Pest List for the Importation of Fresh Commercial Citrus 

Fruit: Grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi); Lime (C. aurantiifolia); 

Mandarin Orange, Tangerine, or Hybrids (C. reticulata); 

Sweet Orange (C. sinensis); and Tangelo (C. × tangelo) from 

Peru into the Continental United States

November 2, 2012

Version 1

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 i
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 ii

Executive Summary

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of 

Agriculture (USDA) prepared this pest list to examine plant pest risks associated with importing 

commercially produced fresh Citrus fruit for consumption from all areas of Peru into the 

continental United States. This request (SENASA-Peru, 2011) is for the following species: 

grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi Macfad.); lime (C. aurantiifolia [Christm.] Swingle); mandarin 

orange, tangerine, or hybrids (C. reticulata Blanco); sweet orange (C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck); and 

tangelo (Citrus × tangelo J.W. Ingram & H.E. Moore) (Rutaceae). An earlier risk assessment 

was developed for exports of citrus from five production regions, and market access was

established (USDA, 2003).

Here, considering expansion of the export area from Peru to the entire country, we considered 

the pathway to include the following processes and conditions: 

 phytosanitary management of pests associated with Citrus in the grove; 

 packinghouse measures that include inspection primary grading to remove small, 

damaged, infected, or infested fruit; washing and brushing to clean fruit; spraying with 

wax containing fungicide, followed by air-drying; secondary grading to remove damaged 

or blemished fruit; sorting by size and packaging in new cardboard boxes; storage with 

safeguarding measures to prevent re-infestation under consistent conditions; and

 final inspection and certification procedures, prior to approval to start cold treatment for 

fruit flies in transit. 

These processes (7 CFR § 319.56, 2012) have been successfully implemented for the five 

previously approved export areas. 

Based on the scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and information from the 

government of Peru, we developed a list of all pests reported in Peru that infest or infect the 

Citrus species above. We identified the following five quarantine pests as likely to follow the 

commodity pathway of fresh citrus fruit from Peru that are candidates for risk mitigation. We 

analyzed all of these pests in the earlier risk assessment (USDA, 2003).

Type Pest Classification Pest Scientific Name

Arthropods Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus

Anastrepha obliqua

Anastrepha serpentina

Ceratitis capitata

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Ecdytolopha aurantiana

We found no evidence that the following damaging Citrus pests found in other countries in 

South America are in Peru: Bactrocera carambolae, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,’ Citrus 

leprosis virus, Diaphorina citri, Elsinoë australis, Guignardia citricarpa, Pseudococcus 

neomaritimus, Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, or Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca.
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 iii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... ii

1. Introduction................................................................................................................................1

2. Pest Categorization ....................................................................................................................1

2.1. Pests associated with Citrus species: C. × paradisi, C. aurantiifolia, C. reticulata, C. 

sinensis, and C. × tangelo ........................................................................................................... 1

2.2. Quarantine pests not considered for risk mitigation........................................................... 19

2.3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and candidates for risk mitigation ............ 20

3. Authors and Reviewers............................................................................................................21

4. Literature Cited .......................................................................................................................21
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 1

1. Introduction

This document accompanies a request for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s 

authorization to allow the importation of fresh fruit of the following Citrus species: grapefruit 

(C. × paradisi Macfad.), lime (C. aurantiifolia [Christm.] Swingle), mandarin orange or 

tangerine (C. reticulata Blanco), sweet orange (C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck), and tangelo (Citrus ×

tangelo J.W. Ingram & H.E. Moore) (Rutaceae) for consumption from the entire country of Peru 

into the continental United States. The movement of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries, 

such as Peru, into the United States is regulated (7 CFR § 319.56, 2012). Currently, the entry of 

fresh fruit of the above-listed Citrus species from Peru into the continental United States is 

authorized under 7 CFR §319.56 for only five production regions: Ica, Junin, Lambayeque, 

Lima, and Piura. The government of Peru seeks approval for entry of citrus from the entire 

country of Peru.

The movement of fresh Citrus fruit from Peru is a potential pathway for the introduction of 

unwanted plant pests into the continental United States. These risks were previously evaluated in

a pathway-initiated plant pest risk assessment in 2003 (USDA, 2003). Since then, new pests may 

have been reported, pest statuses may have changed, and the expanded production area may have 

different pests than the previously evaluated five regions. Consequently, the USDA’s Animal 

and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) prepared 

this document to examine the plant pest risks associated with the movement of this commodity 

into the continental United States from the expanded Citrus export area in Peru.

Based on the market access requesting expansion of the export area from Peru to the entire 

country, we considered the pathway to include the following processes and conditions

(SENASA-Peru, 2011): 

 phytosanitary management of pests associated with Citrus in the grove; 

 packinghouse measures that include inspection; primary grading to remove small, 

damaged, infected, or infested fruit; washing and brushing to clean fruit; spraying with 

wax containing fungicide, followed by air-drying; secondary grading to remove damaged 

or blemished fruit; sorting by size and packaging in new cardboard boxes; storage with 

safeguarding measures to prevent re-infestation under consistent conditions; and

 final inspection and certification procedures, prior to approval to start cold treatment for 

fruit flies in transit. 

These proposed processes have been successfully implemented for the five previously approved 

export areas in accordance with U.S. regulations (7 CFR § 319.56, 2012). By developing this 

pest list, we can determine if currently described requirements are adequate to provide 

phytosanitary security, or if other measures may be required.

2. Pest Categorization

2.1. Pests associated with Citrus species: C. × paradisi, C. aurantiifolia, C. reticulata, C. 

sinensis, and C. × tangelo

Below we list the pests associated with the following Citrus species: grapefruit (C. x paradisi),

lime (C. aurantiifolia), mandarin orange or tangerine (C. reticulata), sweet orange (C. sinensis),
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 2

and tangelo (Citrus x tangelo) (in any country) that occur in Peru (on any host) (Table 1). We 

identified the presence or absence of these pests in the continental United States, the quarantine 

status of the pests with respect to the continental United States, the generally affected plant part 

or parts, whether quarantine pests are likely to follow the pathway and enter the continental 

United States on commercial citrus fruit, and pertinent references. We developed this pest list 

based on the scientific literature, USDA port-of-entry pest interception data, and information 

provided by the government of Peru. Pests highlighted with a gray background are quarantine 

pests identified for potential risk mitigation, as we consider them reasonably likely to follow the 

pathway of commercial fruit shipments. We summarize those pests in a separate table (Table 2). 

Please note that in the pest list (Table 1), we do not provide information on plant part association 

and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway for non-quarantine pests. Even if nonquarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests 

would not be justified because they already occur in the continental United States. Therefore, for 

non-quarantine pests we indicate that information with N/A (not applicable).

Table 1. Pests associated with relevant Citrus spp. that are also present in Peru.

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

ARTHROPODS

Acari: Eriophyidae

Phyllocoptruta oleivora 

(Ashmead)

CABI, 2012; 

Futch et al., 2011

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973), US (CABI, 

2012)

No N/A N/A

Acari: Tarsonemidae

Polyphagotarsonemus latus

Banks

CABI, 2012; 

Gerson, 1992

PE, US (Vacante, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Acari: Tenuipalpidae

Brevipalpus phoenicis 

(Geijskes)

Vacante, 2010 PE, US (Vacante, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae

 

1 Geographic Distribution (specific states are listed only if distribution is limited): AL = Alabama, AR = Arkansas, AZ = 

Arizona, CA = California, DC = District of Columbia, FL = Florida, GA = Georgia, HI = Hawaii, IA = Iowa, LA = 

Louisiana, MD = Maryland, MS = Mississippi, TX = Texas, TH = Thailand, US = United States (widespread), VA = 

Virginia, WA = Washington (Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species is considered a quarantine pest for 

the United States.)

2 Brackets (“[ ]”) around the quarantine status designation indicate that the pest has a limited distribution in the continental 

United States and is either under official control or under consideration for official control. If no reference is listed, this 

was verified in PestID (2012). 

3 Plant Parts: Br = Branch, F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence, GP = Growing point, L = Leaf, R = Root, S = Stem, Sd = Seed. For 

non-quarantine pests, we put N/A (= Not Applicable) in the columns for “Plant Part(s) Association” and “Follow 

Pathway.” See discussion above for more information.
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 3

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Eotetranychus lewisi 

(McGregor)

Vacante, 2010 PE, US (Vacante, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Oligonychus peruvianus 

(McGregor)

Vacante, 2010 PE, US (Vacante, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Panonychus citri 

(McGregor)

CABI, 2012; 

Futch et al., 2011

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973), US (CABI, 

2012)

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus cinnabarinus

(Boisduval)

CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2001; 

Ehler, 1974; Johnson 

et al., 1989; Mollet 

and Sevacherian, 

1984)

No N/A N/A

Tetranychus urticae Koch Vacante, 2010 PE, US (Vacante, 

2010)

No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Macropophora accentifer

(Olivier)

Escalante et al., 

1981

PE (Escalante et al., 

1981)

Yes S (Escalante et 

al., 1981)

No

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Diabrotica speciosa

(Germar)

CABI, 2012; 

Cabrera Walsh, 

2003

PE (CABI, 2012) Yes F, L, R 

(CABI, 2012)

No4

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Compsus sp. Alata Condor, 

1973; Arnett et al., 

2002; Borrer et al., 

1989

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Arnett et al., 

2002; Borrer et al., 

1989

Yes L, R (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Arnett et al., 

2002; Borrer 

et al., 1989)

No

Macrostylus puberulus

Boheman

Syn.: Amphideritus 

puberulus

Alata Condor, 

1973; Garces, 

1988; Wibmer and 

O'Brien, 1986

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Garces, 1988; 

Wibmer and O'Brien, 

1986)

Yes S (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Garces, 1988; 

Wibmer and 

O'Brien, 1986) 

No

Pantomorus cervinus 

(Boheman)

[Syn.: P. godmani 

(Crotch)]

CABI, 2012 PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2000)

No N/A N/A

Rhynchophorus palmarum 

(Linnaeus)

CABI, 2002; 

PestID, 2003

PE (CABI, 2002; 

PestID, 2003), US 

(CA, limited 

distribution) (Hoddle, 

2011)

Yes F, I, L, S 

(CABI, 2002; 

PestID, 2003)

No5

 

4 Because of its size, biology and mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard 

handling and processing.
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 4

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Ancistrosoma klugi Curtis Alata Condor, 

1973; 

Blackwelder, 

1956; 

Dourojeanni, 

1992; Peña and 

Bennett, 1995

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Blackwelder, 

1956; Dourojeanni, 

1992; Peña and 

Bennett, 1995)

Yes I, L, R (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Blackwelder, 

1956; 

Dourojeanni, 

1992; Peña 

and Bennett, 

1995)

No

Gymnetosoma mathani 

(Pauill)

Alata Condor, 

1973; Borrer et al., 

1989; White, 1983

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Borrer et al., 

1989; White, 1983)

Yes F, I, L (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Borrer et al., 

1989; White, 

1983)

6

No7

Diptera: Lonchaeidae

Neosilba pendula Bezzi Araújo and 

Zucchi, 2002

PE (Hofshi, 2003) Yes F (Araújo and 

Zucchi, 2002)

No8

Diptera: Tephritidae

Anastrepha fraterculus 

(Wiedemann)

CABI, 2012; 

Ovruski et al., 

2003

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 2012; 

Steck, 1991)

Yes F (CABI, 

2012)

Yes

Anastrepha obliqua 

Macquart

CABI, 2012 PE (CABI, 2012; 

Korytkowski and 

Ojeda, 1968)

Yes F (CABI, 

2012; 

Korytkowski 

and Ojeda, 

1968)

Yes

Anastrepha serpentina 

(Wiedemann)

CABI, 2012 PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 2012; 

Foote et al., 1993; 

Weems, 2012)

Yes F (CABI, 

2012)

Yes

Ceratitis capitata

(Wiedemann)

CABI, 2012 PE (Aguilar, 1982; 

Alata Condor, 1973; 

CABI, 2012)

Yes F (CABI, 

2012)

Yes

 

5 Because of its size, biology, and mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and 

standard handling and processing.

6 Many scarabs feed on plant materials such as grasses, foliage, fruits, and flowers, and some are serious pests of various 

agricultural crops (Borrer et al., 1989). We assume that only the adults attack the fruit, as we found no evidence that scarab 

larvae feed on fruit (White, 1983).

7 Because of their size, biology, and mobility, adults of this pest are highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest 

and standard handling and processing.

8 This species is a secondary pest that uses hosts previously damaged by primary invaders, particularly fruit flies (White and 

Elson-Harris, 1992). Culling damaged fruit and mitigating fruit flies is highly likely to remove these pests from the 

pathway.
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 5

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Tetreuaresta punctipennata

Hering

Alata Condor, 

1973; Borge and 

Basedow, 1997; 

Gordh and 

Headrick, 2001

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Borge and 

Basedow, 1997; 

Gordh and Headrick, 

2001)

Yes I (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Borge and 

Basedow, 

1997; Gordh 

and Headrick, 

2001

No

Diptera: Muscidae

Atherigona orientalis

Schiner

CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2012) No N/A N/A

Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Prodiplosis longifila Gagné Pena et al., 1989 PE, US (FL) (Pena et 

al., 1989)

[Yes] N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurocanthus woglumi 

Ashby

EPPO/CABI, 

1997a; Maes and 

Mound, 1993

PE, US (FL, HI, TX) 

(EPPO/CABI, 1997a)

[Yes] L (Nguyen et 

al., 2010)

No

Aleurodicus sp cercana a A. 

cocois (Curtis)

Nunez, 2008 PE (Nunez, 2008) Yes L (Nunez, 

2008)

No

Aleurodicus coccolobae

Quaintance and Baker

Nunez, 2008 PE (Nunez, 2008) Yes L (Nunez, 

2008)

No

Aleurodicus dispersus

Russell

CABI, 2012 PE, US (Lambkin, 

1999)

No9 L (CABI, 

2012)

No

Aleurothrixus floccosus

(Maskell)

CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2012; 

Kerns et al., 2001; 

Miklasiewicz and 

Walker, 1990)

No N/A N/A

Aleurotrachelus sp. Nunez, 2008 PE (Nunez, 2008) Yes L (Nunez, 

2008)

No

Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2012) No N/A N/A

Paraleyrodes sp. Nunez, 2008 PE (Nunez, 2008) Yes L (Nunez, 

2008)

No

Siphoninus phillyreae 

(Haliday)

Nguyen et al., 

2010

PE (Valencia et al., 

2010); US (Nguyen et 

al., 2010)

No10 N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Aphis gossypii Glover CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2012) No N/A N/A

Aphis spiraecola Patch CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2012) No N/A N/A

Macrosiphum euphorbiae 

(Thomas)

CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2012) No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2012) No N/A N/A

 

9 Aleurodicus dispersus was listed previously as a quarantine pest (USDA, 2003). Currently, no action is required for this 

pest on commodities for consumption (PestID, 2012).

10 Status of this pest was recently changed to non-reportable/non-actionable (PestID, 2012). 
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 6

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Rhopalosiphum maidis

(Fitch)

CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2012) No N/A N/A

Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer 

de Fonscolombe)

CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2012) No N/A N/A

Toxoptera citricidus 

(Kirkaldy)

Syn: T. citricida

CABI, 2012 PE, US (FL, HI, PR) 

(CABI, 2012) 

[Yes] L, S, I (CABI, 

2012)

No

Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae

Asterolecanium sp. Alata Condor, 

1973; Hamon, 

1977; Hill, 1983

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973)

Yes L, S, F 

(Hamon, 

1977; Hill, 

1983)

Yes

Lecanodiaspis sp. Alata Condor, 

1973

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973)

Yes S, B (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2012)

No

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Ceroplastes sp. Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 2012

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973)

Yes L, S (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

CABI, 2012)

No

Ceroplastes cirripediformis

(Comstock)

CABI, 2000; 

Marin-Loayza and 

Cisneros-Vera, 

1995

PE, US (CABI, 2000; 

Marin-Loayza and 

Cisneros-Vera, 1995)

No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes floridensis

(Comstock)

CABI, 2000 PE (Marin-Loayza 

and Cisneros-Vera, 

1995), US (CABI, 

2000)

No N/A N/A

Coccus hesperidum L. Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 

2000; Hamon, 

1984

PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2000; Hamon, 1984)

No N/A N/A

Coccus viridis (Green) (Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 

2002; Dekle and 

Fasulo, 2002)

PE (Gomez de Picho, 

1991), US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2012)

No11 N/A N/A

Parthenolecanium corni

(Bouché) (Syn: Lecanium 

corni Bouché)

Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 2002

PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2002)

No N/A N/A

Protopulvinaria pyriformis 

(Ckll.)

Alata Condor, 

1973; Ben-Dov et 

al., 2012; CABI, 

2001

PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2001;Ben-Dov et al., 

2012)

No N/A N/A

 

11 Coccus viridis was listed as a quarantine pest previously (USDA, 2003), but currently is non-reportable/non-actionable 

(PestID, 2012). 
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 7

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Pulvinaria sp. (Tao, Wong 

& Chang)

Alata Condor, 

1973; Ben-Dov et 

al., 2012; CABI, 

2002; Hill, 1983

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973)

Yes L, S, F (Hill, 

1983; BenDov et al., 

2012; CABI, 

2002)

Yes

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 

2000; Hamon, 

1984

PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2001; Hamon, 1984)

No N/A N/A

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 

2000; Hamon, 

1984

PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2001; Hamon, 1984

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Diaspididae12

Aonidia sp. Alata Condor, 

1973

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973)

Yes L (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2012)

No

Acutaspis albopicta 

(Cockerell)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2012

PE, US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2012)

No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus destructor

Signoret

CABI, 2002 PE, US (CA, FL, HI) 

(CABI, 2002)

No N/A N/A

Aspidiotus nerii Bouché CABI, 2002 PE, US (CA, HI) 

(CABI, 2002)

No N/A N/A

Aulacaspis tubercularis

Newstead

CABI, 2002; 

PestID, 2003

PE (PestID, 2003) Yes L (Hodges and 

Hamon, 

2004); F 

(Daneel and 

Joubert, 2009)

Yes12

Chrysomphalus aonidum

(L.)

Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 

2001; Nakahara, 

1982

PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2001; Nakahara, 

1982)

No N/A N/A

Chrysomphalus 

dictyospermi (Morgan)

Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 

2001; Nakahara, 

1982

PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2001; Nakahara, 

1982)

No N/A N/A

Diaspidiotus perniciosus 

(Comstock)

CABI, 2000 PE, US (CABI, 2000) No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae

(Signoret)

Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 

2000; Nakahara, 

1982; Nunez, 2008

PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2000; Nakahara, 

1982)

No N/A N/A

 

12 Although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are highly unlikely to become established 

via this pathway. Please see discussion in section 2.2.2 for a detailed explanation.
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 8

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Hemiberlesia palmae

(Cockerell)

Nunez, 2008 PE (Nunez, 2008), 

US (Ben-Dov, et al., 

2012)

No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes beckii

(Newman)

(Syn: Cornuaspis beckii)

Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 

2000; Nakahara, 

1982

PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2000; Nakahara, 1982

No N/A N/A

Lepidosaphes gloverii

(Packard)

(Syn: Insulaspis gloverii

(Packard))

Alata Condor, 

1973; Gonzalez et 

al., 2005; 

Nakahara, 1982

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Nuñez, 2008), 

US (CABI, 2000;

Nakahara, 1982; BenDov et al., 2012)

No N/A N/A

Mycetaspis personata 

(Comstock)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2012

PE, US (FL) (BenDov et al., 2012)No N/A N/A

Parlatoria cinerea Hadden 

in Doane & Hadden

Ben-Dov et al., 

2012; Kosztarab, 

1996; Ooi et al., 

2002

PE, US (MD, DC) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2002; Kosztarab, 

1996; Ooi et al., 

2002)

[Yes] F, L (Masten 

Milek et al., 

2009; 

Neubauer, 

1980)

Yes12

Parlatoria pergandii

Comstock

Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 

2001; Kosztarab, 

1996

PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2001; Kosztarab, 

1996)

No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis aspidistrae 

(Signoret)

Nunez, 2008 PE (Nunez, 2008), 

US (Ben-Dov et al., 

2012)

No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani Colley Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 

2002; Ben-Dov et 

al., 2012

PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2002; Ben-Dov et al., 

2002)

No N/A N/A

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis 

(Green)

Kosztarab, 1996; 

PestID, 2003

PE (Kosztarab, 1996; 

PestID, 2003)

Yes F, L, S 

(Kosztarab, 

1996; PestID, 

2003)

Yes12

Pseudischnaspis acephala

Ferris

Ben-Dov et al., 

2012

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2012)

Yes L (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2012)

No

Selenaspidus articulatus

(Morgan)

Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 

2000; Dekle, 

1976; Ebeling, 

1959

PE, US (FL) (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2000; Ebeling, 1959)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Margarodidae
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 9

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Icerya purchasi Maskell Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 2000

PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; CABI, 

2000)

No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Ortheziidae

Insignorthezia pseudinsignis 

(Morrison)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2012

PE, US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2012)

No N/A N/A

Praelongorthezia citricola

(Beingolea)

(Syn.: Orthezia citricola 

Beingolea)

Beingolea, 1971b; 

CABI, 2001; BenDov et al., 2012

PE (Beingolea, 

1971b; CABI, 2001; 

Ben-Dov et al., 2012)

Yes L, S 

(Beingolea, 

1971b; CABI, 

2001; BenDov et al., 

2002)

No

Praelongorthezia olivicola 

Kozár 

(Syn.: Orthezia olivicola

Beingolea)

Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 

2001; Peña and 

Bennett, 1995; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2012

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 2001; 

Peña and Bennett, 

1995; Ben-Dov et al., 

2002)

Yes L, S (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

CABI, 2001; 

Peña and 

Bennett, 1995; 

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2002)

No

Praelongorthezia praelonga 

Douglas

(Syn.: Orthezia praelonga 

Douglas) 

Alata Condor, 

1973; Ben-Dov et 

al., 2012; CABI, 

2001; PestID, 

2003

PE, US (VI, PR) 

(Alata Condor, 1973; 

CABI, 2001; BenDov et al., 2002; 

PestID, 2003)

Yes L, S (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

CABI, 2001; 

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2002; 

PestID, 2003)

No

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

Arvelius acutispinus

Breddin

Alata Condor, 

1973; Henry and 

Froeschner, 1988

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Henry and 

Froeschner, 1988; 

McPherson and 

McPherson, 2000)

Yes L, S, I, F 

(Alata Condor, 

1973; Henry 

and 

Froeschner, 

1988; 

McPherson 

and 

McPherson, 

2000)

No13

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Dysmicoccus brevipes

(Cockerell)

CABI, 2000 PE, US (CABI, 2000) No N/A N/A

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes 

Beardsley

Ben-Dov et al., 

2012

PE (Ben-Dov et al., 

2012)

Yes L, S, I, F 

(Kessing et al., 

2007)

No14

Ferrisia virgata Cock CABI, 2000 PE, US (CABI, 2000) No N/A N/A

 

13 Because of its size, biology, and mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and 

standard handling and processing.

14 Mealybugs are conspicuous and highly unlikely to survive post-harvest grading and treatment. 
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 10

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Nipaecoccus nipae

(Maskell)

CABI, 2002 PE, US (CABI, 2002) No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus madeirensis

Green

CABI, 2002 PE, US (CABI, 2002) No N/A N/A

Planococcus citri (Risso) Alata Condor, 

1973; Beingolea, 

1971a; CABI, 

2000

PE, US (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Beingolea, 1971a; 

CABI, 2000)

No N/A N/A

Planococcus minor

(Maskell)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2012; CABI, 

2002; Ooi et al., 

2002; PestID, 

2003

PE (CABI, 2002; 

Ben-Dov et al., 2002; 

PestID, 2003; BenDov, 1994; Ooi et al., 

2002)

No15 N/A N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus

Targioni Tozzetti

CABI, 2002 PE, US (CABI, 2002) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae

Euryophthalmus balteatus 

(Stal)

Alata Condor, 

1973; UC IPM, 

2008

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973)

Yes F (Alata

Condor, 1973; 

UC IPM, 

2008)

No16

Hymenoptera: Apidae

Trigona hyalinata 

amazonensis Du.

Alata Condor, 

1973; Hill, 1983; 

Myazaki et al., 

1984

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Hill, 1983; 

Myazaki et al., 1984)

Yes L, I, F (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Hill, 1983; 

Myazaki et al., 

1984)

No16

Trigona testacea cupira

Smith

Alata Condor, 

1973; Escalante et 

al., 1981; Hill, 

1983; Escalante, 

1974

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Freire and 

Gara, 1970; Hill, 

1983; Escalante, 

1974)

Yes L, I, F (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Freire and 

Gara, 1970; 

Hill, 1983; 

Escalante, 

1974) 

No16

Trigona trinidadensis

(Provancher)

[Syn: Melipona 

trinidadensis]

Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 

2001; Hill, 1983

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 2001; 

Hill, 1983)

Yes L, S, F (Alata

Condor, 1973; 

CABI, 2001; 

Hill, 1983)

No16

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Acromyrex hispidus 

Santschi

Alata Condor, 

1973

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973)

Yes whole plant, L 

(Alata Condor, 

1973)

No

 

15 Planococcus minor was listed as a quarantine pest previously (USDA, 2003), but currently is non-reportable/nonactionable (PestID, 2012). 

16 Because of its size, biology, and mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and 

standard handling and processing. 
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 11

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Atta cephalotes L. Alata Condor, 

1973; Kliejunas et 

al., 2001

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973)

Yes L (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Kliejunas et 

al., 2001)

No

Atta sexdens L. Alata Condor, 

1973; Escalante et 

al., 1981; 

Kliejunas et al., 

2001

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Escalante et al., 

1981; Kliejunas et al., 

2001)

Yes L (Alata 

Condor, 1973;

Kliejunas et 

al., 2001)

No

Hymenoptera: Meliponidae

Melipona sp. Escalante, 1974 PE (Escalante, 1974) Yes F (Escalante, 

1974)

No16

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae

Carales astur (Cramer) Jacobson, 1991;

Jacobson, 2003; 

Zhang, 1994

PE (Jacobson, 1991;

Anonymous, 2003; 

Zhang, 1994) 

Yes L 

(Anonymous, 

2003; 

Jacobson, 

2003; Zhang, 

1994)

No

Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae

Phyllocnistis citrella

Stainton

CABI, 2001; 

Heppner and 

Fasulo, 2010; 

Castillo C. and 

Cornejo H., 1995

PE (Campos et al., 

2007), US (AL, FL, 

LA, TX) (CABI, 

2001; Heppner and 

Fasulo, 2010)

[Yes] L (CABI, 

2001; Campos 

et al., 2007; 

Castillo C. and 

Cornejo H., 

1995; Heppner 

and Fasulo, 

2010)

No

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

Sibine sp. Alata Condor, 

1973

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973)

Yes L (Alata 

Condor, 1973)

No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel CABI, 2012;

Carbonell Torres, 

1999

PE (CABI, 2012; 

Carbonell Torres, 

1999), US (CABI, 

2012)

No N/A N/A

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) CABI, 2002 PE, US (CABI, 2002) No N/A N/A

Peridroma saucia (Hübner) CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2012) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera eridania Stoll CABI, 2002 PE, US (CABI, 2002) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. 

Smith

CABI, 2002 PE, US (CABI, 2002) No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 12

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Inga iacunata (Meyr.) Alata Condor, 

1973; Borrer et al., 

1989; Borrer and 

White, 1970

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Borrer et al., 

1989; Borrer and 

White, 1970)

Yes L, F, S (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Borrer et al., 

1989; Borrer 

and White, 

1970)

No17

Lepidoptera: Papilionidae

Papilio isidorus isidorus

Doubleday

(Syn: Heraclides isidorus 

isidorus Doubleday)

Alata Condor, 

1973; Lewis, 2010

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Lewis, 2010)

Yes L (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Lewis, 2010)

No

Papilio paeon paeon

(Boisduval)

(Syn: Heraclides paeon 

paeon (Guilding)

Alata Condor, 

1973; Lewis, 2010

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Lewis, 2010)

Yes L (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Lewis, 2010)

No

Lepidoptera: Psychidae

Oiketicus kirbyi Guilding Alata Condor, 

1973; Gordh and 

Headrick, 2001; 

Gravena and de 

Almeida, 1982; 

Zhang, 1994

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; Gordh and 

Headrick, 2001; 

Rhainds and Cabrera 

– La Rosa, 2010)

Yes L (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Gordh and 

Headrick, 

2001 Gravena 

and de 

Almeida, 

1982; Zhang, 

1994)

No

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Argyrotaenia sphaleropa

Meyrick

Aguilar, 1980; 

Alata Condor, 

1973; Ebeling, 

1959; Meneguim 

and Hohmann, 

2007; Salazar 

Torres, 1999

PE (Aguilar, 1980; 

Alata Condor, 1973; 

Ebeling, 1959; 

Meneguim and 

Hohmann, 2007; 

Salazar Torres, 1999)

Yes L, F, I

(Aguilar, 

1980; Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

Ebeling, 1959; 

Meneguim 

and Hohmann, 

2007; Salazar 

Torres, 1999)

No18

 

17 We found no specific biological information on I. iacunata. In general, though, caterpillars in this genus tie together mature 

or old leaves and line them with silk and frass, where they rest and develop (Diniz et al., 2007). The final instar completes 

the larval stage and pupates in a special envelope inside the leaf shelter. Therefore, Inga species are highly unlikely to be 

associated with fruit. 

18 Argyrotaenia sphaleropa typically attacks citrus during fruit set, causing premature fruit drop, or causes noticeable 

damage to the fruit rind and does not feed inside fruit (Salazar Torres, 1999; Meneguim and Hohmann, 2007). It is, 

therefore, highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest.
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 13

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Ecdytolopha aurantiana

(Lima)

(Syns.: E. torticornis,

Gymnandrosoma 

aurantianum)

Adamski and 

Brown, 2001; 

Bento et al., 2001

PE (Escalante et al., 

1981)

Yes F (Adamski 

and Brown, 

2001; Bento et 

al., 2001; 

Escalante et 

al., 1981)

Yes

Orthoptera: Acrididae

Microcentrum laurifolium L. Alata Condor, 

1973

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973)

Yes F, L, I (Alata 

Condor, 1973;

Griffiths, 

195219)

No

Schistocerca cancellata 

Serv.

Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 2000

PE (Alata Condor, 

1973; CABI, 2000)

Yes L (Alata 

Condor, 1973; 

CABI, 2000)

No

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella occidentalis 

(Pergande)

CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2012) No N/A N/A

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis

Bouché

CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2012) No N/A N/A

Microcephalothrips 

abdominalis (D.L. 

Crawford)

CABI, 2012 PE, US (CABI, 2012) No N/A N/A

Thrips tabaci Lindeman Tsuchiya, 2002; 

Vassiliou, 2010

PE (SENASA-Peru, 

2011), US (Hodges 

and Hamon, 2004)

No N/A N/A

NEMATODES

Criconemella sp. De Grisse 

& Loof

CABI, 2000 PE (CABI, 2000) Yes R (CABI, 

2000; Norton 

et al., 1984)

No

Helicotylenchus dihystera 

(Cobb) Sher

CABI, 2001; 

O'Bannon and 

Inserra, 1989

PE, US (CABI, 2001; 

Norton et al., 1984; 

O'Bannon and 

Inserra, 1989)

No N/A N/A

 

19 Based on the feeding habits on Citrus trees of a related species of katydid, Microcentrum rhombifolium, katydids primarily 

feed on leaves, and only occasionally feed on the rind of Citrus fruit (Griffiths, 1952). In addition, these species are 

typically quite large and conspicuous, making them easy to remove from infested commodities. Thus, this pest seems 

highly unlikely to follow the pathway.
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 14

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Helicotylenchus multicinctus 

(Cobb) Golden

CABI, 2001; 

Norton et al., 

1984; O'Bannon 

and Inserra, 1989

PE, US (CABI, 2001; 

Norton et al., 1984; 

O'Bannon and 

Inserra, 1989)

No N/A N/A

Hemicriconemoides 

mangiferae Siddiqi

CABI, 2001; 

MacGowan, 1984

PE (CABI, 2001; 

MacGowan, 1984; 

Norton et al., 1984)

Yes20 R (CABI, 

2001; 

MacGowan, 

1984; Norton 

et al., 1984)

No

Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi CABI, 2001 PE (CABI, 2001) Yes R (CABI, 

2001)

No

Pratylenchus brachyurus 

(Godfrey) Filipjev & 

Schuurmans Stekhoven

CABI, 2001 PE, US (CABI, 2001; 

Norton et al., 1984)

No N/A N/A

Radopholus similis (Cobb) 

Thorne

CABI, 2001; 

Timmer et al., 

2000

PE, US (FL, HI, PR) 

(CABI, 2001; 

Timmer et al., 2000)

[Yes] R (CABI, 

2001; Timmer 

et al., 2000)

No

Rotylenchulus reniformis 

Linford & Oliveira

CABI, 2001 PE, US (CABI, 2001; 

Norton et al., 1984)

No N/A N/A

Scutellonema brachyurus 

Steiner, Andrássy

CABI, 2001; 

O'Bannon and 

Inserra, 1989

PE, US (CABI, 2001; 

O'Bannon and 

Inserra, 1989)

No N/A N/A

Trichodorus sp. CABI, 2001; 

Norton et al., 1984

PE (CABI, 2001; 

Norton et al., 1984)

Yes R (CABI, 

2001; Norton 

et al., 1984)

No

Tylenchulus semipenetrans

Cobb

CABI, 2001; 

Herrera et al., 

1980; Koc, 1997

PE (Koc, 1997), US 

(CABI, 2001; Herrera 

et al., 1980)

No N/A N/A

Xiphinema brasiliense

Lordello

Alkemade and 

Loof, 1990; 

Lamberti et al., 

1987; Norton et 

al., 1984)

PE, US (FL) 

(Alkemade and Loof, 

1990; Lamberti et al., 

1987; Norton et al., 

1984)

[Yes] R (Alkemade 

and Loof, 

1990; 

Lamberti et 

al., 1987; 

Norton et al., 

1984)

No

Xiphinema brevicolle

Lordello & Da Costa

Alkemade and 

Loof, 1990

PE, US (CA) 

(Alkemade and Loof, 

1990; Norton et al., 

1984)

[Yes] R (Alkemade 

and Loof, 

1990; Norton 

et al., 1984)

No

Xiphinema californicum 

Lamberti and BleveZacheo

Alkemade and 

Loof, 1990; 

Norton et al., 1984

PE, US (Alkemade 

and Loof, 1990; 

Norton et al., 1984)

No N/A N/A

Xiphinema floridae 

Lamberti and BleveZacheo

Lamberti et al., 

1987

PE, US (Lamberti et 

al., 1987; Norton et 

al., 1984)

No N/A N/A

 

20 No action required except when destined to Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands (PestID, 2012). 
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 15

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Xiphinema index Thorne & 

Allen

CABI, 2001; 

Lehman, 1981

PE, US (CABI, 2001; 

Lehman, 1981; 

Norton et al., 1984)

No N/A N/A

Xiphinema paritaliae Loof 

& Sharma

Lamberti et al., 

1987

PE (Lamberti et al., 

1987)

Yes R (Lamberti et 

al., 1987)

No

Xiphinema peruvianum n.sp.

(Syn.: X. americanum

Cobb sensu lato)

Lamberti and 

Bleve-Zacheo, 

1979; Lamberti et 

al., 1987

PE (Lamberti and 

Bleve-Zacheo, 1979; 

Lamberti et al., 1987)

Yes R (Lamberti 

and BleveZacheo, 1979; 

Lamberti et 

al., 1987)

No

Xiphinema setariae Luc Alkemade and 

Loof, 1990

PE, US (Alkemade 

and Loof, 1990; 

Norton et al., 1984)

No N/A N/A

Xiphinema vulgare Tarjan Lamberti et al., 

1987; Tarjan, 1964

PE, US (Lamberti et 

al., 1987; Tarjan, 

1964)

No N/A N/A

FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS

Alternaria alternata (Fr.: 

Fr.) Keissl.

Farr and Rossman, 

2012; Marín et al., 

2006

PE (Farr and 

Rossman, 2012; 

Marín et al., 2006), 

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2012)

No21 N/A N/A

Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) 

Sacc.

CABI, 2001 PE, US (CABI, 2001; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2012)

No N/A N/A

Alternaria citri Ellis and N. 

Pierce

Farr and Rossman, 

2012; Koc, 1997

PE (Koc, 1997; 

SENASA-Peru, 

2011), US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2012)

No N/A N/A

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & 

Kimbr

(Syn.: Corticium rolfsii 

Curzi) (Anamorph:

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.)

Farr and Rossman, 

2012

PE, US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2012)

No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria parva 

Pennycook & Samuels

(Anamorph:

Neofusicoccum parvum 

(Pennycook & Samuels) 

Crous, Slippers & A. J. L. 

Phillips)

Cunnington et al., 

2007; Adesemoye 

and Eskalen, 2011

PE (Javier-Alva et al., 

2009), US (UrbezTorres and Gubler, 

2009; Adesemoye 

and Eskalen, 2011)

No N/A N/A

 

21 Marín et al. (2006) report a damaging tangerine-pathotype of Alternaria alternata in Peru, which may be a unique strain of 

this pathogen. Currently, however, we cannot regulate this pathogen strain, because we cannot distinguish it from native 

strains of A. alternata in the United States.
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 16

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de 

Bary) Whetzel

Anamorph: Botrytis cinerea

Fullerton et al., 

1999; Farr and 

Rossman, 2012

PE (Koc, 1997), US 

(Farr and Rossman, 

2012)

No N/A N/A

Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis 

& Halst.

Castrillón A. and 

Urrea J., 2000; 

CABI, 2001; Farr 

and Rossman, 

2012

PE (CABI, 2012) , 

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2012)

No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides (Penz.) 

Penz. & Sacc.

(Teleomorph: Glomerella 

cingulata (Stonem.) 

Spauld. & Schrenk)

Farr and Rossman, 

2012; Agostini et 

al., 1992

PE (Farr and 

Rossman, 2012; 

Lenne and Burdon, 

1990), US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2012)

No N/A N/A

Corticium koleroga (Cooke) 

Höhnel

Syn.: Pellicularia 

koleroga Cooke

CABI, 2012; Farr 

and Rossman, 

2012; Timmer et 

al., 2000

PE, US (CABI, 2012; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2012)

No N/A N/A

Corticium salmonicolor

Berk. & Broome 

Syn.: Erythricium 

salmonicolor Berk. & 

Broome) Burdsall

CABI, 2000; 

Timmer et al., 

2000

PE, US (CABI, 2000; 

Timmer et al., 2000)

No N/A N/A

Elsinoë fawcettii Bitanc. & 

Jenkins

CABI, 2000; 

Sivanesan and 

Critchett, 1974

PE, US (CABI, 2000; 

Sivanesan and 

Critchett, 1974)

No N/A N/A

Haematonectria 

haematococca (Berk. & 

Broome) Samuels & 

Rossman (Anamorph: 

Fusarium solani (Mart.) 

Sacc.)

Koc, 1997 PE (Koc, 1997), US 

(Farr and Rossman, 

2012)

No N/A N/A

Lasiodiplodia theobromae

(Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.

(Syn.: Botryodiplodia 

theobromae Pat.)

(Teleomorph: 

Botryosphaeria rhodina

(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) 

Arx)

Farr and Rossman, 

2012; Koc, 1997

PE (Farr and 

Rossman, 2012; Koc, 

1997), US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2012)

No N/A N/A

Macrophomina phaseolina 

(Tassi) Goid

CABI, 2012; Farr 

and Rossman, 

2012

PE (CABI, 2012; 

Torres, 2002), US 

(CABI, 2001; Farr 

and Rossman, 2012) 

No N/A N/A

Penicillium digitatum (Pers.: 

Fr.) Sacc.

Farr and Rossman, 

2012; Koc, 1997

PE (Farr and 

Rossman, 2012; Koc, 

1997)

No N/A N/A
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 17

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Penicillium italicum

Wehmer

Koc, 1997 PE (Koc, 1997), US 

(Farr and Rossman, 

2012)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cactorum

(Lebert & Cohn) Schröter

CABI, 2001; Farr 

and Rossman, 

2012; Thomidis et 

al., 2005

PE, US (CABI, 2001; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2012)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora capsici 

Leonian

CABI, 2001; Farr 

and Rossman, 

2012; Horst, 2001

PE, US (CABI, 2001; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2012; Horst, 2001)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora citrophthora 

(R.H. Sm. & E. Sm.) 

Leonian

Bowman et al., 

2007; CABI, 

2001; Farr and 

Rossman, 2012; 

Koc, 1997

PE (Farr and 

Rossman, 2012; Koc, 

1997), US (CABI, 

2001; Farr and 

Rossman, 2012)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora nicotianae 

Breda de Haan

(Syn.: P. parasitica 

Dastur)

Bowman et al., 

2007; CABI, 

2001; Farr and 

Rossman, 2012

PE (Koc, 1997), US 

(CABI, 2001; Farr 

and Rossman, 2012)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora palmivora (E. 

J. Butler) E. J. Butler 

Bowman et al., 

2007; CABI, 

2001; Farr and 

Rossman, 2012; 

Timmer et al., 

2000

PE, US (CABI, 2001; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2012; Timmer et al., 

2000)

No N/A N/A

Phytophthora spp. Koc, 1997 PE (Koc, 1997) Yes Seedlings, F 

(Koc, 1997)

Yes

Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & 

Broome) Sacc.

CABI, 2002; Farr 

and Rossman, 

2012; Koc, 1997; 

Timmer et al., 

2000

PE, US (PR, VI) 

(CABI, 2002; Farr 

and Rossman, 2012; 

Timmer et al., 2000)

Yes R (CABI, 

2002; Farr and 

Rossman, 

2012; Timmer 

et al., 2000)

No

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 

(Lib.) de Bary

CABI, 2001; Farr 

and Rossman, 

2012; Timmer et 

al., 2000

PE (Torres, 2002; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2012), US (CABI, 

2001; Farr and 

Rossman, 2012; 

Timmer et al., 2000)

No N/A N/A

Septoria sp. Alvarez-Bernaola 

et al., 2007

PE22 (AlvarezBernaola et al., 2007)Yes F (AlvarezBernaola et 

al., 2007)

Yes

 

22 Alvarez-Bernaola et al. (2007) reported what appears to be a unique species of Septoria that infects fruit of Citrus limetta

in Peru. Extensive host range testing of other Citrus species has not been reported to date, so we do not know if the host 

range is limited to C. limetta. It appears distinct from Septoria citri (on C. limon from Spain) and S. citricola (on C. 

sinensis in Italy), but it is not clear if it has been described and named as a new species to date (Alvarez-Bernaola et al., 
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 18

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Sphaeropsis tumefaciens

Hedges

Abbott, 1931; Farr 

and Rossman, 

2012; Timmer et 

al., 2000

PE (Abbott, 1931), 

US (Farr and 

Rossman, 2012)

No N/A N/A

Thanatephorus cucumeris 

(Frank) Donk

(Anamorph: Rhizoctonia 

solani J.G. Kühn 

Farr and Rossman, 

2012; Timmer et 

al., 2000

PE, US (CABI, 2001; 

Farr and Rossman, 

2012)

No N/A N/A

BACTERIA AND PHYTOPLASMAS

Rhizobium radiobacter

(Beij. & v. Deld.) Pribram

Bradbury, 1986; 

CABI, 2001

PE, US (Bradbury, 

1986; CABI, 2001)

No N/A N/A

VIRUSES AND VIROIDS

Citrus exocortis viroid 

(CEVd)

CABI, 2012 PE (CABI, 2012; 

Murcia et al., 2010), 

US (CABI, 2012)

No N/A N/A

Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) Timmer et al., 

2000

PE (Bazan de Segura, 

1972; Koc, 1997), US 

(Timmer et al., 2000)

No N/A N/A

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) Saponari and 

Yokomi, 2010; 

CABI, 2000; 

Roistacher and 

Moreno, 1991

PE (Koc, 1997), US 

(Roistacher and 

Moreno, 1991; 

Saponari and 

Yokomi, 2010; 

CABI, 2000)

No N/A N/A

Citrus vein enation virus

(CVEC)

Bazan de Segura, 

1972; Timmer et 

al., 2000

PE, US (Bazan de 

Segura, 1972; 

Timmer et al., 2000)

No N/A N/A

Citrus dwarfing viroid 

(Syn.: Citrus viroid III 

(CVd-III))

Murcia et al., 2010 PE (Murcia et al., 

2010), US (Brlansky 

and Timmer, 2012; 

Kunta et al., 2007) 

No N/A N/A

Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) 

(Citrus cachexia)

Murcia et al., 2010 PE (Murcia et al., 

2010), US (Brlansky 

and Timmer, 2012; 

Kunta et al., 2007; 

Timmer et al., 2000)

No N/A N/A

ALGAE

Cephaleuros virescens 

Künze

Koc, 1997 PE (Koc, 1997), US 

(CABI, 2012)

No N/A N/A

MOLLUSKS

 

2007). Citrus limetta is not proposed for export from Peru, so if this Septoria species infects only C. limetta, then it would 

not move on other exported Citrus species. 
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 19

Scientific Name Reported on 

Citrus spp. 

Distribution1 Quarantine pest2Plant part(s) 

association3

Follow 

pathway

Helix aspersa Muller 

(Mollusca: Helicidae)

CABI, 2001; 

Dekle and Fasulo, 

2002

PE, US (CABI, 2001; 

Dekle and Fasulo, 

2002)

Yes23 Bark, wood, 

R, F, L, S, Sd, 

I (CABI, 

2001; Dekle 

and Fasulo, 

2002)

No24

2.2. Quarantine pests not considered for risk mitigation

Quarantine pests not listed above could be detrimental to agriculture or ecosystems in the continental 

United States, but they are not candidates for risk mitigation for a variety of reasons. For example, they 

may be mainly associated with plant parts other than the commodity; they may be associated with the 

commodity, but would not reasonably remain with the commodity through standard harvest and postharvest processing; they may have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities 

during U.S. agricultural port-of-entry inspection, but would not likely be present in commercial 

shipments; or the organism may have been identified (in the literature or in USDA’s interception data) 

only to the genus level, and the genus in question occurs in the continental United States.

2.2.1. Pests not identified to species

Generally, based on standards by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC, 2009), we do not 

consider risk mitigation measures for organisms identified only to the genus level if the genus in 

question is reported in the continental United States. Often there are many species within a genus, and 

we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the continental United States and, consequently, 

whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest for the continental United States. In this risk 

assessment, the above statement applies to the arthropods Compsus, Aleurotrachelus, Aonidia,

Paraleyrodes, Asterolecanium, Lecanodiaspis, Ceroplastes, Pulvinaria, Melipona, and Sibine and to the 

pathogens Criconemella, Septoria, and Trichodorus. These genera occur in the continental United States 

(CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Ben-Dov et al., 2012; O’Brien and Peña, 2012; Hodges and 

Hamon, 2004; Bibbs and Frank, 2012). Lack of specific identification may indicate the limits of current 

taxonomic knowledge, or the life stage or quality of the specimen submitted for identification. Pest risk 

assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Lack of specific 

identification does not rule out the possibility that a high-risk quarantine pest was intercepted. 

Conversely, the development of detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological 

niches, such as internal fruit feeders or foliage pests, allows effective mitigation measures to eliminate 

the known organisms as well as similar but incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same 

niche. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, we may reevaluate their risk.

2.2.2. Armored scales

We did not further analyze the armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) identified in this risk 

assessment as quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway, Aulacaspis tubercularis, Parlatoria 

 

23 Listed as actionable pest for Alabama and Florida only (PestID, 2012).

24 Because of its size, biology, and/or mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and 

standard handling and processing.
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 20

cinerea, and Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis, because armored scales are highly unlikely to become 

established via this pathway due to their very limited ability to disperse to new host plants (Miller et al., 

1985; PERAL, 2007). Only a certain immature form of armored scales, the crawler, can self-disperse. 

Crawlers are highly unlikely to successfully disperse by walking from their natal host since they are not 

capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces. They typically disperse by being blown 

from plant to plant in the wind. Additionally, their dispersal period is limited to approximately 24 hours, 

after which they start feeding, become firmly anchored to the host tissue, and lose their legs. Adult 

females have no wings or legs. Dispersal from fruit discarded into the environment is highly unlikely 

because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on 

decaying fruit or fruit peels. 

2.2.3. Doubtful host association

Anastrepha distincta. Anastrepha distincta Greene [Diptera: Tephritidae] is reported in Peru (CABI, 

2002; Norrbom and Kim, 1988; Couturier et al., 1993) and on Citrus spp. (CABI, 2002; Norrbom and 

Kim, 1988; Uchoa-Fernandes et al., 2003). Despite that, Norrbom and Kim, 1988) list only lab and 

questionable reports of A. distincta on citrus. Consequently, we think that this fruit fly species is 

unlikely to be associated with commercial citrus for export.

Anastrepha grandis and A. minensis. Anastrepha grandis Macquart (CABI, 2002; Korytkowski and 

Ojeda, 1968; Norrbom and Kim, 1988; Stone, 1942), and A. minensis Lima (synonym = A. extensa 

Stone) [Diptera: Tephritidae] (Korytkowski and Ojeda, 1968; Norrbom and Kim, 1988; Stone, 1942) are

both reported to be in Peru. For both pests, Citrus spp., however, are either doubtful hosts (Norrbom and 

Kim, 1988; Ooi et al., 2002) or are not included in the reported host range (White and Elson-Harris, 

1992). Therefore, we did not list them above.

Anastrepha striata. Anastrepha striata Schin. is reported in Peru (Alata Condor, 1973; CABI, 2012), 

but is typically restricted to fruit of the genus Psidium (guavas) and is considered stenophagous (Aluja et 

al. 2000a; Aluja et al. 2004). The primary records of A. striata on citrus are questionable, and, therefore, 

this fruit fly is unlikely to attack citrus (Norrbom, 2003). Based on that evidence, we did not list the pest 

above.

Mycena citricolor. Mycena citricolor (Berk. & Curtis) Sacc. [Fungi and Chromistans] has been reported 

in Peru (CABI, 2002; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Mariau, 2001; Thurston, 1973), and is actionable except 

when destined to Puerto Rico or the U.S. Virgin Islands, where it is already established (PestID, 2012). 

It has only been reported to infect coffee fruit (Trujillo et al., 1995) and has not been associated with 

Citrus fruit infection to date.

2.3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and candidates for risk mitigation

We identified quarantine pests that are likely to follow the commodity pathway and that are candidates 

for further mitigation below (Table 2). 

As noted in the Introduction, Peru proposes to include the following processes and conditions prior to 

approval to start cold treatment for fruit flies in transit:

 phytosanitary management of pests associated with Citrus in the grove; 

 packinghouse measures that include inspection; primary grading to remove small, damaged, 

infected, or infested fruit; washing and brushing to clean fruit; spraying with wax containing 
Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 21

fungicide, followed by air-drying; secondary grading to remove damaged or blemished fruit; 

sorting by size and packaging in new cardboard boxes; storage with safeguarding measures to 

prevent reinfestation under consistent conditions; and

 final inspection and certification procedures, 

These processes (7 CFR § 319.56, 2012) have been successfully implemented for the five previously 

approved export areas. 

Table 2. Quarantine arthropod pests likely to follow the pathway with fresh fruit of Citrus spp. from all 

parts of Peru and under consideration for further mitigation.

Pest Classification Pest Scientific Name

Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus

Anastrepha obliqua

Anastrepha serpentina

Ceratitis capitata

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Ecdytolopha aurantiana

3. Authors and Reviewers

Author: Lisa M. Ferguson, Risk Analyst/Plant Pathologista

Reviewers:

Robert G. Ahern, Risk Analyst/Entomologista

Betsy Randall-Schadel, Risk Analyst/Plant Pathologista

a Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory, USDA-APHIS-PPQ

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