United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

Northeastern

Research Station

General Technical

Report NE-290

Brooklyn’s Urban Forest

David J. Nowak

Daniel E. Crane

Jack C. Stevens

Myriam Ibarra

Borough of Brooklyn
Published by: For additional copies:

USDA FOREST SERVICE USDA Forest Service

11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution

NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073-3294 359 Main Road

Delaware, OH 43015-8640

March 2002 Fax: (740)368-0152

Visit our homepage at: http://www.fs.fed.us/ne

Manuscript received for publication 18 September 2000

Abstract

An assessment of trees in Brooklyn, New York, reveal that this borough has

approximately 610,000 trees with canopies that cover 11.4 percent of the area. The

most common trees are estimated to be tree of heaven, white mulberry, black locust,

Norway maple and black cherry. These trees currently store approximately 172,000

metric tons of carbon with an estimated value of $3.5 million. In addition, these trees

remove about 2,500 tC per year ($51,000/yr) and about 254 metric tons of air

pollution per year ($1.3 million/yr). The replacement or compensatory value of

Brooklyn’s trees is estimated at $679 million. Potential damage from an Asian

longhorn beetle infestation is $390 million (51 percent of the population).

Management strategies are suggested for maximizing air quality and carbon

benefits from urban trees.

The Authors

DAVID J. NOWAK is a research forester and Project Leader, DANIEL E. CRANE is

a computer specialist, JACK C. STEVENS is a forester, and MYRIAM IBARRA was

a biological science technician with the USDA Forest Service’s Northeastern

Research Station at Syracuse, New York.
Contents

Executive Summary........................................................................................................... 1

Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 5

Effects of Urban Forests on Air Quality ...................................................................... 5

Effects of Urban Forests on Greenhouse Gases .......................................................... 6

Asian Longhorn Beetle ................................................................................................ 6

Methods ............................................................................................................................ 6

UFORE-A ...................................................................................................................... 7

Photo Interpretation ............................................................................................. 7

Field Data Collection ............................................................................................ 8

Leaf Area and Leaf Biomass .................................................................................. 8

Species Diversity .................................................................................................... 9

Compensatory Value ............................................................................................. 9

Insect Effects ........................................................................................................ 10

Land Use .............................................................................................................. 10

UFORE-B .................................................................................................................... 10

UFORE-C.................................................................................................................... 12

Urban Tree Growth and Carbon Sequestration ................................................. 13

UFORE-D ................................................................................................................... 13

Results.............................................................................................................................. 15

Urban Forest Structure .............................................................................................. 15

Biogenic VOC Emissions and Species Ozone Index Values .................................... 19

Storage and Sequestration of CO2 ............................................................................ 20

Air Pollution Removal ............................................................................................... 21

Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 23

Enhancing Brooklyn’s Urban Forest Cover .............................................................. 23

Potential Impact of Asian Longhorn Beetle ............................................................. 23

Urban Forest Management in Brooklyn ................................................................... 24

Effect on Global Climate Change ...................................................................... 24

Effect on Air Quality ........................................................................................... 25

Tree Species and Size Effects ..................................................................................... 26

Summary of Management Options ............................................................................... 26

Acknowledgments........................................................................................................... 27

Literature Cited ............................................................................................................... 27

Tables ............................................................................................................................... 34

Appendix A ...................................................................................................................... 48

Common and Scientific Names of Trees and Shrubs in Brooklyn ......................... 48

Estimated Biogenic VOC Emissions for Common U.S. Trees and Shrubs ............. 50

Appendix B ...................................................................................................................... 54
1

Executive Summary

This report describes the urban forest structure of Brooklyn, New York, as well as the

effects of this resource (i.e., all trees and other vegetation) on the local environment.

Proper management of urban forests can improve a city’s environment and,

consequently, the health and well-being of its residents. In turn, these improvements can

result in substantial economic benefits. The following summarizes the findings of this

report.

Tree cover: 11.4% by Community District:

201: 3.0% 202: 7.8% 203: 19.6% 204: 15.6% 205: 8.4%

206: 9.5% 207: 17.4% 208: 11.0% 209: 13.8% 210: 17.1%

211: 7.4% 212: 11.2% 213: 9.1% 214: 17.8% 215: 12.0%

216: 8.0% 217: 11.9% 218: 10.2% 255: 50.9% 256: 6.3%

Other cover types:

Building: 34.5%

Impervious ground cover (cement; tar): 32.8%

Grass and soil: 20.8%

Number of trees: 610,000 by land-use type:

Open space: 239,600 (21.4% tree cover)

Residential (1-2 family): 147,300 (17.0% tree cover)

Vacant: 106,800 ( 2.8% tree cover)

Multifamily residential: 73,300 ( 9.2% tree cover)

Public facility: 28,200 ( 8.7% tree cover)

Commercial/industrial: 15,000 ( 1.9% tree cover)

Most common trees:

Tree of heaven: 125,100 (20.5% of tree population)

White mulberry: 46,800 ( 7.7% of tree population)

Black locust: 39,700 ( 6.5% of tree population)

Norway maple: 38,000 ( 6.2% of tree population)

Black cherry: 35,700 ( 5.9% of tree population)

Tree size: (trunk diameter at 1.37 m)

0.0-7.6 cm ( < 3"): 24.1% 30.6-45.7 cm (12-18"): 11.9%

7.7-15.2 cm (3- 6"): 20.3% 45.8-61.0 cm (18-24"): 9.0%

15.3-30.5 cm (6-12"): 28.2% 61.1-76.2 cm (24-30"): 2.5%

76.3 + cm (>30"): 4.0%

Tree condition:

Excellent: 42.4% Poor / critical: 3.5%

Good: 39.0% Dead: 5.2%

Fair: 9.9%

Trees and carbon dioxide:

Through their growth process, trees remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Each

year, a growing tree sequesters some carbon; over the years, the tree can store a large

amount of carbon in its tissue. When the tree dies, most of the stored carbon is released

back to the atmosphere through decomposition.
2

Carbon storage:

172,400 metric tons (equivalent to the amount carbon emitted from Brooklyn’s

population in about 5 days based on average per capita carbon emissions), with an

estimated value $3.5 million.

Gross annual carbon sequestration:

5,120 metric tons (carbon sequestration from living trees), with an estimated value of

$104,000/yr.

Net annual carbon sequestration:

2,510 metric tons (estimated net carbon effect after accounting for decomposition

emission of carbon from dead trees), with an estimated value of $51,000.

Individual tree carbon effects:

A large tree (> 83.8 cm in diameter) stores approximately 2.6 metric tons of carbon, 530

times more carbon than stored in a small tree (< 7.6 cm in diameter). A large, healthy

tree sequesters about 48 kg of carbon per year, 47 times more than a small tree.

Effect of trees and shrubs on air pollution:

Trees and shrubs affect air quality by: a) altering air temperatures; b) directly removing

air pollutants; c) emitting volatile organic compounds (VOC) that contribute to ozone

and carbon monoxide formation; and d) altering building energy use and, consequently,

pollution emissions from power plants. Computer estimates of tree and shrub effects on

air quality focused on pollution removal and VOC emissions in 1994. Values were based

on externality values that estimate the societal cost of pollutant emissions/formation.

Air pollution removal:

Total amount: 254 metric tons ($1,309,000)

Ozone: 76 metric tons ($ 512,000)

Particulate matter: 68 metric tons ($ 305,000)

Nitrogen dioxide: 63 metric tons ($ 422,000)

Sulfur dioxide: 33 metric tons ($ 55,000)

Carbon monoxide: 15 metric tons ($ 14,000)

Trees accounted for 81.9% of the total pollution removal estimate.

Average air quality improvement (during in-leaf season due to pollution removal;

ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide effects are for daytime hours):

Average effect Peak effect (forested area)

Ozone: 0.26% 14.2%

Particulate matter: 0.25% 10.5%

Nitrogen dioxide: 0.17% 6.8%

Sulfur dioxide: 0.26% 14.7%

Carbon monoxide: 0.001% 0.05%

Effect of individual trees on pollution removal:

A large tree removes about 2.0 kg of pollution per year, 65 times more pollution than a

small tree.

Total VOC emissions:

trees = 88.8 metric tons; 4.4 g m-2 yr-1 of tree cover

shrubs = 7.8 metric tons; 1.4 g m-2 yr-1 of shrub cover
3

Brooklyn Urban Forest Ozone Index Score:

77.0 (of 100.0).

A score of 100 represents a forest composition where all species have the maximum

effect on reducing ozone (lowest possible VOC emissions); a score of 0 represents a

composition with minimum effect on reducing ozone (highest possible VOC

emissions). If the management objective is to reduce ozone, higher index scores will

reduce VOC emissions and consequent ozone formation. However, high scores (e.g.,

100) may not be feasible in many urban forests as species diversity would be minimized.

Best genera in Brooklyn for reducing ozone (index values > 99):

Betula spp.1 Catalpa spp.3 Celtis spp.1

Cercis spp.1 Crataegus spp.3 Eleagnus spp.4

Fraxinus spp.1 Gleditsia spp.2 Hydrangea spp.3

Ilex spp.1 Liriodendron spp.1 Morus spp.1

Paulownia spp.3 Prunus spp.1 Pyrus spp.1

Rhus spp.1 Sophora spp.2 Tilia spp.3

Tsuga spp.1 Viburnum spp.1 Ulmus spp.1

1Emissions estimates based on measured genera values from the literature (most reliable

estimate of emissions).

2

Emissions estimates based on median of genera values within family.

3Emissions estimates based on median family values within order.

4

Emissions estimates based on median order values within superorder (least reliable estimate

of emissions).

Total compensatory value of trees in Brooklyn:

The estimated compensatory value of Brooklyn’s urban forest is $679 million. This value

is based on the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraiser’s formula for estimating

individual-tree values. This value is not the ecological or societal value of the forest but

an estimate of tree replacement costs and/or compensation due to tree owner’s for tree

loss.

Management to maximize air quality and carbon benefits:

The following management options can help Brooklyn’s urban forest improve air quality

and increase carbon sequestration and net carbon benefits:

• Increase the number of healthy trees (increases pollution removal and carbon

sequestration).

• Sustain existing tree cover (maintains current carbon storage and pollution removal

levels).

• Maximize use of low VOC-emitting trees (reduces ozone and carbon monoxide

formation).

• Sustain large, healthy trees (large trees have greatest per tree effects).

• Use long-lived trees (forestalls carbon emissions from decomposition).

• Use low maintenance, urban-adapted trees (reduces pollutant emissions from

maintenance activities).

• Reduce the use of fossil fuels in maintaining vegetation (reduces pollutant emissions).

• Plant trees in energy-conserving locations (reduces pollutant emissions from power

plants).

• Plant trees to shade parked cars (reduces vehicular VOC emissions).

• Supply ample water to vegetation (enhances pollution removal and temperature

reduction).
4

• Plant trees in polluted areas or heavily populated areas (maximizes tree effects).

• Do not plant species that are sensitive to pollutants (increases tree health).

• Use evergreen species to reduce particulate matter (provides year-round removal of

particles).

• Use wood for long-term products (forestalls carbon emissions from decomposition).

• Use tree materials for energy production (reduces pollutant emissions from power

plants).

Other findings:

• If the Asian longhorn beetle becomes established throughout Brooklyn, the

potential damage is a loss of 308,000 trees (51% of the total population) with an

estimated compensatory value loss of $390 million.

• Land uses that offer the highest proportion and amount of grass/herbaceous and soil

for increasing tree cover are open space (60%; 2,700 hectares) and vacant lands (70%;

1,200 hectares)
5

Introduction

Urban trees and shrubs can affect air quality and,

consequently, contribute to the health and well-being of

a city’s inhabitants. Measuring the urban forest is an

important first step toward understanding the dynamics

of urban forests and a prerequisite for planning,

designing, and managing city vegetation on both a local

and regional scale.

The purpose of this report was to assess the urban forest

in Brooklyn, New York, to include its structure (e.g.,

species composition, stem diameter distribution, tree

condition, etc.) and impact on air quality and

atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The potential

impact of the Asian long-horned beetle on Brooklyn’s

urban forest was also evaluated.

The forest resources of Brooklyn (182.7 km2

; 2,465,326

residents in 2000) were quantified using the Urban

Forest Effects (UFORE) model that was designed to aid

in improving urban-forest management and design

(Nowak and Crane 2000). Data collection, model

methods and results (estimates of pollution removal,

subsequent improvement in air quality, and chemical

emissions by trees in Brooklyn) are discussed, and

management options to improving air quality and

carbon storage in Brooklyn are explored.

The major air pollutants analyzed in this report are

carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2

),

tropospheric (ground-level) ozone (O3), particulate

matter less than 10 microns (PM10) and sulfur dioxide

(SO2

).

Effects of Urban Forests on Air Quality

Urban forests can affect air pollution by: 1) directly

removing the pollutant, 2) emitting atmospheric

chemicals directly from vegetation or indirectly through

vegetation maintenance practices, 3) altering urban

microclimates (e.g., reducing air temperature), and 4)

altering building energy use and consequently emissions

from power plants (Nowak 1995).

Although some gaseous air pollution is removed by the

plant surface, trees remove gaseous pollutants primarily

by uptake through leaf stomata (Smith 1990). Once

inside the leaf, gases diffuse into intercellular spaces and

may be absorbed by water films to form acids or react

with the inner surfaces of leaves. Trees also remove

pollution by intercepting airborne particles. Some

particles can be absorbed into the tree (e.g., Ziegler

1973; Rolfe 1974), though most intercepted particles are

retained on the plant surface. Often, vegetation is a

temporary retention site for atmospheric particles as the

intercepted particles may be resuspended to the

atmosphere, washed off by rain, or dropped to the

ground with leaf and twig fall (Smith 1990). Factors that

affect pollution removal by trees include the amount of

healthy leaf-surface area, concentrations of local

pollutants, and local meteorology.

Some trees emit volatile organic compounds (VOC)

such as isoprene and monoterpenes into the

atmosphere. These compounds, natural chemicals that

make up essential oils, resins, and other plant products

may be useful to the tree in attracting pollinators or

repelling predators (Kramer and Kozlowski 1979).

Isoprene is believed to provide thermal protection to

plants by helping prevent irreversible leaf damage at

high temperatures (Sharkey and Singsaas 1995). VOC

emissions vary with tree species, air temperature, and

other environmental factors (e.g., Tingey et al. 1991;

Guenther et al. 1995; Guenther 1997).

VOC can contribute to the formation of O3

 and CO

(e.g., Brasseur and Chatfield 1991). However, in

atmospheres with low concentrations of nitrogen oxide

(e.g., certain rural environments), VOC may remove O3

(e.g., Crutzen et al. 1985; Jacob and Wofsy 1988). Some

VOC are carcenogenic (e.g., benzene) but those emitted

by vegetation are nontoxic. Because VOC emissions are

temperature dependent and trees generally lower air

temperatures, it is believed that increased tree cover

lowers overall VOC emissions and, consequently,

reduces O3 levels in urban areas. A computer simulation

of O3

 conditions in Atlanta, GA (June 4, 1984), revealed

that a 20-percent loss in the area’s forest could lead to a

14-percent increase in O3

 concentrations. Although

there were fewer trees to emit VOC, an increase in

Atlanta’s air temperatures due to the urban heat island,

which occurred concomitantly with the tree loss,

increased VOC emissions from the remaining trees and

anthropogenic sources, and altered O3 photochemistry

such that O3 increased (Cardelino and Chameides

1990).

A simulation of California’s South Coast Air Basin

suggested that the impact on air quality from increased

urban tree cover may be locally positive or negative. The

basin-wide net effect of increased urban vegetation is a

decrease in O3 where the additional trees are low VOC

emitters (Taha 1996), e.g., Fraxinus spp., Gleditsia spp.,

Malus spp., Prunus spp., Pyrus spp., and Sorbus spp. High

VOC emitters include Liquidambar spp., Eucalyptus spp.,

Quercus spp., Platanus spp., Populus spp., Rhamnus spp.,

and Salix spp. (Benjamin et al. 1996).

Modeling the effects of increased urban tree cover on O3

concentrations from Washington, DC to central

Massachusetts showed that urban trees generally reduce

O3 in cities, though average concentrations tend to

increase slightly in the overall modeling domain.

Interactions of the effects of trees on the physical and

chemical environment demonstrate that trees can cause

changes in pollution removal rates and meteorology,

particularly air temperatures, wind fields, and boundarylayer heights (i.e., the height of the layer of atmosphere

that, because of turbulence, interacts with the Earth’s
6

surface on a time scale of several hours or less), all of

which affect O3

 concentrations (Nowak et al. 2000). In

this study, changes in urban tree species had no

detectable effect on O3 concentrations.

Trees in parking lots also can affect the microclimates

around parked vehicles, particularly through tree shade.

In turn, these microclimates can affect evaporative

emissions from these vehicles. In Sacramento County,

CA, increasing tree cover in parking lots from 8 to 50

percent could reduce VOC evaporative emissions from

light duty vehicles by 2 percent and nitrogen oxide start

emissions by less than 1 percent (Scott et al. 1999).

Effects of Urban Forests

on Greenhouse Gases

Increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 and other

greenhouse gases, i.e., methane (CH4),

chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide (N2O), and

tropospheric O3) are thought by many scientists to be

contributing to an increase in atmospheric temperatures

by the trapping of certain wavelengths of heat in the

atmosphere. However, some chemicals may be reducing

atmospheric temperatures (e.g., SO2, particulate matter,

stratospheric O3

) (Graedel and Crutzen 1989; Hamburg

et al. 1997). Globally averaged air temperature at the

Earth’s surface has increased between 0.3o and 0.6oC

since the late 1800s. A current estimate of the expected

rise in average surface air temperature globally is 1o to

3.5oC by 2100 (Hamburg et al. 1997).

Urban trees can affect global climate change by affecting

the urban atmosphere and various chemical emissions

(Nowak 2000). Because of its proximity to numerous

emissions sources, urban vegetation can have increased

impacts on global climate change both directly (e.g.,

removing greenhouse gases) and indirectly (e.g., altering

nearby emissions). Greenhouse gases most effected by

urban forests and urban forest management are CO2,

tropospheric O3

, and SO2. Urban trees affect greenhouse

gases in the same ways that they affect air pollutants.

This report includes estimates of current carbon (C)

storage levels and annual C sequestration rates for

Brooklyn’s urban forest.

Asian Longhorn Beetle

Another important environmental issue in Brooklyn is

the introduction of an Asian longhorn beetle (ALB),

Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky. This pest, which

attacks healthy trees, was first detected in the

Greenpoint section of Brooklyn in August 1996 (Haack

et al. 1997).

Larvae of the ALB feed in more than 24 species in the

Orient and Palearctic (Yang et al. 1995). In its native

China, where it is the most important destructive forest

pest, ALB prefers Populus spp. (Li and Wu 1993). In the

United States, Acer spp. are preferred by this insect.

Other hardwood species also are attacked, and host

switching, even in the presence of preferred hosts,

appears to be characteristic of the ALB. Both old and

young (down to 1/2 inch in diameter) trees are attacked.

ALB bores into the main trunk, branches, and tree roots.

Adult emergence begins in May and peaks in early July.

In New York, adults emerge in August and September,

especially during the heat of the day (Kucera 1996).

Adults can fly up to 1,000 m to locate new host material

(Thier 1997). Dispersal can be accelerated by human

activity (e.g., shipping infested packing material or

movement of infested firewood). Because larvae bore

deep into wood, they are difficult to kill with biological

or chemical pesticides. Infested trees are killed within

several years of initial attack. As of June 23, 2000, ALB

attacks caused the removal of nearly 5,000 in the New

York City area (USDA For. Serv. 2000).

Although quarantines and eradication programs have

been established in New York to prevent further spread

of the ALB, this insect has a high potential for

introduction to other urban areas through movement of

infested wood materials, particularly pallets and crating

imported from China. Such introductions would result

in the loss of additional urban trees and increase the

possibility of personal injury, property damage, and

liability where beetle damage weakens stems and

branches.

Methods

The UFORE model uses standard field, air pollution,

and meteorological data to quantify urban forest

structure and numerous forest-related effects in various

U.S. cities (Nowak and Crane 2000). Currently, there are

four model components:

UFORE-A: Anatomy of the Urban Forest — quantifies

urban forest structure (e.g., species composition, tree

density, tree health, leaf area, leaf and tree biomass)

based on field data.

UFORE-B: Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound

(VOC) Emissions — quantifies: 1) hourly urban forest

VOC emissions (isoprene, monoterpenes, and other

VOC emissions that contribute to O3

 formation) based

on field and meteorological data, and 2) O3

 and CO

formation based on VOC emissions.

UFORE-C: Carbon Storage and Sequestration —

calculates total stored C, and gross and net C

sequestered annually by the urban forest based on field

data.

UFORE-D: Dry Deposition of Air Pollution —

quantifies the hourly amount of pollution removed by

the urban forest and associated percent improvement in

air quality throughout a year. Pollution removal is

calculated for O3

, SO2, NO2, CO, and PM10 based on

field, pollution concentration, and meteorological data.
7

UFORE-A

Urban forest structure is the spatial arrangement and

characteristics of vegetation in relation to other objects,

e.g., buildings, within urban areas (e.g., Nowak 1994a).

Aerial photography was used to determine tree-cover

characteristics of Brooklyn (Nowak et al. 1996). Field

data were collected to measure the attributes of

individual tree and other vegetation.

Photo Interpretation

Random dot-grid analyses were conducted from 1994,

aerial photos of Brooklyn (1:12,000 scale, leaf-off, black

and white). Separate photo analyses were conducted for

each of Brooklyn’s 18 community districts plus Prospect

Park and the south shore/island areas that are not part

of a district (Fig. 1). For each dot analyzed, cover type

(tree-shrub, grass-soil, building, other ground

impervious surface, and water) and land-use were

recorded. The following land-use designations were used

on the basis of a 1995 land-use map provided by the

New York Department of City Planning:

• 1- to 2-family residence — low-density residences.

• multifamily residence or mixed residence and

commercial — multifamily buildings (three or more

dwelling units) or in mixed residential and

commercial buildings.

Figure 1.—Percent tree cover in Brooklyn’s 18 Community Districts

(201-218) plus Prospect Park (255) and south shore/island area (256).















 





 



	




	













 









	
















 	 	 
8

• commercial/industrial — commercial and industrial

buildings and areas (factories, offices, shopping areas,

parking garages).

• public facility or institution — schools, hospitals,

nursing homes, museums, performance centers,

houses of worship, police stations, firehouses, courts,

detention centers.

• open space or outdoor recreation — public and private

parks, playgrounds, nature preserves, cemeteries,

amusement areas, beaches, stadiums, golf courses.

• vacant land.

Mean and standard error of percent tree cover (and

other cover types) were calculated for each land-use type

and community district (Lindgren and McElrath 1969).

Average tree cover in Brooklyn was calculated by

weighting the average cover in a community district by

the district’s area (Abeles Schwartz Assoc. and

Neighborhood Open Space Coalition 1988).

Field Data Collection

During the summer of 1997, 202 field plots (0.04 ha

each) were distributed among the land-use types in

proportion to the estimated amount of tree cover. The

plots were located randomly within each land-use type

(67 plots in 1- to 2-family residence, 16 in multifamily

residence or mixed residence and commercial, 10 in

commercial/industrial, 14 in public facility or

institution, 68 in open space or outdoor recreation, and

27 in vacant land). On each plot, the following general

plot data were estimated/recorded:

• Percent tree cover.

• Land use: 1- or 2-family residential; multifamily

residential (including mixed residence and

commercial); commercial/industrial; public facility/

institutional; open space/outdoor recreation; and

vacant (New York Dep. of City Plann. 1995).

• Percent of plot within the land use.

• Ground cover: percent of ground covered by following

cover types: buildings, cement, tar-blacktop/asphalt,

other impervious, soil, rock, duff/mulch, herbaceous

(exclusive of grass and shrubs), maintained grass,

wild/unmaintained grass, water, and shrubs.

For building areas, the following information was

recorded: dominant building material, building height,

roofing material, and building length intersecting plot.

For each shrub mass, the following information was

recorded: genus, height, percent of shrub mass volume

occupied by leaves, and percent of total shrub area in

the plot occupied by the shrub mass.

For each tree with the center of its stem in the plot and

minimum diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) of 2.54 cm,

the following information was measured/recorded:

• species (Appendix A).

• number of stems.

• d.b.h. (if more than one stem, average d.b.h. was

recorded).

• tree height.

• height to base of live crown.

• crown width (average of two perpendicular

measurements).

• tree condition (based on percent of branch dieback in

crown):

Excellent (< 1)

Good (1-10)

Fair (11-25)

Poor (26-50)

Critical (51-75)

Dying (76-99)

Dead (100 — no leaves)

• Distance from the building:

Within 1 tree height of building.

1 to 2 tree heights of building.

2 to 3 tree heights of building.

• Direction from building (for trees located within 3

tree heights of a building): north, northeast,

northwest, east, west, south, southeast, southwest.

• Street tree: Y if a street tree, N if not.

Leaf Area and Leaf Biomass

Leaf area and leaf biomass of individual trees were

calculated using regression equations for deciduous

urban species (Nowak 1996). If shading coefficients

(percent light intensity intercepted by foliated tree

crowns) used in the regression did not exist for an

individual species, genus or hardwood averages were

used. For deciduous trees that were too large to be used

directly in the regression equation, average leaf-area

index (LAI: m2

 leaf area per m2 projected ground area of

canopy) was calculated by the regression equation for

the maximum tree size based on the appropriate heightwidth ratio and shading coefficient class of the tree. This

LAI was applied to the ground area (m2) occupied by the

tree to calculate leaf area (m2). For deciduous trees with

height-to-width ratios that were too large or too small to

be used directly in the regression equations, tree height

or width was scaled downward to allow the crown to the

reach maximum (2) or minimum (0.5) height-to-width

ratio. Leaf area was calculated using the regression

equation with the maximum or minimum ratio; leaf

area was then scaled back proportionally to reach the

original crown volume.

For conifer trees (excluding pines), average LAI per

height-to-width ratio class for deciduous trees with a

shading coefficient of 0.91 were applied to the tree’s

ground area to calculate leaf area. The 0.91 shading

coefficient class is believed to be the best class to
9

represent conifers as conifer forests typically have about

1.5 times higher LAI than deciduous forests (Barbour et

al. 1980), the average shading coefficient for deciduous

trees is 0.83 (Nowak 1996); 1.5 times the 0.83 class LAI

is equivalent to the 0.91 class LAI. Because pines have

lower LAI than other conifers and LAI that are

comparable to hardwoods (e.g., Jarvis and Leverenz

1983; Leverenz and Hinckley 1990), the average

shading coefficient (0.83) was used to estimate pine leaf

area.

If tree leaf biomass could not be calculated directly from

regression equations (due to tree parameters being out

of equation range), leaf biomass was calculated by

converting leaf-area estimates using species-specific

measurements of g leaf dry weight/m2

 of leaf area.1

Shrub leaf biomass was calculated as the product of the

crown volume occupied by leaves (m3) and measured

leaf biomass factors (g m-3) for individual species (e.g.,

Winer et al. 1983; Nowak 1991). Shrub leaf area was

calculated by converting leaf biomass to leaf area based

on measured species conversion ratios (m2 g-1).1

 Due to

limitations in estimating shrub leaf area by the crownvolume approach, shrub leaf area was not allowed to

exceed a LAI of 18 (one shrub in Brooklyn sample

reached maximum shrub LAI). If there were no leaf

biomass to area or leaf biomass to crown-volume

conversion factors for an individual species, genus or

hardwood/conifer averages were used.1

Average tree condition was calculated by assigning each

condition class a numeric condition rating. A condition

rating of 1 indicates no dieback (excellent); a condition

rating of 0 indicates a dead tree (100-percent dieback).

Each code between excellent and dead was given a rating

between 1 and 0 based on the midvalue of the class

(e.g., fair = 11-25 percent dieback was given a rating of

0.82 or 82-percent healthy crown). Estimates of leaf area

and leaf biomass were adjusted downward based on

crown leaf dieback (tree condition).

To adjust for overlapping tree crowns, estimates of tree

leaf area and leaf biomass (derived from open-grown

tree equations) were scaled back proportional to the

amount of crown competition on the plot. A plot

competition factor (CF) was calculated as:

(1)

where GA = projected crown area (m2

) of individual

trees in the plot and TA = % tree cover × plot size (m2).

Leaf area (LAn

) of individual trees was calculated as:

(2)

where LA0

 = leaf area based on open-grown equations;

LAI0

 = LAI of plot based on open-grown equations; and

LAIn

 = LAI adjusted for plot competition. LAIn varied

with CF. For CF ≤ 1 (open-grown trees): LAIn = LAI0. For

CF > 1 and CF < 2 (mixed open-grown and closedcanopy conditions):

(3)

where:

(4)

(5)

where xs is average shading coefficient in the plot; LAIop

is leaf area for open-grown trees; LAIcl is leaf area in

closed canopies, which is based on estimating LAI from

light intensity using the Beer-Lambert Law:

(6)

where I = light intensity beneath canopy; Io = light

intensity above canopy; and k = light extinction

coefficient (Smith et al. 1991). The plot light extinction

coefficient was:

(7)

where %CON is the percent of plot crown area occupied

by conifers and %HRD is the percent of plot crown area

occupied by hardwoods. The light extinction coefficients

for conifers (0.52) and hardwoods (0.65) were from

Jarvis and Leverenz (1983).

For CF ≥ 2 (closed canopies):

(8)

Species Diversity

Species diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener’s index) and

species richness, i.e., number of species (Barbour et al.

1980), were calculated for living trees for the entire city.

The proportion of the tree population that originated

from different parts of the country and world was

calculated based on the native range of each species

(e.g., Hough 1907; Grimm 1962; Platt 1968; Little 1971,

1976, 1977, 1978; Viereck and Little 1975; Preston

1976; Clark 1979; Burns and Honkala 1990a,b; Gleason

and Cronquist 1991).

Compensatory Value

The value of the trees in Brooklyn was based on the

compensatory value of trees as determined by the

Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers (1992).

Compensatory value, which is based on the replacement

cost of a similar tree, is used for monetary settlement for

damage or death of plants through litigation, insurance

claims of direct payment, and loss of property value for

income tax deduction. Other values can be ascribed to

1

Nowak, D.J.; Klinger, L.; Karlik, J.; Winer, A; Harley, P. and

Abdollahi, K. Tree leaf area—leaf biomass conversion

factors. Unpublished data on file at Northeastern Research

Station, Syracuse, NY.

CF = GA/TA

0 0 LA LA LAI / LAI n n = ⋅

LAIn = LAIop + LAIcl

(1 (( )/ )) LAIop = LAI0 ⋅ − GA−TA TA

LAI x k GA TA TA CF s cl = [ln((1− ) )/− ]⋅( − ) /

LAI I I k = ln( / O )/−

k = (%CON ⋅0.52) + (%HRD ⋅0.65)

LAI x k CF n = ln((1− s ) ) /−
10

trees based on such factors as environmental functions

provided (e.g., air pollution reduction), but

compensatory valuation is the most direct method of

estimating the structural value of the urban forest.

Compensatory value is based on four tree/site

characteristics: trunk area (cross-sectional area at height

of 1.37 m), species, condition, and location. Trunk area

and species are used to determine the basic value, which

is then multiplied by condition and location ratings (0-

1) to determine the final tree compensatory value.

For transplantable trees, average replacement cost and

transplantable size were obtained from International

Society of Arboriculture (ISA) publications (ACRT 1997)

to determine the basic replacement price (dollars/cm2

 of

cross-sectional area) for the tree. As no data for New

York State were available, the basic price ($3.48 cm-2)

was based on data averaged for New Jersey and

Pennsylvania. The basic replacement price was

multiplied by trunk area and species factor (0-1) to

determine a tree’s basic value. The minimum basic value

for a tree prior to species adjustment was set at $150.

Local species factors also were obtained from ISA

publications. If no species data were available for the

state, data from the nearest state were used.

For trees larger than transplantable size the basic value

(BV) was:

(9)

where RC (replacement cost) is the cost of a tree at the

largest transplantable size, BP (basic price) is the local

average cost per unit trunk area (dollars/cm2

), TAA is

trunk area of the tree being appraised, TAR is trunk area

of the largest transplantable tree and SF is the local

species factor.

For trees larger than 76.2 cm in trunk diameter, trunk

area was adjusted downward based on the premise that

a large mature tree would not increase in value as

rapidly as its truck area. The following adjusted trunkarea formula was determined based on the perceived

increase in tree size, expected longevity, anticipated

maintenance, and structural safety (Counc. of Tree and

Landscape Appraisers 1992):

(10)

where ATA = adjusted trunk area and d = trunk diameter

in cm.

Basic value was multiplied by condition and location

factors (0-1) to determine the tree’s compensatory value.

Condition factors were based on percent crown dieback:

excellent (< 1) = 1.0; good (1-10) = 0.95; fair (11-25) =

0.82; poor (26-50) = 0.62; critical (51-75) = 0.37; dying

(76-99) = 0.13; dead (100) = 0.0.

Available data required using location factors based on

land use type (Int. Soc. of Arboric. 1988): golf course =

0.8; commercial/industrial, cemetery and institutional =

0.75; parks and residential = 0.6; transportation and

forest = 0.5; agriculture = 0.4; vacant = 0.2; wetland = 0.1.

As an example of compensatory value calculations, if a

tree that is 40.6 cm in diameter (1,295 cm2

 trunk area)

has a species rating of 0.5, a condition rating of 0.82, a

location rating of 0.4, a basic price of $7 per cm2, and a

replacement cost of $1,300 for a 12.7-cm-diameter tree

(127 cm2

 trunk area), the compensatory value would

equal:

Data for individual trees were used to determine the

total compensatory value of trees in Brooklyn.

Insect Effects

The proportion of leaf area and live tree population, and

estimated compensatory value in various susceptibility

classes to gypsy moth feeding and ALB infestation

(Liebhold et al. 1995; Nowak et al. 2001) were

calculated to reveal potential urban forest damage

associated with a gypsy moth or ALB outbreak in

Brooklyn (e.g., Onstad et al. 1997; Nowak et al. 2001).

Land Use

Land use determined in the field was cross-referenced

with land use classified by the land-use map to

determine the map’s accuracy. Data in this report are

given by land-use classes as defined by the map.

However, what is identified as one use on the map may

contain samples from other use types. Possible reasons

for this discrepancy are map error or changes in land use

in the field since the map was produced.

The proportion of species population, leaf area, and leaf

biomass in each d.b.h. class are calculated, as are the

proportion of species population by condition class and

by d.b.h. and condition class. Field data were input into

the UFORE-A module to calculate totals, averages, and

standard errors by species, land use, and city totals for

urban forest structure. The standard errors for leaf area

and leaf biomass report sampling error rather than error

of estimation. The reported sampling errors

underestimate the actual standard errors. Lack of

information regarding errors in the allometric equations

and adjustment factors make it impossible to fully

account for estimation errors.

UFORE-B

VOC can contribute to the formation of O3 and CO

(e.g., Brasseur and Chatfield 1991). The amount of VOC

emissions depends on tree species, leaf biomass, air

BV RC (BP [TA TA ] SF) A R = + ⋅ − ⋅

0.335 176 7020 2 ATA = − d + d −

[1,300 + (7 ⋅(1,295−127)⋅0.5)]⋅0.82⋅0.4 = $1,767
11

temperature, and other environmental factors. UFORE-B

estimates the hourly emission of isoprene (C5

H8),

monoterpenes (C10 terpenoids), and other volatile

organic compounds (OVOC) by species for each land

use and for the entire city. Species leaf biomass (from

UFORE-A) is multiplied by genus-specific emission

factors (Appendix A) to produce emission levels

standardized to 30o

C and photosynthetically active

radiation (PAR) flux of 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1. If genusspecific information is not available, median emission

values for the family, order, or superorder are used

(order and superorder values were used on 18.9 percent

of the total leaf biomass). Standardized emissions are

converted to actual emissions based on light and

temperature correction factors (Geron et al. 1994) and

local meteorological data.

VOC emission (E) (in μgC tree-1 hr-1 at temperature T

(K) and PAR flux L (μmol m-2 s-1)) for isoprene,

monoterpenes, and OVOC is estimated as:

(11)

where BE

 is the base genus emission rate (Appendix A)

in μgC (g leaf dry weight)-1 hr-1 at 30oC and PAR flux of

1,000 μmol m-2 s-1; B is species leaf dry weight biomass

(g) (from UFORE-A); and:

(12)

for isoprene where L is PAR flux; a = 0.0027; cL1 = 1.066;

R is the ideal gas constant (8.314 K-1 mol-1), T(K) is leaf

temperature, which is assumed to be air temperature, TS

is standard temperature (303 K), and TM = 314K, CT1 =

95,000 J mol-1, and CT2 = 230,000 J mol-1 (Geron et al.

1994; Guenther et al. 1995; Guenther 1997). As PAR

strongly controls the isoprene emission rate, PAR is

estimated at 30 canopy levels as a function of abovecanopy PAR using the sunfleck canopy environment

model (A. Guenther, Nat. Cent. for Atmos. Res., pers.

commun., 1998) with the LAI from UFORE-A.

For monoterpenes and OVOC:

(13)

where TS

 = 303 K, and B = 0.09.

Hourly inputs of air temperature are from measured

National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) meteorological

data. Total solar radiation is calculated based on the

National Renewable Energy Laboratory Meteorological/

Statistical Solar Radiation Model (METSTAT) with inputs

from the NCDC data set (Maxwell 1994). PAR is

calculated as 46 percent of total solar radiation input

(Monteith and Unsworth 1990).

Because tree transpiration cools air and leaf

temperatures and thus reduces biogenic VOC emissions,

tree and shrub VOC emissions were reduced based on

model results of the effect of increased urban tree cover

on O3

 in the Northeastern United States (Nowak et al.

2000). For the modeling scenario analyzed (July 13-15,

1995), increased tree cover reduced air temperatures by

0.3o to 1.0oC, resulting in hourly reductions in biogenic

VOC emissions of 3.3 to 11.4 percent. These hourly

reductions in VOC emissions were applied to the tree

and shrub emissions during the in-leaf season (Julian

date 80-293) to account for tree effects on air

temperature and its consequent impact on VOC

emissions.

To estimate the amount of O3 produced by the VOC

emissions, the O3

 incremental reactivity scales (g O3

produced/g VOC emitted) for isoprene, monoterpenes,

and OVOC were used (Carter 1994, 1998). The average

incremental reactivity values used for Brooklyn (VOC/

NOx

 ratio of 9.6) (Nat. Res. Counc. 1991) were based on

scaling estimates of existing values to represent the

VOC/NOx

 conditions in Brooklyn (Table 1).

There is a relatively high degree of uncertainty in

applying the incremental reactivity rates, particularly in

winter. However, vegetation has relatively low emission

rates during this period, so the effect of trees on O3

formation is minimal. As O3 is formed during daylight

hours, incremental reactivity values were multiplied by

daytime VOC emissions to calculate overall O3

formation due to tree VOC emissions.

As CO formation can contribute to O3 formation, CO

formation due to tree emissions also were subsequently

converted to O3

 formation (Table 1). Zimmerman et al.

(1978) found that 60 percent of VOC emissions have

been converted to CO, though recent evidence suggests

that this conversion potential is closer to 10 percent (S.

Madronovich, Nat. Cent. for Atmos. Res., pers.

commun., 1997). UFORE-B uses an average VOC to CO

conversion factor of 10 percent. Estimates of CO

formation are calculated as:

(14)

where COFP is CO formation potential (g), E is the

VOC emission (gC), and R is the atomic weight ratio of

CO/C (2.33). CO emissions were then converted to O3

formation based on incremental reactivity scales (Table 1).

Incremental reactivity scales and CO formation

estimates are a reasonable yet simplified approach to

estimate the multiple, complex chemical reactions that

form O3 and CO. They are used in the model to give a

rough approximation of the amount of pollution

formed due to biogenic VOC emissions and

atmospheric conditions in the city. However, due to the

high degree of uncertainty in the approaches of

estimating VOC emissions and consequently pollution

formation, no estimates of the amount of pollution

formed by various species are given. Rather, estimates of

the net effect of trees on O3

 (pollution formation minus

E = B ⋅ B⋅γ E

(0.961 exp[ ( )/ ])]

[ /(1 ) ] [exp[ ( )/ ]/

2

1

2 2

1 2

1

c T T R T T

c L L c T T R T T

T M S

L T S S

+ − ⋅ ⋅

γ = α ⋅ +α ⋅ ⋅ − ⋅ ⋅

exp[ ( )] = B T − TS γ

COFP = 0.1⋅ E ⋅ R
12

pollution removal) are used to create a relative species

index of trees species effects on these pollutants.

Although the estimation of pollution formation has a

high degree of uncertainty, all species use the same

approach; thus, index values can be used to compare the

relative impact of the species on O3.

The individual species/genera O3 index values range

from 100, which represents species with the lowest

possible pollution formation potential (i.e., no emission

of isoprene or monoterpene), to zero, which is

represented by a species (e.g., Liquidambar sp.) with the

highest pollution formation potential (highest

standardized total VOC emissions) (Appendix A).

An air-quality species index score was created for

Brooklyn by weighting the individual species/genera

index values by the amount of leaf biomass in the

species/genera. A total score of 100 represents a forest

composition where all species have the maximum effect

on reducing O3

 (lowest possible VOC emissions and O3

formation); a score of zero represents a composition

with minimum effect on reducing O3 (highest possible

VOC emissions and O3 formation). If the management

objective is to reduce O3

, higher index scores will reduce

VOC emissions and consequent O3 formation. However,

high scores (i.e., 100) may not be feasible in many

urban forests as species diversity may be minimized.

UFORE-C

Increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 and other

greenhouse gases (e.g., methane, chlorofluorocarbons,

nitrous oxide) are thought to contribute to an increase

in atmospheric temperatures by the trapping of certain

wavelengths of radiation in the atmosphere (U.S. Nat.

Res. Council 1983). Through growth processes, trees

remove atmospheric CO2 and store C within their

biomass.

Biomass for each measured tree was calculated using

allometric equations from the literature (Table 2). If

more than one equation exists for an individual species,

the mean of the biomass equation results was used. For

diameter ranges where there was no valid speciesspecific allometric equation, the average of results from

equations of the same genus was used. Similarly, if no

genus equations were found, biomass was computed

separately for each hardwood and conifer equation, and

the group average was used. For large trees (> 94 cm

d.b.h. for hardwoods and > 122 cm d.b.h. for

softwoods), volumetrically based equations were used to

estimate biomass (Hahn 1984) based on the

assumption that merchantable height was 80 percent of

total tree height.

Biomass equations differ in the portion of tree biomass

that is calculated, whether fresh or oven-dry weight is

estimated, and in the diameter ranges used to devise the

equations (Table 2). Equations that predict aboveground biomass were converted to whole-tree biomass

based on a root-to-shoot ratio of 0.26 (Cairns et al.

1997).

Equations that compute fresh-weight biomass were

multiplied by species- or genus-specific conversion

factors to yield dry-weight biomass. These conversion

factors, derived from average moisture contents of

species given in the literature, averaged 0.48 for conifers

and 0.56 for hardwoods (USDA 1955; Young and

Carpenter 1967; King and Schnell 1972; Wartluft 1977;

Stanek and State 1978; Wartluft 1978; Monteith 1979;

Clark et al. 1980; Ker 1980; Phillips 1981; Husch et al.

1982; Schlaegel 1984a,b,c,d; Smith 1985).

As deciduous trees drop their leaves annually, only C

stored in wood biomass was calculated. For all biomass

equations that included leaves, leaf biomass was

removed from the estimate of total tree biomass based

on equation comparisons of leaf biomass as a percent of

total biomass by d.b.h. class. For evergreen trees, leaf

biomass as calculated by UFORE-A was added to the

estimate of total wood biomass to yield total tree

biomass.

Because the use of multiple equations creates disjointed

tree biomass estimates between equation predictions at

various tree diameters, the equation results for

individual species were combined together to produce

one predictive equation for a wide range of diameters

for various individual species. If there was no equation

for an individual species, the average of results from

equations of the same genus or hardwood/conifer group

was used. The process of combining the individual

formulas (with limited diameter ranges) into one, more

general species formula, produced results that were

typically within 2 percent of the original estimates for

total carbon storage of the urban forest.

Open-grown, maintained trees tend to have less aboveground biomass than predicted by forest-derived

biomass equations for trees of the same d.b.h. (Nowak

1994b). To adjust for this difference, biomass results for

urban trees were multiplied by 0.8. No adjustment was

made for trees in more natural stand conditions (e.g., on

vacant lands or in forest preserves).

Total tree and shrub dry-weight biomass was converted

to total stored C by multiplying by 0.5 (e.g., For. Prod.

Lab. 1952; Chow and Rolfe 1989). To estimate

monetary value associated with urban tree carbon

storage and sequestration, C values were multiplied by

$20.3/tC based on the estimated marginal social costs of

CO2

 emissions (Fankhauser 1994). Standard errors

given for C report sampling error rather than error of

estimation. Estimation error is unknown and likely

larger than the reported sampling error. Estimation error

also includes the uncertainty of using biomass equations

and conversion factors, which may be large, as well as

measurement error, which is typically small.
13

Urban Tree Growth and Carbon Sequestration

Average diameter growth from the appropriate land-use

and diameter class was added to the existing tree

diameter (year x) to estimate tree diameter in year x+1.

For trees in forest stands, average d.b.h. growth was

estimated as 0.38 cm/yr (Smith and Shifley 1984); for

trees on land uses with a park-like structure (e.g., parks,

cemeteries, golf courses), average d.b.h. growth was 0.61

cm/yr (deVries 1987); for more open-grown trees, d.b.h.

class specific growth rates were based on Nowak

(1994b).

Average height growth was calculated based on formulas

from Fleming (1988) and the specific d.b.h. growth

factor used for the tree. Growth rates were adjusted

based on tree condition. For trees in fair to excellent

condition, growth rates were multiplied by 1 (no

adjustment), poor trees’ growth rates were multiplied by

0.76, critical trees by 0.42, and dying trees by 0.15 (dead

trees’ growth rates = 0). Adjustment factors were based

on percent crown dieback and the assumption that less

than 25-percent crown dieback had a limited effect on

d.b.h. growth rates. The difference in estimates of C

storage between year x and year x+1 is the gross amount

of C sequestered annually.

Tree death leads to the eventual release of stored C. In

estimating the net amount of C sequestered by the

urban forest, C emissions due to decomposition after

tree death must be considered. To calculate the potential

release of carbon due to tree death, estimates of annual

mortality rates by condition class were derived from a

study of street-tree mortality (Nowak 1986). Annual

mortality was estimated as 1.92 percent for trees 0 to 3

inches in the good-excellent class; 1.46 percent for trees

more than 3 inches in the good-excellent class; 3.32

percent for trees in fair condition; 8.86 percent for poor

condition; 13.08 percent for critical condition; 50

percent dying trees, and 100 percent for dead trees.

Because population estimates of C are based on

individual-tree estimates, decomposition emissions also

must be based on individual trees. Thus, rather than

allowing a certain percentage of a population of trees to

die and decompose, the model estimates that x percent

of a tree will die and decompose. These individual

estimates are aggregated upward to yield estimates of

decomposition for the total population.

Two types of decomposition rates were used: 1) rapid

release for trees that are projected to be removed, and 2)

delayed release for standing dead trees and tree roots of

removed trees. Trees that are removed from urban areas

usually are not developed into wood products for longterm C storage (i.e., removed trees are often burned or

mulched). Therefore, they will most likely release their

carbon relatively soon after removal.

Dead trees that are not removed within a year have an

increased probability of being measured in the tree

sample, and decomposition rates must reflect this

difference. All trees on vacant, transportation, and

agriculture land uses and 50 percent of the trees in parks

were assumed to be left standing as these trees are likely

within forest stands and/or away from intensively

maintained sites. These trees were assumed to

decompose over a period of 20 years.2 Trees on all other

land uses were assumed to be removed within 1 year of

tree death. For removed trees, above-ground biomass

was mulched with a decomposition rate of three years;3

below-ground biomass was assumed to decompose in

20 years.

Estimates of C emissions due to decomposition were

based on the probability of the tree dying within the

next year and the probability of the tree being removed

using the formula:

(15)

(16)

(17)

where Emission = individual tree contribution to carbon

emissions; C = carbon storage in the next year; Mc

 =

probability of mortality based on condition class; i =

decomposition class (based on number of years left

standing before removal); pi = proportion of the land

use tree population in decomposition class i; pab =

proportion of tree biomass above ground; yi

 = number

of years left standing before removal (yi → ∞ for dead

trees that will never be removed (natural

decomposition)); dm = decomposition rates for mulched

above-ground biomass (3 years); and dr =

decomposition rate for standing trees and tree roots (20

years). The amount of carbon sequestered due to tree

growth was reduced by the amount lost due to tree

mortality to estimate the net carbon sequestration rate.

UFORE-D

UFORE-D was used to estimate dry deposition of air

pollution (i.e., pollution removal during

nonprecipitation periods) to trees and shrubs in

Brooklyn (Nowak et al. 1998). This module calculates

the hourly dry deposition of O3

, SO2, NO2, CO, and

PM10 to tree canopies throughout the year based on

2

There are few data on tree decomposition rates. Using

decomposition rates of 10 to 50 years had little effect on

the overall net decomposition.

3

Although no mulch decomposition studies could be

found, studies on decomposition reveal that 37-56 percent

of carbon in tree roots and 48-67 percent of carbon in twigs

is released within the first three years (Scheu and

Schauermann 1994).

= ⋅ ⋅∑ (( ) + ( )) c i Dremove Dstan d Emission C M p

( / )(1/ ) ((1 )/ )(1/ ) remove ab i m ab i r D = p y d + − p y d

(( 1)/ )(1/ ) stan d i i r D = y − y d
14

tree-cover data, hourly NCDC weather data, and U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pollutionconcentration monitoring data. For Brooklyn, the

pollution removal by trees and shrubs was estimated for

1994.

In UFORE-D, the pollutant flux (F; in g m -2 s-1) is

calculated as the product of the deposition velocity (Vd;

in m s-1 ) and the pollutant concentration (C; in g m-3):

(18)

Deposition velocity is calculated as the inverse of the

sum of the aerodynamic (Ra

), quasi-laminar boundary

layer (Rb) and canopy (Rc) resistances (Baldocchi et al.

1987):

(19)

Hourly meteorological data from LaGuardia Airport

were used in estimating Ra

 and Rb. The aerodynamic

resistance is calculated as (Killus et al. 1984):

(20)

where u(z) is the mean windspeed at height z (m s-1)

and u* is the friction velocity (m s-1).

(21)

where k = von Karman constant, d = displacement

height (m), zo = roughness length (m), yM = stability

function for momentum, and L = Monin-Obuhkov

stability length. L was estimated by classifying hourly

local meteorological data into stability classes using

Turner classes (Panofsky and Dutton 1984) and then

estimating 1/L as a function of stability class and zo

(Zannetti 1990). When L < 0 (unstable) (van Ulden and

Holtslag 1985):

(22)

where X = (1 - 28 z L-1)0.25 (Dyer and Bradley 1982).

When L > 0 (stable conditions):

(23)

where CDN = k (ln (z/zo))-1 ; uo

2

 = (4.7 z g θ*) T-1; g = 9.81

m s-2; θ* = 0.09 (1 - 0.5 N2); T = air temperature (Ko);

and N = fraction of opaque cloud cover (Venkatram

1980; EPA 1995). Under stable conditions, u* was

calculated by scaling actual windspeed with a calculated

minimum windspeed based on methods given in EPA

(1995).

The quasi-laminar boundary-layer resistance was

estimated as (Pederson et al. 1995):

(24)

where k = von Karman constant, Sc = Schmidt number,

and Pr is the Prandtl number.

In-leaf, hourly tree canopy resistances for O3, SO2, and

NO2 were calculated based on a modified hybrid of bigleaf and multilayer canopy deposition models

(Baldocchi et al. 1987; Baldocchi 1988). Canopy

resistance (Rc) has three components: stomatal

resistance (rs

), mesophyll resistance (rm), and cuticular

resistance (rt), such that:

(25)

Mesophyll resistance was set to zero s m-1 for SO2

(Wesely 1989) and 10 s m-1 for O3 (Hosker and Lindberg

1982). Mesophyll resistance was set to 100 s m-1 for NO2

to account for the difference between transport of water

and NO2

 in the leaf interior, and to bring the computed

deposition velocities in the range typically exhibited for

NO2

 (Lovett 1994). Base cuticular resistances were set at

8,000 m s-1 for SO2, 10,000 m s-1 for O3, and 20,000 m s-1

for NO2 to account for the typical variation in rt

exhibited among the pollutants (Lovett 1994).

Hourly inputs to calculate canopy resistance are

photosynthetic active radiation (PAR; μE m-2 s-1), air

temperature (Ko), windspeed (m s-1), u* (m s-1), CO2

concentration (set to 360 ppm), and absolute humidity

(kg m-3). Air temperature, windspeed, u*, and absolute

humidity are measured directly or calculated from

measured hourly NCDC meteorological data. Total solar

radiation is calculated based on the METSTAT model

with inputs from the NCDC data set (Maxwell 1994).

PAR is calculated as 46 percent of total solar radiation

input (Monteith and Unsworth 1990).

As CO and particulate matter removal by vegetation are

not directly related to transpiration, Rc for CO was set to

a constant for the in-leaf season (50,000 s m-1) and leafoff season (1,000,000 s m-1) based on data from Bidwell

and Fraser (1972). For particles, the median deposition

velocity from the literature (Lovett 1994) was 0.0128 m

s-1 for the in-leaf season. Base particle Vd was set to 0.064

based on a LAI of 6 and a 50-percent resuspension rate

of particles back to the atmosphere (Zinke 1967). The

base Vd was adjusted according to actual LAI and in-leaf

vs. leaf-off season parameters.

The model uses tree and shrub LAI and percent tree and

shrub leaf area that is evergreen from UFORE-A

calculations. Local leaf-on and leaf-off dates are input

into the model so that deciduous-tree transpiration and

related pollution deposition are limited to the in-leaf

period, and seasonal variation in removal can be

illustrated for each pollutant. Particle collection and

gaseous deposition on deciduous trees in winter

assumed a surface-area index for bark of 1.7 (m2

 of bark

per m2 of ground surface covered by the tree crown)

(Whittaker and Woodwell 1967). To limit deposition

estimates to periods of dry deposition, deposition

F =Vd ⋅C

1 ( )− Vd = Ra + Rb + Rc

2

* ( ) − R = u z ⋅u a

1 1 1

1

*

]

[

(( ) ) ( )

( ( )) ln(( ) )

− − −

−

−ψ − ⋅ + ψ ⋅

= ⋅ − − ⋅

z d L z L

u k u z d z d z

M M o

o

ψ = + + + − + π − 2ln[0.5(1 )] ln[0.5(1 )] 2 tan ( ) 0.5 2 1

M X X X

{0.5 0.5[1 (2 / )) ] }2

1

2

1 2

u* = CDN ⋅u + − uo CDN ⋅u

1 * 2( ) (Pr) ( ) 3

2

3

2 − − Rb = Sc k ⋅u

c s m t 1/ R = 1/(r + r ) +1/r
15

velocities were set to zero during periods of

precipitation.

Hourly pollution concentrations (ppm) for gaseous

pollutants in Brooklyn were obtained from the EPA (2-

SO2 monitors; 2-CO; 1-O3; 1-NO2). Hourly ppm values

were converted to μg m-3 based on measured

atmospheric temperature and pressure (Seinfeld 1986).

Average daily concentrations of PM10 (μg m-3) also were

obtained from the EPA (3 monitors). Missing hourly

meteorological or pollution-concentration data are

estimated using the monthly average for the specific

hour. In some locations, an entire month of pollutionconcentration data may be missing and are estimated

based on interpolations from existing data. For example,

O3 concentrations may not be measured during winter

months and existing O3 concentration data are

extrapolated to missing months based on the average

national O3

 concentration monthly pattern.

Average hourly pollutant flux (g m-2 of tree canopy

coverage) among the pollutant monitor sites was

multiplied by Brooklyn’s tree-canopy coverage (m2) to

estimate total hourly pollutant removal by trees across

the city. Bounds of total tree removal of O3, NO2, SO2,

and PM10 were estimated using the typical range of

published in-leaf dry deposition velocities (Lovett

1994).

The monetary value of pollution removal by trees is

estimated using the median externality values for the

United States for each pollutant. These values, in dollars

per metric ton (t) are: NO2

 = $6,752 t-1, PM10 = $4,508 t-1,

SO2

 = $1,653 t-1, and CO = $959 t-1 (Murray et al. 1994).

Externality values for O3 were set to equal the value for

NO2.

To approximate boundary-layer heights in the study

area, mixing-height and meteorological measurements

from Atlantic City, NJ, and LaGuardia Airport were used.

Daily morning and afternoon mixing heights were

interpolated to produce hourly values using the EPA’s

PCRAMMIT program (EPA 1995). Minimum boundarylayer heights were set to 150 m during the night and 250

m during the day based on estimated minimum

boundary-layer heights in cities. Hourly mixing heights

(m) were used in conjunction with pollution

concentrations (μg m-3) to calculate the amount of

pollution within the mixing layer (μg m-2). This

extrapolation from ground-layer concentration to total

pollution within the boundary layer assumes a wellmixed boundary layer, which is common in the daytime

(unstable conditions) (e.g., Colbeck and Harrison

1985). The amount of pollution in the air was

contrasted with the amount removed by trees on an

hourly basis to calculate the relative effect of trees in

reducing local pollution concentrations:

(26)

where E = relative reduction effect (%); R = amount

removed by trees (kg); A = amount of pollution in the

atmosphere (kg).

The ability of individual trees to remove pollutants was

estimated for each diameter class using the formula

(Nowak 1994c):

(27)

where Ix

 = pollution removal by individual trees in

diameter class x (kg/tree); Rt

 = total pollution removed

for all diameter classes (kg); LAx = total leaf area in

diameter class x (m2); LAt = total leaf area of all diameter

classes (m2); and Nx = number of trees in diameter class

x. This formula yields an estimate of pollution removal

by individual trees based on leaf surface area (the major

surface for pollutant removal).

Results

Urban Forest Structure

Trees in Brooklyn cover 2,083 ha (11.4 percent of the

borough). Percent tree cover is highest in Prospect Park

(50.9 percent) and lowest in Community District 201

(3.0 percent) (Table 3, Fig. 1). Brooklyn’s cover is

dominated by buildings (34.5 percent), followed by

other impervious ground surfaces (e.g., tar, cement)

(32.8 percent), grass (20.8 percent), trees, and water

(0.5 percent). The land-use distribution in Brooklyn is:

open space, 24 percent; 1-2 family residential, 22

percent; multifamily residential, 19 percent;

commercial/industrial, 17 percent; public facility, 9

percent; and vacant, 9 percent. Tree cover is highest

within open space land uses (21.4 percent), followed by

1-2 family residential (17.0 percent), multifamily

residential (9.2 percent), public facility (8.7 percent),

vacant (2.8 percent), and commercial/industrial areas

(1.9 percent) (Table 4). Land uses with the greatest

percent and actual potential space for planting trees

(grass/soil area) are vacant (69.7 percent, 1,200 ha) and

open space (60.1 percent, 2,700 ha).

Percent total greenspace was highest in the South Shore

area (Community District 256) (84.2 percent), followed

by Prospect Park (District 255) (74.5 percent), and

District 218 (42.5 percent). Percent total greenspace

filled with trees (canopy greenspace) was highest in

Prospect Park (68.3 percent), followed by Districts 209

(65.2 percent), 214 (63.5 percent), and 203 (62.5

percent). Percent total greenspace in Brooklyn was 32.3

percent with 35.4 percent of the greenspace filled with

tree canopies (Table 3).

Land uses with highest percent total greenspace are open

space (81.5 percent) and vacant (72.5 percent). Percent

of greenspace occupied by tree canopies was 52.3

percent for 1-2 family residential, 43.7 percent for 1 ( )

− E = R R + A

x Rt LAx LAt Nx I = ⋅( / )/
16

public facilities, and 43.2 percent for multifamily

residential (Table 4).

There are approximately 610,000 trees in Brooklyn. Most

of these trees are on open space (240,000) and 1-2

family residential (147,000) (Tables 5-6, Figs. 2-3,

Appendix B). The most common tree species in

Brooklyn are tree of heaven (20.5 percent of tree

population), white mulberry (7.7 percent), black locust

(6.5 percent), Norway maple (6.2 percent), and black

cherry (5.9 percent) (Table 5, Appendix B). Tree of

heaven is the most common species on all land uses

except public facility, where it ranks fourth (Table 6,

Appendix B). The most dominant trees in Brooklyn in

terms of leaf area are London planetree (13.7 percent of

total tree leaf area), tree of heaven (11.2 percent),

Norway maple (11.1 percent), white mulberry (9.1

percent), and black locust (4.9 percent) (Appendix B).

Most of the Brooklyn’s leaf area is located in open space

and residential lands, and on trees of moderate size

(Figs. 4-6). The tree LAI for Brooklyn was 4.2; 3.8

percent of the leaf area is evergreen. The shrub LAI was

2.4 with 19.0 percent in evergreens. Leaf area and leaf

biomass distributions for trees and shrubs by species,

land use, and d.b.h. class are given in Figures 4 and 5,

and Appendix B.

Average tree density in Brooklyn is 33.3/ha. Tree density

is highest on vacant land (62.2/ha) and lowest on

commercial/industrial land (4.9/ha) (Appendix B).

There are about 52,000 street trees in Brooklyn

(Appendix B), though the UFORE methodology is not

specifically designed to sample street-tree populations.

Brooklyn’s urban forest comprises mostly smalldiameter trees; 61.6 percent of the trees are less than 23

cm d.b.h. (Table 7, Fig. 7, Appendix B). Diameter

distributions for individual species also are given in

Appendix B. Most of the small trees (< 7.6 cm d.b.h.) in

Brooklyn are tree of heaven (27.7 percent) (Appendix B).

Most of the trees in Brooklyn are in excellent (42.4

percent) or good condition (39.0 percent), with 5.2

percent classified as dead (Table 8, Appendix B). Species

in the worst condition were Russian olive, eastern

cottonwood, and tree of heaven (Appendix B). Most

trees in Brooklyn are exotic to North America; only 26.2

percent are native to New York State (Table 9, Fig. 8,

Appendix B).

Figure 2.—Number of trees/ha in Brooklyn

by land use. Error bars represent ± one

standard error of the mean.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Com./Ind. Multi. Open Pub. 1-2 Res. Vac. Brooklyn

Land-Use Type

Number of Trees/ha

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

Com./Ind. Multi. Open Pub. 1-2 Res. Vac.

Land-Use Type

Number of Trees

Figure 3.—Number of trees in Brooklyn

by land use. Error bars represent ± one

standard error of the mean.
17

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Com./Ind. Multi. Open Pub. 1-2 Res. Vac.

Land-Use Type

Leaf Surface Area (km2

)

Figure 4.—Leaf surface in Brooklyn by land

use. Error bars represent ± one standard error

of the mean. Standard errors likely are

conservative as they report sampling error

rather than error of estimation.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Com./Ind. Multi. Open Pub. 1-2 Res. Vac. Brooklyn

Land-Use Type

Leaf Surface Area (m 2/ha)

Figure 5.—Leaf surface area/ha estimated in

Brooklyn by land use. Error bars represent ±

one standard error of the mean. Standard

errors likely are conservative as they report

sampling error rather than error of estimation.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0.0-7.6

7.7-15.2

15.3-22.9

23.0-30.530.6-38.1

38.2-45.7

45.8-53.3

53.4-61.061.1-68.668.7-76.276.3-83.883.9-91.491.5-99.1

99.2-106.7

D.b.h. Class (cm)

Leaf Surface Area (km 2

)

Figure 6.—Leaf surface area within 7.6-cm

d.b.h. classes in Brooklyn. Error bars represent

± one standard error of the mean. Standard

errors likely are conservative as they report

sampling error rather than error of estimation.
18

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0.0-7.6

7.7-15.2

15.3-22.923.0-30.530.6-38.138.2-45.745.8-53.353.4-61.061.1-68.668.7-76.276.3-83.883.9-91.491.5-99.1

99.2-106.7

D.b.h. Class (cm)

Percent of Population

Figure 7.—Percent of tree population

within 7.6-cm d.b.h. classes in Brooklyn.

Error bars represent ± one standard error

of the mean.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Com\Ind. Multi. Open Pub. 1-2 Res. Vac Brooklyn

Land-Use Type

Percent Native Trees

New York State

North America

Other

Figure 8.—Percent of live trees in

Brooklyn that are native to different

geographical areas, by land use. Species

native to New York State are included in

North America category; the other

category includes species exotic to

North America (including hybrids and

species of unknown origin).

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Com\Ind. Multi. Open Pub. 1-2 Res. Vac Brooklyn

Land-Use Type

Percent Ground Cover

Impervious

Material

Water

Soil/Mulch/

Duff/Rock

Vegetation

Figure 9.—Percent ground cover in

Brooklyn by land use.
19

Total tree compensatory value in Brooklyn is $679

million, with most of that value associated with open

space and 1-2 family residential areas (Table 10,

Appendix B).

The most dominant ground-surface covers sampled in

the field in Brooklyn are building (31.3 percent), cement

(14.9 percent), tar (14.1 percent) and grass (13.6

percent) (Table 11, Fig. 9, Appendix B). Impervious

surfaces cover more than 60 percent of the ground.

Species richness from the field sample is 57 species with

a diversity value of 3.36 (Appendix B). About 16 percent

of the total tree leaf area (compensatory value of $168

million) is from species that are considered susceptible

to gypsy moth defoliation (Appendix B). Approximately

65 percent of the total tree leaf area (compensatory

value of $390 million) is from species that are known

hosts of the ALB (Appendix B). Classification of predicted

land use from the land-use map versus actual land use

classified in the field plot are given in Appendix B.

Biogenic VOC Emissions

and Species Ozone Index Values

In 1994, trees and shrubs in Brooklyn emitted 96.6 t of

VOC (49.9 t of isoprene, 13.9 t of monoterpenes, and

32.8 t of OVOC) (Table 12). Of the total VOC emissions,

8 percent are from shrubs. Tree emissions averaged 4.4 g

VOC/m2

 canopy cover, while shrub emissions averaged

1.4 g/m2. The emission of these chemicals varied

throughout the year with emissions highest in July (Fig.

10). Emissions also vary throughout the day; the highest

emissions occurred around 2 p.m. (Fig. 11).

The total VOC emission factor standardized per m2

 of

tree canopy cover at 30oC and 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 is 3.4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

J FMAMJ J A SO ND

Month

VOC Emissions (t)

OVOC

Monoterpenes

Isoprene

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Hour

VOC Emissions (kg)

OVOC

Monoterpenes

Isoprene

Figure 10.—Monthly biogenic VOC

emissions for trees and shrubs in

Brooklyn, 1994.

Figure 11.—Hourly biogenic VOC

emissions for trees and shrubs

during the in-leaf season in

Brooklyn, 1994.
20

mg C m-2 hr-1 and is comparable to the regional forest

VOC emissions (Kinnee et al. 1997). The land use with

highest VOC emissions was open space, followed by 1-2

family residential, multifamily residential, vacant, public

facility, and commercial/industrial (Table 12). Forty-two

percent of Brooklyn’s VOC emissions were from the

Platanus and Quercus genera (Table 13).

The tree genera in Brooklyn with the highest individual

O3 index scores were Catalpa spp., Crataegus spp.,

Paulownia spp., Pyrus spp., Rhus spp., and Tilia spp. Of

the species with index values greater than 95, Acer spp.,

Ailanthus spp., Morus spp., Prunus spp., Sophora spp.,

Tilia spp., and Ulmus spp. were the most dominant,

accounting for 57.5 percent of Brooklyn’s total leaf

biomass (Table 14).

Brooklyn’s urban-forest, air-quality species index score

was 77 of a possible 100 (100 represents a forest

composition where all species have the maximum effect

on reducing O3).

Storage and Sequestration of CO2

Trees in Brooklyn store about 172,400 t of C (Table 15)

with an estimated value of $3.5 million. This storage is

equivalent to the amount emitted from Brooklyn’s

population in about 5 days based on average per-capita

C emissions (U.S. Dep. Energy 1997). Brooklyn’s trees

sequester an estimated 5,100 t of C annually (Table 15).

However, based on estimated mortality and tree

removals (given Brooklyn’s tree-condition distribution),

net sequestration is around 2,500 t of C (Table 15).

Brooklyn land uses that contain the most C in trees are

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

Com./Ind. Multi. Open Pub. 1-2 Res. Vac.

Land-Use Type

Carbon Storage (t)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Com./Ind. Multi. Open Pub. 1-2 Res. Vac. Brooklyn

Land-Use Type

Carbon Storage (kg/ha)

Figure 12.—Carbon storage in Brooklyn

by land use. Error bars represent ± one

standard error of the mean. Standard

errors likely are conservative as they

report sampling error rather than error

of estimation.

Figure 13.—Carbon storage/ha in

Brooklyn by land use. Error bars

represent ± one standard error of

the mean. Standard errors likely are

conservative as they report sampling

error rather than error of estimation.
21

open space (47 percent of total C stored by trees in the

borough), 1-2 family residential (19 percent), and

multifamily residential (19 percent). Estimated gross

and net annual sequestration was greatest on open space

lands (Table 15, Figs. 12-15, Appendix B).

Tree species that currently store the most C in Brooklyn

are tree of heaven (21.1 percent of the total C stored),

London planetree (11.1 percent), Norway maple (8.4

percent), and northern red oak (7.6 percent) (Appendix

B). Gross C sequestration was greatest for tree of heaven

(18.7 percent of total gross sequestration), London

planetree (10.5 percent), Norway maple (9.7 percent),

and white mulberry (6.7 percent) (Appendix B). Net

sequestration was estimated as negative (C emissions)

for tree of heaven, Russian olive, and unidentified dead

trees (Appendix B).

Individual tree C storage and sequestration were greatest

for the largest d.b.h. class (83.8+ cm), with large trees

storing and sequestering 530 and 47 times more C,

respectively, than small trees (0 to 7.6 cm) (Table 16).

Air Pollution Removal

In 1994, trees and shrubs in Brooklyn removed an

estimated 254 t of air pollution at an estimated value to

society of $1.31 million (Table 17). Pollution removal

was greatest for O3

, followed by PM10, NO2, SO2, and

CO. Trees accounted for 81.9 percent of total pollution

removal. Pollution removal per m2 of canopy cover was

greater for trees (10.2 g m-2) than shrubs (8.2 g m-2) due

to greater LAI (Table 17). Standardized pollution

removal rates differ among cities due to the amount of

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Com./Ind. Multi. Open Pub. 1-2 Res. Vac.

Land-Use Type

Carbon Sequestration (t/yr)

Gross Seq.

Net Seq.

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Com./Ind. Multi. Open Pub. 1-2 Res. Vac. Brooklyn

Land-Use Type

Carbon Sequestration (kg/yr/ha)

Gross Seq.

Net Seq.

Figure 14.—Annual gross and net

carbon sequestration in Brooklyn by

land use. Error bars represent ± one

standard error of the mean. Standard

errors likely are conservative as they

report sampling error rather than error

of estimation.

Figure 15.—Annual gross and net

carbon sequestration per hectare in

Brooklyn by land use. Error bars

represent ± one standard error of

the mean. Standard errors likely are

conservative as they report sampling

error rather than error of estimation.
22

air pollution, length of in-leaf season, LAI, precipitation,

and other meteorological factors.

Hourly air-quality improvement in Brooklyn due to

pollution removal by trees during daytime of the in-leaf

season averaged 0.26 percent for O3

 and SO2, 0.25

percent for PM10, 0.17 percent for NO2

, and 0.001

percent for CO. Air pollution removal by trees at night is

minimal due to stomatal closure. Air quality improves

with increased tree cover and decreased boundary-layer

heights. In urban areas with 100-percent tree cover (i.e.,

contiguous forest stands), short-term improvements in

air quality (1 hour) from pollution removal by trees

were as high as 14.7 percent for SO2, 14.2 percent for

O3, 10.5 percent for PM10, 6.8 percent for NO2, and

0.05 percent for CO.

Total removal and percent air quality improvement

show diurnal and seasonal patterns based on vegetation

and meteorological conditions, and atmospheric

pollution concentration. Most pollution is removed

during July and during the daytime (Figs. 16-17).

Individual large trees removed up to 65 times more

pollution than small trees; large trees remove up to 1.95

kg yr-1 versus 0.03 kg yr-1 for small trees (Table 16).

The modeled deposition velocities for each pollutant

and their daily patterns correspond well with measured

deposition velocities for trees (e.g., Lovett 1994).

Average Vd (cm s-1) for daytime of in-leaf season with an

LAI of 4.2 were: O3 = 0.53; SO2 = 0.51; PM10 = 0.49

(50% resuspension included); NO2 = 0.33; CO = 0.002.

Maximum hourly Vd (cm s-1) during the in-leaf season

were: SO2 = 1.23; O3 = 1.17; PM10 = 0.49 (50-percent

resuspension included); NO2 = 0.51; CO = 0.002.

All model results were cross-checked and verified against

test data sets and published field measurements.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

J FMAMJ J ASOND

Month

Pollution Removal (t)

O3

PM10

NO2

SO2

CO

Figure 16.—Monthly pollutant

removal (dry deposition) by trees

and shrubs in Brooklyn, 1994.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Hour

Pollution Removal (kg)

O3

NO2

SO2

CO

Figure 17.—Hourly pollution

removal (dry deposition) by trees

and shrubs during the in-leaf

season in Brooklyn, 1994.
23

Discussion

Brooklyn’s urban forest resource covers 11 percent of the

borough and comprises 610,000 trees. Sustaining this

resource will preserve a compensatory or structural value

of $679 million. Currently, it is dominated (in leaf area)

by London planetree, tree of heaven, and Norway maple.

These three species account for 36 percent of Brooklyn’s

tree leaf area, 31 percent of the trees, and 41 percent of

the total tree biomass.

With respect to land uses, London planetree is common

in residential areas and public facilities. Its population

comprises mostly larger trees (> 30 cm d.b.h.). There

were fewer small trees (< 7 percent < 23 cm d.b.h.),

indicating that Brooklyn’s urban forest composition

likely will shift from this species unless additional trees

are established. Even then, the dominance of London

planetree should diminish when these large trees begin

to decline. Currently, all London planetree in Brooklyn

are in good or excellent condition.

Tree of heaven is the most common tree for all land uses

except public facility, where it ranks fourth. This exotic

pioneer species is common in many U.S. cities. Because

many trees are in the smaller diameter classes, the tree of

heaven population likely will be sustained. However,

more than 20 percent of its population were dead. Many

of these trees are likely pioneers on relatively

unmaintained sites, so the relatively high mortality of

this species may be an artifact of the dead trees being

allowed to remain standing longer than other species.

Also, the high mortality likely indicates poor long-term

survival. In other areas of New York City, tree of heaven

has been transitory (Sisinni and Emmerich 1995).

Norway maple is another invasive, exotic species that is

common to Brooklyn. This species is common in

residential and open space areas, and contains a mix of

small and large trees, indicating that it is being sustained

through replanting efforts or natural regeneration. Of

the Norway maple population in Brooklyn, nearly 90

percent were in good or excellent condition. This species

may not be appropriate around natural forest areas as it

commonly escapes to compete with native species

(Nowak and Rowntree 1990).

The overall diameter structure of Brooklyn’s urban forest

indicates that forest cover should be sustained as nearly

45 percent of the trees are less than 15.2 cm in diameter.

Most trees are exotic not only to New York State but also

to North America. The potential benefits (e.g., relatively

easy establishment and survival) and potential costs

(e.g., invasion into unwanted areas) must be weighed

when considering these exotic species for urban forests.

Enhancing Brooklyn’s Urban Forest Cover

Brooklyn’s urban forest can be increased through proper

planning and management. The borough’s tree cover

and density are the lowest of seven U.S. cities that have

been analyzed (Table 18). Cultural or environmental

factors that limit tree cover in cities include impervious

surfaces, intensive site use that limits regeneration due

to trampling or soil compaction, and mowing and

herbicide use.

Approximately two-thirds of Brooklyn is covered by

impervious surfaces. Planting is possible on

nonbuilding impervious surfaces (e.g. roads, parking

lots, and sidewalks) where land use activities such as

vehicle traffic do not prohibit tree establishment. Tree

cover can be established even on some building surfaces

with proper design and engineering (e.g., rooftop

gardens). Although relatively expensive to establish

vegetation on, these areas can be used to increase

canopy cover.

On commercial/industrial lands, more than half of the

ground area is nonbuilding impervious surfaces, which

also cover 40 percent of public facility, 35 percent of

multifamily residential, and 25 percent of 1-2 family

residential. For these uses, nonbuilding impervious

surfaces offer a relatively large amount of space upon

which tree cover could be established and sustained.

Open spaces and vacant lands offer the greatest

potential for increased tree cover with 60- and 70-

percent (2,700 and 1,200 ha) grass/soil cover,

respectively. These uses may be the most cost-effective

for increasing tree cover because of the relatively large

amount of grass/bare soil. However, use activities may

prevent planting in these areas.

Apart from planting trees in urban areas, managers can

limit cultural practices (e.g., mowing) to increase canopy

cover in Brooklyn. The borough is within an

Appalachian oak forest type (Kuchler 1966), so trees

should regenerate naturally in many areas of the

borough. Allowing trees to regenerate is a relatively lowcost option to increasing tree cover, though this type of

management limits species selection and some control

over the site. Limiting mowing in areas where it is not

essential can increase tree cover depending on the

species that becomes established.

Potential Impact of

Asian Longhorn Beetle

As of June 23, 2000, more than 4,700 trees were

removed in New York State due to infestation by the

ALB (USDA For. Serv. 2000). Quarantines and

eradication programs have been established to prevent

the spread of this pest. Still, should ALB become

established in Brooklyn, an estimated 308,000 trees will

be infested (51 percent of the borough’s trees and 65

percent of its leaf area), with a potential value loss of

$390 million.
24

Urban Forest Management in Brooklyn

Effect on Global Climate Change

Brooklyn’s urban forest and its management can affect

global climate change by affecting the urban atmosphere

and chemical emissions. Carbon storage in Brooklyn is

estimated at 172,400 t (9.4 t/ha). This storage level is

lower than that of Oakland (11 t/ha) and Chicago (14.1

t/ha) (Table 19). Carbon storage in Brooklyn is

equivalent to the amount of C emitted by the borough’s

population in about 5 days based on average per-capita

emission rates. Total C storage by trees in Chicago,

which took years to sequester, is equivalent to emissions

from the city’s residential sector during a 5-month

period (Nowak 1994b).

The estimated gross sequestration rate is 5,120 t in

Brooklyn (0.3 t/ha/yr) and 40,100 t (0.7 t/ha/yr) in

Chicago (Table 19). Factors that lead to increased

carbon storage and gross sequestration per hectare

include increased tree density and an increased

proportion of large trees. Trees in poorer condition also

have lower gross sequestration rates. The gross

sequestration rates for Brooklyn and Chicago compare

with 2.6 t/ha/yr for a 25-year old loblolly pine plantation

with genetically improved stock on a high yield site, and

1.0 t/ha/yr for a 25-year old natural regeneration sprucefir forest on an average site (Birdsey 1996).

Net annual sequestration (gross sequestration minus

estimated C emissions due to mortality [decomposition])

is an estimated 14,400 t for Chicago (Nowak 1994b)

versus 2,500 t for Brooklyn. Again, these differences are

due to the same factors that affect C storage.

Urban forests affect the emission or formation of

greenhouse gases through the emission of trace gases by

plants and the emission of gases due to tree

maintenance activities (e.g., from vehicles, chain saws,

backhoes). VOC contribute to the formation of O3

 and

CO (e.g., Brasseur and Chatfield 1991) and eventually

CO2

. However, because the C used to form the VOC

originates from CO2

 and the cycle of CO2 to VOC to

CO2 is relatively quick, VOC emissions should not be

considered as contributing to increasing CO2

concentrations (Nowak 2000).

For the most part, the net C sequestered from a forest is

that sequestered by the first generation of trees. Future

generations of trees sequester the C lost through

decomposition of previous generations (Nowak 2000),

though some C can be retained for long periods in the

soil. Thus, net C storage in a given area will cycle

through time as the population grows and declines.

When forest growth (C accumulation) is greater than

decomposition, net C storage increases. Long-term

storage from forests can be increased when wood is used

in long-term products (lumber) or where it is prevented

from decaying, e.g., landfills (Nowak 2000).

When considering the net effect of tree growth on

atmospheric CO2

, managers also must consider that

nearly all of the C sequestered eventually will be

converted to CO2 when the trees decompose. As a result,

the benefits of C sequestration will be relatively shortlived if the forest structure is not sustained. Note that if

this structure is sustained through maintenance

techniques that include the use of fossil fuels, benefits

will be eroded by the resulting emissions of CO2. The

continual use of fossil fuels in tree maintenance will

eventually result in urban forests that are net C emitters

unless the maintenance emissions can be offset by

reduced decomposition through long-term storage and/

or building energy conservation derived from trees, and

its consequent reduction of emissions from power plants.

Because urban tree management often requires large

amounts of energy, primarily from fossil fuels, managers

should consider the types of equipment that are used to

plant, maintain, and remove vegetation. Vehicles and

equipment such as chain saws, backhoes, leaf blowers,

chippers, and shredders emit CO2

 (about 0.7 kg/l of

gasoline) (Graham et al. 1992) as well as VOC, CO,

nitrogen and sulfur oxides, and particulate matter (EPA

1991).

Thus, when evaluating the overall net change in global

climate change and air quality due to urban trees,

managers and planners must be aware that the greater

the use of fossil fuels in establishing and maintaining a

certain vegetation structure, the longer trees must live

and function to offset the pollutant emissions from

maintenance and management activities.

As mentioned previously, planting trees in energyconserving locations around buildings (e.g., Heisler

1986) can reduce building energy use and,

consequently, chemical emissions from power plants.

However, planting trees in improper locations can

increase energy use. The power plant C emissions

avoided due to a tree’s energy conservation effect could

be four times the direct C storage over the life of the tree

(Nowak 1993). Because urban trees also reduce C

emissions through energy conservation and reduced air

temperatures they have a greater potential to reduce

greenhouse gases than nonurban trees (Nowak 2000).

To further reduce CO2

 concentrations in Brooklyn,

urban forest managers should focus on: a) sustaining

existing tree cover (to avoid the loss of existing C), b)

increasing tree cover (to facilitate additional C storage),

and c) increasing tree health and sequestration by

replacing dead and dying trees with young, healthy trees,

particularly for land use that are net CO2 emitters

(commercial/industrial). Management plans also should

include: a) strategically planting new trees around

buildings to enhance energy conservation, b) using

wood for energy or long-term products, and c) reducing

the use of fossil fuels in maintaining urban forest

structure.
25

Effect on Air Quality

Urban forests can improve air quality in cities by

removing pollutants, lowering air temperatures, and

reducing building energy use and emissions from

parked vehicles. However, VOC emissions from

vegetation can lead to the formation of O3

 and CO

(Brasseur and Chatfield 1991), and reduced windspeeds

due to trees can lead to reduced pollution dispersion

and higher ground-level concentrations of pollutants

(Nowak et al. 2000).

Integrative modeling studies (i.e., Cardelino and

Chameides 1990; Taha 1996; Nowak et al. 2000) show

that increased tree cover can reduce pollutant

concentrations in cities, particularly where low VOCemitting species are used. Within the Washington, DCNew York City corridor, the composition of urban tree

species had no detectable effect (< 1 ppb) on O3

concentrations (Nowak et al. 2000). This lack of effect

most likely was due to the area being mostly NOx

limited and that changes in VOC emissions due to

urban tree species were insignificant compared with

existing anthropogenic and natural VOC emissions.

Taha (1996) found that species composition could affect

O3 concentrations in the South Coast Air Basin of the

Los Angeles area.

In Brooklyn, 18 percent of the tree and shrub leaf

biomass was from genera with the highest base VOC

emissions (> 70 μgC/g leaf wt/hr standardized to 30oC

and 1,000 μmol/m2/s; Appendix A). Changing species

composition from high-emitting genera (Platanus,

Quercus, Robinia, Populus, Salix, and Liquidambar) would

increase the overall index score (77.0) and could aid in

reducing O3

 levels in the Brooklyn area. Low index

scores do not necessarily mean that the urban forest has

net formation of pollution, only that the potential

maximum effect of trees on improving O3 levels has not

been reached. Attaining a high index score (e.g., 100)

may not be feasible in many urban forests as species

diversity could be minimized.

Additional research is needed on the effects of

individual species on pollution, particularly O3

. While

the overall impact of species differences on O3 in

Brooklyn likely is minimal, using low VOC-emitting

species will assure maximum effects on reducing O3. In

choosing appropriate species for Brooklyn, numerous

other factors need to be considered, including lifespan,

maintenance needs, individual-species differences in

transpirational cooling, and human preference for

various species. Planting species that require high

maintenance or have short lifespans could increase

emissions of air pollutants from maintenance and

removal activities required for these species.

Healthy trees are effective in reducing numerous air

pollutants. In 1994, trees in Brooklyn removed about

208 t of air pollution at an estimated value of $1.1

million. This removal rate is among the lowest of urban

forests analyzed (Table 20), but likely is due to

Brooklyn’s relatively low tree cover and size (area).

However, standardized pollution removal by Brooklyn’s

trees (10.2 g/m2 canopy cover/yr) was comparable to

that of Chicago (8.9 g/m2/yr), Atlanta (10.6 g/m2/yr),

and Baltimore (12.2 g/m2

/yr) (Nowak 1994c; Nowak

and Crane 2000). Difference in standardized removal

rates among cities are due to differences in pollution

concentration, meteorology, length of growing season,

and leaf area of the forest (Nowak et al. 1998).

Air quality improvement from pollution removal by

Brooklyn’s trees averaged around 0.2 to 0.25 percent

during the growing season (< 0.1 ppb for O3

 under

average conditions). However peak improvement could

reach 14 to 15 percent in heavily forested areas (about 5

ppb for O3

). If completely forested, pollution removal

by trees in the borough could lead to a maximum

reduction of about 17 ppb, or an average reduction of

about 3 ppb, under high O3

 concentrations (e.g., 120

ppb).

These estimates of air quality improvement due to

pollution removal likely underestimate the total effect of

the forest on reducing ground-level pollutants because

they do not account for the effect of the forest canopy in

preventing concentrations of upper air pollution from

reaching ground-level air space. Measured differences in

O3 concentration between above- and below-forest

canopies in California’s San Bernardino Mountains have

exceeded 50 ppb (40-percent improvement)

(Bytnerowicz et al. 1999). Under normal daytime

conditions, atmospheric turbulence mixes the

atmosphere such that pollutant concentrations are

relatively consistent with height (e.g., Colbeck and

Harrison 1985). Forest canopies can limit the mixing of

upper air with ground-level air, leading to significant

below-canopy air quality improvements. However,

where there are numerous pollutant sources below the

canopy (e.g., automobiles), the forest canopy could have

the inverse effect by minimizing the dispersion of the

pollutants away at ground level.

To increase air pollution removal by Brooklyn’s urban

forest, managers should increase tree canopy cover as

well as the leaf area within canopied areas (e.g., by

adding shrubs below trees). In areas with high levels of

ground-based emissions (e.g., highways), canopy cover

may be best located along the highway (not overhead)

to allow pollutants to disperse upward while increasing

removal immediately adjacent to the sources. Additional

canopy cover in residential areas (or other areas where

people concentrate) where pollution concentrations are

high could improve human health.

In assessing the effects of trees in cities, managers also

must consider current air quality conditions. If the city

has clean air, the effects of pollution formation from

VOC emissions will be minimized as the incremental
26

impact of additional pollutants in clean air is relatively

small in human and environmental impacts. Conversely,

if the city’s air quality is poor, the change in pollution

concentrations due to vegetation, either positive or

negative, will have a relatively greater effect on human

health and environmental quality. A change in a

pollutant’s concentration of 1 ppm when concentrations

are low is less significant than a change of 1 ppm when

concentrations are near the National Ambient Air

Quality Standard level, i.e., at these levels, pollution will

have a greater impact on humans and the environment.

Because Brooklyn is considered to be in nonattainment

for the air quality standards of O3

 and CO (as of January

2001) (U.S. EPA 2001), the borough’s species

composition and overall vegetation structure could help

improve human health and environmental quality,

particularly with respect to these nonattainment

pollutants.

Tree Species and Size Effects

In addition to choosing tree species that are well

adapted to the site to reduce maintenance needs and

increase longevity, species characteristics can influence

chemical removal and emissions, urban microclimate,

and building energy conservation. To enhance

transpirational cooling, and thereby reduce air

temperatures and temperature-dependent VOC

emissions, trees with relatively high leaf surface areas

and transpiration rates should be selected. Besides

location around buildings, tree size, transpiration, and

leaf and branching density also can influence building

energy use (Heisler 1986; McPherson 1994).

Large trees (with a healthy leaf surface area) will increase

C sequestration and pollution removal rates. Large,

healthy trees greater than 83.8 cm in diameter sequester

about 47 times more C and remove 65 times more air

pollution annually than small, healthy trees (< 8 cm in

diameter). Also, large trees store about 530 times more

C than small trees. Tree species with relatively long

lifespans will have the greatest overall positive effect on

CO2

 as carbon emissions because tree planting and

removal will occur less frequently.

VOC emission rates also vary by species. Nine genera

have the highest standardized isoprene emission rate

(Geron et al. 1994; C.D. Geron, EPA, pers. commun.,

1999) and thus the greatest relative effect among genera

on increasing O3: beefwood (Casuarina spp.), Eucalyptus

spp., sweetgum (Liquidambar spp.), black gum (Nyssa

spp.), sycamore (Platanus spp.), poplar (Populus spp.),

oak (Quercus spp.), black locust (Robinia spp.), and

willow (Salix spp.). However, due to the high degree of

uncertainty in atmospheric modeling and the

complexities and variations of modeling conditions in

individual cities, it is not clear whether these genera

contribute to an overall net formation of O3

 in cities. In

Brooklyn, it is likely that species composition has

minimal impact on ozone concentrations (Nowak et al.

2000). Common genera in Brooklyn with the greatest

relative effect on lowering O3

 are mulberry (Morus spp.),

cherry (Prunus spp.), linden (Tilia spp.), and

honeylocust (Gleditsia sp.).

As stated earlier, improper design and management can

lead to detrimental effects and increased costs (Dwyer et

al. 1992; Nowak and Dwyer 2000). Managers should

consider current and potential urban forest structure

and functions, vegetation management potential and

consequences, and the needs of local residents when

developing vegetation management strategies.

Summary of Management Options

The following options can help Brooklyn’s urban forest

improve air quality and increase both C sequestration

and net C benefits:

• Increase the number of healthy trees (increases

pollution removal and C sequestration).

• Sustain existing tree cover (maintains current C

storage and levels of pollution removal).

• Maximize the use of low VOC-emitting trees (reduces

O3

 and CO formation).

• Sustain large, healthy trees (large trees have greatest

per-tree effects).

• Plant long-lived species and use wood for long-term

products (forestalls C emissions from

decomposition).

• Use low-maintenance, urban-adapted trees (reduces

pollution emissions from maintenance activities).

• Minimize the use of fossil fuels in maintaining

vegetation (reduces pollution emissions).

• Plant trees in energy-conserving locations and use

tree materials for energy production (reduces

pollution emissions from power plants).

• Plant trees to shade parked cars (reduces vehicular

VOC emissions).

• Provide trees and shrubs with ample water (increases

pollution removal and reduces air temperatures).

• Plant trees in polluted and/or heavily populated

areas (maximizes tree effects).

• Avoid pollution-sensitive species (increases tree

health).

• Plant evergreen trees to reduce levels of particulate

matter (provides year-round removal of particles).
27

Acknowledgments

We thank Howard Golden, president of the Borough of

Brooklyn, NY, for helping fund this report. Chris Boyd,

Mark Caserta, Robert Perris, and Caitlin Cahill provided

valuable assistance throughout the project. Patrick

McHale assisted with program development, and Chris

Luley and the Davey Resource Group collected field

data. Dennis Baldocchi provided computer code and

assistance with the Big-Leaf/Multi-layer hybrid model,

E.L. Maxwell provided computer code and assistance

with the METSTAT model, and Alex Guenther provided

computer code and assistance with the Sunfleck model.

David Randall provided both statistical advice and

assistance. Richard Birdsey, Mark Caserta, William

Carter, Chris Geron, Angela Licata, and David Randall

reviewed an earlier version of this report.

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Table 1.—Estimated grams of O3

 formed per gram of VOC emitted,

by VOC class, Brooklyn, NYa

VOC class g O3 formed/ Range

g VOC emittedb (g O3/g VOC)

Isoprene 3.5 2.2 - 11.5

Monoterpenesc 1.3 1.0 - 4.1

OVOCsd 1.12 0.65 - 3.2

CO 0.038 0.03 - 0.07

a

Three incremental reactivity scales were used (Carter 1994, 1998): a)

maximum incremental reactivity, which represents conditions with a

VOC/NOx

 ratio of about 4 (maximum potential O3-forming effect), b)

maximum O3

 incremental reactivity scale (VOC/NOx ratio of about 8),

and c) equal benefit incremental reactivity (VOC/NOx

 ratio of about 15;

minimum potential O3

-forming effect).

bBased on VOC/NOx

 ratio of 9.6, which was adjusted from original value

of about 8 (Carter 1994, 1998). Original values were 3.85 for isoprene,

1.4 for monoterpenes, 1.26 for OVOCs, and 0.04 for CO.

c

Based on weighted emissions (Guenther et al. 1998; weighted emission

factors in parentheses) of α-Pinene (1), ß-Pinene (0.75), Sabinene (0.3),

3-Carene (0.5), and Limonene (0.2) for O3

/VOC estimate and upper limit

of range; and α-Pinene and ß-Pinene for lower limit of range. Chemical

species of monoterpenes are based on Winer et al. (1992).

dOVOC are based on weighted emissions (Guenther et al. 1998; weighted

emission factors in parentheses) of reactive VOC: ethene (0.1), propene

(0.1), butene (0.03), acetalehyde (0.03), formaldehyde (0.03), acetic acid

(0.01), and formic acid (0.01); and less reactive VOCs: methanol (1),

ethanol (0.1), acetone (0.1), and ethane (0.01). Reactive and less reactive

VOC are 25- and 75-percent of the total OVOC emissions, respectively.
35

Table 2.—Attributes of equations used to calculate tree biomass

Species Tree parta Type of Volumeb D.b.h. Height Reference

weight range range

cm m

Abies balsamea Above Dry No 3 - 51 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Abies balsamea Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Acer macrophyllum Ab-lf Dry Yes 13 - 84 9 - 27 Pillsbury and Kirkley 1984

Acer rubrum Above Dry No 3 - 66 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Acer saccharinum Above Dry No 5 - 46 9 - 27 Alemdag 1984

Acer saccharum Above Dry No 3 - 66 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Betula alleghaniensis Above Dry No 3 - 66 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Betula alleghaniensis Above Dry No 5 - 71 5 - 26 Alemdag 1984

Betula lenta Above Dry No 5 - 51 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Betula papyrifera Above Dry No 3 - 51 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Betula papyrifera Ab-lf Dry Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Carya spp. Whole Fresh No 5 - 71 na Wenger 1984

Carya spp. Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Castanopsis chrysophylla Ab-lf Dry Yes 13 - 79 6 - 30 Pillsbury and Kirkley 1984

Celtis laevigata Ab-lf Dry No 5 - 56 3 - 28 Schlaegel 1984b

Celtis occidentalis Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Cornus spp. Ab-lf Dry No 3 - 13 5 - 13 Phillips 1981

Fagus grandifolia Above Dry No 3 - 66 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Fraxinus americana Above Dry No 3 - 51 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Fraxinus americana Above Fresh No 13 - 61 14 - 30 Myers et al 1980

Fraxinus nigra Above Dry No 5 - 33 7 - 20 Alemdag 1984

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Ab-lf Dry No 3 - 79 4 - 34 Schlaegel 1984c

Juglans cinerea Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Juglans nigra Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Juniperus virginiana Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Liquidambar styraciflua Ab-lf Dry No 3 - 84 4 - 39 Schlaegel 1984a

Liriodendron tulipifera Ab-lf Fresh No 15 - 71 na Wenger 1984

Liriodendron tulipifera Above Dry No 3 - 51 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Nyssa sylvatica Ab-lf Fresh No 3 - 25 6 - 24 Clark et al 1986

Nyssa sylvatica Ab-lf Fresh No 28 - 51 15 - 30 Clark et al 1986

Ostrya virginiana Whole Dry No 5 - 18 na Perala and Alban 1993

Ostrya virginiana Above Dry No 5 - 48 6 - 12 Alemdag 1984

Picea spp. Above Dry No 3 - 66 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Picea abies Above Dry No 13 - 41 na Jokela et al 1986

Picea glauca Above Fresh No 15 - 41 9 - 22 Steinhilb et al 1984

Picea glauca Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Picea glauca Whole Fresh No 3 - 66 na Wenger 1984

Picea mariana Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Pinus banksiana Whole Dry No 5 - 41 na Perala and Alban 1993

Pinus contorta Whole Dry No 10 - 33 na Stanek and State 1978

Pinus contorta Above Fresh No 3 - 38 na Wenger 1984

Pinus echinata Wh-lf Fresh No 15 - 51 na Wenger 1984

Pinus elliottii Wh-lf Fresh No 15 - 53 na Wenger 1984

Pinus palustris Wh-lf Fresh No 15 - 48 na Wenger 1984

Pinus ponderosa Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Pinus resinosa Above Dry No 3 - 51 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Picea rubens Whole Fresh No 3 - 66 na Wenger 1984

Pinus strobus Above Dry No 3 - 66 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Populus spp. Whole Fresh No 3 - 51 na Wenger 1984

Populus balsamifera Above Dry No 8 - 53 6 - 27 Alemdag 1984

Populus deltoides Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Populus grandidentata Whole Dry No 3 - 46 na Perala and Alban 1993

Populus tremuloides Above Dry No 5 - 43 7 - 27 Alemdag 1984

Continued
36

Populus tremuloides Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Prunus pensylvanica Above Dry No 3 - 23 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Prunus serotina Above Dry No 5 - 51 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Pseudotsuga menziesii Whole Dry No 3 - 122 na Wenger 1984

Quercus agrifolia Ab-lf Dry Yes 13 - 76 6 - 30 Pillsbury and Kirkley 1984

Quercus alba Above Dry No 5 - 51 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Quercus alba Above Dry No 5 - 76 5 - 22 Alemdag 1984

Quercus alba Above Fresh No 15 - 61 11 - 28 Myers et al 1980

Quercus chrysolepis Ab-lf Dry Yes 13 - 76 6 - 30 Pillsbury and Kirkley 1984

Quercus coccinea Ab-lf Dry No 13 - 51 15 - 29 Clark et al 1986

Quercus douglasii Ab-lf Dry Yes 13 - 69 6 - 24 Pillsbury and Kirkley 1984

Quercus lyrata Ab-lf Dry No 3 - 86 3 - 30 Schlaegel 1984d

Quercus macrocarpa Whole Dry No 5 - 25 na Perala and Alban 1993

Quercus phellos Ab-lf Dry No 5 - 94 6 - 38 Schlaegel 1981

Quercus prinus Above Dry No 5 - 51 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Quercus rubra Above Dry No 5 - 51 na Tritton and Hornbeck 1982

Quercus rubra Ab-lf Fresh No 15 - 64 na Wenger 1984

Quercus rubra Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Quercus velutina Above Fresh No 5 - 41 na Wenger 1984

Quercus velutina Whole Dry No 30 - 89 na Stanek and State 1978

Quercus wislizenii Ab-lf Dry Yes 13 - 76 6 - 27 Pillsbury and Kirkley 1984

Salix babylonica Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Thuja occidentalis Above Dry No 3 - 30 na Ker 1980

Thuja occidentalis Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

Thuja plicata Whole Dry No 3 - 122 na Wenger 1984

Tilia americana Above Dry No 5 - 56 4 - 26 Alemdag 1984

Tsuga canadensis Whole Fresh No 3 - 51 na Wenger 1984

Tsuga heterophylla Whole Dry No 3 - 91 na Wenger 1984

Ulmus americana Whole Dry No 5 - 30 na Perala and Alban 1993

Ulmus americana Above Dry No 5 - 56 7 - 23 Alemdag 1984

Ulmus americana Ab-lf Fresh Yes allc na Hahn 1984

a

Above = above-ground biomass; Ab-lf = above-ground biomass without leaves; Whole = whole-tree biomass.

bVolumetric formula.

c

Hahn’s (1984) volumetric formulas were used to calculate biomass for deciduous trees greater than 94 cm d.b.h. and

biomass of coniferous trees greater than 122 cm d.b.h.

Species Tree parta Type of Volumeb D.b.h. Height Reference

weight range range

cm m

Table 2.—Continued
37

Table 3.—Mean and standard error (SE) of percent tree/shrub, grass/soil, building, ground impervious (e.g., tar,

cement) and water cover by Brooklyn Community District based on sampling of aerial photographs. Total

greenspace (TGS) is percent of area filled with vegetation or covered by soil (i.e., not occupied by impervious

surfaces or water); canopy greenspace (CGS) is proportion of total greenspace occupied by tree canopies

Tree/shrub Grass/soil Building Impervious Water

 District Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE TGS CGS

201 3.0 1.0 10.6 1.8 44.4 2.9 40.1 2.8 2.0 0.8 13.6 22.0

202 7.8 2.0 11.2 2.4 40.2 3.7 40.8 3.7 0.0 0.0 19.0 41.2

203 19.6 3.0 11.7 2.4 40.2 3.7 28.5 3.4 0.0 0.0 31.3 62.5

204 15.6 3.1 13.3 2.9 40.7 4.2 30.4 4.0 0.0 0.0 28.9 53.8

205 8.4 1.5 25.9 2.4 33.7 2.5 31.4 2.5 0.6 0.4 34.3 24.4

206 9.5 2.1 15.8 2.6 38.9 3.5 34.7 3.5 1.1 0.7 25.3 37.5

207 17.4 2.5 16.5 2.5 32.6 3.1 33.5 3.2 0.0 0.0 33.9 51.3

208 11.0 3.1 15.0 3.6 43.0 5.0 31.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 26.0 42.3

209 13.8 3.3 7.3 2.6 45.0 4.8 33.9 4.5 0.0 0.0 21.1 65.2

210 17.1 2.5 15.8 2.4 32.9 3.2 34.2 3.2 0.0 0.0 32.9 52.1

211 7.4 1.8 10.1 2.0 41.5 3.3 41.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 17.5 42.1

212 11.2 2.1 11.6 2.1 46.4 3.3 30.9 3.0 0.0 0.0 22.7 49.1

213 9.1 2.0 25.8 3.1 20.2 2.9 44.4 3.5 0.5 0.5 34.8 26.1

214 17.8 2.8 10.3 2.2 44.3 3.7 27.6 3.3 0.0 0.0 28.1 63.5

215 12.0 1.9 13.4 2.0 41.9 2.9 32.6 2.7 0.0 0.0 25.4 47.3

216 8.0 2.7 11.5 3.0 35.4 4.5 45.1 4.7 0.0 0.0 19.5 40.9

217 11.9 2.3 13.9 2.4 44.1 3.5 30.2 3.2 0.0 0.0 25.7 46.2

218 10.2 1.3 32.3 2.0 26.2 1.9 30.6 2.0 0.8 0.4 42.5 24.0

Prospect Park 50.9 6.7 23.6 5.7 5.5 3.1 9.1 4.1 10.9 4.5 74.5 68.3

Shore area 6.3 1.4 77.9 2.4 1.0 0.6 14.9 2.0 0.0 0.0 84.2 7.5

Total 11.4 0.5 20.8 0.6 34.5 0.7 32.8 0.7 0.5 0.1 32.3 35.4

Table 4.—Mean and standard error (SE) of percent tree/shrub, grass/soil, building, ground impervious (e.g., tar,

cement) and water cover by land use, Brooklyn, NY, based on sampling of aerial photographs

 Tree Grass/soil Building Impervious Water

Land use Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE TGSa CGSa

Open space 21.4 1.5 60.1 1.8 1.9 0.5 15.3 1.3 1.4 0.4 81.5 26.3

Residential 17.0 1.2 15.5 1.1 42.8 1.5 24.8 1.3 0.0 0.0 32.5 52.3

Multifamily 9.2 0.8 12.1 0.9 43.9 1.4 34.8 1.4 0.0 0.0 21.3 43.2

Public facility 8.7 1.7 11.2 1.9 39.9 2.9 40.2 2.9 0.0 0.0 19.9 43.7

Vacant 2.8 1.4 69.7 3.9 2.1 1.2 25.4 3.7 0.0 0.0 72.5 3.9

Comm./Indust. 1.9 0.5 4.7 0.7 41.3 1.6 50.8 1.7 1.2 0.4 6.6 28.8

a

TGS = total greenspace; CGS = canopy greenspace (see Table 3).
38

Table 5.—Species composition of and estimated number of trees (including dead trees) in

Brooklyn’s urban forest

Species Number of trees SE Percent of population

 Tree of heaven 125,100 28,600 20.5

 White mulberry 46,800 21,400 7.7

 Black locust 39,700 20,100 6.5

 Norway maple 38,000 10,300 6.2

 Black cherry 35,700 18,600 5.9

 London planetree 25,900 9,400 4.3

 Sycamore maple 25,000 10,800 4.1

 Honeylocust 20,100 8,900 3.3

 American basswood 14,300 8,200 2.3

 Cherry 14,200 5,700 2.3

 Kwanzan cherry 11,200 6,300 1.8

 Eastern white pine 10,900 5,200 1.8

 Japanese pagoda tree 10,900 7,700 1.8

 Hawthorn 10,700 7,800 1.8

 Flowering dogwood 10,600 3,900 1.7

 Pin oak 9,800 5,100 1.6

 American elm 9,700 6,200 1.6

 Silver maple 7,900 3,500 1.3

 Littleleaf linden 7,900 4,200 1.3

 Blue spruce 7,500 3,300 1.2

 Japanese maple 7,400 3,200 1.2

 Callery pear 6,700 5,400 1.1

 Eastern redbud 6,500 5,100 1.1

 Northern red oak 6,500 3,200 1.1

 Eastern cottonwood 6,300 3,800 1.0

 Apple 6,100 3,000 1.0

 Crabapple 6,000 3,600 1.0

 Horsechestnut 5,200 5,200 0.9

 Red maple 4,900 4,900 0.8

 Hydrangea 4,900 4,900 0.8

 Black willow 4,900 4,900 0.8

 European white birch 4,700 2,700 0.8

 Siberian elm 4,700 4,700 0.8

 Royal paulownia 4,500 3,400 0.7

 Eastern hemlock 4,500 3,300 0.7

 Russian olive 3,300 2,300 0.5

 Eastern redcedar 3,300 3,300 0.5

 Nannyberry 3,300 3,300 0.5

 Northern hackberry 3,100 3,100 0.5

 Norway spruce 3,100 2,200 0.5

 Boxelder 1,600 1,600 0.3

 Atlas cedar 1,600 1,600 0.3

 White ash 1,600 1,600 0.3

 Witch-hazel 1,600 1,600 0.3

 American holly 1,600 1,600 0.3

 Sweetgum 1,600 1,600 0.3

 Tuliptree 1,600 1,600 0.3

 Smooth sumac 1,600 1,600 0.3

 Slippery elm 1,600 1,600 0.3

 Gray birch 1,600 1,600 0.3

 Northern catalpa 1,500 1,500 0.2

 Ginkgo 1,500 1,500 0.2

 Sourwood 1,500 1,500 0.2

 White spruce 1,500 1,500 0.2

 Higan cherry 1,500 1,500 0.2

 Common pear 1,500 1,500 0.2

 Pussy willow 1,500 1,500 0.2

 Unknown dead trees 1,500 1,500 0.2

 Total 610,000 74,600 100.0
39

Table 6.—Five most common tree species by land use, estimated number of trees (including

dead trees) and percent of total tree population (standard errors given on pages 54-55)

Land use Species Number of trees Percent of population

Commercial/industrial Tree of heaven 7,500 50.0

Hawthorn 7,500 50.0

Total (top 5 species) 15,000 100.0

Total (all species) 15,000 100.0

Multifamily residential Tree of heaven 20,900 28.6

Norway maple 10,500 14.3

Horsechestnuta 5,200 7.1

Honeylocust 5,200 7.1

White mulberry 5,200 7.1

Total (top 5 species) 47,100 64.3

Total (all species) 73,300 100.0

Open space Tree of heaven 34,200 14.3

Black cherry 32,600 13.6

White mulberry 27,700 11.6

Black locust 13,000 5.4

Sycamore maple 11,400 4.8

Total (top 5 species) 119,000 49.7

Total (all species) 239,600 100.0

Public facility Honeylocust 8,400 30.0

London planetree 8,400 30.0

Japanese pagoda tree 5,600 20.0

Tree of heaven 2,800 10.0

American elm 2,800 10.0

Total (top 5 species) 28,200 100.0

Total (all species) 28,200 100.0

Residential (1-2 family) Tree of heaven 28,300 19.2

Norway maple 19,300 13.1

Sycamore maple 8,900 6.1

Flowering dogwood 8,900 6.1

Japanese mapleb 7,400 5.1

Total (top 5 species) 72,900 49.5

Total (all species) 147,300 100.0

Vacant land Tree of heaven 31,400 29.4

Black locust 26,700 25.0

White mulberry 9,400 8.8

American basswood 6,300 5.9

Sycamore maplec 4,700 4.4

Total (top 5 species) 78,500 73.5

Total (all species) 106,800 100.0

a

London planetree, kwanzan cherry, callery pear, Japanese pagoda tree, and American elm tied for third

most common species (7.1 percent).

bLondon planetree tied for fifth most common species (5.1 percent).

c

Eastern white pine and Siberian elm tied for fifth most common species (4.4 percent).
40Table 7. — Percent of tree population (including dead trees) by diameter and land-use classes (standard errors on pages 78-82)

 D.b.h. class (cm)

Land use 0.0- 7.7- 15.3- 23.0- 30.6- 38.2- 45.8- 53.4- 61.1- 68.7- 76.3- 83.9- 91.5- >

7.6 15.2 22.9 30.5 38.1 45.7 53.3 61.0 68.6 76.2 83.8 91.4 99.1 99.1

Commercial/industrial 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Multifamily residential 28.6 0.0 7.1 7.1 7.1 21.4 14.3 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0Open space 23.8 25.2 12.9 17.0 0.7 2.7 2.7 6.1 0.0 2.7 2.0 2.0 1.4 0.7Public facility 20.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Residential(1-2 family) 28.3 23.2 14.1 6.1 9.1 6.1 4.0 4.0 0.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Vacant land 20.6 22.1 35.3 8.8 7.4 2.9 1.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Total 24.1 20.3 17.2 11.0 5.8 6.1 4.0 5.0 0.0 2.5 1.5 1.7 0.5 0.3

Table 8.—Tree condition by land use (standard errors given on pages 95-97); Mean condition based on rating of excellent(1.0), good (0.95), fair (0.82), poor (0.62), critical (0.37), dying (0.13), and dead (0.0)

Condition class (%)

Land use Excellent Good Fair Poor Critical Dying Dead Mean conditionCommercial/industrial 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.50Multifamily residential 21.4 64.3 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.88Open space 42.9 42.2 8.2 1.4 2.0 0.0 3.4 0.91Public facility 30.0 50.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.92Residential (1-2 family) 52.5 32.3 4.0 2.0 4.0 0.0 5.1 0.89Vacant land 44.1 26.5 25.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.91Total 42.4 39.0 9.9 1.7 1.8 0.0 5.2 0.90
41

Table 9.—Percent of live tree population native to New York State, native to

North America, and exotic to North America. Trees of unknown origin (e.g.,

hybrids) are not classified (see page 106)

Land use Native to Native to Exotic to

New York North America North America

Commercial/industrial 0.0 100.0 0.0

Multifamily residential 7.7 15.4 76.9

Open space 41.5 57.0 41.5

Public facility 10.0 40.0 30.0

Residential (1-2 family) 18.1 32.0 62.7

Vacant land 21.2 51.5 47.0

Total 26.2 44.8 50.8

Table 10.—Total compensatory tree value in Brooklyn by land

use, in dollars

Land use Compensatory value

Open space 334,187,000

Residential (1-2 family) 146,383,000

Multifamily residential 101,115,000

Public facility 62,131,000

Vacant land 27,663,000

Commercial/industrial 7,897,000

Total 679,375,000

Table 11.—Distribution of ground surface cover type by land use (as estimated from field plots), in percent (standard

errors on page 106)

Bare Other Duff/ Wild

Land use Cement Tar soil Rock imperv.a mulch Herbs Grass grass Water Shrub Building Tree

Commercial/industrial 16.5 21.6 0.3 12.0 1.2 0.2 1.2 10.2 0.0 8.0 1.2 27.6 0.6

Multifamily residential 20.7 9.0 1.4 2.9 0.0 0.1 1.9 6.8 0.3 0.0 0.8 56.0 13.0

Open space 2.4 16.0 6.1 1.6 0.3 3.1 14.6 33.1 12.4 1.1 8.4 1.1 18.0

Public facility 29.5 16.1 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 7.1 0.4 0.0 0.6 44.1 8.7

Residential (1-2 family) 21.9 9.7 0.8 0.8 1.2 0.5 3.5 4.8 1.7 0.0 2.7 52.3 10.4

Vacant land 3.1 13.9 13.8 6.4 0.9 0.9 30.8 8.8 10.4 3.5 0.6 7.1 12.5

Total 14.9 14.1 3.4 3.8 0.6 1.0 7.8 13.6 4.5 1.9 3.1 31.3 11.2

a

Impervious material other than cement, tar, or rock.
42

Table 12.—Total annual emissions (kg) of isoprene, monoterpene, OVOC, and VOC by

land use for trees and shrubs in Brooklyn (1994)

Land use Isoprene Monoterpene OVOC Total VOC

Open space 26,780 5,070 13,920 45,780

Residential (1-2 family) 7,170 4,270 7,210 18,650

Multifamily residential 2,990 2,850 6,030 11,870

Vacant land 7,290 1,230 2,800 11,330

Public facility 5,290 280 2,150 7,720

Commercial/industrial 330 190 710 1,240

Total 49,860 13,900 32,820 96,590

Table 13.—Total annual emissions (kg) of isoprene, monoterpene, and total

VOC for tree and shrub genera in Brooklyn (1994)

Genera Isoprene Monoterpene Total VOC

Platanus 18,056 129 20,450

Quercus 17,337 249 19,760

Robinia 8,268 117 9,409

Acer 45 3,608 7,597

Ailanthus 38 2,975 6,266

Picea 1,795 2,189 5,260

Morus 29 292 2,872

Cedrus 14 1,238 2,605

Populus 2,184 16 2,474

Salix 1,853 13 2,085

Prunus 24 110 2,051

Aesculus 11 888 1,871

Sophora 18 178 1,749

Juniperus 15 385 1,521

Tilia 0 0 1,452

Ulmus 15 77 1,448

Taxus 8 498 1,086

Gleditsia 9 94 920

Myrica 0 213 585

Thuja 5 132 522

Pyrus 0 0 515

Rosa 0 0 451

Pinus 2 248 393

Rubus 0 0 385

Ilex 4 39 380

Rhus 0 0 366

Ligustrum 0 0 250

Unknown deciduous shrubs 3 12 216

Fraxinus 2 8 146

Betula 1 14 133

Euonymus 2 11 111

Liquidambar 72 16 97

Cornus 1 44 93

Ginkgo 0 53 85

Continued
43

Table 13.—continued

Genera Isoprene Monoterpene Total VOC

Catalpa 0 0 80

Crataegus 0 0 78

Hibiscus 0 0 77

Rhododendron 1 4 75

Celtis 1 7 70

Celastrus 1 6 54

Hydrangea 0 0 54

Iva 1 3 54

Ficus 38 1 49

Buxus 1 5 46

Elaeagnus 0 4 41

Vitis 0 0 40

Cercis 0 2 39

Tsuga 0 4 37

Unknown evergreen shrubs 0 17 37

Forsythia 0 1 25

Viburnum 0 0 24

Paulownia 0 0 20

Hamamelis 6 5 13

Aralia 0 1 13

Philadelphus 0 0 11

Pieris 0 1 9

Liriodendron 0 1 8

Wisteria 0 1 7

Unknown Vine 0 0 6

Toxicodendron 0 0 6

Parthenocissus 0 0 6

Oxydendrum 0 1 5

Berberis 3 0 3

Total 49,861 13,904 96,590
44

Table 14.—Species O3

 index values for tree genera in Brooklyn

(total index value for Brooklyn is 77.0)

 Percent of total

Genera city leaf biomass O3

 index value

Catalpa 0.30 100.0

Crataegus 0.29 100.0

Hydrangea 0.08 100.0

Paulownia 0.07 100.0

Pyrus 1.90 100.0

Rhus 0.03 100.0

Tilia 5.41 100.0

Viburnum 0.04 100.0

Cercis 0.14 99.7

Fraxinus 0.49 99.7

Prunus 5.68 99.7

Ulmus 5.05 99.7

Betula 0.44 99.5

Celtis 0.23 99.5

Elaeagnus 0.14 99.5

Gleditsia 3.05 99.5

Ilex 0.56 99.5

Liriodendron 0.03 99.5

Morus 9.47 99.5

Sophora 5.46 99.5

Tsuga 0.10 99.5

Juniperus 0.17 98.9

Oxydendrum 0.01 98.9

Acer 14.66 97.2

Aesculus 3.62 97.2

Ailanthus 11.74 97.2

Cedrus 4.20 97.2

Cornus 0.18 97.2

Ginkgo 0.12 95.0

Pinus 0.44 94.9

Picea 3.91 76.0

Hamamelis 0.01 71.0

Platanus 8.44 4.8

Populus 1.02 4.8

Salix 0.69 4.8

Quercus 8.11 4.6

Robinia 3.70 4.6

Liquidambar 0.03 0.0
45

Table 15.—Total C storage (t) and gross and net C sequestration (t/yr) by land

use (standard errors on page 56-58)

 Sequestration

Land use Storage Gross Net

Open space 80,410 1,860 1,110

Residential (1-2 family) 32,400 1,280 340

Multifamily residential 32,370 1,190 1,040

Public facility 13,140 320 190

Vacant land 11,400 430 370

Commercial/industrial 2,690 40 -530

Total 172,410 5,120 2,510

Table 16.—Average C stored, gross C sequestered annually, air pollution removed, and associated air pollution

removal value for individual trees by d.b.h. class

D.b.h. class (cm) C stored C sequestered Pollution removed Pollution removal value

kg kg/yr kg/yr dollars

0.00 - 7.62 4.8 1.0 0.03 0.16

7.63 - 15.24 24.2 2.8 0.09 0.48

15.25 - 22.86 75.3 4.8 0.23 1.21

22.87 - 30.48 166.0 8.2 0.38 1.97

30.49 - 38.10 262.8 8.0 0.47 2.45

38.11 - 45.72 439.5 15.8 0.81 4.16

45.73 - 53.34 679.5 19.9 1.00 5.18

53.35 - 60.96 900.2 23.0 0.93 4.80

60.97 - 68.58 — — — —

68.59 - 76.20 1,528.6 28.5 0.90 4.67

76.21 - 83.82 1,968.8 40.3 1.48 7.63

83.83 + 2,570.6 47.6 1.95 10.05
46

Table 17.—Estimated pollution removal in Brooklyn (1994) during nonprecipitation periods

(dry deposition), removal value, and removal rate (g/m2

 of cover) for trees and shrubs

Pollutant Pollution removal Removal valuea Removal rate

Trees Shrubs

tons thousand dollars g/m2

O3

b 76 512 3.06 2.42

 (20-114) (134-767)b (0.77-4.38) (0.73-4.34)

PM10c 68 305 2.73 2.12

 (26-106) (119-476) (1.07-4.27) (0.83-3.32)

NO2 63 422 2.54 1.92

 (30-92) (203-619) (1.16-3.54) (1.13-3.50)

SO2 33 55 1.32 1.13

 (17-58) (29-96) (0.67-2.22) (0.66-2.22)

CO 15 14 0.58 0.58

Total 254 1,309 10.23 8.17

 (109-384) (499-1,973) (4.24-14.98) (3.93-13.95)

Range of values in parentheses based on typical range of in-leaf dry deposition velocities in the

literature (no range determined for CO; Lovett 1994).

a

Removal value estimated using median externality values in United States for each pollutant: NO2 =

$6,750 t-1, PM10 = $4,500 t-1, SO2 = $1,650 t-1, CO = $950 t-1 (Murray 1994). Externality values for O3

were set equal to those for NO2.

bAverage national O3

 trend data were used to estimate missing data for January and February. c

Assumes 50-percent resuspension of particles.

Table 18.—Estimated number of trees and tree density (trees/ha) for cities analyzed with

the UFORE model (Nowak and Crane 2000); tree cover estimates based on satellite imagery

or aerial photography; data for Oakland (Nowak 1991) and Chicago (Nowak 1994b) were

not analyzed with UFORE.

City Number of trees Mean number of trees/ha Mean tree cover

Percent

Atlanta 9,420,000 (749,000)a 276 (22)a 32.9 nab

Chicago 4,130,000 (634,000) 68 (10) 11.0 (0.2)a

Baltimore 2,600,000 (406,000) 109 (17) 18.9 na

Philadelphia 2,110,000 (211,000) 62 (6) 21.6 (0.4)

Oakland 1,590,000 (51,000) 120 (4) 21.0 (0.2)

Boston 1,180,000 (109,000) 83 (8) 21.2 (0.4)

Brooklyn 610,000 (75,000) 33 (4) 11.4 (0.5)

a

Standard errors in parentheses.

bna = not analyzed; base data for Atlanta from “American Forests;” base data for Baltimore from

Grove (1996).
47

Table 19.—Estimated C storage (above and below ground) and gross and net annual C

sequestration by trees in Brooklyn, Chicago, and Oakland (Nowak 1993, 1994)

C storage Gross C sequestration Net C sequestration

City t t/ha t/yr t/ha/yr t/yr t/ha/yr

Chicago 854,800 14.1 40,100a 0.7 14,400 0.2

Brooklyn 172,400 9.4 5,100 0.3 2,500 0.1

Oakland 145,800 11.0 nab na na na

a

Tree growth and sequestration are relatively high as growth rates in this estimate were not

effected by tree condition (i.e., all trees accumulated C based on average healthy tree growth

rates).

bna - not analyzed.

Table 20.—Estimated pollution removal by trees and shrubs during

nonprecipitation periods (dry deposition) for Atlanta, Chicago, Baltimore,

and Brooklyn

Pollutant Atlantaa Chicagob Baltimorec Brooklynd

O3 514e 191 180 76f

(101-604)g (42-221) (20-114)

PM10h 406 212 137 68

(157-706) (53-239) (26-106)

NO2 145 89 115 63

(72-165) (48-134) (30-92)

SO2 95 84 55 33

(42-137) (26-85) (17-58)

CO 35 15 13 15

Total 1,196 591 499 254

(407-1,648) (181-692) (109-384)

a

341 km2, 32.9-percent tree cover; assumed LAI of 6; 1994 pollution and

meteorological data (Nowak and Crane 2000).

b603 km2

, 11.0-percent tree cover; measured LAI of 6; 1991 pollution and

meteorological data (Nowak 1994c).

c

209 km2, 18.9-percent tree cover; assumed LAI of 6; 1994 pollution and

meteorological data (Nowak and Crane 2000).

d

Removal by trees and shrubs; 182 km2, 11.2-percent tree cover, 3.1-percent shrub

cover; measured tree LAI = 4.2; measured shrub LAI = 2.4; 1994 pollution and

meteorological data.

e

Average national O3 monthly trend data used to estimate missing data for January,

February, and December.

f

Average national O3 monthly trend data used to estimate missing data for January

and February.

g

Expected range of values (no range determined for CO or Chicago).

hAssumes 50-percent resuspension of particles.
48

APPENDIX A

Common and Scientific Names for Trees and Shrubs in Brooklyn

Common name Scientific name

American basswood Tilia americana

American bittersweet Celastrus scandens

American elm Ulmus americana

American holly Ilex opaca

Apple Pyrus malus

Atlas cedar Cedrus atlantica

Azalea Rhododendron azalea

Barberry Berberis spp.

Bayberry Myrica pennsylvanica

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Black willow Salix nigra

Blue spruce Picea pungens

Boxelder Acer negundo

Boxwood Buxus spp.

Bramble Rubus spp.

Callery pear Pyrus calleryana

Cherry Prunus spp.

Common fig Ficus carica

Common pear Pyrus communis

Crabapple Pyrus spp.

Devils-walkingstick Aralia spinosa

Eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides

Eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis

Eastern redbud Cercis canadensis

Eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana

Eastern white pine Pinus strobus

Euonymus Euonymus spp.

European white birch Betula pendula

Flowering dogwood Cornus florida

Forsythia Forsythia spp.

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba

Grape Vitis spp.

Gray birch Betula populifolia

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Hawthorn Crataegus spp.

Hibiscus Hibiscus spp.

Higan cherry Prunus subhirtella

Holly Ilex spp.

Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos

Horsechestnut Aesculus hippocastanum

Hydrangea Hydrangea spp.

Japanese knotweed Polygonum cuspidatum

Japanese maple Acer palmatum

Continued
49

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica

Juniper Juniperus spp.

Kwanzan cherry Prunus serrulata

Littleleaf linden Tilia cordata

London planetree Platanus acerifolia

Marsh elder Iva frutescens

Mock-orange Philadelphus spp.

Multiflora rose Rosa multiflora

Nannyberry Viburnum lentago

Northern catalpa Catalpa speciosa

Northern hackberry Celtis occidentalis

Northern red oak Quercus rubra

Northern white-cedar Thuja occidentalis

Norway maple Acer platanoides

Norway spruce Picea abies

Peachleaf willow Salix amygdaloides

Pieris Pieris spp.

Pin oak Quercus palustris

Poison ivy Toxicodendron radicans

Privet Ligustrum spp.

Pussy willow Salix discolor

Red maple Acer rubrum

Rhododendron Rhododendron spp.

Rose Rosa spp.

Rose-of-sharon Hibiscus syriacus

Royal paulownia Paulownia tomentosa

Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia

Shining sumac Rhus copallina

Siberian elm Ulmus pumila

Silver maple Acer saccharinum

Slippery elm Ulmus rubra

Smooth sumac Rhus glabra

Sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum

Sweet mountain pine Pinus mugo

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Sycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanus

Tree of heaven Ailanthus altissima

Tuliptree Liriodendron tulipifera

Viburnum Viburnum spp.

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

White ash Fraxinus americana

White mulberry Morus alba

White spruce Picea glauca

Wisteria Wisteria spp.

Witch-hazel Hamamelis spp.

Yew Taxus spp.

Common name Scientific name
50

Estimated Biogenic VOC Emission Rates for Common U.S. Trees and Shrubs

 Isoprene Monoterpenes

Genusa Common name Emission rate Reliabilityb Emission rate Reliabilityb

Eucalyptus Eucalyptus 70.0 Genus 3.0 Genus

Liquidambar Sweetgum 70.0 Genus 3.0 Genus

Nyssa Black gum 70.0 Genus 0.6 Genus

Quercus Oak 70.0 Genus 0.2 Genus

Robinia Black locust 70.0 Genus 0.2 Genus

Casuarina Beefwood 70.0 Genus 0.1 Genus

Platanus Sycamore 70.0 Genus 0.1 Genus

Populus Poplar 70.0 Genus 0.1 Genus

Salix Willow 70.0 Genus 0.1 Genus

Cupaniopsis Carrotwood 44.9 Genus 0.0 Genus

Koelreuteria Goldenrain tree 44.9 Family 0.0 Family

Cercidiphyllum Katsura tree 39.4 Order 1.6 Order

Rhamnus Buckthorn 36.9 Genus 0.0 Genus

Serenoa Saw palmetto 35.0 Genus 0.1 Genus

Myrtus Myrtle 30.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Ficus Fig 22.9 Genus 0.2 Family

Berberis Barberry 22.2 Family 0.0 Family

Mahonia Mahonia 22.2 Family 0.0 Family

Nandina Heavenly bamboo 22.2 Genus 0.0 Genus

Melaleuca Melaleuca lilac 22.1 Family 0.0 Family

Syzygium Jambolan plum 22.1 Family 0.0 Family

Hamamelis Witch-hazel 17.7 Genus 3.0 Family

Eucommia Hardy rubbertree 19.7 Superorder 0.8 Superorder

Picea Spruce 14.0 Genus 3.0 Genus

Callistemon Bottlebrush 14.1 Genus 0.0 Genus

Sabal Cabbage palmetto 14.0 Genus 0.1 Genus

Phoenix Date palm 13.9 Genus 0.0 Genus

Maclura Osage-orange 11.5 Family 0.2 Family

Eugenia Eugenia 10.2 Genus 0.0 Genus

Pistacia Pistache 0.0 Genus 7.9 Genus

Cotinus Smoketree 0.0 Family 3.4 Family

Schinus California peppertree 0.0 Genus 3.4 Genus

Abies Fir 0.1 Genus 3.0 Genus

Acacia Acacia 0.1 Genus 3.0 Genus

Cryptomeria Japanese cedar 0.1 Family 3.0 Family

Juglans Walnut 0.1 Genus 3.0 Genus

Magnolia Magnolia 0.1 Genus 3.0 Genus

Metasequoia Dawn redwood 0.1 Family 3.0 Family

Pinus Pine 0.1 Genus 3.0 Genus

Sequoia Coast redwood 0.1 Family 3.0 Family

Sequoiadendron Giant sequoia 0.1 Family 3.0 Family

Taxodium Baldcypress 0.1 Genus 3.0 Genus

Ginkgo Ginkgo 0.0 Genus 2.7 Genus

Continued
51

Larix Larch 0.1 Family 2.3 Family

Ceanothus Ceanothus 0.0 Genus 2.1 Genus

Acer Maple 0.1 Genus 1.6 Genus

Aesculus Buckeye 0.1 Order 1.6 Order

Ailanthus Tree of heaven 0.1 Order 1.6 Order

Asimina Pawpaw 0.1 Order 1.6 Order

Carpinus Hornbeam 0.1 Genus 1.6 Genus

Carya Hickory 0.1 Genus 1.6 Genus

Cedrus Cedar 0.1 Genus 1.6 Genus

Citrus Citrus 0.1 Genus 1.6 Genus

Cornus Dogwood 0.1 Genus 1.6 Genus

Pseudotsuga Douglas-fir 0.1 Genus 1.6 Genus

Araucaria Bunya bunya 0.1 Order 1.5 Order

Taxus Yew 0.1 Superorder 1.5 Superorder

Alnus Alder 0.1 Family 0.9 Family

Corylus Hazelnut 0.1 Family 0.9 Family

Myrica Bayberry 0.0 Genus 1.0 Genus

Ostrya Hophornbeam 0.1 Family 0.9 Family

Cupressus Cypress 0.0 Genus 0.8 Genus

Calocedrus Incense cedar 0.1 Family 0.6 Family

Cupressocyparis Leyland cypress 0.1 Family 0.6 Family

Fagus Beech 0.1 Genus 0.6 Genus

Juniperus Juniper 0.1 Genus 0.6 Genus

Oxydendrum Sourwood 0.1 Genus 0.6 Genus

Persea Red bay 0.1 Genus 0.6 Genus

Thuja Cedar 0.1 Genus 0.6 Genus

Castanea Chestnut 0.1 Family 0.4 Family

Lithocarpus Tanbark oak 0.0 Genus 0.4 Family

Aralia Devil-walkingstick 0.1 Superorder 0.2 Superorder

Betula Birch 0.1 Genus 0.2 Genus

Buxus Boxwood 0.1 Superorder 0.2 Superorder

Celastrus Bittersweet 0.1 Order 0.2 Order

Celtis Hackberry 0.1 Genus 0.2 Genus

Cercidium Paloverde 0.1 Family 0.2 Family

Chamaecyparis False cypress 0.1 Genus 0.2 Genus

Cladrastis Yellowwood 0.1 Family 0.2 Family

Delonix Royal poinciana 0.1 Family 0.2 Family

Elaeagnus Russian olive 0.1 Superorder 0.2 Superorder

Euonymus Euonymus 0.1 Order 0.2 Order

Gleditsia Honeylocust 0.1 Family 0.2 Family

Grevillea Grevillea 0.1 Superorder 0.2 Superorder

Gymnocladus Kentucky coffeetree 0.1 Family 0.2 Family

Ilex Holly 0.1 Genus 0.2 Genus

Laburnum Golden-chain tree 0.1 Family 0.2 Family

Liriodendron Tuliptree 0.1 Genus 0.2 Genus

Continued

 Isoprene Monoterpenes

Genusa Common name Emission rate Reliabilityb Emission rate Reliabilityb
52

Morus Mulberry 0.1 Genus 0.2 Genus

Olea Olive 0.0 Genus 0.3 Genus

Sophora Japanese pagoda tree 0.1 Family 0.2 Family

Tsuga Hemlock 0.1 Genus 0.2 Genus

Wisteria Wistaria 0.1 Family 0.2 Family

Zelkova Japanese zelkova 0.1 Family 0.2 Family

Arbutus Madrona 0.1 Family 0.1 Family

Cercis Eastern redbud 0.1 Genus 0.1 Genus

Diospyros Persimmon 0.1 Genus 0.1 Genus

Fraxinus Ash 0.1 Genus 0.1 Genus

Iva Marshelder 0.1 Hardwood 0.1 Hardwood

Laurus Laurel 0.1 Family 0.1 Family

Lindera Spicebush 0.1 Family 0.1 Family

Melia Chinaberry 0.1 Genus 0.1 Genus

Pieris Pieris 0.1 Family 0.1 Family

Polygonum Japanese Knotweed 0.1 Hardwood 0.1 Hardwood

Prunus Plum/cherry 0.1 Genus 0.1 Genus

Rhododendron Rhododendron 0.1 Family 0.1 Family

Sassafras Sassafras 0.1 Genus 0.1 Genus

Ulmus Elm 0.1 Genus 0.1 Genus

Umbellularia California laurel 0.1 Family 0.1 Family

Vaccinium Blueberry 0.1 Genus 0.1 Genus

Adenostoma Chamise 0.0 Genus 0.1 Genus

Forsythia Forsythia 0.0 Family 0.1 Family

Syringa Lilac 0.0 Family 0.1 Family

Vinca Myrtle/periwinkle 0.0 Order 0.1 Order

Amelanchier Serviceberry 0.0 Family 0.0 Family

Arctostaphylos Manzanita 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Camellia Camellia 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Catalpa Catalpa 0.0 Family 0.0 Family

Cerocarpus Mountain mahogany 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Cinnamomum Camphor 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Cotoneaster Cotoneaster 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Crataegus Hawthorn 0.0 Family 0.0 Family

Heteromeles Christmasberry 0.0 Family 0.0 Family

Hibiscus Rose-of-sharon 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Hydrangea Hydrangea 0.0 Order 0.0 Order

Jacaranda Jacaranda 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Lagerstroemia Crapemyrtle 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Ligustrum Privet 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Lonicera Honeysuckle 0.0 Family 0.0 Family

Malus Apple 0.0 Family 0.0 Family

Paulownia Royal paulownia 0.0 Order 0.0 Order

Parthenocissus Virginia creeper 0.0 Family 0.0 Family

Philadelphus Mock-orange 0.0 Order 0.0 Order

Continued

 Isoprene Monoterpenes

Genusa Common name Emission rate Reliabilityb Emission rate Reliabilityb
53

Pittosporum Tobira 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Podocarpus Fern pine 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Pyracantha Pyracantha 0.0 Family 0.0 Family

Pyrus Pear 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Raphiolepis India hawthorn 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Rhus Sumac 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Ribes Currant 0.0 Order 0.0 Order

Rosa Rose 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Rubus Bramble 0.0 Family 0.0 Family

Sambucus Elder 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Sorbus Mountain-ash 0.0 Family 0.0 Family

Tecomaria Cape honeysuckle 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Tilia Basswood 0.0 Order 0.0 Order

Toxicodendron Poison ivy 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Viburnum Viburnum 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

Vitis Grape 0.0 Genus 0.0 Genus

a

OVOC emission rate for all genera = 1.67. OVOC based on total emissions (Guenther et al. 1998) of reactive VOC (ethene,

propene, butene, acetalehyde, formaldehyde, acetic acid, formic acid) and less reactive VOC (methanol, ethanol, acetone,

ethane).

b

Genus: measured genera values from the literature: C.D. Geron, pers. commun. (1999), Geron et al. (1994), Benjamin et

al., (1996), Winer et al., (1983), Cronn and Nutmagul (1982), Evans et al., (1982), Rasmussen and Jones (1973); Family:

median of genera values within family; Order: median of family values within order; Superorder: median of order values

within superorder; Hardwood: median of hardwood values.

Note: Emission rates are in micrograms of C/g of leaf dry weight/hr (standardized to 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of

photosynthetically active radiation and 30oC).

 Isoprene Monoterpenes

Genusa Common name Emission rate Reliabilityb Emission rate Reliabilityb
54Appendix B

Total Estimates for Trees in Brooklyn by Species

Trees Carbon storage Gross carbon Net carbon Leaf area Leaf biomass Tree value

(no.) (t) sequestration sequestation (km2) (t) (dollars)

(t/yr) (t/yr)

Species % Estimate SE % Estimate SE % Estimate SE Estimate SE % Estimate SE % Estimate SE % Estimate SETree of heaven 20.5 125,126 28,584 21.1 36,356.6 14,641.9 18.7 959.5 395.4 -807.2 910.8 11.2 9.58 3.68 11.7 711.9 273.3 6.8 46,360,035 18,256,362White mulberry 7.7 46,825 21,361 6.5 11,223.5 6,193.8 6.7 343.7 168.6 237.5 130.5 9.1 7.85 3.52 9.5 574.1 257.3 5.3 35,822,537 17,159,321Black locust 6.5 39,728 20,140 2.3 3,902.9 1,871.6 3.3 169.1 78.8 159.1 74.9 4.9 4.17 2.05 3.7 224.4 110.2 2.2 15,070,286 7,376,863Norway maple 6.2 37,953 10,294 8.4 14,437.6 4,766.9 9.7 498.1 145.2 395.8 125.9 11.1 9.52 2.95 8.5 513.8 159.1 9.5 64,727,556 18,898,786Black cherry 5.9 35,740 18,564 3.4 5,935.8 2,965.4 3.8 195.6 94.8 169.5 88.0 3.3 2.84 1.67 3.6 220.1 129.6 2.4 16,101,555 7,952,616London planetree 4.3 25,948 9,383 11.1 19,210.7 9,092.8 10.5 539.9 206.3 486.4 184.5 13.7 11.73 4.68 8.4 512.0 204.3 13.6 92,067,360 38,477,546Sycamore maple 4.1 25,045 10,797 1.5 2,636.5 1,388.7 3.3 167.9 89.6 134.0 85.4 3.8 3.24 1.78 3.7 226.2 124.4 2.3 15,393,221 7,956,861Honeylocust 3.3 20,080 8,925 3.5 5,987.0 3,907.1 4.0 202.8 113.9 179.8 100.8 2.1 1.77 1.00 3.0 184.9 104.6 5.6 37,744,707 21,382,330American basswood 2.3 14,287 8,242 0.8 1,367.8 1,298.7 0.9 45.8 34.4 44.7 33.5 1.8 1.55 1.31 0.7 45.2 38.3 1.0 6,922,210 4,446,624Cherry 2.3 14,243 5,653 1.2 2,046.3 1,479.2 1.5 97.3 54.2 81.4 41.5 1.3 1.12 0.54 1.4 86.3 41.7 1.2 8,230,755 4,559,770Kwanzan cherry 1.8 11,183 6,349 0.3 536.0 366.0 1.2 60.9 34.4 58.6 33.0 0.5 0.47 0.27 0.6 36.3 21.2 0.7 4,842,582 2,786,193Eastern white pine 1.8 10,945 5,188 0.2 261.6 183.6 0.5 23.1 12.3 22.1 11.6 0.5 0.41 0.24 0.4 26.6 15.2 0.9 6,178,850 3,347,415Japanese pagoda tree 1.8 10,864 7,686 6.0 10,380.8 9,111.1 4.6 235.8 177.4 110.4 80.7 3.4 2.91 2.46 5.5 331.2 279.0 6.1 41,427,046 34,325,524Hawthorn 1.8 10,749 7,830 0.4 666.3 614.2 0.9 47.7 42.2 45.1 39.7 0.6 0.49 0.47 0.3 17.7 17.0 1.3 8,914,580 7,950,277Flowering dogwood 1.7 10,555 3,862 0.1 175.7 116.0 0.6 29.1 14.7 27.7 13.7 0.2 0.19 0.08 0.2 10.9 4.5 0.4 2,465,622 1,258,067Pin oak 1.6 9,780 5,052 5.3 9,123.3 6,420.6 3.4 176.0 123.4 163.2 114.0 2.8 2.44 1.72 3.6 221.0 155.6 3.7 25,391,697 19,893,269American elm 1.6 9,678 6,161 1.7 2,988.0 2,873.8 2.3 118.6 108.2 107.1 97.2 4.1 3.52 3.29 4.2 256.3 239.6 2.1 14,005,670 12,488,340Silver maple 1.3 7,865 3,476 4.0 6,951.3 4,102.4 2.3 116.7 63.3 69.9 50.2 2.8 2.43 1.37 2.1 127.7 71.9 3.5 23,775,374 14,087,258Littleleaf linden 1.3 7,865 4,180 2.9 5,028.4 3,601.1 2.1 106.0 63.2 94.3 56.0 4.4 3.78 2.32 4.7 283.0 174.0 5.9 39,959,944 26,188,247Blue spruce 1.2 7,520 3,302 0.2 393.0 202.4 0.7 38.3 17.7 35.1 16.5 0.5 0.40 0.25 1.1 67.3 42.4 0.7 4,894,544 2,332,977Japanese maple 1.2 7,438 3,223 0.1 106.6 61.8 0.4 18.7 8.6 18.1 8.4 0.3 0.28 0.16 0.3 15.6 8.8 0.3 2,037,589 1,197,779Callery pear 1.1 6,720 5,439 0.0 54.6 40.1 0.3 14.8 11.0 14.4 10.7 0.1 0.10 0.07 0.1 8.3 5.9 0.2 1,247,006 928,008Eastern redbud 1.1 6,520 5,130 0.0 29.8 20.9 0.1 5.4 3.8 5.3 3.7 0.2 0.13 0.09 0.1 8.3 6.0 0.1 456,833 360,356Northern red oak 1.1 6,520 3,185 7.6 13,080.7 8,003.6 4.6 235.3 128.7 186.5 99.2 4.0 3.40 2.00 4.5 270.6 159.3 10.1 68,371,046 39,771,338Eastern cottonwood 1.0 6,257 3,836 0.7 1,246.8 1,061.6 0.6 30.9 26.1 28.9 25.3 1.0 0.86 0.81 1.0 61.9 58.8 0.2 1,103,561 916,608Apple 1.0 6,093 3,015 0.8 1,411.1 1,169.3 1.2 61.8 42.2 49.1 31.4 1.1 0.95 0.56 1.4 82.1 48.4 1.1 7,483,799 4,672,775Crabapple 1.0 5,950 3,596 0.2 312.0 273.9 0.6 29.3 20.8 28.0 19.7 0.3 0.22 0.17 0.3 18.5 14.2 0.4 2,794,353 1,971,762Horsechestnut 0.9 5,233 5,232 1.5 2,603.9 2,603.6 2.1 109.7 109.7 99.6 99.6 3.7 3.14 3.14 3.6 219.6 219.6 1.7 11,831,652 11,830,521Red maple 0.8 4,890 4,889 0.0 47.5 47.5 0.1 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1 3.3 3.3 0.1 341,081 340,976Hydrangea 0.8 4,890 4,889 0.0 82.9 82.8 0.2 10.9 10.9 10.5 10.5 0.1 0.07 0.07 0.1 4.9 4.9 0.4 2,506,387 2,505,618Black willow 0.8 4,890 4,889 0.9 1,497.2 1,496.7 0.7 38.4 38.4 37.4 37.3 0.7 0.57 0.57 0.6 35.0 34.9 0.2 1,325,988 1,325,581European white birch 0.8 4,748 2,728 0.2 394.2 365.8 0.5 23.9 18.7 22.9 17.8 0.4 0.31 0.28 0.3 18.5 16.5 0.4 2,726,907 2,093,492Siberian elm 0.8 4,710 4,708 0.2 362.3 362.2 0.3 16.4 16.4 16.0 16.0 0.5 0.39 0.39 0.4 26.6 26.5 0.1 884,014 883,733Royal paulownia 0.7 4,545 3,363 0.0 22.9 16.2 0.1 5.5 4.3 5.4 4.3 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.1 4.5 3.4 0.0 256,176 213,068Eastern hemlock 0.7 4,463 3,305 0.0 59.0 42.7 0.2 11.2 7.8 10.9 7.6 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.1 6.0 4.3 0.2 1,452,958 1,031,308Russian olive 0.5 3,260 2,287 0.1 159.0 111.6 0.1 6.8 6.8 -15.1 22.8 0.1 0.11 0.11 0.1 8.2 8.2 0.2 1,047,988 1,047,667Eastern redcedar 0.5 3,260 3,259 0.0 10.3 10.3 0.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.0 0.04 0.04 0.21 0.4 10.4 0.1 350,861 350,753Nannyberry 0.5 3,260 3,259 0.1 145.0 144.9 0.2 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.4 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.0 2.3 2.3 0.1 585,549 585,369Northern hackberry 0.5 3,140 3,139 0.0 56.2 56.2 0.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 0.3 0.27 0.27 0.2 14.1 14.1 0.1 483,176 483,022Norway spruce 0.5 3,118 2,206 1.2 2,034.3 1,872.2 0.8 43.2 35.2 31.8 27.4 1.1 0.99 0.76 2.7 164.2 127.2 2.7 18,156,242 17,023,008Boxelder 0.3 1,630 1,630 0.0 1.3 1.3 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.0 2.8 2.8 0.0 24,450 24,443Atlas cedar 0.3 1,630 1,630 0.4 703.7 703.5 0.3 15.0 15.0 12.3 12.3 1.3 1.09 1.09 4.2 254.7 254.6 1.5 10,046,884 10,043,802White ash 0.3 1,630 1,630 1.1 1,850.2 1,849.6 0.9 44.3 44.3 37.2 37.2 0.6 0.53 0.53 0.5 30.0 29.9 1.5 10,154,572 10,151,457Witch-hazel 0.3 1,630 1,630 0.0 1.7 1.7 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.0 73,991 73,968American holly 0.3 1,630 1,630 0.8 1,315.1 1,314.7 0.7 34.8 34.8 31.8 31.8 0.3 0.26 0.26 0.6 34.2 34.2 0.8 5,370,690 5,369,043Sweetgum 0.3 1,630 1,630 0.0 13.4 13.4 0.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.1 0.04 0.04 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.1 682,161 681,952Tuliptree 0.3 1,630 1,630 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.0 1.5 1.5 0.0 130,401 130,361

Continued
55

Smooth sumac 0.3 1,630 1,630 0.0 14.5 14.5 0.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.0 1.8 1.8 0.1 344,058 343,953Slippery elm 0.3 1,630 1,630 0.8 1,405.7 1,405.3 0.5 23.1 23.1 22.1 22.1 0.6 0.52 0.52 0.4 23.5 23.5 0.2 1,520,681 1,520,215Gray birch 0.3 1,570 1,569 0.2 361.0 360.9 0.5 23.2 23.2 19.7 19.6 0.2 0.14 0.14 0.1 8.3 8.3 0.2 1,693,777 1,693,237Northern catalpa 0.2 1,488 1,487 1.3 2,243.2 2,242.5 1.3 64.1 64.1 55.5 55.5 0.3 0.30 0.30 0.3 18.1 18.0 1.1 7,561,486 7,558,944Ginkgo 0.2 1,488 1,487 0.3 564.8 564.6 0.5 26.7 26.7 24.5 24.5 0.2 0.16 0.16 0.1 7.0 7.0 0.4 2,962,873 2,961,877Other species 0.2 1,488 1,487 0.2 392.5 392.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 -107.9 107.9 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0Sourwood 0.2 1,488 1,487 0.0 32.3 32.3 0.1 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.4 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.1 777,611 777,349White spruce 0.2 1,488 1,487 0.0 33.1 33.1 0.1 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.6 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.1 5.4 5.4 0.1 771,736 771,477Higan cherry 0.2 1,488 1,487 0.0 11.4 11.4 0.1 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.0 1.9 1.9 0.0 233,448 233,370Common pear 0.2 1,488 1,487 0.0 19.5 19.5 0.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 0.1 0.07 0.07 0.1 6.3 6.3 0.1 418,642 418,501Pussy willow 0.2 1,488 1,487 0.1 117.5 117.5 0.2 12.0 12.0 11.5 11.5 0.1 0.12 0.12 0.1 7.1 7.1 0.1 868,345 868,053

Trees Carbon storage Gross carbon Net carbon Leaf area Leaf biomass Tree value

(no.) (t) sequestration sequestation (km2) (t) (dollars)

(t/yr) (t/yr)

Species % Estimate SE % Estimate SE % Estimate SE Estimate SE % Estimate SE % Estimate SE % Estimate SE
56

Commercial/Ind. Tree of heaven 7,489 7,488 2075.7 2075.5 0.0 0.0 -570.7 570.7 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0

Hawthorn 7,489 7,488 611.9 611.9 41.8 41.8 39.4 39.4 0.47 0.47 17.0 17.0 7,897,122 7,896,594 0 0Total 14,978 9,984 2687.6 2097.63 41.8 41.8 -531.3 576.41 0.47 0.47 17.0 17.0 7,897,122 7,896,594 0 0

Mult. Fam. Res. Tree of heaven 20,931 16,211 17,097.9 12,798.1 518.8 366.8 443.2 313.7 4.93 3.38 366.0 250.8 24,421,840 16,880,585 0 0

Norway maple 10,465 7,148 716.5 712.5 59.5 56.2 56.6 53.4 0.59 0.55 31.9 29.8 5,431,647 5,178,309 5,233 5,232Horsechestnut 5,233 5,232 2,603.9 2,603.6 109.7 109.7 99.6 99.6 3.14 3.14 219.6 219.6 11,831,652 11,830,521 0 0Honeylocust 5,233 5,232 1,947.6 1,947.4 92.4 92.4 84.8 84.8 0.86 0.86 90.0 90.0 11,798,763 11,797,636 0 0White mulberry 5,233 5,232 3,736.3 3,735.9 135.4 135.4 100.0 100.0 2.42 2.42 177.2 177.2 13,697,556 13,696,247 0 0London planetree 5,233 5,232 1,947.6 1,947.4 71.3 71.3 66.9 66.9 1.90 1.90 82.9 82.9 11,798,763 11,797,636 0 0Kwanzan cherry 5,233 5,232 40.0 40.0 11.6 11.6 11.3 11.3 0.07 0.07 5.6 5.6 821,195 821,117 0 0Callery pear 5,233 5,232 35.0 35.0 9.8 9.8 9.5 9.5 0.06 0.06 4.8 4.8 828,364 828,285 5,233 5,232Japanese pagoda tree 5,233 5,232 1,372.0 1,371.8 75.0 75.0 69.6 69.6 0.51 0.51 58.2 58.2 8,053,558 8,052,788 5,233 5,232American elm 5,233 5,232 2,872.3 2,872.0 107.9 107.9 96.9 96.8 3.29 3.29 239.3 239.3 12,431,246 12,430,059 0 0Total 73,257 21,445 32,369.0 12,924.7 1,191.4 388.5 1,038.48 334.6 17.77 5.63 1,275.6 420.3 101,114,586 29,770,810 15,698 11,383

Open Space Tree of heaven 34,230 15,790 8,931.3 6,084.4 170.4 118.5 -293.2 279.8 1.03 0.53 76.8 39.1 7,650,261 5,028,487 0 0

Black cherry 32,600 18,436 4,459.9 2,603.2 163.9 90.7 138.9 83.9 2.63 1.66 203.8 129.0 14,519,654 7,839,377 0 0White mulberry 27,710 19,751 6,778.9 4,925.2 158.8 98.2 89.1 81.2 4.29 2.49 313.9 181.9 17,558,213 10,124,509 0 0Black locust 13,040 7,883 2,075.4 1,376.5 81.4 50.1 74.1 46.1 1.71 1.07 92.3 57.4 10,013,151 6,489,507 0 0Sycamore maple 11,410 8,089 1,372.4 1,101.6 100.1 80.3 94.6 75.9 1.86 1.38 129.8 96.3 9,909,728 7,252,445 0 0Cherry 9,780 5,052 406.8 222.2 24.1 12.6 22.7 12.3 0.31 0.16 24.3 12.4 1,885,937 1,072,925 0 0Pin oak 9,780 5,052 9,123.3 6,420.6 176.0 123.4 163.2 114.0 2.44 1.72 221.0 155.6 25,391,697 19,893,269 0 0Norway maple 8,150 4,228 2,400.6 1,574.3 79.1 44.1 71.9 39.8 2.05 1.30 110.5 70.3 12,838,198 7,846,576 1,630 1,630Eastern redbud 6,520 5,130 29.8 20.9 5.4 3.8 5.3 3.7 0.13 0.09 8.3 6.0 456,833 360,356 0 0Northern red oak 6,520 3,185 13,080.7 8,003.6 235.3 128.7 186.5 99.2 3.40 2.00 270.6 159.3 68,371,046 39,771,338 0 0American basswood 6,520 5,130 45.7 39.3 7.6 6.3 7.4 6.2 0.16 0.15 4.6 4.3 2,080,434 1,699,144 0 0Red maple 4,890 4,889 47.5 47.5 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 0.05 0.05 3.3 3.3 341,081 340,976 4,890 4,889Silver maple 4,890 2,780 5,659.7 4,001.0 85.8 58.6 64.4 43.6 1.73 1.19 91.2 62.6 19,792,196 13,776,937 0 0Hydrangea 4,890 4,889 82.9 82.8 10.9 10.9 10.5 10.5 0.07 0.07 4.9 4.9 2,506,387 2,505,618 0 0Black willow 4,890 4,889 1,497.2 1,496.7 38.4 38.4 37.4 37.3 0.57 0.57 35.0 34.9 1,325,988 1,325,581 0 0Littleleaf linden 4,890 3,622 4,733.5 3,590.8 86.9 61.4 76.3 53.7 2.71 2.09 203.0 156.7 35,893,723 25,974,976 0 0European white birch 3,260 2,287 390.1 365.8 22.0 18.6 21.1 17.7 0.30 0.28 17.8 16.5 2,626,286 2,091,074 0 0Hawthorn 3,260 2,287 54.4 53.6 5.9 5.4 5.7 5.2 0.02 0.02 0.7 0.6 1,017,459 922,337 0 0Russian olive 3,260 2,287 159.0 111.6 6.8 6.8 -15.1 22.8 0.11 0.11 8.2 8.2 1,047,988 1,047,667 0 0Honeylocust 3,260 2,287 3,679.6 3,379.3 76.4 62.9 62.9 50.4 0.62 0.47 64.4 49.2 19,457,530 17,274,911 0 0Eastern redcedar 3,260 3,259 10.3 10.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.04 0.04 10.4 10.4 350,861 350,753 0 0Eastern white pine 3,260 3,259 41.2 41.2 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 0.16 0.16 10.0 10.0 1,764,787 1,764,246 0 0London planetree 3,260 3,259 7,603.5 7,601.2 130.9 130.8 113.8 113.8 2.23 2.23 97.6 97.5 28,659,402 28,650,609 3,260 3,25Nannyberry 3,260 3,259 145.0 144.9 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.4 0.03 0.03 2.3 2.3 585,549 585,369 0 0Boxelder 1,630 1,630 1.3 1.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.03 0.03 2.8 2.8 24,450 24,443 0 0Atlas cedar 1,630 1,630 703.7 703.5 15.0 15.0 12.3 12.3 1.09 1.09 254.7 254.6 10,046,884 10,043,802 0 0Flowering dogwood 1,630 1,630 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.02 0.02 1.3 1.3 93,722 93,693 0 0White ash 1,630 1,630 1,850.2 1,849.6 44.3 44.3 37.2 37.2 0.53 0.53 30.0 29.9 10,154,572 10,151,457 0 0Witch-hazel 1,630 1,630 1.7 1.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.01 0.01 0.6 0.6 73,991 73,968 0 0American holly 1,630 1,630 1,315.1 1,314.7 34.8 34.8 31.8 31.8 0.26 0.26 34.2 34.2 5,370,690 5,369,043 0 0Sweetgum 1,630 1,630 13.4 13.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.04 0.04 2.0 2.0 682,161 681,952 0 0Tuliptree 1,630 1,630 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.03 0.03 1.5 1.5 130,401 130,361 0 0Apple 1,630 1,630 130.7 130.6 9.0 9.0 7.8 7.8 0.42 0.42 36.3 36.3 1,469,146 1,468,696 0 0Norway spruce 1,630 1,630 1,865.1 1,864.5 34.0 34.0 27.0 26.9 0.71 0.71 118.9 118.9 16,988,122 16,982,910 0 0

Total Estimates for Trees in Brooklyn by Land Use

Trees Carbon Gross carbon Net carbon Leaf area Leaf biomass Tree value Number of

(no.) (t) sequestration sequestation (km2) (t) (dollars) street trees

(t/yr) (t/yr)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE

Continued
57

Eastern cottonwood 1,630 1,630 197.0 196.9 3.1 3.1 1.8 1.8 0.03 0.03 2.1 2.1 129,291 129,252 0 0Smooth sumac 1,630 1,630 14.5 14.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.03 0.03 1.8 1.8 344,058 343,953 0 0American elm 1,630 1,630 99.4 99.3 7.3 7.3 7.1 7.1 0.13 0.13 9.2 9.2 1,114,109 1,113,767 0 0Slippery elm 1,630 1,630 1,405.7 1405.3 23.1 23.1 22.1 22.1 0.52 0.52 23.5 23.5 1,520,681 1,520,215 0 0Total 239,612 55,748 80,407.8 16,468.6 1,863.2 359.6 1,110.8 364.3 32.49 6.21 2523.4 502.8 334,186,666 68,020,874 9,780 7,244

Public Facility Honeylocust 8,447 6,098 333.9 230.0 30.9 21.6 29.0 20.2 0.25 0.19 26.3 20.0 6,320,058 4,423,681 0 0

London planetree 8,447 6,098 3,778.1 3359.3 122.1 100.7 112.8 93.0 3.43 3.19 149.6 139.1 21,895,148 17,748,017 2,816 2,815Japanese pagoda tree 5,632 5,631 9,008.9 9007.3 160.8 160.8 40.8 40.8 2.40 2.40 273.0 272.9 33,373,488 33,367,562 0 0Tree of heaven 2,816 2,815 7.2 7.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 0.05 0.05 3.6 3.6 81,834 81,819 0 0American elm 2,816 2,815 16.3 16.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 0.11 0.11 7.8 7.8 460,315 460,233 0 0Total 28,158 9,627 13,144.3 9,302.2 319.2 178.5 188.0 96.0 6.24 3.79 460.3 292.6 62,130,843 35,735,364 2,816 2,815

1-2 Residential Tree of heaven 28,263 9,189 4,423.5 2,539.8 148.2 64.4 -463.6 568.1 1.61 0.74 119.9 54.6 8,794,325 3,820,753 0 0

Norway maple 19,338 6,082 11,320.6 4,442.7 359.5 126.4 267.2 106.9 6.88 2.59 371.3 139.6 46,457,710 16,394,526 11,900 5,411Sycamore maple 8,925 6,261 811.9 718.6 33.3 21.6 6.6 23.1 0.25 0.17 17.4 11.7 2,695,452 1,766,224 1,488 1,487Flowering dogwood 8,925 3,502 174.8 115.9 28.6 14.7 27.1 13.7 0.17 0.07 9.6 4.3 2,371,900 1,254,573 0 0Japanese maple 7,438 3,223 106.6 61.8 18.7 8.6 18.1 8.4 0.28 0.16 15.6 8.8 2,037,589 1,197,779 0 0London planetree 7,438 3,223 5,824.3 3,133.9 206.2 100.6 183.7 88.7 3.86 1.74 168.4 76.1 28,734,369 14,301,353 2,975 2,087Crabapple 5,950 3,596 312.0 273.9 29.3 20.8 28.0 19.7 0.22 0.17 18.5 14.2 2,794,353 1,971,762 1,488 1,487Blue spruce 5,950 2,906 340.5 195.5 30.7 16.0 27.7 14.8 0.34 0.24 58.0 41.4 3,979,662 2,146,231 0 0Kwanzan cherry 5,950 3,596 496.0 363.8 49.3 32.4 47.2 31.0 0.40 0.26 30.7 20.4 4,021,387 2,662,449 0 0Apple 4,463 2,536 1,280.4 1,162.0 52.8 41.2 41.3 30.5 0.53 0.37 45.7 31.9 6,014,653 4,435,963 0 0White mulberry 4,463 2,536 184.2 126.6 25.2 15.1 24.5 14.6 0.31 0.20 22.5 14.6 3,088,053 1,864,160 0 0Cherry 4,463 2,536 1,639.5 1,462.4 73.3 52.7 58.7 39.6 0.80 0.52 61.9 39.8 6,344,819 4,431,742 0 0Eastern hemlock 4,463 3,305 59.0 42.7 11.2 7.8 10.9 7.6 0.07 0.05 6.0 4.3 1,452,958 1,031,308 0 0Silver maple 2,975 2,087 1,291.6 906.4 30.9 24.0 5.5 25.0 0.69 0.67 36.5 35.5 3,983,178 2,940,554 0 0Royal paulownia 2,975 2,974 12.0 12.0 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 0.04 0.04 3.1 3.0 207,509 207,440 0 0Eastern white pine 2,975 2,087 186.4 176.4 12.7 10.4 11.9 9.7 0.17 0.16 11.0 10.5 3,175,555 2,670,834 0 0Littleleaf linden 2,975 2,087 294.9 271.6 19.1 15.1 18.0 14.0 1.07 1.01 80.0 75.7 4,066,222 3,335,403 2,975 2,087European white birch 1,488 1,487 4.1 4.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 0.01 0.01 0.7 0.7 100,620 100,587 0 0Northern catalpa 1,488 1,487 2,243.2 2,242.5 64.1 64.1 55.5 55.5 0.30 0.30 18.1 18.0 7,561,486 7,558,944 0 0Ginkgo 1,488 1,487 564.8 564.6 26.7 26.7 24.5 24.5 0.16 0.16 7.0 7.0 2,962,873 2,961,877 1,488 1,487Other species 1,488 1,487 392.5 392.3 0.0 0.0 -107.9 107.9 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0Sourwood 1,488 1,487 32.3 32.3 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.4 0.03 0.03 0.8 0.8 777,611 777,349 0 0Norway spruce 1,488 1,487 169.2 169.2 9.2 9.2 4.9 4.9 0.27 0.27 45.3 45.3 1,168,120 1,167,728 0 0White spruce 1,488 1,487 33.1 33.1 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.6 0.03 0.03 5.4 5.4 771,736 771,477 0 0Eastern cottonwood 1,488 1,487 6.3 6.3 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 0.02 0.02 1.2 1.2 69,170 69,147 0 0Higan cherry 1,488 1,487 11.4 11.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 0.03 0.03 1.9 1.9 233,448 233,370 0 0Callery pear 1,488 1,487 19.6 19.6 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 0.04 0.04 3.5 3.5 418,642 418,501 0 0Common pear 1,488 1,487 19.5 19.5 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 0.07 0.07 6.3 6.3 418,642 418,501 0 0Pussy willow 1,488 1,487 117.5 117.5 12.0 12.0 11.5 11.5 0.12 0.12 7.1 7.1 868,345 868,053 0 0American basswood 1,488 1,487 23.9 23.9 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 0.09 0.09 2.7 2.7 812,354 812,081 1,488 1,487Total 147,265 21,645 32,395.6 7,448.2 1,279.2 217.7 339.0 690.3 18.83 3.41 1,176.2 199.4 146,382,741 26,455,676 23,800 7,056

Vacant Land Tree of heaven 31,398 12,510 3,820.9 1,678.3 120.0 59.9 75.0 66.4 1.96 1.15 145.5 85.2 5,411,775 2,906,903 0 0

Black locust 26,688 18,534 1,827.5 1,268.1 87.7 60.9 85.1 59.0 2.45 1.75 132.1 94.1 5,057,135 3,507,764 0 0White mulberry 9,419 5,692 524.1 363.4 24.4 14.8 23.9 14.5 0.83 0.53 60.6 39.0 1,478,715 935,059 0 0American basswood 6,280 6,278 1,298.3 1,297.9 33.5 33.5 32.6 32.6 1.30 1.30 37.9 37.9 4,029,422 4,028,138 0 0Sycamore maple 4,710 3,455 452.3 445.5 34.5 33.4 32.7 31.6 1.13 1.11 79.1 77.9 2,788,040 2,755,743 0 0Eastern white pine 4,710 3,455 34.0 29.9 6.0 4.8 5.8 4.7 0.09 0.07 5.6 4.8 1,238,507 979,423 0 0

Trees Carbon Gross carbon Net carbon Leaf area Leaf biomass Tree value Number of

(no.) (t) sequestration sequestation (km2) (t) (dollars) street trees

(t/yr) (t/yr)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE

Continued
58

Siberian elm 4,710 4,708 362.3 362.3 16.4 16.4 16.0 16.0 0.39 0.39 26.6 26.5 884,014 883,733 0 0Northern hackberry 3,140 3,139 56.2 56.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 0.27 0.27 14.1 14.1 483,176 483,022 0 0Honeylocust 3,140 3,139 25.9 25.9 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 0.04 0.04 4.1 4.1 168,356 168,302 0 0Eastern cottonwood 3,140 3,139 1,043.5 1,043.2 25.9 25.8 25.1 25.1 0.81 0.81 58.7 58.7 905,099 904,811 0 0Black cherry 3,140 2,176 1,475.8 1,420.2 31.7 27.8 30.7 26.8 0.21 0.17 16.3 12.9 1,581,900 1,337,258 0 0Gray birch 1,570 1,569 361.0 360.9 23.2 23.2 19.7 19.6 0.14 0.14 8.3 8.3 1,693,777 1,693,237 0 0Royal paulownia 1,570 1,569 10.9 11.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.02 0.02 1.5 1.5 48,667 48,651 0 0Blue spruce 1,570 1,569 52.5 52.5 7.6 7.6 7.4 7.4 0.06 0.06 9.3 9.3 914,882 914,590 0 0London planetree 1,570 1,569 57.3 57.2 9.4 9.4 9.2 9.2 0.31 0.31 13.5 13.5 979,679 979,367 0 0Total 106,752 36,495 11,402.6 4,881.3 426.8 169.7 369.6 150.4 10.01 4.30 613.2 273.1 27,663,145 11,399,140 0 0

City Total 610,022 74,569 172,406.9 24,667.7 5,121.6 624.6 2,514.4 1,041.7 85.80 10.72 6,065.6 793.5 679,375,103 87,649,050 52,094 15,484

Trees Carbon Gross carbon Net carbon Leaf area Leaf biomass Tree value Number of

(no.) (t) sequestration sequestation (km2) (t) (dollars) street trees

(t/yr) (t/yr)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE
59

Leaf Area and Biomass for Trees in Brooklyn by D.b.h. Class and Land Use

D.b.h. class

0.0 - 7.6 cm 7.7 - 15.2 cm 15.3 - 22.9 cm 23.0 - 30.5 cm 30.6 - 38.1 cm

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SECommercial/Ind. Tree of heaven 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0

Hawthorn 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.47 0.47 17.0 17.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.47 0.47 17.0 17.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0

Mult. Fam. Res. Norway maple 0.04 0.04 2.0 2.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.55 0.55 29.9 29.9 0.00 na 0.0 na

Horsechestnut 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.80 0.80 59.2 59.2 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 0.07 0.07 5.6 5.6 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.06 0.06 4.8 4.8 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.51 0.51 58.2 58.2American elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 0.16 0.13 12.4 10.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.80 0.80 59.2 59.2 0.55 0.55 29.9 29.9 0.51 0.51 58.2 58.2

Open Space Boxelder 0.03 0.03 2.8 2.8 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 0.01 0.01 0.7 0.7 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.23 0.22 12.2 12.1 0.00 na 0.0 naSycamore maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.24 0.24 16.7 16.7 0.37 0.37 26.2 26.1 1.24 1.24 87.0 86.9 0.00 na 0.0 naRed maple 0.05 0.05 3.3 3.3 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSilver maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.05 0.05 2.6 2.6 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 0.15 0.09 10.8 6.8 0.08 0.05 5.7 3.5 0.12 0.09 8.9 6.4 0.26 0.26 19.0 19.0 0.00 na 0.0 naEuropean white birch 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.02 0.02 1.4 1.4 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.28 0.28 16.4 16.4 0.00 na 0.0 naAtlas cedar 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern redbud 0.08 0.08 5.2 5.2 0.05 0.05 3.0 3.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 0.02 0.02 1.3 1.3 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHawthorn 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.2 0.01 0.01 0.5 0.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naRussian olive 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.11 0.11 8.2 8.2 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite ash 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.18 0.18 18.4 18.4 0.00 na 0.0 naWitch-hazel 0.01 0.01 0.6 0.6 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHydrangea 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.07 0.07 4.9 4.9 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican holly 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern redcedar 0.04 0.04 10.4 10.4 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSweetgum 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.04 0.04 2.0 2.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTuliptree 0.03 0.03 1.5 1.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.03 0.03 1.9 1.9 0.28 0.20 20.2 14.9 1.34 0.83 98.1 60.9 0.95 0.95 69.3 69.3 0.00 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.16 0.15 10.0 10.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.03 0.03 2.1 2.1 0.00 na 0.0 naBlack cherry 0.10 0.06 7.8 4.9 0.22 0.13 17.1 10.3 0.74 0.59 57.2 45.9 0.81 0.81 62.7 62.7 0.00 na 0.0 naCherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.27 0.15 20.6 12.0 0.05 0.05 3.7 3.7 0.00 na 0.0 na .00 na 0.0 naApple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.42 0.42 36.3 36.3 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naPin oak 0.02 0.02 2.0 1.4 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNorthern red oak 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.12 0.12 9.7 9.7 0.00 na 0.0 naSmooth sumac 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.03 0.03 1.8 1.8 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.28 0.26 14.9 13.9 0.02 0.02 1.3 1.3 0.80 0.52 43.2 28.0 0.00 na 0.0 naBlack willow 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.25 0.25 15.3 15.3 0.00 na 0.0 na

Continued
60

American basswood 0.05 0.04 1.4 1.2 0.11 0.11 3.2 3.2 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.37 0.37 27.8 27.8American elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.13 0.13 9.2 9.2 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSlippery elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNannyberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.01 0.01 1.0 1.0 0.02 0.02 1.3 1.3 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 0.62 0.25 50.0 19.4 1.91 0.64 125.5 40.1 3.32 1.73 250.4 133.6 5.13 2.40 355.3 174.0 0.37 0.37 27.8 27.8

Public Facility Tree of heaven 0.05 0.05 3.6 3.6 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Honeylocust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.18 0.18 19.2 19.2 0.07 0.07 7.1 7.1 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.23 0.23 10.0 10.0 0.00 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.11 0.11 7.8 7.8 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 0.16 0.16 11.4 11.4 0.18 0.18 19.2 19.2 0.07 0.07 7.1 7.1 0.23 0.23 10.0 10.0 0.00 na 0.0 na

1-2 Residential Japanese maple 0.10 0.06 5.6 3.5 0.18 0.15 10.0 8.2 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 0.03 0.03 1.5 1.5 0.19 0.19 10.4 10.3 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.84 0.83 45.1 45.1 1.25 0.72 67.5 39.0Sycamore maple 0.11 0.09 7.7 6.1 0.07 0.07 4.7 4.7 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSilver maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 0.15 0.08 11.5 6.2 0.03 0.03 2.4 2.4 0.68 0.37 50.5 27.7 0.29 0.29 21.8 21.8 0.19 0.16 14.3 11.7European white birch 0.01 0.01 0.7 0.7 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNorthern catalpa 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 0.04 0.02 2.4 1.4 0.08 0.06 4.6 3.2 0.05 0.05 2.7 2.7 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naGinkgo 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.25 0.19 18.1 14.0 0.06 0.06 4.4 4.4 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naOther species 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0Sourwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.03 0.03 0.8 0.8 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 0.04 0.04 3.1 3.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.27 0.27 45.3 45.3 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.03 0.03 5.4 5.4 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.01 0.01 2.0 2.0 0.09 0.07 16.0 11.6 0.24 0.24 40.0 40.0 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.01 0.01 0.5 0.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.16 0.16 10.5 10.5London planetree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.36 0.36 15.6 15.6Eastern cottonwood 0.02 0.02 1.2 1.2 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 0.03 0.03 2.3 2.3 0.07 0.07 5.4 5.4 0.08 0.08 6.0 6.0 0.22 0.22 17.0 17.0 0.00 na 0.0 nCherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.49 0.42 38.3 32.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHigan cherry 0.02 0.02 1.9 1.9 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.04 0.04 3.5 3.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCommon pear 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.07 0.07 6.3 6.3 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naApple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.04 0.04 3.1 3.1 0.16 0.16 13.7 13.7 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCrabapple 0.02 0.02 1.4 1.4 0.04 0.04 3.3 3.3 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.16 0.16 13.8 13.8 0.00 na 0.0 naPussy willow 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.12 0.12 7.1 7.1 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.09 0.09 2.7 2.7 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.06 0.06 4.3 4.3 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 1.01 1.01 75.7 75.7Eastern hemlock 0.02 0.02 1.4 1.4 0.05 0.04 4.6 3.3 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 0.59 0.17 40.5 12.3 1.33 0.39 92.1 25.1 1.73 0.60 138.7 46.6 2.02 1.10 182.9 86.5 2.97 1.30 183.6 87.3

Vacant Land Sycamore maple 0.02 0.02 1.1 1.1 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.20 0.20 14.1 14.1 0.91 0.91 63.9 63.9 0.00 na 0.0 na

Tree of heaven 0.05 0.03 3.6 2.2 0.11 0.08 8.1 5.6 0.55 0.31 40.6 23.2 0.05 0.05 3.8 3.8 0.15 0.15 10.9 10.9Gray birch 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.14 0.14 8.3 8.3Northern hackberry 0.02 0.02 0.9 0.9 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.25 0.25 13.3 13.3 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.04 0.04 4.1 4.1 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

D.b.h. class

0.0 - 7.6 cm 7.7 - 15.2 cm 15.3 - 22.9 cm 23.0 - 30.5 cm 30.6 - 38.1 cm

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE

Continued
61

White mulberry 0.01 0.01 0.8 0.8 0.18 0.13 12.8 9.4 0.31 0.31 22.9 22.9 0.33 0.33 24.1 24.1 0.00 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 0.02 0.02 1.5 1.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.05 0.05 9.3 9.3 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.01 0.01 0.9 0.9 0.07 0.07 4.7 4.7 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.31 0.31 13.5 13.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.42 0.42 30.5 30.5Black cherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.05 0.05 3.9 3.9 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.03 0.03 1.8 1.8 0.48 0.38 26.0 20.3 1.72 1.26 92.7 67.9 0.22 0.22 11.6 11.6 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.57 0.57 16.8 16.8 0.32 0.32 9.5 9.5Siberian elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.39 0.39 26.6 26.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 0.20 0.07 14.8 5.7 1.25 0.62 78.3 36.8 3.43 1.86 210.1 113.8 2.08 1.10 120.2 68.8 1.03 0.54 59.2 33.5

City Total 1.73 0.37 129.1 28.2 4.68 0.99 315.0 63.0 9.81 2.77 682.4 191.9 10.02 2.93 698.3 208.5 4.89 1.54 328.8 113.6

D.b.h. class

0.0 - 7.6 cm 7.7 - 15.2 cm 15.3 - 22.9 cm 23.0 - 30.5 cm 30.6 - 38.1 cm

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE

D.b.h. class

38.2 - 45.7 cm 45.8 - 53.3 cm 53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE

Commercial/Ind. Tree of heaven 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Hawthorn 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Mult. Fam. Res. Norway maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Horsechestnut 3.14 3.14 219.6 219.6 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 1.85 1.85 137.4 137.4 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.86 0.86 90.0 90.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 2.42 2.42 177.2 177.2 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 1.90 1.90 82.9 82.9 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 3.29 3.29 239.3 239.3 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 5.90 3.58 392.6 239.0 5.71 3.95 416.5 288.1 1.85 1.85 137.4 137.4 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Open Space Boxelder 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 0.76 0.76 40.8 40.8 0.00 na 0.0 na 1.05 1.05 56.9 56.9 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSycamore maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naRed maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSilver maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.94 0.94 49.3 49.3Tree of heaven 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.18 0.18 13.5 13.5European white birch 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAtlas cedar 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 1.09 1.09 254.7 254.6 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern redbud 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHawthorn 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naRussian olive 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Continued
62

White ash 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.53 0.53 30.0 29.9 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWitch-hazel 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHydrangea 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican holly 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.26 0.26 34.2 34.2 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern redcedar 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSweetgum 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTuliptree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.71 0.71 118.9 118.9Eastern white pine 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlack cherry 0.57 0.50 44.4 38.5 0.19 0.19 14.6 14.6 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naApple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naPin oak 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.47 0.47 42.9 42.9 1.40 1.40 126.9 126.8 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.54 0.54 49.3 49.3Northern red oak 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.58 0.58 46.2 46.2 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSmooth sumac 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.61 0.61 32.9 32.8 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 nBlack willow 0.32 0.32 19.7 19.7 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.37 0.37 27.8 27.8 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSlippery elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.52 0.52 23.5 23.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNannyberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 1.65 0.94 104.8 58.5 1.27 0.79 90.4 55.3 5.80 2.53 600.0 302.8 0.00 na 0.0 na 2.38 1.29 231.0 136.6

Public Facility Tree of heaven 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Honeylocust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 1.52 1.52 66.6 66.6 0.00 na 0.0 na 1.67 1.67 73.0 73.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 2.40 2.40 273.0 272.9American elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 1.52 1.52 66.6 66.6 0.00 na 0.0 na 1.67 1.67 73.0 73.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 2.40 2.40 273.0 272.9

1-2 Residential Japanese maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 0.28 0.28 14.9 14.9 0.65 0.46 35.1 24.7 0.55 0.55 29.6 29.6 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSycamore maple 0.07 0.07 5.1 5.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSilver maple 0.67 0.67 35.5 35.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.02 0.02 1.1 1.1 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 0.26 0.26 19.4 19.4 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0European white birch 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNorthern catalpa 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.30 0.30 18.1 18.0Flowering dogwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naGinkgo 0.16 0.16 7.0 7.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naOther species 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSourwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Continued

D.b.h. class

38.2 - 45.7 cm 45.8 - 53.3 cm 53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE
63

Blue spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 1.01 1.01 44.3 44.2 1.66 1.17 72.5 50.9 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.31 0.31 23.7 23.7 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHigan cherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCommon pear 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naApple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.34 0.34 29.0 29.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCrabapple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naPussy willow 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern hemlock 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 2.46 1.26 126.1 60.9 2.31 1.24 107.7 55.9 1.21 0.84 83.3 60.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.30 0.30 18.1 18.0

Vacant Land Sycamore maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Tree of heaven 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 1.06 1.06 78.5 78.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naGray birch 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNorthern hackberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.39 0.39 28.2 28.2 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlack cherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.16 0.16 12.4 12.4 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.40 0.40 11.7 11.7 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSiberian elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 0.79 0.55 39.9 30.1 0.16 0.16 12.4 12.4 1.06 1.06 78.5 78.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

City Total 12.32 4.24 729.9 263.8 9.46 4.22 627.0 298.9 11.59 3.80 972.2 354.4 0.00 na 0.0 na 5.07 2.74 522.0 305.7

D.b.h. class

38.2 - 45.7 cm 45.8 - 53.3 cm 53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE

Continued
64

Commercial/Ind. Tree of heaven 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Hawthorn 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Mult. Fam. Res. Norway maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Horsechestnut 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 0.00 na 0.0 na 2.28 2.28 169.4 169.4 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 0.00 na 0.0 na 2.28 2.28 169.4 169.4 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Open Space Boxelder 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSycamore maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naRed maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSilver maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.75 0.75 39.3 39.3 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 0.25 0.25 18.9 18.9 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEuropean white birch 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAtlas cedar 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern redbud 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHawthorn 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naRussian olive 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite ash 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.44 0.44 45.9 45.9 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWitch-hazel 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHydrangea 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican holly 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern redcedar 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSweetgum 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTuliptree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 1.70 1.70 124.4 124.4 0.00 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 1.07 1.07 46.8 46.8 1.16 1.16 50.8 50.8 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlack cherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naApple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naPin oak 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNorthern red oak 0.00 na 0.0 na 1.09 1.09 87.2 87.1 0.00 na 0.0 na 1.60 1.60 127.6 127.5Smooth sumac 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlack willow 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Continued

D.b.h. class

76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE
65

Littleleaf linden 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 1.97 1.97 147.4 147.3 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSlippery elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNannyberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 1.76 1.17 111.6 67.3 3.00 1.74 177.3 106.9 3.67 2.58 271.8 191.4 1.60 1.60 127.6 127.5

Public Facility Tree of heaven 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Honeylocust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

1-2 Residential Japanese maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 3.10 2.29 167.3 123.5 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSycamore maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSilver maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEuropean white birch 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNorthern catalpa 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naGinkgo 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naOther species 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSourwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.83 0.83 36.0 36.0 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naHigan cherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCommon pear 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naApple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naCrabapple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naPussy willow 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern hemlock 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 3.92 2.42 203.3 127.9 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Vacant Land Sycamore maple 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Tree of heaven 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naGray birch 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naNorthern hackberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

Continued

D.b.h. class

76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE
66

Honeylocust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlack cherry 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naSiberian elm 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 naTotal 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na

City Total 5.69 2.69 314.9 144.6 5.28 2.87 346.7 200.3 3.67 2.58 271.8 191.4 1.60 1.60 127.6 127.5

D.b.h. class

76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE
67

Leaf Area and Biomass for Shrubs in Brooklyn by Land Use

Density Total

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(m2/ha) (kg/ha) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SECommercial/Ind. Juniper 121.80 121.79 33.83 33.83 0.37 0.37 102.54 102.53

Japanese knotweed 56.03 56.02 4.16 4.16 0.17 0.17 12.61 12.61Privet 48.58 48.58 4.42 4.42 0.15 0.15 13.39 13.38Black locust 40.66 40.66 2.19 2.19 0.12 0.12 6.63 6.63Rose 4.67 4.67 0.35 0.35 0.01 0.01 1.05 1.05Total 271.74 219.04 44.95 39.93 0.82 0.66 136.22 121.03

Mult. Fam. Res. Northern white-cedar 86.94 86.93 16.72 16.72 0.29 0.29 56.65 56.65

Rose 29.18 29.18 2.17 2.17 0.10 0.10 7.34 7.34Privet 27.47 18.79 2.50 1.71 0.09 0.06 8.46 5.79Boxwood 7.00 7.00 0.52 0.52 0.02 0.02 1.76 1.76Norway maple 3.68 3.68 0.20 0.20 0.01 0.01 0.67 0.67Azalea 0.72 0.72 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.49Total 155.01 100.19 22.25 17.28 0.53 0.34 75.38 58.54

Open Space Bramble 520.54 495.85 19.42 18.50 2.34 2.22 87.13 82.99

Japanese knotweed 233.45 228.78 17.34 17.00 1.05 1.03 77.79 76.24Multiflora rose 201.19 165.84 14.95 12.32 0.90 0.74 67.04 55.26Cherry 196.56 193.46 15.21 14.97 0.88 0.87 68.22 67.14Shining sumac 188.87 122.48 18.03 11.69 0.85 0.55 80.86 52.44Deciduous shrub 81.43 69.08 6.05 5.13 0.37 0.31 27.14 23.02Rose 58.91 58.89 4.38 4.37 0.26 0.26 19.63 19.63Bayberry 54.54 40.96 18.77 14.09 0.24 0.18 84.18 63.22Black cherry 54.28 52.94 4.21 4.11 0.24 0.24 18.88 18.42Marsh elder 33.99 31.00 2.52 2.30 0.15 0.14 11.33 10.33American bittersweet 30.24 30.23 2.25 2.25 0.14 0.14 10.08 10.07Peachleaf willow 27.17 26.18 1.68 1.62 0.12 0.12 7.52 7.25Grape 18.36 18.36 1.22 1.22 0.08 0.08 5.49 5.49Holly 15.66 12.22 2.09 1.63 0.07 0.05 9.39 7.33Juniper 13.34 10.14 3.71 2.82 0.06 0.05 16.63 12.63White mulberry 7.16 7.16 0.52 0.52 0.03 0.03 2.35 2.35Virginia creeper 5.76 5.21 0.28 0.26 0.03 0.02 1.27 1.15Nannyberry 5.29 5.29 0.39 0.39 0.02 0.02 1.76 1.76Sycamore maple 5.23 5.23 0.37 0.37 0.02 0.02 1.64 1.64Azalea 4.59 4.59 0.92 0.92 0.02 0.02 4.12 4.12Tree of heaven 4.33 3.81 0.32 0.28 0.02 0.02 1.44 1.27

Continued
68

Poison ivy 4.12 4.12 0.31 0.31 0.02 0.02 1.37 1.37Privet 3.18 3.17 0.29 0.29 0.01 0.01 1.29 1.29Green ash 3.12 3.12 0.20 0.20 0.01 0.01 0.91 0.91Black locust 2.49 2.49 0.13 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.60 0.60Rose-of-Sharon 1.59 1.59 0.08 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.34 0.34Boxwood 1.56 1.56 0.12 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.52 0.52Sweet mountain pine 1.32 1.32 0.13 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.57 0.57Japanese maple 0.68 0.68 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.17Total 1,778.94 670.54 135.92 43.70 7.98 3.01 609.68 196.04

Public Facility Yew 94.39 94.37 10.42 10.42 0.15 0.15 16.63 16.63

Forsythia 26.26 26.26 1.95 1.95 0.04 0.04 3.11 3.11

Mock-orange 20.01 20.01 1.49 1.49 0.03 0.03 2.37 2.37Total 140.66 140.64 13.86 13.86 0.22 0.22 22.11 22.11

1-2 Residential Yew 207.79 58.07 22.95 6.41 0.84 0.23 92.56 25.86

Privet 90.91 68.76 8.26 6.25 0.37 0.28 33.33 25.21Rose-of-Sharon 86.26 39.38 4.17 1.90 0.35 0.16 16.81 7.67Euonymus 73.92 60.44 5.49 4.49 0.30 0.24 22.15 18.11Juniper 72.72 47.19 20.20 13.11 0.29 0.19 81.47 52.88Deciduous shrub 54.91 27.50 4.08 2.04 0.22 0.11 16.45 8.24Japanese pagoda tree 43.73 43.72 4.97 4.97 0.18 0.18 20.04 20.04Holly 37.04 14.94 4.95 2.00 0.15 0.06 19.97 8.06Tree of heaven 33.29 18.79 2.47 1.40 0.13 0.08 9.97 5.63Hydrangea 24.44 21.01 1.82 1.56 0.10 0.08 7.32 6.30Rose 23.27 11.58 1.73 0.86 0.09 0.05 6.97 3.47Northern white-cedar 20.38 14.26 3.92 2.74 0.08 0.06 15.81 11.06Boxwood 18.02 7.31 1.34 0.54 0.07 0.03 5.40 2.19Grape 12.68 12.68 0.85 0.85 0.05 0.05 3.41 3.41Devils-walkingstick 7.84 7.84 0.58 0.58 0.03 0.03 2.35 2.35Common fig 7.80 5.70 0.58 0.42 0.03 0.02 2.34 1.71Forsythia 7.67 6.07 0.57 0.45 0.03 0.02 2.30 1.82Rhododendron 6.23 2.86 1.25 0.57 0.03 0.01 5.03 2.31Japanese pieris 5.31 3.27 0.39 0.24 0.02 0.01 1.59 0.98White spruce 5.12 4.82 0.82 0.77 0.02 0.02 3.32 3.13Wisteria 4.65 4.64 0.35 0.35 0.02 0.02 1.39 1.39Azalea 4.34 2.68 0.87 0.54 0.02 0.01 3.50 2.16

Density Total

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(m2/ha) (kg/ha) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE

Continued
69

Viburnum 4.18 4.18 0.31 0.31 0.02 0.02 1.25 1.25Evergreen shrub 3.90 3.90 0.92 0.91 0.02 0.02 3.69 3.69Callery pear 3.65 3.65 0.31 0.31 0.01 0.01 1.27 1.27American bittersweet 2.44 2.44 0.18 0.18 0.01 0.01 0.73 0.73Unknown vine species 1.67 1.67 0.12 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.50 0.50Hibiscus 1.42 1.42 0.09 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.35 0.35White mulberry 1.13 1.13 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.33Barberry 0.52 0.52 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.16Royal paulownia 0.28 0.28 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.08Shining sumac 0.14 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05Total 867.65 167.28 94.69 19.34 3.50 0.67 381.91 78.02

Vacant Land Tree of heaven 95.40 61.82 7.09 4.59 0.16 0.11 12.16 7.88

Japanese knotweed 70.21 70.18 5.22 5.21 0.12 0.12 8.95 8.94Deciduous shrub 15.56 12.06 1.16 0.90 0.03 0.02 1.98 1.54Cherry 14.81 14.80 1.15 1.15 0.03 0.03 1.97 1.96Unknown vine species 7.20 7.20 0.54 0.53 0.01 0.01 0.92 0.92Devils-walkingstick 1.84 1.84 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.23Eastern hemlock 1.07 1.07 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.17Grape 0.64 0.64 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.07Boxwood 0.44 0.44 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.06Crabapple 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Total 207.17 98.90 15.45 7.36 0.36 0.17 26.50 12.63

City Total 734.73 174.47 68.60 13.78 13.41 3.18 1,251.82 251.48

Density Total

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(m2/ha) (kg/ha) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE
70

Commercial/Ind. Hawthorn 155.78 155.77 5.60 5.60 0.47 0.47 16.98 16.98

Juniper 121.80 121.79 33.83 33.83 0.37 0.37 102.54 102.53Japanese knotweed 56.03 56.02 4.16 4.16 0.17 0.17 12.61 12.61Privet 48.58 48.58 4.42 4.42 0.15 0.15 13.39 13.38Black locust 40.66 40.66 2.19 2.19 0.12 0.12 6.63 6.63Rose 4.67 4.67 0.35 0.35 0.01 0.01 1.05 1.05Tree of heaven 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Total 427.52 285.74 50.55 41.01 1.30 0.87 153.21 124.30

Mult. Fam. Res. Tree of heaven 1,454.20 996.44 108.03 74.02 4.93 3.38 366.03 250.81

American elm 971.17 971.08 70.63 70.62 3.29 3.29 239.32 239.29Horsechestnut 926.79 926.70 64.81 64.80 3.14 3.14 219.59 219.57White mulberry 714.93 714.86 52.30 52.29 2.42 2.42 177.19 177.18London planetree 560.47 560.41 24.47 24.47 1.90 1.90 82.93 82.92Honeylocust 253.75 253.73 26.57 26.57 0.86 0.86 90.03 90.02Norway maple 178.05 163.18 9.61 8.81 0.60 0.55 32.56 29.84Japanese pagoda tree 151.20 151.18 17.18 17.18 0.51 0.51 58.21 58.21Northern white-cedar 86.94 86.93 16.72 16.72 0.29 0.29 56.65 56.65Rose 29.18 29.18 2.17 2.17 0.10 0.10 7.34 7.34Privet 27.47 18.79 2.50 1.71 0.09 0.06 8.46 5.79Kwanzan cherry 21.51 21.50 1.66 1.66 0.07 0.07 5.64 5.64Callery pear 16.27 16.26 1.40 1.40 0.06 0.06 4.75 4.75Boxwood 7.00 7.00 0.52 0.52 0.02 0.02 1.76 1.76Azalea 0.72 0.72 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.49Total 5,399.65 1,670.04 398.72 125.94 18.30 5.66 1,350.96 426.73

Open Space White mulberry 963.66 559.33 70.49 40.91 4.32 2.51 316.20 183.53

Northern red oak 757.10 445.69 60.33 35.51 3.40 2.00 270.61 159.30Black cherry 640.08 420.17 49.64 32.58 2.87 1.88 222.66 146.17Littleleaf linden 604.06 466.28 45.25 34.93 2.71 2.09 202.97 156.67Pin oak 544.47 383.36 49.27 34.69 2.44 1.72 221.03 155.63Bramble 520.54 495.85 19.42 18.50 2.34 2.22 87.13 82.99London planetree 498.06 497.91 21.75 21.74 2.23 2.23 97.56 97.53Norway maple 456.53 290.25 24.64 15.67 2.05 1.30 110.53 70.27Sycamore maple 418.92 307.20 29.30 21.48 1.88 1.38 131.41 96.36Silver maple 386.43 265.14 20.34 13.95 1.73 1.19 91.23 62.60

Leaf Area and Biomass for Trees and Shrubs in Brooklyn by Land Use

Density Total

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(m2/ha) (kg/ha) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE

Continued
71

Black locust 384.63 237.94 20.71 12.81 1.73 1.07 92.89 57.46Cherry 266.63 219.41 20.63 16.98 1.20 0.98 92.54 76.15Atlas cedar 242.26 242.19 56.78 56.76 1.09 1.09 254.70 254.62Tree of heaven 234.91 117.40 17.45 8.72 1.05 0.53 78.28 39.12Japanese knotweed 233.45 228.78 17.34 17.00 1.05 1.03 7.79 76.24Multiflora rose 201.19 165.84 14.95 12.32 0.90 0.74 67.04 55.26Shining sumac 188.87 122.48 18.03 11.69 0.85 0.55 80.86 52.44Norway spruce 159.07 159.02 26.51 26.50 0.71 0.71 118.92 118.89Honeylocust 137.03 104.78 14.35 10.97 0.61 0.47 64.37 49.22Black willow 126.21 126.17 7.79 7.79 0.57 0.57 34.95 34.94White ash 117.52 117.48 6.68 6.68 0.53 0.53 29.95 29.94Slippery elm 116.89 116.85 5.23 5.23 0.52 0.52 23.47 23.47Apple 93.96 93.93 8.10 8.10 0.42 0.42 36.33 36.32Deciduous shrub 81.43 69.08 6.05 5.13 0.37 0.31 27.14 23.02European white birch 66.86 61.81 3.97 3.67 0.30 0.28 17.81 16.47Rose 58.91 58.89 4.38 4.37 0.26 0.26 19.63 19.63American holly 56.97 56.95 7.62 7.61 0.26 0.26 34.16 34.15Bayberry 54.54 40.96 18.77 14.09 0.24 0.18 84.18 63.22American basswood 35.02 32.94 1.02 0.96 0.16 0.15 4.59 4.31Eastern white pine 34.56 34.55 2.22 2.22 0.16 0.15 9.97 9.97Marsh elder 33.99 31.00 2.52 2.30 0.15 0.14 11.33 10.33American bittersweet 30.24 30.23 2.25 2.25 0.14 0.14 10.08 10.07Eastern redbud 28.76 20.92 1.84 1.34 0.13 0.09 8.26 6.01American elm 28.16 28.15 2.05 2.05 0.13 0.13 9.19 9.18Peachleaf willow 27.17 26.18 1.68 1.62 0.12 0.12 7.52 7.25Russian olive 24.74 24.73 1.84 1.84 0.11 0.11 8.24 8.24Grape 18.36 18.36 1.22 1.22 0.08 0.08 5.49 5.49Holly 15.66 12.22 2.09 1.63 0.07 0.05 9.39 7.33Hydrangea 14.60 14.60 1.08 1.08 0.07 0.07 4.87 4.87Juniper 13.34 10.14 3.71 2.82 0.06 0.05 16.63 12.63Nannyberry 12.21 8.77 0.91 0.65 0.05 0.04 4.07 2.92Red maple 11.00 10.99 0.74 0.74 0.05 0.05 3.32 3.32Sweetgum 9.91 9.91 0.46 0.46 0.04 0.04 2.04 2.04Eastern redcedar 8.33 8.33 2.31 2.31 0.04 0.04 10.38 10.38Smooth sumac 7.12 7.12 0.39 0.39 0.03 0.03 1.76 1.76Boxelder 6.72 6.72 0.62 0.61 0.03 0.03 2.76 2.76Eastern cottonwood 6.39 6.39 0.46 0.46 0.03 0.03 2.07 2.07

Density Total

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(m2/ha) (kg/ha) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE

Continued
72

Tuliptree 5.76 5.76 0.34 0.34 0.03 0.03 1.52 1.52Virginia creeper 5.76 5.21 0.28 0.26 0.03 0.02 1.27 1.15Flowering dogwood 5.02 5.01 0.29 0.29 0.02 0.02 1.31 1.31Azalea 4.59 4.59 0.92 0.92 0.02 0.02 4.12 4.12Hawthorn 4.46 3.40 0.16 0.12 0.02 0.02 0.72 0.55Poison ivy 4.12 4.12 0.31 0.31 0.02 0.02 1.37 1.37Privet 3.18 3.17 0.29 0.29 0.01 0.01 1.29 1.29Green ash 3.12 3.12 0.20 0.20 0.01 0.01 0.91 0.91Witch-hazel 2.39 2.39 0.14 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.63 0.63Rose-of-Sharon 1.59 1.59 0.08 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.34 0.34Boxwood 1.56 1.56 0.12 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.52 0.52Sweet mountain pine 1.32 1.32 0.13 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.57 0.57Japanese maple 0.68 0.68 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.17Total 9,021.01 1,591.58 698.45 123.02 40.47 7.14 3,133.06 551.84

Public Facility London planetree 2,147.29 1,997.25 93.77 87.22 3.43 3.19 149.59 139.14

Japanese pagoda tree 1,505.58 1,505.32 171.09 171.06 2.40 2.40 272.95 272.90Honeylocust 157.70 119.52 16.51 12.51 0.25 0.19 26.34 19.97Yew 94.39 94.37 10.42 10.42 0.15 0.15 16.63 16.63American elm 66.98 66.97 4.87 4.87 0.11 0.11 7.77 7.77Tree of heaven 30.54 30.54 2.27 2.27 0.05 0.05 3.62 3.62Forsythia 26.26 26.26 1.95 1.95 0.04 0.04 3.11 3.11

Mock-orange 20.01 20.01 1.49 1.49 0.03 0.03 2.37 2.37Total 4,048.75 2,393.16 302.37 185.20 6.46 3.82 482.39 295.47

1-2 Residential Norway maple 1,705.77 641.25 92.07 34.61 6.88 2.59 371.34 139.60

London planetree 956.32 432.04 41.76 18.87 3.86 1.74 168.44 76.10Tree of heaven 433.48 190.78 32.20 14.17 1.75 0.77 129.88 57.16Littleleaf linden 264.72 250.63 19.83 18.77 1.07 1.01 79.98 75.72Yew 207.79 58.07 22.95 6.41 0.84 0.23 92.56 25.86Cherry 198.43 127.60 15.35 9.87 0.80 0.51 61.93 39.82Silver maple 172.00 166.98 9.05 8.79 0.69 0.67 36.51 35.45Apple 131.56 91.81 11.34 7.91 0.53 0.37 45.74 31.92Kwanzan cherry 98.27 65.37 7.60 5.06 0.40 0.26 30.67 20.40Privet 90.91 68.76 8.26 6.25 0.37 0.28 33.33 25.21Rose-of-Sharon 86.26 39.38 4.17 1.90 0.35 0.16 16.81 7.67Blue spruce 84.78 60.50 14.38 10.26 0.34 0.24 58.02 41.40

Density Total

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(m2/ha) (kg/ha) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE

Continued
73

White mulberry 77.41 49.49 5.66 3.62 0.31 0.20 22.84 14.60Euonymus 73.92 60.44 5.49 4.49 0.30 0.24 22.15 18.11Northern catalpa 73.50 73.47 4.47 4.47 0.30 0.30 18.05 18.04Juniper 72.72 47.19 20.20 13.11 0.29 0.19 81.47 52.88Japanese maple 68.70 38.77 3.87 2.18 0.28 0.16 15.60 8.80Norway spruce 67.37 67.35 11.23 11.22 0.27 0.27 45.29 45.27Sycamore maple 61.57 41.36 4.31 2.89 0.25 0.17 17.37 11.67Deciduous shrub 54.91 27.50 4.08 2.04 0.22 0.11 16.45 8.24Crabapple 53.30 40.85 4.59 3.52 0.21 0.16 18.53 14.20Japanese pagoda tree 43.73 43.72 4.97 4.97 0.18 0.18 20.04 20.04Eastern white pine 42.43 40.38 2.73 2.60 0.17 0.16 11.00 10.47Flowering dogwood 41.11 18.39 2.39 1.07 0.17 0.07 9.63 4.31Ginkgo 39.60 39.59 1.75 1.75 0.16 0.16 7.04 7.04Holly 37.04 14.94 4.95 2.00 0.15 0.06 19.97 8.06Pussy willow 28.54 28.53 1.76 1.76 0.12 0.12 7.11 7.10Hydrangea 24.44 21.01 1.82 1.56 0.10 0.08 7.32 6.30Rose 23.27 11.58 1.73 0.86 0.09 0.05 6.97 3.47American basswood 23.16 23.15 0.68 0.68 0.09 0.09 2.73 2.73Northern white-cedar 20.38 14.26 3.92 2.74 0.08 0.06 15.81 11.06Common pear 18.06 18.06 1.56 1.56 0.07 0.07 6.28 6.28Boxwood 18.02 7.31 1.34 0.54 0.07 0.03 5.40 2.19Eastern hemlock 16.04 11.34 1.49 1.05 0.06 0.05 6.01 4.25Callery pear 13.70 10.74 1.18 0.93 0.06 0.04 4.76 3.74White spruce 13.48 9.71 2.17 1.56 0.05 0.04 8.73 6.29Grape 12.68 12.68 0.85 0.85 0.05 0.05 3.41 3.41Royal paulownia 10.44 10.17 0.78 0.76 0.04 0.04 3.13 3.05Devils-walkingstick 7.84 7.84 0.58 0.58 0.03 0.03 2.35 2.35Common fig 7.80 5.70 0.58 0.42 0.03 0.02 2.34 1.71Forsythia 7.67 6.07 0.57 0.45 0.03 0.02 2.30 1.82Sourwood 6.52 6.51 0.20 0.20 0.03 0.03 0.80 0.80Rhododendron 6.23 2.86 1.25 0.57 0.03 0.01 5.03 2.31Higan cherry 6.19 6.19 0.48 0.48 0.02 0.02 1.93 1.93Japanese pieris 5.31 3.27 0.39 0.24 0.02 0.01 1.59 0.98Wisteria 4.65 4.64 0.35 0.35 0.02 0.02 1.39 1.39Azalea 4.34 2.68 0.87 0.54 0.02 0.01 3.50 2.16Viburnum 4.18 4.18 0.31 0.31 0.02 0.02 1.25 1.25Eastern cottonwood 3.94 3.94 0.28 0.28 0.02 0.02 1.15 1.15

Density Total

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(m2/ha) (kg/ha) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE

Continued
74

Evergreen shrub 3.90 3.90 0.92 0.91 0.02 0.02 3.69 3.69European white birch 2.70 2.70 0.16 0.16 0.01 0.01 0.65 0.65American bittersweet 2.44 2.44 0.18 0.18 0.01 0.01 0.73 0.73Unknown vine species 1.67 1.67 0.12 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.50 0.50Hibiscus 1.42 1.42 0.09 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.35 0.35Barberry 0.52 0.52 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.16Shining sumac 0.14 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05Other species 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Total 5,537.27 896.81 386.29 56.24 22.33 3.62 1,558.06 226.85

Vacant Land Black locust 1,430.22 1,018.75 77.00 54.85 2.45 1.75 132.08 94.08

Tree of heaven 1,237.31 673.39 91.92 50.02 2.12 1.16 157.67 85.81American basswood 757.07 756.83 22.10 22.10 1.30 1.30 37.92 37.90Sycamore maple 659.24 649.65 46.10 45.43 1.13 1.11 79.08 77.93White mulberry 482.82 311.11 35.32 22.76 0.83 0.53 60.58 39.04Eastern cottonwood 474.44 474.29 34.23 34.22 0.81 0.81 58.72 58.70Siberian elm 227.20 227.13 15.47 15.47 0.39 0.39 26.55 26.54London planetree 180.37 180.32 7.88 7.87 0.31 0.31 13.51 13.51Northern hackberry 158.32 158.27 8.24 8.23 0.27 0.27 14.13 14.13Black cherry 122.66 96.64 9.51 7.49 0.21 0.17 16.32 12.86Gray birch 81.59 81.56 4.85 4.84 0.14 0.14 8.31 8.31Japanese knotweed 70.21 70.18 5.22 5.21 0.12 0.12 8.95 8.94Eastern white pine 50.99 43.19 3.28 2.78 0.09 0.07 5.63 4.76Blue spruce 31.93 31.92 5.42 5.42 0.05 0.05 9.29 9.29Honeylocust 23.00 22.99 2.41 2.41 0.04 0.04 4.13 4.13Deciduous shrub 15.56 12.06 1.16 0.90 0.03 0.02 1.98 1.54Cherry 14.81 14.80 1.15 1.15 0.03 0.03 1.97 1.96Royal paulownia 11.60 11.60 0.86 0.86 0.02 0.02 1.48 1.48Unknown vine species 7.20 7.20 0.54 0.53 0.01 0.01 0.92 0.92Devils-walkingstick 1.84 1.84 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.23Eastern hemlock 1.07 1.07 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.17Grape 0.64 0.64 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.07Boxwood 0.44 0.44 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.06Crabapple 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Total 6,040.54 2,544.84 372.94 162.84 10.36 4.37 639.75 279.33

City Total 5,436.62 625.89 400.98 46.46 99.21 11.42 7,317.43 847.86

Density Total

Leaf area Leaf biomass Leaf area Leaf biomass

(m2/ha) (kg/ha) (km2) (t)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE
75

Per-Area Estimates for Trees in Brooklyn

No. trees/ha Carbon Gross carbon Net carbon Leaf area Leaf biomass Tree value

sequestration sequestration

(kg/ha) (kg/yr/ha) (kg/yr/ha) (m2/ha) (kg/ha) (dollars/ha)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SECommercial/Ind. Tree of heaven 2.5 2.5 684.9 684.8 0.0 0.0 -188.3 188.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0

Hawthorn 2.5 2.5 201.9 201.9 13.8 13.8 13.0 13.0 155.8 155.8 5.6 5.6 2,606 2,606Total 4.9 3.3 886.8 692.1 13.8 13.8 -175.3 190.2 155.8 155.8 5.6 5.6 2,606 2,606

Mult. Fam. Res. Tree of heaven 6.2 4.8 5,046.3 3,777.2 153.1 108.3 130.8 92.6 1,454.2 996.4 108.0 74.0 7,208 4,982

Norway maple 3.1 2.1 211.5 210.3 17.6 16.6 16.7 15.8 174.4 163.1 9.4 8.8 1,603 1,528Horsechestnut 1.5 1.5 768.5 768.4 32.4 32.4 29.4 29.4 926.8 926.7 64.8 64.8 3,492 3,492Honeylocust 1.5 1.5 574.8 574.8 27.3 27.3 25.0 25.0 253.8 253.7 26.6 26.6 3,482 3,482White mulberry 1.5 1.5 1,102.7 1,102.6 40.0 40.0 29.5 29.5 714.9 714.9 52.3 52.3 4,043 4,042London planetree 1.5 1.5 574.8 574.8 21.1 21.1 19.7 19.7 560.5 560.4 24.5 24.5 3,482 3,482Kwanzan cherry 1.5 1.5 11.8 11.8 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 21.5 21.5 1.7 1.7 242 242Callery pear 1.5 1.5 10.3 10.3 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 16.3 16.3 1.4 1.4 244 244Japanese pagoda tree 1.5 1.5 404.9 404.9 22.1 22.1 20.5 20.5 151.2 151.2 17.2 17.2 2,377 2,377American elm 1.5 1.5 847.7 847.7 31.9 31.9 28.6 28.6 971.2 971.1 70.6 70.6 3,669 3,669Total 21.6 6.3 9,553.4 3,814.6 351.6 114.7 306.5 98.7 5,244.6 1,662.7 376.5 124.1 29,843 8,787

Open Space Tree of heaven 7.6 3.5 1,991.1 1,356.4 38.0 26.4 -65.4 62.4 230.6 117.2 17.1 8.7 1,705 1,121

Black cherry 7.3 4.1 994.2 580.3 36.5 20.2 31.0 18.7 585.8 370.7 45.4 28.8 3,237 1,748White mulberry 6.2 4.4 1,511.2 1,098.0 35.4 21.9 19.9 18.1 956.5 554.3 70.0 40.6 3,914 2,257Black locust 2.9 1.8 462.7 306.9 18.1 11.2 16.5 10.3 382.1 237.9 20.6 12.8 2,232 1,447Sycamore maple 2.5 1.8 305.9 245.6 22.3 17.9 21.1 16.9 413.7 307.1 28.9 21.5 2,209 1,617Cherry 2.2 1.1 90.7 49.5 5.4 2.8 5.1 2.7 70.1 35.8 5.4 2.8 420 239Pin oak 2.2 1.1 2,033.9 1,431.4 39.2 27.5 36.4 25.4 544.5 383.4 49.3 34.7 5,661 4,435Norway maple 1.8 0.9 535.2 351.0 17.6 9.8 16.0 8.9 456.5 290.3 24.6 15.7 2,862 1,749Eastern redbud 1.5 1.1 6.6 4.7 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.8 28.8 20.9 1.8 1.3 102 80Northern red oak 1.5 0.7 2,916.1 1,784.2 52.5 28.7 41.6 22.1 757.1 445.7 60.3 35.5 15,242 8,866American basswood 1.5 1.1 10.2 8.8 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.4 35.0 32.9 1.0 1.0 464 379Red maple 1.1 1.1 10.6 10.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 11.0 11.0 0.7 0.7 76 76Silver maple 1.1 0.6 1,261.7 891.9 19.1 13.1 14.4 9.7 386.4 265.1 20.3 14.0 4,412 3,071Hydrangea 1.1 1.1 18.5 18.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.4 14.6 14.6 1.1 1.1 559 559Black willow 1.1 1.1 333.8 333.7 8.6 8.6 8.3 8.3 126.2 126.2 7.8 7.8 296 296Littleleaf linden 1.1 0.8 1,055.2 800.5 19.4 13.7 17.0 12.0 604.1 466.3 45.2 34.9 8,002 5,791European white birch 0.7 0.5 87.0 81.6 4.9 4.1 4.7 4.0 66.9 61.8 4.0 3.7 585 466Hawthorn 0.7 0.5 12.1 12.0 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 4.5 3.4 0.2 0.1 227 206Russian olive 0.7 0.5 35.5 24.9 1.5 1.5 -3.4 5.1 24.7 24.7 1.8 1.8 234 234Honeylocust 0.7 0.5 820.3 753.3 17.0 14.0 14.0 11.2 137.0 104.8 14.3 11.0 4,338 3,851Eastern red cedar 0.7 0.7 2.3 2.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 8.3 8.3 2.3 2.3 78 78Eastern white pine 0.7 0.7 9.2 9.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 34.6 34.6 2.2 2.2 393 393London planetree 0.7 0.7 1,695.0 1,694.5 29.2 29.2 25.4 25.4 498.1 497.9 21.7 21.7 6,389 6,387Nannyberry 0.7 0.7 32.3 32.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 6.9 6.9 0.5 0.5 131 130Boxelder 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 6.7 6.7 0.6 0.6 5 5Atlas cedar 0.4 0.4 156.9 156.8 3.3 3.3 2.7 2.7 242.3 242.2 56.8 56.8 2,240 2,239Flowering dogwood 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.0 5.0 0.3 0.3 21 21White ash 0.4 0.4 412.5 412.3 9.9 9.9 8.3 8.3 117.5 117.5 6.7 6.7 2,264 2,263Witch hazel 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.4 2.4 0.1 0.1 16 16American holly 0.4 0.4 293.2 293.1 7.8 7.8 7.1 7.1 57.0 57.0 7.6 7.6 1,197 1,197Sweetgum 0.4 0.4 3.0 3.0 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 9.9 9.9 0.5 0.5 152 152Tulip tree 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.8 5.8 0.3 0.3 29 29Apple 0.4 0.4 29.1 29.1 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.7 94.0 93.9 8.1 8.1 328 327Norway spruce 0.4 0.4 415.8 415.7 7.6 7.6 6.0 6.0 159.1 159.0 26.5 26.5 3,787 3,786Eastern cottonwood 0.4 0.4 43.9 43.9 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 6.4 6.4 0.5 0.5 29 29

Continued
76

Smooth sumac 0.4 0.4 3.2 3.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 7.1 7.1 0.4 0.4 77 77American elm 0.4 0.4 22.1 22.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 28.2 28.2 2.0 2.1 248 248Slippery elm 0.4 0.4 313.4 313.3 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.9 116.9 116.9 5.2 5.2 339 339Total 53.4 12.4 17,925.2 3,671.3 415.4 80.2 247.6 81.2 7,242.1 1,384.7 562.5 112.1 74,500 15,164

Public Facility Honeylocust 5.3 3.8 209.3 144.2 19.4 13.6 18.2 12.7 157.7 119.5 16.5 12.5 3,962 2,773

London planetree 5.3 3.8 2,368.1 2,105.6 76.5 63.1 70.7 58.3 2,147.3 1,997.3 93.8 87.2 13,724 11,125Japanese pagoda tree 3.5 3.5 5,646.9 5,645.9 100.8 100.8 25.6 25.6 1,505.6 1,505.3 171.1 171.1 20,919 20,915Tree of heaven 1.8 1.8 4.5 4.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 30.5 30.5 2.3 2.3 51 51American elm 1.8 1.8 10.2 10.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 67.0 67.0 4.9 4.9 289 288Total 17.6 6.0 8,239.0 5,830.7 200.1 111.9 117.8 60.2 3,908.1 2,374.0 288.5 183.4 38,945 22,399

1-2 Residential Tree of heaven 7.0 2.3 1,096.7 629.7 36.7 16.0 -114.9 140.8 400.2 182.4 29.7 13.6 2,180 947

Norway maple 4.8 1.5 2,806.7 1,101.5 89.1 31.4 66.3 26.5 1,705.8 641.3 92.1 34.6 11,518 4,065Sycamore maple 2.2 1.6 201.3 178.2 8.3 5.4 1.6 5.7 61.6 41.4 4.3 2.9 668 438Flowering dogwood 2.2 0.9 43.3 28.8 7.1 3.6 6.7 3.4 41.1 18.4 2.4 1.1 588 311Japanese maple 1.8 0.8 26.4 15.3 4.6 2.1 4.5 2.1 68.7 38.8 3.9 2.2 505 297London planetree 1.8 0.8 1,444.0 777.0 51.1 25.0 45.5 22.0 956.3 432.0 41.8 18.9 7,124 3,546Crabapple 1.5 0.9 77.4 67.9 7.3 5.1 6.9 4.9 53.3 40.9 4.6 3.5 693 489Blue spruce 1.5 0.7 84.4 48.5 7.6 4.0 6.9 3.7 84.8 60.5 14.4 10.3 987 532Kwanzan cherry 1.5 0.9 123.0 90.2 12.2 8.0 11.7 7.7 98.3 65.4 7.6 5.1 997 660Apple 1.1 0.6 317.5 288.1 13.1 10.2 10.2 7.6 131.6 91.8 11.3 7.9 1,491 1,100White mulberry 1.1 0.6 45.7 31.4 6.3 3.8 6.1 3.6 76.3 49.5 5.6 3.6 766 462Cherry 1.1 0.6 406.5 362.6 18.2 13.1 14.6 9.8 198.4 127.6 15.4 9.9 1,573 1,099Eastern hemlock 1.1 0.8 14.6 10.6 2.8 1.9 2.7 1.9 16.0 11.3 1.5 1.1 360 256Silver maple 0.7 0.5 320.2 224.7 7.7 5.9 1.4 6.2 172.0 167.0 9.1 8.8 988 729Royal paulownia 0.7 0.7 3.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 10.2 10.2 0.8 0.8 51 51Eastern white pine 0.7 0.5 46.2 43.7 3.1 2.6 3.0 2.4 42.4 40.4 2.7 2.6 787 662Littleleaf linden 0.7 0.5 73.1 67.3 4.7 3.7 4.5 3.5 264.7 250.6 19.8 18.8 1,008 827European white birch 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.7 2.7 0.2 0.2 25 25Northern catalpa 0.4 0.4 556.2 556.0 15.9 15.9 13.8 13.8 73.5 73.5 4.5 4.5 1,875 1,874Ginkgo 0.4 0.4 140.0 140.0 6.6 6.6 6.1 6.1 39.6 39.6 1.7 1.8 735 734Other species 0.4 0.4 97.3 97.3 0.0 0.0 -26.8 26.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0Sourwood 0.4 0.4 8.0 8.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 6.5 6.5 0.2 0.2 193 193Norway spruce 0.4 0.4 42.0 41.9 2.3 2.3 1.2 1.2 67.4 67.4 11.2 11.2 290 290White spruce 0.4 0.4 8.2 8.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 8.4 8.4 1.3 1.3 191 191Eastern cottonwood 0.4 0.4 1.6 1.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 3.9 3.9 0.3 0.3 17 17Higan cherry 0.4 0.4 2.8 2.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 6.2 6.2 0.5 0.5 58 58Callery pear 0.4 0.4 4.9 4.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 10.1 10.1 0.9 0.9 104 104Common pear 0.4 0.4 4.8 4.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 18.1 18.1 1.6 1.6 104 104Pussy willow 0.4 0.4 29.1 29.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 28.5 28.5 1.8 1.8 215 215American basswood 0.4 0.4 5.9 5.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 23.2 23.2 0.7 0.7 201 201Total 36.5 5.4 8,031.8 1,846.6 317.1 54.0 84.0 171.1 4,669.6 845.3 291.6 49.4 36,293 6,559

Vacant Land Tree of heaven 18.3 7.3 2,227.4 978.4 69.9 34.9 43.7 38.7 1,141.9 668.8 84.8 49.7 3,155 1,695

Black locust 15.6 10.8 1,065.4 739.3 51.1 35.5 49.6 34.4 1,430.2 1,018.8 77.0 54.9 2,948 2,045White mulberry 5.5 3.3 305.5 211.8 14.2 8.6 13.9 8.5 482.8 311.1 35.3 22.8 862 545American basswood 3.7 3.7 756.8 756.6 19.5 19.5 19.0 19.0 757.1 756.8 22.1 22.1 2,349 2,348Sycamore maple 2.7 2.0 263.7 259.7 20.1 19.5 19.1 18.4 659.2 649.7 46.1 45.4 1,625 1,606Eastern white pine 2.7 2.0 19.8 17.4 3.5 2.8 3.4 2.7 51.0 43.2 3.3 2.8 722 571Siberian elm 2.7 2.7 211.2 211.2 9.5 9.5 9.3 9.3 227.2 227.1 15.5 15.5 515 515Northern hackberry 1.8 1.8 32.8 32.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 158.3 158.3 8.2 8.2 282 282

No. trees/ha Carbon Gross carbon Net carbon Leaf area Leaf biomass Tree value

sequestration sequestration

(kg/ha) (kg/yr/ha) (kg/yr/ha) (m2/ha) (kg/ha) (dollars/ha)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE

Continued
77

Honeylocust 1.8 1.8 15.1 15.1 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 23.0 23.0 2.4 2.4 98 98Eastern cottonwood 1.8 1.8 608.3 608.1 15.1 15.1 14.6 14.6 474.4 474.3 34.2 34.2 528 527Black cherry 1.8 1.3 860.3 827.9 18.5 16.2 17.9 15.6 122.7 96.6 9.5 7.5 922 780Gray birch 0.9 0.9 210.5 210.4 13.5 13.5 11.5 11.5 81.6 81.6 4.8 4.8 987 987Royal paulownia 0.9 0.9 6.4 6.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 11.6 11.6 0.9 0.9 28 28Blue spruce 0.9 0.9 30.6 30.6 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 31.9 31.9 5.4 5.4 533 533London planetree 0.9 0.9 33.4 33.4 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.4 180.4 180.3 7.9 7.9 571 571Total 62.2 21.3 6,647.2 2,845.6 248.8 98.9 215.5 87.7 5,833.4 2,504.4 357.5 159.2 16,126 6,645

City Total 33.4 4.1 9,447.5 1,351.7 280.7 34.2 137.8 57.1 4,701.9 587.6 332.4 43.5 37,228 4,803

No. trees/ha Carbon Gross carbon Net carbon Leaf area Leaf biomass Tree value

sequestration sequestration

(kg/ha) (kg/yr/ha) (kg/yr/ha) (m2/ha) (kg/ha) (dollars/ha)

Land use Species Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE Estimate SE
78

Commercial/Ind. Tree of heaven 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na

Hawthorn 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTotal 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 37.3 0.0 na 50.0 37.3 0.0 na 0.0 na

Mult. Fam. Res. Norway maple 50.0 36.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 36.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Horsechestnut 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 naTree of heaven 25.0 9.1 0.0 na 25.0 9.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0London planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCallery pear 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0Total 28.6 11.8 0.0 na 7.1 6.2 7.1 6.2 7.1 7.4 21.4 11.8 14.3 9.7

Open Space Boxelder 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 40.0 27.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 20.0 18.9 0.0 na 20.0 18.9 0.0 naSycamore maple 0.0 na 28.6 23.3 14.3 11.6 57.1 34.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRed maple 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSilver maple 0.0 na 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 38.1 16.6 14.3 8.3 9.5 7.3 23.8 16.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.8 3.3European white birch 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAtlas cedar 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redbud 75.0 26.7 25.0 26.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHawthorn 50.0 35.6 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRussian olive 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite ash 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWitch-hazel 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHydrangea 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican holly 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redcedar 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSweetgum 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTuliptree 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 5.9 7.0 29.4 6.1 35.3 6.7 23.5 7.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack cherry 35.0 8.5 25.0 12.6 15.0 6.5 10.0 5.8 0.0 na 10.0 2.9 5.0 5.6Cherry 0.0 na 83.3 16.3 16.7 16.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naApple 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPin oak 33.3 22.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 16.7 13.1Northern red oak 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSmooth sumac 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.0 na 37.5 11.8 12.5 7.7 37.5 7.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 12.5 11.8Black willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 66.7 0.0 0.0 na 33.3 0.0 0.0 naAmerican basswood 50.0 17.8 50.0 17.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 15.8 0.0 na 0.0 na

Percent of Tree Species Population in Brooklyn by D.b.h. Class and Land Use

D.b.h. class

0.0 - 7.6 cm 7.7 - 15.2 cm 15.3 - 22.9 cm 23.0 - 30.5 cm 30.6 - 38.1 cm 38.2 - 45.7 cm 45.8 - 53.3 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Continued
79

American elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSlippery elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNannyberry 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTotal 23.8 5.7 25.2 4.2 12.9 3.9 17.0 6.0 0.7 0.7 2.7 1.1 2.7 1.3

Public Facility Tree of heaven 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Honeylocust 0.0 na 66.7 32.6 33.3 32.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 32.6 0.0 na 33.3 16.3 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTotal 20.0 18.3 20.0 18.3 10.0 10.3 10.0 10.3 0.0 na 10.0 9.2 0.0 na

1-2 Residential Japanese maple 60.0 22.1 40.0 22.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 7.7 7.6 15.4 12.5 0.0 na 7.7 7.6 23.1 12.6 7.7 7.6 15.4 8.6Sycamore maple 66.7 13.7 16.7 6.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 16.7 18.1 0.0 naSilver maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 naTree of heaven 42.1 12.2 5.3 4.8 26.3 10.9 5.3 4.8 10.5 6.8 5.3 5.1 0.0 naEuropean white birch 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern catalpa 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 50.0 20.6 33.3 19.4 16.7 15.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGinkgo 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 66.7 27.4 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naOther species 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 naSourwood 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite spruce 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 50.0 25.2 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 20.0 18.0 20.0 18.0 40.0 22.1Eastern cottonwood 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 25.0 23.6 25.0 15.4 25.0 15.4 25.0 23.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 66.7 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHigan cherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCommon pear 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naApple 0.0 na 33.3 27.4 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCrabapple 50.0 30.8 25.0 23.6 0.0 na 25.0 23.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPussy willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern hemlock 33.3 15.8 66.7 15.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTotal 28.3 5.0 23.2 4.4 14.1 3.8 6.1 2.9 9.1 2.9 6.1 2.4 4.0 2.0

Vacant Land Sycamore maple 33.3 32.0 0.0 na 33.3 16.0 33.3 16.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Tree of heaven 25.0 13.7 15.0 8.1 40.0 10.9 5.0 3.9 10.0 6.8 0.0 na 0.0 naGray birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern hackberry 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 16.7 10.6 50.0 12.0 16.7 17.4 16.7 14.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Continued

D.b.h. class

0.0 - 7.6 cm 7.7 - 15.2 cm 15.3 - 22.9 cm 23.0 - 30.5 cm 30.6 - 38.1 cm 38.2 - 45.7 cm 45.8 - 53.3 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
80

Eastern white pine 66.7 32.0 33.3 32.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 naBlack cherry 0.0 na 50.0 36.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 36.0Black locust 5.9 4.0 29.4 3.0 58.8 11.0 5.9 4.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 naSiberian elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTotal 20.6 8.3 22.1 4.7 35.3 7.9 8.8 2.4 7.4 2.4 2.9 1.7 1.5 1.4

City Total 24.1 3.4 20.3 2.3 17.2 2.6 11.0 2.7 5.8 1.5 6.1 1.7 4.0 1.4

D.b.h. class

0.0 - 7.6 cm 7.7 - 15.2 cm 15.3 - 22.9 cm 23.0 - 30.5 cm 30.6 - 38.1 cm 38.2 - 45.7 cm 45.8 - 53.3 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

 D.b.h. class

53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm 76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SECommercial/Ind. Tree of heaven 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Hawthorn 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTotal 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Mult. Fam. Res. Norway maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Horsechestnut 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 25.0 9.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTotal 7.1 6.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 7.1 7.4 0.0 na 0.0 na

Open Space Boxelder 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 20.0 18.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSycamore maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRed maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSilver maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.8 3.3 4.8 5.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEuropean white birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAtlas cedar 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redbud 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHawthorn 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRussian olive 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite ash 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWitch-hazel 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHydrangea 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican holly 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redcedar 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSweetgum 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Continued
81

Tuliptree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 5.9 7.0 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naApple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPin oak 33.3 26.2 0.0 na 16.7 13.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern red oak 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 25.0 21.8Smooth sumac 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 33.3 15.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 31.7 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSlippery elm 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNannyberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTotal 6.1 2.7 0.0 na 2.7 1.4 2.0 1.2 2.0 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.7

Public Facility Tree of heaven 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Honeylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 33.3 16.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTotal 10.0 9.2 0.0 na 20.0 18.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

1-2 Residential Japanese maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 7.7 7.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 15.4 10.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSycamore maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSilver maple 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 0.0 na 0.0 na 5.3 4.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEuropean white birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern catalpa 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGinkgo 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naOther species 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSourwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 20.0 18.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCherry 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHigan cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCommon pear 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naApple 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Continued

D.b.h. class

53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm 76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
82

Crabapple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPussy willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern hemlock 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTotal 4.0 2.4 0.0 na 2.0 1.3 3.0 1.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Vacant Land Sycamore maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Tree of heaven 5.0 5.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGray birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern hackberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSiberian elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTotal 1.5 1.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

City Total 5.0 1.5 0.0 na 2.5 1.1 1.5 0.6 1.7 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3

D.b.h. class

53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm 76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
83

Percent of Tree Population in Brooklyn by D.b.h. Class

D.b.h. class

0.0 - 7.6 cm 7.7 - 15.2 cm 15.3 - 22.9 cm 23.0 - 30.5 cm 30.6 - 38.1 cm 38.2 - 45.7 cm 45.8 - 53.3 cm

Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SEBoxelder 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naJapanese maple 60.0 22.1 40.0 22.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway maple 26.3 12.3 7.8 6.4 0.0 na 22.0 11.5 11.8 6.4 8.2 5.6 7.8 4.4Sycamore maple 30.0 7.8 19.0 10.9 12.8 6.1 32.3 16.2 0.0 na 5.9 6.5 0.0 naRed maple 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSilver maple 0.0 na 20.7 17.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 18.9 13.5 0.0 naHorsechestnut 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 naTree of heaven 32.6 6.5 8.9 3.2 22.8 4.5 9.0 4.7 10.9 2.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 0.9European white birch 31.3 0.0 34.3 24.5 0.0 na 34.3 24.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGray birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern catalpa 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAtlas cedar 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern hackberry 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redbud 75.0 26.7 25.0 26.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 57.7 17.4 28.2 16.4 14.1 13.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHawthorn 15.2 10.8 15.2 10.8 69.7 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRussian olive 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite ash 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGinkgo 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 naHoneylocust 15.6 0.0 28.0 13.7 14.0 13.7 8.1 5.8 0.0 na 26.1 0.0 0.0 naWitch-hazel 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHydrangea 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican holly 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redcedar 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSweetgum 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTuliptree 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 6.8 4.7 33.8 5.1 27.4 5.9 17.3 5.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 11.2 0.0Other species 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 naSourwood 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 47.7 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite spruce 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.0 na 40.7 17.3 39.6 19.9 19.8 17.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 28.7 13.8 57.7 16.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 13.6 9.7 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 6.1 0.0 0.0 na 10.9 10.6 5.7 5.2 36.8 7.4 11.5 6.3Eastern cottonwood 23.8 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 26.0 0.0 25.1 0.0 25.1 0.0 0.0 naBlack cherry 31.9 7.8 27.2 11.9 13.7 5.9 9.1 5.3 0.0 na 9.1 2.6 9.0 6.0Kwanzan cherry 60.1 12.5 13.3 8.2 13.3 8.2 13.3 12.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCherry 0.0 na 57.2 11.2 32.3 14.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Continued
84

Higan cherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCallery pear 77.9 0.0 22.1 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCommon pear 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naApple 0.0 na 24.4 20.1 51.2 20.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCrabapple 50.0 30.8 25.0 23.6 0.0 na 25.0 23.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPin oak 33.3 22.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 16.7 13.1Northern red oak 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSmooth sumac 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack locust 4.0 2.7 32.1 4.4 43.6 7.8 16.3 3.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.1 3.9Pussy willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 66.7 0.0 0.0 na 33.3 0.0 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 48.2 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 22.8 8.1 33.2 8.1 0.0 na 22.0 0.0 11.0 0.0 11.0 0.0 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 0.0 na 18.9 13.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 39.6 16.7 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern hemlock 33.3 15.8 66.7 15.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 29.1 0.0 0.0 na 16.8 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 54.1 0.0Siberian elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSlippery elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNannyberry 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

D.b.h. class

0.0 - 7.6 cm 7.7 - 15.2 cm 15.3 - 22.9 cm 23.0 - 30.5 cm 30.6 - 38.1 cm 38.2 - 45.7 cm 45.8 - 53.3 cm

Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

D.b.h. class

53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm 76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SEBoxelder 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naJapanese maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway maple 8.2 5.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 7.8 5.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSycamore maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRed maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSilver maple 18.9 13.5 0.0 na 20.7 17.0 0.0 na 20.7 17.0 0.0 na 0.0 naHorsechestnut 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 5.4 2.0 0.0 na 2.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 4.2 4.6 0.0 na 0.0 naEuropean white birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGray birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern catalpa 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAtlas cedar 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern hackberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redbud 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Continued
85

Hawthorn 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRussian olive 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite ash 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGinkgo 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 8.1 5.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWitch-hazel 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHydrangea 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican holly 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redcedar 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSweetgum 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTuliptree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 3.5 4.2 0.0 naOther species 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSourwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 52.3 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 10.9 5.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 12.0 5.2 6.3 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCherry 10.4 8.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHigan cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCommon pear 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naApple 24.4 20.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCrabapple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPin oak 33.3 26.2 0.0 na 16.7 13.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern red oak 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 25.0 21.8Smooth sumac 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPussy willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.0 na 0.0 na 51.8 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 20.7 9.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 20.7 19.7 0.0 naEastern hemlock 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

D.b.h. class

53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm 76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Continued
86

Siberian elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSlippery elm 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNannyberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

D.b.h. class

53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm 76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
87

Percent of D.b.h. Class for Trees in Brooklyn by Land UseCommercial/Ind. Tree of heaven 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na

Hawthorn 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Mult. Fam. Res. Norway maple 25.0 24.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Horsechestnut 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 28.1 0.0 naTree of heaven 25.0 24.2 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 28.1 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 36.5London planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 28.1 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 25.0 15.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCallery pear 25.0 15.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 36.5

Open Space Boxelder 2.9 2.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 5.7 5.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.0 4.3 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 0.0 naSycamore maple 0.0 na 5.4 5.0 5.3 5.5 16.0 11.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRed maple 8.6 8.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSilver maple 0.0 na 2.7 2.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 22.9 11.3 8.1 4.6 10.5 7.5 20.0 14.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 21.8European white birch 0.0 na 2.7 2.8 0.0 na 4.0 4.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAtlas cedar 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redbud 8.6 7.4 2.7 2.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 2.9 2.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHawthorn 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRussian olive 0.0 na 0.0 na 10.5 7.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite ash 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.0 4.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWitch-hazel 2.9 2.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHydrangea 0.0 na 8.1 7.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican holly 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redcedar 5.7 5.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSweetgum 0.0 na 2.7 2.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTuliptree 2.9 2.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 2.9 2.5 13.5 10.1 31.6 12.5 16.0 13.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.0 na 5.4 4.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.0 3.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack cherry 20.0 10.6 13.5 7.7 15.8 7.0 8.0 6.6 0.0 na 50.0 25.2 25.0 21.8Cherry 0.0 na 13.5 8.0 5.3 5.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naApple 0.0 na 0.0 na 5.3 4.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPin oak 5.7 3.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 21.8Northern red oak 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.0 4.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSmooth sumac 0.0 na 2.7 2.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.0 na 8.1 6.0 5.3 5.5 12.0 7.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 21.8

D.b.h. class

0.0 - 7.6 cm 7.7 - 15.2 cm 15.3 - 22.9 cm 23.0 - 30.5 cm 30.6 - 38.1 cm 38.2 - 45.7 cm 45.8 - 53.3 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Continued
88

Black willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 8.0 8.0 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 0.0 naAmerican basswood 5.7 3.0 5.4 4.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 5.3 5.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSlippery elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNannyberry 0.0 na 2.7 2.8 5.3 5.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Public Facility Tree of heaven 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Honeylocust 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

1-2 Residential Japanese maple 10.7 5.7 8.7 5.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 3.6 3.5 8.7 8.3 0.0 na 16.7 12.5 33.3 16.7 16.7 15.3 50.0 25.2Sycamore maple 14.3 9.0 4.3 4.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 16.7 15.3 0.0 naSilver maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 16.7 15.3 0.0 naTree of heaven 28.6 10.5 4.3 4.3 35.7 15.4 16.7 15.8 22.2 12.3 16.7 15.3 0.0 naEuropean white birch 3.6 3.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern catalpa 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 10.7 6.2 8.7 5.2 7.1 7.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGinkgo 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 16.7 15.3 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 8.7 5.8 7.1 6.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naOther species 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 11.1 10.7 0.0 na 0.0 naSourwood 0.0 na 4.3 4.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 7.1 6.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 16.7 15.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite spruce 0.0 na 4.3 4.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.0 na 4.3 4.3 14.3 9.0 16.7 15.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.0 na 4.3 4.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 11.1 9.3 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 11.1 10.7 16.7 15.3 50.0 25.2Eastern cottonwood 3.6 3.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 3.6 3.6 4.3 4.3 7.1 7.1 16.7 15.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 14.3 9.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHigan cherry 3.6 3.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.0 na 4.3 4.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCommon pear 0.0 na 4.3 4.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naApple 0.0 na 4.3 4.3 7.1 7.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCrabapple 7.1 6.7 4.3 4.2 0.0 na 16.7 12.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPussy willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 7.1 6.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.0 na 4.3 3.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 0.0 na 4.3 3.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 11.1 10.7 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern hemlock 3.6 3.6 8.7 6.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Vacant Land Sycamore maple 7.1 6.8 0.0 na 4.2 4.6 16.7 16.0 0.0 na 0.0 na0.0 na

Tree of heaven 35.7 16.2 20.0 11.0 33.3 16.4 16.7 16.0 40.0 17.3 0.0 na 0.0 naGray birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 20.0 19.1 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern hackberry 7.1 6.8 0.0 na 4.2 4.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

D.b.h. class

0.0 - 7.6 cm 7.7 - 15.2 cm 15.3 - 22.9 cm 23.0 - 30.5 cm 30.6 - 38.1 cm 38.2 - 45.7 cm 45.8 - 53.3 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Continued
89

Honeylocust 14.3 13.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 7.1 6.2 20.0 13.3 4.2 3.0 16.7 16.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 7.1 6.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.0 na 6.7 6.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 14.3 13.6 6.7 6.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 6.7 7.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 20.0 19.1 50.0 36.0 0.0 naBlack cherry 0.0 na 6.7 5.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0Black locust 7.1 7.3 33.3 12.4 41.7 15.5 16.7 16.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 25.3 20.0 14.1 50.0 36.0 0.0 naSiberian elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 12.5 9.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

City Total Boxelder 1.1 1.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Japanese maple 3.0 1.6 2.4 1.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway maple 6.8 4.2 2.4 2.3 0.0 na 12.4 3.1 12.5 6.3 8.4 5.3 12.1 6.1Sycamore maple 5.1 2.7 3.8 2.7 3.0 2.3 12.0 7.4 0.0 na 4.0 3.7 0.0 naRed maple 3.3 3.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSilver maple 0.0 na 1.3 1.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.0 3.7 0.0 naHorsechestnut 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 14.1 11.9 0.0 naTree of heaven 27.7 6.8 9.0 3.3 27.1 7.0 16.7 9.3 38.2 6.0 4.0 3.7 6.7 5.8European white birch 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.4 0.0 na 2.4 2.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGray birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.4 4.2 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern catalpa 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAtlas cedar 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern hackberry 1.1 1.0 0.0 na 1.5 1.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redbud 3.3 2.9 1.3 1.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 4.1 2.0 2.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHawthorn 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.3 7.1 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRussian olive 0.0 na 0.0 na 3.1 2.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite ash 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGinkgo 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.0 3.7 0.0 naHoneylocust 2.1 2.0 4.6 0.0 2.7 0.0 2.4 2.5 0.0 na 14.1 11.9 0.0 naWitch-hazel 1.1 1.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHydrangea 0.0 na 4.0 3.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican holly 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redcedar 2.2 2.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSweetgum 0.0 na 1.3 1.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTuliptree 1.1 1.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 2.2 1.3 12.8 5.7 12.2 4.1 12.0 8.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 21.4 15.6Other species 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.2 4.0 0.0 na 0.0 naSourwood 0.0 na 1.2 1.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 3.1 2.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 2.2 2.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite spruce 0.0 na 1.2 1.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.0 na 2.5 1.8 2.8 1.8 2.2 2.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 2.1 2.0 5.1 2.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.2 3.5 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 1.3 1.4 0.0 na 4.2 0.0 4.2 4.0 25.7 12.5 12.1 6.1

D.b.h. class

0.0 - 7.6 cm 7.7 - 15.2 cm 15.3 - 22.9 cm 23.0 - 30.5 cm 30.6 - 38.1 cm 38.2 - 45.7 cm 45.8 - 53.3 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Continued
90

Eastern cottonwood 1.0 1.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 2.4 2.0 4.4 4.2 4.2 3.1 0.0 naBlack cherry 7.7 4.1 7.9 3.9 4.7 2.1 4.9 4.0 0.0 na 8.8 4.4 13.1 5.8Kwanzan cherry 4.6 2.5 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 2.2 2.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCherry 0.0 na 6.6 3.9 4.4 2.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHigan cherry 1.0 1.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCallery pear 3.6 2.3 1.2 1.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCommon pear 0.0 na 1.2 1.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naApple 0.0 na 1.2 1.2 3.0 2.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCrabapple 2.0 1.9 1.2 1.2 0.0 na 2.2 1.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPin oak 2.2 1.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 6.7 5.8Northern red oak 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 2.4 2.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSmooth sumac 0.0 na 1.3 1.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack locust 1.1 1.1 10.3 3.7 16.5 5.8 9.6 5.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 6.7 5.8Pussy willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.4 1.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.9 4.9 0.0 na 4.4 3.8 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 14.7 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 2.2 1.2 3.8 2.5 0.0 na 4.7 3.6 4.4 3.1 4.2 3.1 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 0.0 na 1.2 1.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 8.8 4.0 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern hemlock 1.0 1.0 2.4 1.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 1.9 0.0 0.0 na 1.6 1.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 21.4 15.6Siberian elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.5 3.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSlippery elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNannyberry 0.0 na 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

D.b.h. class

0.0 - 7.6 cm 7.7 - 15.2 cm 15.3 - 22.9 cm 23.0 - 30.5 cm 30.6 - 38.1 cm 38.2 - 45.7 cm 45.8 - 53.3 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

D.b.h. class

53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm 76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SECommercial/Ind. Tree of heaven 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Hawthorn 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Mult. Fam. Res. Norway maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Horsechestnut 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Open Space Boxelder 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 11.1 11.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSycamore maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Continued
91

Red maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSilver maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEuropean white birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAtlas cedar 11.1 11.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redbud 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHawthorn 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRussian olive 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite ash 11.1 11.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWitch-hazel 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHydrangea 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican holly 11.1 11.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redcedar 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSweetgum 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTuliptree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 27.4 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naApple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPin oak 22.2 16.1 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern red oak 11.1 11.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 100.0 0.0Smooth sumac 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 11.1 11.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSlippery elm 11.1 8.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNannyberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Public Facility Tree of heaven 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Honeylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

1-2 Residential Japanese maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Norway maple 25.0 23.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 66.7 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSycamore maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSilver maple 25.0 23.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

D.b.h. class

53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm 76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Continued
92

European white birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern catalpa 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGinkgo 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naOther species 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSourwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCherry 25.0 15.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHigan cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCommon pear 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naApple 25.0 15.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCrabapple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPussy willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern hemlock 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Vacant Land Sycamore maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Tree of heaven 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGray birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern hackberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSiberian elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

City Total Boxelder 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

Japanese maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway maple 10.3 7.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 31.8 13.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSycamore maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRed maple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSilver maple 4.9 4.6 0.0 na 10.8 9.4 0.0 na 16.1 13.2 0.0 na 0.0 na

D.b.h. class

53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm 76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Continued
93

Horsechestnut 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTree of heaven 22.5 0.0 0.0 na 20.6 11.7 17.4 14.3 51.7 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 naEuropean white birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGray birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern catalpa 0.0 na 0.0 na 9.8 7.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAtlas cedar 5.4 5.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern hackberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redbud 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naFlowering dogwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHawthorn 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRussian olive 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite ash 5.4 5.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naGinkgo 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHoneylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 17.4 14.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWitch-hazel 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHydrangea 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican holly 5.4 5.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern redcedar 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSweetgum 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naTuliptree 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite mulberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 naOther species 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSourwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naRoyal paulownia 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorway spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 10.8 9.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naWhite spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlue spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern white pine 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLondon planetree 9.3 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 19.4 16.1 13.2 0.0 na 0.0 naEastern cottonwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naKwanzan cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCherry 4.9 3.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naHigan cherry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCallery pear 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCommon pear 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naApple 4.9 3.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naCrabapple 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPin oak 10.8 7.8 0.0 na 10.8 9.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNorthern red oak 5.4 5.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 16.1 13.2 0.0 na 100.0 0.0Smooth sumac 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack locust 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naPussy willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naBlack willow 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naJapanese pagoda tree 0.0 na 0.0 na 37.2 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican basswood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naLittleleaf linden 5.4 5.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na

D.b.h. class

53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm 76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Continued
94

Eastern hemlock 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naAmerican elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSiberian elm 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naSlippery elm 5.4 3.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 naNannyberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na

D.b.h. class

53.4 - 61.0 cm 61.1 - 68.6 cm 68.7 - 76.2 cm 76.3 - 83.8 cm 83.9 - 91.4 cm 91.5 - 99.1 cm 99.2 - 106.7 cm

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE
95

Commercial/Ind. Tree of heaven 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.00

Hawthorn 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Total 50.0 37.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 37.3 0.50

Mult. Fam. Res. Norway maple 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Horsechestnut 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Tree of heaven 0.0 na 75.0 9.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 9.1 0.71Honeylocust 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95White mulberry 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82London planetree 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Kwanzan cherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Callery pear 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Japanese pagoda tree 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95American elm 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Total 21.4 13.4 64.3 12.2 7.1 7.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 7.1 6.2 0.88

Open Space Boxelder 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Norway maple 40.0 17.1 40.0 24.8 20.0 14.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.94Sycamore maple 85.7 8.7 14.3 8.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.99Red maple 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Silver maple 33.3 27.4 66.7 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.97Tree of heaven 57.1 20.7 14.3 6.6 9.5 6.5 0.0 na 4.8 5.1 0.0 na 14.3 9.8 0.80European white birch 50.0 35.6 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98Atlas cedar 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Eastern redbud 75.0 8.9 25.0 8.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.99Flowering dogwood 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Hawthorn 50.0 35.6 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98Russian olive 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.48White ash 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Honeylocust 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Witch-hazel 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Hydrangea 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95American holly 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Eastern redcedar 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Sweetgum 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Tuliptree 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00White mulberry 17.6 15.2 52.9 17.2 23.5 5.4 5.9 7.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.91Norway spruce 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Eastern white pine 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00London planetree 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Eastern cottonwood 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.37

Percent of Condition Class for Trees in Brooklyn by Land Use

Continued

Condition class

Excellent Good Fair Poor Critical Dying Dead

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Meana
96

Black cherry 15.0 9.8 70.0 12.6 10.0 5.3 5.0 5.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.93Cherry 33.3 17.7 50.0 20.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 16.7 16.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.87Apple 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82Pin oak 16.7 16.3 83.3 16.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.96Northern red oak 50.0 25.2 50.0 25.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98Smooth sumac 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Black locust 25.0 15.4 50.0 17.8 12.5 11.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 12.5 7.7 0.83Black willow 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00American basswood 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Littleleaf linden 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00American elm 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Slippery elm 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Nannyberry 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.89Total 42.9 9.3 42.2 7.7 8.2 3.4 1.4 1.0 2.0 1.1 0.0 na 3.4 2.1 0.91

Public Facility Tree of heaven 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Honeylocust 0.0 na 66.7 16.3 33.3 16.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.91London planetree 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Japanese pagoda tree 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.81American elm 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Total 30.0 18.0 50.0 19.4 10.0 9.2 10.0 9.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.92

1-2 Residential Japanese maple 20.0 18.0 80.0 18.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.96

Norway maple 23.1 10.1 61.5 12.1 7.7 7.6 0.0 na 7.7 7.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.91Sycamore maple 83.3 18.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 16.7 18.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.90Silver maple 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.69Tree of heaven 57.9 12.8 15.8 7.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 5.3 5.3 0.0 na 21.1 9.1 0.75European white birch 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Northern catalpa 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Flowering dogwood 50.0 20.6 33.3 19.4 16.7 15.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Ginkgo 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00White mulberry 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Other species 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.00Sourwood 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Royal paulownia 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Norway spruce 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.62White spruce 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Blue spruce 75.0 21.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.91Eastern white pine 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00London planetree 40.0 22.1 60.0 22.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.97Eastern cottonwood 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Kwanzan cherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Continued

Condition class

Excellent Good Fair Poor Critical Dying Dead

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Meana
97

Cherry 0.0 na 66.7 27.4 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.91Higan cherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Callery pear 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Common pear 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Apple 33.3 27.4 33.3 27.4 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.92Crabapple 25.0 23.6 75.0 23.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.96Pussy willow 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00American basswood 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Littleleaf linden 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Eastern hemlock 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Total 52.5 6.1 32.3 5.6 4.0 2.4 2.0 1.4 4.0 2.0 0.0 na 5.1 2.4 0.89

Vacant Land Sycamore maple 66.7 16.0 33.3 16.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98

Tree of heaven 70.0 19.1 5.0 4.5 15.0 13.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 10.0 7.8 0.87Gray birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82Northern hackberry 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Honeylocust 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82White mulberry 66.7 21.2 16.7 14.4 16.7 17.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.96Royal paulownia 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Blue spruce 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Eastern white pine 66.7 32.0 33.3 32.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98London planetree 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Eastern cottonwood 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Black cherry 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Black locust 11.8 9.0 29.4 22.4 52.9 35.9 5.9 4.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.87American basswood 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Siberian elm 0.0 na 66.7 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.91Total 44.1 14.6 26.5 9.4 25.0 16.4 1.5 1.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 2.9 1.7 0.91

City Total 42.4 5.1 39.0 4.1 9.9 3.4 1.7 0.7 1.8 0.7 0.0 na 5.2 1.6 0.90

aMean condition class based on condition rating of 1.0 for Excellent, 0.95 for Good, 0.82 for Fair, 0.62 for Poor, 0.37 for Critical, 0.13 for Dying, and 0.0 for Dead.

Condition class

Excellent Good Fair Poor Critical Dying Dead

Land use Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Meana
98

Commercial/Ind. Tree of heaven 30.6 - 38.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.00

Hawthorn 15.3 - 22.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Total 15.3 - 22.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

30.6 - 38.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.00

Mult. Fam. Res. Norway maple 0.0 - 7.6 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

23.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Horsechestnut 38.2 - 45.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Tree of heaven 0.0 - 7.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.00

15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9553.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9583.9 - 91.4 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Honeylocust 38.2 - 45.7 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95White mulberry 45.8 - 53.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82London planetree 38.2 - 45.7 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Kwanzan cherry 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Callery pear 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Japanese pagoda tree 30.6 - 38.1 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95American elm 45.8 - 53.3 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Total 0.0 - 7.6 50.0 31.6 25.0 24.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 24.1 0.74

15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9523.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9530.6 - 38.1 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9538.2 - 45.7 33.3 28.1 66.7 28.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9745.8 - 53.3 0.0 na 50.0 36.5 50.0 36.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.8953.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9583.9 - 91.4 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Open Space Boxelder 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Norway maple 0.0 - 7.6 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.91

23.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9538.2 - 45.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.0053.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Sycamore maple 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

15.3 - 22.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.0023.0 - 30.5 75.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.99

Red maple 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Silver maple 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

68.7 - 76.2 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9583.9 - 91.4 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Tree of heaven 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

7.7 - 15.2 66.7 27.4 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98

15.3 - 22.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.0023.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 40.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 40.0 0.0 0.5445.8 - 53.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.00

Percent of D.b.h. and Condition Classes for Trees in Brooklyn by Land Use

Condition class

Excellent Good Fair Poor Critical Dying Dead

Land use Species D.b.h. class

(cm) Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Meana

Continued
99

68.7 - 76.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.8276.3 - 83.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.37

European white birch 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

23.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Atlas cedar 53.4 - 61.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Eastern redbud 0.0 - 7.6 66.7 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98

7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Flowering dogwood 0.0 - 7.6 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Hawthorn 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

7.7 - 15.2 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Russian olive 15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.48White ash 53.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Honeylocust 23.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

76.3 - 83.8 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Witch-hazel 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Hydrangea 7.7 - 15.2 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95American holly 53.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Eastern redcedar 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Sweetgum 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Tuliptree 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00White mulberry 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

7.7 - 15.2 20.0 22.8 60.0 17.1 20.0 5.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.93

15.3 - 22.9 16.7 18.1 50.0 20.6 33.3 13.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9223.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 75.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9291.5 - 99.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.62

Norway spruce 68.7 - 76.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Eastern white pine 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00London planetree 76.3 - 83.8 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

83.9 - 91.4 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Eastern cottonwood 23.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.37Black cherry 0.0 - 7.6 28.6 26.6 57.1 20.3 14.3 7.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

7.7 - 15.2 20.0 20.5 80.0 20.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.96

15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 66.7 31.7 33.3 31.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9123.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9538.2 - 45.7 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9545.8 - 53.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.62

Cherry 7.7 - 15.2 40.0 20.5 60.0 20.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.97

15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.37

Apple 15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82Pin oak 0.0 - 7.6 50.0 35.6 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98

45.8 - 53.3 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9553.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9568.7 - 76.2 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Northern red oak 23.0 - 30.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

53.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9583.9 - 91.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

 Condition class

Excellent Good Fair Poor Critical Dying Dead

Land use Species D.b.h. class

(cm) Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Meana

Continued
100

99.2 - 106.7 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Smooth sumac 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Black locust 7.7 - 15.2 33.3 15.8 33.3 31.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 15.8 0.65

15.3 - 22.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.0023.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 66.7 27.4 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9145.8 - 53.3 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Black willow 23.0 - 30.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

38.2 - 45.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

American basswood 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Littleleaf linden 30.6 - 38.1 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

53.4 - 61.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.0091.5 - 99.1 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

American elm 15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Slippery elm 53.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Nannyberry 7.7 - 15.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82

15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Total 0.0 - 7.6 74.3 11.6 20.0 9.6 5.7 3.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98

7.7 - 15.2 48.6 12.3 43.2 11.6 5.4 3.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 2.7 2.6 0.94

15.3 - 22.9 26.3 12.3 42.1 17.3 21.1 13.3 0.0 na 5.3 5.2 0.0 na 5.3 5.2 0.8623.0 - 30.5 24.0 10.0 52.0 10.6 12.0 4.1 0.0 na 4.0 3.3 0.0 na 8.0 5.8 0.8530.6 - 38.1 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.0038.2 - 45.7 50.0 25.2 50.0 25.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9845.8 - 53.3 0.0 na 50.0 25.2 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 0.6353.4 - 61.0 22.2 15.2 77.8 15.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9668.7 - 76.2 25.0 21.8 50.0 25.2 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9376.3 - 83.8 0.0 na 66.7 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.7683.9 - 91.4 33.3 27.4 66.7 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9791.5 - 99.1 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.8199.2 - 106.7 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Public Facility Tree of heaven 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Honeylocust 7.7 - 15.2 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.89

15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

London planetree 23.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

38.2 - 45.7 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9553.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Japanese pagoda tree 68.7 - 76.2 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.81American elm 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Total 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

7.7 - 15.2 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.89

15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9523.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9538.2 - 45.7 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9553.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9568.7 - 76.2 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.81

 Condition class

Excellent Good Fair Poor Critical Dying Dead

Land use Species D.b.h. class

(cm) Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Meana

Continued
101

1-2 Residential Japanese maple 0.0 - 7.6 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

7.7 - 15.2 50.0 35.6 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98

Norway maple 0.0 - 7.6 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

7.7 - 15.2 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98

23.0 - 30.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.0030.6 - 38.1 33.3 27.4 66.7 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9738.2 - 45.7 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9545.8 - 53.3 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.6653.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9576.3 - 83.8 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.89

Sycamore maple 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

38.2 - 45.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.37

Silver maple 38.2 - 45.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

53.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.37

Tree of heaven 0.0 - 7.6 50.0 21.8 12.5 10.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 37.5 16.4 0.62

7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

15.3 - 22.9 80.0 18.9 20.0 18.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9923.0 - 30.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.0030.6 - 38.1 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.6938.2 - 45.7 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9568.7 - 76.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.00

European white birch 0.0 - 7.6 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Northern catalpa 68.7 - 76.2 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Flowering dogwood 0.0 - 7.6 66.7 27.4 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98

7.7 - 15.2 50.0 35.6 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98

15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82

Ginkgo 38.2 - 45.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00White mulberry 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

15.3 - 22.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Other species 30.6 - 38.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.00Sourwood 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Royal paulownia 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Norway spruce 23.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.62White spruce 7.7 - 15.2 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Blue spruce 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

15.3 - 22.9 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.8123.0 - 30.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Eastern white pine 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

30.6 - 38.1 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

London planetree 30.6 - 38.1 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

38.2 - 45.7 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9545.8 - 53.3 50.0 35.6 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9876.3 - 83.8 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Eastern cottonwood 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Kwanzan cherry 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

 Condition class

Excellent Good Fair Poor Critical Dying Dead

Land use Species D.b.h. class

(cm) Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Meana

Continued
102

7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

15.3 - 22.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.0023.0 - 30.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Cherry 15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

53.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82

Higan cherry 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Callery pear 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Common pear 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Apple 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9553.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82

Crabapple 0.0 - 7.6 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

23.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Pussy willow 15.3 - 22.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00American basswood 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Littleleaf linden 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

30.6 - 38.1 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Eastern hemlock 0.0 - 7.6 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

7.7 - 15.2 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Total 0.0 - 7.6 53.6 13.9 35.7 13.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 10.7 6.0 0.88

7.7 - 15.2 73.9 8.6 26.1 8.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.99

15.3 - 22.9 57.1 13.8 28.6 12.0 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9523.0 - 30.5 66.7 15.8 16.7 12.5 0.0 na 16.7 15.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9330.6 - 38.1 44.4 18.9 33.3 16.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 11.1 10.7 0.0 na 11.1 10.7 0.8038.2 - 45.7 33.3 19.4 50.0 20.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 16.7 15.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.8745.8 - 53.3 25.0 21.8 50.0 25.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 25.0 21.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.8253.4 - 61.0 0.0 na 25.0 23.6 50.0 30.8 0.0 na 25.0 23.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.7468.7 - 76.2 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.4876.3 - 83.8 33.3 27.4 33.3 27.4 33.3 27.4 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.92

Vacant Land Sycamore maple 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9523.0 - 30.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Tree of heaven 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

7.7 - 15.2 33.3 32.0 33.3 16.0 33.3 16.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.92

15.3 - 22.9 75.0 19.6 0.0 na 12.5 13.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 12.5 13.3 0.8523.0 - 30.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.0030.6 - 38.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 36.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 36.0 0.4153.4 - 61.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Gray birch 30.6 - 38.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82Northern hackberry 0.0 - 7.6 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Honeylocust 0.0 - 7.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82White mulberry 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

 Condition class

Excellent Good Fair Poor Critical Dying Dead

Land use Species D.b.h. class

(cm) Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Meana

Continued
103

15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.8223.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Royal paulownia 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.00 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Blue spruce 7.7 - 15.2 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Eastern white pine 0.0 - 7.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

7.7 - 15.2 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

London planetree 7.7 - 15.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Eastern cottonwood 30.6 - 38.1 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

38.2 - 45.7 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Black cherry 7.7 - 15.2 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

45.8 - 53.3 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

Black locust 0.0 - 7.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82

7.7 - 15.2 0.0 na 40.0 34.6 60.0 34.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.87

15.3 - 22.9 20.0 11.5 30.0 17.3 40.0 34.6 10.0 5.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.8823.0 - 30.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82

American basswood 23.0 - 30.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

30.6 - 38.1 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.0038.2 - 45.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

Siberian elm 15.3 - 22.9 0.0 na 66.7 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.91Total 0.0 - 7.6 71.4 15.3 7.1 6.8 21.4 15.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.96

7.7 - 15.2 33.3 16.6 40.0 15.7 26.7 20.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.93

15.3 - 22.9 33.3 18.1 29.2 8.5 29.2 21.3 4.2 3.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.2 3.5 0.8823.0 - 30.5 66.7 21.2 16.7 16.0 16.7 16.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9630.6 - 38.1 20.0 14.1 20.0 19.1 40.0 25.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 20.0 14.1 0.7238.2 - 45.7 50.0 36.0 50.0 36.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9845.8 - 53.3 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9553.4 - 61.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00

City Total 0.0 - 7.6 65.5 7.8 22.5 6.4 5.4 2.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 6.6 3.8 0.93

7.7 - 15.2 50.5 7.2 38.2 6.8 10.0 4.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.3 1.3 0.96

15.3 - 22.9 38.2 7.9 36.2 6.4 18.1 8.7 2.9 1.9 1.6 1.5 0.0 na 3.0 2.0 0.8923.0 - 30.5 32.8 7.1 48.1 7.0 9.6 3.4 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.0 0.0 na 4.9 3.5 0.8730.6 - 38.1 25.7 7.8 31.7 7.6 8.8 5.5 0.0 na 4.2 4.0 0.0 na 29.6 5.1 0.7738.2 - 45.7 35.1 13.9 60.8 14.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.0 3.7 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9345.8 - 53.3 6.1 5.3 53.2 18.0 21.4 15.6 6.7 5.8 6.1 5.3 0.0 na 6.7 5.8 0.7653.4 - 61.0 16.0 7.4 69.3 8.7 9.8 6.1 0.0 na 4.9 4.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9161.1 - 68.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na na68.7 - 76.2 29.4 9.4 31.4 12.9 10.8 9.4 18.6 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 9.8 7.0 0.7976.3 - 83.8 15.9 13.1 50.8 19.4 15.9 13.1 0.0 na 17.4 14.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.8483.9 - 91.4 16.1 13.2 83.9 13.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.9691.5 - 99.1 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.8199.2 - 106.7 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95

aMean condition class based on condition rating of 1.0 for Excellent, 0.95 for Good, 0.82 for Fair, 0.62 for Poor, 0.37 for Critical, 0.13 for Dying, and 0.0 for Dead.

 Condition class

Excellent Good Fair Poor Critical Dying Dead

Land use Species D.b.h. class

(cm) Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Meana
104

Boxelder 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Japanese maple 20.0 18.0 80.0 18.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.96Norway maple 20.3 6.3 67.5 8.1 8.2 4.9 0.0 na 3.9 3.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.92Sycamore maple 81.3 8.2 12.8 5.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 5.9 6.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Red maple 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Silver maple 39.6 21.7 41.4 17.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 18.9 13.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.86Horsechestnut 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Tree of heaven 48.5 8.0 21.3 3.2 6.4 3.9 0.0 na 2.5 1.8 0.0 na 21.3 4.2 0.78European white birch 34.3 24.5 65.7 24.5 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.97Gray birch 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82Northern catalpa 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Atlas cedar 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Northern hackberry 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Eastern redbud 75.0 8.9 25.0 8.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.99Flowering dogwood 42.3 17.4 43.6 16.4 14.1 13.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Hawthorn 84.8 10.8 15.2 10.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98Russian olive 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 50.0 35.6 0.48White ash 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Ginkgo 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Honeylocust 0.0 na 70.3 6.9 29.7 6.9 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.92Witch-hazel 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Hydrangea 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95American holly 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Eastern redcedar 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Sweetgum 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Tuliptree 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00White mulberry 33.4 10.0 34.7 10.6 28.5 4.8 3.5 4.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.92Other species 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.00Sourwood 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Royal paulownia 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Norway spruce 52.3 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 47.7 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.82White spruce 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Blue spruce 59.3 17.3 20.9 0.0 0.0 na 19.8 17.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.91Eastern white pine 85.7 13.8 14.3 13.8 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00London planetree 17.5 6.3 82.5 6.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.96Percent of Trees in Brooklyn by Condition Class

Condition class

Excellent Good Fair Poor Critical Dying Dead

Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Meana

Continued
105

Eastern cottonwood 23.8 0.0 50.2 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 26.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.75Black cherry 13.7 8.9 72.6 11.5 9.1 4.9 4.6 5.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.93Kwanzan cherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Cherry 22.9 12.2 55.2 16.5 10.4 8.6 0.0 na 11.4 11.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.88Higan cherry 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Callery pear 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Common pear 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Apple 24.4 20.1 24.4 20.1 51.2 20.1 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.90Crabapple 25.0 23.6 75.0 23.6 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.96Pin oak 16.7 16.3 83.3 16.3 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.96Northern red oak 50.0 25.2 50.0 25.2 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.98Smooth sumac 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Black locust 16.1 7.9 36.2 16.2 39.7 24.4 4.0 3.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 4.1 2.5 0.85Pussy willow 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Black willow 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Japanese pagoda tree 25.9 0.0 48.2 0.0 0.0 na 25.9 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.88American basswood 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Littleleaf linden 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 1.00Eastern hemlock 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95American elm 29.1 0.0 70.9 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.96Siberian elm 0.0 na 66.7 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.91Slippery elm 0.0 na 100.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.95Nannyberry 0.0 na 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.0 na 0.89aMean condition class based on condition rating of 1.0 for Excellent, 0.95 for Good, 0.82 for Fair, 0.62 for Poor, 0.37 for Critial, 0.13 for Dying, and 0.0 for Dead.

Condition class

Excellent Good Fair Poor Critical Dying Dead

Species Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Meana
106

Plant Cement Tar Bare Rock Duff/ Herbs Grass Wild Water Shrub Other Building Tree

space soil mulch grass impervious

Land Use S H % SE % SE % SE % SE % SE % SE % SE % SE % SE % SE % SE % SE % SE % SECommercial/Ind. 1 0.00 5.8 5.80 16.5 5.29 21.6 8.19 0.3 0.30 12.0 9.98 0.2 0.20 1.2 0.55 10.2 6.88 0.0 0.00 8.0 5.78 1.2 1.00 1.2 1.20 27.6 8.43 0.6 0.60

Species Richness (S), Shannon-Wiener Species Diversity Index (H), and Percent Ground Cover in Brooklyn by Land Use

Mult. Fam. Res. 10 2.20 3.6 3.43 20.7 2.90 9.0 3.76 1.4 0.63 2.9 2.03 0.1 0.12 1.9 0.69 6.8 3.67 0.3 0.31 0.0 0.00 0.8 0.36 0.0 0.00 56.0 5.69 13.0 4.74Open Space 38 3.13 23.0 4.56 2.4 0.91 16.0 3.61 6.1 1.96 1.6 0.58 3.1 1.35 14.6 3.18 33.1 5.05 12.4 3.03 1.1 0.69 8.4 2.49 0.3 0.24 1.1 0.79 18.0 3.02Public Facility 5 1.50 5.9 3.70 29.5 5.73 16.1 5.56 0.8 0.71 1.0 0.71 0.0 0.00 0.3 0.29 7.1 3.75 0.4 0.36 0.0 0.00 0.6 0.64 0.1 0.07 44.1 8.20 8.7 4.341-2 Residential 29 2.98 3.0 0.86 21.9 2.15 9.7 2.00 0.8 0.26 0.8 0.30 0.5 0.39 3.5 0.79 4.8 1.10 1.7 1.28 0.0 0.03 2.7 0.56 1.2 0.50 52.3 3.28 10.4 2.08Vacant Land 15 2.19 17.5 6.34 3.1 1.28 13.9 5.42 13.8 4.65 6.4 3.62 0.9 0.74 30.8 6.89 8.8 4.15 10.4 4.76 3.5 2.58 0.6 0.24 0.9 0.81 7.1 3.88 12.5 4.58City Total 57 3.36 10.1 1.76 14.9 1.27 14.1 1.95 3.4 0.67 3.8 1.74 1.0 0.35 7.8 1.04 13.6 1.90 4.5 0.92 1.9 1.00 3.1 0.65 0.6 0.25 31.3 2.07 11.2 1.37

Percent of Native Live Trees in Brooklyn by Land UseLand use New York State Africa Asia Australia Europe EuroAsia North America North Americaa Americasb Americasc South America UnknowndCommercial/Ind. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0Mult. Fam. Res. 7.7 0.0 53.8 0.0 0.0 23.1 15.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.7Open Space 41.5 0.7 24.6 0.0 2.8 13.4 49.3 0.0 0.0 7.7 0.0 1.4Public Facility 10.0 0.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.01-2 Residential 18.1 0.0 34.0 0.0 3.2 25.5 24.5 4.3 0.0 3.2 0.0 5.3Vacant Land 21.2 0.0 42.4 0.0 0.0 4.5 51.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5City Total 26.2 0.3 33.5 0.0 1.9 15.1 38.6 1.0 0.0 5.2 0.0 4.5aNorth America and any other continent excluding South America.bNorth and South America.cNorth and South America, and any other continent.dMostly hybrids with undetermined continent of origin.Susceptibility of Trees in Brooklyn to Gypsy Moth by Land Use

 Leaf area Leaf area No. of trees Tree value

(%) (km2) (dollars)

Land use Susceptible Resistant Immune Unknown Susceptible Resistant Immune Unknown Susceptible Resistant Immune Unknown Susceptible Resistant Immune UnknownCommercial/Ind. 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 7,489 0 0 0 7,897,122 0 0 0Mult. Fam. Res. 0.0 50.3 49.7 0.0 0.0 8.9 8.8 0.0 0 41,861 26,163 0 0 43,934,294 57,180,292 0Open Space 31.1 31.1 37.6 0.2 10.1 10.1 12.2 0.1 45,640 109,211 71,721 4,890 139,275,989 77,306,225 115,098,066 2,506,387Public Facility 0.0 2.5 97.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 6.1 0.0 0 5,632 22,526 0 0 542,149 61,588,694 01-2 Residential 11.0 60.7 28.4 0.0 2.1 11.4 5.4 0.0 17,850 101,152 20,825 0 14,656,547 85,188,725 46,537,469 0Vacant Land 14.4 46.4 39.2 0.0 1.4 4.6 3.9 0.0 7,849 50,236 45,527 0 5,723,199 13,724,218 8,215,728 0City Total 16.4 41.1 42.4 0.1 14.1 35.3 36.4 0.1 78,829 308,092 186,762 4,890 167,552,856 220,695,610 288,620,250 2,506,387
107

Susceptibility of Trees in Brooklyn to Asian Longhorned Beetle by Land Use

Leaf area Leaf area No. of trees Tree value

(%) (km2) (dollars)

Land use Known Genera Immune Unknown Known Genera Immune Unknown Known Genera Immune Unknown Known Genera Immune Unknown

Host Host Host Host Host Host Host Host

Commercial/Ind. 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0 0 0 7,489 0 0 0 7,897,122Mult. Fam. Res. 53.8 13.6 27.7 4.8 9.6 2.4 4.9 0.9 41,861 5,233 15,698 5,233 51,196,426 13,697,556 24,421,840 11,798,763Open Space 55.7 31.2 9.3 3.9 18.1 10.1 3.0 1.3 117,361 44,010 39,120 30,970 155,346,014 111,320,956 36,800,915 30,718,781Public Facility 95.2 0.0 0.8 4.0 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.3 16,895 0 2,816 8,447 55,728,951 0 81,834 6,320,0581-2 Residential 81.5 1.6 13.2 3.7 15.4 0.3 2.5 0.7 80,326 4,463 38,676 16,363 110,070,953 3,088,053 19,342,357 13,881,379Vacant Land 67.4 8.3 21.0 3.3 6.7 0.8 2.1 0.3 51,806 9,419 34,538 7,849 17,919,067 1,478,715 7,565,164 700,199City Total 64.9 15.9 14.7 4.5 55.7 13.7 12.6 3.9 308,249 63,125 130,847 76,351 390,261,412 129,585,280 88,212,110 71,316,302Percent of Predicted Land Use in Brooklyn in Other Use Categories

Actual landuse types Predicted land-use type

Commercial/ind. Multifamily res. Open space Public facility 1-2 residential Vacant land

Commercial/industrial 50.0 4.7 2.9 0.0 3.0 3.7Cemetery 10.0 0.0 11.8 0.0 0.0 0.0Golf course 0.0 0.0 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0High-density residential 0.0 28.1 0.0 0.0 19.4 1.1Institutional 30.0 6.3 0.6 85.7 1.5 3.7Low-density residential 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0Moderate-density residential 10.0 31.3 2.4 7.1 68.7 2.6Park 0.0 3.1 44.1 7.1 0.0 6.3Transportation 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0Vacant 0.0 0.0 23.5 0.0 0.0 75.2Multifamily residential 0.0 26.6 0.0 0.0 1.5 7.4
Printed on Recycled Paper

Nowak, David J.; Crane, Daniel E.; Stevens, Jack C.; Ibarra, Myriam. 2002.

Brooklyn’s urban forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-290. Newtown Square, PA: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 107 p.

An assessment of trees in Brooklyn, New York, reveal that this borough has

approximately 610,000 trees with canopies that cover 11.4 percent of the area. The

most common trees are estimated to be tree of heaven, white mulberry, black locust,

Norway maple and black cherry. Brooklyn’s trees currently store approximately

172,000 metric tons of carbon with an estimated value of $3.5 million. In addition,

these trees remove about 2,500 tC per year ($51,000/yr) and about 254 metric tons

of air pollution per year ($1.3 million/yr). The replacement or compensatory value of

Brooklyn’s trees is estimated at $679 million. Potential damage from an Asian

longhorn beetle infestation is $390 million (51 percent of the population).

Management strategies are suggested for maximizing air quality and carbon

benefits from urban trees.

Keywords: urban forestry, carbon sequestration, global climate change, air quality,

air pollution
Headquarters of the Northeastern Research Station is in Newtown Square,

Pennsylvania. Field laboratories are maintained at:

Amherst, Massachusetts, in cooperation with the University of Massachusetts

Burlington, Vermont, in cooperation with the University of Vermont

Delaware, Ohio

Durham, New Hampshire, in cooperation with the University of New Hampshire

Hamden, Connecticut, in cooperation with Yale University

Morgantown, West Virginia, in cooperation with West Virginia University

Parsons, West Virginia

Princeton, West Virginia

Syracuse, New York, in cooperation with the State University of New York,

College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry at Syracuse University

Warren, Pennsylvania

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