Review of Ochsenheimeriidae

and the Introduction of the

Cereal Stem Moth

Ochsenheimeria vacculella

into the United States

(Lepidoptera: Tineoidea)

DONALD R. DAVIS

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 192
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOGY • NUMBE R 192

A Review of Ochsenheimeriidae

and the Introduction of the

Cereal Stem Moth

Ochsenheimeria vacculella

into the United States

(Lepidoptera: Tineoidea)

Donald R. Davis

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1975
ABSTRACT

Davis, Donald R. A Review of Ochsenheimeriidae and the Introduction of the

Cereal Stem Moth Ochsenheimeria vacculella into the United States (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 192, 20 pages,

31 figures, 2 maps, 1975.—The biology, zoogeography, and systematics of the

tineoid family Ochsenheimeriidae is reviewed for the world. A synoptic list of

23 specific names currently applicable to this family is provided, which includes

a summary of the distribution and plant hosts of each. The species "Ochsenheimeria" horridula Zeller was examined and consequently transferred to the

genus Xylesthia, of the family Tineidae (new combination). A complete description, accompanied by diagnostic illustrations and photographs, of Ochsenheimeria vacculella F. R. is provided along with the first report of its introduction

into North America.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 5220. SERIES

COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.

Davis, Donald Ray

A Review of Ochsenheimeriidae and the introduction of the cereal stem moth Ochsenheimeria

vacculella into the United States (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea)

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 192)

Bibliography: p.

Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:192

1. Ochsenheimeriidae. 2. Ochsenheimeria vacculella. 3. Insects—United States. I. Title: Review of Ochsenheimeriidae .. . II. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 192.

QL1.S54 no. 192 [QL561.026] 591\08s [595.7'81] 74-32350
Contents

Page

Introduction 1

Biology 1

Distribution 1

Hosts 3

Life History 3

Systematic Review 3

Ochsenheiraeriidae 6

Synoptic List of the Species of Ochsenheimeriidae 8

Ochsenheimeria vacculella F. von Roesslerstamm 10

Literature Cited 19

i n

A Review of Ochsenheimeriidae

and the Introduction of the

Cereal Stem Moth

Ochsenheimeria vacculella

into the United States

(Lepidoptera: Tineoidea)

Donald R. Davis

Introduction

Over the past few years it has become increasingly

evident that a new and potentially serious pest of

cereal grasses has been accidentally introduced and

established within the continental United States.

The species has been identified as the cereal stem

moth, Ochsenheimeria vacculella F. R., an important pest of certain economic grasses through much

of Eurasia. It belongs to the small and little known

family Ochsenheimeriidae, which, until recently,

was restricted to the Palearctic region. Because of

possible economic implications as well as to the

relative obscurity of the family to American entomologists, a review of the family is here provided,

including a listing of all known species with their

hosts and general distribution.

Because of the economic importance of certain

members of this family and the great morphological similarity among most of the species, a critical

revision of the group is greatly needed. Such a study

should, of course, involve a careful examination of

all type material and the selection of lectotypes and

Donald R. Davis, Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

neotypes whenever necessary in order to achieve

taxonomic stability. I have refrained from expanding the present review into a more thorough revision of the family, because such a study is believed

already underway by Dr. A. K. Zagulajev of the

Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences in

Leningrad. I am indebted to Dr. Zagulajev for his

helpful assistance with several inquiries of mine, as

well as to Dr. John Bradley of the Commonwealth

Institute of Entomology at the British Museum

(Natural History). Dr. Bradley also assisted me by

arranging loans of critical specimens.

I also wish to express my gratitude to Mr. George

Venable, staff artist for the Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, for the excellent

line drawings; to Mr. Victor Kranz of the Smithsonian Photographic Laboratory and Miss Mary

Mann of the Smithsonian Scanning Electron Microscope Laboratory for their helpful assistance with

the photographs.

Biology

DISTRIBUTION (Maps 1-2).—Until the discovery

of Ochsenheimeria vacculella from Geauga County,

Ohio, in 1964, no member of this family was known
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOCY
NUMBER 192

to occur beyond the Palearctic region. A species

originally described as Ochsenheimeria from Colombia ("O." horridula) and another one questionably from Australia ("O." squamicornis) have been

erroneously placed in this family.

In the Old World, the various members of this

family are found only between 30°N and 60°N

latitude; they occur in Great Britain, across central

Europe to central Russia and northwestern India.

Species have also been found in parts of North

Africa (Algeria and Tunisia), Lebanon, and one

recently has been described from the Province of

Primorsk in eastern Russia. The actual distribution

of the family is probably even more extensive than

indicated, and future collecting, particularly in

Asia, may show this. Through accidental introduction, it is possible that certain species also may become established eventually in such remote areas

as the grasslands of South Africa and the pampas of

South America.

In addition to obvious oceanic barriers, the present distribution of the group seems to have been

effectively limited in Africa by the Sahara Desert

and in southern Asia largely by the Himalayas;

however, some species (e.g., O. kisilkuma) do prefer very arid situations, and O. hugginsi has been

collected in the Himalayas at altitudes above

15,000 feet.

HOSTS.—Only three families of monocots are

known to be utilized as hosts by larvae of

Ochsenheimeriidae. Of these, the Cyperaceae and

Juncaceae are of relatively minor importance with

only Ochsenheimeria bubalella and O. lovyi attacking them. The Poaceae are of greater importance

with a wide variety of grasses represented as hosts

—the genera Bromus, Secale, and Triticum are especially favored. It should be pointed out, however,

that the food plants are unknown for approximately half of the species of Ochsenheimeria.

As the specific epithet suggests, O. hederarum

was originally associated with ivy (Hedera sp.),

but this probably does not represent its true host.

Similarly, Zagulajev (1966) reports that adults of

O. kisilkuma were commonly observed around

Haloxylon (Chenopodiaceae).

LIFE HISTORY.—Toward the end of summer the

eggs are deposited on overwintering grasses, but

they may be deposited in a variety of places such as

refuse piles, haystacks, and granaries. In some species eclosion occurs in approximately a week with

the larva quickly seeking a hibernation chamber by

boring into a grass stem. Other species overwinter

as eggs containing formed larvae. After emerging

in the spring, the first instar larvae often engage in

"ballooning," if necessary, to reach a suitable host.

Long strands of silk are secreted, which are picked

up by the wind, thereby transporting the larvae to

possible feeding sites.

Upon reaching a young plant, the larvae usually

begin mining the leaves; after a week or so, they

bore into the stem and proceed up the plant. From

this stage on, the larvae are capable of passing from

one stem to another. In this manner, a relatively

small population of larvae is capable of producing

more damage than would normally be expected.

Furthermore, the larvae of some species frequently

gnaw immediately below or directly into the developing fruits causing these to dry up and become

whitened. These damaged, whitened fruits (or

"ears") are then easily recognized among the green

healthy plants. This injury in wheat and other

cereal grasses has been referred to as "white ear."

Usually around the end of June and the early

part of July the larvae pupate in an elliptical cocoon of whitish silk situated between the leaves or

in the sheath; the adult emerges in approximately

one to two weeks. Although most species are univoltine, Zagulajev (1971) reports two generations

for some.

The adults of all known species are strictly diurnal. This behavior is suggested further by the relative reduction of the compound eyes and perhaps

by the retention of ocelli. Stainton (1873) notes a

very specific midday activity for O. birdella, with

the moths ceasing to fly by 4:00 P.M. Ochsenheimeria vacculella likewise is reported to be most

active between 11:00 A.M. and 2:00 P.M. Several

authors have reported the presence of adults in

houses during late summer. This habit has been

particularly noted by Stainton (1873) for O. vacculella, although Pavlov (1961) mentions no instance of adult overwintering for this (or any)

species.

Systematic Review

The family Ochsenheimeriidae is "monobasic,"

containing only the genus Ochsenheimeria. Two

other genera, Lepidocera Curtis (1831) and Phygas

Treitschke (1833), were subsequently described,
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

but both were soon relegated to synonymy (Stainton, 1854).

The genus Ochsenheimeria was proposed by

Huebner in 1825 for two previously described insects, Tinea bubalella Huebner and Tinea taurella

Schiffermueller. The uniqueness of the genus was

early recognized by Heinemann (1870), who

erected the family Ochsenheimeriidae; however,

several later authors (e.g., Meyrick, 1928, and Kloet

and Hincks, 1945) persisted in following the much

earlier practice of grouping the genus with the

Tineidae, a family with which it actually shares

little in common. There is now little doubt that the

members of Ochsenheimeria deserve a separate

family status. Actually, the group is so unusual in

its morphology, due to the extinction of annectant

forms, that it is now difficult to determine its relative position within the Lepidoptera. Probably influenced in part by their larval biology, Real

(1966) believed they were related to the Elachistidae and, perhaps on the basis of certain structural

similarities in the male genitalia, to the "Hyponomeutidae" [sic]. Such a placement is somewhat puzzling, since the latter two families are themselves

only distantly related.

Zagulajev (1973) considered the Ochsenheimeriidae to be closely related to the Deuterotineidae,

particularly with regard to their ecological requirements, and placed the two groups within the

Tineoidea. He further regarded both families as

predominantly prairie- or steppe-dwelling derivatives of the largely forest-dwelling Tineidae and

Euplocamidae.

On the basis of most morphological features,

particularly wing venation, the Ochsenheimeriidae

are most akin to the Tineoidea. In the forewing,

vein R5 terminates at the apex, above the termen,

as it does in most tineoid families. In contrast, this

vein normally extends to the termen, well below the

apex, in all Yponomeutoidea and Gelechioidea.

The base of the medial vein, although frequently

absent in the forewings of Ochsenheimeria, is preserved in the hindwings. This further suggests a

tineoid relationship, as this vein is often present in

that superfamily but typically absent in the

Yponomeutoidea and Gelechioidea. Similarly, the

elongate, rodlike saccus in the male genitalia and

the long, extensible ovipositor of the female are

very characteristic of many tineoid genera.

The members of Ochsenheimeriidae demonstrate their relative uniqueness in several ways. The

head is rather distinct in possessing relatively small

compound eyes and a very broad frons (Figure 7).

Although the eyes appear smooth (i.e., without

setae) under the stereoscopic microscope, an examination at higher magnifications with a scanning electron microscope reveals a dozen or so

minute setae (Figure 9). These arise from welldefined sockets widely distributed over the central

area of the eye. All species possess a pair of prominent ocelli, which, although present in a few primitive psychid genera, are lacking in the Tineidae

and in nearly all other tineoid families. The head

vestiture (Figure 8) of Ochsenheimeria is perhaps

as roughly scaled as in any other group of moths;

this condition again suggests a tineoid relationship.

The frons, although frequently obscured by the

confusion of hairlike scales from above, is contrastingly covered by unusually broad, rounded

scales (Figure 7). The ultrastructure of these

scales (Figure 10) is quite similar to that of the

wings in possessing a basically contiguous, parallel

series of minute, transverse striae, ranging from 2.0

to 2.5 jum in length, between the slightly raised longitudinal ribs. The transverse striae are sparsely interrupted at sporadic intervals by minute lacunae

whose diameters are less than 0.1-0.2 the distance

between the longitudinal ribs. This basic type of

scale structure occurs in several families of

Lepidoptera but is most characteristic of the Incurvarioidea, Tineoidea, and certain Yponomeutoidea.1

 The antennae are characteristically covered

for most of their length with rough scaling, thereby

imparting a rather shaggy, or much stouter appearance to the flagellum. This feature, along with a

behavioral tendency to hold the antennae out from

the head in a peculiar, sinuate attitude resembling

horns, has prompted authors to christen several

species with bovine names (e.g., O. bisontella

Zeller, O. bubalella Huebner, and O. taurella

Schiffenmueller). The venation is unusual in that

vein CuA2 is typically absent in both fore- and

hindwings.

Several specialized modifications characterize

the male genitalia and associated abdominal

sclerites. Prominent among these are the deeply

bilobed, setose uncus and the darkly sclerotized

anal tube. The shape of the tube is sometimes

1

 This subject will be discussed further by the author in a

forthcoming review on the scale structure in Lepidoptera.
NUMBER 192

helpful in specific determinations. The heavily setose lobes of the uncus may actually be homologous

to the socii. The tegumen is also unusual in being

divided anteriorly for nearly half its length into a

pair of rounded lobes. The vinculum is reduced to

a narrow, ventral ring but is extended cephalically

to form an elongate, rodlike saccus. The valvae of

most species are quite similar, with the notable exception of the chaetotaxy on the basal, saccular

lobe, which may be diagnostic for some species;

however, this character can vary (as in O. vacculella) and must be used with discretion. Ochsenheimeria hugginsi, from the Himalayas of India, is

interesting in possessing the most divergent valvae

of any of the known species.

As suggested above, the male genitalia of Ochsenheimeria resemble to some extent those of certain Yponomeutidae. Their resemblance to two

cave-dwelling species of Oinophilidae (Wegneria

cavernicola Diakonoff and Opogona villiersi

Viette) is even more remarkable. In nearly all

other features, however, both the Yponomeutidae

and Oinophilidae appear only remotely related to

the Ochsenheimeriidae.

Another characteristic in the males of this family

is the presence of a pair of lateral hair pencils

situated on the eighth abdominal segment. These

arise from large internal pockets that can be forcibly expanded along each side of the genitalia.

The morphology of the female genitalia is even

more conservative than the male and offers little in

the way of diagnostic characters for specific determination. The eighth, ninth, and tenth segments

are greatly lengthened and are capable of a type of

telescopic extension characteristic of most genera

of Tineidae. This mechanism enables the female to

probe and deposit her eggs in various crevices of

grass sheaths, refuse piles, and buildings.

The immature stages of this family have virtually

been unstudied. The most detailed account on the

larval morphology of Ochsenheimeria was by Dumont (1930) for O. lovyi. The sole illustration included with that description, however, is poorly

executed, inaccurate, and consequently useless. The

family Ochsenheimeriidae is included in the extensive larval study by Gerasimov (1952), and his

key does seem to suffice for identification.

The larva of only one species of Ochsenheimeria was available for this study, and the specific

identity of that specimen remains unknown; however, as a much needed contribution to the larval

systematics of this family, a description of that

species has been summarized in the discussion of

the family.

As characterized by the sole species examined, as

well as by Gerasimov's key characters, the larvae of

Ochsenheimeria appear to be almost as unusual in

their morphology as the adults. One of the most

diagnostic features of the larva is the reduced number of crochets arranged in a single longitudinal

series. Although the specimen I examined possessed

2-4 crochets on the first four abdominal prolegs,

this number may vary from zero (Gerasimov, 1952)

to as high as 14 (Dumont, 1930). The larvae may

further be recognized by their long, slender form

and almost complete absence of pigmentation, except for the conspicuous dark, oblong spots surrounding the spiracles.

The only description of the pupal stage for a

member of this family was also by Dumont (1930)

for O. lovyi. Dumont illustrates the cephalic end as

being rather conical, with a small, subacute frontal

spine (cocoon-cutter). The caudal end as figured

by Dumont appears most peculiar in possessing a

series of short, stout, black-tipped spines arranged

as follows: 4 ventral, 2 lateral, and 4 dorsal. Presumably, two of the ventral spines represent the

cremaster, although this is not clear.

A search of the literature has revealed that 23

names have been properly referred to this family.

Even though several of these names are regarded as

synonyms in the current literature, a synoptic list of

all available names is presented later in this paper,

pending a critical reexamination of the type material. As early pointed out by Stainton (1873),

Ochsenheimeria birdella, O. mediopectinella, and

O. urella are probably conspecific; however, if such

is true, then the oldest name, O. mediopectinella,

and not O. birdella, as treated by Stainton and

others, should be the correct name for the taxon.

Similarly, O. baurella, which was described by

Zagulajev from England as recently as 1966 on the

basis of a unique male, may also be a synonym of

O. mediopectinella. The same author has recently

described O. danilevskii from central Russia; however, Zagulajev's diagnoses for this insect appears to

fall within the normal variation of O. x>acculella as

discussed later. Three names proposed in 1848 by

Tengstrom from Finland (O. hirculella, O. porphyrella, and O. scabrosella) were treated by
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Wocke (1871) as varieties of O. bisontella. All

three were later listed as synonyms by Rebel (1901)

and are currently treated this way by European

workers.

Two species, previously listed in the literature

under Ochsenheimeria, were examined by the author and found to pertain to other families. I early

suspected the systematic placement of these particular species, since both were described from

areas remote from the normal Palearctic distribution of the group. "Ochsenheimeria (?)" horridula

was described by Zeller in 1877 on the basis of a

single male collected in Barranquilla, Colombia.

An examination of the holotype revealed that the

species is a distinct member of the tineid genus

Xylesthia (new combination). "Ochsenheimeria}"

squamicornis was also based on a single specimen

(a female) and questionably placed in its genus.

Felder (1875) did not provide a description of the

moth, but he did figure it in color along with hundreds of other insects collected by the Novara expedition. The origin of "O." squamicornis was

questionably listed by Felder as Australia. Walsingham (1889) later correctly proposed a new genus,

Pseudaegeria, for squamicornis and listed the species as occurring in Fiji as well as Australia. Pseudaegeria exhibits no close affinities with Ochsenheimeria and is currently included in the gelechioid

family Stathmopodidae (Common, 1970).

OCHSENHEIMERIIDAE

ADULT.—Small, relatively slender to stout-bodied

moths. Wing expanse: Q* , 9-15 mm; $ , 9-17 mm.

Head: Vertex extremely rough, densely covered

with long, divergent hairlike scales. Frons very

broad, smooth (though barely visible in O. bubalella). Eyes rounded, small; vertical diameter less

than 0.5 the interocular distance; microsetae scattered among a few facets, weakly developed, maximum length less than 0.5 the diameter of a facet.

Ocelli well developed, narrowly separated from

margin of eye. Antennae simple, short, less than

0.6 the length of forewing; scape greatly lengthened; basal 0.6-0.8 of antenna roughly scaled

above, smoother ventrally; pectin absent. Mandibles absent. Maxillary palpi short, 2-segmented;

galeae short, approximately 0.8-1.3 the length of

labial palpi; mostly naked. Labial palpi 3-segmented, porrect; apical segment slender, nearly obscured by enlarged, triangular brush of scales from

apical half of second segment.

Thorax: Dorsum covered with smooth, relatively

broad scales. Prothoracic legs less than 0.5 the

length of metathoracic legs; epiphysis absent;

mesothoracic tibia with a single pair of apical

spurs; metathoracic tibia with an apical and a

medial pair of spurs; a small, stout spine usually

situated immediately above (basad of) each pair of

spurs. Wings relatively slender, fully scaled; dorsal

scales of discal cell of forewing broad, with apex

deeply serrated (Figure 11). Forewings usually 11-

veined, sometimes 12-veined; Ml either separate or

stalked with R4 and 5; accessory cell normally

present; discal cell elongate, with or without evidence of base of medial veins; CuA2 usually absent;

1A and 2A separate at base, then fused for outer

half. Hindwings variable, ranging from 6- to 8-

veined; Rs and Ml either forked near apex or completely fused; base of medial vein usually visible

within cell; CuA2 rarely present (in O. baurellaf).

Abdomen: Basal sternite tineoid in form, with a

slender pair of sternal rods extending forward

to thorax. Dorsum of sixth segment often whitish

to pale yellow (especially in female), thus forming

a conspicuous light band across abdomen (Figures

1, 5, 6). Eighth segment of male with a pair of

large lateral hair pockets.

Male genitalia: Uncus setose, usually deeply

lobed with lateral margins partially enclosing a

darkly sclerotized anal tube; apex of tube varying

from acute to nearly truncate. Gnathos well defined, fused ventrally. Tegumen elongate with

cephalic margin deeply divided from 0.5 to 0.7 its

total length into two rounded lobes. Vinculum reduced to a narrow ring ventrally with an elongate,

slender, tubular saccus abruptly arising midventrally. Valvae relatively simple, consisting essentially of a stout apophysis curving anteriorly from

the base of the costal margin; a triangular welldefined saccular lobe, bearing 2-6 stout, peglike

spines; and a broad, setose, usually rounded cucullus. Aedeagus elongate, approximately X 1.5 the

length of saccus, relatively stout, usually curved

slightly; cornuti absent, or present and minute.

Female genitalia: Ovipositor elongate, extensible; posterior apophyses long and slender, approximately 0.5 the length, of bursa copulatrix; anterior

apophysis similar but slightly shorter and more

stocky. Lamella postvaginalis well developed, flat-
NUMBER 192

N

-

FIGURES 1-6.—Adults of Ochsenheiweria (wing expanse): I, O. bisontella Zeller, 10 mm; 2,

O. bubalella (Huebner), 17 mm; 3, O capella Moeschler, 12.5 mm; 4, O. mediopectintlla (Haworth), 11 mm; 5, O. taurella Schiffcrmueller, 14 mm; 6, O. vacculella F. Roesslerstamm, 12.5

mm.
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

tened. Ostium enlarged, relatively simple. Bursa

copulatrix an elongate, inflated, membranous sac;

a single signum typically present, usually consisting

of a small, irregular, sclerotized patch.

LARVA (Figures 23-31).—Length 18-27 mm;

body slender, essentially naked, whitish in color,

pinnacula indistinct.

Head: Entirely dark brown, or pale stramineous

and largely unpigmented except for interocellar

area, which is black. Six ocelli present, arranged in

a relatively close but irregular circle; Ol arising

equidistant between and slightly below ocelli II

and III; O2 arising closer to ocellus I than VI; O3

posterior to and remote from VI ocellus. P2 present,

closer to LI than PI. AF1 situated above middle of

frons.

Thorax: Pronotum either dark brown or largely

unpigmented except for small black area around

XD2 and spiracle. Dl and 2 arising high on prothorax; XD2, SD1, and SD2 grouped together;

three prespiracular setae present (Ll-3). Mesoand metathorax with small black area around LI

and 2. Legs well developed (Figure 25), tarsal

claws simple, relatively short, with a pair of elongate setae arising dorsally near base and a shorter

pair arising ventrally. Coxal plates indistinct, not

contiguous.

Abdomen: Uniformly white (in alcohol) except

for conspicuous, black, oblong spots surrounding

spiracle and SD2. Prolegs relatively well developed;

crochets (Figure 31) reduced in number, usually

with 2-14 hooks arranged in a single longitudinal

row; crochets sometimes absent. Anal shield (tenth

tergite) either dark brown or barely discernible and

pale stramineous.

DISCUSSION.—Although the larvae of some Ochsenheimeria species have been mentioned in the

economic literature as crop pests of major importance, no adequate diagnosis of this stage appears

to exist. Attempts to borrow specimens for study

from the major European collections, including the

British Museum (Natural History) and the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences (Leningrad), have proved futile. Similarly, attempts to

collect larvae of the introduced O. vacculella

within the United States, particularly from Slippery

Rock, Pennsylvania, have been unsuccessful.

The only known larva available for this study

was an unidentified specimen originally sent to the

United States Department of Agriculture for determination. Relying upon Gerasimov's key, Mr. D.

M. Weisman of the Department of Agriculture was

able to identify the specimen to family (and genus); however, without associated adults, specific

determination remains impossible. It is possible

that this larva may represent the introduced species O. vacculella. The specimen was recently

reared from a wheat stem at the Plant Protection

Research Institute in Adana, Turkey. Thus, both

the host and origin fall within that possible for O.

vacculella, -as well as for a few other species of

Ochsenheimeria. The specimen measured 18 mm

long, with a maximum body diameter of approximately 1.5 mm. The first four abdominal prolegs

bore 2-4 crochets (Figure 31), and the anal pair

possessed 2-6 crochets. As noted previously, this

number is considerably lower than that recorded

for O. lovyi.

Because the above specimen is unidentified at

present and because it was the only ochsenheimeriid

larva available for examination, it seemed preferable to summarize its characteristics, along with

those mentioned by Dumont (1930) and Gerasimov

(1952), in the family description. Thus, our knowledge of the larval stage for this family will have to

remain as proposed until more material, representing more species, becomes available.

Synoptic List of the Species of Ochsenheimeriidae

Ochsenheimeria Huebner

Ochsenheimeria Huebner, 1825:416. [Type of genus: Tinea

bubalella Huebner. Designated by Fletcher, 1929.]

Lepidocera Curtis, 1831:344. [Type of genus: Tinea taurella

Schiffenmueller. Original designation by Curtis, 1831.]

Phygas Treitschke, 1833:73. [Type of genus: Tinea taurella

Schiffenmueller. Monobasic]

1. Ochsenheimeria algeriella Zagulajev

Ochsenheimeria algeriella Zagulajev, 1966:150.

HOST.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type

locality of Teniet-el-Had in northern Algeria.

2. Ochsenheimeria baurella Zagulajev

Ochsenheimeria baurella Zagulajev, 1966:153.

HOST.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the unique

holotype that was collected at an unspecified

locality in England.
NUMBER 192

3. Ochsenheimeria birdella (Curtis)

Lepidocera birdella Curtis, 1831:344.

HOST.—Poaceae: "Dactylis glomerata L.,"

Heinemann, 1870. "Alopecurus sp.; Bromus

sp.; Poa sp.," Stainton, 1973.

DISTRIBUTION.—England, east to Germany

and Switzerland.

4. Ochsenheimeria bisontella Zeller

Ochsenheimeria bisontella Zeller, 1846:274.

HOST.—Poaceae: "wheatgrass [Agropyron

sp.]; brome grass [Bromus sp.]; barley [Hordeum vulgare L.]; melic [Melica sp.]; rye [Secale

cereale L.]; wheat [Triticum aestivum L.],"

Zagulajev, 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Widely distributed from England east to southwestern USSR (Kazakhstan)

and south to Italy.

5. Ochsenheimeria bubalella (Huebner)

Tinea bubalella Huebner, Verzeichness . . . [1810-

1813]:276 [sic, 376].

HOST.—Juncaceae: "Juncus sp.; Cyperaceae:

Scirpus sp.," Spuler, 1910.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southern France and Spain.

6. Ochsenheimeria capella Moeschler

Ochsenheimeria capella Moeschler, 1860:275.

HOST.—Poacea: "winter rye [Secale cereale

L.]; millet [? Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.]; feather

grass [Stipa sp.]; various wild grasses," Zagulajev, 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Ranges from Hungary

through much of the western USSR to northern Kazakhstan.

7. Ochsenheimeria danilevskii Zagulajev

Ochsenheimeria danilevskii Zagulajev, 1972:332.

HOST.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Reported from European

USSR, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia.

8. Ochsenheimeria distinctella Zagulajev

Ochsenheimeria distinctella Zagulajev, 1972:334.

HOST.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type

locality of Suifun, Primorsk Province, in eastern USSR.

9. Ochsenheimeria glabratella Mueller-Rutz

Ochsenheimeria glabratella Mueller-Rutz, 1914:426.

HOST.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Recorded from Switzerland

and Austria.

10. Ochsenheimeria hederarum Milliere

Ochsenheimeria hederarum Milliere, 1874:249.

HOST.—Unknown. Adults observed near "ivy

[Araliaceae: Hedera sp., probably helix L],"

Milliere, 1874.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southern France.

11. Ochsenheimeria hirculella Tengstrom

Ochsenheimeria hirculella Tengstrom, 1848:113.

HOST.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Reported only from the type

localiy, Abo, Sahlberg, Finland.

12. Ochsenheimeria hugginsi Bradley

Ochsenheimeria hugginsi Bradley, 1953:832.

HOST.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type

locality, Tehri-Garhwal, Rudugira Gael, located in the central Himalayas (approximately

31 °N, 78°30'E), of the state of Uttar Pradesh,

India.

13. Ochsenheimeria kisilkuma Zagulajev

Ochsenheimeria kisilkuma Zagulajev, 1966:148.

HOST.—Unknown. Adults observed around

"saxaul" [Chenopodiaceae: Haloxylon sp.],

Zagulajev, 1966.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type

locality, located in Tamda County, on the

Kyzyl Kum Desert in Uzbekistan, USSR.

14. Ochsenheimeria lovyi Dumont

Ochsenheimeria lovyi Dumont

HOST.—Juncaceae: "Juncus maritimus

Lam.," Dumont, 1930.

DISTRIBUTION.—Southern Tunisia.

15. Ochsenheimeria mediopectinella (Haworth)

Ypsolophus mediopectinellus Haworth, 1828:545.

HOST.—Poaceae: "Dactylis glomerata L.,"

Wakely, 1965.

DISTRIBUTION.—England.
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

16. Ochsenheimeria porpyrella Tengstrom

Ochsenheimeria urella var. porphyrella Tengstrom,

1848:114.

HOST.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Reported only from the type

locality, Abo, Sahlberg, Finland.

17. Ochsenheimeria rupicaprella Moebius

Ochsenheimeria rupicaprella Moebius, 1935:24.

HOST.—Unknown.

D isTRiBUTioN.—Swi tzerland.

18. Ochsenheimeria scabrosella Tengstrom

Ochsenheimeria scabrosella Tengstrom, 1848:113.

HOST.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Reported only from the type

locality, Abo, Sahlberg, Finland.

19. Ochsenheimeria talhouki Amsel

Ochsenheimeria talhouki Amsel, 1947:3.

HOST.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type

locality, Iditah, Lebanon.

20. Ochsenheimeria taurella Schiffermueller

Ochsenheimeria taurella Schiffermueller, 1775:142.

HOST.—Poaceae: "Alopercurus pratensis L.;

Poa triwalis L.; Secale cereale L.," R£al, 1966.

"Poaceae: barley \Hordeum vulgare L.]; oats

[Avena sativa L.]; wheat [Triticum aestivum

L.]," Zagulajev, 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Widespread throughout most

of Europe (except the Arctic regions), Russia

(except Siberia), North Africa, Turkey and

Iran.

21. Ochsenheimeria trifasciata Wocke

Ochsenheimeria trifasciata Wocke, 1871:276.

HOST.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Recorded from southern

France to Central Italy.

22. Ochsenheimeria urella Fischer von Roesslerstamm

Ochsenheimeria urella Fischer von Roesslerstamm,

1842:211.

HOST.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION.—Germany.

23. Ochsenheimeria vacculella Fischer von Roesslerstamm

Ochsenheimeria vacculella Fischer von Roesslerstamm,

1842:213.

HOSTS.—Poaceae: "crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Guertn.); quackgrass

(Agropyron repens (L.) P.B.); couch grass

(Agropyron tenerum Vasey); upright brome

(Bromus erectus Huds.); awnless brome (Bromus inernis Leyss.); meadow grass (Poa sp.);

Siberium lyme grass (Roegneria canina (L.)

Nevski); winter rye (Secale cereale L); winter

wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)," Pavlov, 1961.

"Meadow fescue [Festura elatior L.]; ryegrass

[Lolium sp.]; timothy grass [Phleum pratense

L.]," Zagulajev, 1971.

DISTRIBUTION.—Widely distributed over

Eurasia, from Great Britain east to southern

Finland and south-central USSR (Kazakhstan);

recently introduced into the northeastern

United States.

Ochsenheimeria vacculella F. von Roesslerstamm

FICURES 6-22, Map 2

Ochsenheimeria vacculella F. von Roesslerstamm, 1842:213—

Herrich-Schaeffer, 1848(5): 108, 109, 110.—Stainton, 1854:

23—Heinemann, 1870:91.—Wocke, 1871:275.—Stainton,

1873:4, 8, 18, 20.—Snellen, 1882(l):503 — Rebel, 1901:

232—Spuler, 1910:300.—Mueller-Rutz, 1914:427; 1922:234.

—Meyrick, 1928:833—Moebius, 1936:134.—Benander, 1946:

66— Pavlov, 1961:461—Heslop, 1964:84— Real, 1966:255.—

Zagulajev, 1971:41.

ADULT (Figure 6).—Small, relatively slenderbodied moths. Wing expanse: cf, 11-12 mm; $,

12-14 mm.

Head (Figures 7-9, 12-13): Vertex extremely

rough, covered with long, slender scales with bidentate apices; scales stramineous to whitish at base,

becoming fuscous at apex; frons very broad, smooth,

covered with very broad, whitish to light brown,

imbricated scales with rounded, entire apices (Figure 7). Eyes rounded, relatively small; vertical diameter of eye approximately 0.4 the interocular

distance. A pair of rather large ocelli present above

and lateral to antennal socket and removed from

margin of eye approximately 0.5 their diameter.

Antennae approximately 0.4 the length of forewing,

28-30 segmented, simple; scape elongate, slightly
NUMBER 192 11

FIGURES 7-11.—Ochsenheimera vacculella F. Roesslerstamm, adult head and scale structure: 7,

frontal view of head, x 72; 8, lateral view of head, x 67; 9, microseta of compound eye,

X 2900; 10, detail of dorsal view of broad frontal scales (frons), x 3600; 11, dorsal scales from

discal cell area of forewing, X 215.
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 12-14.—Ochsenheimeria vacculella V. Roesskrstamm: 12, frontal view of head (Oc —

ocellus, scale - 0.5 mm); 13, detail of left maxilla (scale — 0.25 mm); 14, chaetotaxy of legs

(scale - 0.5 ram).
NUMBER 192 IS

15

17

FIGURES 15-18.—Ochsenheimeria vacculella F. Roesslcrstamm, male genitalia: 15, lateral view;

16, right valve; 17, ventral view (Tu.A = tuba analis, Un — uncus, Gn = gnathos); 18,

aedeagus.

rough-scaled; flagellum mostly smooth, segments

fuscous, banded with stramineous. Maxillary palpi

reduced, usually consisting of two short, ovoid segments; galea reduced, usually naked, approximately

equaling labial palpi in length. Mandibles absent.

Labial palpi relatively short, porrect; second segment the longest, rough beneath with a prominent

apical tuft which often obscures apical (third) segment; scales stramineous with fuscous apices.

Thorax: Dorsum predominantly fuscous, slightly

mottled with light brown. Venter paler, with more

light-brown scales. Prothoracic tibiae without
14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

T

_L

1A+2A

FIGURE: 19-22.—Ochsenheimeria vacculella F. Rocsslerstarnm: 19, ventral view o£ female genitalia

(scale = 0.5 mm); 20-22, wing venation, Slippery Rock, Penna.

epiphysis; all legs fuscous, heavily irrorated with

stramineous. Forewings fuscous, slightly mottled

with light brown; venation variable, typically 10-

veined; all radial veins arising separate except R4

and 5, which are stalked more than half their

length; Ml usually shortly stalked to R4 + 5 but

sometimes separate (Figure 21); Ml + 2 completely

fused; accessory cell usually present, sometimes
NUMBER 192

15

23

FIGURES 23-31.—Chaetotaxy of larva, Ochsenheimeria species: 23, lateral view of prothorax,

mesothorax, and abdominal segments 1, 6, 8, and 9; 24, dorsal view of head (scale = 0.5 mm);

25, prothoracic leg; 26, dorsal view of abdominal segments 8-10; 27, ocellar region of right side

of head; 28, ventral view of labrum (Figures 28-30 drawn to same scale = 0.1 mm); 29, dorsal

view of labrum; 30, ventral view of left mandible; 31, left proleg of sixth abdominal segment.
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

absent; intercalary cell and base of medial vein

absent; CuA2 usually absent, vestige rarely present

(Figure 22); 1A + 2A separate for half their length

basally. Hindwings whitish over basal half, light

fuscous over outer half; either 6- or 7-veined; Rs

and Ml variable, either completely fused or separated near apex of wing; M2 and 3 arising separate

from cell; base of medius weakly preserved; CuA2

absent; 1A + 2A completely fused.

Abdomen: Fuscous above; stramineous below,

irrorated with fuscous; dorsum of sixth segment

pale yellow.

Male genitalia (Figures 15-18): Uncus deeply

lobed, lateral lobes partially enclosing elongate,

darkly sclerotized anal tube; apex of anal tube not

truncate, rounded. Tegumen elongate, cephalic

margin deeply divided into 2 rounded lobes slightly

longer than undivided caudal half. Saccus slender,

tubular, nearly as long as valvae. Saccular lobe of

valvae sharply triangular, with 2 or 3 stout spines.

Aedeagus elongate, relatively stout and slightly

curved; a pair of large vesicular pouches present,

each containing numerous, elongate setae.

Female genitalia (Figure 19): Lamella postvaginalis triangular. Position of ostium slightly asymmetrical and situated to the left of median. A single

signum present, consisting of an irregular and

slightly sunken sclerotized area in the caudal half

of the bursa.

DISCUSSION.—Although present records are scant,

the available evidence strongly suggests that the

introduction of Ochsenheimeria vacculella into this

country occurred sometime prior to 1964 via shipping through the St. Lawrence Seaway. The initial

point of introduction may have been Cleveland,

Ohio, with a steady, though perhaps rapid dispersion from that point.

I first became aware of the presence of this insect

in the United States in 1964 when two specimens,

collected from an unspecified locality in Geauga

County, Ohio, were referred to me for identification. A definite determination was not possible at

that time because of the very poor condition of the

specimens. Later, in 1967, additional material in a

better state of preservation was received which

made generic identification possible. The latter

specimens were collected in an attic of a home

located in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Again, the specific origin was not given, but it is probably significant that this county is adjacent to that of the

first collection, Geauga County. One year later, I

received a few more specimens for determination

from Dr. John Franclemont of Cornell University.

These were collected from an unspecified locality

in New York. In August 1973, Dr. Franclemont

sent more specimens of the same species collected

on an exterior wall of a private home near Ithaca,

New York. The moths were reported resting on the

wall in large (200-300) numbers.

The greatest quantity of specimens was received

recently from Mrs. J. H. Kind of Slippery Rock,

Pennsylvania. Approximately 100 moths were collected by Mrs. Kind in and around the windows of

her home during August 1971. This large series, in

addition to making specific identifications possible,

has provided us with a clear warning as to the

relative abundance of the insect in the eastern

United States.

With almost no other information to rely upon,

it is difficult at present to estimate exactly how

serious this pest will become in this country, or to

hypothesize how great its range will extend. Pavlov

(1961) mentions winter wheat, as well as winter rye,

as being heavily attacked in southwestern Russia.

It is possible, because of similarities in cultivation,

etc., that the moth may likewise restrict its principal

damage to these two crops within the United States.

More than likely, O. vacculella will become a serious pest in some areas, particularly after it has

become established in the major wheat and rye

growing areas of North America. In Eurasia, most

of the distributional range of O. vacculella occurs

between 45° and 60° north latitudes. As seen on

Map 2 (compiled by the Agricultural Research

Service, 1972), a comparable range in North

America would include all the major wheat growing areas of Canada but would lie somewhat to the

north of our largest wheat growing area in the central United States. According to the U. S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Statistics for

1972, the heaviest concentration of rye production

in the United States lies within the north-central

region, with South Dakota being the greatest producer in that area. A projected range of O. vacculella would probably include most of this area.

Two other leading growers of rye, Texas and

Georgia, however, are probably south of the moth's

projected maximum range in this country.

The best account of the biology and control of

O. vacculella is by I. F. Pavlov (1961). Although
NUMBER 192 17

MAP 2.—Nearctic distribution of Ochsenheimeria vacculella F.R. (stars) in relation to the

principal wheat growing areas (dots) within the United States (adapted from Reitz et al, 1972).

originally published in Russian, the article is also

available in the standard English translation of the

journal.

Pavlov reports that the eggs of this species are

deposited in straw heaps in the fields, in thatched

roofs, crevices in the grain bins of barns, and on

grass. The eggs are normally laid several at a time,

usually adhering together in rows. It was noted that

eggs are not laid in buildings or other areas where

grain had not been stored. Consequently, a principal method of control is to clean or chemically treat

areas where grain or straw is stored before or immediately following oviposition (late summer). The

eggs are reportedly elongate, oval, 0.6-0.8 mm long

and 0.3-0.5 mm in diameter.

The larvae do not emerge from the eggs until

spring. As is true for other species of Ochsenheimeria, the newly emerged larvae disperse by

secreting long strands of silk, which are caught by

the wind. Heavy infestations can easily be noted at

this early stage by the abundance of silken strands

scattered over the fields or nearby buildings. Pavlov

found that dispersion by this method is possible up

to 3 km from the probable source of the eggs; however, away from human populated areas (i.e., buildings), dispersal is usually much less extensive.

Pavlov describes the larva of O. vacculella as

being dark yellow in the early instars with indistinct bands on the dorsum, which usually disappear

toward maturity. The head and occipital area are

black, and the pronotum bears two (probably

lateral), large, brownish-black areas. The mature

larva is lighter in color but still retains the two

dark pronotal plates as well as a pair of dark plates

on the last (ninth?) segment. The anal shield is

light brown and trapezoidal in form. The abdominal prolegs normally bear 2 or 3 crochets. The larva

attains a maximum length of 18-20 mm.

The larvae are known to feed upon several species of wild grasses, and Pavlov reports winter rye
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

and winter wheat to be severely damaged over certain areas in southwestern Russia. During the

initial feeding period, the larva usually restricts

itself to mining the leaf blades. Then, after about

8 to 12 days, they bore into the stem. During the

boring stage, the larva is capable of transferring to

another plant and may damage as many as five to

nine stalks before pupating. Serious damage also

results from larvae gnawing directly on the fruits,

or ears.

The larva usually pupates in a whitish, silken

cocoon between the leaves of the host. Pupation

has been observed as early as the end of May in

some parts of southern Russia with the adults

emerging during the first half of June. Oviposition

occurs during August and September and the adults

die around the end of September.

One of the species most closely related to and

thus most likely to be confused with O. vacculella

is O. taurella; however, the two may be easily

separated by the vestiture of their antennae—that

of O. taurella roughly scaled and that of O. vacculella relatively smooth. The chaetotaxy of the

sacculus also provides an easy means of separating

the males. The sacculus of O. taurella usually possesses about 5 to 7 small spines compared to 2 or 3

in O. vacculella.

The large series of specimens representing a single locality in Pennsylvania has made it possible to

comment to some extent on the variation of this

species. Such information can be particularly valuable in evaluating the species of Ochsenheimeria,

many of which have been founded on relatively

minor morphological differences. The forewings of

O. vacculella normally possess a distinct accessory

cell, but in one specimen (Figure 20) this was lacking. Similarly CuA2 is typically absent in the

Ochsenheimeriidae, but the base of this vein is

preserved in one specimen from Slippery Rock

(Figure 22). In the hindwings, Rs and Ml are usually forked near the apex; however, the degree of

fusion varies slightly in nearly every specimen examined with complete fusion observed in some

(Figure 22). In the male, the chaetotaxy of the sacculus normally varies from 2 to 3 spines. This

slight variation can sometimes be observed within

a single specimen between the right and left valvae.

Because these latter two characters were heavily

relied upon by Zagulajev (1972) in separating O.

danilevskii from O. vacculella, it is possible that

the two are synonymous.

COMMON NAME.—Because O. vacculella will probably become a pest of some importance on various

cereal grasses in this country, some thought should

be devoted early concerning an acceptable common

name for the species. This would avoid possible

future confusion in the event that the early reports

of the species in this country were to utilize different common names.

The adults of the genus as a whole are often

referred to as stem moths and the larvae as stem

borers. The selection of common specific names is

somewhat complicated by the fact that the biologies of those species that have been studied are

rather similar and the host preferences of some

overlap considerably. The two species of greatest

economic importance are O. taurella and O. vacculella. These have been referred to respectively as

the rye stem (or culm) moth and the cereal stem

(or culm) moth by Zagulajev (1971). Pavlov (1961)

simply referred to O. vacculella as the stem moth.

In his checklist of the British Lepidoptera, Heslop

(1964) referred to O. vacculella as the middle-bull

field moth. Ochsenheimeria taurella is the more

injurious of the two, being a major pest of rye

(Secale cereale) throughout much of southern Europe and western Russia. Ochsenheimeria vacculella seems to be of only minor importance in

western Europe (Re"al, 1966), but it has within the

last two decades developed into a serious pest of

cereal crops, particularly winter wheat and rye, in

southwestern Russia. For these reasons, I believe it

preferable to refer to O. vacculella as the "cereal

stem moth," with the name "rye stem moth" reserved for O. taurella if the latter should ever become established within the United States.

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20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

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