# Importation of F resh Celery ( Apium graveolens Linnaeus) from Colombia

into the Continental United States

A Pathway

- Initiated Risk Assessment

March 22 , 2010

Revision 02

Agency contact:

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive , Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 ii 

## Executive Summary

This pest risk assessment was prepared to examine plant pest risks associated with the importation of fresh celery ( Apium graveolens Linnaeus ) stems, leaves

, and roots into the

continental United States from the Re public of Colombia, South America. For this risk

assessment

, the authors assumed that the celery commodity would undergo processing in a packinghouse, as opposed to field processing, and that the processing would include culling, selection, grading, and washing the commodity.

A list of celery pests in Colombia was prepared based on documents submitted by the Colombian Ministry for Agriculture and Rural Development

, Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA)

, pest interception records of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, scientific literature

, and opin ion s of experts in celery production. This pest risk assessment identified four quarantine pests likely to
follow the pathway of fresh celery from Colombia

. The q uarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and selected for further analysis are:

Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) Copitarsia decolora (Guen é e) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Planococcus lila cinus Cock (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

T he o verall Pest Risk Potential is High for Copitarsia decolora and Liriomyza huidobrensis and

Medium for Coccus virid i s and Planococcus lilacinus

.

A list of potential phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risks is provided in this document.
However, f inal phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk along the celery pathway will be determined during the development of a detailed pest risk management document which will supplement this base line assessment

.Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 iii 

## Table of Contents

Executive Summary

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... ii

1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 1 1.2. Commodity information

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 1

2. Risk Assessment

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 3 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

................................ ................................ ...................... 3

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Apium graveolens

................................ ........................ 3 2.3. Current Status, Decision History and Pest Interceptions

................................ ................... 4 2.4. Pest Categorization

- Identifi cation of Pests of Apium graveolens for Colombia

............. 5 2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

................................ .............................. 16 2.6. Analysis of Quarantine Pests: Consequences of Introduction

................................ ......... 17 2.7. Analysis of Quarantine Pests: Likelihood of Introducti on

................................ .............. 25

2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

................................ ................................ ................. 27

3. Risk Mitigation Options

................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 28

4. References

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 31

5. Preparers and Reviewers

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 48 Appendix 1. Pest interceptions on Apium graveolens

, Apium graveolens var. dulce and Apium graveolens var. rapaceum entering the United States

................................ ................. 50Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 1 

## 1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This risk assessment was prepared by the Center for Phytosanitary Excellence (CEF) in

Colombia for the Animal and Plant He alth Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to examine potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh leaves, roots

, and stems of celery ( Apium graveolens

Linnaeus ) from Colombia into the continental United States. The authors assessed pest risk under

the assum ption that the celery commodity would undergo a water wash and culling in a packinghouse facility

. Standard packingh ouse processing of celery includes washing with chlorinated water, sorting, and grading (Kader, 2002; Salunkhe and Kadam, 1998).

This pest risk assessment is pathway

- initiated because it is based on the risks that may be associated with the importation o f this commodity. This risk assessment is qualitative

, with risk

is e xpressed in descriptive terms (High, Medium, and L ow) rather than in probabilities or frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria are explained in : Guidelines for Pathway

Initiated P est Risk Assessments , Version 5.02 ( USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ , 2000 ).

International plant protection organizations, such as the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization, provide standards for conducti ng pest risk analyses (IPPC, 2004, 2007a; NAPPO, 2004) . The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this plant pest risk analysis

, as well as the use of biological and phytosanitary terms, are consistent with

these standards. The IPPC standards describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1, Initiation; Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of the first two stages

. T he d etailed examination of appropriate phytosanitary

measures to mi tigate pest risk is undertaken as part of the pest risk management phase within

APHIS and is not addressed within this document.

1.2. Commodity information

Apium graveolens L. (celery) is a biennial plant native to North America, South America, and

Eura sia (Simon et al

. , 1984). Celery is widely cultivated for its fleshy leafstalk, which is used as a vegetable

, and s eparate varieties have been developed for the production of seeds for

condiment use and for root

- producing varieties (celeriac) used to flavor soups (Lowman and Birdseye, 1946)

.

In Colombia, it is recommended to cultivate celery in areas with temperatures ranging from 15 °C

to 18 °C ( 5 9 °F to 64.4 °F )

, with a monthly precipitation of 20 mm to 25 mm (0.787 in. to 0.984

in. ) and a soil pH of 5.8 to 6.6 ( Jaramillo et al

. , 1977 )

, at altitude s between 1,500 m and 2, 800 m ( 4

, 921.26 ft. and 9

, 186

. 352 ft. ) above sea level (ASOHOFRUCOL, 200 4 )

. Celery thrive s in deep sandy or loamy soils

, but require s irrigation due to its shallow root syst ems (Simon et al

. , 1984)

. Plants are seeded or transplanted, and t he compound white umbels, pollinated by insects, develop in the second year (Simon et al

. , 1984) . Harvested plants are allowed to dry and are then threshed

to remove seeds (Simon et al

. , 1984)

. As a vegetable, the celery is cultivated for the green andPest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 2 blanched leaf stalks [ Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers. ] , or, to a limited extent, the

edible roots and crowns [ Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum (Mill.) Gaudin , called celeriac

, k nob celery, celery root, or turnip

- rooted celery ], and the leaves ( Apium graveolens L. var.

secalinum Alefeld , called leaf celery , French celery or Chinese celery ) (Baudouin, 2004 ; Botany.com, 2006 ).

C elery is primarily hand

- harvested, although some newly developed mowing machines cut celery for processing plants (Koike et al ., 1996). C elery is harvested when the overall field reaches the desired marketable size and before the outer petioles develop "pithine ss" (Suslow and Cantwell, 2002)

. C elery has a very uniform crop growth and fields are harvested only once; stalks are packed by size after trimming outer petioles and leav es (Suslow and Cantwell, 2002). High quality celery stalks are well

- formed, compact, not significantly bow ed or bulging , have

thick minimal petiole twisting, and a l ight green and fresh appearance (Suslow and Cantwell, 2002). Additional quality indices are stalk and midrib length, freedom from defects such as blackheart, pit hy petioles, se edstalks, cracks, splits, insect damage and decay (Suslow and Cantwell, 2002). After the elimination of the leaves with defects, the celery is commonly washed and then packed (Jaramillo et al ., 1977). At optimum conditions, celery can be stored for up to 5

to 7 weeks (Suslow and Cantwell, 2002) . Commonly, celery is rapidly pre

- cooled and then

s tored at 0 °C to 2°C (32 °F to 36°F) (Suslow and Cantwell, 2002) . I f storage is intended to be less

than one month

, celery should not be stored for more than 2 weeks at 5°C (41°F); this will maintain good quality (Suslow and Cantwell, 2002) . C ontinued growth of inner stalks will occur after harvest at temperatures > 0°C (32°F) (Suslow and Cantwell, 2002). C elery should keep fo r 2 to 3 months if stored at 0°C ( 32 °F) (Hemphill, 2002). Since wilting is a major cause of deterioration, it is best to store celery at very hi gh relative humidity (98% to 100 %) and with sufficient air circulation to keep temperatures equal at the top and bottom of the room (Hemphill, 2002).

On average, U.S. consumers used 1.8 billion pounds of celery annually during 2002

- 04 (USDA,

2005 a )

. Although equal to the last 3 years of the 1990s, it is down 5 percent from 1992

- 94 (USDA, 2005 a ) . Use of celery per person began to slip in the late 1980s after remaining steady during the 1960s and 70s (USDA, 2005 a ) . Average per capita disappearance of celery declined 2 percent during each of the past two decades (USDA, 2005 a )

. In 2003, California produced 803,312.09 k g (1,771,000 lbs.) of celery, followed in production by Michigan and Texas ( NFAPP, 2004) . Currently, California, Michigan, and Florida account for about 97 percent of the Nation’s celery crop, which had an average annual farm value of $261 million during 2 002

- 04 (USDA, 2005 a )

. California produces celery year

- round, with output concentrated in the central and south coastal valleys, where the climate is mild (USDA, 2005 a ) . Although the bulk of California's celery enters the fresh market (including fresh

- cut p roducts such as celery sticks), frozen and dehydrated celery items are also produced (USDA, 2005 a ) . Aside from holiday surge,

demand is constant ; fresh

- market celery shipments stay fairly constant throughout the year, except for a seasonal peak during Nove mber and December (USDA, 2005 a )

. The U nited States is a net exporter of celery; i n 2002

- 04, exports of fresh

- market celery totaled $48 million, while imports were valued at $9 million (USDA, 2005 a )

. Eighty percent of the fresh celery imported by the United States comes from Mexico and most enters the country during the winter months (USDA, 2005 a )

. The other most important provider of celery for the United States is Canada (USDA, 200 5b ). In 200 5, the imports from Mexico and Canada equaled 580,000,000 andPest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 3 119,000,000 lbs., respectively (USDA, 200 5b ). In 2003 , U.S. celery production was 7,608,121.2

h a (18.8 million acres ) for a value of USD$ 257 ,338, 000 ( USDA , 2004). In 2005, t he harvested

area of celery comprised between 5

, 100 and 7

, 6 00 acres , according to t he season ( USDA

, 200 6 b )

. The majority of the crop is used for fresh market ( Koike et al ., 1996).

In 200 4 , Colombia had 28 h a ( 69.189 acres) of active commercial celery pla ntations that produced 568 tons ( 1,252 ,225.6 lbs.) ( MADR , 200 5 ). C elery is principally produced for national consumption in Colombia . T he quantity of fresh or frozen Apium graveolens (except Apium graveolens var. rapaceum ) exported from Colombia in 200 4 was 52,530 k g (115,808.8 lbs.) (Analdex, 200 6 ).



## 2. Risk Assessment

2.1

. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

This commodity

- based

, pathway

- initiated assessment is in response to a request made by the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) [Colombian Agricultural Institute] [ letter No. 04840, dated June 03, 2003 (ICA, 2003 ) ] to the USDA to authorize the importation of fresh celery (leaves, roots

, and stems) grown in Colombia into the continental United States . In this case, the importation is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests. Title 7 of the Code of

Federal Regulations 319, Part 56 ( USDA, 200 6 a ) provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States.

2.2 . Assessment of Weed Potential of Apium graveolens

The results of the weed screening for Apium graveolens did not prompt a weed

- initiated risk assessment (Table 1).

Table 1. Assessment of Weed Potential of Apium graveolens

Commodity, Scientific name and author: Apium graveolens Linnae us S ynonyms : Apium celleri Gaertn.

, Apium decumbens Ecklon & Zeyh.

, Apium graveolens subsp. dulce (Mill.) Lemke & Rothm.

, Apium lobatum Gilib.

, Apium maritimum Salisb.

, Apium palustre Thore

, Apium vulgare Bubani

, Carum graveolens (L.) Koso

- Pol.

, Celeri graveolens (L.) Britton (L.) Britton

, Helosciadium rut aceum St.

- Lag.

, Selinum graveolens

E.H.L. Krause

, Seseli graveolens Scop.

, Sison ruta Burm.f.

, Sium apium Roth

, Sium graveolens (L.) Vest

, Smyrnium laterale Thunb. (Mansfeld, 2001). Plant family: Apiaceae

Common name : C elery

Phase 1: Apium graveolens is reported to occur naturally in 23 S tates of the continental United States ( USDA

- NRCS, 200 6 ) , including Arizona

, California

, Connecticut

, Florida

, Massachusetts

, Michigan

, Missouri

, North Carolina

, South Carolina

, Texas and West Virginia (Metropolitan Community College, 2002 ; Koike et al ., 1996 ).

Phase 2: Is the species listed in:Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 4

NO A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al., 1991a).

NO World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1991b).

NO World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al., 1997).

NO Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1988).

NO Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977).

NO Weed Science Society of America list (WSSA, 2006).

NO Federal Noxious Weed List (USDA

- AP HIS

- PPQ, 2005).

YES Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas (Swearingen, 2006).

NO State Regulated Noxious Weeds (USDA

- APHIS, 2004). Other literature and database search indicating weediness:

NO AGRICOLA ( NAL, 2006 ), CAB ( CABI, 2005 ), AGRIS (AGRIS/CARIS, 2003).

NO Noxious Weeds List for Australian States and Territories (NWSEC, 2004).

NO Florida's Invasive Species List, Flori da Exotic Pest Plant Council (FL EPPC, 2005).

YES Weeds in Egypt (Arasi Lawrence Company, 2001).

Phase 3:

A weed

- initiated risk assessment was not warranted for Apium graveolens because the species is prevalent in 23 s tates of the continental United States

, and the large majority of the resources consulted do not list this species as a weed.

2.3 . Current St atus, Decision History and Pest Interceptions

Currently, celery

, Apium graveolens is authorized to enter into the United States through the following ports from the following countries:

**•** A ll U.S. ports

- of

- entry from the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, Belize, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic (as celery and celeriac , whole plant )

, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti,

Honduras

, Jamaica, Mexico ( as celery : leaf, stem, and root) , Nicaragua (leaf and stem), the Netherlands ( as celeriac), and Panama (USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ

, 2006a )

.

**•** T he Atlantic ports north of and including Baltimore, MD; the ports on the Great Lakes and

the St. Lawrence Seaway; Canadian border ports east of and including North Dakota ; Washington, DC (inclu ding Dulles for air shipments) ; (a ll the area north of 39° and east of 104°)

, from Bermuda , Peru, and Suriname ( USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, 2006a )

.

**•** Puerto Rico from Venezuela (USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, 2006a).

**•** Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John) from all

countries of the West Indies (as celery and celeriac) (USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, 2006a).

**•** G uam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands from Australia

, Hong Kong

, Japan (from all areas other than Amami, Bonin, Ryukyu, Tokara, and Volcano Islands)

, Korea, New Zealand (require a phytosanitary certificate issued by the New Zealand Department of Agriculture that affirms the commodity was grown in an area free of the redlegge d

- earth mite, Halotydeus destructor

, or require T101

- b

- 1

- 1) , the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand (USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, 2006a).

Only one p est r isk a ssessment for the importation of celery ( Apium graveolens var. dulce ) into

the United States has been conducted over the past few decades. This assessment was for celeryPest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 5 from Dominica into the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico (USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, 1997)

.

On August 5, 1970, the entry of celery from Colombia into the United States was disapproved

be cause of the absence of an approved treatment again st Uredo cundinamarcensis

.

From 198 4

- 200 7 , different species of pests were intercepted on Apium graveolens

, Apium graveolens var. dulce and Apium graveolens var. rapaceum entering the United States (PPQ, 2007; query November 20, 2007) ( see Appendi x 1 ). For pests identified to the genus level, only those intercepted on Apium graveolens originating from Colombia were included in Table 2. For pests identified to the species level, only those either inte rcepted on plant material from Colombia or reported in Colombia in the scientific literature were included in Table 2.

Cuscuta sp., Ischaemum rugosum, Oryza sp., Setaria sp., Solanum sp., and Solanum torvum are not included in Table 2 below because these are plants that will be removed from the commodity during selection and washing post harvest processes of celery

.

Species of Agromyzidae, Aphididae, Cicade l lidae, Diptera , and Pyraustinae were intercepted on Apium graveolens from Colo mbia, but they are not included in Table 2 because neither the species nor the genus of the intercepted organisms could be determined.

Apis mellifera was intercepted one time on Apium graveolens from Mexico ( PPQ, 2007; query November 20, 2007 ) , but, because it is not a plant pest, it is not included in T able 2

. Furthermore, as honeybees are associated with flowers and not the leaves, stem, and/or roots of celery, this interception was most likely a rare event.

Previous import decisions for Apium grav eolens from neighboring South American countries

indicated Puccinia apii and Uredo cundinamarcensis as quarantine pests of concern for the

United States

. However, a search of the scientific literature found no record of any rust pathogen

on A. graveolens i n Colombia (Cline, Personal communication, 2005) , thus P. apii and U.

cundinamarcensis were excluded from the current risk assessment

. Uredo cundinamarcensis is not reported to infect Apium graveolens

. Uredo cundinamarcensis was report ed in 1914 on Apium ternatum ranunculifolium , a wild species of celery, and not on Apium graveolens ( Buriticá and Pardo

- Cardona, 1996; Fuhrmann and Mayor, 1914) ; s ince then, Apium ternatum

var. ranunculifolium has not been collected in the same location where it was discovered (Buriticá , 2004 ) . N o fungus in the order Uredinales has been found on Apium graveolens in

Colombia (Buriticá , 2004 ).

2.4

. Pest Categorization

- Identification of Pests of Apium graveolen s for Colombia

Table 2 presents information on pests associated with Apium graveolens (for Apium graveolens

var. dulce

, Apium graveolens var. rapaceum , and Apium graveolens var. secalinum ) (in any country) that occur in Colombia. Data includes: ( 1 ) the presence or absence of these pests in the United States, ( 2 ) the generally affected plant part or parts ( f lower, l eaf, r oot, s eed, s eedling,

s hoot, or s tem = p etiole )

, ( 3 ) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, ( 4 ) whether the pest i s likely to follow the pathway into the United States on celery , and ( 5 ) pertinent citations for either the distribution or the biology of the pest. Many organisms are eliminatedPest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 6 from further consideration as sources of phytosanitary risk on celery from Colombia because they do not satisfy the definition of a quarantine pest ( IPPC

, 200 7b ). A q uarantine pest is defined
as, “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distribute d and being officially controlled” ( IPPC

, 200 7b ).

Note: In the pest list, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is only provided for quarantine pests, not for non

- quarantine pests. Even if

non

- quarantin e pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States; therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow th e pathway is not

needed for non

- quarantine pests.

Table 2: Pests of Apium graveolens (celery) that occur in Colombia

Pest Scientific Name and

Taxonom y Geographic

Distribution 1 Plant part

a ffected 2 Quaran

tine p est Follow

p athway References

ARTHROPODS
Agriphila sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) CO L Yes 3 Yes Karren and Roe, 2000; PPQ,

2007
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2005 ; Figueroa, 1977;
ICA, 2002
Antonina graminis (Maskell) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004 ; ICA, 2002 ; NSFCIPM, 2006; Ramos and
Serna, 2004
Aphis fabae Scopoli (Homoptera: Aphididae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2005 ; Figueroa, 1977;
ICA, 2002
Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004 ; Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002
Aphis spiraecola Patch (Homoptera: Aphididae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004 ; Figueroa, 1977;
ICA, 2002

Aulacorthum solani

Kaltenbach (Homoptera: Aphididae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004 ; Figueroa, 1977; Palumbo, 2003; USDA, 2000

Bemisia tabaci (B biotype) (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004 ; ICA, 2002; MAG, 2003; Mau and Lee,

1995
Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Figueroa, 1977; Martin and Mau, 1991

Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 7 Pest Scientific Name and

Taxonom y Geographic

Distribution 1 Plant part

a ffected 2 Quaran

tine p est Follow

p athway References

Coccus viridis (Green) (Ho miptera: Coccidae) CO, US (FL) L, S, Sh [ Yes ] 4 Yes Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2005 ; Ben

- Dov et al

. , 200 5 ; Dekle and Fasulo, 2001 b ; Drizd,
2004; Figueroa, 1977; Hamon and Williams, 1984; ICA, 2002; ISHS, 2000; Mau and Martin, 1992a ; Posada, 1989
Copitarsia decolora (Guen é e) [synonym: Copitarsia turbata (Herrich

- Schaeffer) ] (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) 15 CO L Yes Yes PPQ, 2007 ; Simmons and Scheffer, 2004

Dysaphis apiifolia (Theobald) (Homoptera: Aphididae) CO, US N/A No N/A Blackman and Eastop, 2000;

Fennimore et al

. , 2000; Posada, 1989 ; University of York, 2004
Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002

Empoasca sp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) CO L Yes 3 Yes CABI, 2002 ; Giganti et al

. , 1998
Epitrix cucumeris (Harris) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Agnew, 2001; CABI, 2002 ; Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002

Estigmene acrea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2002 ; Capinera, 2001; Figuer oa, 1977; ICA, 2002; USDA,

2000

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, 1998; CABI,

2004 ; ICA, 2002
Gryllus sp

. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) CO Sd Yes 3 No Agnew, 2001; Figueroa, 1977;
ICA, 2002

Halticus bractatus (Say) (Hemiptera: Miridae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004 ; Capinera, 2005; ICA, 2002; NSFCIPM, 2006
Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004 ; Figuer oa, 1977; ICA, 2002; USDA, 2000

Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Agnew, 2001; CABI, 2002 ; Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002

Liriomyza huidobrensis

Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) CO L , S 16 Yes 5 Yes Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2005 ; EPPO, 2003 ; Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002 ; USDA, 2000
Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Figueroa, 1977;
ICA, 2002Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 8 Pest Scientific Name and

Taxonom y Geographic

Distribution 1 Plant part

a ffected 2 Quaran

tine p est Follow

p athway References

Liriomyza sp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) CO L Yes 3 Yes Agnew, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002 ; Posada, 1989
Liriomyza trifolii Burgess in Comstock (Diptera: Agromyzidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; ICA, 2002; Posada, 1989; Subsecretaría de Estado de Agricultura,

2000
Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae) CO, US N/A No N/A Agnew, 2001; CABI, 2002 ; Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002

Macrosteles quadrilineatus

Forbes (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Syn.: Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål) CO, US N/A No N/A Freytag and Sharkey, 2002; Hill, 1987 ; ICA, 2000

Mythimna unipuncta

Haworth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004 ; NSFCIPM, 2006

Myzus ornatus Laing (Homoptera: Aphididae) CO, US N/A No N/A Blackman and Eastop, 2000 ; Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002; Miller and Stoetzel, 1997;

Morin et al ., 1997
Myzus persicae Sulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Figueroa, 1977;
ICA, 2002
Papilio polyx enes Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Robinson et al ., 200 6 ; USGS,

200 6 ; Zhang, 1994

Peridroma saucia (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; ICA, 2002 ; Posada, 1989
Phyllophaga sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) CO R Yes 3 Yes Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002; Paniagua, 2001; Posada, 1989

Planococcus lilacinus Cock (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) CO F, Fl, L, Sh, S Yes Yes Ben

- Dov et al ., 200 5 ; CABI,

2005 ; Kondo, 2001

Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcideae) (synonym: Planococcus pacificus Cox) CO F, L, Fl, S 17 Yes No 18 Ben

- Dov et al ., 2005; PPQ,

2007

Plutella xylostella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Agnew, 2001; CABI, 2002 ; ICA, 2002 ; Posada, 1989

Pseudococcus

jackbeardsleyi Gimpel &

Miller (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Ben

- Dov et al ., 2005; CABI,

2002Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 9 Pest Scientific Name and

Taxonom y Geographic

Distribution 1 Plant part

a ffected 2 Quaran

tine p est Follow

p athway References

Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale (Sasaki) (Homoptera: Aphididae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002 ; Larson and Nesheim, 1999
Spodoptera eridania Stoll (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002
Spodoptera frugiperda J.E.

Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Figueroa, 1977;
ICA, 2002 ; Larson and Nesheim, 1999
Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acari: Tetranychidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Mau and Martin, 1992b; Posada, 1989

Tetranychus desertorum

Banks (Acari: Tetranychidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Bolland et al

. , 1998; USDA,

2000

Tetranychus gloveri Banks (Acari: Tetranychidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Bolland et al

. , 1998; Perez et
al

. , 2004
Tetranychus ludeni Zacher (Acari: Tetranychidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Bolland et al

. , 1998; Jeppson

et al

. , 1975
Tetranychus tumidus Banks (Acari: Tetranychidae) CO, US N/A No N/A ICA, 2002; Suarez, 2004

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Fraval, 1992; ICA, 2002 ; Posada, 1989; Subsecretaría de Estado de Agricultura,

2000
Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, 1998; CABI,

2002 ; Figueroa, 1977; ICA,

2002
Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002

Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002

Bacteria and Phytoplasmas 6

Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergey, Harrison, Breed,

Hammer & Huntoon (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; ICA, 2002; Richardson, 1979;

Subsecretaría de Estado de Agricultura, 2000

Erwinia carotovora subsp.

carotovora Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer

& Huntoon (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al

. , 1994;

Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, 1998; CABI,

2002Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 10 Pest Scientific Name and

Taxonom y Geographic

Distribution 1 Plant part

a ffected 2 Quaran

tine p est Follow

p athway References

Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkholder, McFadden &

Dimock (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) CO, US Fl, L, R, S,

Sh No Yes CABI, 2002

Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al

. , 1994; CABI,

2002 ; ICA, 2002

Pseudomonas sp. (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) CO L Yes 3 Yes ICA, 2002

Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii (Jagger) Young, Dye

& Wilkie (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Chaput, 2000;

Jaramillo et al ., 1977

Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Young, Kuykendall,

Martínez

- Romero, Kerr &

Sawada (Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002

Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker, Banfield, Wright, Keitt & Sagen) Young, Kuykendall, Martínez

Romero, Kerr & Sawada (Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Horst, 1983

FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS 7

Alternaria alternata (Fries: Fries) Keissler [Syn:

Alternaria tenuis Nees] (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) CO, US N/A No N/A Farr et al

. , 2006; ICA, 2002

Alternaria dauci (Kühn)

J.W. Groves & Skolko (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Farr et al

. , 2006; ICA, 2002; Richardson, 1979

Alternaria sp. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) CO L Yes 3 Yes ICA, 2006; Schneider, 2006Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 11 Pest Scientific Name and

Taxonom y Geographic

Distribution 1 Plant part

a ffected 2 Quaran

tine p est Follow

p athway References

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbrough (Basidiomycetes: Polyporales) Syn.: Corticium rolfsii Curzi Anomorph = Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Farr et al

. , 1989; ICA, 2002

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) Anamorph = Botrytis

cinerea Pers.:Fr. CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al

. , 1994; Buriticá,
1999; Richardson, 1979

Cercospora apii Fres. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales ) CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al

. , 1994; CABI,

2002 ; Chaput, 2000; Farr et
al

. , 1989; ICA, 2002; Johnson,

2001
Cercospora sp. (Mitosporic fungi: Hyphomycetes) CO L Yes 3 Yes ICA, 2002; Subsecretaría de Estado de Agricultura, 2000

Colletotrichum acutatum

J.H. Simmonds (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) CO, US N/A No N/A Afanador

- Kafuri et al ., 2003; CABI, 2002 ; Farr et al ., 2006; Wright and Heaton,1991

Cylindrocladium sp. (Mitosporic fungi: Hyphomycetes) CO L, R, S Yes 3 Yes Farr et al ., 2006; ICA, 2006

Erysiphe heraclei DC. (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales) CO, US N/A No N/A Buriticá, 1999; Farr et al

., 2006

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii 8 Nelson & Scherb (reported as F.

oxysporum ) (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) Syn: Fusarium angustum

Sherb. CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al

. , 1994; CABI,

2002 ; Farr et al

. , 2006

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Wollenweb.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) Syn: Fusarium conglutinans

Wollenweb. CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Farr et al

. , 2006; ICA, 2002Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 12 Pest Scientific Name and

Taxonom y Geographic

Distribution 1 Plant part

a ffected 2 Quaran

tine p est Follow

p athway References

Fusarium solani (Martius)

Saccardo (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) Syn: Nectria

haematococca Berk. &

Broome CO, US N/A No N/A Farr et al ., 1989; ICA, 2002; Schneider, 2006

Fusarium sp. (Mitosporic fungi: Hyphomycetes) CO R Yes 3 Yes Alfieri et al

. , 1994; Farr et al

. , 2006; ICA, 2002
Helicobasidium purpureum

Pat. (Ustilaginomycetes:

Incertae sedis ) Syn.:
Rhizoctonia crocorum (Pers.) DC.

, Helicobasidium

brebissonii (Desm.) Donk CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Farr et al

. , 1989;

Farr et al

. , 2006

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G.

Arnaud (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales) Syn: Oidiopsis taurica (Lév.)

E.S. Salmon CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Farr et al

. , 2006 ; Toro, 1999

Olpidium brassicae (Woronin) P.A. Dang. (Chytridiomycetes: Chytridiales) CO, US N/A No N/A Farr et al ., 1989; Farr et al

. , 2006

Phoma apiicola Kleb. (Ascomycetes: Diaporthales) CO, US N/A No N/A Buriticá, 1999; Farr et al

. , 1989; Richardson, 1979

Phoma chrysanthemicola

Hollós (Ascomycetes: Diaporthales) CO, US N/A No N/A Broadhurst and Wright, 1998;
CABI, 2002 ; Evans and Reeder, 2001; ICA, 2002; McCain, 1993; McKenzie et
al ., 2002
Pythium debaryanum Auct.

non R. Hesse (Oomycetes: Saprolegniales) CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al

. , 1994; CABI,

2002 ; Farr et al

. , 1989

Pythium sp. (Oomycetes: Saprolegniales) CO R Yes 3 Yes Alfieri et al

. , 1994; Canadian Phytopathological society, 2001; Farr et al

. , 2006; Gibbs

et al ., 2002; ICA, 2002
Pythium ultimum Trow (Oomycetes: Saprolegniales) CO, US N/A No N/A Farr et al ., 1989; Farr et al

. , 2006

Rhizoctonia sp. (Mitosporic fungi: Hyphomycetes) CO R Yes 3 Yes Farr et al ., 1989; ICA, 2002

Sclerotinia minor Jagger (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al

. , 1994; CABI,

2002 ; Schneider, 2006Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 13 Pest Scientific Name and

Taxonom y Geographic

Distribution 1 Plant part

a ffected 2 Quaran

tine p est Follow

p athway References

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al

. , 1994; CABI,

2002 ; ICA, 2002; Pscheidt and Ocamb, 2003
Septoria apiicola Speg. (Ascomycetes: Incertae

sedis ) Syn.: Septoria apii Chester, Septoria apii

graveolentis Dorogin, Septoria petroselini var. apii Briosi & Cavara CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al

. , 1994; CABI,

2002 ; Chaput, 2000; ICA, 2002; Johnson, 2001

Stemphylium sp. (Mitosporic fungi: Hyphomycetes) CO L Yes 3 Yes Alfieri et al

. , 1994; ICA, 2002; Villalobos and Díaz,

2002
Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk ( Basidiomycetes:

Ceratobasidiales ) Anamorph = Rhizoctonia

solani J.G. Kühn CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al

. , 1994; Farr et al

. , 2006; ICA, 2002; Jonhson, 2001; Villalobos and Díaz,

2002

Trichothecium roseum (Pers.:Fr.) Link (Ascomycetes: Incertae

sedis ) CO, US N/A No N/A Farr et al ., 1989; ICA, 2002; Villalobos and Díaz, 2002

Verticilium albo

- atrum
Reinke & Berthier (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Farr et al ., 1989; ICA, 2002; Mercure, 1998

Verticilium dahliae Kleb. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004 ; Farr et al ., 2006; Mercure, 1998

MOLLUSCS 9

Bradybaena similaris (Férussac) (Bradybaenidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Hausdorf, 2002; NIS Gulf

States Marine Fisheries Commission, 2003

Deroceras laeve (O. F. Müller) (Agriolimacidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Baker, 1994; Hausdorf, 2002; Hausdorf and Medina, 2004; Medina and Arias, 2004;

McGrath et al ., 2005

Deroceras panormitanum (Lessona & Pollonera) (Agriolimacidae) CO, US (CA, WA) L, R, Sd Yes No 10 Hausdorf and Medina, 2004; Medina and Arias, 2004; PPQ,

2007 ; Roth, 2003; Turgeon et
al

. , 1998

Deroceras reticulatum

O.F.Müller (Agriolimacidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Godan 1983; Hausdorf, 2002; Hausdorf and Medina, 2004; ICA, 2002;

McGrath et al ., 2005Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 14 Pest Scientific Name and

Taxonom y Geographic

Distribution 1 Plant part

a ffected 2 Quaran

tine p est Follow

p athway References

Helix aspersa Müller [Syn.: Cryptomphalus aspersus (Müller), Cantareus

aspersus (Müller)] (Helicidae) CO, US L, S, F Yes 11 No 10 CABI, 2005 ; Medina and Arias, 2004; PPQ, 2007 ; Sakovich, 2002

Lehmannia valentiana (Férussac) (Limacidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Fernandez de V., 1982; Hausdorf, 2002; Hausdorf and Medina, 2004; Medina, 2006a; Medina and Arias, 2004; PPQ, 2007 ; Robinson,

2005
Milax gagates (Draparnaud) (Milacidae) CO, US N/A No N/A Fernandez de V., 1982; Hausdorf and Medina, 2004; ICA, 2002; McGrath et al

., 2005; Medina and Arias, 2004
Oxyloma ( Oxyloma ) elegans elegans ( Risso ) ( Succineidae) Syn: Oxyloma pfeifferi CO L, S Yes No 10 Medina, 2006b; Medina,

2006c

Theba pisana (Müller) (Helicidae) CO, US (CA) L [ Yes ] 19 No 10 CABI, 2005 ; Deisler and Stange, 2001; PPQ, 2007

NEMATODES 12

Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi (Schwartz) Steiner &

Buhrer (Aphelenchoididae) CO, US N/A No N/A Buriticá, 1999; CABI, 2002 ; Evans et al ., 1993

Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev (Anguinidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Fraval, 1992

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher (Hoplolaimidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002

Helicotylenchus sp. (Hoplolaimidae) CO R Yes 3 Yes ICA, 2002

Hemicycliophora sp. (Criconematidae) CO R Yes 3 Yes ICA, 2002

Heterodera sp. (Heteroderidae) CO R Yes 3 Yes Pizano, 2000; Schneider, 2006

Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood ( Meloidogynidae ) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Gonsalves and Fereira, 1994

Meloidogyne hapla

Chitwood (Meloidogynidae) CO, US N/A No N/A ICA, 2002; USDA, 2000Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 15 Pest Scientific Name and

Taxonom y Geographic

Distribution 1 Plant part

a ffected 2 Quaran

tine p est Follow

p athway References

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White)

Chitwood ( Meloidogynidae ) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Gonsalves and Fereira, 1994; ICA, 2002

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood ( Meloidogynidae ) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Mau et al

. , 2006

Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev &

Schuurmans Stekhoven (Pratylenchidae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; ICA, 2002

VIRUSES AND VIROIDS 13

Alfalfa mosaic virus [Syn.:

Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus ] (Bromoviridae) CO, US N/A No N/A Brunt et al ., 1996b; CABI,

2002

Cucumber mosaic virus (Bromoviridae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; Francki and Habili,1980 and 1987;

Subsecretaría de Estado de Agricultura, 2000

Tobacco mosaic virus (Togaviridae) CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002 ; ICA, 2002

Tomato spotted wilt virus (Bunyaviridae) CO, US N/A No N/A Brunt et al ., 1996c; CABI,

2002 ; EPPO, 2003

N/A = Not Applicable. Even if non

- quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States; therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not needed for non

- quarantine

pests.

1 Only geographic distribution in the continental United States and Colombia is considered; CO = Colombia; US = United States; Specific U.S. S tates were listed only if the distribution was limi ted; CA = California; FL = Florida;

TX = Texas; WA = Washington.

2 Acronyms used for plant parts: Flower = Fl; Fruit = F; Leaf = L; Root = R; Seedling = Sd; Seeds = Se; Shoot = Sh;

Stem = S ; T = Tuber

. 3 Because the reference does not identify this organism to the species level, we cannot know whether or not the organism occurs in the United States; therefore, we err on the side of caution by assuming it is a species that does not occur in the United States and list it as a quarantine pest.

4 Quaran tine significant species with limited distribution in the United States (NIS, 2003 a ).

5 Although Liriomyza huidobrensis has been reported in the United States (California, Hawaii) ( CABI, 2005 ), genetic analyses have confirmed that flies identified by this name and collected from California and Hawaii are actually a cryptic species that should be referred to as L

. langei Frick (Scheffer, 2000, 2004; Scheffer and Lewis, 2001; Scheffer et al

. , 20 01). According to Reitz (2004), “there is no evidence that what is currently known as Liriomyza huidobrensis is established in the US.”

. 6 Bacteria classification and nomenclature is written according to CABI, 2005

. 7 Fungi classification and nomenclature is written according to Farr et al

. , 200 6

. 8 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp a pii is the f.sp. associated with isolates infecting Apium , although this report was for the generalized F. oxysporum without forma specialis assigned. This report was not specifically for F. oxysporum f.sp. apii in Co lombia

.Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 16 9 Snails feed on the lower leaves of many plants. Immature snails damage plants by rasping away the surface tissue, while adults eat holes through the leaves, nip off tender shoots or cause complete destruction of s eedlings (Ellis and Rathwell, 2003).

10 We estimate that mollusks would be unlikely to remain associated with the commodity during standard post

harvest processing

. Standard packinghouse processing of celery includes washing with chlorinated water, sorting, and grading (Kader, 2002; Salunkhe and Kadam, 1998). For this risk assessment , we assumed that celery exported from Colombia to the United States would undergo this type of processing. B y culling, selection, grading, thoroughly washing, and discar ding any damaged plant parts

, mollusk pests would likely be detected with the naked eye and removed from the commodity. A lack of mollusk interceptions on celery in permit cargo at U.S. ports

- of

- entry suggests that commercial celery imports do not provide a likely pathway of the introduction for these pests. Since 1985, out of a total of 265 pest interceptions on celery in permit cargo, the re were only four interceptions of mollusks (PPQ, 2007; query September 26, 2007).

11 Helix aspersa is reportable/ actionable when intercepted at ports

- of

- entry in Puerto Rico, Florida

, and Alabama ( PPQ, 2007 ).

12 Nematode s classification and nomenclature is written according to CABI, 2005

. 13 Virus classification and nomenclature is written according to Brunt et al

. , 1996 a

. 15 The genus Apium is reported as a host of Copitarsia decolora (Simmons and Scheffer, 2004). We assumed that this species could, therefore, attack Apium graveolens

. 16 The eggs, larvae, and pupae of the leafmining fly, L

. huidobrensis are borne internally in the leaves and petioles of its hosts ( CABI, 2004 ).

17 Since 1985, Planococcus minor has been intercepted over 5,000 times, the majority of which with fruit, followed by leaves, flowers, and stems (PPQ, 2007, query September 20, 2007).

18 Planococcus minor (or its synonym Planococcus pacificus ) has been reported on Apium graveolens (Ben

- D ov et
al ., 2007; Venette and Davis, 2004) . However, we considered t his pest unlikely to follow the pathway due to the lack of evidence of its presence in Colombia. This pest is reported to be in Colombia only by Ben

- Dov et al

. (2005) and Kondo (2001), who both cite Williams and Granara de Willink (1992). This last reference is based only on two specimens identified in 1952 and 1953 as Planococcus pacificus from samples of Theobroma cacao collected in two regions of Colombia and registered at the National Hi story Museum of London. The absence of this pest from Colombia is also supported by the following facts: 1) since 1953, despite its wide host range, there has been no other report of this species in Colombia, nor any interception of this species on plant p roducts originating in Colombia (PPQ, 2007); and 2) the closest species (taxonomically speaking) of Planococcus found frequently in different localities in Colombia corresponds to Planococcus citri , which is very difficult to distinguish morphologically fr om P. minor (Cox, 1989).

19 Quarantine significant pest with limited distribution in the United States (NIS, 2003b).



### 2.5

. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

Quarantine pests that are expected to follow the pathway, i.e

. , be included in commercial shipments of celery (Table 3 ), are analyzed in detail in this risk assessment [Steps 5

- 7 (USDA

APHIS

- PPQ , 2000)].

Table 3. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway and Selected for Further Analysis

Pest Taxonomy

Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
Copitarsia decolora (Guen é e) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae )
Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Planococcus lilacinus Cock (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 17 Q uarantine plant pests in this assessment not chosen for further scrutiny may be potentially detrimental to the agricultural production systems of the United States

. Ho wever, there a re

reason s for not subj ecting them to further analysis , such as: they are mainly associated with plant parts other than the commodity ; or they are unlikely to remain associated with the commodity during processing

. .

The biological hazard of organisms identified only to the genus level was not assessed if the genus already occurred in the United States

. This lack of b iological information on any given insect or pathogen should not be equated with low risk. By necessity, pest assessments focus on those organisms for which biological information is available. By developing detailed assessments for known pests that inhabi t a variety of niches on the parent species, e.g

. , on the surface of or within the bark/wood, on the foliage, etc ., effective mitigation measures may be developed to eliminate the known organism and any similar unknown ones that inhabit the same

niches. Co nsequently, the following pests reported only to the genus level and likely to follow the pathway were included in Table 2 but were not analyzed in this risk assessment : 1) the

a rthropods Agriphila sp.
, Empoasca sp., Gryllus sp., Liriomyza sp., and Phyllophaga sp. ; 2) the

f ungi Alternaria sp., Cercospora sp.
, Cylindrocladium sp., Fusarium sp., Pythium sp.
, Rhizoctonia sp.
, and Stemphylium sp.; and 3) the b acterium Pseudomonas sp.

Lack of biological information on any given pest should not be equated with low risk

. If these or other pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted on celery , then reevaluation of their risk may

occur.

2.6

. Analysis of Quarantine Pest s : Consequences of Introduction

In this risk assessment, the first five R isk E lements are combined to form an assessment of the risk associated with the Consequences of Introduction. All risk ratings were determined using the

criteria in the Risk Assessment Guidelines, Version 5.02 ( USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, 2000 ). Together, the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values form an estimate of

the Pest Risk Potential. These science

- based estimates of the risks associated with this importation are designed to inform deci sion

- makers.

For each of the quarantine pests listed in Table 3, the potential C onsequences of I ntroduction are rated using the following five Risk Elements: Climate

- Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact

, and Environmental Imp act. For each Risk Element, pests are assigned a rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points)

, or High (3 points). A Cumulative Risk Rating is then calculated by summing all Risk Element values. The values determined for the Consequences of Introduction for each pest are summarized below ( Table 4 )

.

Coccus viridis Risk Rating

Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction A total of 57 plant families and numerous genera and species can host C. viridis , many of which are present in the United States. (Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2005; Drizd, 2004; ISHS, 2000; Mau and Martin, 1992a)

. Co c cus viridis is pantropical in distribution. It has been reported from India through Indo

- China, Malaysia to the Philippines and Indonesia

, throughout much of Oceania and sub

- Saharan Africa south to South Africa. In the Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 18 Coccus viridis Risk Rating
Americas, it is present in Mexico, in the United States, in Florida and Hawaii, and ranges from Central America to the northern part of South America and throughout the Carib bean ( CABI, 2005 ). Its reported distribution corresponds to Plant Hardiness Zones 8

- 11 (BackyardGardener.com, 2006). The continental United States spans a wide climatic range from Zone 1 in Fairbanks, Alaska to Zone 10 in Miami, Florida (USDA, 2003).

W e es timate that C. viridis could establish in Zones 8

- 10 of the continental United. One or

more hosts of C. viridis are present in these zones (USDA

- NRCS, 2006). Based on this evidence, the risk rating for Climate

- Host interaction is Medium.

Risk E lement #2: Host Range

Coccus viridis has a wide host range consisting of vegetable, fruit, and ornamental crops such as asters, chrysanthemum, species of citrus, and coffee (USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, 2001). The primary hosts for Coccus viridis are Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae), Artocarpus sp. (Moraceae), Camellia sinensis (Theaceae), Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae), and

Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae) ( CABI, 2005 ). A lter native primary host plants for C.

viridis include: Alpinia purpurata

, Annona muricata

, Annona squamosa

, Artocarpus altilis, Chrysanthemum sp., Euphorbia longana

, Gardenia jasminoides

, Ixora sp

. , Litchi

chinensis

, Manilkara zapota

, Musa sp., Nerium oleander , and Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia (Blanche et al

. , 2002; CABI, 2005 ; MAF, 2004; Nafus, 2000). In Colombia,

C. viridis is reported on: Citrus sp., Coffea arabica

, Cordia lutea

, Eugenia jambos

, Gardenia grandiflora

, Ixora coccinea

, Langerstroemia indica

, Mangifera indica

, Melicocca bijuga

, Murraea exotica

, Persea americana

, Posoqueria longiflora

, Psidium guajava

, Tabernaemontana coronaria , and Theobroma cacao (Figueroa, 1977; Gallego and Vélez, 1992; Posada, 1989). Because Coccus viridis attacks multiple s pecies among multiple plant families ( Ben

- Dov et al

. , 2005; CABI, 2005 ) , the risk rating for Host Range is High. High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Coccus viridi s is parthenogen ic and oviparous (Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b). Up to 500

eggs are deposited by the adult in 8 to 42 days, which can hatch in a few minutes to several hours after being laid ( CABI, 2005 ; Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b; Mau and Martin, 1992a). The eggs of Coccus viridi s hatch into crawlers (first instars) that wander around the p lant or may disperse to other hosts (Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b)

. The nymphs of C.

viridis move slowly during their transition through three nymphal instars before they become adults ( CABI, 2005 ; Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b). The generation time varies from

one t o several months, depending on temperature and food supply (Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b). In Queensland, there are three to four generations per year, and each generation may be completed in about 50 to 70 days, depending on temperatures (Waterhouse and Sands, 2001). The life cycle is considered to be relatively slow (50 to 70 days, egg to egg) (ISHS, 2000). Young females are primarily sedentary, but may be mobile briefly after feeding begins (Mau and Martin, 1992a) . A mature C. viridis female does not move

for her entire life, laying eggs directly beneath her body where they are safe and protected (Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b) . Females are always wingless , and p opulations are composed solely of females (males have never been recorded) (Mau and Martin, 1992a)

. Due t o these facts, it is reasonable to believe that C. viridis is not capable of long range dispersal; furthermore, there is no evidence of unassisted long range dispersal by C.

viridis ( USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ, 2001 ). Since 1985, this insect has been intercepted by

ag ricultural specialists at U.S. ports

- of

- entry over 10,000 times on plant materials originating from more than 60 countries and territories (the majority of the interceptions were from Hawaii and Puerto Rico) ( PPQ, 2007; query November 20

, 200 7 ), which is High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 19 Coccus viridis Risk Rating
strong evidence that this species can, and has, spread quickly and widely via the transport of infested plant materials . Based on this evidence, the risk rating for Dispersal Potential is High

. Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Damage due to the feeding of an individual scale such as Coccus viridi s is small; however, when large populations are present, yellowing, defoliation, reduction in fruit set and loss in plant vigor are caused (Mau and Martin, 1992a). Coccus viridi s is

cons idered to be an important pest of citrus and other fruit production (Poole, 2005). In some countries (such as Australia, in the subtropical and tropical regions), C. viridis is also a serious pest of coffee (Waterhouse and Sands, 2001). In Queensland, it m ay also infest tea ( Camellia sinensis ) and a range of ornamentals including gardenia, Ixora

, frangipani and native plants (Waterhouse and Sands, 2001). Heavy infestations of C.

viridis weaken plants by loss of sap from feeding, and they cause defoliation, death of stems and downgrading of fruit (Waterhouse and Sands, 2001). Furthermore, Coccus

viridis excretes honeydew, which bees, wasps, ants, and other insects feed on, and also

serves as a medium on which a sooty mold fungus can grow, blackening leaves and decreasing photosynthesis. The accumulations of this mold can cause the infested plant to be unsightly ( Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b ; Mau and Martin, 1992a). Coccus viridis may

occur on cu ltivated hosts in commercial nurseries, resulting in a quarantine of infested plants until the scale is under control (Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b)

. Based on this evidence,

the wider establishment in the United States of C. viridis would likely lead to lower y ield of host crops, lower value of host crop commodities, and loss of foreign and/or domestic

markets. Consequently, the risk rating for Economic Impact is High. High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact The host range of Coccus viridis includes the following genera: Cassia

, Cordia

, Cucurbita, Eugenia

, Gardenia

, Hibiscus

, Manihot

, Senecio

, and Verbena (Ben

- Dov et al., 2005). These genera contain one or more species listed in as threatened or endangered within the continental United States , including: Cassia mirabilis

, Cordia

bellonis

, Cucurbita okeechobeensis

, Eugenia haematocarpa

, Eugenia koolauensis

, Eugenia woodburyana

, Gardenia brighamii

, Gardenia mannii

, Hibiscus arnottianus

ssp. immaculatus

, Hibiscus brackenridgei

, Manihot walkerae , Senecio franc iscanus

, Senecio layneae

, and Verbena californica ( USFWS, 200 6 )

. The wider establishment of

Coccus viridis in the United States would likely stimulate chemical control (Mau and Martin, 1992a) and/or biological control ( Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b) programs. Based on this evidence, t he risk rating for Environmental Impact is High. High (3)

Copitarsia decolora Risk Rating

Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction Copitarsia turbata [ C. decolora ] is reported in Venezuela, Uruguay, Peru, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Argentina, and Chile (Angulo and Olivares, 2003). Based on this distribution, we estimate that C. decolora could establish in Zones 8

- 10 of the continental United States. One or more hosts of C. decolora are present in these Zones (USDA

- NRCS, 200 6 ). Based on this evidence, the risk rating for Climat e

- Host

interaction is Medium

. Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range The host range of C. turbata [ C. decolora ] includes: Linum usitatissimum ( Linaceae), Vicia faba ( Fabaceae ) (Robinson et al

. , 2007); Actinidia (Actinidiaceae) , Pistacia High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 20

Copitarsia decolora Risk Rating
(Anacardiaceae) , Brassica (Brassicaceae) , Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae) , Beta (Chenopodiaceae) , Cicer (Fabaceae) , Medicago (Fabaceae) , Allium (Liliaceae)

, Asparagus (Liliaceae) , Triticum ( Poaceae) , Zea (Poaceae) , Fragaria (Rosaceae) , Malus (Rosaceae) , Rubus (Rosaceae) , Simmondsia (Simmondsiaceae) , Capsicum (Solanaceae)

, Nicotiana (Solanaceae) , Solanum (Solanaceae) , Feijoa (Vitaceae) , Vitis (Vitaceae) (Angulo and Olivares, 2003); Cynara (Ast eraceae)

, Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae)

, Helianthus (Asteraceae), and Gladiolus (Iridaceae) (Klein Koch and Waterhouse, 2000).

Because C. decolora attacks multiple species among multiple plant families , the risk rating for Host Range is High

. Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Females of C. turbata [ C. decolora ] can oviposit between 572 (Arce de Hamity and Neder de Roman, 1992) and 759 (Alcázar et al

. , 2004) eggs during their lifetime. No information was found on number of generations per yea r for this species. Copitarsia

turbata has one to three generations per year on quinoa in Bolivia, and other Copitarsia species can have multiple generations per year (Gould et al

. , 2000)

. Since 1985, the

genus Copitarsia has been intercepted over 16,000 times at U.S. ports

- of

- entry associated with plants and plant products (PPQ, 2007, query September 24, 2007), which is evidence of this genus’ ability to spread long distances via human

- mediated

transport. Based on this ev idence, the risk rating for Dispersal Potential is High

. High ( 3 )

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Copitarsia turbata [ C. decolora ] can reduce crop yields by killing seedlings and reduce the value of commodities by feeding on them or requiring controls (Alcázar et al

. , 2004). This species is reported as a significant economic pest of numerous field crops and vegetables (Urra and Apablaza, 2005c), such as quinoa ( Lamborot et al

. , 1999 ), crucifers (Suarez

- Vargas et al

. , 2006), artichoke (Urra and Apablaza, 2005b), wheat, potato, maize, grain legumes, grass and forage legumes, grapes, and apple (Klein Koch and Waterhouse, 2000). In Peru, together C. turbata along with other arthropods cause a 50

- 60% reduction in yield of the broad bean ( Vicia faba ) crop (Gom ez Tovar, 1972). Copitarsia turbata is reported among the “highly damaging” arthropod pests associated with agriculture in Chile (Klein Koch and Waterhouse, 2000). Based on a survey of experts on pests in the various crops, C. turbata ranked second out of 72 major agricultural and forest pest species in Chile (Klein Koch and Waterhouse, 2000). Other literature also report this species as an economically important pest ( e.g ., Poole, 1989; Simmons and Pogue, 2004; Zhang, 1994). Based on this evidence, the est ablishment in the United States

of C. decolora would likely lead to lower yield of host crops and lower value of host crop

commodities. Also, establishment of C

. decolora in the United States could cause a loss of foreign and domestic markets because it does not have a cosmopolitan distribution, and it attacks numerous crops of economic importance. Consequently, the risk rating for

Economic Impact is High

. High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmen tal Impact The host range of C. decolora includes the genera Allium and Helianthus . These genera contain the following species listed as threatened or endangered within the continental

United States : Allium munzii in California, Helianthus paradoxus in New Mexico and Texas, and Helianthus schweinitzii in North and South Carolina (USFWS, 2006)

. Considering its host range includes many economically important crops in the United States, the establishment of C. decolora in the United States would likely stimulate chemical and/or biological control programs. Based on this evidence, t he risk rating for Environmental Impact is High

. High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 21

Liriomyza huidobrensis Risk r ating

Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction Liriomyza huidobrensis has a wide geographical distribution. Its distribution includes Europe (western, central, and eastern countries), Central and South America, Asia (China, India, Indonesia, Israel, Jordan, Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Thailand, T urkey, Vietnam), and Africa (Comores, Mauritius, Morocco, Reunion, Seychelles, South Africa) ( CABI, 2006 ). In some parts of Europe, it has demonstrated an ability to become a major pest of a wide variety of ornamental or vegetable crops grown under glass ( CABI, 2005 ). Liriomyza huidobrensis is a pest from tropical to warm temperate regions that can be found at altitudes up to 3000 m (9,842,52 ft.) above sea level and can survive at a freezing point of

- 18.7°C (

- 65.66°F) ( CABI, 2005 ). The closely related species, L. langei (erroneous identified as L.

huidobrensis in previous reports), is a major pest in the Salinas Valley of California and Hawaii (Scheffer et al

. , 2001; Steck, 1999). Based on this evidence, we estimate that L.

huidobren sis could become established in areas of the continental United States corresponding to Plant Hardiness Zones 5

- 10

. One or more hosts of L. huidobrensis are present in these Zones (USDA

- NRCS, 2006). Consequently

, the risk rating for Climate

Host interactio n is High

. High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

The hosts for Liriomyza huidobrensis belong to fifteen families ( CABI, 2005 ; Braun and Shephard, 1997; DEFRA, 2001; EPPO, 2003; Parrella, 1982; Posada, 1989; Saldarriaga

et al

. , 1987; Steck, 1999 ). Its primary hosts include: Abelmoschus esculentus, Allium

cepa , Allium porrum

, Allium sativum

, Apium graveolens

, Capsicum frutescens

, Chrysanthemum x morifolium

, Cichorium sp., Cineraria sp., Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita pepo, Cynara scolym us , Daucus carota

, Delilia sp., Dendranthema sp., Dendranthema x grandiflorum

, Galinsoga sp.
, Hordeum vulgare , the Inulae family, Lactuca sativa

, Matthiola incana, Parthenium argentatum, Pastinaca

sativa

, Phaseolus vulgaris

, Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis

, Phlox sp., Piper nigrum

, Pisum sativum

, Pisum sativum var. arvense , Pterocaulon sp., Taraxacum officinale , and Senecio vulgaris (Braun and Shephard, 1997; CABI, 2005 ; DEFRA, 2001; EPPO, 2003; Parrella, 1982; Posada, 1989; Saldarriaga et al

. , 1987; Steck, 1999 ). The secondary hosts

for L. huidobrensis are: Amaranthus sp.
, Amaranthus retroflexus

, Aster sp.
, Beta vulgaris

, Beta vulgaris var. cicla

, Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera

, Calendula sp.
, Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa

, Capsicum annuum

, Citrullus lanatus

, Cucumis sp., Cucumis melo , the Cruciferae family, Cucumis sativus

, Dahlia sp., Datura sp.
, Dianthus caryophyllus

, Gerbera sp.
, Gypsophila paniculata

, Lathyrus sp., Lathyrus odoratus

, Linum sp.
, Linum

usitatissimu m , Lisianthus russelianus

, Lycopers icon esculentum

, Medicago sp., Medicago

sativa

, Melilotus sp.
, Petunia sp.
, Primula polyanthus

, Raphanus sativus

, Solanum melongena

, Solanum tuberosum

, Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena

, Spinacia oleracea

, Tagetes sp.
, Tropaeolum sp.
, Tropaeolum majus, Valerianella locust

, Verbena sp.
, Vicia faba

, Viola sp., Zinnia sp., and Zinnia elegans

. The wild hosts for L. huidobrensis are: Oxalis sp.
, Bidens pilosa

, Emilia sonchifolia

, Galinsoga parviflora

, Portulaca oleracea

, Sonchus sp., and Sonchus oleraceus ( CA BI, 2005 ; Braun and Shephard, 1997; DEFRA, 2001; DEFRA, 2004; EPPO, 2003; Parrella, 1982; Posada, 1989; Saldarriaga et al

. , 1987; Spencer, 1984; Steck, 1999 ). Liriomyza huidobrensis was also found on consignments of Dendranthema morifolium

, Eryngium sp., and Gypsophila sp. (EPPO, 2004). In Guatemala, L. huidobrensis attacks Cichorium intybus (MacVean and Pérez, 1996).

Weeds such as Trianthema portulacastrum

, Stachys arvensis

, Chenopodium murale

, C. album, Datura stramonium

, Bidens pilosa

, Galinsoga pa rviflora

, Diplotaxis muralis

, Malva parviflora

, Ricinus communis , and Stellaria media, are also hosts for L. High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 22

Liriomyza huidobrensis Risk r ating

huidobrensis (Mujica and Cisneros, 1996) . In Colombia, L. huidobrensis has been found on the following hosts: Allium cepa

, Alstroemeria sp., Amaranthus spinosus

, Beta vulgaris

, Beta vulgaris var. cicla, Beta vulgaris var. crassa , Brassica oleracea var. capitata

, Capsella bursa

- pastoris

, Capsicum sp., Chrysanthemum sp., Cucumis sativus

, Dendranthema grandiflora

, Galinsoga caracasana

, Galinsoga p arviflora

, Gazania sp., Gypsophila elegans

, Hordeum vulgare

, Petunia sp., Pisum sativum

, Phaseolus vulgaris

, Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis, Portulaca oleracea , Sechium edule, Solanum tuberosum

ssp. andigena

, Solanum melongena , and Vicia faba (Figueroa, 1977; Gallego and Vélez, 1992; Hincapie et al

. , 1991; Posada, 1989; Spencer, 1984). Furthermore, the list of hosts

increases as L. huidobrensis invades new countries ( Tømmerås et al ., 2002). Because L

. huidobrensis attacks multiple species among multiple plant families , the risk rating for Host Range is High

. Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential No information is available on the natural dispersal ability of Liriomyza huidobrensis ( CABI, 2006 ). However, as with many plant pests, this species can be transported long

distances via human

- mediated pathways. Transport pathways for long distance movement are conveyances (road and air transport), and travelers and baggage (land, sea and air) ( CABI, 2005 ). The plant parts liable to carry L. huidobrensis in trade or transport are leaves, leaves, and stems ( CABI, 2006 ). Pests may also be dispersed on equipment and containers that have not been cleaned properly (Tømmerås et al ., 2002). Liriomyza

huidobrensis mating occurs 24 hours following a dult emergence; a single mating is sufficient to fertilize all eggs. In Peru, the mean number of eggs laid per female is 117 in the winter and 161 in the spring ( CABI, 2005 ). Longevity of the females and males depends on temperature and food availability: 3.5 to 32.6 days for females, and 2.1 to 15.1 days for males (Braun and Shepard, 1997). In California, L. huidobrensis [now

classified as Liriomyza langei Frick (Scheffer, 2000; Scheffer et al

. , 2001; Scheffer, 2004)] completes its life cycle in 17 to 30 days in the summer and in 50 to 65 days in the winter ( CABI, 2005 ). In Colombia, the duration of the life cycle stages for L.

huidobrensis reared on Allium cepa at 24oC (75.2oF) and 75% relative humidity was the following : 1.5 days for the egg stage

, 7 day s for the larval stage

, and 8.2 days for the pupal stage , and 15 days for the adult female stage (Hincapie et al

. , 1991). Based on this evidence, the risk rating for Dispersal Potential is High

. High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Liriomyza leafminers impact crops by destroying young seedlings, reducing crop yields, decreasing aesthetic value of ornamental plants, and causing some plant species to be quarantined (Parrella, 1982). Adult sting s and larval mining of leaves reduce photosynthetic capacity, render leaves unmarketable, and provide entry for pathogens (Mou and Ryder, 2003). Liriomyza huidobrensis damage is caused by larvae mining into leaves and petioles; severely infested leaves may drop, exposing plant stems to wind ( CABI, 2006 ) . The presence of unsightly larval mines and adult punctures in the leaves of ornamental plants will also reduce the crop value ( CABI, 2006 )

. Larval mining may cause considerable delay in development of young plants and seedlings, resulting in plant

loss ( CABI, 2006 )

. Liriomyza huidobrensis is a major quarantine pest and is officially listed as such in many areas of the world ( CABI, 2005 ) ; thus, the introduction and establishment of this pest in the United Stat es could cause a significant loss of

international and domestic markets

. Based on this evidence, the risk rating for Economic Impact for L. huidobrensis is High

. High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact The host range of Liriomyza huidobrensis includes genera that contain threatened and High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 23

Liriomyza huidobrensis Risk r ating
endangered plants species i n the continental U nited States

, such as : Allium

, Amaranthus

, Cucurbita

, Eryngium

, Phlox

, Primula

, Taraxacum

, Senecio

, and Verbena (USFWS, 2006)

. Although the listed plant species are n ot reported as hosts of L. huidobrensis in the current literature, preference/no preference tests with the listed plants and this pest are not known; therefore, it is assumed that the plants may be potential hosts. The introduction of

L. huidobrensis into the continental United States would undoubtedly lead to the

initiation of c hemical or biological control programs

, because this species is a major pest of vegetable and ornamental plants ( CABI, 2005 ; Steck 1999). Based on this evidence,

the risk rati ng for Environmental Impact is High

.

Planococcus lilacinus Risk Rating

Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction

Planococcus lilacinus attacks at least 96 different species of plants, including agricultural and ornamental plants (Ben

- Dov et al ., 2005; CABI, 2005 ; 2006; Cox, 1989). It is commonly found on a wide variety of plants and has been reported on more than 35 host families (Miller et al

. , 2006). Planococcus lilacinus occurs in south Asia ( i.e

., Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam and Yemen), islands of the South Pacific ( i.e

. , Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea), Africa (Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seyc helles), Central America & the Caribbean (Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Haiti), and northern South America (Guyana) ( CABI, 2006 ). Based on this distribution, we

estimate P

. lilacinus could establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 10 in the continental

United States. One or more hosts of Planococcus lilacinus are present in these Zones (USDA

- NRCS, 2006). Based on this evidence, the risk rating for Climat e

- Host

interaction is Medium

. Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Planococcus lilacinus attacks 96 different species of plants and has been reported on more than 35 host families (Ben

- Dov et al ., 2005; CABI, 2005 ; 2006; Cox, 1989; Miller

et al

. , 2006). Therefore , the risk r ating for Host Range is High

. High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Po tential The complete life cycle of Planococcus lilacinus takes about 40 days in Java ( CABI,

2005 ). One female can lay an average of 100

- 200 eggs per cluster (Peña et al ., 2002). Capacity for egg laying ranges from 600 to 800 eggs in a period of 14 days, and eggs

hatch within 6

- 10 days (Peña et al ., 2002). Crawlers move around until they find suitable feeding sites or until they complete their nymphal development (Peña et al ., 2002). Regularly, two or three generations are produced per year (Peña et al ., 2 002). This insect is capable of limited dispersal on its own. A s with other scale insects, it could be passively dispersed by wind (Gullan and Kosztarab, 1997). Long

- distance dispersal can be accomplished via human

- assisted movement of infested plant mater ials. Since 1984, P.

lilacinus has been intercepted by agricultural specialists over 2,000 times at U.S. ports

- of

entry on a variety of plant species ( PPQ, 2007; query November 20, 2007 ), which is evidence of its ability to be spread via human

- assisted mov ement. Based on this evidence, the risk rating for Dispersal Potential is High

. High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Planococcus lilacinus is a pest of cocoa throughout the Oriental Region and South Pacific area, causing severe damage to young trees by killing the tips of branches ( CABI, 2005 ). It causes severe damage and is listed as being a serious or the main pest High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 24

Planococcus lilacinus Risk Rating
of coffee, guavas, tamar inds, custard apples, coconuts, cocoa and Citrus (Cox, 1989; MAF, 2004). It also causes damage to a wide variety of economically important crops

such as eggplant, tobacco, yams, grapes, guavas and mangoes ( CABI, 2005 ; USDA

APHIS

- PPQ

- CPHST, 2002). It has in creased and spread to most coffee

- growing areas, attacking roots and shoots and causing serious damage to the plant ( CABI, 2005 ).

Planococcus lilacinus is a phloem feeder, and in general this may cause reduced yield, reduced plant or fruit quality, stuntin g, discoloration and defoliation. Indirect or secondary damage is caused by sooty mold growth on honeydew produced by the mealybug. Based on this evidence, establishment of this insect in the United States could cause a loss of foreign and/or domestic mark ets, and would likely stimulate chemical and/or biological control programs, which would lower the value of the commodity by increasing production costs. Consequently , the risk rating for Economic Impact for

Planococcus lilacinus is High

. Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact In general, newly established species may adversely affect the environment in a number of ways. The importance of Planococcus lilacinus has warranted its control using chemicals and biological control agents in several part s of India, mainly on coffee, cocoa, custard apples and mandarins ( CABI, 2005 ). In the event this species is detected in the mainland United States, it is recommended that a biological control program be implemented (USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ

- CPHST, 2002). From avail able host records, P.

lilacinus is known to be a generalist non

- discriminate feeder that affects more than 96 plant species in over 35 plant families. U.S. threatened or endangered plant species which are closely related to known host plants might also be suitable hosts. P lant species listed as endangered or threatened in the continental United States and that are potential

hosts for P. lilacinus include: Callicarpa amplia

, Cordia bellonis

, Rhododendron chapmanii

, Euphorbia haeleeleana

, Euphorbia telephioid es , Crotalaria avonensis

, Eugenia haematocarpa

, Eugenia koolauensis

, Eugenia woodburyana

, Gardenia brighamii

, Gardenia manii

, Solanum drymophilum

, Solanum incompletum , and Solanum

sandwicense (Ben

- Dov et al ., 2005; USFWS, 200 6 ). Based on this evidence, the Environmental Impact risk rating for P. lilacinus is High

. High (3)

Table 4

. Risk 

### Ratings for Consequences of Introduction

Pest Risk e lement s Cumulative

risk r atin g a Climate/ Host

Interaction Host Range Dispersal

Potential Economic Impact Environmental Impact

Coccus viridis Medium ( 2 ) High (3) High ( 3 ) High (3) High (3) High ( 14 )
Copitarsia decolora Medium (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

Liriomyza

huidobrensis High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15)

Planococcus

lilacinus Medium (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

a 

### Low = 5

- 8 points, Medium = 9

- 12 points and High = 13

- 15 pointsPest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 25 2.7. Analysis of Quarantine Pests: Likelihood of Introduction

Six Risk Sub

- Elements are evaluated and combined for the sixth Risk Element to give a value for

the risk associated with the Likelihood of Introduction. E ach pest is rated for the Likelihood of Introduction based on two separate components. First, an estimate is made concernin g the amount of commodity likely to be imported (sub

- element #1). Secondly, pest opportunity is estimated using five biological features (sub

- elements #2

- 6). Details of the rating criteria are explained in USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ (2000 ). These sub

- element ratings a nd the overall value for the

Likelihood of Introduction are summarized in Table 5

.

2.7.1. Quantity of commodity imported annually

In 200 4 , Colombia had 28 h a (69,189 acres) of active commercial celery plantations that produced 568 tons ( 1

, 252

, 225.6 lbs.) ( MADR , 2005 ). T he quantity of fresh or frozen Apium graveolens (except Apium graveolens var. rapaceum ) exported from Colombia in 200 5 was 2

, 520 kg (5

, 55 6. lbs.) (Analdex, 200 6 ). Based on this data

, we estimated that the quantity of the commodity expor ted annually to the continental United States would be less than 10 shipping containers (40 feet ) per year , resulting in a Low (1 point) rating for this sub

- element. This

estimate is based on a conversion factor of 40,000 pounds (approximately 20 metric tons ) per 40

- foot shipping container (FAS, 2006).

2.7.2. Survive post

- harvest treatment No information has been provided by the government of Colombia on either a rating/classification/ culling process or a standard post

- harvest treatment

. For this risk

a ssessment , we assumed that celery exported from Colombia to the United States would undergo processing in a packinghouse, as opposed to field processing, and that the processing would

include culling, selection, grading, and thoroughly washing the commodit y
, and discard ing of any damaged plant parts

. Standard packinghouse processing of celery includes washing with chlorinated water, sorting, and grading (Kader, 2002; Salunkhe and Kadam, 1998).

Copitarsia decolora and the two scale species Coccus viridis and Planococcus lilacinus are minute

pest s that feeds externally. Th ese organisms could be dislodged to some extent from the commodity surfaces during washin g or processing

. Liriomyza huidobrensis mines within host leaves, and would be protected from wash ing; however, the mines and feeding punctures may be visible ( CABI, 2005 ) and subject to culling. Therefore, we rated this sub

- element Medium for all the pests

.

2.7.3. Survive shipment McGregor (1987) states that to maintain the quality of celeriac and celery, the recommended temperature and relative humidity for the transport and storage are 0 o 

### C (32 o 

### F) and 97

- 99% (celeriac) or 98

- 100% (celery). L iriomyza huidobrensis would likely survive shipment because it can tolerate subzero temperatures by supercool ing ( Chen and Kang, 2002). In a study investigating the effects of cold storage on Copitarsia decolora on artichokes, all larvae survived 3 days at 0.1 o 

### C, but 80% or more of the larvae were dead after 21 days at the same temperature (Urra and Apablaza, 200 5b). Because we do not have information on the time frame for the storage and shipment of celery from Colombia, we assume this timeframe could be very short ( i.e ., 3 days or less) and that most Copitarsia decolora larvae could survive shipment. W e did not find evidence in the scientific literature that exposure to temperatures near 0 o 

### C (32 o 

### F) wouldPest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 26 result in significant mortality of the other pests of concern

. Hence, we estimated the transport and storage of the celery at the recommended environme ntal conditions would be insufficient to reduce population levels of all th e pests, resulting in a High rating for this sub

- element

.

2.7.4. Not detected at the port of entry As external pest s
, Coccus viridis and Planococcus lilacinus should be detectable by trained inspectors ; however, because of their small size and sessile nature, low population densities of

th e s e scale s may escape detection, particularly if concealed within the tight crevices between stems. Therefore, these scale species were rated Medi um (2) for this sub

- element

. PPQ officers at port

- of

- entry are instructed to inspect 2% of a given shipment arriving at a U.S. port (Gould et al ., 2000) ; in other words, they are to inspect two boxes out of every 100 boxes of a certain commodity. To have a 95% probability of detecting a pest species, given this rate of inspection, often 25% or more of the boxes must be inspected. Smaller shipments may be even more heavily infested, but still pass inspection (Gould et al ., 2000)

. PPQ officers consider that m ore than 10% of the viable larvae of Copitarsia arriving at a port would not be detected by routine inspections; as a result, Copitarsia decolora received a High risk rating (Gould et al ., 2000).

When dealing with Liriomyza huidobrensis , the f eeding punctures appear as white speckles between 0.13 mm and 0.15 mm (0.005 in. to 0.006 in.) in diameter ( CABI, 2005 ) . Oviposition punctures are smaller (0.05mm or 0.002in.) and are uniformly round ( CABI, 2005 ) . The larvae are primarily leaf miners ( CABI , 2005 )

. Mines are usually white with dampened black and dried brown areas, which are usually associated with the midrib and lateral leaf veins ( CABI, 2005 )

. Mines are typically serpentine, tightl y coiled and irregularly shaped, and they increase in width

as larvae mature ( CABI, 2005 )

. Several larvae feeding on a single leaf may produce a secondary

mine

- type “blotch” and leaf wilting can occur ( CABI, 2005 ). Based on this evidence , the risk associated with the inability to detect th ese pest s is rated Medium

.

2.7.5. Imported or moved to area with environment suitable for survival The likelihood that a pest will be moved to an area with a suitable environment for survival is dependent on the potential distribution of markets for the host commodity throughout the country and the presence of suitable habitats for the pest

. Because cel ery is widely accepted across American society, we assumed the commodity w ould be distributed throughout the entire

continental United States. Consequently, evaluation of this sub

- element focused on environmental/climate suitability, and the risk ratings f or this sub

- element were set to the same

as the Climate

- Host Interaction risk ratings in the Consequences of Introduction section of this

document.

2.7.6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction

Even if the final destination of inf ested commodities is suitable for pest survival, pests must still

come in contact with suitable host material. This process is dependent on two factors, the pest’s potential for dispersal, and the presence of host material in the region. Because numerous h osts
of Liriomyza huidobrensis and Copitarsia decolora are present in the continental United States, and both pests are capable of movement (by flight or wind), the likelihood that these imported insects can find host material suitable for reproduction is High. Sessile hemipterans (mealybugs, scale insects, etc .) may disperse great distances by wind ( Greathead, 1990; Greathead, 1997 ), but do not have the capability for directed dispersal. Long range dispersal strategies depend on largePest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 27 numbers of insects be ing dispersed so that some may find suitabl e hosts. Insects arriving with fruits and vegetables for consumption represent small populations ; as a result, dispersal by air to

a host is unlikely. Furthermore, s uccessful establishment of these insects in a ne w environment can occur only when mobile forms ( i.e

., crawlers) are present on imported commodities and these

commodities are placed in close proximity to a susceptible host. As these circumstances are highly unlikely to co

- occur ( Miller et al

. , 1985 ), sca le insects have a low probability of coming into contact with potential hosts

. Therefore, this sub

- element is Low (1) for both scale species of concern,

Coccus viridis and Planococcus lilacinus

. The likelihood that a particular pest would be introduced is reflected in the Cumulative Risk Rating value (Table 5 ).

Table 5. Risk Ratings for Likelihood of Introduction

Pest Q uantity imported annually Survive
post

h arvest

treatment Survive

s hipment N ot

detected at
port s

- of

entry M oved

to
suitable

habitat C ontact
with host

material Cumulative

R isk

R atin gs a

Coccus viridis Low (1) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Med ( 2 ) Low (1) Medium ( 1 1 )
Copitarsia

decolora Low (1) Med (2) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Medium (1 4 )

Liriomyza

huidobrensis Low (1) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) Medium ( 1 4 )

Planococcus

lilacinus Low (1) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Med (2) Low ( 1 ) Medium ( 1 1 )

a 

### Low is 6

- 9 points, Medium is 10

- 14 points, and High is 15

- 18 points

2.8

. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

Summation of the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values produce the Pest Risk Potential (Table 6 ). Pest Risk Potential is a baseline estimate of the risks associated with importation of the commodity in the absence of phytos anitary mitigation

measures beyond standard post

- harvest processing

.

Table 6. Pest Risk Potential

Pest Consequences of Introduction Rating Likelihood of Introduction Rating Pest Risk Potential a

Coccus viridis High (1 4 ) Medium (1 1 ) Medium (2 5 )
Copitarsia decolora High (14) Medium (1 4 ) High (2 8 )
Liriomyza huidobrensis High (15) Medium (1 4 ) High ( 29 )

Planococcus lilacinus High (1 4 ) Medium (1 1 ) Medium ( 2 5 )

a 

### Low = 11

- 18 points, Medium = 19

- 26 points, and High = 27

- 33 pointsPest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 28 

## 3 . Risk Mitigation Options

According to USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ ( 2000 ), pests with a Low Pest Risk Potential do not typically require mitigation measures, other than port

- of

- arrival inspection. A value within the Medium range indicates that specific phytosanitary measures may be nec essary. A rating in the High range indicates that specific phytosanitary measures, supplemental to port

- of

- arrival inspection, are strongly recommended.

In order to mitigate the risk associated with the introduction of the quarantine pests of concern associated with celery from Colombia , it is recommended that the exported celery commodity be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by the Colombian Ministry of Agriculture stating that the celery is free from Coccus viridis

, Copitarsia decolor a, Planococcus lilacinus

, and Liriomyza huidobrensis , and that all damaged celeries were removed from the shipment prior to export under the supervision of the Colombian Ministry of Agriculture. Additionally, a visual inspection at the port

- of

- entry should be conducted. If these measures are not sufficient, other supplemental phytosanitary measures could be used (see Table 7 for details)

.

Table 7 below summarizes the mitigation options specific to the quarantine pests of concern on celery from Colombia, C occus viridis

, Copitarsia decolora, Planococcus lilacinus , and Liriomyza huidobrensis

.

Table 7. Summary of Risk Mitigation Options for Celery from Colombia
Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

Pest

- free areas or places of production All As a sole mitigative measure, the establishment of

pest

- free areas, or pest

- free places of production, may serve to satisfy the appropriate level of phytosanitary protection (IPPC, 1996, 1999). This option has proven successful in practice, obviating the need for

post

- harvest commodity treatments to achieve even probit

- 9

- level security for certain pests (TDOA, 2003). Establishment and maintenance of pest

- free areas, or production sites, are to be in compliance with international standards (IPPC, 1996, 1999).
Areas of low pest prevalence All May satisfy requirements for appropriate level of protection alone, or in combination with other

measures. Practices for low pest prevalence status are to be in compliance with international standards (IPPC, 2005).

Irradiation * Coccus virid i s , Copitarsia

decolora , Planococcus

lilacinus , Liriomyza

. huidobrensis and Copitarsia decolora (larvae only) PPQ

- recognized generic dose (400 Grays) quarantine treatment on all regulated plant articles for all insect pests, except for Lepidopteran pu pae and adults (USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ , 2006 b ).

M ethyl B romide Fumigation* Coccus virid i s
, Copitarsia decolora, Planococcus There are various PPQ recognized treatment s ( e.g
., T101

- b

- 1 on asparagus ) for Copitarsia spp.Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 29 Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

lilacinus

, Liriomyza

huidobrensis (as an “external feeder”) (PPQ/CIPM, 2007). PPQ recognize s a methyl

bromide quarantine treatment for leaf miners and

external feeders on celery (T101

- n

- 2) ( PPQ/CIPM,

2007 ). PPQ recognizes methyl bromide treatment for external feeders on celery root (celeriac) (T101

- n

- 1)

, celery above ground parts (T101

- o

- 1), and leafy vegetables such as celery ( T101

- n

- 2 ). PPQ also recognizes methyl bromide treatment for surface pests ,including scale insects ( T104

- a

- 1, T104

- a

- 2).

Control measures at production site:

Pest

- free, insect

proof greenhouses Copitarsia decolora, Liriomyza huidobrensis May satisfy requirements for appropriate level of protection alone, or in combination with other

measures, if plants are grown solely in a greenhouse that practices strict sanitary procedures.

Adults of Copitarsia turbata [ C. decolora ] have an

average wing span of 42.13 mm (Alcázar et al

. , 2004). Liriomyza huidobrensis adults are much smaller (wing length is 1.3

- 2.3 mm) (CABI, 2005), so mesh screening would have to be finer than 1.3mm to

exclude adults.

Entryways equipped with doors that automatically close exclude flying adults (of these pests) (Kahn and Mathur, 1999) . Maintaining a sound greenhouse structure helps ensure pest exclusion.

Regular inspections and monitoring should be included as an important part of a pest management program (Kahn and Mathur, 1999).

Control measures at production site: chemical, biological, cultural, or physical

means. All A combination of field level controls (insecticidal sprays, natural enemies, trapping, sanitation, etc .), followed by inspection at the packinghouse could give a level of confidence that the produce is free of the quarantine pests to help meet requirements for areas of low pest prevalence or pest

- free areas (IPPC, 2005, 1999). Research is necessary to demonstrate

effectiveness.
Inspections and monitoring Copitarsia decolora, Liriomyza huidobrensis Inspections and monitoring must be used in

combination with other measures.

The Crop Protection Compendium (2005) reports the following external symptoms from L. huidobrensis : “Feeding punctures appear as white speckles between

0.13 and 0.15mm in diameter. Puncture s related to oviposition are smaller (0.05mm) and are more uniformly rounded. Larvae are primarily leaf miners. Mines are usually white with dampened black and dried brown areas, and are usually associated with the

midrib and lateral leaf veins. Mines are typicallyPest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 30 Measure(s) Pests Efficacy
serpentine, tightly coiled and irregularly shaped, increasing in width as larvae mature. Several larvae feeding on a single leaf may produce a secondary ‘blotch’ type mine and leaf wilting may occur.” Mines may also undulate between the upper and lower leaf surface, so the complete mine may only be visible when the leaf is held up to light (DEFRA, 1997).

Adult populations of L. huidobrensis can be

monitored with yellow sticky traps placed in production and packing areas (DEFRA, 1997). In a report from Israeli potato fields, optimum catches of

L. huidobrensis occurred when yellow sticky traps were placed at, or slightly above, plant height (Weintraub, 2002). In a L. huidobrensis management study in the Philippines, researchers discovered that trapping between the hours of 10am and 2pm was most effective for the detection of adults (Molitas Colting et al

., 2002).

For Copitarsia , lights traps (specifically bla ck lights ) can be used to monitor populations because adults are night fliers that are attracted to light (CAPS, 2000). Visual inspection of celery for larvae may not be

effective due to the natur al hiding places in the leaves

and stems

. PPQ officers estim ate that more than 10%

of the viable larvae of Copitarsia arriving at a port would not be detected by routine inspections (Gould

et al

. , 2000). *The high level of security afforded by a quarantine treatment may be overwhelmed by a large volume of

an infes ted commodity [ as demonstrated in a fruit fly study by Powell (2003) ] . For this reason, adoption of a particular quarantine treatment is to be used in conjunction with efforts that maintain pest populations in production zones below specified densities as would satisfy requirements for the establishment of areas of low pest prevalence (IPPC, 2005).



### This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the reliability of a specific program or systems approach ; i t provides informati on regarding known mitigation measures. The specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this document. A d etailed examination and selection of appropriate phytosanitary measures to m itigate risk for pests with particular Pest Risk Potential ratings is undertaken as part of the APHIS risk management phase. APHIS risk management programs are risk

- based and dependent on the availability of appropriate mitigation

methods.Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 31 

## 4

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## 5

. P reparers and Reviewers

Preparer s

Olivier Parfait, Nancy Arciniegas

, Luis Ernesto Forero, Guiovanni Zambrano, Lisa M. Ferguson,

and Leah C. Millar Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

,Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 49 Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST)

USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ

Reviewer s

Alcibiades Suarez

, Agronomist, Risk Analyst Risks Analysis and International Affairs Group Agricultural and Rural Development Ministry, Colombia Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA)

Boris Orduz, Entomologist, Risk Analyst Center for Phytosanitary Excellence (CEF)

Melissa Dirani, Writer/Editor Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Labor atory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST)

USDA

- APHIS

- PPQPest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 50 Appen d ix 1. Pest interceptions on Apium graveolens

, Apium graveolens var. dulce and Apium graveolens var. rapaceum entering the United States

( PestID

, 2007 )

Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total

Acalles sp. 2 2
Acalymma sp. 4 4
Acrolophus sp. 1 1
Agriolimax reticulatus 1 1
Agriolimax sp. 1 1
Agriphila sp. 1 1
Agromyzidae , species of 27 15 389 25 456
Agrotis sp. 4 4

Altica sp. 1 1

Amaranthus sp. 1 1
Anagallis arvensis 1 1
Anagallis sp. 1 1
Anaphothrips sudanensis 1 1

Anthocoridae , species of 1 1
Anthomyiidae, species of 1 1 2
Aphididae, species of 5 13 64 3 85
Aphis fabae 1 1
Aphis gossypii 1 1
Aphis helianthi 1 1
Aphis sp. 1 1
Aphodiinae, species of 1 1
Apion sp. 2 2
Apis mellifera 1 1
Argyrogramma verruca 1 1
Arhyssus sp. 1 1

Arianta arbustorum 1 1

Arion sp. 1 1
Asphodelus fistulosus 1 1

Asteia sp. 1 1
Auchenorrhyncha, species of 1 1

Aulacorthum solani 1 1
Autographa californica 1 1
Autographa gamma 1 1
Autographa sp. 4 4

Baris sp. 1 1
Blapstinus sp. 1 5 1 7
Brassica rapa 3 3

Brassica sp. 2 2
Brevicoryne brassicae 1 1

Calocorisca sp. 1 1Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 51 Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total

Cantharidae, species of 1 1
Cavariella aegopodii 2 2
Cecidomyiidae, species of 1 1
Cercopidae, species of 2 1 3
Cercospora apii 2 2

Cernuella sp. 1 1

Cerotoma sp. 1 1
Ceutorhynchus sp. 1 1

Chaetocnema sp. 1 1 2
Chenopodium sp. 1 1 2

Chironomidae, species of 1 1
Chrysocharis sp. 1 1
Chrysomelidae, species of 3 2 5

Cicadellidae, species of 2 6 3 11
Cladosporium sp. 2 2

Cochlicella acuta 1 1

Cochlicella sp. 1 1

Collembola, species of 1 1

Conotrachelus seniculus 2 2

Conotrachelus sp. 3 3

Convolvulus arvensis 1 1
Copitarsia decolora 3 3
Copitarsia sp. 25 8 33
Cornu aspersum 1 1

Crambidae, species of 2 2

Creontiades sp. 2 2

Curculio sp. 1 1

Curculionidae, species of 1 1 2 4

Cuscuta sp. 2 1 3
Cyclocephala sp. 1 1

Dactynotus sp. 1 1

Delia sp. 6 6

Deroceras laeve 7 1 8

Deroceras panormitanum 1 2 3

Deroceras sp. 1 1

Diabrotica balteata 4 4

Diabrotica sp. 10 10
Diabrotica undecimpunctata

duodecimnotata 3 3

Diabrotica undecimpunctata 6 6
Diaphania sp. 1 1

Diptera, species of 1 7 8
Disonycha sp. 2 2Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 52 Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total
Draeculacephala sp. 2 2
Drosophilidae, species of 1 1
Duponchelia sp. 1 1
Dysaphis apiifolia 1 1
Dysaphis sp. 4 4
Dysdercus bimaculatus 1 1
Dysdercus mimulus 2 2

Elateridae, species of 1 1 2

Entiminae, species of 1 1

Eobania vermiculata 1 1
Epilachna sp. 1 1

Epitrix sp. 1 1

Euleia heraclei 3 3

Euschistus sp. 3 3

Formicidae, species of 1 1
Frankliniella cephalica 1 1

Frankliniella occidentalis 2 2
Fulgoridae, species of 1 1

Gelechiidae, species of 1 1

Geometridae, species of 2 1 3
Glyphonyx sp. 1 1
Graphocephala sp. 3 3
Gryllus sp. 1 1
Harmonia axyridis 1 1

Helicella itala 1 1

Helicella sp. 1 1 2

Helicellinae, species of 1 1

Helicidae, species of 2 2
Helicotylenchus digonicus 1 1

Helix sp. 1 1
Heterodera cruciferae 1 1
Heterodera goettingiana 1 1

Heterodera sp. 1 1

Heteroptera, species of 1 1 2
Hippodamia sp. 1 1
Hoplistoscelis sp. 1 1
Hyadaphis foeniculi 1 1
Hygromiidae, species of 1 1

Hymenoptera, species of 1 1

Hypera sp. 1 1 2
Hypothenemus sp. 1 1

Insecta, species of 1 1
Ischaemum rugosum 1 1Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 53 Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total

Lamiaceae, species of 1 1

Largus sp. 1 1

Lasioderma serricorne 1 1

Lasius umbratus 1 1

Lehmannia sp. 1 1 2

Lehmannia valentiana 2 2

Lema sp. 2 2

Limonia sp. 1 1
Liorhyssus hyalinus 2 2

Listroderes sp. 1 13 1 1 16
Lobometopon guatemalense 1 1
Lobometopon metallicum 1 1
Lobometopon sp. 2 2

Lolium sp. 1 1
Lonchopteridae, species of 1 1
Lygaeidae, species of 1 1
Lygaeoidea, species of 1 1
Lygus elisus 2 2
Lygus lineolaris 1 1 2

Lygus sp. 2 2
Magnoliophyta, sp. 1 1

Malva sp. 1 1

Mamestra brassicae 2 2

Mamestra sp. 1 1
Margarodidae, species of 1 1
Mecidea major 1 1
Medicago sativa 1 1 2

Melanotus sp. 1 1

Melilotus indicus 3 2 5

Membracidae, species of 1 1 2

Mesostigmata, species of 1 1

Miridae, species of 2 4 6 12

Mollusca, species of 1 1
Mycetophilidae, species of 1 1

Myzus persicae 1 1

Myzus sp. 1 1

Nabidae, species of 1 1
Nasonovia ribisnigri 1 1

Neopamera sp. 1 1

Nezara viridula 1 1

Nitidulidae, species of 1 1

Noctuidae, species of 2 9 15 1 27

Nysius sp. 1 8 9Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 54 Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total
Ogdoecosta sp. 1 1
Oryza sp. 1 1

Paragonatas sp. 1 1

Parasitidae, species of 1 1 2

Paromius sp. 1 1

Pentatomidae, species of 1 1

Peridroma saucia 2 1 3

Phalaris minor 1 1 4 6

Phalaris sp. 1 5 6

Phenacoccus sp. 1 1
Philephedra sp. 1 1
Phlaeothripidae, species of 1 1
Phyllophaga sp. 1 1
Phyllotreta sp. 1 1 2
Physonota sp. 1 1

Pieris rapae 1 1
Piophilidae, species of 1 1
Pityophthorus sp. 1 1

Plusiinae, species of 2 1 3
Polygonum sp. 1 1
Pratylenchus 1 1

Prietocella barbara 4 4

Proba sp. 1 1

Proterhinus sp. 1 1

Pseudococcidae, species of 2 1 1 4
Pseudopamera sp. 3 3

Psilidae, species of 1 1

Pteromalus sp. 1 1
Pyralidae, species of 4 4

Pyraustinae, species of 2 2
Rachiplusia sp. 2 2

Ranunculus sp. 1 1 2

Rhabditidae, species of 1 1

Rumex sp. 1 1 2 4

Sciaridae, species of 1 1
Scymnus sp. 1 1
Septoria apiicola 8 3 6 8 25
Septoria apii

- graveolentis 1 1 2
Septoria sp. 1 1

Setaria sp. 1 1
Sinoxylon anale 1 1

Sitona discoideus 1 1
Sitophilus sp. 2 2Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 55 Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total

Solanum sp. 1 1

Solanum sp. 1 1

Solanum torvum 1 1
Sphaeroceridae, species of 1 1
Spissistilus sp. 3 3
Spodoptera frugiperda 1 1
Spodoptera littoralis 1 1
Spoladea recurvalis 1 1

Stator sordidus 1 1
Stemphylium sp. 1 1

Succinea sp. 1 1
Syngrapha sp. 1 1
Syrphidae, species of 1 1 2
Systena sp. 3 3
Systole sp. 2 1 3
Taeniothrips sp. 1 1
Tandonia sowerbyi 1 1

Tanymecus sp. 1 1

Tenebrionidae, species of 1 1
Tephritidae, species of 1 1
Tetranychus sp. 1 1
Tetranychus sp. near, prob. urticae 1 1
Tettigoniidae, species of 1 1
Theba pisana 4 4
Thripidae, species of 1 3 4
Thrips tabaci 1 2 3

Tortricidae, species of 1 1

Tortricinae, species of 1 1
Trianthema portulacastrum 1 1
Trianthera portulacastrum 1 1

Tribolium castaneum 1 1
Trifolium pratense 1 1
Trifolium resupinatum 1 1
Trifolium sp. 1 1
Trigonella foenum

- graecum 1 1

Triozidae, species of 1 1

Triticum sp. 1 1

Trochoidea cretica 1 1
Trogoderma granarium 1 8 9
Tylozygus sp. 1 1
Udea ferrugalis 1 1
Udea rubigalis 6 6

Veronicellidae, species of 1 1Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia



### Rev. 02 March 22 , 2010 56 Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total
Xerotricha conspurcata 1 1
Xiphinema sp. 1 1

Zonitidae, species of 1 1

Zonitoides arboreus 3 3

Zygogramma signatipennis 1 1

Grand Total 93 275 646 94 1108