     S900.B5

 Fine, Paul V. A. The invasibility of tropical forests by exotic              plants. *Journal of tropical ecology*, v. 18, Sept. 2002: 687-705.             QH541.5.T7J68

  Ghazoul, Jaboury. Flowers at the front line of invasion? *Ecological entomology*,  v. 27, Oct. 2002: 638-640.       QL461.R65

 Hall, S. R., and E. L. Mills. Exotic species in large lakes of              the world. *Aquatic ecosystem health and management*, v. 3, no. 1,              2000: 105-135.			       QH541.5.W3A678

 Kolar, Cynthia S., and David M. Lodge. Ecological predictions              and risk assessment for alien fishes in North America. *Science*,              v. 298, Nov. 8, 2002: 1233-1236.			       Q1.S35

 MacIsaac, Hugh J., Igor A. Grigorovich, and Anthony Ricciardi.              Reassessment of species invasions concepts: the Great Lakes basin              as a model. *Biological invasions*, v. 3, no. 4, 2001: 405-416.	     QH353.B559

 Mack, Richard N. Plant naturalizations and invasions in the eastern              United States: 1634-1860.*Annals of the Missouri Botanical              Garden*,              v. 90, no. 1, 2003: 77-90.			       QK1.M65       This issue includes five other articles on biological invasions.

 Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A., and D. Savini. Biological invasions as              a component of global change in stressed marine ecosystems [review].              *Marine pollution bulletin,* v. 46, May 2003: 542-551.			       GC1080.M35

 Reed, Catherine C. Keeping invasive plants out of restoration.              *Ecological restoration*, v. 22, Sept. 2004: 210-216.			       QH76.R47

 Simberloff, Daniel. How much information on population biology              is needed to manage introduced species? *Conservation biology*, v.              17, Feb. 2003: 83-92.			       QH75.A1C665       One of seven papers in a special section on population biology of invasive  species.

 Thomson, Diane. Competitive interactions between the invasive              European honey bee and native bumble bees. *Ecology*, v. 85, Feb.              2004: 458-470.			       QH540.E3

 Vivanco, Jorge M., and others. Biogeographical variation in community              response to root allelochemistry: novel weapons and exotic invasion.              *Ecology letters*, v. 7, Apr. 2004: 285-292.			       QH540.E316

 With, Kimberly A. The landscape ecology of invasive spread.*Conservation              biology*, v. 16, Oct. 2002: 1192-1203.			       QH75.A1C665

 Ziska, Lewis H. Evaluation of the growth response of six invasive              species to past, present, and future atmospheric carbon dioxide.              *Journal of experimental botany*, v. 54, Jan. 2003: 395-404.			       QK1.J7632
**SELECTED MATERIALS**
Selected materials available in the Science Reading             Room pamphlet boxes include the following:

 	Bright, Christopher.  Invasive species: pathogens of globalization.              *Foreign policy*, no. 116, Fall 1999: 50-64.	Carlton, James T., and Jonathan B. Geller. Ecological roulette: the global transportof nonindigenous marine organisms. *Science*, v. 261, July 2, 1993: 78-82.            
 Ewel, John J., and others. Deliberate introductions of species:              research needs. *BioScience*, v. 49, Aug. 1999: 619-630.

 Hipps, Carol Bishop. Kudzu: a vegetable menace that started out              as a good idea. *Horticulture*, v. 72, June/July 1994: 36-39.  Jenkins, Clinton N., and Stuart L. Pimm. How big is the global weed patch?  Annals of the Missouri *Botanical Garden*, v. 90, no. 2, 2003: 172-178. 

 Manchester, Sarah J., and James M. Bullock. The impacts of non-native              species on UK biodiversity and the effectiveness of control. *Journal              of applied ecolog*y, v. 37, 2000: 845-864.

 Meiners, Scott J., Mary L. Cadenasso, and Steward T. A. Pickett.              Beyond biodiversity: individualistic controls of invasion in a              self-assembled community. *Ecology letters*, v. 7, Feb. 2004: 121-126.

 Mooney, H. A., and E. E. Cleland. The evolutionary impact of              invasive species. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences              of the United States of America*, v. 98, May 8, 2001: 5446-5451.     A review article with 70 references.     Available online at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/10/5446

 Morrison, Janet A. Wetland vegetation before and after experimental              purple loosestrife removal. *Wetlands*, v. 22, Mar. 2002: 159-169.

 Palm, Mary E. Systematics and the impact of invasive fungi on              agriculture in the United States. *BioScience*, v. 51, Feb. 2001:              141-147.     One of eight articles in a special issue on global movement of invasive plants  and fungi.

 Pimentel, David. Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous              species in the United States. *BioScience*, v. 50, Jan. 2000: 53-64.

 Richardson, David M., and others. Naturalization and invasion              of alien plants: concepts and definitions. *Diversity & distributions*,              v. 6, Mar. 2000: 93-107.

 Simberloff, Daniel. Eradication – preventing invasions              at the outset. *Weed science*, v. 51, Mar./Apr. 2003: 247-253.

 Simberloff, Daniel, and Leah Gibbons. Now you see them, now you              don’t! – population crashes of established introduced              species. *Biological invasions*, v. 6, no. 2, 2004: 161-172.  Zavaleta, Erika. The economic value of controlling an invasive shrub. *Ambio*,  v. 29, Dec. 2000: 462-467.      Deals with tamarisk (*Tamarix*sp.)

TOP OF PAGE
**ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION**
**Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants**7922 NW 71st StreetGainesville, FL 32653Tel: (352) 392-1799Fax: (352) 392-3462http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/welcome.htmlProvides online access to the Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant InformationRetrieval System (APIRS), “the world’s largest information resourceof its kind.” Also provides extensive plant information and images, pluslinks to other resources.

**Center for Invasive Plant Management**  P.O. Box 173120  Bozeman, MT 59717-3120  Tel: (406) 994-6832  Fax: (406) 994-1889  Email: [email protected]http://www.weedcenter.org/index.html“The Center for Invasive Plant Management (CIPM) promotes the ecologicalmanagement of invasive plants in the West through education, by facilitatingcollaboration among researchers, educators, and land managers, and by fundingresearch projects and weed management areas.”

**Ecological Society of America**  1707 H Street, NW, Suite 400  Washington, DC 20006-3915  Tel: (202) 833-8773  Email: [email protected]http://www.esa.org  See especially http://www.esa.org/education/edupdfs/invasion.pdf for an online  brochure about invasive species.

**Mid-Atlantic Exotic Pest Plant Council (MA-EPPC)**  Attn: Faith Campbell  8208 Dabney Avenue  Springfield, VA 22152http://www.ma-eppc.org/“The purpose of the MA-EPPC is to address the problem of invasive exoticplants and their threat to the Mid-Atlantic region’s economy, environment,and human health by providing leadership, facilitating information developmentand exchange, and coordinating regional efforts.”

**Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council**  4824 Torbay Drive  Nashville, TN 37211http://www.se-eppc.org/  Its Invasive Plant Manual is available at http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/

TOP OF PAGE
**SELECTED INTERNET RESOURCES**
The Internet offers a growing number of sites useful in the                study of invasive species. Several of the organizations listed                above provide links to related sites from their web sites. You                might try the sites described below, or use your favorite search                engine and appropriate key words to identify more specific resources.                You could also use a search engine directory: examples include                the Google Directory ( http://www.google.com/dirhp )                at which you can follow the links Science>Environment>Biodiversity>Invasive                Species, or the Yahoo Directory ( http://dir.yahoo.com ) reached              by clicking on Science>Ecology>Invasive Species. 

 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the U.S. Department		        of Agriculture  Includes news, “hot issues,” and a search feature.http://www.aphis.usda.gov

 From Microbes to Mammals - Invasive Species  Articles written by the U.S. Geological Survey.http://www.usgs.gov/invasive_species/plw/

 Global Invasive Species Programme  Site features news items, articles, and an extensive list of links.http://www.gisp.org/

 Institute for Biological Invasions  A very extensive site from the University of Tennessee. In addition to the    information on the site itself, it includes a searchable literature database    on exotic species and a wide-ranging list of links.http://invasions.bio.utk.edu/

 Invasive Plants  Produced by the United States National Arboretum. Provides general information    plus links to state government departments or invasive plant workgroups and    links to other major information sources.http://www.usna.usda.gov/Gardens/invasives.html

Invasive.org  A joint project of the Bugwood Network and several government and university    organizations. Its overall objective is “ ... to provide an accessible    and easily used archive of high quality images related to forest health and    silviculture, with particular emphasis on educational applications.” http://www.invasive.org/

  Invasivespecies.gov“A gateway to Federal and State invasive species activities and programs.” Includesspecies profiles, laws and regulations, resources, databases, etc.http://www.invasivespecies.gov

 Invasive Species Information Node“ ... creates a central repository for information pertaining to the identification,description, management and control of invasive species.” Includes speciesinformation, data and maps, and other information.http://invasivespecies.nbii.gov/

 IUCN - The World Conservation Unionhttp://www.iucn.org/  This organization provides a number of features of interest to scientists and  the general public, including the following:  Invasive Species Specialist Grouphttp://www.issg.org  Global Invasive Species Databasehttp://www.issg.org/database  General information on the alien invasive species issuehttp://iucn.org/biodiversityday/index.html

 Management of Invasive Species  AgNIC Wildlife Damage Management; provides information and linkshttp://lib.colostate.edu/research/agnic/invspecies/

 The Nature Conservancy Invasive Species Initiativehttp://nature.org/initiatives/invasivespecies/  Its Weed Control Methods Handbook is at http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/handbook.html

 Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (U.S. Geological Survey)“ ... a central repository for accurate and spatially referenced biogeographicaccounts of nonindigenous aquatic species. Provided are scientific reports, online/realtimequeries, spatial data sets, regional contact lists, and general information.”http://nas.er.usgs.gov/

  Noxious Weeds in the US and Canada“... a searchable database of the noxious weed lists for all U.S. statesand six southern provinces of Canada. The database can be searched by plant name,state name, or by clicking on a map.” Part of the INVADERS Database Systemfrom the Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.http://invader.dbs.umt.edu/Noxious_Weeds/

 SGNIS: Sea Grant Nonindigenous Species  A searchable collection of research publications and education materials produced    by Sea Grant programs and other research institutions; includes links.http://www.sgnis.org/

 Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council http://www.se-eppc.org/  Its Invasive Plant Manual is available at http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/

 Union of Concerned Scientists  Includes policy and legislative information, publications to download, and    other resources.http://www.ucsusa.org/global_environment/invasive_species/

 Weeds Gone Wild (Alien Plant Working Group of the Plant Conservation		        Alliance)  This extensive National Park Service website features fact sheets, plant lists,  publications, information links, etc.http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien
Top              of Page   Home >> Tracer          BulletsFindinScience                Tracer BulletsScience Reference PagesResearchers                Web PagesAll Library of Congress Pages  The          Library of Congress>>Researchers              January 4, 2011Legal|External Link DisclaimerContact          Us:  Ask            a Librarian                                   |