# Commonwealth of Pennsylvania



# D ESIGNATION 

# R ECOMMENDATIONS 

# F OR THE 

# 2008 E IGHT 

# -H OUR 

# O ZONE 

# N ATIONAL 

# A MBIENT 

# A IR 

# Q UALITY 

# S TANDARD



# M ARCH 

# 2009

Bureau of Air Quality Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection P.O. Box 8468 Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468 717-787-9495

www.depweb.state.pa.us

John Hanger Acting Secretary Edward G. Rendell Governor

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# Designation Recommendations For the 2008 Eight-Hour Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard

Table of Contents

PAGE What is this document?...................................................................... 1 What is ground-level ozone?................................................................ 1 Health effects ........................................................................ 1 Welfare effects........................................................................2

What is the NAAQS for ozone?............................................................. 2

What is the process for designating areas?................................................. 2

What would be the effects of de signation as nonattainment?........................... 3

Pennsylvania’s Ozone Designation Recommendations.................................. 4 EPA guidance for ozone designation boundaries.................................4 Discussion about st atistical areas................................................... .5 Example of a Pennsylvani a statistical area...........................................5 Discussion by factor..................................................................6 Discussion by area ................................................................... 9

Acronyms and terms ......................................................................... 19 References ..................................................................................... 20

APPENDIX A. Recommended Designations Table 1: Recommended Designations in Pennsylvania Figure A-1: Map of Recommende d Designations in Pennsylvania Figure A-2: Map of Nonattainment Areas for 1997 Standard (EPA, 2005)

APPENDIX B. Supporting Documentation Figure B-1: 2008 8-H our Design Values Figure B-2: NOx Emissions Density by County Figure B-3: VOC Emi ssions Density by County Figure B-4: Popula tion Density by County Figure B-5: Popula tion Growth by County Figure B-6: 2006 Trajectories Table 2: Emissions in Tons per Year for 2005 by County

APPENDIX C. Additional Documentation Figure C-1: 2007 Combined St atistical Areas of PA (U .S. Census, November 2007)

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## 1 

# What is this document?

The federal Clean Air Act (CAA) provides a mechanism for states to make recommendations to the United States Envi ronmental Protection Agency (EPA) on the designation of areas meeting and not m eeting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).

In this document, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Commonwealth) is making recommendations to EPA concerning the de signation of attainment and nonattainment areas in Pennsylvania for the ozone NAA QS revised by EPA on March 12, 2008 (73 FR 16436; March 27, 2008). The designation r ecommendations are based on air quality monitoring data for 2006-2008 a nd other available informa tion, including ozone-forming emissions, meteorology and demographics. A full list of the recommendations by area and county and a map are contained in Appendix A.

Since EPA anticipates making final designa tions by March 12, 2010, using air quality monitoring data that may include 2009, the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP or Department) will continue to work with EPA during the process leading to the promulgation of the final designations.


# What is ground-level ozone?

Ozone is not emitted directly to the a tmosphere, but is formed by photochemical reactions between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxides of nitrogen (NO x 

## ) in the presence of sunlight. The long, hot, humid days of summer are particularly conducive to ozone formation, so ozone leve ls are of concern primarily during the months of April through September.

The primary sources of man-made VOCs and NO x 

## , the ozone precursors, are the evaporation of fuels and solvents (gasolin e and consumer products ), the combustion of fuels (motor vehicles, power plants and non -road engines), and i ndustrial processes.

Health effects. Repeated exposure to ozone pollution may cause permanent damage to the lungs. Even when ozone is present in lo w levels, inhaling it tr iggers a variety of health problems including chest pains, coughing , nausea, throat irritation, and congestion. It can also worsen bronchitis, heart diseas e, emphysema, and asthma, and reduce lung capacity. Asthma is a significant and growing thr eat to children and adults. Ozone can aggravate asthma, causing more asthma att acks, increased use of medication, more medical treatment and more frequent vi sits to hospital emergency clinics. Healthy people also experience difficulty in breathing when exposed to ozone pollution. Because ozone pollution usually forms in hot weather, anyone who spends time outdoors in the summer may be affected, particularly children, the elderly, outdoor workers and people exercising. Children are most at risk from exposure to ozone because they are active outside, playing and exer cising, during the summertime when ozone levels are at

## 2 their highest. Millions of Pennsylvanians li ve in areas where the ozone health-based standards are exceeded.

EPA estimates that the revised standards w ill yield health benefits valued between $2 billion and $17 billion. Those benefits includ e preventing cases of bronchitis, aggravated asthma, hospital and emergency room visits, nonfatal heart attack s and premature death, among others.

Welfare effects. Ground-level ozone damages plan t life and is responsible for $500 million in reduced crop production in the United States each year. Oz one interferes with the ability of plants to produce and store f ood, making them more sus ceptible to disease, insects, other pollutants, and harsh weather. It damages the foliage of trees and other plants, ruining the land scape of cities, parks and forests, and recreation areas. One of the key components of ozone -- nitrogen oxides -- contributes to fish kills and algae blooms in sensitive waterways, su ch as the Chesapeake Bay.



# What is the NAAQS for ozone?

EPA sets the NAAQS based on its review of existing scientific knowledge about the adverse health and welfare effects. Th e CAA requires EPA to review and update periodically, if necessary, the NAAQS to “prot ect public health with an adequate margin of safety” based on the latest, best-availa ble science. CAA § 109(d), 42 U.S.C. § 7409(d).

An ozone standard averaged over eight hours (8-hour standard) was first established in 1997, replacing a 1-hour standard to account for health impacts over longer periods. This 1997 standard, set at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), effectively became 0.084 ppm because ozone is measured out to three decimal places.

After evaluating the results of more than 1,700 new scientific studies available for this review, EPA concluded that oz one causes adverse health eff ects at the level of the 1997 standard and below. The more protective 2008 primary (health-based) standard is set at 0.075 ppm or 75 parts per billion (ppb). EPA also strengthened the secondary (welfarebased) 8-hour ozone standard to the level of 75 ppb, making it identical in a ll respects to the revised primary standard.


# What is the process for designating areas?

Section 107(d)(1)(B) of the CAA requires EP A to designate areas as nonattainment, attainment or unclassifiable after pr omulgating a new NAAQS. 42 U.S.C. § 7407(d)(1)(B). Following promulgation of new or revised air standards, governors are given the opportunity to submit recommenda tions for attainment and nonattainment areas, supported by the most recent quality -assured monitoring data. EPA provides criteria for states’ recommendations for designating areas.

## 3 EPA has requested that gover nors’ recommendations for ozone attainment and nonattainment designations be submitt ed by March 12, 2009, one year after the promulgation of the revised NAAQS. EPA ma y make modifications and promulgate all or part of a Governor’s recommendations. If EPA determines that a modification to the recommendation is necessary, EPA will notify th e state no later than 120 days prior to promulgating the designation, and must give th e state an opportunity to demonstrate why the potential modification is inappropriate.

The CAA requires EPA to make final ozone designations within two years of promulgation unless there is insufficient in formation. Therefore, EPA anticipates promulgating designations in March 2010, base d on the most recent quality-assured data available at the time.

The anticipated schedule for the recommendations of designation and development of SIPs is as follows:

March 6, 2009 Close comment period on oz one designation recommendations March 12, 2009 State recommendations due to EPA November 12, 2009 EPA notifies Pennsylvania if EPA intends to modify recommendations December 2009 EPA public comm ent period on draft designations January 12, 2010 Deadline for states to submit additional information March 12, 2010 EPA’s final designations

The Department held public informational meetings in the DEP regional offices in Pittsburgh and Harrisburg on March 3, 2009 and in Norristown on March 4, 2009 to explain the proposed ozone designation r ecommendations. The Department accepted public comment on the proposed ozone designation recommendations through March 6, 2009. Notice of the public meetings and comment period was published in the Pennsylvania Bulletin on February 14, 2009.

The ozone State Implementation Plan (SIP) revi sions, outlining how each nonattainment area will reduce pollution to meet the standard s, will be due to the EPA in March 2013, three years after final designations are expected to be effective. The EPA is expected to classify areas in accordance with CAA § 107( d)(3)(E) at the same time it makes final designations; requirements and attainment dates may vary based on the severity of the problem in the area, as indicated by the area’s classification.



# What would be the effects of designation as nonattainment?

The CAA contains different regulatory requi rements for new or modified stationary sources in areas designated as nonattainment. In addition, the “conformity” provisions of the CAA apply only in nonattainment and ma intenance areas; transportation plans and federally funded actions and proj ects must conform to the SI P in order not to interfere with NAAQS attainment and maintenance.

## 4 However, because ground-level ozone and oz one precursor emissions are pervasive and easily transported, Congress established an Oz one Transport Region (OTR), consisting of 13 states and the District of Columbia, stretchi ng from Northern Virgin ia to Maine. As a result of Pennsylvania’s inclus ion in the OTR, the entire Commonwealth is considered a “moderate” nonattainment area for purposes of regulating stationary sources and for the specific requirements in the OTR-related portio ns of the CAA. Pennsylvania has already fulfilled these requirements in its development of the SIPs for the 1- hour standard and the 1997 8-hour ozone standard. Pennsylvania has also adopted many regul ations locally and statewide in order to ensure attainment and maintenance bot h within its borders and to help reduce its contribution to ozone pollu tion in downwind areas. The Commonwealth is also included in the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) currently being administered by EPA. The Commonwealth has developed main tenance plans for most of those counties that were designated as nonattainment unde r, and subsequently attained, the 1997 standard 1 

## ; these plans include specific permanen t and enforceable control measures. Measures in effect in a count y previously designated as nona ttainment will continue to stay in effect even if the area is designated as attainment for the 2008 ozone standard.

To the extent additional state measures ar e required to attain the new ozone NAAQS, they will be developed by Pennsylvania th rough a public process as the implementation plan is developed. The Commonwealth will also work with states in areas that affect and are affected by Pennsylvania’s air quality to develop cost-effective measures that will not disadvantage Pennsylvania economically.


# Pennsylvania’s Ozone Designation Recommendations

EPA guidance for ozone designation boundaries. On December 4, 2008, the EPA issued a general guidance memorandum, “A rea Designations for the 2008 Revised Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard.” (2008 Area Designations guidance memorandum.) The guidance memorandum descri bes criteria that EPA suggests states examine when determining their recomme nded nonattainment area boundaries.

EPA recommends that a state use the statis tical areas defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) as a starting po int for its recommendations. In addition, EPA recommends analysis of nine factors for area-specific recommendations (some of which are similar to the criteria OMB uses to es tablish statistical areas), particularly if the state is recommending deviations from the boundaries of the st atistical areas. The nine factors are:

• Air quality data

• Emissions data (location of sources a nd contribution to ozone concentrations)

• Population density and degree of urbanization

• Traffic and commuting patterns

• Growth rates and patterns

1 

### These counties are Erie, Mercer, Cambria, Blair, Centre, Lancaster, Berks, Tioga, Franklin; the Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle area including Cumber land, Dauphin, Lebanon and Perry; the York area including Adams and York; the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton area including Lehigh, Northampton and Carbon; the Scranton-Wilkes-Barre area including Wyoming, Luzerne, Lackawanna and Monroe.

## 5 • Meteorology

• Geography and topography

• Jurisdictional boundaries, incl uding political boundaries , transportation planning organizations and existing nonattainment areas

• Level of control of emission sources

Discussion about statistical areas. Section 107(d)(1) of the CAA defines an area as nonattainment if it is violating the NAAQS or if it is contributing to a violation in a nearby area. 42 U.S.C. § 7407(d)(1). Ozone and ozone precursors are readily transported, so EPA believes it is important to examine emissions across a relatively broad geographic area. EPA r ecommends using the Core-Based Statistical Area (CBSA) or Combined Statistical Area (CSA) (which includes two or more adjacent CBSAs) associated with the violating monitor(s) as a starting point. A CBSA consists of a county or counties containing at least one urban co re plus adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration with the urban co re as measured by commuting ties. If a violating monitor is not located in a CBSA or CSA, EPA recommends using the boundary of the county as the starting point fo r defining a nonattainment area. EPA used the same conceptual approach in the designation process for the 1997 ozone NAAQS.

The OMB defines statistical areas. The criter ia on which statistical areas are based are contained in a notice of decision, Standards for Defining Me tropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas (65 FR 82228, December 27, 2000). The Department based its nonattainment area boundary recommendations in this document on OMB Bulletin No. 07-01 (December 2006), containing the lists of counties in each statis tical area. (The most recent update had no changes affecting Penn sylvania.) The updated list of statistical areas is available at the following website: www.census.gov/population/www/es timates/metrodef.html

A metropolitan statistical area is a CBSA that has an urban area with a population of at least 50,000. It may or may not include outlyin g counties. A micropolitan statistical area is a CBSA that has an urban area with a population of at least 10,000, but less than 50,000 (with or without outlying counties). CS As are formed automatically if two or more adjacent CBSAs have an employment interchange of 25%. If the employment interchange is between 15% and 25% betw een two or more adjacent CBSAs, a CSA could be formed if local opinion favors the idea. Counties or groups of counties form metropolitan divisions if they have a core population of at least 2.5 million and have commuting ties to adjacent counties.

A county may appear in only one CBSA. If a county is a central county in one CBSA and an outlying county in another, it falls w ithin the CBSA where it is a central county. If a county is an outlying county in two or more CBSAs, the county falls in the CBSA where it has the greatest employme nt interchange measure.

Example of a Pennsylvania statistical area

. The Harrisburg-Carlisle-Lebanon CSA is comprised of two metropolit an statistical areas. Dauphin, Cumberland, and Perry counties comprise one metropolitan statistical area. All three counties have very strong

## 6 economic and commuting links with each other so that the area comprises both a core and a CBSA. Lebanon County is also a metropolitan st atistical area. It is more of a standalone adjacent county that ha s a core and a separate CBS A. Although Lebanon County is not as closely associated with the firs t three counties, Lebanon County still has commuting patterns that allow th e two metropolitan statistical ar eas to be added into one CSA. A map of the OMB statistic al areas is provided as Figure C-1 in Appendix C.

Discussion by factor. The Department, on behalf of the Commonwealth, has considered these factors as follows:

Air Quality.

The Commonwealth’s recommendations ar e based on the 2008 8-hour ozone design values (using the 2006, 2007, and 2008 monitored data). Figure B-1 in Appendix B is a map of the 2008 8-hour ozone design values for all of the ozone monitors. The monitors exceeding the 75 ppb standard are displayed in red. Many of the areas that were designated nonattainment for th e 1997 8-hour standard in 2005 have monitors that exceed the revised 8-hour ozone sta ndard. Monitors in Altoona (Blair County), Johnstown (Cambria County), State College (Centre C ounty), Tioga (Tioga County), Methodist Hill (Franklin County), and Moshannon (Clearfield County) and the Nanticoke, Wilkes-Barre, Scranton, and Peckville monitors (Luzerne a nd Lackawanna Counties) do not exceed the 2008 ozone standard, although they exceeded th e 1997 standard when designations were made. In addition, one monitor in a county that did not exceed the 1997 8-hour standard when designations were made is in viola tion of the revised 8-hour ozone standard: the Montoursville monitor (in Lycoming County).

Emissions Data.

An emission inventory is an estimate of the emissions from sources in a particular area. The inventory consists of sources in four sect ors: stationary point sources, stationary area sources, highway vehicle sour ces and nonroad sources.

Table 2 in Appendix B shows the manmade oz one precursor emissions of NOx and VOC by county. Figures B-2 and B- 3 in Appendix B show the emissions of NOx and VOC by tons emitted per square mile. These emi ssions come from the following sources:

• “Stationary sources” (or “point” sources ), which are sources for which the Department collects individual emissi ons-related information. Generally, stationary sources are “major” stationary sources for purposes of permitting, but may also include some smaller stationary sources.

• “Stationary area sources,” which are i ndustrial, commercial, and residential sources too small or too nume rous to be handled indivi dually, such as commercial and residential open burning, architectural and industrial maintenance coatings

## 7 application and clean-up, consumer product use, and vehicle re fueling at service stations.

• “Highway vehicles,” which include passe nger cars and light-duty trucks, other trucks, buses and motorcycles.

• “Nonroad sources,” which include a divers e collection of engines and vehicles, including outdoor power equipment, recr eational vehicles, farm and construction machinery, lawn and garden equipment, industrial equipment, recreational marine vessels, commercial marine vessels, loco motives, ships, aircraft and many other engines and vehicles.

These emissions are based on the last complete three-year inventor y available, for 2005, provided to EPA in 2007. Emissions of ozone precursors had decr eased significantly from the prior three-year inventory prepar ed for 2002. Emissions are expected to be significantly less than th e 2005 emissions when the next thre e-year inventory is prepared for 2008 (in June 2010). Further discussion of emission control measures leading to these decreases is included later in this document.

Population, Urbanization

, Traffic, Commuting, and Growth

. These related factors are the primary de terminates of the OMB’s designation of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas; therefore, consideration of the statistical area boundary associated with the violati ng monitor as a starting point for the nonattainment area boundary inhe rently includes cons ideration of these factors. This approach is consistent with EPA’s 2 008 Area Designations guidance memorandum and with the approach used in the designati on process for the 1997 ozone standard.

Although the factor of populati on growth is considered in this analysis, a high rate of growth does not necessarily mean a high absolute increase in emissions. For example, while Pike County has a high rate of growth, population is relatively low and, therefore, emissions are expected to remain an insignifi cant contribution to the New York City area. Figure B-4 shows population density by count y and Figure B-5 shows population growth between 2000 and 2007.

Jurisdictional boundaries including politic al boundaries, transportation planning organizations and existing nonattainment areas.

Following county boundaries has a natural advant age in that county boundaries are also used by the Commonwealth’s regional transpor tation planning organizations (which are often economic planning organizations, as well). Inventory data for non-point sources is also more accurate and available on the county level. EPA recommends that when a monitor is not located in a CBSA or CSA, the county boundary serve as the starting point for considering the extent of the nonattainme nt area. Regional planning organizations (metropolitan and rural planning organizations) for transportation established in Pennsylvania often, but do not always, follo w OMB’s statistical area framework. The

## 8 Commonwealth considers continuity of planni ng areas an important factor since many of the areas recommended for nonattainment fo r the 2008 8-hour ozone standard already have a maintenance plan, or will have an atta inment plan, in place for the 1997 standard.

Meteorology and Topography.

Ozone is a photochemical pollutant, which mean s it needs sunlight in order to start the chemical transformation of VOCs and NOx into ozone. For this reason, meteorology plays a very important factor in the forma tion of ozone. Generally, there has been a reduction in the monitored ozone values from when the first 8-hour ozone designations were made until today. This reduction in ozone levels is primarily due to the NOx SIP Call. This region-wide reduc tion in NOx has helped to limit the level of NOx reaching into the Commonwealth from other states. This can be seen in the monitoring data as the Methodist Hill and Tioga monitors (high el evation monitors) attain the standard. However, ozone transport from other states is still occurring (see the monitoring data at the Hookstown, Florence and Greene County m onitors, which are currently not attaining the standard). General wind fl ow through the entire Commonwealth is from west to east. Wind flow across the eastern portion of the Commonwealth is generally from southwest to northeast. Therefore, the Commonwealth co ntinues to see transport of ozone and its precursors primarily from states to Pennsylvania’s south and west.

Current Level of Emissions Control.

Because of the pervasive nature of ozone a nd the effects of trans port of ozone and its precursors into and out of the Commonwealt h, most emission controls in Pennsylvania have been adopted for areas larger than singl e nonattainment areas. There are exceptions, though, primarily for the Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley nonattainment area 2 

## and the Philadelphia nonattainment area 3 

## . Level of emission control is a factor for recommending nonattainment boundaries primarily in those two areas.

Highway and nonroad emissions of NOx and VO C have been declining and will continue to decline as national and st ate controls on new highway vehicles, and national controls on nonroad equipment and motor vehicle fuels, co me into effect, and as older vehicles are replaced.

Pennsylvania and other states adopted NOx cont rol regulations in the context of regional control programs for large industrial boilers and internal combustion engines, electric generating units, and cement plants starting in 1997. Most recently, as the result of a December 23, 2008 U.S. Court of Appeals deci sion, the EPA’s Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) covering 28 states and the District of Columbia will remain in place while EPA develops a replacement rule c onsistent with the Court’s July 11, 2008 opinion. CAIR and its accompanying Federal Implementation Plan will govern large elect ric generating units in the Commonwealth in 2009. CAIR requires reductions in NOx emissions from these

2 

### recommended to include Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Fayette, Washington and Westmoreland counties.
3 

### recommended to include Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and Philadelphia counties.

## 9 electric generating units. The federal and state New Source Review programs and standards for hazardous air pollutants also reduce emissions to provide continued improvements. Pennsylvania has also adopted statewide controls for emissions of VOCs from sources such as consumer products, so lvent degreasing, portabl e fuel containers, and architectural and industrial maintenance coatings.

Additional discussion of the nine factors is included below.

Discussion by Area.

Recommended Nonattainment Areas

The Commonwealth is making the following ozone nonattainment area designation recommendations based upon air quality monitoring data for 2006-2008, the other information described immediately above re garding the factors in the EPA’s 2008 Area Designations guidance memorandum, and any additional information described below.

Southwest Pennsylvania:

This region of Pennsylvania is dominated by re latively high terrain cut by numerous river valleys. These valleys tend to trap the precu rsor pollutants necessary to form ozone. During an ozone generating event, the sun begins to heat the surface in the late morning. With an abundance of NOx and VOC due to the local traffic and regional source production, the sun will react well with th e air mass over the region to form ozone.

Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley Nonattainment Area:

The Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley nona ttainment area for the 1997 ozone standard consists of Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Fayette, Washington and Westmoreland counties. The Commonwealth recommends that the Pittsburgh-Beaver Va lley nonattainment area remain the same for the 2008 ozone standard.

The recommended nonattainment area boundary is the same as the boundary of the Pittsburgh metropolitan statistical area. Allegheny County has the monitor with the highest design value in this seven-county area of 86 ppb and thus exceeds the standard.

The larger Pittsburgh-New Castle CSA also includes Lawrence County, which is an adjacent single county micropolitan statis tical area. The Commonwealth does not recommend including Lawrence County in th e nonattainment area. This county has traditionally been a stand-alone planning area . The monitor located in Lawrence County indicates ambient air quality that attains the standard, and the county’s micropolitan statistical area status indicates a lower level of social and economic ties to the Pittsburgh metropolitan area counties than counties included in the metropolitan statistical area. The monitor in Lawrence County is signifi cantly below the standard at 71 ppb.

## 10 The counties recommended to be in the nona ttainment area are included in one single transportation-planning agency as designated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) based on economic and commuti ng patterns. Retaining the existing boundary for this nonattainment area will allo w the area to benefit from continuity of planning for the 1-hour and 1997 8-hour standard. The area has two emission control programs that pertain only to this area a nd not to surrounding countie s: a requirement for cleaner gasoline during the ozone season and a requirement for gasoline pumps to control fumes when vehicles are refueling.

The recommended nonattainment area includes three air basins, as defined in 25 Pa. Code § 121.1; the Lower Beaver Valley Air Basi n, the Allegheny County Air Basin and the Monongahela Valley Air Basin. These ba sins were developed for purposes of the sulfur compound controls outlined in 25 Pa. Code § 123.22, yet they represent existing local boundaries for emission controls in th e areas of the Commonwealth where they exist.

Greene County Nonattainment Area:

Pennsylvania is recommending that Greene C ounty be designated as nonattainment. Greene County is not part of any CBSA a nd, therefore, should be a single county nonattainment area.

Greene County contains a high elevation monito r that tracks the movement of ozone and ozone-related pollutants. The 2008 design value for this monitor was 76 ppb.

As shown in Figures B-2 and B-3, Greene C ounty has moderate NOx emissions density and very low VOC emissions density.

Greene County is a single-county nonatta inment area for the 1997 standard. A maintenance plan to maintain that standard through 2018 has been submitted and is under review by EPA. Therefore, designating Greene County a single-c ounty nonattainment area promotes continuity of planning.

Indiana County Nonattainment Area:

A 1997 ozone nonattainment area consisted of Indiana and Clearfield counties. The Commonwealth recommends a nonattainment area for the 2008 ozone standard that is composed of only Indiana County. The I ndiana County monitor exceeds the 2008 ozone standard with a design value of 76 ppb.

Indiana County is defined as its own micropolitan statistical area. This indicates a low level of social and economic ties to Clearfi eld County. The Clearfield County monitor is not exceeding the 2008 ozone standard and ha s a 2008 design value of 73 ppb. Clearfield County has very low emissions density, as show n in Figures B-2 and B-3 in Appendix B. In addition, emissions from sources located in Clearfield County would not be expected to have a significant impact on the Indiana County monito r because they are located

## 11 predominantly downwind of the violating mon itor. As shown in Figures B-4 and B-5, Clearfield County has a low popul ation density, and both Indian a and Clearfield counties have negative population growth trends. The two counties are also located in separate transportation planning regions.

Northwest Pennsylvania:

Youngstown-Warren-Sharon Nonattainment Area:

The Commonwealth recommends that Mercer County be designated nonattainment for the 2008 ozone standard. The monitor located in the county exceeds the standard with a design value of 80 ppb. Transport of pollutants into Mercer County is generally from the west (from the Youngstown region).

Mercer County is the only Pennsylvania county included in the Youngstown-WarrenBoardman metropolitan statistical area. Separate maintenance plans for the 1997 standard were approved for the Pennsylva nia and Ohio portions of the area. The Commonwealth has no objection to Ohio’s recommendation that Mercer County be included in the interstate nonattainment ar ea, as it has been for many years.

Erie County Nonattainment Area:

The Commonwealth recommends that Erie County be designated nonattainment. The monitor located in the county exceeds the sta ndard with a design value of 78 ppb. Erie County is a metropolitan statistical area that does not include other adjacent counties, indicating a low level of commuting and ec onomic ties with adjacent counties.

The ozone monitor in Erie is affected by th e local meteorology within Erie County. Lake Erie sits off to the north and west. This lake contributes to the lake and land breezes that develop across Erie County. Th e topography to the south and east of Erie helps to trap pollutants in the Erie area. Because Erie is between a lake and a mountain range, the ozone monitored in Erie is uni que to this portion of the Commonwealth.

The area has consistently been designated as a single-county nonatta inment area and has an approved maintenance plan for the 1997 ozone standard.

Northcentral Pennsylvania:

Williamsport Nonattainment Area :

The Commonwealth recommends that Lycomi ng County be designated nonattainment for the 2008 ozone standard. The monitor loca ted in Lycoming Count y exceeds the 2008 ozone standard with a design value of 77 ppb. The Williamsport area was designated as attainment for the 1997 ozone standard.

## 12 The OMB defines a Williamsport metropolitan st atistical area that consists of only Lycoming County. The larger Williamsport-Lo ck Haven CSA also includes Clinton County, which is an adjacent single count y micropolitan statistical area. The Commonwealth does not recommend includi ng Clinton County in the nonattainment

area.

Clinton County’s micropolitan statistical ar ea status indicates that it has its own urban core with a relatively lower level of co mmuting and other social and economic ties to Lycoming County. Clinton County has very lo w NOx and VOC emissions densities, low population density, and a negative population growth trend.

Based on these factors, the Commonwealth c oncludes that it is reasonable to exclude Clinton County from the recommended nonattainment area. Clinton County is highly unlikely to contribute significantly to nona ttainment in the Williamsport nonattainment area now or in the foreseeable future.

Southcentral Pennsylvania:

The region is comprised of four 1997 nonatta inment areas that lie south of Blue Mountain, a mountain that marks the southern border of the Allegheny Mountains. This physical boundary influences regional wind patter ns and often poses a barrier to maritime air masses originating from the Atlantic Ocea n. Several broad valleys stretch across the region, mainly aligned from east to west. These valleys are separated by a mountain range to the north and west. Population, population density and population growth are relatively consistent across the region.

The Department has defined four air basins under 25 Pa. Code §121.1 that roughly correspond to the current and recommended oz one nonattainment areas in southcentral Pennsylvania. These include the Reading Ai r Basin in Berks County, the Lancaster Air Basin in Lancaster County, the Harrisburg Air Basin in Cumberland and Dauphin counties and the York Air Basin in York County.

Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Nonattainment Area:

Cumberland, Dauphin, Perry, and Lebanon counties were designated as one nonattainment area for the 1997 ozone standard a nd a maintenance plan for the area is in place. The Commonwealth is recommending th at these counties be included in one nonattainment area for the 2008 ozone standard. The design value for the area is 79 ppb. There are two monitors in the area, with the design (highest) monitor located in Dauphin County.

The area is defined as a CSA consisting of two metropolitan statistical areas. The Harrisburg metropolitan statistical area includes Cumberland, Dauphin, and Perry counties. While Lebanon County is its own metropolitan stat istical area and the transportation planning organizations are also separate, there is significant commuting between these areas. There is no monitor in Lebanon County.

## 13 Lancaster Nonattainment Area:

The Commonwealth recommends that Lancas ter County be designate d nonattainment for the 2008 ozone standard. It has a design valu e of 82 ppb. Lancaster County is a single county metropolitan statistical area based on eco nomic, political and commuting patterns. This area is served by a single-count y transportation-planning agency.

Lancaster County has low NOx and moderate VOC emissions density. The population density in Lancaster County is hi gh with a positive growth trend.

While there are commuting ties to other metr opolitan statistical areas in Southcentral Pennsylvania, Lancaster County has a politic al and cultural iden tity of its own. Designating it as a single-count y nonattainment area maintain s continuity of planning since the county has an approved maintena nce plan for the 1997 ozone standard.

York Area:

The Commonwealth recommends includi ng York and Adams counties in the nonattainment area for the 2008 ozone standard. The design value for this area is 80 ppb. These counties comprised one nonattainment ar ea for the 1997 ozone standard, and the area has an approved maintenance plan for th e 1997 ozone standard. Maintaining these boundaries allows for continuity of pla nning and is consistent with the OMB’s designation of York and Adams counties as the York-Hanover-Gettysburg CSA. York and Adams are in different transportation pl anning organizations. However, since the Pennsylvania Department of Transportati on (PennDOT) does the technical work for Adams County related to air quality, the inclus ion of this county has not posed a problem in the past.

Reading Nonattainment Area:

The Commonwealth recommends that Berk s County be designate d as a single-county nonattainment area for the 2008 ozone standard.

The OMB defines a Reading metropolitan sta tistical area that consists of only Berks County. Although the OMB added Berks C ounty to the Philadelphia CSA in 2006 because of increasing commuting ties to the la rger area, Berks traditionally has its own planning functions, including its own transportation planning or ganization. In addition, the Reading Air Basin defined in 25 Pa. Code §121.1 covers portions of Berks County and no other county. Therefore, the county s hould not be included in the Philadelphia nonattainment area.

## 14 Note that in Figure B-1, a 2008 design value was not calculated for Berks County because of incomplete data due to several monitor relocations. 4 

## In particular, there was no monitoring done during June 2007, a likely tim e period for high ozone concentrations. However, previous design values (2005 a nd earlier) indicated th at the county would exceed the 2008 standard. The design value for 2005 was 80 ppb.

Berks County has low VOC and NOx emissions density (see Figures B-2 and B-3). As shown in Figures B-4 and B-5, Berks County has a relatively high population density that is growing. Most of the counties adjacent to Berks C ounty are recommended to be included in other nonattainment areas. Bordering 1997 ozone nonattainment areas include: Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle area to the west, Lancaster to the southwest, the Philadelphia area to the sout heast, and the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton area to the northeast. To the extent that emissions from adjacent counties may contribute to ozone concentrations in Berks Count y or that emissions from Berks County contribute to ozone concentrations downwind, the contribution will be lessened by controls put in place in those separate nonattainment areas and statewide.

Berks County was designated as a single nonattainment area for the 1997 8-hour ozone standard; it subsequently atta ined the standard and has an approved maintenance plan in place.

Eastern Pennsylvania:

Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton Nonattainment Area:

The Commonwealth recommends designating Carbon, Lehigh and Northampton counties as one nonattainment area for the 2008 ozone standard. The recommended nonattainment area boundary is the same as the boundary for the 1997 ozone standard. The Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton area histori cally has strong planning and economic ties and is designated by OMB as a me tropolitan statistical area.

The region is bounded on the north by Blue Mountain, providing a significant physical barrier. A broad valley runs from east to west connecting both Lehigh and Northampton counties.

Maintaining the 1997 boundary promotes c ontinuity of planning. Lehigh and Northampton counties comprise the metropolitan transportation planning organization, while Carbon County is part of a five-count y rural planning organization. However,

4 

### There are two monitors in Berks County. The Kutztown monitor only operated in 2008. The Reading monitor also did not have three years of complete data because the official site location of the monitor has changed three times over the past two years. The first monitor location (under AIRS # 420110009) stopped operation on May 15, 2006 due to the lease not being renewed at the site. The monitor was moved to a temporary location (AIRS # 420110010) on May 15, 2006 and stayed there until May 31, 2007 until a more permanent location was found. A more permanent location was found and the new monitor location (AIRS # 410110011) started operating on July 1, 2007. With the monitor location changing three times over a two year span, the Department was unable to calculate a 2008 design value according to EPA guidelines.

## 15 since PennDOT does the technical work for Carbon County related to air quality, the inclusion of this county has not posed a problem in the past.

The Department’s Allentown-Bethlehe m-Easton Air Basin defined in 25 Pa. Code § 121.1 covers portions of Lehigh a nd Northampton counties.

Philadelphia Nonattainment Area:

The Pennsylvania portion of the existing 8-hou r ozone nonattainment area consists of Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and Philadelphia counties. The Commonwealth is recommending that these counties be de signated as nonattainment for the 2008 ozone standard. The monitor with the highest desi gn value in the five-county area is located in Bucks County and has a design value of 92 ppb.

There are no major topographic fe atures to restrict airflow pr esent in this region of the state. Some minor hills separate this region from the Lehigh Valley area to the north. Emissions and population density are rela tively uniform across the region.

All of these counties are included in the inte rstate Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland CSA. The Commonwealth has no objection to these counties being included in an interstate nonattainment area as in the past.

Population density throughout the five-county ar ea is high but shows a decreasing growth trend, with the exception of Chester Count y. As indicated by the area’s metropolitan statistical area status, commuting and economic ties throughout the area exist. Figure B5 (showing population growth) displays a decr ease in population in Philadelphia County and an increase in the suburbs.

The transportation planning agency for the ar ea covers the five Pennsylvania counties as well as a number of counties in New Je rsey. The nonattainment area includes the Department’s inner and outer Southe ast Air Basins, as defined in 25 Pa. Code § 121.1. The five counties have been included in a Philadelphia multi-state nonattainment area since ozone designations were first made under the CAA.

There are a number of emission control strategies that clearl y differentiate the five-county area from other surrounding nonattainment areas, including Berks County. These primarily arise from the area’s former desi gnation as “severe” unde r the 1-hour standard and include:

• a more stringent major source definition for new source review and permitting;

• a requirement for federal reformulated ga soline, as mandated by federal statute;

• a requirement for Stage II gasoline pumps;

• NOx controls for smaller sources than in other areas; and

• a more stringent vehicle emission inspection/maintenance program.

## 16 Monroe County Area:

The Commonwealth recommends that Monroe County be designated as a single county nonattainment area. The Monroe County monitor exceeds the 2008 ozone standard with a 2008 design value of 76 ppb.

In EPA’s designations for the 1997 ozone stan dard, Monroe County was included in the Scranton-Wilkes-Barre nonattainment area , along with Wyoming, Lackawanna, and Luzerne Counties. All of the monitors in those counties now attain the standard.

The OMB designates Monroe County as a mi cropolitan statistical area that is not associated with any CSA. This indicates a ra ther low level of economic and social ties to the Scranton-Wilkes-Barre metropolitan ar ea (Lackawanna, Wyoming, and Luzerne) to the northwest and the Allentown-Bethle hem-Easton metropolitan area (Carbon, Lehigh, and Northampton) to the south. In examini ng commuting patterns, census data show that 9431 people in Monroe County travel to and from the Allentown area for work and 5457 people in Monroe County travel to and from the Scranton-Wilkes-Barre area for work. This data suggests that while Monroe County is not highl y tied to either of its neighboring metropolitan areas, it is more cl osely associated with the AllentownBethlehem-Easton metropolitan area.

The monitor within Monroe County has only thr ee years of data associated with it, so performing a long-term analysis to see how the monitored da ta is trending with time is difficult. The 2008 design value for that mon itor, 76 ppb, is barely above the standard. Examining back trajectories of the 11 exceed ance days (days when ozone concentrations are above 75 ppb identified in the three years) , nine days showed low-level flow over the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton area and only two showed low-level flow over the Scranton-Wilkes-Barre area. Figure B-6 displays these trajectories over all 11 exceedance days.

Therefore, the Commonwealth recommends designating Monroe as a single-county nonattainment area.

Highlights for Specific Areas Recommended As Attainment

Pike County:

The area does not have a monitor, but is part of the New York City CSA. Historically, the county has not been included as part of the Ne w York City nonattainment area. While population in Pike County is growing, populat ion is still very low. Pike County is now and likely to remain an insignificant contributor to New York City nonattainment. The Commonwealth, therefore, recommends that it be designated as attainment and not be included in any designation for the Ne w York City area as nonattainment for the ozone standard.

## 17 Scranton-Wilkes-Barre Area :

As discussed above in the recommendati on for Monroe County, the Scranton-WilkesBarre metropolitan area consists of Lackaw anna, Luzerne, and Wyoming counties. The monitors in these counties ar e all measuring ozone levels that meet the standard. Although the previous ozone nonattainment pl anning area also included Monroe County, which the Commonwealth recommends be de signated nonattainment, the Commonwealth has assessed the factors provided by EPA in determining nonattainment area boundaries and has concluded that Monroe County shoul d not be grouped with the counties in the Scranton-Wilkes-Barre metropolitan area. Therefore, the Commonwealth is recommending designation of Lackawanna, Luzerne, and Wyoming counties as attainment.

Clearfield County:

The Commonwealth recommends designating Clearfield County as attainment. As discussed in the recommendation for Indiana County, the original ozone nonattainment area included Indiana and Clear field counties. The Clearfi eld County monitor is in attainment of the new standard with a 2008 design value of 73 ppb. Clearfield County has very low emissions density as shown in Figures B-2 and B-3 located in Appendix B. Emissions from sources located in Clearfield County would not be expected to have a significant impact on the Indiana County monitor because they are located predominantly downwind of the vi olating monitor.

Clearfield County is defined as its own micropolitan statistical area. This indicates a low level of social and economic ties to Indiana C ounty. The two counties are also located in separate transportation planning regions.

Lawrence County:

Although included in the larger Pittsburgh-New Castle CSA, Lawrence County is a single county micropolitan statistical area. Th e Commonwealth does not recommend including Lawrence County in the Pittsburgh-Beaver Va lley nonattainment area. Lawrence County has traditionally been a stand-alone planning area. The monitor located in New Castle indicates ambient air quality that attains the standard, and the county’s micropolitan statistical area status indicates a lower level of social and economic ties to the Pittsburgh metropolitan area counties than the ties of the counties included in the metropolitan statistical area.

Additional Information

Appendix A includes a table and a map that describe the recommendations for the 2008 ozone nonattainment areas, and a map of the designati ons for the 1997 ozone standard. The list of nonattainment and at tainment areas in Table 1 includes all 67 Pennsylvania counties.

## 18 Appendices B and C include documenting data and material that address the EPA’s designation criteria pertaining to air quality, emissions and popul ation factors, as well as a map of the OMB statistical areas in Pennsylvania.

## 19 ACRONYMS AND TERMS

CAA Clean Air Act CSA Combined Statistical Area DEP Department of Environmental Protection (Pennsylvania) EPA Environmental Protection Agency (United States) NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NO x 

## oxides of nitrogen OMB Office of Management and Budget (United States) PM particulate matter ppb parts per billion SIP State Implementation Plan USDOT United States Department of Transportation VOC volatile organic compounds

## 20 

# References

EPA, Final Rule, “ National Ambient Air Qual ity Standards for Ozone ,” (73 FR 16436; March 27, 2008)

EPA, " Boundary Guidance on Air Quality Desi gnations for the 8-Hour Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards ," Memorandum from John S. Seitz, March 28, 2000.

EPA, “ Area Designations fo r the 2008 Revised Ozon e National Ambient Air Quality Standards ,” Memorandum from Robert J. Meyers, December 4, 2008.

EPA Area Designations for the 2006 24-Hour PM 2.5 

## NAAQS - Technical Information, Summary of 2005 NEI: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/pm/pm25_2006_techinfo.html#F-2

EPA Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS), Air Quality System, http://www.epa.gov/air/data/index.html

U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, C ounty-to-county worker flow files: http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/commuting/index.html

U.S. Department of Co mmerce, Bureau of the Census, FactFinder, " Subcounty Population Esti mate Data Sets ,” available from http ://factfinder.census.gov, accessed Ja nuary 2009

Office of Management and Bu dget, Notice of Decision, “ Standards for Defining Metr opolitan and Mi cropolitan Statistical Areas ,” (65 FR 82228, December 27, 2000).

Office of Management and Bu dget, Bulletin No. 07-01, “ Update of Statistical Area Definitions and Guidance on Their Uses ,” December 18, 2006

U.S. Census Bureau, Geography Division, Ca rtographic Products Management Branch, Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statis tical Areas Wall Maps, November 2007 http://www.census.gov/geo/www/maps/msa_maps2007/us_wall_1107.html

U.S. Census Bureau, Popul ation Division, Updated Li st of Statistical Areas available at: www.census.gov/popula tion/www/estimates /metrodef.html

# APPENDIX A Recommended Designations

Table 1: Recommended Designations in Pennsylvania Figure A-1: Map of Recommended Designations in Pennsylvania

Figure A-2: Map of Nonattainment Areas for 1997 Standard (EPA, 2005)

## 1 Pennsylvania Areas County Design Values Recommended Designation DEP’s Southeast Region Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland PA-NJ-DE-MD Combined Statistical Area Bucks County 92 ppb Nonattainment Chester County 82 ppb Nonattainment Delaware County 83 ppb Nonattainment Montgomery County 84 ppb Nonattainment Philadelphia County 89 ppb Nonattainment

DEP’s Southcentral Region Altoona Metropolitan Statistical Area Blair County 72 ppb Attainment

Harrisburg-Carlisle-Lebanon Combined Statistical Area Harrisburg-Carlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area Cumberland County No monitor Nonattainment Dauphin County 79 ppb Nonattainment Perry County 77 ppb Nonattainment Lebanon Metropolitan Statistical Area Lebanon County No monitor Nonattainment

Lancaster Metropolitan Statistical Area Lancaster County 82 ppb Nonattainment

Reading Metropolitan Statistical Area Berks County Incomplete** Nonattainment

York-Hanover-Gettysburg Combined Statistical Area York-Hanover Metropolitan Statistical Area York County 80 ppb Nonattainment Gettysburg Micropolitan Statistical Area Adams County 77 ppb Nonattainment 

# TABLE 1. List of Reco mmended Designations

NOTE: Desi g n Value is the 3- y ear avera g e ( 2006-2008 ) of the 4 th Hi g hest Maximum for 8-Hour Ozone

## 2 Pennsylvania Areas County Design Values* Recommended Designation

Chambersburg Micropolitan Statistical Area Franklin County 72 ppb Attainment

Huntingdon Micropolitan Statistical Area Huntingdon County No monitor Attainment

Remaining Counties in DEP’s Southcentral Region Bedford County No monitor Attainment Fulton County No monitor Attainment Juniata County No monitor Attainment Mifflin County No monitor Attainment

DEP’s Southwest Region Pittsburgh-New Castle Combined Statistical Area Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area Allegheny County 86 ppb Nonattainment Armstrong County 80 ppb Nonattainment Beaver County 78 ppb Nonattainment Butler County (Part of DEP’s Northwest Region) No monitor Nonattainment

Fayette County No monitor Nonattainment Washington County 76 ppb Nonattainment Westmoreland County 76 ppb Nonattainment

New Castle Micropolitan Statistical Area Lawrence County (Part of DEP’s Northwest Region) 71 ppb Attainment

Johnstown Metropolitan Statistical Area Cambria County 70 ppb Attainment

Somerset Micropolitan Statistical Area Somerset County No monitor Attainment

Indiana Micropolitan Statistical Area Indiana County 76 ppb Nonattainment

## 3 Pennsylvania Areas County Design Values* Recommended Designation Remaining Counties in DEP’s Southwest Region Greene County 76 ppb Nonattainment

DEPs Northwest Region Erie Metropolitan Statistical Area Erie County 78 ppb Nonattainment

Youngstown-Warren-Boardman Metropolitan Statistical Area Mercer County 80 ppb Nonattainment

Meadville Micropolitan Statistical Area Crawford County No monitor Attainment

St. Marys Micropolitan Statistical Area Elk County No monitor Attainment

Bradford Micropolitan Statistical Area McKean County No monitor Attainment

Oil City Micropolitan Statistical Area Venango County No monitor Attainment

Warren Micropolitan Statistical Area Warren County No monitor Attainment

Remaining Counties in DEP’s Northwest Region Clarion County No monitor Attainment Jefferson County No monitor Attainment Forest County No monitor Attainment

DEP’s Northcentral Region State College Metropolitan Statistical Area Centre County 75 ppb Attainment

## 4 Pennsylvania Areas County Design Values* Recommended Designation Williamsport-Lock Haven Combined Statistical Area Williamsport Metropolit an Statistical Area Lycoming County 77 ppb Nonattainment Lock Haven Micropolitan Statistical Area Clinton County No monitor Attainment

Bloomsburg-Berwick Micropolitan Statistical Area Columbia County No monitor Attainment Montour County No monitor Attainment

DuBois Micropolitan Statistical Area Clearfield County 73 ppb Attainment

Sunbury-Lewisburg-Selinsgrove Combined SA Lewisburg Micropolitan Statistical Area Union County No monitor Attainment Selinsgrove Micropolitan Statistical Area Snyder County No monitor Attainment Sunbury Micropolitan Statistical Area Northumberland County No monitor Attainment

Remaining Counties in Northcentral Region Bradford County No monitor Attainment Cameron County No monitor Attainment Potter County No monitor Attainment Sullivan County No monitor Attainment Tioga County 73 ppb Attainment

DEP’s Northeast Region Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton Metropolitan Statistical Area Carbon County No monitor Nonattainment Lehigh County 80 ppb Nonattainment Northampton County 78 ppb Nonattainment

## 5 Pennsylvania Areas County Design Values* Recommended Designation Scranton-Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton Metropolitan Statistical Area Lackawanna County 74 ppb Attainment Luzerne County 75 ppb Attainment Wyoming County No monitor Attainment

New York-Newark-Edison Metropolitan Statistical Area Pike County No monitor Attainment

East Stroudsburg Micropolitan Statistical Area Monroe County 76 Nonattainment

Remaining Counties in Northeast Region Schuylkill County No monitor Attainment Susquehanna County No monitor Attainment Wayne County No monitor Attainment

** EPA expects three years of complete data to designate attainment areas.E L K T I O G A E R I E

Y O R K C E N T R E P O T T E R

B E R K S P I K E L Y C O M I N G M C K E A N

W A

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S O M E R S E T C L E A R F I E L D

B L A I R

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B U C K S

L A N C A S T E R P E R R Y M E R C E R

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W E S T M O R E L A N D B E A V E R J E F F E R S O N

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M I F F L I N A R M S T R O N G U N I O N

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M O N T G O M E R Y L A

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N O R T H U M B E R L A N D

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# F i g u r e A

- 1 R e c o m m e n d e d 8

- H o u r O z o n e N o n a t t a i n m e n t A r e a s

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H a r r i s b u r g

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I n d i a n a L a n c a s t e r

M o n r o e

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P i t t s b u r g h

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R e a d i n g Y o u n g s t o w n

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W i l l i a m s p o r t

Y

o r kE L K T I O G A E R I E

Y O R K C E N T R E P O T T E R

B E R K S P I K E L Y C O M I N G M C K E A N B R A D F O R D

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M O N R O E C L A R I O N

G R E E N E H U N T I N G D O N S C H U Y L K I L L

W A S H I N G T O N A L L E G H E N Y D A U P H I N

W E S T M O R E L A N D J E F F E R S O N S U S Q U E H A N N A

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C O L U M B I A

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S N Y D E R C A M E R O N

C U M B E R L A N D L E B A N O N L A W R E N C E L A C K A W A N N A

M O N T G O M E R Y N O R T H U M B E R L A N D

N O R T H A M P T O N

D E L A W A R E M O N T O U R

P H I L A D E L P H I A 

# F i g u r e A

- 2 O r i g i n a l D e s i g n a t i o n o f t h e 8

- H o u r O z o n e S t a n d a r d f o r P A
B a s e d o n t h e 1 9 9 7 s t a n d a r d ( E P A

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T i o g a C o Y o r k

Y

o u n g s t o w n

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# APPENDIX B: Supporting Documentation

Figure B-1: 2008 8-Hour Design Values Figure B-2: NOx Emissions Density by County Figure B-3: VOC Emissions Density by County Figure B-4: Population Density by County Figure B-5: Population Growth by County Figure B-6: 2006 Trajectories Table 2: Emissions in Tons per Year for 2005 by County! (

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# F i g u r e B

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- H o u r O z o n e D e s i g n V a l u e s

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# N O x E m i s s i o n s D e n s i t y ( t o n s p e r y e a r p e r s q u a r e m i l e )

0

- 1 0 1 0

- 2 5 2 5

- 5 0 5 0

- 1 0 0 1 0 0

- 3 0 0 

# F i g u r e B

- 2 N O x E m i s s i o n s D e n s i t y M a p b y C o u n t y

E m i s s i o n s B a s e d o n 2 0 0 5 N E I D a t aE L K T I O G A E R I E

Y O R K C E N T R E P O T

T E R

B E R K S P I K E L Y C O M I N G M C K E A N

W A Y N E B R A D F O R D W

A R R E N

C L I N T O N

B E D F O R D I N D I A N A B U T L E R L U Z E R N E

S O M E R S E T C L E A R F I E L D

B L A I R

F A

Y E T T E C R A W F O R D

B U C K S

L A

N C A S T E R P E R R Y M E R C E R

C H E S T E R F R A N K L I N C A M B R I A

A D A

M S V E N A N G O

M O N R O E C L A R I O N

G R E E N E H U N T I N G D O N S C H U Y L K I L L

W

A S H I N G T O N A

L L E G H E N Y D A U P H I N

W E S T M O R E L A N D B E A V E R J E F F E R S O N

F U L T O N S U S Q U E H A N N A

F O R E S T

M I F F L I N A R M S T R O N G U N I O N

J U N I A T A S U L L I V A N

C O L U M B I A

L E H I G H C A R B O N W

Y O M I N G

S N Y D E R C A M E R O N

C U M B E R L A N D L E B A N O N L A

W R E N C E L A C K A W A N N A

M O N T G O M E R Y N O R T H U M B E R L A N D

N O R T H A M P T O N

D E L A W A R E M O N T O U R

P H I L A D E L P H I A 

# F i g u r e B

- 3 V O C E m i s s i o n s D e n s i t y M a p b y C o u n t y

E m i s s i o n s B a s e d o n 2 0 0 5 N E I D a t a

V O C E m i s s i o n s D e n s i t y ( t o n s p e r y e a r p e r s q u a r e m i l e )

0

- 1 0 1 0

- 2 5 2 5

- 5 0 5 0

- 1 0 0 1 0 0

- 3 0 0E L K T I O G A E R I E

Y O R K C E N T R E P O T

T E R

B E R K S P I K E L Y C O M I N G M C K E A N

W A Y N E B R A D F O R D W

A R R E N

C L I N T O N

B E D F O R D I N D I A N A B U T L E R L U Z E R N E

S O M E R S E T C L E A R F I E L D

B L A I R

F A

Y E T T E C R A W F O R D

B U C K S

L A

N C A S T E R P E R R Y M E R C E R

C H E S T E R F R A N K L I N C A M B R I A

A D A

M S V E N A N G O

M O N R O E C L A R I O N

G R E E N E H U N T I N G D O N S C H U Y L K I L L

W

A S H I N G T O N A

L L E G H E N Y D A U P H I N

W E S T M O R E L A N D B E A V E R J E F F E R S O N

F U L T O N S U S Q U E H A N N A

F O R E S T

M I F F L I N A R M S T R O N G U N I O N

J U N I A T A S U L L I V A N

C O L U M B I A

L E H I G H C A R B O N W

Y O M I N G

S N Y D E R C A M E R O N

C U M B E R L A N D L E B A N O N L A

W R E N C E L A C K A W A N N A

M O N T G O M E R Y N O R T H U M B E R L A N D

N O R T H A M P T O N

D E L A W A R E M O N T O U R

P H I L A D E L P H I A



# P o p u l a t i o n D e n s i t y ( P e r s o n s p e r s q u a r e m i l e )

0

- 5 0 5 0

- 1 0 0 1 0 0

- 2 5 0 2 5 0

- 5 0 0 A b o v e 5 0 0 

# F i g u r e B

- 4 P o p u l a t i o n D e n s i t y M a p b y C o u n t y

P o p u l a t i o n B a s e d o n 2 0 0 7 U S C e n s u s R e s u l t sE L K T I O G A E R I E

Y O R K C E N T R E P O T

T E R

B E R K S P I K E L Y C O M I N G M C K E A N

W A Y N E B R A D F O R D W

A R R E N

C L I N T O N

B E D F O R D I N D I A N A B U T L E R L U Z E R N E

S O M E R S E T C L E A R F I E L D

B L A I R

F A

Y E T T E C R A W F O R D

B U C K S

L A

N C A S T E R P E R R Y M E R C E R

C H E S T E R F R A N K L I N C A M B R I A

A D A

M S V E N A N G O

M O N R O E C L A R I O N

G R E E N E H U N T I N G D O N S C H U Y L K I L L

W

A S H I N G T O N A

L L E G H E N Y D A U P H I N

W E S T M O R E L A N D B E A V E R J E F F E R S O N

F U L T O N S U S Q U E H A N N A

F O R E S T

M I F F L I N A R M S T R O N G U N I O N

J U N I A T A S U L L I V A N

C O L U M B I A

L E H I G H C A R B O N W

Y O M I N G

S N Y D E R C A M E R O N

C U M B E R L A N D L E B A N O N L A

W R E N C E L A C K A W A N N A

M O N T G O M E R Y N O R T H U M B E R L A N D

N O R T H A M P T O N

D E L A W A R E M O N T O U R

P H I L A D E L P H I A



# P o p u l a t i o n G r o w t h ( % C h a n g e : 2 0 0 0 t o 2 0 0 7 )

- 1 2 %

- 0 % 0 %

- 5 % 5 %

- 1 0 % 1 0 %

- 2 0 % A b o v e 2 0 % 

# F i g u r e B

- 5 P o p u l a t i o n G r o w t h M a p b y C o u n t y

P o p u l a t i o n T r e n d s B a s e d o n 2 0 0 0 a n d 2 0 0 7 U S C e n s u s R e s u l t s

# Figure B-6 2006 Trajectories Total of 5 Exceedances (Marked by Date and Maximum 8-hour Ozone Concentration)

May 30 – 82 ppb May 31 – 76 ppb June 17 – 82 ppb

June 18 – 77 ppb August 14 – 77 ppb

# Figure B-6 2007 Trajectories Total of 2 Exceedances (Marked by Date and Maximum 8-hour Ozone Concentration)

May 15 – 78 ppb June 19 – 86 ppb

# Figure B-6 2008 Trajectories Total of 4 Exceedances (Marked by Date and Maximum 8-hour Ozone Concentration)

April 18 – 76 ppb April 19 – 92 ppb

May 7 – 76 ppb June 13 – 93 ppb

## 1 TABLE 2. Emissions by County in Tons Per Year for 2005

County VOC NOX Adams Co 4660 2825 Allegheny Co 46690 63290 Armstrong Co 3417 20352 Beaver Co 7424 33400 Bedford Co 4092 4534 Berks Co 19117 18086 Blair Co 5222 5016 Bradford Co 5097 2332 Bucks Co 26241 16792 Butler Co 8805 7549 Cambria Co 5363 6177 Cameron Co 1721 291 Carbon Co 4271 2913 Centre Co 6017 6651 Chester Co 19666 16507 Clarion Co 3272 3203 Clearfield Co 4636 11279 Clinton Co 3474 2886 Columbia Co 3664 2647 Crawford Co 5829 6015 Cumberland Co 9939 14454 Dauphin Co 12569 12548 Delaware Co 20250 32904 Elk Co 2732 2982 Erie Co 16332 12075 Fayette Co 5377 4064 Forest Co 2537 879 Franklin Co 6972 5470 Fulton Co 1442 1801 Greene Co 2642 20374 Huntingdon Co 3247 2526 Indiana Co 4693 42777 Jefferson Co 2694 2999 Juniata Co 1499 1807 Lackawanna Co 8753 6660 Lancaster Co 26407 16396 Lawrence Co 4234 9001 Lebanon Co 5924 5876 Lehigh Co 13369 11503 Luzerne Co 14098 10387 Lycoming Co 7534 4290 McKean Co 3494 3254 Mercer Co 7028 6010 Mifflin Co 2333 2695

## 2 Monroe Co 8575 5245 Montgomery Co 37216 23306 Montour Co 2038 14007 Northampton Co 10960 24620 Northumberland Co 5275 3442 Perry Co 2278 2515 Philadelphia Co 35230 38733 Pike Co 3985 2353 Potter Co 1728 1951 Schuylkill Co 6873 6219 Snyder Co 2856 4434 Somerset Co 5591 4654 Sullivan Co 2006 307 Susquehanna Co 4488 2067 Tioga Co 2917 2009 Union Co 3062 1989 Venango Co 3476 2757 Warren Co 3467 2390 Washington Co 9297 16311 Wayne Co 5086 1533 Westmoreland Co 15073 16655 Wyoming Co 2714 1693 York Co 18478 32214

# APPENDIX C: Additional Documentation

Figure C-1: 2007 Combined Statistical Areas of Pennsylania (U.S. Census, November 2007)Figure C-1Combined Statistical Areas of PA(November, 2007)Image Extracted from US Censuswebsite at http://ftp2.census.gov/geo/maps/metroarea/us_wall/Nov2007/cbsa_csa_us_1107.pdf