Report #19 

National Endowment Where Artists Live 1980 for the Arts

Research Division 

March 1987 
Where Artists Live 1980
 

National Endowment for the Arts, Washington, D.C. 
The sources used for the statistics in
 

this report were: i.U.S. Bureau of the
 

Census, Supplementary Report, Detailed
 

Occupation of the Experienced Civilian Labor Force by Sex for the U.S. and Regions:
 

1980 and 1970, Washington, D.C.: GPO,
 

1984. 2. U.S. Bureau of the Census,
 

Characteristics of the Population: Detailed Population Characteristics, 1980,
 

Vols. IN-52, Washington, D.C.: 1984.
 

3. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Equal Employment Opportunity Special File, Machine
 

Readable Data File, 1980. Prepared by the
 

Data User Services Division, U.S. Bureau
 

of the Census, Washington, D.C.: 1982.
 

This report is produced by the Publishing
 

Center for Cultural Resources as part of a
 

pilot project supported by the National Endowment for the Arts demonstrating economy
 

and efficiency in nonprofit publishing.
 

The Publishing Center’s planning, production,
 

and distribution services are available to
 

all cultural and educational groups and organizations. For further information, write
 

Publishing Center for Cultural Resources,
 

625 Broadway, New York City 10012 or telephone 212/260-2010.
 

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
 

Where artists live, 1980.
 

(Research Division report ; 19)
 

i. Artists--United States. 2. Arts Surveys--United
 

States. I. National Endowment for the Arts. II. Series:
 

Research Division report (National Endowment for the Arts.
 

Research Division) ; 19.
 

NX503.W54 1986 305’.97’00973 86-12630
 

ISBN 0-89062-209-4 (pbk.)
 

Manufactured in the United States of America
 
CONTENTS
 

PREFACE / 4
 

TABLES, MAPS, AND FIGURES / 5
 

NATIONAL TRENDS / 7
 

Regional change / 9
 

Migration / i0
 

CHANGE IN ARTIST OCCUPATIONS / ii
 

STATE-BY-STATE SUMMARY / 35
 

ARTISTS IN CITIES / 41
 

APPENDIX / 45
 

Artist population of states and major cities 1980 / 45
 

REPORTS IN THE NATIONAL ENDO~4ENT FOR THE ARTS RESEARCH DIVISION SERIES / 72
 
with small numbers of persons such as
 PREFACE
 

actors and dancers.
 

Both the Research Division Reports of
 

1970 and 1980 use a normalizing tech-
 This report examines information on the
 nique to compare occupation levels of
 number and location of the nation’s
 

states with widely divergent population
 artists as reported in the 1980 Census of
 counts. One would expect a state like
 Population and provides comparisons with
 california to have more individuals in al-
 the 1970 Census. The decennial census of-
 most every occupation than would be found
 fers unique opportunities for examining
 

the artist population. The sample from
 in relatively small population states.
 

To determine whether california has a rel­ which the census figures are developed is
 

sufficiently large to reflect the artist
 atively high concentration in a particular artist occupation, the number of Cal-
 population of small geographic areas and
 

detailed characteristics of the artist pop- ifornians in that occupation is divided
 

ulation at large. Moreover, census infor­ by the total california labor force and
 

the result, in turn, is divided by the
 mation relating to artist occupations can
 national ratio for that occupation. This
 be directly compared to that for other
 

occupations.	 technique produces a ratio that compares
 

california to the whole country for the
 

occupation. The same computation is made
 Like Research Division Report #5, Where
 for every artist occupation in each state
 Artists Live: 1970, this report focuses
 to obtain concentration ratios that can
 on the size and location of the artist
 

be compared from state to state and per-
 population, but there are two major dif­ mit each state to be compared with the
 ferences in the data in the two reports.
 country as a whole. When the 1980 concen-


First, there was a revision in the occupa­ tration ratio is 1.00, the proportion of
 

artists in the state labor force is iden­ tional classification system between
 tical to the national proportion.
 censuses. (The effect of this change is
 

summarized in Research Division Note #7,
 The census provides cross-sectional and
 "Artist Employment in 1983: Revised Classification System Now in Use," March 15,	 not longitudinal data for the two periods, so we are unable to trace the paths
 1984; and a more detailed discussion of
 of artists from 1970 to 1980. Collective
 how it affects the data for each of the
 movement is another matter; net migration
 artist occupation groups may be found in
 is measured by the census, and that
 Tom Bradshaw, "An Examination of the
 source of regional growth is discussed in
 Comparability of 1970 and 1980 Census Sta­ this report. It is not possible, how­ tistics on Artists," The Economics of
 ever, to distinguish and separately
 Cultural Industries, Proceedings of the
 measure the extent to which occupational
 Third International Conference on Cultural
 increase is due to new entrants (persons
 Economics and Planning, April 25-28, 1984.
 entering the labor force for the first
 Vol. i. Akron, OH: Association for Cul­ time), reentrants (persons who had previ­ tural Economics, University of Akron,
 ously worked in the occupation and
 1984.) To facilitate comparisons of 1980
 returned after a period away from it), or
 occupational statistics with those of
 transfers from other occupations. Nor is
 1970, the Bureau of the Census adjusted
 it possible to measure the extent to
 the 1970 data to conform to the 1980
 which people left artist occupations be-
 codes. The process involved coding a sam­ tween 1970 and 1980 and did not return.
 ple of 120,000 questionnaires according to
 The difference between, the levels of 1970
 both systems and calculating adjustment
 and 1980 is net growth as a result of oc­ factors for each occupation. The 1970 ad­ cupation entrances and exits and migra­ justed estimates are used in this report.
 tion. For simplicity, this is referred
 

to in the report as increase or change
 The second difference was that Report #5
 over the decade (and is most often
 used data for employed artists whereas
 expressed as a percentage).
 this report deals with the artist labor
 

force, which includes unemployed as well
 Research Division
 as employed artists. The labor force esti-
National Endowment for the Arts
 mates were chosen because unemployment
 March 1987
 tends to be high in several artist occupations, especially in the performing arts.
 

Exclusion of the unemployed would seriously understate the number of individuals
 

actively pursuing careers in these occupations in 1980. Combining the employed and
 

the unemployed provides the sample size
 

Deeded to report detailed geographic information, especially for the occupations
 
TABLES
 

1 Number of persons in artist occupations 1970 and 1980 / 6
 

2 Distribution of artist labor force by occupation 1970 and 1980 / 7
 

3 Urban and rural location of artists 1980 / 41
 

MAPS
 

A Regional change in artist occupations compared to total labor force 1970-80 / 8
 

B Migration of artists 1975-80 / i0
 

FIGURES SHOWING DISTRIBUTION, CONCENTRATION, AND CHANGE
 

I All artists / 13
 

II Actors and directors / 15
 

III Announcers / 17
 

IV Architects / 19
 

V Authors / 21
 

VI Dancers / 23
 

VIII Designers / 25
 

VIII Musicians and composers / 27
 

IX Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist printmakers / 29
 

X Photographers / 31
 

XI Teachers of art, drama, and music (higher education) / 33
 

XlI Artists not elsewhere classified / 34
 
Table 1 Number of persons in artist occupations 

1970 and 1980 
NATIONAL TRENDS
 

In 1980 there were 1,085,693 people in the
 

United States in artist occupations. This
 

figure includes persons 16 years of age
 

and over in the civilian labor force who
 

were classified in the 1980 census as:
 

Actors and directors
 

Announcers
 

Architects
 

Authors
 

Dancers
 

Designers
 

Musicians and composers
 

Painters, sculptors, craft artists,
 

and artist printmakers
 

Photographers
 

Teachers of art, drama, and music
 

(higher education)
 

Artists, performers, and related
 

workers (not elsewhere classified)
 

These occupations increased at a rapid
 

rate during the 1970-80 decade--collectively more than 47 percent. This is substantial when compared to the total U.$.
 

civilian labor force increase of 30 percent during the same period, and it surpasses the 40 percent increase for all
 

specialty occupations including doctors,
 

lawyers, engineers, and scientists.
 

Architects increased more than those working in any other artist occupation, doubling in size so that there were 107,693
 

architects in the United States in 1980.
 

The number of announcers, dancers, and visual artists also increased substantially.
 

In 1980 there were 81 percent more announcers (21,000 more people) than had worked
 

in the field a decade before. Dancers increased by 78 percent (nearly 5,800 more
 

people) and painters, sculptors, craft
 

artists, and artist printmakers by 76 percent (over 66,000 more people). Actors/
 

directors, authors, designers, musicians/
 

composers, and photographers also experienced increases greater than the average
 

for the U.S. labor force and the professional specialty occupations, with rates
 

ranging from 40 percent for photographers
 

to 67 percent for actors/directors.
 

While artists were generally increasing in
 

numbers, those who teach art, drama, and
 

music in higher education showed a decline
 

between 1970 and 1980. Approximately
 

42,000 art, drama, and music teachers in
 

colleges and universities were reported by
 

the census for 1970 compared to 28,385 for
 

1980. This decline, however, may be attributable to the fact that substantially
 

fewer teachers specified their subject area
 

in the 1980 census than in the 1970 census
 

(29 percent of teachers in higher education
 

specified their discipline on their census
 

forms in 1980 vs. 67 percent in 1970).
 

Designers continued to be the largest
 

artist occupation in 1980 with over
 

338,000 members. Designers made up nearly one-third of the total artist labor
 

force in both 1970 and 1980. The architect occupation had the greatest percentage change in numbers during the 1970s
 

decade. Architects represented 7.3 percent of the artist labor force in 1970,
 

increasing to i0 percent by 1980. Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist
 

printmakers substantially increased their
 

share of the artist labor force, comprising 14.1 percent of the artist labor
 

force in 1980 compared to 11.8 percent in
 

1970. By 1980, painters, sculptors,
 

craft artists, and artist printmakers
 

moved ahead of the musician/composer occupation and became the second largest
 

artist occupation in the U.S. Actors/
 

directors, announcers, authors, and dancers also increased their share of the
 

artist labor force between 1970 and 1980.
 

The dancer occupation had the third greatest increase, 78 percent from 1970 to 1980.
 

However, this occupation has fewer members
 

than any other artist occupation, representing approximately 1 percent of the
 

artist labor force in both time periods.
 

Table 2	 Distribution of artist labor force 

by occupation 1970 and 1980 

1980 

ed)
 

I00.0% I00.0%
 
Map A Regional change in artist occupations compared to total labor force 1970-80 

WA ND 

MT 

OR SD 

ID PA 

IA 

NE 

NV 

CO KN 

KY 

NC 

AZ NM OK 

TX 
Re@ional chan@e
 

In all four major regions of the country-­

Northeast, North Central, South, and West
 

--artist population increases outpaced
 

that of the civilian labor force in the
 

region.
 

The Western region led the nation with its
 

numbers Qf artists increasing by 72 percent between 1970 and 1980. This was
 

considerably higher than the increase in
 

the total civilian labor force or the professional specialty occupations in the
 

West--both of which increased by 49 percent during the same period. Four of the
 

artist occupations more than doubled in
 

the West between 1970 and 1980, including
 

architects (148 percent increase), authors
 

(127 percent), painters and other visual
 

artists (126 percent), and actors and
 

directors (116 percent). The West led the
 

other regions in increases in these four
 

occupations, as well as among musicians/
 

composers, who increased in the region by
 

55 percent during the decade. Overall,
 

the West counted 279,951 professional
 

artists in its population in 1980, with
 

nearly two-thirds living in the state of
 

California.
 

Of all the regions, the West had the highest concentration ratio of artists--the
 

proportion of artists relative to the
 

total labor force of the region--l.32.
 

Approximately one out of every 73 workers
 

in the West is in an artist occupation.
 

The South also experienced a large change
 

in their artist population, increasing by
 

64 percent over the decade. Their total
 

civilian labor force also expanded greatly during the decade, increasing by 41
 

percent, and their professional specialty
 

occupations grew by 53 percent. Dancers
 

showed a higher percentage increase in
 

the South than in any other region,
 

changing by 137 percent between 1970 and
 

1980. Announcers nearly doubled their
 

number in the South. Designers (71 percent increase) and photographers (58
 

percent) also had greater percentage increases in the South than in any other
 

region. The South was second to the West
 

in increasing its share of architects,
 

with 126 percent more architects in 1980
 

than in 1970. Other artist occupations
 

that did well in the South were painters...
 

(113 percent increase) and musicians/
 

composers (53 percent). The South had
 

more artists overall than any other
 

region--293,739, with over one-fifth in
 

the state of Texas. However, the South’s
 

proportion of artists among its total
 

labor force compared to the U.S. average
 

was only .84 or 16 percent below the U.S.
 

average.
 

The Northeast and North Central regions
 

had more moderate percent changes between
 

1970 and 1980. Artist populations increased by about 30 percent in each region. During the same period, the total
 

civilian labor force increased by only 14
 

percent in the Northeast and by 22 percent in the North Central region. The
 

percentage of increase among all professional speciality occupations was similar
 

to artists’--27 percent for the Northeast
 

region and 31 percent for the North Central region. Although all of the artist
 

occupations experienced their greatest increases in the South or West, some occupations made impressive gains in the North
 

Central and Northeast as well. Dancers
 

more than doubled (iii percent), actors
 

increased by 67 percent, and authors by
 

53 percent, in the Northeast between 1970
 

and 1980. In the North Central region,
 

the announcer occupation increased by 84
 

percent. The Northeast region had the
 

second greatest number of artists in
 

1980--a total of 282,165, with half residing in New York State. The North Central
 

region had fewest artists with a total of
 

229,838. The Northeast region, like the
 

West, also had a concentration of artists
 

in its work force that was greater than
 

the national average--l.18. The North
 

Central region had the lowest proportion
 

of artists in its labor force of all the
 

regions--.80, or 20 percent below the
 

national average.
 
Map B Migration of artists 1975-80 

8,400 

7,500
 

,800 

2,500
 

6,300
 

Migration
 

The Northeast and North Central regions
 

have lost out in the interregional migration exchange with the South and West regions of the united States for the past
 

two decades. Artists have followed this
 

trend.
 

During the 1975-80 period, the West attracted a net increase of 18,400 artists
 

by migration. The South had a net increase of 13,100 artists, while the Northeast lost about the same number. The
 

North Central region lost the most, with a
 

net of 15,900 artists moving elsewhere.
 

Map B shows the direction of net migration flows for artists among the four U.S.
 

regions between 1975 and 1980. During
 

this five-year period, 9 percent, or about
 

i00,000, moved from one region of the country to another. The migration rate is
 

slightly higher than it was a decade earlier, when 8 percent of artists moved
 

interregionally.
 

Migration has an impact on the distribution of artists across the regions but
 

overall growth in the artist population is
 

due primarily to new labor force entries
 

and to occupational change. In the West,
 

artists who moved into the region between
 

1975 and 1980 accounted for about 6 percent of Western artists in 1980. In the
 

South, migrants from other’ regions made up
 

about 4 percent of the South’s artist population in 1980. The Northeast lost about
 

5 percent and the North Central region
 

lost about 7 percent of their artists to
 

migration. Migration into and out of the
 

united States netted this country only
 

2,500 additional artists between 1975 and
 

1980. In total, about 22,500 artists who
 

were either immigrants or American artists
 

living abroad came to this country, while
 

about 20,000 artists left the country.
 

i0
 
CHANGE IN ARTIST OCCUPATIONS
 

The large increase in the number of artists
 

in the nation varied by artist occupation
 

and by state. This change between 1970
 

and 1980 is summarized on the following
 

pages for all artists, actors/directors,
 

announcers, architects, authors, dancers,
 

designers, musicians/composers, painters...,
 

photographers, teachers (higher ed), and
 

artists not elsewhere classified.
 

ii 
W i00,000 or more
 

W 25,000-99,999
 

~ i0,000-24,999
 

[~[[] 0-I0,000
 
 

Comparison of 1980 and 1970 state
 

distribution of all artists.
 

!~ Nur!~er Concert- 1970 Number Concert-
 of tration of tration
 

:irate Rank artists ~atio ~ Rank artists ratio
 

California 

New Yofk 

Texas 

[llinoi~ 

Florida 

[ 

2 

3 

4 

5 

176,321 1.49 138,424 1.66 61,802 .90 

50,467 .89 

48,302 1.I0 

1 

2 

5 

3 

9 

108,437 1.48 107,916 1.58 

34,969 .88 41,211 .97 24,960 1.07 

Pennsylvania 

Ohio 

Mici~igan 

New Jersey 

Massachusetts 

6 

7 

8 

9 

I0 

43,363 

]9,768 

36,888 

36,510 

32,223 

.78 

.77 

.84 

1.00 

1.10 

4 

6 

7 

8 

i0 

35,137 

32,378 

29,660 

28,686 

23,499 

.81 

.83 

.93 

1.05 

1.07 

Virginia ii 

Washington 12 

Marfl~nd [3 

North Carolina 14 Georgia 15 

24,775 

22,974 

20,990 

20,561 

20,330 

.96 

1.14 

.98 

.72 

.79 

12 

19 

ii 

18 

20 

15,253 

[2,553 

17,135

12,640 

11,776 

.94 

1.02 

1.17 

.67 

.71 

Minne:~ota 

Missouri 

Wisconsin 

Color~do 

Tenne .see 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

[9,512 

18,951 

18,429 

17,930 

17,714 

.94 

.81 

.78 

1.20 

.82 

16 

13 

i5 

22 

12,967 

14,199 

13,320 

8,838 

I0,607 

.92 

.84 

.82 

i.ii 

.76 

12,941 .67 Conneoticut 22 17,211 1.07 14 13,404 1.12 

Orego~ 

Louigiana 24 

25 13,157 12,825 1.02 .71 26 

23 

6,597 

6,978 

8,019 

1.12 

.91 

.71 

Alabama 26 Kenru<ky 27 Oklahoma 28 South Carolina 29 Iowa 30 

[1,779 

10,446 

10,308 

9,526 

9,395 

.69 

.66 

.74 

.65 

.66 

24 

29 

28 

27 

7,965 

6,863 

6,884 

5,209 

6,917 

.69 

.65 

.77 

.57 

.67 

Kansa~ 

Hawai! 

Nevada 

New M~xico 

Mississippi 

31 

32 

~3 

34 

35 

9,377 

6,753 

6,507 

6,505 

6,155 

.80 

1.49 

1.48 

1.14 

.59 

25 

34 

40 

36 

33 

7,031 

3,667 

3,078 

3,553 

3,826 

.86 

1.35 

1.60 

.55 

Utah 

Neb~-~ska 

Arkansas 

Rhode Island 

West Virginia 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

5,858 

5,666 

5,468 

4,527 

4,223 

.91 

.73 

.56 

.95 

.54 

35 

32 

37 

38 

39 

3,659 

4,068 

3,344 

3,124 

3,091 

i.00 

.75 

.87 

.58 

Main~, 

New Hampshi[e 

idaho 

Montana 

Vermoi~t 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

3,790 

3,751 

3,207 

2,966 

2,366 

.73 

.79 

.74 

.80 

.94 

42 

41 

44 

43 

46 

2,17i 

2,474 

1,844 

1,857 

1,600 

.62 

.88 

.74 

.77 

.99 

Delaware 

Alaska 

South Dakota 

North Dakota 

Wyoming 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

2,288 

2,148 

1,974 

1,972 

1,602 

.78 

1.13 

.61 

.66 

.68 

45 

50 

47 

48 

49 

[,681 

?I0 

1,435 

1,155 844 

.83 

.79 

.63 

.59 

.71 

:Conc~;-tratlon ra[io:Proportion of al!
artists in state
 

l~[>or force comparedwith national proportion. A ratio of
 

1.0~ ~ould mean that
state concentration was identical to
 

the national average.
 

Figure I All artists 

"All artists" as used in this report refers to the sum of the eleven individual
 

artist occupations that are dealt with
 

separately. One or several of the eleven
 

separate occupations may be subtracted
 

from the "all artists" grouping to provide information about special sub-


groupings.
 

California was the state with the largest
 

number of artists in 1980 with 176,321
 

artists--as well as in 1970 with 108,437.
 

New York ranked second in both years
 

with 138,424 artists in 1980 and 107,916
 

in 1970. The New York concentration
 

ratio for all artists increased more than
 

that of California during the decade.
 

No state had fewer than 1,000 artists in
 

1980, while in 1970 there were only 844
 

in Wyoming and 710 in Alaska. Wyoming
 

had the smallest artist population
 

(1,602) in 1980.
 

Thirteen states had concentration ratios
 

greater than the national proportion of
 

all artists in both 1980 and 1970. In
 

each census one state had a concentration
 

ratio exactly the same as the national
 

proportion--New Jersey in 1980 and Utah
 

in 1970. In both states, the concentration
 

ratio was lower in 1980 than in 1970--New
 

Jersey dropped from 1.05 to 1.00 and Utah
 

from 1.00 to .91.
 

13
 
15 

3,000 Or more
 

1,000-2,999
 

500-999
 

4~9 Or I~SS
 
Comparison of 1980 and 1970 state
 

distribution of actors/directors.
 

198___~0 Number Concert­ 1970 Number ConcenState Rank 

of 

artists 

tration 

ratio ~ Rank 

of 

artists 

tration 

ratio 

California 1 20,751 2.83 1 8,966 2.23
 New York 2 15,180 2.95 2 7,800 2.09
 

Texas 3 2,445 .58 4 1,569 .73
 Illinois 4 2,271 .65 3 1,804 .78
 Florida 5 2,103 .78 8 1,158 .91
 

New Jersey 6 1,785 .79 5 1,448 .97
 Pennsylvania 7 1,461 .42 6 1,327 .56
 Massachusetts 8 1,377 .76 9 1,012 .84
 Virginia 9 1,300 .82 12 658 .74
 Ohio 10 1,275 .40 7 1,262 .59
 

Michigan ii 1,217 .45 10 991 .57
 Maryland 12 1,024 .77 ii 871 1.09
 Washington 13 933 .75 18
 546 .81
 Georgia 14 889 .56 14 608
 .67
 Connecticut 15 832 .83
 13 632 .97
 

Minnesota 16 779 .61 16 567 .74
 North Carolina 17 712 .40 19 552
 .53
 Missouri 18 695 .48 15 590 .64
 Colorado 19 688 .75 23 404 .93
 Indiana 20 645 .39 17 549
 .52
 

Wisconsin 21 640 .44 20 494 .55
 Arizona 22 609 .80 30 332 1.03
 

Tennessee 23 548 .41 21 487 .63
 Oregon
 24 529 .66 24 382 .91
 Iowa 25 495 .56 26 374 .66
 

Louisiana 26 488 .44 22 445 .73
 Kentucky 27 409 .42 29 334 .58
 

Kansas 28 367 .51 28 336 .75
 Oklahoma 29 350 .41 25 378 .78
 South Carolina 30
 340 .38 31 253 .51
 

Nevada 31 301 i.i0 36 176 1.68
 Alabama 32 290 .28 27 372 .59
 Nebraska 33 281 .59 32
 242 .81
 Utah 34 261 .65 39 160 .80
 Hawaii 35 258 .92 38 162 1.09
 

New Mexico 36 255 .72 37 171 1.00
 Ar(ansas 37 23~ .39 33 214 .62
 Mississippi
 38 208 .32 34 195 .51
 Rhode Island 39 197 .67 40 133 .68
 West Virginia 40
 189 .39 35 185 .64
 

South Dakota 41 165 .82 45 92 .73
 Montana 42 162 .70 44 103 .79
 Idaho 43 159 .59 42 iii .81
 Alaska 44 149 1.27 50
 41 .83
 Marne 45 148 .46 41 iii
 .58
 

North Dakota 46 .61 81
 113 46
 .75
 Vermont 47 94 .60 47 69
 .78
 DeLaware 48 85 .47 49 49
 .44
 New Hampshire 49 50 .17 43 105
 .68
 Wyoming
 50 42 .29 48 68 1.04
 

tConcentration ratio: Proportion of actors/directors
 in
 slate labor force compared with national proportion.
 A ratio
 of 1.00 would mean that state concentration was identical
 

to the national average.
 

Figure II Actors and directors 

There was a 67 percent increase in the
 

number of actors/directors in the United
 

States between 1970 and 1980. This was
 

20 percent greater than the average
 

increase for all artists combined. There
 

were 67,180 actors/directors in 1980,
 

compared to 40,201 in 1970. The Western
 

region more than doubled its number of
 

actors/directors while growth was smallest
 

in the North Central region. California
 

had the largest nunaber of actors/directors
 

in both 1970 and 1980--8,966 and 20,751
 

respectively.
 

In 1980 as in 1970 actors/directors continued to be heavily concentrated in New
 

York and California. In fact, the proportion of actors/directors in these two
 

states increased from 41.7 percent to
 

53.5 percent over the decade. In 1980,
 

California had 30.9 percent or all
 

actors!directors and New York had 22.6
 

percent.
 

The concentration ratios for actors/directors was also highest in these two states
 

--both in 1970 and 1980. New York’s concentration increased more over the decade
 

than California’s and was slightly higher
 

than California’s in 1980. By 1980 both
 

California and New York had nearly three
 

times the national concentration of
 

actors/directors in their labor forces.
 

15
 
3,986 

2,500 or more 

1,000-2,499 

500-999 

499 or less 

Number of announcers 1980 

in hhe nation) 

the nation] 

.30% Or more 

.79% to 1.29% 

,78% or less 

2.49% 
Comparison of 1980 and 1970 state
 

diszribution of announcers.
 

1980	 Number Concen- 1970 Number Concert-
 of tration of tration
 State
 Rank	 artists ratio ~ Rank artists ratio
 

California 1
 3,986 .78 1 2,415 .93
 Texas 2 3,267 i.i0 3 1,502 1.08
 New !~ork 3 2,690 .75 2 1,966 .82
 Florda 4 2,293 1.21 5 !~099 1.34
 Ohio 5
 1,843 .83 7 1,021 .74
 

Pennsylvania 7 1,793 .74
 4 1,287 .84
 Michigan 8
 1,66! .88 8 913 .82
 North Carolina
 9 i,551 1.25 9 856 1.29
 Virginia i0 i,42~ 1.28 ii 684 1.19
 

Alab~ ma ]~ 1,174 1.60 19 513 1.27
 

~iss< ur~ 16 1,085 1.07 14 578 .97
 Loui iana 17 990
 1.26 21 468 1.18
 Wash : ngtor:
 ]8 915 1.05 18 520 1.20
 Minn~ sots 19 894 1.00 22
 456 .92
 Col o~:ado 20 874 1.36 27 357
 1.28
 

Kentucky 21 873
 1.28 23 442 1.20
 Massachusetts
 22 8~6 .67 16 561 .72
 Maryland 23 835 .90 15 576 1.12
 Iowa 24
 832 1.35 20 489 1.34
 Ok]ai~oma 25 823 1.36 30 320 1.02
 

South Carolina 26 777 1.23 29
 ~39 1.06
 Oregon 27 706
 1.26 26 369 1.36
 Kansas
 2~ 706 1.40 28 356 1.24
 Mls~issippi 29 679 1.50 25 390
 !.59
 Ariz,:ha
 ~(! 666 1.25 32 279 1.34
 

New .Jersey ~i 625 .39 24 395 .41
 %rka nsas ]2 581 1.3~
 33 273 I. 22
 < onn~ct icut 33 485
 . 69 31 291. . 69
 Neb~:a ska 34 433 1.29 35 2!5 1.12
 we~: V’~ : ~ nia ~5
 433 i.28 38 191 1.02
 

New M~xico 36 392 1.59 34 260 2.35
 North Dakota Z7
 334 2.58 39 !86 2.68
 Mont ~na 38 291
 1. 81 40 174 2. 06
 Utai~
 39 280 1.00 37 199 1. 54
 idaho
 40 280 1.49 41 160 i. 82
 

Ma£ne 41 279 1.25 36 203 1.64
 South DaKota
 42 260 1.85 42 145 1.80
 Nevad~ 43
 259 1.36 43 141 2.08
 Hawaii
 44 241 1.23 47 94 .98
 Alaska
 45 205 2.49 50 53 1.67
 

Wyomi ~g 46
 192 I. 88 45 105 2. 50
 New H~mpshi re
 47 180 .88 44 116 1.17
 Rhode Island 48 174 .84 48 71 .56
 Vermont 49 103 .94 46 96 1.69
 Delaware 50
 84 .67 49 70 . 99
 

Conc<ntrationratio: Proportion of announcers
 in state
 !abo[ force compared with national proportion.
 A ratio of
 1.00 would mean that state concentration was identical to
 the nationa! average.
 

Figure III Announcers 

The number of announcers in the United
 

States grew by 81 percent between 1970
 

and 1980--from 25,942 announcers in 1970
 

to 46,986 in 1980. The percentage of increase was second only to that of architects, whose population doubled over the
 

decade. The number of announcers increased in every state with the Southern
 

region having the highest increases.
 

Announcers is one of the most evenly distributed artist occupations. All states
 

had fewer than 4,000 announcers and only
 

Delaware had fewer than I00. California
 

had the most announcers in both 1970 and
 

1980--2,415 and 3,986.
 

The states with the nighest concentration
 

ratios for announcers in 1970 and 1980
 

were the ones wit~ the least population
 

density. This indicates that there is
 

some minimal number of radio or television stations (and thus announcers)
 

in relation to land area regardless of the
 

size of the state population or labor
 

force. North Dakota had the highest concentration ratio in 1980--about two and
 

one-half times the national concentration.
 

17
 

Compa~_’ison of 1980 and 1970 state
 

distribution of architects.
 

1980 Number Concen- 1970 Number Concenof tration of tration
 State Rank artists ratioT Rank artists ratiot
 

California 1 17,652 1.50 1 7,710 1.44
 

New York 2 8,691 1.05 2 6,151 1.24
 

Texas 3 7,775 1.15 4 3,019 1.05
 Illinois
 4 5,583 .99 3 3,262 1.06
 Florida 5 5,302 1.22 9 1,881 i.ii
 

Pennsylvania 6 4,380 .79 5 2,632 .83
 Massachusetts 7 3,815 1.31 6 2,278 1.42
 Ohio 8 3,505 .69 7 2,077 .73
 

Michigan 9 3,170 .73 8 1,910 .82
 Washington i0 3,148 1.58 12 1,494 1.66
 

New Jersey II 3,057 .84 10 1,836 .92
 Virginia 12 2,817 i.ii 13 1,473 1.24
 Colorado 13 2,741 1.85 21 745 1.29
 

Maryland 14 2,242 1.05 ii 1,567 1.47
 Georgia 15 2,193 .86 15 1,004 .83
 

Minnesota 16 1,982 .96 16 1,003 .98
 

Missouri 17 1,945 .84 17 993 .80
 North Carolina 18 1,909 .67 18 845 .61
 Connecticut 19 1,827 1.14 14 1,369 1.57
 

Arizona 20 1,786 1.46 26 540 1.26
 

Oregon 21 1,753 1.37 20 747 1.33
 

Tennessee 22 1,581 .74 25 571 .56
 

Louisiana 23 1,533 .85 23 718 .88
 Wisconsin 24 1,529 .66 22 732 .61
 Indiana 25 1,313 .50 19 783 .55
 

Kansas 26 1,169 1.01 24 614 1.03
 Alabama 27 1,145 .68 28 431 .52
 South Carolina 28 1,115 .77 30 358 .54
 Oklahoma 29 882 .64 27 506 .78
 Hawaii 30 878 1.95 32 352 1.78
 

Iowa 31 796 .56 29 391 .52
 Kentucky 32 776 .50 31 355 .46
 Utah 33 686 1.07 35 266 .99
 New Mexlco 34 683 1.21 36 253 i.i0
 

Nebraska 35 597 .78 33 340 .85
 

Idaho 36 491 1.14 42 121 .66
 Arkansas
 37 482 .50 37 218 .47
 Mississ~ppi 38 470 .45 34 267 .53
 Nevada 39 390 .89 47 77 .55
 Montana 40 373 1.01 44 113 .65
 

Maine 41 354 .69 45 105 .41
 Alaska 42 335 1.78 46 87 1.32
 Rhode Island 43 306 .65 38 212
 .81
 Vermont 44 298 1.19 40 158 1.35
 New Hampshire 45 265 .57 39 160 .78
 

West Virginia 46 242 .31 43 116
 .30
 North Dakota 47 224 .75 49 63
 .44
 Wyoming 48 214 .92 48 68 .78
 Delaware 49 192
 .66 41 151 1.03
 South Dakota 50 127 .39 50 55
 .33


~Concentration ratio: Proportion of architects in state
 

labor force compared with national proportion. A ratio of


!.00 would mean that state concentration was identica! to
 

the national average.
 

Figure IV Architects 

Of all the artist occupations, architects
 

had the largest percent increase between
 

1970 and 1980. There were twice as many
 

architects in 1980 as there were in 1970,
 

their number increasing from 53,670 to
 

107,693. This is three times the percentage growth of the United States labor
 

force in general. Most of the increase
 

in architects occurred in the Southern
 

and Western regions.
 

California had the largest number of
 

architects in both 1970 and 1980--7,710
 

and 17,652 respectively. New York had
 

the second largest number in both years,
 

6,151 in 1970 and 8,691 in 1980, but in
 

1980 it had less than half the architects
 

in California compared with 20 percent
 

less in 1970.
 

Hawaii had the highest concentration of
 

architects in its labor force relative to
 

the national average in both 1970 and
 

1980. Hawaii had nearly twice (1.95) the
 

national concentration of architects in
 

its labor force in 1980. Colorado had
 

the second highest concentration ratio
 

(1.85) in 1980. The state of Washington
 

had the second highest ratio in 1970
 

(1.66).
 

19
 
9,361
 

ii,272 /
 

2,000 or more
 

1,000-i,999
 

500-999 

499 o~ less
 

2.67%
 

(highest in the nation)
 

1.30% or more
 

.79% to 1.29%
 

.78% or less
 
Comparison of 1980 and 1970 state
 

distribution of authors.
 

1980 Number
 Concen­ !~7~0 Number
 Concert-
 of tration
 of
 tration
 State Rank artists
 ratio t
 Rank artists ratio
 

California 1
 11,272 2.26 2 5,035 1.82
 New York
 2 9,361 2.67 1 5,567 2.16
 Illinois
 3 1,701 .71 7 840 .53
 Massachusetts 4
 1,525 1.24 4 1,347
 1.62
 Texas
 5 1,487 .52 9 721 .48
 

New Jersey
 6 1,370 .89 8 839 .81
 Florida 7
 1,352 .73 ii 708 .81
 Virginia
 8 1,320 1.22 6
 914 1.49
 Pennsylvania
 9 1,237 .53 i0 710 .43
 Colorado 10 882
 1.40 21 3!8 1.06
 

Connecticut ii
 873 1.28 5 1,058
 2.35
 Maryland 12 864 .95
 3 1,401 2.54
 Washington
 13 852 1.00 18 448 .97
 Ohio 14 797
 .37 12 660 .45
 Michigan 15 757 .41 13 624
 .52


Wisconsin
 16 656 .66 17 453 .74
 Minnesota 17 632
 .72 14 608 1.15
 Georgia 18
 605 .56 24 243
 .39
 Missouri 19 590 .60
 16 462 .72
 Oregon 20 566 1.04
 27 191 .66
 

North Carolina 21
 513 .42 15 5!1
 .72
 Arizona
 22 498 .96 20 336 1.51
 South Carolina 23 338
 .55 36 77 .22
 New Mexico 24 335 1.40
 29 144 1.22
 Indiana 25
 333 .30 19 338
 .46
 

Louisiana
 26 324 .42 39 73 .17
 Oklahoma 27
 293 .50 23 289
 .86
 Tennessee 28 286 .32
 31 133 .25
 Nevada
 29 255 1.37 43 47 .65
 Maine
 30 253 1.16 41 58 .44
 

Kansas 31 252 .51 25
 235 .76
 Iowa
 32 236 .39 26 211 .54
 Hawaii 

New Hampshire
 33
 233 1.22 33 90
 .88
 34 209
 1.05 32 124 1.17
 Utah
 35 208 .77 30
 140 1.01
 

Kentucky 36 169
 .25 35 85 .21
 Rhode Island
 37 166 .83 38 76
 .56
 Montana
 38 157 1.00 46 17 .19
 Idaho 39 126 .69 42
 48 .51
 Alaska
 40 121 1.51 45 26 .76
 

Alabama
 41 117 .16 22
 299 .69
 Nebraska
 42 117 .36 37 77 .37
 South Dakota 43 i00 .73
 49 * *
 Vermont
 44 93 .88 34 86 1.42
 ~rkansas 45
 88 .21 44 38 .16
 

Mississippi 

3elaware 46 82 .19
 28 168
 .64
 47
 74 .60 40 65
 .85
 West Virginia
 48 58 .18 47 12
 .06
 Wyoming
 49 53 .53 50 * *
 North Dakota 50 18
 .14 48 i0 .13
 

 ̄ Concentration ratio:

[o[ce compared with natio~a! proportion. A ratio of
 Prooortion of authors in state
 labor


1.00
 would :~ean that state concentration was identical to
 the
 national average ̄
 

Figure V Authors 

There were 45,748 authors counted in 1980,
 

an increase of 65 percent since 1970.
 

This is a greater increase than the
 

average for all artists, and considerably
 

greater than the growth for the U.S.
 

labor force in general.
 

Authors made their greatest gains in the
 

West, California replacing New York as
 

the state with the largest number of
 

authors. There were 11,272 authors in
 

California in 1980 compared to 9,361 in
 

the state of New York. The two states
 

combined had 45.1 percent of the nation’s
 

authors in 1980 and 38.2 percent in 1970.
 

New York had the highest concentration ratio (2.67) in 1980 and third highest in
 

1970. California had the second highest
 

concentration ratio in 1980 and fourth
 

highest in 1970. Maryland and Connecticut, which had the highest concentration
 

ratios for authors in 1970, experienced a
 

substantial drop in the number of authors
 

in 1980. The decline may reflect, in
 

part, the introduction of the "technical
 

writer" category into the 1980 Census
 

classification system. The number of
 

technical writers increased 677 percent
 

in Maryland and 573 percent in Connecticut over the decade. This means that
 

some of the respondents classified as
 

authors in the 1970 Census were classified
 

as technical writers in the 1980 Census.
 

It also means that the author category in
 

1980 more nearly approaches a category
 

of creative writers of literary genre
 

(e.g., lyricists, playwrights, poets, and
 

novelists).
 

In the rankings at left an asterisk (*)
 

is used to represent numbers that are too
 

low to be meaningful (fewer than ten
 

artists) and the concentration ratios
 

derived from them.
 

21
 
600
 

1,O00 or more
 

500-999
 

100-499
 

99 or less
 

1980
 
 

Comparison of 1980 and 1970 state
 

distribution of dancers.
 

State 

1980 

Rank 

Nu/nber

of 

artists 

Concentration 

ratio ~ 

1970 

Rank 

Number 

of 

artists 

Concerttration 

ratio 

New York 

California 

Florida 

Texas 

Nevada 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

2,600 

2,279 

818 

713 

568 

2.57 

1.59 

1.54 

.86 

10.64 

2 

1 

8 

9 

5 

1,281 

1,836

254 

241 

266 

1.86 

2.48 

1.08 

.60 

13.73 

New Jersey 

Hawaii 

Illinois 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

459 

441 

399 

383 

304 

1.03 

8.03 

.58 

.61 

.45 

12 

6 

7 

3 

10 

140 

262 

257 

330 

190 

.51 

9.59 

.60 

.84 

.43 

Maryland 

Indiana 

Georgia 

Massachusetts 

Arizona 

ii 

12 

13 

14 

15 

297 

288 

220 

218 

218 

1.14 

.89 

.70 

.61 

1.46 

ll 

20 

16 

14 

17 

168 

93 

104 

106 

99 

1.14 

.48 

.62 

.48 

1.67 

Washington 

Colorado 

Kentucky

North Carolina 

Wisconsin 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

204 

196 

189 

185 

172 

.83 

1.08 

.99 

.53 

.60 

13 

15 

23 

27 

18 

130 

106 

76 

58 

98 

1.05 

1.33 

.72 

.30 

.60 

Connecticut 21 165 .84 30 46 .38 Michigan 22 153 .29 * 309 .97 Tennessee 23 152 .58 47 * * Minnesota 

Virginia 24 

25 

149 

147 .59 

.47 

33 

22 24 81 .17 .49 

Louisiana 

Oregon 

Iowa 

Utah 

Mississippi 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

124 

118 

103 

87 

82 

.56 

.75 

.59 

i.ii 

.64 

19 

21 

39 

25 

41 

97 

89 

14 

63 

ii 

.86 

1.15 

.13 

1.70 

.16 

Missouri 

Alabama 

Oklahoma 

Alaska 

Arkansas 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

76 

74 

72 

63 

58 

.27 

.36 

.43 

2.74 

.49 

26 

31 

29 

32 

40 

59 

30 

56 

31 

Ii 

.34 

.26 

.62 

3.41 

.17 

West Virginia 36 South Carolina 37 Nebraska 38 Kansas 39 Montana 40 

47 

43 

43 

38 

33 

.49 

.24 

.46 

.27 

.73 

36 

24 

37 

28 

49 

16 

69 

16 

57 

* 

.30 

.75 

.29 

.69 * 

Idaho 

Delaware 

New Mexico 

Maine 

41 

42 

43 

44 

30 

30 

27 

19 

.57 

.85 

.39 

.30 

35 

42 

43 

48 

17 

l0 

iO 

* 

.67 

.49 

.32 * Rhode Island 45 13 .22 38 16 .44 

Vermont 46 * * 50 * * ~yoming 47 * * 34 22 1.83 ~ew Hampshire 45 * * 44 * * North Dakota 49 * * 45 * * ~outh Dakota 50 * * 46 * * 

~ Concentrgtion ratio:Proportion of dancers in state
 labor
 fo,ce compared with national oroportion A ratio of
 1.00
 ~ou]d mean that state concentration was identical to
 the
 

Figure VI Dancers 

Although increasing by 78 percent during
 

the 1970-80 decade, dancers remained the
 

smallest artist occupation population
 

with 13,194 members in 1980. This is the
 

only artist occupation with more people
 

in New York than California and with the
 

highest percent change in the Northeast
 

and South rather than the West.
 

There were 2,600 dancers in New York in
 

1980. New York overtook California’s
 

1970 lead in the dance occupation during
 

the decade, a trend that is the opposite
 

of what has happened in the other artist
 

occupations. California had 2,279
 

dancers in 1980. All the other states
 

had fewer than 1,000 dancers, and more
 

than a third of the states had fewer than
 

100.
 

Nevada and Hawaii had the highest dancer
 

concentration ratios in both 1980 and
 

1970. Nevada had more than ten times the
 

national concentration and Hawaii eight
 

times. Both states have large entertainment industries in which dancers play an
 

important role.
 

In the rankings at left an asterisk (*)
 

is used to represent numbers too low to
 

be meaningful (fewer than ten artists)
 

and the concentration ratios derived from
 

them.
 

23
 
43,873 

\ 

48,036 

25,000 or more
 

999 or less
 
Comparison of 1980 and 1970 state
 

distribution of designers.
 

1980 Ntunber Concen- 1970
 Number Concenof tration
 of tration
 State Rank
 artists ratio %
 Rank artists ratio
 

California
 1 48,036 1.30 2 31,127 1.34
 New York 2 43,833 1.69
 1 37,236 1.72
 Texas 3
 20,581 .97 8
 10,663 .85
 Illinois
 4 17,255 .98 3 13,616 1.02
 Pennsylvania 5 14,981
 .86 4 12,051 .88
 

Michigan 6
 14,786 1.08 6 11,428
 1.14
 Florida 7 14,102 1.03 I0
 7,330 1.00
 Ohio
 8 13,949 .87 5 I1,575 .94
 New Jersey 9
 13,728 1.20 7 i1,240 1.30
 Massachusetts I0 10,089
 1.11 9 7,821 1.12
 

Virginia
 ii 7,588 .95
 ii 4,996 .97
 North Carolina 12
 7,472 .84 16 4,225 .71
 Washington
 13 6,733 1.07 21 3,119 .80
 Georgia 14 6,664
 .83 18 3,772 .72
 Indiana
 15 6,287 .76 13 4,470 .73
 

.Minnesota 16 6,083 .94 19
 3,749 .84
 Wisconsin
 17 6,024 .82
 17 3,981 .77
 Maryland 18
 5,750 .86 12 4,586
 .99
 Connecticut 19 5,744 1.14 15 4,227
 1.12
 Missouri
 20 5,720 .78 14
 4,409 .82
 

Tennessee 21
 4,929 .74 20 3,349 .76
 Colorado
 22 4,683 1.01 23 2,415 .96
 Alabama
 23 4,256 .80
 22 2,560 .71
 Oregon 24 3,787 .94
 31 1,609 .66
 Arizona 25 3,756
 .98 29 1,734 .93
 

Louisiana
 26 3,656 .65
 24 2,132 .60
 Oklahoma 27
 3,321 .76 30 1,727
 .61
 Kentucky 28 3,284 .67 25
 2,104 .63
 South Carolina 29
 3,090 .68 28 1,874 .65
 Iowa 30 2,995 .67 26 2,041 .62
 

Kansas 31
 2,763 .76 27
 1,889 .73
 Mississippi 32 2,069 .63 33 1,158 .53
 Arkansas 

Rhode Island
 33
 1,855 .61 37 953
 .48
 34 1,841
 1.24 32 1,223 1.08
 Utah 35
 1,836 .91 35
 1,066 .92
 

~ebraska 36
 1,643 .68 34 1,073 .62
 ~est Virginia 37
 1,591 .65 36
 1,036 .62
 New Mexico 38 1,422
 .80 40 838 .84
 New Hampshire 39
 1,357 .92 38 900
 1.01
 Hawaii 40 1,236 .88 39
 879 1.03
 

Nevada 

Maine 41 1,143 .83 43 478 .79
 42
 944 .59 41 601 .54
 Delaware 

Idaho
 43
 799 .88 42 541
 .85
 44 760 .56
 45 459 .58
 Vermont
 45 627 .80 44 467 .92
 

M3ntana 46
 565 .49 46
 418 .55
 North Dakota 47 447 .48
 48 213 .34
 Wfoming
 

South Dakota
 48 442 .60 50 160 .42
 49 386
 .38 47 320 .44
 Alaska
 50 363 .61 49
 172 .60
 

*Concentration ratio:Proportion of designers
 in state
 [.abor force compared with national proportion. A ratio
 

of 1.00 would mean that state concentration was identical
 

to the national average.
 

Figure VII Designers 

Designers constituted the largest of the
 

artist occupational groups with 338,374
 

people in 1980. Although their growth
 

was more moderate than the other artist
 

occupations, it was greater than that of
 

the United States labor force in general.
 

The 1970-80 increase was 45 percent,
 

with the West and South gaining the most.
 

Following the general population shift to
 

the West, designers are now more likely
 

to live in California than in New York,
 

which ranked first in 1970. California
 

had 48,036 designers in 1980 compared
 

with New York’s 43,833. More than one
 

quarter of all designers live in these
 

two states. Other states with 10,000 or
 

more designers include Texas, Illinois,
 

Pennsylvania, Michigan, Florida, Ohio,
 

New Jersey, and Massachusetts.
 

Although the number of designers in California was greater than in New York in
 

1980, New York continues to have the highest concentration ratio--l.69 vs. 1.30
 

for California. Furthermore, the third
 

highest concentration ratio for designers
 

in 1980 was that of Rhode Island (1.24).
 

25
 
22,~ 

~ 8,000 or [~ore
 

~ 5,000-7,999
 

[~ 1,000-4,999
 

[----] 999 or less
 
 

Comparison of 1980 and 1970 state
 

distribution of musicians/composers.
 

1980 Nu/~ber Concen- 1970 Number Concen­ of tration of tration
 State Rank artists ratio % Rank artists ratio
 

California 

New York 

Texas 

Florida 

Pennsylvania 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

22,919 

16,836

7,717 

7,713 

5,892 

1.50 

1.56 

.87 

1.36 

.82 

1 

2 

3 

7 

5 

14,752 

12,132 

5,445 

4,328 

4,873 

1.49 

1.31 

1.02 

1.38 

.83 

Illinois 

Ohio 

Michigan 

6 

7 

8 

5,514 

5,424 

4,640 

.75 

.81 

.82 

4 

6 

8 

5,120 

4,385 

3,847 

.90 

.83 

.90 New Jersey 9 4,481 .95 9 3,354 .91 Massachusetts 10 4,257 1.12 10 2,504 .84 

Tennessee 

Washington

Georgia 

Minnesota 

North Carolina 

ii 

12 

13 

14 

15 

3,826 

3,366

2,745 

2,736 

2,652 

1.37 

1.29 

.82 

1.02 

.71 

ii 

12 

19 

15 

18 

2,129 

2,095 

1,569

1,984 

1,763 

1.12 

1.26 

.70 

1.04 

.69 

Virginia 

Maryland 

Missouri 

Wisconsin 

Indiana 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

2,592 

2,589 

2,493

2,414 

2,234 

.78 

.93 

.82 

.79 

.65 

20 

17 

14 

13 

16 

1,477 

1,912

1,988 

1,995 

1,934 

.67 

.97 

.87 

.90 

.74 

Solorado 

Louisiana 

Nevada 

hrizona 

Sonnecticut 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

2,014

1,892 

1,750 

1,747 

1,740 

1.04 

.81 

3.07 

1.09 

.83 

22 

21 

25 

30 

24 

1,338 

1,429 

1,090 

1,033 

1,162 

1.25 

.94 

4.19 

1.30 

.72 

Kentucky 

.Oregon 

Alabama 

Oklahoma 

~outh Carolina 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

1,666

1,621 

1,468 

1,314 

1,131 

.82 

.97 

.67 

.73 

.60 

26 

28 

23 

29 

33 

1,085 

1,077 

1,307 

1,048

706 

.77 

1.03 

.84 

.87 

.57 

Iowa 

~awaii 

{ansas 

Mississippi 

~ebraska 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

1,112 

1,097

904 

899 

768 

.60 

1..87 

.60 

.66 

.77 

31 

34 

27 

35 

32 

978 

620 

1,078 

573 

751 

.70 

1.69 

.98 

.61 

1.02 

Arkansas 36 728 .58 37 459 .54 New Mexico 

Haine 37 

38 693 

548 .94 

.82 36 

41 468 347 i. I0 .73 ~qest Virginia 39 521 .51 38 406 .57 Rhode Island 40 489 .79 40 351 .73 

/tah 

’qew Hampshire 

Montana 

41 

42 

~3 

462 

426 

330 

.55 

.70 

.69 

44 

47 

39 

234 

149 

401 

.47 

.39 

1.24 Idaho 

:~outh Dakota 44 

~5 306 

303 .55 

.72 

42 

43 339 

316 1.00 

1.02 

~orth Dakota 

germont 

Delaware 

~\laska 

46 

47 

48 

49 

287 

262 

237 

213 

.74 

.80 

.63 

.87 

46 

50 

45 

49 

186 

91 

207 

94 

.70 

.42 

.76 

.77 ~{yoming 50 78 .26 48 138 .86 

~Concentration ratio: Proportion of musicians/composers in
 

state labor fo<ce compared with national proportion. A ratio
 

of 1.00 would mean that state concentration was identical
 

tu the national average.
 

Figure VIII Musicians and composers 

The 140,556 musicians/composers in the
 

country had grown by 41 percent over the
 

decade--moderate compared to artist
 

occupation as a whole. The growth was
 

spread evenly across the regions, and
 

California continued to have the largest
 

number o[ musicians and composers with
 

22,919 in 1980.
 

In addition to maintaining its position
 

as the state with the most musicians and
 

composers, California increased its lead
 

over the second-ranked state, New York.
 

While the musician/composer population in
 

New York increased by over 35 percent-­

from 12,132 to 16,836--California’s
 

increased by 55 percent.
 

In terms of the concentration of musicians/composers in the state labor force,
 

Nevada and Hawaii were first and second,
 

respectively, in both 1970 and 1980.
 

Nevada’s concentration ratio was 3.07 in
 

1980 and Hawaii’s was 1.87. As in the
 

case of dancers, the relative importance
 

of the entertainment industries in Nevada
 

and Hawaii results in the employment of a
 

large proportion of musicians in these
 

states’ labor forces.
 

27
 
21,274
 

24,657
 

Number of painters... 1980
 

.32%
 

/(lowest in the nation)
 
Comparison of 1980 and 1970 state
 

distribution of painters...
 

1980 Number Concen- 1970 Number Concenof tration of tration
 

:3tate Rank artists ratio~ Rank artists ratio
 

California 1 24,657 1.48 2 12,507 1.44
 

’New York 2 21,274 1.81 1 15,381 1.91
 

Texas 3 8,419 .87 7 3,560 .76
 

Illinois 4 7,382 .92 3 6,055 1.22
 

Pennsylvania 5 6,376 .81 4 4,359 .85
 

Florida 6 5,926 .96 10 2,607 .95
 

New Jersey 7 5,602 1.08 6 3,941 1.22
 

Ohio 8 5,373 .74 5 4,036 .88
 

Massachusetts 9 4,788 1.16 9 2,970 1.14
 

Michigan 10 4,699 .76 8 3,482 .93
 

Virginia ii 3,878 1.07 16 1,573 .82
 

Washington 12 3,620 1.27 18 1,315 .91
 

Maryland 13 3,575 1.18 ii 2,003 1.16
 

Minnesota 14 3,060 1.05 15 1,662 1.00
 

Missouri 15 2,968 .90 12 1,874 .94
 

Connecticut 16 2,835 1.24 14 1,761 1.25
 

Colorado 17 2,805 1.33 20 1,022 1.09
 

Wisconsin 18 2,760 .83 13 1,766 .92
 

Georgia 19 2,538 .70 17 1,334 .68
 

Arizona 20 2,284 1.31 26 707 1.02
 

Indiana 21 2,212 .59 19 1,154 .51
 

Tennessee 22 2,138 .71 22 919 .56
 

North Carolina 23 1,987 .49 21 1,022 .46
 

Oregon 24 1,910 1.05 24 745 .82
 

New Mexico 25 1,514 1.89 32 425 1.15
 

Oklahoma 26 1,448 .74 28 682 .65
 

Louisiana 27 1,357 .53 27 687 .52
 

Kansas 28 1,280 .78 23 792 .82
 

Alabama 29 1,213 .51 25 710 .52
 

Iowa 30 1,210 .60 29 562 .46
 

Hawaii 31 i,i01 1.72 36 337 1.05
 

Kentucky 32 1,060 .48 30  ̄ 538 .44
 

South Carolina 33 946 .46 35 371 .35
 

Utah 34 936 1.03 31 463
 1.07
 

Nebraska 35 737 .68 33
 390 .61
 

New Hampshire 36 687 1.03 39 245 .74
 Rhode Island 37 626 .93 34 378 .90
 

Maine 38 583 .80 41 197 .48
 Mississippi 39 570 .39 42 195 .24
 

Montana 40 534 1.02 44 157 .56
 

Nevada 41 502 .81 45 151 .67
 

Vermont 42 500 1.41 40 215 1.13
 

Arkansas 43 478 .35 38 270 .36
 

Idaho 44 370 .61 46 134 .45
 

Alaska 45 366 1.37 48 61 .57
 

West Virginia 46 355 .32 37 284 .45
 

Delaware 47 323 .79 43 193 .81
 

South Dakota 48 178 .39 47 78 .29
 

Wyoming 49 172 .52 49 55 .39
 

North Dakota 50 146 .35 50 49 .21
 

Figure IX	 Painters, sculptors, craft artists,

and artist printmakers 

The number of painters, sculptors, craft
 

artists, and artist printmakers increased
 

by 76 percent during the 1970-80 decade.
 

As a result of this substantial increase,
 

they constituted the second largest artist occupation in 1980 with 153,162
 

people.
 

California took the lead from New York in
 

the number of painters.., in 1980 with
 

24,657 compared to New York’s 21,274. In
 

terms of concentration ratio, however,
 

New York continues to have a substantially
 

higher concentration than California--l.81
 

compared to 1.48. The state with the
 

highest concentration ratio of painters...
 

in 1980 was New Mexico. New Mexico experienced a 256 percent increase in its
 

visual artist labor force over the decade
 

and had a concentration ratio of 1.89
 

in 1980.
 

~Concentration ratio:Proportion of painters.., in state
 

labor force comparedwith national proportion.~ A ratio Of
 

1.00 would mean that
state concentration was identical to
 

the national average.
 

29
 
13,060 /
 

~ 6,000 or more
 

999
 

or les~
 
Comparison of 1980 and 1970 state
 

distribution of photographers.
 

1980 Concen- 1970 Concentration tration
 

State Rank Number ratiot Rank Nt~mber ratio~
 

California 1 13,060 1.26 1 9,494 1.41
 

New York 2 10,539 1.45 2 8,775 1.40
 

Texas 3 5,582 .94 4 3,398 .94
 

Illinois 4 4,929 1.00 3 4,138 1.07
 

Ohio 5 4,211 .94 6 3,003 .84
 

Florida 6 4,098 1.07 9 2,189 1.03
 

Pennsylvania 7 3,859 .79 5 3,347 .84
 

Michigan 8 3,384 .89 7 2,575 .88
 

New Jersey 9 3,134 .98 8 2,471 .98
 

Massachusetts 10 2,818 1.10 i0 1,970 .98
 

Virginia ll 2,196 .98 12 1,465 .98
 

Maryland 12 2,097 1.12 ii 1,894 1.41
 

Missouri 13 1,934 .94 13 1,455 .93
 

North Carolina 14 1,928 .77 20 1,057 .61
 

Tennessee 15 1,816 .97 21 997 .77
 

Washington 16 1,806 1.03 18 1,123 .99
 

Minnesota 17 1,783 .99 15 1,363 1.06
 

Georgia 18 1,678 .75 19 1,105 .72
 

Wisconsin 19 1,669 .81 16 1,222 .82
 

Indiana 20 1,596 .69 14 1,388 .78
 

Colorado 21 1,556 1.20 22 905 1.24
 

Connecticut 22 1,488 1.06 17 1,182 1.08
 

Louisiana 23 1,274 .81 23 814 .79
 

Oregon 24 1,203 1.07 27 706 1.00
 

Arizona 25 1,184 I.i0 30 529 .98
 

Alabama 26 1,120 .76 26 751 .71
 

Kentucky 27 1,054 .77 25 756 .79
 

Oklahoma 28 1,053 .86 24 814 1.00
 

Kansas 29 975 .96 28 696 .93
 

South Carolina 30 936 .73 31 485 .58
 

Iowa 31 790 .63 29 570 .60
 

Nebraska 32 675 1.00 35 359 .72
 

Hawaii 33 603 1.53 36 324 1.30
 

Utah 34 601 1.07 34 360 1.07
 

Arkansas 35 581 .68 33 369 .64
 

Nevada 36 573 1.49 44 192 1.09
 

New Mexico 37 554 1.12 32 452 1.57
 

Mississippi 38 540 .59 37 306 .48
 

Rhode Island 39 430 1.03 39 270 .82
 

West virginia 40 387 .57 38 285 .58
 

Maine 41 379 .84 41 221 .68
 

Idaho 42 335 .89 43 198 .86
 

Montana 43 307 .95 42 203 .92
 

New Hampshire 44 230 .56 40 248 .96
 

Delaware 45 223 .88 45 169 .91
 

South Dakota 46 211 .75 48 146 .69
 

Alaska 47 200 1.21 50 63 .76
 

North Dakota 48 190 .73 47 154 .85
 

Wyoming 49 183 .89 49 90 .82
 

Vermont 50 165 .75 46 166 1.12
 

%Concentration ratio: Proportion of photographers in state
 

labor force compared with nationa! proportion. A ratio of
 

1.00 would mean that state concentration was identical to
 

the national average.
 

Figure X Photographers 

The photographer occupation increased by
 

40 percent over the decade, which was
 

higher than the U.S. labor force in
 

general but low relative to other artist
 

occupations. The growth in photographers
 

was spread fairly uniformly throughout
 

the nation with only the South showing a
 

slightly higher increase than the other
 

regions.
 

California continued to lead the states
 

in number of photographers with 13,060 in
 

1980. New York was second with 10,539.
 

More than half the states had at least
 

1,000 photographers.
 

In terms of concentration ratio, Hawaii,
 

Nevada, and New York all have approximately one and one-half times the national
 

average of photographers in the labor
 

force. Hawaii’s ratio is 1.53, Nevada’s
 

is 1.49, and New York’s is 1.45.
 

31
 

Comparison of 1980 and 19?0 state
 

distribution of teachers (higher ed).
 

1980 N~unber Concen- 1970 Number Concenof tration of tration
 State Rank artists ratio~ Rank artists ratio~
 

California 1 3,219 1.04 1 4,295 1.03
 

New York 2 2,195 1.01 2 3,635 .93
 Texas 3 1,571 .88 4 2,085 .92
 

Illinois 4 1,448 .98 3 2,335 .97
 

Pennsylvania 5 1,279 .88
 5 2,039 .82
 

Ohio 6 1,186 .88 6 1,876 .84
 Massachusetts 7 1,078 1.41 8 1,439 1.15
 Michigan 8 878 .77 7 1,633 .90
 North Carolina 9 834
 i.ii Ii 1,124 1.04
 Florida 10 815 .71 i0 1,135 .86
 

Wisconsin
 ii 767 1.25 9 1,327 1.43
 Indiana 12 717 1.03 12 1,108 1.00
 Minnesota 13 688 1.27 14
 1,007 1.25
 

New Jersey 14 621 .65 18 823 .53
 Missouri 15 618 1.01 13 1,016 1.05
 

Washington 16 595 1.13 15 937 1.33
 Virginia 17 551 .82 17
 845 .91
 Colorado
 18 544 1.39 25
 650 1.44
 Iowa 19 522
 1.40 16 864 1.46
 Connecticut
 20 493 1.17
 23 673 .99
 

Georgia 21 482 .71 21 700 .74
 Kansas 22 479 1.57 22 682 1.47
 Louisiana
 23 477 1.01 24 673 1.05
 Tennessee 24 474 .84 19 799 1.00
 Maryland 25 469 .83 20 790 .95
 

Oregon 26 448 1.33 27 596 1.36
 South Carolina 27 436 1.14 34 389 .75
 

Oklahoma 28 394 1.08 28 596 1.17
 Alabama 29 389 .88 29 568 .87
 Arizona 30 346 1.07 32 433 1.29
 

Kentucky 31 323 .78 26 605 1.01
 Utah
 32 267 1.58 30 450
 2.15
 Mississippi 33 255 .93 31 443 1.12
 New Mexico
 34 239 1.61
 37 240 1.34
 Idaho 35
 211 1.86 45 155
 1.09
 

Nebraska
 36 192 .95 33 423 1.36
 South Dakota 37 176 2.07
 38 207 1.58
 Wyoming 38 175
 2.84 48 99 1.46
 Arkansas 39 170 .66 36 324 .90
 Hawaii 40 154 1.30 40 190 1.23
 

West Virginia 41 139 .68 35 352 1.16
 Maine 42 127 .94 46 149 .74
 North Dakota
 43 120 1.53 43 167 1.49
 New Hampshire
 44 119 .96 42 173 1.08
 Rhode Island 45 I14 .91 39 200 .98
 

Montana
 46 110 1.13 41 190 1.39
 Vermont 47 108 1.64 44 156 1.70
 Nevada 48 93 .81 49 48 .44
 Delaware 49 70 .92 47 122 1.06
 Alaska 50 70 1.41 50 26 .50
 

tConcentration ratio: Proportion of teachers (higher ed)
 

in state labor force compared with national proportion.
 A
 ratio of 1.00 would mean that state concentration was
 

identical to the national average.
 

Figure Xl	 Teachers of art, drama, 

and music (higher education) 

Teachers of art, drama, and music in colleges and universities are the only artist occupational group to show a loss in
 

the census population figures during the
 

1970-80 decade. There were an estimated
 

42,000 such teachers in 1970 and this number reportedly dropped to 28,385 by 1980,
 

a loss of 32 percent. The loss occurred
 

in all regions of the country, although
 

in the West the loss was less severe.
 

Only five states (South Carolina, Idaho,
 

Wyoming, Nevada, and Alaska) did not have
 

a loss. As previously noted, this reported drop may only reflect the fact that
 

substantially fewer teachers specified
 

their subject area in the 1980 Census than
 

in 1970. The Bureau of the Census plans
 

to further examine this phenomenon.
 

California continued to have the most
 

teachers of art, drama, and music in higher education--3,219 according to the 1980
 

census. New York is second with 2,195.
 

The census reports that only five other
 

states--Texas, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts--have at least
 

1,000 teachers of art, drama, and music
 

in their colleges and universities, conservatories, and other professional
 

training programs.
 

33
 
 

Comparison of 1980 and 1970 state
 

distribution of artists n.e.c.
 

1980 Number Concert- 1970 Number Concen­

-- of t~ation -- of trat~on 

State Rank artists ratio ~ Rank ar~±sts ratio~t 

Cali£o~n~a 1 8,490 1.57 1 10,300 1.94 

New Yo[~ 

Florida 

Texas 

Illinois 

2 

3 

4 

5 

5,225 

3,780 

2,Z45

2,168 

1.37 

1.89 

.72 

.84 

2 

6 

3 

4 

7,991 

2,271 

2,766

2,735 

1.62 

1.36 

.97 

.90 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

New Jersey 

Michigan 

Massachusetts 

6 

7 

8 

9 

i0 

1,822

1,801 

1,648 

1,543 

1,412 

.77 

.71 

.98 

.77 

1.05 

8 

5 

7 

9 

10 

2,153

2,322 

2,199 

1,948 

1,491 

.77 

.74 

i.ii 

.85 

.94 

Maryland 

Georgia

~irginia 

Celorado 

II 

12 

13 

14 

1,248 

1,080 

961 

9~7 

1.27 

.92 

.82 

1.39 

ii 

18 

12 

19 

1,367 

603 

1,087

578 

1.29 

.50 

.93 

1.01 

Arizona 15 929 1.65 20 575 1.35 

Missour~ 16 827 .77 15 775 .63 

North Carolina 17 818 .62 17 62~ .46 

Washington 

Tennessee 

18 

19 

802 

790 

.87 

.80 

14 

22 

826 

560 

.93 

.55 

Connecticut 20 729 ~99 13 1,003 1.16 

Louisiana 23 710 .86 24 483 .60
 

Nevada 24 673 3.34 30 412 2.97
 

Wisconsin 25 662 .62 16 646 .55
 

Kentucky 26 643 °89 25 483 .64
 

Alabama 2~ 533 .69 28 424 .51
 

Oregon 28 516 .87 27 467 .84
 

2.47	 31 357 1.83
 

.83 32 296 .50
 

New Mexico ~l 391 1.50 33 292 1.29
 

South Carolina 32 374 .56 34 288 .44
 

Oklahoma 33 358
 

Iowa 34 304 .4~ 29 423 .57
 

Mississippi ]5 301 ~63 &2 ~20 .24
 

West Virginia 36 261 .73 38 208 .54
 

Utah 37 234 .79 35 258 .97
 

36 245 1.21
 

37 215 .47
 

Nebraska 40 180 .51 40 182 .46
 

Rhode Island 41 171 ~78 39 194 .75
 

Delaware 42 171 I~28 43 104 .71
 

Maine 43 156 .66 41 176 .69
 

44
 

Mon£ana 46 104 .61 ~6 81 .47
 

North Dakota 4~ 93 .68 ~9 37 .26
 

Alaska
 

Wyoming 50 51 .4g 50 35 ,41
 

Figure XII Artists not elsewhere classified 

This census classification represents a
 

residual group of artist occupations that
 

do not lend themselves to classification
 

in any of the ten previously described
 

categories. A wide variety is included
 

(e.g., circus performer, model maker,
 

inker and opaquer). The 1970 Census
 

reported 53,131 individuals in this category and 49,653 were reported in 1980.
 

The states with the highest concentration
 

of these artists in 1980 were Nevada
 

(3.34) and Hawaii (2.47). This again
 

reflects the strong entertainment industry
 

in these two states.
 

34
 
STATE-BY-STATE SUMMARY
 

While the artist population increased by
 

47 percent in the U.S. as a whole between
 

1970 and 1980, there were considerable differences from state to state. Increase
 

ranged from a low of 23 percent in Maryland and Illinois to a high of over 200
 

percent in Alaska. The states with the
 

highest percentage increase in artist population were Alaska, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, Florida, Wyoming, Oregon, Hawaii,
 

New Mexico, Washington, and South Carolina. All but two of these are in the
 

Western region.
 

In the foregoing section, which deals with
 

change in the different artist occupations, the states are ranked in order of
 

descending 1980 population for each occupational group. These rankings are referred
 

to in the following state summaries.
 

Alabama
 

Alabama had 11,779 artists in 1980. With
 

an increase of 48 percent between 1970 and
 

1980, it was slightly above the U.S. average. It was twenty-sixth in number of artists, dropping from twenty-fourth position
 

a decade earlier. In the occupational
 

rankings of states its highest position is
 

in the announcer category, where it was
 

thirteenth. The 1980 concentration ratio
 

of Alabama artists remained low at .69 of
 

the U.S. average, the same as in 1970.
 

Alaska
 

Alaska had the greatest proportionate
 

increase in artists of any state in the
 

nation, more than tripling its artist
 

population between 1970 and 1980. Only
 

710 Alaska artists were counted in the
 

1970 Census, but by 1980 the state had
 

2,148. The state moved from last place in
 

the 1970 ranking of artists to forty-


seventh in 1980. In the occupational
 

rankings of states it was highest (thirtyfourth) in the dancer category and next
 

highest (fortieth) in the author category.
 

The 1980 concentration ratio of Alaska
 

artists was 1.13 times the U.S. average
 

compared with .79 in 1970.
 

Arizona
 

Arizona more than doubled its number of
 

artists between 1970 and 1980, increasing
 

113 percent. With over 14,000 artists at
 

the end of the decade, the state moved
 

from thirtieth to twenty-third place in
 

total number of artists. In the occupational rankings of states Arizona was
 

highest (fifteenth) in the dancer category with 218 dancers. However, as in
 

most states, designers (3,756) constituted its largest artist occupational
 

group. The 1980 concentration ratio of
 

Arizona artists was 1.14 times the U.S.
 

average.
 

Arkansas
 

There were 5,468 artists living in Arkansas in 1980. This represents a 64 percent increase over 1970, well above the
 

average increase for U.S. artists. Arkansas ranked thirty-seventh in 1970 and
 

thirty-eighth in 1980 for total number of
 

artists. In the occupational rankings of
 

states it was highest (thirty-second) in
 

the announcer category with 581 announcers. The 1980 concentration ratio of Arkansas artists was second lowest in the
 

nation at .56 of the U.S. average.
 

California
 

California led the nation in 1980 in all
 

the artist occupations with the exception
 

of dancers. There were 176,321 artists
 

in California in 1980 (over 16 percent of
 

all artists in the U.S.), an increase of
 

63 percent from 1970. One-third of all
 

U.S. actors and directors and one-quarter
 

of all U.S. authors were in California in
 

1980, but designers (48,036) constituted
 

its largest artist occupational group.
 

The 1980 concentration ratio of California artists was 1.49 times the U.S. average. California tied with Hawaii for the
 

second highest ratio in the nation.
 

Colorado
 

Colorado doubled its artist population between 1970 and 1980. With nearly 18,000
 

artists in 1980, it ranked nineteenth in
 

the nation. In the occupational rankings
 

of states Colorado was highest (tenth) in
 

the author category with 882 authors.
 

Its largest 1980 artist occupational
 

groups were designers (4,683) followed by
 

painters, sculptors, craft artists, and
 

artist printmakers (2,805) and architects
 

(2,741). The 1980 concentration ratio of
 

Colorado artists was 1.20 times the U.S.
 

average. This was the fifth highest ratio in the nation.
 

Connecticut
 

Connecticut had a relatively small increase (28 percent) in its artist population between 1970 and 1980. It dropped
 

from fourteenth place in number of
 

artists to twenty-second place. There
 

were over 17,000 artists in Connecticut
 

in 1980. Designers (5,744) constituted
 

the largest artist occupational group followed by 2,835 painters, sculptors, craft
 

artists, and artist printmakers. In the
 

occupational rankings of states Connecti35
 
cut was eleventh in the author, category,
 

dropping from fifth place in 1970. The
 

1980 concentration ratio of Connecticut’s
 

artists was 1.07 times the U.S. average.
 

Delaware
 

Delaware had 2,288 artists in 1980, ranking forty-sixth in the nation. Its increase of artists (36 percent) was less
 

than the U.S. average. Designers (799)
 

constituted the largest artist occupational group. In the occupational rankings of
 

states Delaware was no higher than forty-


second for any artist occupation. The
 

1980 concentration ratio of Delaware
 

artists was .78 of the U.S. average.
 

District of Columbia
 

As the federalcity, the District of Columbia has more artists than many states,
 

taking thirty-fifth place when ranked with
 

them. Its artist population increased 29
 

percent between 1970 and 1980, well below
 

the U.S. average. In reference to the occupational rankings of states the District
 

would be highest in the author category
 

with 944 authors. (Colorado ranked tenth
 

with 822 authors.) The Washington metropolitan area, which includes its Maryland
 

and Virginia suburbs as well as the
 

federal city itself, had 24,979 artists in
 

1980 or almost four times the 6,247 artist
 

population of the federal city alone. More
 

information about the metropolitan area
 

appears in the following chapter.
 

Florida
 

Florida had the fifth greatest increase of
 

artists among the states: 94 percent between 1970 and 1980. In 1980 it ranked
 

fifth in the nation in total artists
 

(48,302), behind California, New York, Texas, and Illinois; this was up from ninth
 

position in 1970. While its 14,102 designers constituted Florida’s largest artist
 

occupational group, the importance of
 

entertainment and tourism were reflected
 

in relatively large numbers of dancers
 

(818) and musician/composers (7,713). In
 

the occupational rankings of states Florida was third in the dancer category,
 

fourth in the announcer and musician/composer categories, and between fifth and
 

tenth in all other artist occupations.
 

The 1980 concentration ratio of Florida
 

artists was 1.10 times the U.S. average.
 

Georgia
 

Georgia had over 20,000 artists in 1980,
 

moving to fifteenth place from twentieth
 

place in 1970. Its increase of 73 percent between 1970 and 1980 was well above
 

the U.S. average. In the occupational
 

rankings of states Georgia was eleventh in
 

36
 

the listing of announcers and thirteenth
 

in dancers and musicians/composers. The
 

1980 concentration ratio of Georgia
 

artists was .79 of the U.S. average.
 

Hawaii
 

Hawaii had an 84 percent increase in its
 

artist population between 1970 and 1980,
 

moving from thirty-fourth to thirty-second position. Most Hawaiian artists live
 

in Honolulu. While its 1,236 designers
 

constitute the largest artist occupational group, Hawaii is unusual in having almost equally large numbers of musicians/
 

composers (1,097) and painters... (I,i01).
 

In the occupational rankings of states
 

Hawaii was highest (seventh) in the
 

dancer category with 441 dancers. In
 

its 1980 concentration ratio of artists,
 

which is 1.49 times the U.S. average,
 

Hawaii tied with California for second
 

national position.
 

Idaho
 

Idaho had an increase of 74 percent in
 

its artist population from 1970 to 1980.
 

With 3,207 artists, it was forty-third in
 

the nation, up slightly from its forty-


fourth position in 1970. Idaho’s artists
 

are dispersed throughout the state and
 

less than one-third of them live in or
 

near Boise, its one large metropolitan
 

area. In the occupational rankings of
 

states Idaho was highest (thirty-fifth)
 

in the teacher category, followed by architects (thirty-sixth). The 1980 concentration ratio of Idaho artists was .74 of
 

the U.S. average.
 

Illinois
 

Illinois’ 23 percent increase in artists
 

was one of the smallest in the nation between 1970 and 1980. Despite this, Illinois continued to have large numbers of


artists (50,467) in each occupation with
 

nearly 75 percent of them concentrated in
 

Chicago and designers (17,255) far outnumbering the other artist occupational
 

groups. In the occupational rankings of
 

states it was third in the author category and fourth in the categories of
 

actors/directors, architects, designers,
 

painters..., photographers, and teachers.
 

The 1980 concentration ratio of Illinois
 

artists was .89 of the U.S. average, a
 

decrease from its 1970 concentration
 

ratio at .97.
 

Indiana
 

Indiana had 17,439 artists in the state
 

in 1980. Its 35 percent increase in
 

artists from 1970 was below the national
 

average. Designers (6,287) constituted
 

its largest artist occupational group and
 
were nearly three times &s numerous as the
 

next largest group, musiclans/composers
 

(2,234). In the occupational rankings of
 

states, Indiana was twelfth in the dancer
 

and teacher categories. The 1980 concentration ratio of Indiana artists was .65
 

of the U.S. average.
 

Iowa
 

Iowa had 9,395 artists in 1980. Its increase from 1970 was 36 percent, which is
 

below the national average. In the occupational rankings of states Iowa was nineteenth in the teacher category. The 1980
 

concentration ratio of Iowa artists was
 

.66 of the U.S. average.
 

Kansas
 

Kansas had 9,377 artists in 1980. Its increase of 33 percent over 1970 was below
 

the national average. In the occupational rankings of states Kansas was highest
 

in the listing of teachers (twenty-second)
 

and architects (twenty-sixth). The 1980
 

concentration ratio of Kansas artists was
 

.80 of the U.S. average.
 

Kentucky
 

Kentucky’s artist population increased to
 

10,446 by 1980, representing a 52 percent
 

increase from 1970. This was above the
 

national average. In the occupational
 

rankings of states Kentucky was highest
 

(eighteenth) in the dancer category with
 

189 dancers. The 1980 concentration ratio of Kentucky artists was .66 of the
 

U.S. average.
 

Louisiana
 

Louisiana had 12,825 artists in 1980, an
 

increase of 60 percent over 1970. Despite this, Louisiana fell from twenty-


third place in 1970 to twenty-fifth in
 

1980. In the occupational rankings of
 

states Louisiana’s highest place was seventeenth in the announcer category. The
 

1980 concentration ratio of Louisiana
 

artists was .71 of the U.S. average.
 

Maine
 

Maine’s artist population increased by 75
 

percent between 1970 and 1980. Its total
 

of 3,790 artists made it forty-first in
 

the nation. In the occupational rankings
 

of states Maine was highest (thirtieth) in
 

the author category with 253 authors. The
 

1980 concentration ratio of Maine artists
 

was .73 of the U.S. average.
 

1980, falling from eleventh place to thirteenth place. The state had a total of
 

20,990 artists in 1980. In the occupational rankings of states Maryland was
 

highest (eleventh) in the dancer category. The 1980 concentration ratio of
 

Maryland artists was .98 of the U.S. average.
 

Massachusetts
 

Massachusetts had 32,223 artists in 1980,
 

remaining the tenth state in the nation
 

for number of artists. Its increase of
 

37 percent between 1970 and 1980 was below the U.S. average. In the occupational rankings of states Massachusetts
 

was fourth in the author category with
 

1,525 authors. The 1980 concentration
 

ratio of Massachusetts artists was i. I0
 

times the U.S. average.
 

Michigan
 

Michigan had 36,888 artists in 1980, but
 

its 24 percent increase in artist population was one of the lowest in the nation.
 

Between 1970 and 1980 the state fell
 

from seventh to eighth national position.
 

In the occupational rankings of states
 

Michigan was sixth in the designer category with 14,786 designers. The 1980 concentration ratio of Michigan artists was
 

.84 of the U.S. average.
 

Minnesota
 

Minnesota had 19,512 artists in 1980.
 

Its increase between 1970 and 1980 (51
 

percent) was slightly above the U.S. average. It held sixteenth place in total
 

artists in both 1970 and 1980. In the
 

occupational rankings of states Minnesota
 

was thirteenth in the teacher category
 

and fourteenth in the musician/composer
 

and painter.., categories. The 1980 concentration ratio of Minnesota artists was
 

.94 of the U.S. average.
 

Mississippi
 

Mississippi’s artist population increased
 

by 61 percent between 1970 and 1980.
 

With 6,155 artists in 1980, the state was
 

in thirty-fifth place in the nation. In
 

the occupational rankings of states Mississippi was highest (twenty-ninth) in
 

the announcer category with 679 announcers. The 1980 concentration ratio of
 

Mississippi artists was .59 of the U.S.
 

average.
 

Missouri
 

Maryland Missouri increased its artist population 

Maryland had one of the lowest increases 

in artists (22 percent) between 1970 and 

by 34 percent between 1970 and 1980, but 

dropped from thirteenth to seventeenth position in the nation. The state had 

37 
18,951 artists in 1980. In the occupational ranKings of states it was highest
 

(thirteenth) in the photographer category
 

with 1,934 photographers. The 1980 concentration ratio of Missouri artists was
 

.81 of the U.S. average.
 

Montana
 

Montana had 2,966 artists in 1980. Its
 

60 percent growth since 1970 was above
 

the U.S. average. In the occupational
 

rankings of states Montana was highest
 

(thirty-eighth) in the announcer and
 

author categories with 291 and 157 respectively. The 1980 concentration ratio
 

of Montana artists was .80 of the U.S.
 

average.
 

Nebraska
 

Nebraska’s increase in artists was 39 percent between 1970 and 1980. It dropped
 

from a rank of thirty-second to thirty-


seventh with a total 1980 artist population of 5,666. In the occupational
 

rankings of states Nebraska was highest
 

(thirty-second) in the photographer category. The 1980 concentration ratio of
 

Nebraska artists was .73 of the U.S.
 

average.
 

Nevada
 

Nevada had the third greatest increase in
 

artist population (iii percent) between
 

1970 and 1980, moving from fortieth position to thirty-third with a total of 6,507
 

artists in 1980. In the occupational rankings of states it was fifth in the dancer
 

category with 568 dancers. The 1980 concentration ratio of Nevada artists was
 

1.48 times the U.S. average, the fourth
 

highest ratio in the nation.
 

New Hampshire
 

New Hampshire’s artist population increased 52 percent between 1970 and 1980.
 

A total of 3,751 artists put it in forty-


second position in 1980. In the occupational rankings of states New Hampshire
 

was highest (thirty-fourth) in the author
 

category with 209 authors. The 1980 concentration ratio of New Hampshire artists
 

was .79 of the U.S. average.
 

New Jersey
 

New Jersey’s 1980 artist population showed
 

a 27 percent increase over 1970 with a
 

total of 36,510 artists. Nevertheless,
 

the state fell from eighth national position in 1970 to ninth in 1980. In the occupational rankings of states New Jersey
 

was sixth in the listings of actors/
 

directors, authors, and dancers. The 1980
 

concentration ratio of New Jersey artists
 

38
 

was exactly the same as the U.S. average
 

(i.00).
 

New Mexico
 

New Mexico’s increase in artist population was 83 percent between 1970 and
 

1980, the ninth highest percentage
 

increase in the nation. The state moved
 

from thirty-sixth position to thirty-


fourth with a total of 6,505 artists in
 

1980. In the occupational rankings of
 

states New Mexico was twenty-fourth in
 

the author category. The 1980 concentration ratio of New Mexico artists was 1.14
 

times the U.S. average, the sixth highest
 

ratio in the nation.
 

New York
 

New York had 138,424 artists in 1980,
 

with the largest number in the designer
 

occupation--43,833 people. Its increase
 

during the 1970-80 decade was 28 percent,
 

well below the U.S. average for artists.
 

In the occupational rankings of states
 

New York was first in the dancer category; it was second to California in all
 

other artist occupations, excepting the
 

announcer category in which it was below
 

both Texas and California. The 1980 concentration ratio of New York artists was
 

the highest in the nation, 1.66 times the
 

U.S. average.
 

North Carolina
 

North Carolina had 20,561 artists in
 

1980. Its increase between 1970 and 1980
 

(63 percent) was well above the U.S. average, moving it from eighteenth to fourteenth in national ranking. In the occupational rankings of states North Carolina
 

was highest (ninth) in the announcer and
 

teacher categories. The 1980 concentration ratio of North Carolina artists was
 

.72 of the U.S. average.
 

North Dakota
 

North Dakota had 1,972 artists in 1980
 

with an increase of 71 percent over 1970,
 

being well above the U.S. average. In
 

spite of this substantial increase, the
 

state fell from forty-eighth to forty-


ninth in national ranking. In the occupational rankings of states North Dakota
 

was highest (thirty-seventh) in the
 

announcer category with 334 announcers.
 

The 1980 concentration ratio of North
 

Dakota artists was .66 of the U.S.
 

average.
 

Ohio
 

Ohio had nearly 40,000 artists and held
 

seventh position in the nation in 1980,
 

dropping from sixth place in 1970. Its
 
23 percent increase of artists between national position with a total of 9,526
 

1970 and 1980 was one of the lowest per-
 artists. In the occupational rankings of
 

centage changes. In the occupational states South Carolina was twenty-third in
 

rankings of states Ohio was fifth in the
 the author category with 338 authors.
 

nation in the photographer and announcer The 1980 concentration ratio of South Car-


categories, having 4,211 photographers and olina artists was .65 of the U.S. aver1,843 announcers in 1980. The 1980 concen- age.
 

tration ratio of Ohio artists was .77 of
 

the U.S. average. South Dakota
 

Oklahoma
 

Oklahoma’s artist population increased by
 

50 percent between 1970 and 1980. It remained in the twenty-eighth position in
 

the nation with its 1980 total of 10,308
 

artists. In the occupational rankings of
 

states Oklahoma was highest (twentyfifth) in the announcer category. The
 

1980 concentration ratio of Oklahoma
 

artists was .74 of the U.S. average.
 

10re___e~
 

In 1980, Oregon had a total of 13,157
 

artists, reflecting an 89 percent increase
 

in its artist population since 1970. That
 

percentage increase was seventh highest in
 

the nation, moving Oregon from twenty-sixth
 

to twenty-fourth national position. In
 

the occupational rankings of states Oregon
 

was highest (twentieth) in the author category with 566 authors in 1980. The 1980
 

concentration ratio of Oregon artists was
 

1.02 times the U.S. average.
 

Pennsylvania
 

Like most other northeastern states, Pennsylvania had a relatively modest increase
 

in its artist population (23 percent) between 1970 and 1980 and fell from fourth
 

national position in 1970 to sixth in 1980
 

with a total artist population of 43,363.
 

In the occupational rankings of states it
 

was fifth in the designer, musician/composer, painter .... and teacher categories.
 

The 1980 concentration ratio of Pennsylvania artists was .78 of the U.S.
 

average.
 

Rhode Island
 

Rhode Island’s artist population increased by 45 percent between 1970 and
 

1980. With 4,527 artists it took fortieth position in the nation in 1980. In
 

the occupational rankings of states Rhode
 

Island was highest in the designer category with 1,841 designers. The 1980 concentration ratio of Rhode Island artists
 

was .95 of the U.S. average.
 

South Carolina
 

South Carolina’s increase in artists was
 

83 percent between 1970 and 1980, moving
 

it from thirty-first to twenty-ninth
 

South Dakota had 1,974 artists in 1980,
 

taking forty-eighth position in the nation.
 

It had relatively little increase (38 percent) in its artist population between
 

1970 and 1980. In the occupational rankings of states South Dakota was highest
 

(thirty-seventh) in the teacher category.
 

The 1980 concentration ratio of South
 

Dakota artists was .61 of the U.S.
 

average.
 

Tennessee
 

Tennessee had 17,714 artists in 1980.
 

Its growth between 1970 and 1980 was 67
 

percent, moving it from twenty-first to
 

twentieth national position. In the occupational rankings of states Tennessee was
 

highest (twelfth) in the announcer category with 1,174 announcers. The 1980 concentration ratio of Tennessee artists was
 

.82 of the U.S. average.
 

Texas
 

Texas held third place in the nation in
 

number of artists (61,802) in 1980. Its
 

artist population increased by 77 percent
 

between 1970 and 1980. In the occupational rankings of states Texas was fifth in
 

1970 and moved past Illinois and Pennsylvania to the third spot in 1980. Texas
 

is second in the nation in the announcer
 

category and ranks among the top five
 

states in all other artist occupations.
 

The 1980 concentration ratio of Texas
 

artists was .90 of the U.S. average.
 

Utah
 

Utah had 5,858 artists in 1980, an increase of 60 percent over 1970. It held
 

thirty-sixth position in the nation for
 

number of artists, down from thirty-fifth
 

place in 1970. In the occupational rankings of states Utah was twenty-ninth in
 

the dancer category. The 1980 concentration ratio of Utah artists was .91 of the
 

U.S. average.
 

Vermont
 

Vermont’s increase in artists was 48 percent (the same as the national average)
 

between 1970 and 1980. With 2,366
 

artists it was in forty-fifth position
 

nationally in 1980. In the occupational
 

rankings of states Vermont was highest in
 

39
 
 

the painters.., category with 500 in 1980, states Wyoming was highest (thirty­ an increase from 215 in 1970. The 1980 eighth) in the teacher category with 175
 concentration ratio of Vermont artists
 teachers in higher education. The 1980
 was .94 of the U.S. average.
 concentration ratio of Wyoming artists
 

was .68 of the U.S. average.
 Virginia
 

Virginia had 24,775 artists in 1980. Between 1970 and 1980 its artist population
 

increased by 62 percent, which is above
 

the U.S. average, and its national position moved from twelfth to eleventh place.
 

In the occupational rankings of states
 

Virginia was highest (eighth) in the
 

author category with 1,320 authors, and
 

moved from twelfth to ninth place in the
 

actor/~irector category. The 1980 concentration ratio of Virginia artists was .96
 

of the U.S. average.
 

Washington
 

Washington had 22,974 artists in 1980, a
 

large increase (83 percent) in its artist
 

population since 1970 moving it from nineteenth to twelfth national position. In
 

the occupational rankings of states Washington was tenth in the architect category. Its 3,148 architects are more than
 

double the number it had in 1970. The
 

1980 concentration ratio of Washington
 

artists was 1.14 times the U.S. average,
 

sixth in the nation.
 

West Virginia
 

West Virginia’s artist population increased moderately (37 percent) between
 

1970 and 1980. With 4,223 artists in the
 

state, it held fortieth position in the
 

country. In the occupational rankings of
 

states West Virginia was thirty-fifth in
 

the announcer category with 433 announcers. The 1980 concentration ratio of
 

West Virginia artists was .54 of the U.S.
 

average.
 

Wisconsin
 

Wisconsin had 18,429 artists in 1980, dropping from fifteenth national position in
 

1970 to eighteenth in 1980. Its increase
 

(38 percent) was below the U.S. average
 

for artists. In the occupational rankings
 

of states Wisconsin was eleventh in the
 

teacher category with 767 teachers in
 

higher education. The 1980 concentration
 

ratio of Wisconsin artists was .78 of the
 

U.S. average.
 

Wyoming
 

Wyoming, with the smallest number of
 

artists of any state, had one of the highest increases (90 percent) between 1970


and 1980. The number of Wyoming artists
 

increasea £rom 844 in 1970 to 1,602 by
 

1980. In the occupational rankings of
 

4O
 
ARTISTS IN CITIES
 

Artists tend to be highly urbanized; 86
 

percent of the artists counted in the 1980
 

Census lived in urban locations. The urban proportion varied only moderately
 

among the eleven artist occupations.
 

Dancers were the most urbanized, with 96
 

percent living in urban areas. Actors/
 

directors (92 percent) and musicians/composers (89 percent) were the second and
 

third most urbanized. The concentration
 

of performing artists in urban areas (86
 

percent) contrasted markedly with that
 

for the U.S. population as a whole (75
 

percent).
 

For the 1980 Census, an "urban area" was
 

an incorporated or unincorporated community of 2,500 or more people. However,
 

the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
 

(SMSA) is more useful than the urban area
 

as a concept because the SMSA conforms to
 

the general sense in which cities are
 

thought of as metropolitan areas. SMSAs
 

are bounded regions defined by the U.S.
 

Office of Management and Budget and determined by both population size and relation
 

to adjoining counties.
 

In the 1980 Census there were 318 SMSAs.
 

The sixty largest of these had 704,472
 

artists or 65 percent of all artists. The
 

uppermost twenty provided homes for over
 

45 percent of U.S. artists and the top
 

two, New York City and Los Angeles, had
 

102,954 and 77,678 artists respectively-­

or together nearly 17 percent of the total
 

U.S. artist population. The number of
 

artists in New York City and Los Angeles
 

was also very substantial in relation to
 

their civilian labor force. They were the
 

only large metropolitan areas in the 1980
 

Census with more than 2 percent of workers
 

in artist occupations; artists comprised
 

2.45 percent of the New York City labor
 

force and 2.10 percent of the Los Angeles
 

labor force. The national proportion of
 

artists in .the total labor force was 1.04
 

percent in 1980.
 

Three smaller SMSAs had artists comprising
 

more than 2 percent of their labor force
 

in 1980--Norwalk and Stamford, both in Connecticut, and Santa Cruz, California.
 

Among the sixty largest SMSAs, those with
 

the highest percentage of artists after
 

New York and Los Angeles were Las Vegas
 

(1.82), San Francisco (1.75), Honolulu
 

(1.65), Austin (1.63), Seattle/Everett
 

(1.59), Washington (1.56), and Boston and
 

Tucson (both 1.49).
 

The New York City SMSA had the largest artist population and was the area of residence of about one of ten U.S. artists in
 

1980. Designers constituted its largest
 

occupational group with 31,653 members.
 

This was nearly double the second largest
 

group of painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist printmakers with 15,640
 

members. The 1980 New York City SMSA did
 

not include Nassau and Suffolk counties as
 

it had in 1970. The latter two counties
 

comprise their own SMSA in the 1980 Census.
 

Together, the New York City SMSA and the
 

Nassau/Suffolk SMSA had nearly 120,000 artists in 1980, dominating the New York State
 

artist population with over 86 percent of
 

the state total. In addition to New York
 

City, two other New York State SMSAs exceeded the national average (1.04 percent)
 

of artists in the total labor force; they
 

were Nassau/Suffolk and Poughkeepsie with
 

1.35 and 1.06 percent, respectively.
 

The Los Angeles SMSA had the second
 

largest artist population in 1980.
 

Designers constituted the largest artist
 

Table 3 Urban and rural location of artists 1980 

41 
occupational group with 18,564 members.
 

The second largest was the actor/director
 

group with 16,081 members, reflecting the
 

importance of the media production in Los
 

Angeles artist employment. Unlike New
 

York City, Los Angeles did not dominate
 

its entire state in number of artists.
 

(Only 44 percent of California artists reside in the Los Angeles SMSA.) The state
 

of California had eleven other SMSAs with
 

artists exceeding the 1.04 percent national average proportion of artists in the
 

civilian labor force: Anaheim/Santa Ana/
 

Garden Grove (1.45 percent), Chico (i.i0
 

percent), Oxnard/Simi Valley/ Ventura
 

(1.24 percent), Sacramento (1.14 percent), Salinas/Seaside/Monterey (1.26 percent), San Diego (1.47 percent), San Francisco/Oakland (1.75 percent), San Jose
 

(1.22 percent), Santa Barbara/Santa Maria
 

(1.56 percent), Santa Cruz (2.04 percent), and Santa Rosa (1.34 percent).
 

The Chicago SMSA had the third largest
 

artist population in 1980. However, its
 

37,536 artists were less than half as numerous as Los Angeles artists. Designers
 

constituted the largest Chicago group
 

with 12,945 members--more than one-third
 

of the total artist population. Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist
 

printmakers formed the second largest
 

group with 5,903 members, and architects
 

were close behind with 4,646 members.
 

The greatest proportion of artists to the
 

total labor force in Illinois cities was
 

1.53 percent in the Champaign/Urbana/
 

Rantoul SMSA versus the 1.08 percent of
 

Chicago.
 

The San Francisco/Oakland SMSA had the
 

fourth largest artist population (29,570
 

artists) in 1980. With 1.75 percent
 

artists in its total labor force, however, it ranked below Santa Cruz (2.04
 

percent) as well as Los Angeles (2.10 percent) in proportionate representation of
 

artists in California cities. Designers
 

(8,268) constituted the largest San Francisco/Oakland artist occupational group
 

followed by painters, sculptors, craft
 

artists, and artist printmakers with 4,516
 

members and architects with 4,383 members.
 

The Washington SMSA comprising the District of Columbia and surrounding counties
 

in Maryland and virginia had the fifth
 

largest artist population in 1980. The
 

District of Columbia had only about one-


quarter of the artists in the SMSA, but
 

its proportion of artists to total labor
 

force was greater than that of the SMSA
 

(1.95 percent compared with 1.56 percent).
 

The proportion of artists in each of the
 

occupations living in the District of
 

Columbia compared to the whole metropolitan area varied substantially. Designers
 

constituted the largest SMSA occupational
 

group (5,613), with about one-fifth of
 

them living in the District of Columbia.
 

Second most numerous were the painters,
 

sculptors, craft artists, and artist print-


makers with 4,307 in the SMSA; about one-


fifth of these also lived in the District
 

of Columbia. Authors, dancers, and
 

teachers in higher education were the
 

three artist occupations in which the proportions in the District of Columbia were
 

greatest. More than one-third of those in
 

these three occupations lived in the District of Columbia but nearly two-thirds
 

lived elsewhere in the SMSA.
 

The Philadelphia SMSA ranked sixth in
 

number of artists with 22,834 in 1980. In
 

the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia was the city with the second highest
 

concentration of artists in the civilian labor force (1.06 percent). The greatest concentration was in State College
 

(1.30 percent), but the total population
 

was small and only 652 artists lived there
 

in 1980. Pittsburgh had about one-third
 

as many artists as Philadelphia. The difference between these two large cities was
 

more marked in connection with specific
 

artist occupational groups. In five of
 

these--architects; teachers in higher
 

education; authors; painters, sculptors,
 

craft artists, and artist printmakers; and
 

dancers--there were more than three times
 

as many artists living in Philadelphia
 

as in Pittsburgh.
 

The Boston SMSA ranked seventh in the
 

U.S. in number of artists with 20,839 or
 

slightly more than two-thirds of the
 

artists in the whole of Massachusetts. It
 

was the only city in Massachusetts with a
 

concentration of artists in its civilian
 

labor force greater than the national
 

average. Designers were the most numerous
 

Boston artist occupational group (6,227)
 

followed at a distance by architects
 

(2,860); painters, sculptors, craft
 

artists, and artist printmakers (2,834),
 

and musicians/composers (2,804).
 

The Detroit SMSA ranked eighth in the
 

U.S. in number of artists with 19,942.
 

The proportion of artists in its civilian labor force (.99 percent) was below
 

the national average and far below that
 

of the nearby city of Ann Arbor, which
 

had 1.59 percent artists in its civilian
 

labor force. The 8,918 designers in Detroit comprised by far the most numerous
 

artist occupational group. Second were
 

the painters, sculptors, craft artists,
 

and artist printmakers with 2,610, while
 

musicians/composers with 2,316 were third.
 

The Dallas/Fort Worth SMSA ranked ninth
 

in 1980 number of artists with 18,618.
 

The proportion of artists in its civilian labor force was 1.21 percent. Among
 

42
 
other Texas SMSAs, Austin had a far greater
 

concentration of artists--l.63 percent-­

in its smaller civilian labor force and
 

Houston and San Antonio also had concentrations of artists that exceeded the national
 

average. The leading artist occupational
 

group in Dallas/Fort Worth in number of
 

members was that of the designers (6,027)
 

followed by painters, sculptors, craft
 

artists, and artist printmakers with 2,721,
 

musicians/composers with 2,428, and architects with 2,309.
 

Nassau and Suffolk counties in the state
 

of New York comprised a new SMSA in 1980
 

(they were formerly part of the New
 

York City SMSA). Its 16,561 artists constituted 1.35 percent of its civilian
 

labor force and made it the tenth largest
 

SMSA in the nation in terms of artists.
 

Designers were the most numerous artist
 

occupational group with 6,243. Painters,
 

sculptors, craft artists, and artist print-


makers were second (and substantially more
 

numerous than any of the remaining artist
 

occupations) with 3,033. The designer and
 

painter.., groups comprised well over half
 

of the artist population in the Nassau/
 

Suffolk SMSA.
 

Among the SMSAs smaller than the top sixty,
 

the greatest proportion of artists in the
 

civilian labor force was found in Norwalk
 

(2.52 percent), Stamford (2.09 percent),
 

Santa Cruz (2.04 percent), Bloomington
 

(1.93 percent), Lawrence (1.60 percent),
 

Ann Arbor (1.59 percent), Santa Barbara/
 

Santa Marie (1.56 percent), Anchorage (1.48
 

percent), and Albuquerque (1.46 percent).
 

The Bellingham, Danbury, Madison, and Reno
 

SMSAs all had artist populations that constituted 1.45 percent of their labor force.
 

Norwalk had the greatest proportion of
 

artists in its civilian labor force of all
 

U.S. SMSAs in 1980--exceeding the New York
 

City SMSA’s 2.45 percent. A large part of
 

the Norwalk resident artist population
 

may indeed be employed in New York City,
 

but this cannot be determined from Census
 

data.
 

43 
APPENDIX
 

Artist population of states and major
 

cities 1980
 

The table that follows shows the number of
 

artists living in each of the fifty states,
 

the District of Columbia, and the 318
 

Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas
 

(SMSAs) recognized in the 1980 Census.
 

Numbers are provided for all eleven artist
 

occupations. The 1970 Census estimates of
 

the total number of artists in each state
 

are also shown in the table.
 

Some SMSAs encompass counties in several
 

states. The figures for these SMSAs are
 

repeated in the table under each of the
 

relevant states. It should be noted that
 

the artist population in each state is different from the sum of the SMSAs in the
 

state: some artists live in rural areas,
 

towns, and cities that are not part of the
 

SMSAs and the SMSA figures will include
 

artists from more than one state when SMSA
 

boundaries cross state lines. Numbers too
 

small to be meaningful (fewer than ten
 

artists) are represented in the table by
 

an asterisk (*).
 

45 
Appendix 

State, SMSA
 

A la bama
 

Anniston
 

Birmingham
 

Columbus (AL, GA)
 

Florence
 

Gadsden
 

Mobile
 

Montgomery
 

T~iscaloosa
 

Alaska
 

Anchorage
 

Phoenix
 

Tucson
 

A:~kansas
 

Fayetteville-


Springdale
 

Fort Smith (AR, OK)
 

Little Rock-North
 

Little Rock
 

Memphis (AR, MS, TN)
 

Pine Bluff
 

Texarkana
 

California
 

A~aheim-Santa Ana-


Garden Grove
 

Bakersfield
 

Chico
 

Fresno
 

Los Angeles-


Long Beach
 

Modesto
 

Oxnard-Simi Valley-


Ventura
 

Redding
 

Riverside-San
 

Bernardino-Ontario
 

Sacramento
 

Salinas-Seaside-


Monterey
 

46
 
 

Artist population of states and major cities 

Teachers 

A~Chi tect~ (higher ed) Authors 

Musicians! Actors/

Designers composers directors Painters... 

Photographers Dancers 

Artists 

Announcers n.e.c. 

1,145 389 117 4,256 1,468 290 1,213 1,120 74 1,174 533 

391 91 27 1,224 501 104 357 429 * 180 138 

21 18 * 160 75 45 74 96 17 36 48 

I~ 16 * 106 43 * 43 32 * 50 ii 

39 * * 71 33 * * 19 * 25 * 

128 38 * 421 136 39 232 134 48 129 52 

199 21 27 534 144 31 237 115 * 145 68 

175 18 18 427 108 32 122 I01 * iii 53 

17 34 17 136 83 26 16 71 * 41 25 

335 70 121 363 213 149 366 200 63 205 63 

222 34 71 242 89 97 173 131 53 92 48 

1,786 346 498 3,756 1,747 609 2,284 1,184 218 666 929 

1,252 139 242 2,625 1,076 313 1,317 740 152 337 584 

404 96 150 772 432 270 554 336 57 186 255 

482 170 88 1,855 728 238 478 581 58 581 209 

71 36 23 160 97 22 42 60 * 58 * 

20 20 * 170 70 23 79 71 * 42 17 

244 19 I0 476 174 126 120 245 23 126 72 

449 110 66 1,I13 797 70 530 377 56 243 186 

iv,652 3,219 11,272 48,036 22,919 20,751 24,657 13,060 2,279 3,986 8,490 

~,704 264 650 5,611 1,394 543 2,369 989 107 233 840 

146 18 33 211 148 69 180 125 * 90 133 

60 38 52 159 114 33 85 57 * 24 29 

189 71 58 544 257 ii0 272 283 * 112 64 

5,192 968 5,569 18,564 10,961 16,081 9,032 5,505 1,010 1,056 3,830 

50 ~i * 218 103 76 85 35 * 43 36 

460 58 166 832 318 313 466 223 15 96 134 

28 * * 104 55 20 30 47 * 60 48 

466 140 289 1,587 857 126 940 268 51 204 245 

817 171 278 1,376 693 162 783 517 79 269 323 

243 23 75 417 165 63 277 163 86 54 

47
 
Appendix (continued) 

State, SMSA
 

San Diego
 

San Francisco-Oakland
 

San Jose
 

Santa Barbara-


Santa Maria
 

Santa Cruz
 

Santa Rosa
 

Stockton
 

Val]ejo-Fairfield-


Napa
 

Visalia-Tulare-


Perterville
 

Yuba City
 

Colerado
 

Colorado Springs
 

Denver-Boulder
 

Fort Collins
 

Greeley
 

Pueblo
 

Connecticut
 

Bridgeport
 

Bristol
 

Danbury
 

Hartford
 

Meriden
 

New Britain
 

New Haven-West Haven
 

New London-Norwich
 

(CT, RI)
 

Norwalk
 

Springfield-Chicopee-


Holyoke (CT, MA)
 

Stamford
 

Waterbury
 

Delaware
 

Wilmington
 

(DE, MD, NJ)
 

District of Columbia
 

Washington (DC, MD, VA)
 

48
 
 

Artist population of states and major cities 

Teachers 

Architects (higher ed) Authors Musicians/ Actors/ PhotoDesigners composers directors Painters... graphers Dancers Announcers 

Artists 

n.e.c. 

[,561 214 766 3,445 1,588 611 1,778 906 293 287 520 

4,383 572 2,029 8,268 3,419 1,756 4,516 2,249 454 659 1,265 

773 191 454 3,209 891 269 1,511 622 95 171 275 

282 64 173 588 299 156 286 150 59 91 131 

134 i08 145 471 345 53 337 176 * 25 80 

284 42 143 457 289 37 399 102 37 49 34 

153 32 28 309 125 30 ll8 94 * 54 62 

126 49 61 276 171 35 148 122 * 23 70 

65 14 15 190 112 34 123 40 41 21 

59 26 120 40 * 49 19 

2,741 544 882 4,683 2,014 688 2,805 1,556 196 874 947 

187 117 126 406 237 66 306 226 18 129 68 

1,865 246 533 3,243 1,289 513 1,953 922 163 384 638 

124 41 33 296 141 16 144 70 * 36 51 

34 46 ii 106 68 12 29 56 * 54 28 

48 18 Ii 77 18 27 30 57 15 80 14 

1,827 493 873 5,744 1,740 832 2,835 1,488 165 485 729 

209 14 39 646 216 63 333 184 * 25 90 

91 30 19 36 15 I0 25 * 

75 12 86 346 101 34 218 131 * * 41 

399 i14 69 1,177 382 157 491 309 78 146 163 

29 * * 205 48 * 61 55 * 26 24 

351 124 126 557 318 78 433 276 30 118 74 

66 34 35 540 99 30 191 78 * 29 27 

134 * 189 625 113 124 329 104 * 17 79 103 137 97 643 250 83 328 250 13 i12 120 

310 17 180 690 214 189 312 116 * 24 78 

256 57 31 53 90 13 28 47 

192 70 74 799 237 85 323 223 30 84 171 

171 74 71 739 226 76 326 230 25 34 92 

974 140 944 1,123 510 398 904 645 94 227 288 

3,414 406 2,351 5,613 2,349 1,510 4,307 2,515 269 1,039 1,206 

49
 
Appendix (continued) 

State, SMSA
 

Florida
 

Bradenton
 

Daytona Beach
 

Ft. Lauderdale-


Hollywood
 

Ft. Myers-Cape Coral
 

Ft. Walton Beach
 

Gainesville
 

Jacksonville
 

Lakeland-


Winter Haven
 

Melbourne-Titusville-


Cocoa
 

Miami
 

Ocala
 

Orlando
 

Panama City
 

Pensacola
 

Sarasota
 

Tallahassee
 

Tampa-St. Petersburg
 

West Palm Beach-


Boca Raton
 

Georgia
 

Albany
 

Athens
 

Atlanta
 

Augusta (GA, SC)
 

,Chattanooga (GA, TN)
 

Columbus (GA, AL)
 

Macon
 

Savannah
 

Hawaii
 

Honolulu
 

Idaho
 

Boise City
 

Illinois
 

Bloomington-Normal
 

Champaign-Urbana-


Rantoul
 

5O
 
Artist population of states and major cities 

Architects 

Teachers 

(higher ed) Authors Designers 

MusiCians/ 

composers 

Actors/ 

directors Painters... 

Photographers Dancers Announcers Artists 

n.e.c. 

5,302 815 1,352 14,102 7,713 2,103 5,926 4,098 818 2,293 3,780 

49 20 * 154 98 19 114 30 * * 80 

52 12 * 308 210 75 158 147 37 45 94 

566 55 202 2,054 919 222 607 464 i01 225 656 

65 Ii 25 341 142 26 i15 100 26 92 60 

36 13 * 95 100 20 81 48 25 * 18 

98 51 54 160 88 45 152 120 * 59 47 

394 74 49 788 503 154 342 255 47 149 134 

78 21 12 312 154 44 99 80 16 84 93 

151 12 67 318 222 89 153 112 12 70 43 

1,455 155 258 3,334 1,841 498 1,080 949 150 430 563 

22 * * 51 54 * 40 20 * 16 23 

508 77 79 1,053 744 220 623 429 171 210 545 

 ̄ * * 120 66 15 74 15 ii 25 25 

86 25 20 239 173 47 87 84 18 77 103 

123 47 69 404 194 57 234 113 * 50 144 

104 80 32 276 iii 87 125 103 * 99 27 

639 103 187 1,907 1,242 253 1,041 555 156 313 657 

507 * 150 1,080 454 178 359 270 19 113 170 

2,193 482 605 6,664 2,745 889 2,538 1,678 220 1,236 1,080 

* * * 140 13 * 12 33 * 35 30 

57 83 36 174 96 57 83 97 22 53 27 

1,604 84 441 3,769 1,568 570 1,676 970 130 379 614 

89 * * 259 178 37 119 144 10 76 81 

129 55 12 552 175 52 164 200 15 56 90 

21 18 * 160 75 45 74 96 17 36 48 

76 24 * 136 197 23 63 95 * 79 23 

102 20 40 324 120 50 96 30 14 99 28 

878 154 233 1,236 1,097 258 1,101 603 441 241 511 

765 122 182 1,082 854 202 869 554 385 207 396 

491 211 126 760 306 159 370 335 30 280 139 

239 42 29 226 114 6] 79 93 * 81 47 

5,583 1,448 1,701 17,255 5,514 2,271 7,382 4,929 399 1,817 2,168 

29 52 13 130 62 28 88 59 * 66 34 

95 188 35 269 152 84 137 149 * 92 64 

51 
Appendix (continued) 

State, SMSA
 

Chicago
 

Davenport-Rock
 

Island-Moline
 

Decatur
 

Kankakee
 

Peoria
 

Rockford
 

St, Louis (IL, MO)
 

Springfield
 

Indiana
 

Anderson
 

Bloomington
 

Cincinnati
 

(IN, KY, OH)
 

Elkhart
 

Evansville (IN, KY)
 

Fort Wayne
 

Gary-Hammond-
 East Chicago
 

Indianapolis
 

Kokomo
 

Lafayette-
 West Lafayette
 

Louisville (IN, KY)
 

Muncie
 

South Bend
 

Terre Haute
 

Iowa
 

Cedar Rapids
 

Davenport-Rock
 

Des Moines
 

Dubuque
 

Iowa City
 

Omaha (IA, NE)
 

Sioux City
 

Waterloo-Cedar Falls
 

Kansas
 

Kansas City (KS, MO)
 

Lawrence
 

Topeka
 

52
 
 

Artist population of states and major cities 

Teachers 

Architects (higher ed) Authors Musicians/ Actors/ PhotoDesigners composers directors Painters... graphers Dancers 

Artists 

Announcers n.e.c. 

4,646 674 1,438 12,945 3,763 1,839 5,903 3,495 348 916 1,569 

I19 39 34 477 120 76 134 129 22 66 45 

131 89 * 39 60 * 20 * 

77 28 * 16 16 * * 14 

204 84 36 474 185 58 252 215 * 80 94 

70 18 24 367 164 37 118 86 * 20 28 

1,288 224 301 3,009 1,361 322 1,717 1,060 22 359 372 

126 19 25 202 62 30 63 124 * 61 17 

1,313 717 333 6,287 2,234 645 2,212 1,596 288 1,101 713 

18 13 * 101 90 * 66 30 20 

48 195 56 159 169 88 69 46 * 34 48 

730 174 104 2,204 964 234 957 615 86 191 346 

12 21 22 40 

64 19 30 447 i03 46 144 i02 30 95 39 

14 657 165 70 237 78 29 87 31 

135 32 * 526 150 52 194 130 33 45 113 

453 119 71 1,680 625 171 669 525 85 214 149 

17 * * 99 * * 21 * 23 

23 27 18 172 95 38 61 46 13 32 21 

311 48 76 1,215 783 262 496 347 98 139 312 

17 i17 * 131 104 * 73 28 15 32 17 

104 32 41 405 191 49 146 136 13 102 36 

22 42 * 188 40 32 58 58 105 26 

796 522 236 2,995 i,I12 495 1,210 790 103 832 304 

~9 25 ll 274 88 44 96 64 * 82 16 

i19 39 34 477 120 76 134 129 22 66 45 

253 23 41 508 135 125 283 i15 52 I14 67 

48 24 84 31 33 23 25 * 35 

54 112 56 88 ll3 * 52 38 * 36 35 396 43 50 699 344 153 389 294 48 74 85 

113 63 53 48 33 * 43 * 

35 66 * 254 105 25 82 60 * 74 22 

1,169 479 252 2,763 904 367 1,280 975 38 706 444 

934 178 245 2,139 886 274 1,302 578 78 211 331 

56 68 25 147 72 21 53 86 15 * 

139 * * 188 74 33 124 117 55 41 

53 
Appendix (continued) 

State, SMSA
 

Wichita
 

Kentucky
 

Cincinnati
 

(KY, IN, OH)
 

Clarksville-


Hopkinsville (KY,
 

Evansville (KY, IN)
 

Huntington-Ashland
 

(KY, OH, WV)
 

Lexington-Fayette
 

Louisville (KY, IN)
 

Owensboro
 

Louisiana
 

Alexandria
 

Baton Rouge
 

Lafayette
 

Lake Charles
 

Monroe
 

New Orleans
 

Shreveport
 

Maine
 

Bangor
 

Lewiston-Auburn
 

Portland
 

Portsmouth-Dover-


Rochester (ME, NH)
 

Maryland
 

Baltimore
 

Cumberland
 

Hagerstown
 

Washington
 

(MD, DC, VA)
 

Wilmington (DE, MD,
 

NJ)
 

Massachusetts
 

Boston
 

Brockton
 

Fall River (MA,
 

Fitchburg-Ledminster
 

54
 
Artist population of states and major cities 

Architects 

Teachers 

(higher ed) Authors Designers 

Musicians/ 

composers 

Actors/ 

directors Painters... 

Photographers Dancers Announcers Artists 

265 ’94 34 508 171 98 311 261 12 148 78 

776 323 169 3,284 1,666 409 1,060 1,054 189 873 643 

730 174 104 2,204 964 234 957 615 86 191 346 

43 36 20 37 

64 19 30 447 103 46 144 102 30 95 39 

33 26 ii 306 95 63 38 66 18 58 21 

237 75 36 508 221 58 146 198 25 98 94 

311 48 76 1,215 783 262 496 347 98 139 312 

20 12 * 56 27 * * 42 42 11 

1,533 477 324 3,656 1,892 488 1,357 124 990 710 

71 * 23 98 94 * 24 41 * 15 20 

361 106 67 636 189 57 157 206 21 100 55 

i00 77 21 212 56 34 53 131 * 93 77 

48 12 * 118 43 20 * 43 * 88 50 

33 17 * 208 104 18 44 47 * 91 32 

681 106 145 1,278 799 223 768 471 65 220 300 

67 25 20 416 232 73 136 126 25 121 32 

354 127 253 944 548 148 583 379 19 279 156 

30 33 32 38 37 17 50 43 63 21 

~5 * * 49 22 II 12 17 19 23 

93 12 32 263 137 30 152 93 84 38 

57 16 23 247 125 20 75 59 31 46 

2,242 469 864 5,750 2,589 1,024 3,575 2,097 297 835 1,248 

1,042 242 302 2,861 1,289 455 1,637 957 141 336 490 

* 24 * 82 58 13 10 17 * 17 * 

19 * * 168 46 17 49 28 * * 13 

3,414 406 2,351 5,613 2,349 1,510 4,307 2,515 269 1,039 1,206 

171 74 71 739 226 76 326 230 25 34 92 

3.815 1,078 1,525 10,089 4,257 1,377 4,788 2,818 218 846 1,412 

2,.860 618 1,140 6,227 2,804 1,019 2,834 1,775 176 516 870 

14 * * 177 86 * 87 74 * * 19 

55 * * 123 85 12 51 50 * 22 19 

 ̄ 10 * 126 49 * 62 12 * * 29 

55 
Appendix (continued) 

State, SMSA
 

Lawrence-Haverhill
 

(MA, NH)
 

Lowell (MA, NH)
 

New Bedford
 

Pittsfield
 

Providence-Warwick-


Pawtucket
 

Springfield-Chicopee-


Holyoke (MA, CT)
 

Worcester
 

Michigan
 

Ann Arbor
 

Battle Creek
 

Bay City
 

Benton Harbor
 

Detroit
 

Flint
 

Grand Rapids
 

Jackson
 

Kala~a z oo- Portage
 

Lansing-East Lansing
 

Muskegon-Nor ton Shores-


Muskegon Heights
 

Saginaw
 

Toledo (MI, OH )
 

(MN, WI )
 

(MN, ND)
 

Grand Forks (MN, ND)
 

Roches ter
 

Moss Point
 

Missouri
 

56
 
 

 

Artist population of states and major cities 

Teachers 

Architects (higher ed) Authors Musicians/ Actors/ PhotoDesigners composers directors Painters... graphers Dancers 

Artists 

Announcers n.e.c. 

76 32 17 470 124 16 179 82 * 58 

316 133 22 122 74 * 21 42 

169 56 * 100 44 * 37 36 

88 35 * 58 31 * 29 15 

1,783 470 204 540 348 20 159 164 

103 137 97 643 250 83 328 250 13 112 120 

112 43 * 438 175 64 204 ll0 * 25 72 

3,170 878 757 14,786 4,640 1,217 4,699 3,384 153 1,661 1,543 

347 143 92 609 284 109 324 152 12 59 57 

I0 16 12 160 70 20 92 58 * 21 * 

24 * 79 5 ~ * 37 30 * 13 * 

19 34 36 261 73 * 65 38 * 34 19 

[.,7?2 208 298 8,918 2,316 554 2,610 1,749 113 534 870 

96 16 27 558 227 61 102 162 * 188 69 

255 76 53 969 432 121 427 314 * 103 ~01 

305 53 ii 42 31 * 44 43 

89 106 29 411 181 66 178 132 * 63 41 

186 125 66 691 313 107 221 156 * 175 i00 

37 * * 178 65 24 42 42 * 37 34 

257 77 12 53 72 * [3 23 

202 117 20 923 418 126 333 280 * 216 Iii 

],982 688 632 6,083 2,736 779 3,060 1,783 149 894 726 

173 180 55 125 103 * 181 * 

106 54 12 147 132 68 54 78 * 69 

87 53 * 30 32 * 46 22 

1,703 338 528 4,572 1,972 611 2,417 1,177 114 267 520 

30 * 13 177 29 12 17 64 * 34 29 

152 84 14 34 49 * 61 * 

470 255 82 2,069 899 208 570 540 82 679 301 

60 * 13 183 105 * 88 39 20 37 35 

183 78 19 440 221 100 158 166 30 125 73 

449 110 66 1,113 797 70 530 377 56 243 186 

138 34 * 40 27 * 20 22 

1,945 618 590 5,720 2,493 695 2,968 1,934 76 1,085 827 

57
 
Appendix (continued) 

58
 

State, SMSA
 

Columbia
 

Joplin
 

Kansas City (MO, KS )
 

St. Joseph
 

St. Louis (MO, IL)
 

Springfield
 

Montana
 

Bi~Llings
 

Great Falls
 

Nebraska
 

Lincoln
 

Omaha (NE, IA)
 

Sioux City (NE, IA)
 

Nevada
 

Las Vegas
 

Reno
 

New Hampshire
 

Lawrence-Haverhill
 

(NH, MA)
 

Lowell (NH, MA)
 

Manchester
 

Nashua
 

Portsmouth-Dover-


Rochester (NH, ME)
 

New Jersey
 

Allentown-Bethlehem-


Easton (NJ, PA)
 

Atlantic City
 

Jersey City
 

Long Branch-Asbury
 

Park
 

New Brunswick-Perth
 

Amboy-Sayreville
 

New York (NJ, NY)
 

Newark
 

Patterson-Clifton-


Passaic
 

Philadelphia
 

(NJ, PA)
 

Trenton
 
 

 

Artist population of states and major cities 

Teachers 

Architects (higher ed) Authors 

Musicians/ Actors! PhotoDesigners composers directors Painters... graphers Dance~s Artists Announcers n.e.c. 

39 54 * 129 89 41 26 69 * 56 28 

17 18 15 130 75 I0 48 30 * 39 Ii 

934 178 245 2,139 886 274 1,302 578 78 211 331 

18 * 16 102 39 * 42 75 * 14 22 

~,288 224 301 3,009 1,361 322 1,717 1,060 22 359 372 

I00 80 21 327 161 64 160 98 * 122 66 

373 ii0 157 565 330 162 534 307 33 291 104 

106 12 * 126 61 30 87 67 

64 * 

597 192 117 1,643 768 281 737 675 43 433 180 

162 69 27 369 200 98 177 122 * 

396 43 50 699 344 153 389 294 48 74 85 

13 12 13 113 63 53 48 33 * 43 * 

390 93 255 1,143 1,750 301 502 573 568 259 673 

185 24 137 703 1,286 254 285 404 484 155 456 

149 57 69 308 356 47 193 112 78 65 211 

265 119 209 1,357 426 50 687 230 * 180 228 

76 32 17 470 124 16 179 82 *  ̄ 58 

30 12 * 316 133 22 122 74 21 42 

38 35 17 221 74 * 99 64 36 32 

28 13 17 262 35 * 62 14 22 20 

57 16 23 247 125 20 75 59 31 46 

3,057 621 1,370 13,728 4,481 1,785 5,602 3,134 459 625 1,648 

157 57 80 996 256 74 265 205 * 96 88 

89 14 * 220 244 30 108 64 14 ii 54 

I00 25 70 764 191 233 293 194 34 20 78 

177 38 86 943 311 84 403 232 15 45 222 

255 56 91 1,061 324 91 385 189 83 52 108 

6,109 1,168 8,084 31,653 12,340 13,824 15,640 7,342 2,439 1,070 3,285 

774 161 412 4,043 i,iii 471 1,466 751 120 129 396 

138 * 57 697 247 133 433 243 15 23 61 

~,481 602 839 7,844 2,771 729 3,749 1,958 304 585 972 

321 119 127 496 244 47 309 131 12 26 62 

59 
Appendix (continued) 

State, SMSA
 

Vineland-Millville-


Bridgeton
 

Wilmington
 

(NJ, DE, MD)
 

New Mexico
 

Albuquerque
 

Las Cruces
 

New York
 

Troy
 

Binghamton (NY, PA)
 

~ u f f a 1 o
 

Glens Falls
 

Poughkeepsie
 

Rochester
 

S y ......
 

Utica-Rome
 

North Carolina
 

...............................................

Charlotte-Gastonia
 

Fa yett e v ill e
 

Salem-High Point
 

Jack ....ille
 

N off o l k- Virginia
 

Beach-Portsmouth
 

(NC, VA)
 

Raleigh-Durham
 

Bi .....k
 

Pargo-Moorehead


(ND, MN)
 

Grand Forks (ND, MN)
 

60
 
Artist population of states and major cities 

Architects 

Teachers 

(higher ed) Authors Designers 

Musicians/ 

composers 

Actors/

directors Painters... 

Photographers Dancers Announcers Artists 

* * * 126 19 54 4O 11 2O 

171 74 71 739 226 76 326 230 25 34 92 

683 239 335 1,422 693 255 1,514 554 27 392 391 

379 115 152 755 354 126 555 244 205 163 

42 30 25 52 99 20 61 28 17 157 

8,691 2,195 9,361 43,833 16,836 15,180 21,274 10,539 2,600 2,690 5,225 

590 70 124 1,114 463 200 408 355 146 162 

37 32 33 549 205 50 172 149 46 38 

296 145 42 1,251 729 143 591 316 57 290 272 

23 * * 123 27 18 43 38 13 

ii 16 16 84 36 * 28 43 25 23 

1,286 142 694 6,243 1,664 686 3,033 1,526 62 328 897 

£,i09 1,168 8,084 31,653 12,340 13,824 15,640 7,342 2,439 1,070 3,285 

56 19 68 323 135 46 146 ill 34 71 

64 24 i01 457 123 37 229 67 26 59 

276 179 123 1,821 638 194 633 474 24 105 206 

276 157 56 919 360 135 356 257 16 2O5 108 

73 24 17 354 139 29 127 74 i0 75 34 

],909 834 513 7,472 2,652 712 1,987 1,928 185 1,551 818 

91 35 45 177 153 * 76 83 * 28 33 

 ̄ 12 14 122 61 * 66 49 * 32 37 

530 91 70 1,475 457 138 342 447 ii 154 89 

42 15 * 148 144 21 50 52 35 57 48 

245 181 72 1,493 540 211 368 425 62 256 184 

63 19 12 213 56 * * 30 * 58 * 

404 47 51 1,013 515 195 328 215 48 208 63 

376 133 iii 1,084 383 ll7 415 279 29 192 109 

17 17 13 229 69 * 102 38 * 25 13 

83 * 22 105 42 * 30 48 * 34 20 

224 120 18 447 287 113 146 190 * 334 93 

31 10 * 98 65 19 43 38 * 50 

106 54 12 147 132 68 54 78 * 69 [4 

27 28 * 87 53 * 30 32 * 46 22 

61 
Appendix (continued) 

State, SMSA
 

Ohio
 

Akron
 

Canton
 

Cincinnati
 

(OH, KY, IN)
 

Cleveland
 

Columbus
 

Dayton
 

Hamilton-Middletown
 

Huntington-Ashland
 

(OH, KY, WV)
 

Lima
 

Lorain-Elyria
 

Mansfield
 

Newark
 

Parkersburg-Marietta
 

(OH, WV)
 

Springfield
 

Steubenville-Weirton
 (OH, WV)
 

Toledo (OH, MI)
 

Wheeling (OH, WV)
 

Youngstown-Warren
 

Oklahoma
 

Enid
 

Fort Smith (OK, AR)
 

Lawton
 

Oklahoma City
 

Tulsa
 

Oregon
 

Eugene-Springfield
 

Medford
 

Portland (OR,
 

Salem
 

Pennsylvania
 

Allentown-Bethlehem-


Easton
 

Altoona
 

Binghamton (P~, NY)
 

~rie
 

62
 
 

Artist population of states and major cities 

Teachers
 

Architects (higher ed)
 

3,505 1,186
 

271 138
 

68 41
 

730 174
 

1,005 163
 

642 176
 

143 69
 

45 38
 

33 26
 

48 18
 

50 46
 

30 13
 

25 36
 

202 117
 

71 32
 

882 394
 

20 *
 

20 20
 

32 14
 

381 219
 

322 36
 

1,753 448
 

270 82
 

78 15
 

75 44
 

4,380 1,279
 

157 57
 

41 10
 

37 32
 

46 35
 

Authors 

Musicians/ Actors/ PhotoDesigners composers directors Painters... graphers Dancers Announcers Artists 

797 13,949 5,424 1,275 5,373 4,211 383 1,843 1,822 

47 

31 

104 

931 

492 

2,204 

341 

134 

964 

107 

* 

234 

431 

229 

957 

336 

161 

615 

91 

14 

86 

83 

67 

191 

192 

33 

346 

202 

136 

73 

29 

ii 

3,079 

1,737 

1,231 

278 

306 

1,075 

831 

501 

116 

95 

293 

152 

172 

23 

63 

1,418 

656 

475 

61 

38 

784 

534 

386 

97 

66 

84 

65 

46 

* 

18 

306 

218 

259 

46 

58 

345 

253 

144 

35 

21 

* 

10 

* 

14 

* 

228 

322 

138 

121 

145 

86 

107 

49 

20 

60 

I0 

* 

* 

* 

20 

21 

79 

92 

26 

31 

69 

73 

55 

42 

49 

37 

37 

18 

28 

23 

16 

22 

222 

128 

61 

82 

* 

* 

86 

32 

66 

47 

28 15 

92 

20 

 ̄ 

27 

923 

103 

554 

418 

65 

270 

126 

ii 

41 

333 

28 

139 

280 

73 

190 

* 

* 

12 

216 

63 

49 

iii 

40 

77 

293 3,321 1,314 350 1,448 1,053 72 823 358 

* 

12 

151 

62 

170 

97 

1,206 

941 

70 

58 

498 

447 

23 

* 

145 

134 

79 

53 

584 

505 

71 

16 

405 

284 

* 

* 

35 

29 

13 

42 

21 

232 

226 

22 

17 

99 

107 

566 3,787 1,621 529 1,910 1,203 118 706 516 

107 

24 

319 

~ 30 

420 

136 

2,379 

306 

171 

56 

938 

132 

57 

72 

325 

20 

200 

86 

1,077 

130 

159 

45 

648 

106 

* 

* 

101 

* 

138 

75 

273 

26 

55 

42 

363 

20 

1,237 14,981 5,892 1,461 6,376 3,859 304 1,793 

80 996 256 74 265 205 96 88 

* 

33 

20 

101 

549 

307 

68 

205 

91 

15 

50 

59 

49 

172 

97 

24 

149 

95 

57 

46 

47 

38 

22 

63 
Appendix (continued) 

State, SMSA
 

Harrisburg
 

Johnstown
 

Lancaster
 

Northeast
 

Pennsylvania
 

Philadelphia
 

(PA, NJ)
 

pittsburgh
 

Reading
 

Sharon
 

State College
 

Williamsport
 

York
 

Rhode Island
 

Fall River (RI, MA)
 

New London-Norwich
 

(RI, CT)
 

Providence-Warwick-


Pawtucket (RI, MA)
 

South Carolina
 

Anderson
 

Augusta
 

Charleston-North
 

Charleston
 

Columbia
 

Florence
 

Greenville-


Spartanburg
 

Rock Hill
 

South Dakota
 

Sioux Falls
 

Tennessee
 

C!hattanooga (TN, GA)
 

Clarksville-


Hopkinsville
 

(TN, KY)
 

Johnson CityKingsport-Bristol


(TN, VA)
 

Knoxville
 

Memphis (TN, AR, MS)
 

Nashville-Davidson
 

64
 
 

Artist population of states and major cities 

Teachers 

Architects (higher ed) Authors 

Musicians/ Actors/ PhotoDesigners composers directors Painters... graphers Dancers Artists 

Announcers n.e.c. 

226 25 46 520 168 49 264 130 I18 125 

51 * * 148 68 13 44 78 52 * 

i18 27 23 527 220 60 217 82 81 38 

179 64 12 529 433 29 238 225 126 72 

2,481 602 839 7,844 2,771 729 3,749 1,958 304 585 972 

826 191 188 3,117 1,270 344 1,129 696 75 255 353 

68 29 21 441 197 * 147 108 * 53 30 

29 14  ̄ 108 59 * 14 32 * 31 * 

58 108  ̄ i01 93 51 82 67 * 52 33 

17 159 37 * 43 16 * 42 26 

139 24 44 571 168 23 209 99 * 31 17 

306 114 166 1,841 489 197 626 430 13 174 171 

55 * * 123 85 12 51 50 22 19 

66 34 35 540 99 30 191 78 29 27 

316 Iii 146 1,783 470 204 540 348 20 159 164 

1,115 436 338 3,090 1,131 340 946 936 43 777 374 

* * 36 * 21 12 

89 * * 259 178 37 i19 144 i0 76 81 

213 44 30 378 236 46 154 129 * 46 32 

233 161 112 471 263 93 200 193 * 192 74 

24 23 32 i01 i0 * 18 13 * * 23 

295 81 55 869 180 83 247 221 14 155 72 

 ̄ * * 75 62 26 23 33 * 28 23 

127 176 100 386 303 165 178 211 * 260 68 

60 43 16 88 116 44 53 33 * 70 * 

1,581 474 286 4,929 3,826 548 2,138 1,816 152 1,174 790 

129 55 12 552 175 52 164 200 15 56 90 

21 15 * 42 43 * 36 20 * 37 12 

87 72 403 149 94 142 209 15 120 37 

345 69 88 649 399 114 347 218 28 110 86 

449 Ii0 66 1,113 797 70 530 377 56 243 186 

393 76 112 1,169 2,013 190 611 541 36 215 299 

65 
Appendix (continued) 

66
 

State, SMSA
 

Texas
 

Abilene
 

Amarillo
 

Austin
 

Beaumont-Port Arthur
 

Brownsville-


Harlingen-


San Benito
 

Bryan-College
 

Station
 

Corpus Christi
 

Dallas-Ft. Worth
 

E1 Paso
 

Galveston-Texas City
 

Houston
 

Killeen-Temple
 

Laredo
 

Longview-Marshall
 

Lubbock
 

McAllen-Pharr-


Edinburg
 

Midland
 

Odessa
 

San Angelo
 

San Antonio
 

Sherman-Denison
 

Texarkana (TX, AR)
 

Tyler
 

Victoria
 

Waco
 

Wichita Falls
 

Utah
 

Provo-Orem
 

Salt Lake City-Ogden
 

Vermont
 

Burlington
 

Virginia
 

Charlottesville
 

Danville
 
 

 

Artist population of states and major cities 

Teachers 

Architects (higher ed) Authors Musicians/ Actors/ Designers composers directors Painters... 

Photographers Dancers 

Artists 

Announcers n.e.c. 

7,775 1,571 1,487 20,581 7,717 2,445 8,419 5,582 713 3,267 2,245 

19 63 14 187 45 * 44 60 10 30 * 

92 19 31 185 133 46 ll9 94 25 52 22 

761 160 242 1,049 681 217 654 321 17 161 150 

50 25 10 333 135 73 123 117 * 160 33 

55 * 20 127 54 25 53 17 * 45 * 

70 17 17 96 33 21 43 54 41 ii 

159 20 42 407 87 72 97 158 20 80 24 

2,309 470 436 6,027 2,428 874 2,721 1,613 364 611 765 

177 64 56 369 194 65 207 158 25 230 147 

37 * 40 213 73 * 90 87 * 17 18 

2,926 226 286 5,975 1,755 511 2,113 1,195 154 486 423 

24 * * 126 61 ii 33 19 * 31 23 

13 * * 51 14 17 * 32 * * 17 

66 19 * 184 94 * 67 32 * 33 13 

77 66 23 320 109 22 113 99 * 105 56 

36 15 * 147 129 * 55 57 * 34 * 

37 * * 65 39 25 29 16 * 12 12 

427 94 97 1,394 750 169 811 561 48 199 134 

 ̄ * * 114 54 * 24 44 * 31 12 

48 ii * 116 58 * 53 35 * 29 30 

35 24 12 217 83 25 116 83 i0 63 54 

26 ii * 198 41 36 84 46 * 64 * 

686 267 208 1,836 462 261 936 601 87 280 234 

43 120 56 230 112 61 122 86 * 34 34 

561 I01 117 1,372 329 175 696 463 87 197 169 

298 108 93 627 262 94 500 165 * 103 i13 

95 14 29 192 77 39 85 * * 32 44 

2,817 551 1,320 7,588 2,592 1,300 3,878 2,196 147 1,425 961 

124 13 35 145 78 32 121 66 * 67 39 

13 * 19 91 40 10 22 18 * 53 * 

67
 
Appendix (continued) 

State, SMSA
 

Johnson CityKingsport-Bristol
 

(VA, TN)
 

Lynchburg
 

Newport News-Hampton
 

Norfolk-Virginia
 

Beach-Portsmouth
 

(VA, NC)
 

Petersburg-Colonial
 

Heights-Hopewell
 

Richmond
 

Roanoke
 

Washington
 

(VA, DC, MD)
 

~ashington
 

Bellingham
 

Bre~nerton
 

,Olympia
 

Portland (WA, OR)
 

Richland-Kennewick-


Pasco
 

~eattle-Everett
 

~pokane
 

Tacoma
 

Yakima
 

West Virginia
 

Charleston
 

Cumberland (WV, MD)
 

Huntington-Ashland
 

(WV, KY, OH)
 

Parkersburg-Marietta
 

(WV, OH)
 

Bteubenville-Weirton
 

(WV, OH)
 

~heeling (WV, OH)
 

~isconsin
 

Appleton-Oshkosh
 

Duluth-Superior
 

(WI, MN)
 

Eau Claire
 

Green Bay
 

Janesville-Beloit
 

Kenosha
 

La Crosse
 

Madison
 

68 
 

Artist population of states and major cities 

Teachers 

Architects (higher ed) Authors 

Musicians/ Actors!

Designers composers directors Painters... 

Photographers Dancers 

Artists 

Announcers n.e.c. 

87 72 403 149 94 142 209 15 120 37 

44 32 * 199 58 23 116 63 * 39 20 

90 16 14 989 262 55 230 112 * 56 89 

404 47 51 1,013 515 195 328 215 48 208 63 

139 36 * 16 39 * 12 19 

297 97 56 961 338 125 489 298 19 102 79 

[46 21 64 295 120 84 178 113 * 51 21 

3,414 406 2,351 5,613 2,349 1,510 4,307 2,515 269 1,039 1,206 

3,148 595 852 6,733 3,366 933 3,620 1,806 204 915 802 

51 32 36 205 206 * 133 16 * 24 i0 

154 * 36 249 61 * 65 69 15 17 22 

55 17 34 183 62 * 60 31 * 25 19 

2,379 938 325 1,077 648 i01 273 363 

300 52 17 128 33 * 54 * 

2,081 299 484 3,793 1,837 671 2,254 967 164 360 391 

236 41 58 374 265 112 184 206 * 70 64 

169 42 52 560 333 55 376 160 21 i02 67 

168 48 13 43 39 * 46 32 

242 139 58 1,591 521 189 355 387 47 433 261 

100 22 10 413 139 21 i01 50 13 83 10 

82 58 13 i0 17 * 17 * 

33 26 ii 306 95 63 38 66 18 58 21 

30 13 * 145 60 20 31 49 * 28 * 

128 82 * 32 47 * * 92 

103 65 Ii 28 73 * 63 40 

1,529 767 656 6,024 2,414 640 2,760 1,669 172 1,136 662 

84 62 404 137 25 202 147 * 83 42 

78 82 ii 173 180 55 125 103 * 181 * 

52 3O i0 198 47 * 44 20 * 53 12 

84 * 14 256 56 84 97 60 * 70 44 

23 15 16 186 43 * 55 14 * 25 32 

172 21 * 46 48 * 25 33 

30 67 * 104 17 * 101 71 ii 38 24 

285 192 211 464 381 114 394 242 22 161 122 

69 
Appendix (continued) 

State, SMSA
 

Milwaukee
 

Minneapolis-St. Paul
 

Racine
 

Sheboygan
 

Wausau
 

Wyoming
 

Casper
 

70
 
 

 

Artist population of states and major cities 

Teachers Musicians! Actors! Photo- Artists
 

Archihects (higher ed) Authors Designers composers directors Painters... graphers Dancers Announcers n.e.c.
 

611 195 210 2,428 977 275 1,103 621 120 184 189
 

1,703 338 528 4,572 1,972 611 2,417 1,177 i14 267 520
 

29 * 19 278 63 26 86 60 * * 39
 

48 13 25 183 69 38 34 32 * 21 14
 

115 60 * 40 35 * 26 *
 

214 175 53 442 78 42 172 183 192 51
 

92 28 92 12 25 34 51 45 i0
 

71
 
REPORTS IN THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS RESEARCH DIVISION SERIES
 

Since 1976 the Research Division of the
 

National Endowment for the Arts has been
 

studying matters of interest to the arts
 

community and issuing reports based on its
 

findings. Copies of the reports may be ordered from the Publishing Center for Cultural Resources, 625 Broadway, New York
 

City 10012.
 

Checks should be made payable to "Publishing Center." Prices include postage and
 

handling; no state or local sales tax is
 

applicable.
 

#i Employment and Unemployment of Artists:
 

1970-1975. 32 pages. April 1976. $5.00
 

#2 To Survey American Crafts: A Planning
 

Study. 32 pages. July 1977. $5.00
 

#3 Understanding the Employment of Actors.
 

36 pages. September 1977. $6.00
 

#4 Arts and Cultural Programs on Radio and
 

Television. 92 pages. September 1977. $9.00
 

#5 Where Artists Live: 1970. 80 pages.
 

October 1977. $8.00
 

#6 Economic Impact of Arts and Cultural
 

Institutions: A Model for Assessment and
 

a Case Study in Baltimore. 96 pages.
 

November 1977. $9.00
 

#7 Minorities and Women in the Arts: 1970
 

32 pages. January 1978. $5.00
 

#8 The State Arts Agencies in 1974: All
 

Present and Accounted For. 160 pages.
 

April 1978. $13.00
 

#9 Audience Studies of the Performing Arts
 

and Museums: A Critical Review. 106 pages.
 

November 1978. $i0.00
 

#i0 Self-Employment, Migration, and Household and Family Characteristics of Artists:
 

1970. 32 pages. November 1978. $5.00
 

#ii Conditions and Needs of the Professional American Theatre. 132 pages. May
 

1981. ISBN 0-89062-076-8 $12.00
 

#12 Artists Compared by Age, Sex, and
 

Earnings in 1970 and 1976. 56 pages.
 

January 1980. ISBN 0-89062-077-6 $7.00
 

#13 Craft Artist Membership Organizations
 

1978. 52 pages. January 1980. ISBN
 

0-89062-089-X $7.00
 

#14 Audience Development: An Examination
 

of Selected Analysis and Prediction Techniques Applied to Symphony and Theatre Attendance in Four Southern Cities. 48
 

pages. January 1981. ISBN 0-89062-097-0


$6.0o
 

#15 Economic Impact of Arts and Cultural
 

Institutions: Case Studies in Columbus,
 

Minneapolis/St. Paul, St. Louis, Salt Lake
 

City, San Antonio, and Springfield. 104
 

pages. January 1981. ISBN 0-89062-106-3
 

$i0.00
 

#16 Artist Employment and Unemployment
 

1971-1980. 44 pages. January 1982.
 

ISBN 0-89062-135-7 $6.00
 

#17 The Arts Public in the South. 64
 

pages. March 1984. ISBN 0-89062-147-0
 

$7.00
 

#18 Visual Artists in Houston, Minneapolis,
 

Washington, and San Francisco: Earning
 

and Exhibition Opportunities. 48 pages.
 

October 1984. ISBN 0-89062-191-8 $8.00
 

#19 Where Artists Live 1980. 72 pages.
 

March 1987. ISBN 0-89062-209-4 $8.00
 

72
 
Produced and distributed by Publishing Center for Cultural Resources, 625 Broadway, New York City 10012.