Importation of Fresh Celery

(Apium graveolens Linnaeus) from Colombia

into the Continental United States 

A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment

March 22, 2010

Revision 02

Agency contact:

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 ii

Executive Summary

This pest risk assessment was prepared to examine plant pest risks associated with the 

importation of fresh celery (Apium graveolens Linnaeus) stems, leaves, and roots into the 

continental United States from the Republic of Colombia, South America. For this risk 

assessment, the authors assumed that the celery commodity would undergo processing in a 

packinghouse, as opposed to field processing, and that the processing would include culling, 

selection, grading, and washing the commodity.

A list of celery pests in Colombia was prepared based on documents submitted by the Colombian 

Ministry for Agriculture and Rural Development, Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), pest 

interception records of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, scientific literature, and opinions of 

experts in celery production. This pest risk assessment identified four quarantine pests likely to

follow the pathway of fresh celery from Colombia. The quarantine pests likely to follow the 

pathway and selected for further analysis are:

Coccus viridis(Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae)

Copitarsia decolora (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Planococcus lilacinus Cock (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

The overall Pest Risk Potential is High for Copitarsia decolora and Liriomyza huidobrensis and 

Medium for Coccus viridis and Planococcus lilacinus.

A list of potential phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risks is provided in this document.

However, final phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk along the celery pathway will be 

determined during the development of a detailed pest risk management document which will 

supplement this baseline assessment.
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 iii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... ii

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background........................................................................................................................ 1

1.2. Commodity information..................................................................................................... 1

2. Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 3

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action...................................................................................... 3

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Apium graveolens ........................................................ 3

2.3. Current Status, Decision History and Pest Interceptions................................................... 4

2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of Pests of Apium graveolens for Colombia ............. 5

2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway.............................................................. 16

2.6. Analysis of Quarantine Pests: Consequences of Introduction ......................................... 17

2.7. Analysis of Quarantine Pests: Likelihood of Introduction .............................................. 25

2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion ................................................................................. 27

3. Risk Mitigation Options......................................................................................................... 28

4. References................................................................................................................................ 31

5. Preparers and Reviewers ....................................................................................................... 48

Appendix 1. Pest interceptions on Apium graveolens, Apium graveolens var. dulce and 

Apium graveolens var. rapaceum entering the United States................................................. 50
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 1

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

This risk assessment was prepared by the Center for Phytosanitary Excellence (CEF) in 

Colombia for the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and 

Quarantine (PPQ) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to examine potential pest risks 

associated with the importation of fresh leaves, roots, and stems of celery (Apium graveolens 

Linnaeus) from Colombia into the continental United States. The authors assessed pest risk under 

the assumption that the celery commodity would undergo a water wash and culling in a 

packinghouse facility. Standard packinghouse processing of celery includes washing with 

chlorinated water, sorting, and grading (Kader, 2002; Salunkhe and Kadam, 1998).

This pest risk assessment is pathway-initiated because it is based on the risks that may be 

associated with the importation of this commodity. This risk assessment is qualitative, with risk 

is expressed in descriptive terms (High, Medium, and Low) rather than in probabilities or 

frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria are explained in: Guidelines for PathwayInitiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2000).

International plant protection organizations, such as the North American Plant Protection 

Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United 

Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization, provide standards for conducting pest risk analyses 

(IPPC, 2004, 2007a; NAPPO, 2004). The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this plant 

pest risk analysis, as well as the use of biological and phytosanitary terms, are consistent with 

these standards. The IPPC standards describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1, Initiation; 

Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the 

requirements of the first two stages. The detailed examination of appropriate phytosanitary 

measures to mitigate pest risk is undertaken as part of the pest risk management phase within 

APHIS and is not addressed within this document.

1.2. Commodity information

Apium graveolens L. (celery) is a biennial plant native to North America, South America, and 

Eurasia (Simon et al., 1984). Celery is widely cultivated for its fleshy leafstalk, which is used as 

a vegetable, and separate varieties have been developed for the production of seeds for 

condiment use and for root-producing varieties (celeriac) used to flavor soups (Lowman and 

Birdseye, 1946).

In Colombia, it is recommended to cultivate celery in areas with temperatures ranging from 15°C

to 18°C (59°F to 64.4°F), with a monthly precipitation of 20 mm to 25 mm (0.787 in. to 0.984

in.) and a soil pH of 5.8 to 6.6 (Jaramillo et al., 1977), at altitudes between 1,500 m and 2,800 m

(4,921.26 ft. and 9,186.352 ft.) above sea level (ASOHOFRUCOL, 2004). Celery thrives in deep 

sandy or loamy soils, but requires irrigation due to its shallow root systems (Simon et al., 1984).

Plants are seeded or transplanted, and the compound white umbels, pollinated by insects, develop

in the second year (Simon et al., 1984). Harvested plants are allowed to dry and are then threshed 

to remove seeds (Simon et al., 1984). As a vegetable, the celery is cultivated for the green and 
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 2

blanched leafstalks [Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers.], or, to a limited extent, the 

edible roots and crowns [Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum (Mill.) Gaudin, called celeriac, 

knob celery, celery root, or turnip-rooted celery], and the leaves (Apium graveolens L. var. 

secalinum Alefeld, called leaf celery, French celery or Chinese celery) (Baudouin, 2004; 

Botany.com, 2006).

Celery is primarily hand-harvested, although some newly developed mowing machines cut 

celery for processing plants (Koike et al., 1996). Celery is harvested when the overall field 

reaches the desired marketable size and before the outer petioles develop "pithiness" (Suslow and 

Cantwell, 2002). Celery has a very uniform crop growth and fields are harvested only once; 

stalks are packed by size after trimming outer petioles and leaves (Suslow and Cantwell, 2002).

High quality celery stalks are well-formed, compact, not significantly bowed or bulging, have 

thick minimal petiole twisting, and a light green and fresh appearance (Suslow and Cantwell, 

2002). Additional quality indices are stalk and midrib length, freedom from defects such as 

blackheart, pithy petioles, seedstalks, cracks, splits, insect damage and decay (Suslow and 

Cantwell, 2002). After the elimination of the leaves with defects, the celery is commonly washed 

and then packed (Jaramillo et al., 1977). At optimum conditions, celery can be stored for up to 5

to 7 weeks (Suslow and Cantwell, 2002). Commonly, celery is rapidly pre-cooled and then 

stored at 0°C to 2°C (32°F to 36°F) (Suslow and Cantwell, 2002). If storage is intended to be less 

than one month, celery should not be stored for more than 2 weeks at 5°C (41°F); this will 

maintain good quality (Suslow and Cantwell, 2002). Continued growth of inner stalks will occur 

after harvest at temperatures > 0°C (32°F) (Suslow and Cantwell, 2002). Celery should keep for 

2 to 3 months if stored at 0°C (32°F) (Hemphill, 2002). Since wilting is a major cause of 

deterioration, it is best to store celery at very high relative humidity (98% to 100%) and with 

sufficient air circulation to keep temperatures equal at the top and bottom of the room (Hemphill, 

2002).

On average, U.S. consumers used 1.8 billion pounds of celery annually during 2002-04 (USDA, 

2005a). Although equal to the last 3 years of the 1990s, it is down 5 percent from 1992-94

(USDA, 2005a). Use of celery per person began to slip in the late 1980s after remaining steady 

during the 1960s and 70s (USDA, 2005a). Average per capita disappearance of celery declined 2 

percent during each of the past two decades (USDA, 2005a). In 2003, California produced 

803,312.09 kg (1,771,000 lbs.) of celery, followed in production by Michigan and Texas 

(NFAPP, 2004). Currently, California, Michigan, and Florida account for about 97 percent of the 

Nation’s celery crop, which had an average annual farm value of $261 million during 2002-04

(USDA, 2005a). California produces celery year-round, with output concentrated in the central 

and south coastal valleys, where the climate is mild (USDA, 2005a). Although the bulk of 

California's celery enters the fresh market (including fresh-cut products such as celery sticks), 

frozen and dehydrated celery items are also produced (USDA, 2005a). Aside from holiday surge, 

demand is constant; fresh-market celery shipments stay fairly constant throughout the year, 

except for a seasonal peak during November and December (USDA, 2005a). The United States 

is a net exporter of celery; in 2002-04, exports of fresh-market celery totaled $48 million, while 

imports were valued at $9 million (USDA, 2005a). Eighty percent of the fresh celery imported 

by the United States comes from Mexico and most enters the country during the winter months

(USDA, 2005a). The other most important provider of celery for the United States is Canada 

(USDA, 2005b). In 2005, the imports from Mexico and Canada equaled 580,000,000 and 
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 3

119,000,000 lbs., respectively (USDA, 2005b). In 2003, U.S. celery production was 7,608,121.2 

ha (18.8 million acres) for a value of USD$257,338,000 (USDA, 2004). In 2005, the harvested 

area of celery comprised between 5,100 and 7,600 acres, according to the season (USDA, 

2006b). The majority of the crop is used for fresh market (Koike et al., 1996).

In 2004, Colombia had 28ha (69.189 acres) of active commercial celery plantations that 

produced 568 tons (1,252,225.6 lbs.) (MADR, 2005). Celery is principally produced for national 

consumption in Colombia. The quantity of fresh or frozen Apium graveolens (except Apium 

graveolens var. rapaceum) exported from Colombia in 2004 was 52,530 kg (115,808.8 lbs.)

(Analdex, 2006).

2. Risk Assessment

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

This commodity-based, pathway-initiated assessment is in response to a request made by the 

Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) [Colombian Agricultural Institute] [letter No. 04840, 

dated June 03, 2003 (ICA, 2003)] to the USDA to authorize the importation of fresh celery 

(leaves, roots, and stems) grown in Colombia into the continental United States. In this case, the 

importation is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests. Title 7 of the Code of 

Federal Regulations 319, Part 56 (USDA, 2006a) provides regulatory authority for the 

importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States.

2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Apium graveolens

The results of the weed screening for Apium graveolens did not prompt a weed-initiated risk 

assessment (Table 1).

Table 1. Assessment of Weed Potential of Apium graveolens

Commodity, Scientific name and author: Apium graveolens Linnaeus

Synonyms: Apium celleri Gaertn., Apium decumbens Ecklon & Zeyh., Apium graveolens

subsp. dulce (Mill.) Lemke & Rothm., Apium lobatum Gilib., Apium maritimum Salisb., 

Apium palustre Thore, Apium vulgare Bubani, Carum graveolens (L.) Koso-Pol., Celeri 

graveolens (L.) Britton (L.) Britton, Helosciadium rutaceum St.-Lag., Selinum graveolens

E.H.L. Krause, Seseli graveolens Scop., Sison ruta Burm.f., Sium apium Roth, Sium 

graveolens (L.) Vest, Smyrnium laterale Thunb. (Mansfeld, 2001).

Plant family: Apiaceae

Common name: Celery

Phase 1:

Apium graveolens is reported to occur naturally in 23 States of the continental United States

(USDA-NRCS, 2006), including Arizona, California, Connecticut, Florida, Massachusetts, 

Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas and West Virginia (Metropolitan 

Community College, 2002; Koike et al., 1996).

Phase 2: 

Is the species listed in:
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 4

NO A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al., 1991a).

NO World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1991b).

NO World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al., 1997).

NO Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and 

Ritchie, 1988).

NO Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977).

NO Weed Science Society of America list (WSSA, 2006).

NO Federal Noxious Weed List (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2005).

YES Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas (Swearingen, 2006).

NO State Regulated Noxious Weeds (USDA-APHIS, 2004).

Other literature and database search indicating weediness:

NO AGRICOLA (NAL, 2006), CAB (CABI, 2005), AGRIS (AGRIS/CARIS, 2003).

NO Noxious Weeds List for Australian States and Territories (NWSEC, 2004).

NO Florida's Invasive Species List, Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC, 2005).

YES Weeds in Egypt (Arasi Lawrence Company, 2001).

Phase 3:

A weed-initiated risk assessment was not warranted for Apium graveolens because the species 

is prevalent in 23 states of the continental United States, and the large majority of the 

resources consulted do not list this species as a weed.

2.3. Current Status, Decision History and Pest Interceptions 

Currently, celery, Apium graveolens is authorized to enter into the United States through the 

following ports from the following countries:

• All U.S. ports-of-entry from the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, Belize, Costa Rica, the 

Dominican Republic (as celery and celeriac, whole plant), El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, 

Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico (as celery: leaf, stem, and root), Nicaragua (leaf and stem), the 

Netherlands (as celeriac), and Panama (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006a). 

• The Atlantic ports north of and including Baltimore, MD; the ports on the Great Lakes and 

the St. Lawrence Seaway; Canadian border ports east of and including North Dakota;

Washington, DC (including Dulles for air shipments); (all the area north of 39° and east of 

104°), from Bermuda, Peru, and Suriname (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006a).

• Puerto Rico from Venezuela (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006a).

• Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John) from all 

countries of the West Indies (as celery and celeriac) (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006a).

• Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands from Australia, Hong Kong, 

Japan (from all areas other than Amami, Bonin, Ryukyu, Tokara, and Volcano Islands), 

Korea, New Zealand (require a phytosanitary certificate issued by the New Zealand 

Department of Agriculture that affirms the commodity was grown in an area free of the 

redlegged-earth mite, Halotydeus destructor, or require T101-b-1-1), the Philippines, 

Taiwan, and Thailand (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006a).

Only one pest risk assessment for the importation of celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) into 

the United States has been conducted over the past few decades. This assessment was for celery 
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 5

from Dominica into the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 1997).

On August 5, 1970, the entry of celery from Colombia into the United States was disapproved 

because of the absence of an approved treatment against Uredo cundinamarcensis.

From 1984-2007, different species of pests were intercepted on Apium graveolens, Apium 

graveolens var. dulce and Apium graveolens var. rapaceum entering the United States (PPQ, 

2007; query November 20, 2007) (see Appendix 1). For pests identified to the genus level, only 

those intercepted on Apium graveolens originating from Colombia were included in Table 2. For 

pests identified to the species level, only those either intercepted on plant material from 

Colombia or reported in Colombia in the scientific literature were included in Table 2.

Cuscuta sp., Ischaemum rugosum, Oryza sp., Setaria sp., Solanum sp., and Solanum torvum are 

not included in Table 2 below because these are plants that will be removed from the commodity 

during selection and washing post harvest processes of celery.

Species of Agromyzidae, Aphididae, Cicadellidae, Diptera, and Pyraustinae were intercepted on 

Apium graveolens from Colombia, but they are not included in Table 2 because neither the 

species nor the genus of the intercepted organisms could be determined.

Apis mellifera was intercepted one time on Apium graveolens from Mexico (PPQ, 2007; query 

November 20, 2007), but, because it is not a plant pest, it is not included in Table 2. 

Furthermore, as honeybees are associated with flowers and not the leaves, stem, and/or roots of 

celery, this interception was most likely a rare event.

Previous import decisions for Apium graveolens from neighboring South American countries 

indicated Puccinia apii and Uredo cundinamarcensis as quarantine pests of concern for the 

United States. However, a search of the scientific literature found no record of any rust pathogen 

on A. graveolens in Colombia (Cline, Personal communication, 2005), thus P. apii and U. 

cundinamarcensis were excluded from the current risk assessment. Uredo cundinamarcensis is 

not reported to infect Apium graveolens. Uredo cundinamarcensis was reported in 1914 on 

Apium ternatum ranunculifolium, a wild species of celery, and not on Apium graveolens 

(Buriticá and Pardo-Cardona, 1996; Fuhrmann and Mayor, 1914); since then, Apium ternatum 

var. ranunculifolium has not been collected in the same location where it was discovered 

(Buriticá, 2004). No fungus in the order Uredinales has been found on Apium graveolens in 

Colombia (Buriticá, 2004).

2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of Pests of Apium graveolens for Colombia

Table 2 presents information on pests associated with Apium graveolens (for Apium graveolens

var. dulce, Apium graveolens var. rapaceum, and Apium graveolens var. secalinum) (in any 

country) that occur in Colombia. Data includes: (1) the presence or absence of these pests in the 

United States, (2) the generally affected plant part or parts (flower, leaf, root, seed, seedling, 

shoot, or stem = petiole), (3) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, (4) whether 

the pest is likely to follow the pathway into the United States on celery, and (5) pertinent 

citations for either the distribution or the biology of the pest. Many organisms are eliminated 
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 6

from further consideration as sources of phytosanitary risk on celery from Colombia because 

they do not satisfy the definition of a quarantine pest (IPPC, 2007b). A quarantine pest is defined 

as, “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present 

there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 2007b).

Note: In the pest list, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to 

follow the pathway is only provided for quarantine pests, not for non-quarantine pests. Even if 

non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests 

would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States; therefore, 

information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not 

needed for non-quarantine pests.

Table 2: Pests of Apium graveolens (celery) that occur in Colombia

Pest Scientific Name and 

Taxonomy

Geographic 

Distribution1

Plant part 

affected 2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

ARTHROPODS

Agriphila sp. (Lepidoptera: 

Pyralidae)

CO L Yes3 Yes Karren and Roe, 2000; PPQ, 

2007

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2005; Figueroa, 1977;

ICA, 2002

Antonina graminis

(Maskell) (Homoptera: 

Pseudococcidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004; ICA, 2002; 

NSFCIPM, 2006; Ramos and 

Serna, 2004

Aphis fabae Scopoli

(Homoptera: Aphididae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2005; Figueroa, 1977;

ICA, 2002

Aphis gossypii Glover

(Homoptera: Aphididae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004; Figueroa, 1977;

ICA, 2002

Aphis spiraecola Patch

(Homoptera: Aphididae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004; Figueroa, 1977;

ICA, 2002

Aulacorthum solani

Kaltenbach (Homoptera: 

Aphididae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004; Figueroa, 1977; 

Palumbo, 2003; USDA, 2000

Bemisia tabaci (B biotype)

(Gennadius) (Homoptera: 

Aleyrodidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004; ICA, 2002; 

MAG, 2003; Mau and Lee, 

1995

Brevicoryne brassicae 

(Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: 

Aphididae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Figueroa, 1977; 

Martin and Mau, 1991

Chrysodeixis includens

(Walker) (Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 7

Pest Scientific Name and 

Taxonomy

Geographic 

Distribution1

Plant part 

affected 2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Coccus viridis (Green)

(Homiptera: Coccidae)

CO, US (FL) L, S, Sh [Yes]

4 Yes Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2005; 

Ben-Dov et al., 2005; Dekle 

and Fasulo, 2001b; Drizd, 

2004; Figueroa, 1977; Hamon 

and Williams, 1984; ICA, 

2002; ISHS, 2000; Mau and 

Martin, 1992a; Posada, 1989

Copitarsia decolora

(Guenée) [synonym: 

Copitarsia turbata 

(Herrich-Schaeffer)]

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)15

CO L Yes Yes PPQ, 2007; Simmons and

Scheffer, 2004

Dysaphis apiifolia 

(Theobald) (Homoptera: 

Aphididae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Blackman and Eastop, 2000; 

Fennimore et al., 2000; 

Posada, 1989; University of 

York, 2004

Dysmicoccus brevipes

(Cockerell) (Homoptera: 

Pseudococcidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Figueroa, 1977; 

ICA, 2002

Empoasca sp. (Homoptera: 

Cicadellidae)

CO L Yes3 Yes CABI, 2002; Giganti et al., 

1998

Epitrix cucumeris (Harris)

(Coleoptera: 

Chrysomelidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Agnew, 2001; CABI, 2002; 

Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002

Estigmene acrea Drury

(Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2002; 

Capinera, 2001; Figueroa, 

1977; ICA, 2002; USDA, 

2000

Frankliniella occidentalis

(Pergande) (Thysanoptera: 

Thripidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Bundesministerium für 

Ernährung, Landwirtschaft 

und Forsten, 1998; CABI, 

2004; ICA, 2002

Gryllus sp. (Orthoptera: 

Gryllidae)

CO Sd Yes3 No Agnew, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; 

ICA, 2002

Halticus bractatus (Say)

(Hemiptera: Miridae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004; Capinera, 2005; 

ICA, 2002; NSFCIPM, 2006

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004; Figueroa, 1977; 

ICA, 2002; USDA, 2000

Heliothis virescens 

(Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Agnew, 2001; CABI, 2002; 

Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002

Liriomyza huidobrensis

Blanchard (Diptera: 

Agromyzidae)

CO L, S16 Yes5 Yes Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2005; 

EPPO, 2003; Figueroa, 1977; 

ICA, 2002; USDA, 2000

Liriomyza sativae Blanchard

(Diptera: Agromyzidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Figueroa, 1977; 

ICA, 2002
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 8

Pest Scientific Name and 

Taxonomy

Geographic 

Distribution1

Plant part 

affected 2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Liriomyza sp. (Diptera: 

Agromyzidae)

CO L Yes3 Yes Agnew, 2001; Figueroa, 1977; 

ICA, 2002; Posada, 1989

Liriomyza trifolii Burgess in 

Comstock (Diptera:

Agromyzidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; ICA, 2002; 

Posada, 1989; Subsecretaría 

de Estado de Agricultura, 

2000

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

(Thomas) (Homoptera: 

Aphididae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Agnew, 2001; CABI, 2002; 

Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002

Macrosteles quadrilineatus 

Forbes (Homoptera: 

Cicadellidae) Syn.: 

Macrosteles fascifrons

(Stål)

CO, US N/A No N/A Freytag and Sharkey, 2002; 

Hill, 1987; ICA, 2000

Mythimna unipuncta 

Haworth (Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004; NSFCIPM, 2006

Myzus ornatus Laing

(Homoptera: Aphididae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Blackman and Eastop, 2000; 

Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002; 

Miller and Stoetzel, 1997; 

Morin et al., 1997

Myzus persicae Sulzer

(Homoptera: Aphididae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Figueroa, 1977; 

ICA, 2002

Papilio polyxenes Fabricius

(Lepidoptera: 

Papilionidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Robinson et al., 2006; USGS, 

2006; Zhang, 1994

Peridroma saucia (Hübner)

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; ICA, 2002; 

Posada, 1989

Phyllophaga sp.

(Coleoptera: 

Scarabaeidae)

CO R Yes3 Yes Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 2002; 

Paniagua, 2001; Posada, 1989

Planococcus lilacinus Cock

(Hemiptera: 

Pseudococcidae)

CO F, Fl, L, 

Sh, S

Yes Yes Ben-Dov et al., 2005; CABI, 

2005; Kondo, 2001

Planococcus minor

(Maskell) (Hemiptera: 

Pseudococcideae) 

(synonym: Planococcus 

pacificus Cox)

CO F, L, Fl, S17 Yes No18 Ben-Dov et al., 2005; PPQ, 

2007

Plutella xylostella Linnaeus

(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Agnew, 2001; CABI, 2002; 

ICA, 2002; Posada, 1989

Pseudococcus 

jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & 

Miller (Homoptera: 

Pseudococcidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Ben-Dov et al., 2005; CABI, 

2002 
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 9

Pest Scientific Name and 

Taxonomy

Geographic 

Distribution1

Plant part 

affected 2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Rhopalosiphum 

rufiabdominale (Sasaki)

(Homoptera: Aphididae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Figueroa, 1977; 

ICA, 2002; Larson and 

Nesheim, 1999

Spodoptera eridania Stoll

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Figueroa, 1977; 

ICA, 2002

Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. 

Smith (Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Figueroa, 1977; 

ICA, 2002; Larson and 

Nesheim, 1999

Tetranychus cinnabarinus

(Boisduval) (Acari: 

Tetranychidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Mau and Martin, 

1992b; Posada, 1989

Tetranychus desertorum

Banks (Acari: 

Tetranychidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Bolland et al., 1998; USDA, 

2000

Tetranychus gloveri Banks

(Acari: Tetranychidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Bolland et al., 1998; Perez et 

al., 2004

Tetranychus ludeni Zacher

(Acari: Tetranychidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Bolland et al., 1998; Jeppson 

et al., 1975

Tetranychus tumidus Banks

(Acari: Tetranychidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A ICA, 2002; Suarez, 2004

Tetranychus urticae Koch

(Acari: Tetranychidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Fraval, 1992; ICA, 2002; 

Posada, 1989; Subsecretaría 

de Estado de Agricultura, 

2000

Thrips tabaci Lindeman

(Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Bundesministerium für 

Ernährung, Landwirtschaft 

und Forsten, 1998; CABI, 

2002; Figueroa, 1977; ICA, 

2002

Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Westwood (Homoptera: 

Aleyrodidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Figueroa, 1977; 

ICA, 2002

Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Figueroa, 1977; 

ICA, 2002

Bacteria and Phytoplasmas 6

Erwinia carotovora (Jones) 

Bergey, Harrison, Breed, 

Hammer & Huntoon

(Enterobacteriales: 

Enterobacteriaceae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; ICA, 2002; 

Richardson, 1979; 

Subsecretaría de Estado de 

Agricultura, 2000

Erwinia carotovora subsp.

carotovora Bergey, 

Harrison, Breed, Hammer 

& Huntoon

(Enterobacteriales: 

Enterobacteriaceae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al., 1994; 

Bundesministerium für 

Ernährung, Landwirtschaft 

und Forsten, 1998; CABI, 

2002
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 10

Pest Scientific Name and 

Taxonomy

Geographic 

Distribution1

Plant part 

affected 2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Erwinia chrysanthemi

Burkholder, McFadden & 

Dimock

(Enterobacteriales: 

Enterobacteriaceae)

CO, US Fl, L, R, S, 

Sh

No Yes CABI, 2002

Pseudomonas cichorii

(Swingle) Stapp

(Pseudomonadales: 

Pseudomonadaceae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al., 1994; CABI, 

2002; ICA, 2002

Pseudomonas sp.

(Pseudomonadales: 

Pseudomonadaceae)

CO L Yes3 Yes ICA, 2002

Pseudomonas syringae pv.

apii (Jagger) Young, Dye 

& Wilkie

(Pseudomonadales: 

Pseudomonadaceae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Chaput, 2000; 

Jaramillo et al., 1977

Rhizobium radiobacter

(Beijerinck & van Delden) 

Young, Kuykendall, 

Martínez-Romero, Kerr & 

Sawada (Rhizobiales: 

Rhizobiaceae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002

Rhizobium rhizogenes

(Riker, Banfield, Wright, 

Keitt & Sagen) Young, 

Kuykendall, MartínezRomero, Kerr & Sawada

(Rhizobiales: 

Rhizobiaceae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Horst, 1983

FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS 7

Alternaria alternata (Fries: 

Fries) Keissler [Syn: 

Alternaria tenuis Nees]

(Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

CO, US N/A No N/A Farr et al., 2006; ICA, 2002

Alternaria dauci (Kühn) 

J.W. Groves & Skolko

(Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Farr et al., 2006; 

ICA, 2002; Richardson, 1979

Alternaria sp.

(Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

CO L Yes3 Yes ICA, 2006; Schneider, 2006
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 11

Pest Scientific Name and 

Taxonomy

Geographic 

Distribution1

Plant part 

affected 2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & 

Kimbrough 

(Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales) Syn.: 

Corticium rolfsii Curzi

Anomorph = Sclerotium 

rolfsii Sacc.

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Farr et al., 1989; 

ICA, 2002

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de 

Bary) Whetzel

(Ascomycetes: Helotiales)

Anamorph = Botrytis 

cinerea Pers.:Fr.

CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al., 1994; Buriticá, 

1999; Richardson, 1979

Cercospora apii Fres.

(Ascomycetes:

Mycosphaerellales)

CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al., 1994; CABI, 

2002; Chaput, 2000; Farr et 

al., 1989; ICA, 2002; Johnson, 

2001

Cercospora sp. (Mitosporic 

fungi: Hyphomycetes)

CO L Yes3 Yes ICA, 2002; Subsecretaría de 

Estado de Agricultura, 2000

Colletotrichum acutatum

J.H. Simmonds

(Ascomycetes: 

Phyllachorales)

CO, US N/A No N/A Afanador-Kafuri et al., 2003; 

CABI, 2002; Farr et al., 2006; 

Wright and Heaton,1991

Cylindrocladium sp.

(Mitosporic fungi: 

Hyphomycetes)

CO L, R, S Yes3 Yes Farr et al., 2006; ICA, 2006

Erysiphe heraclei DC.

(Ascomycetes: 

Erysiphales)

CO, US N/A No N/A Buriticá, 1999; Farr et al., 

2006

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.

apii 8 Nelson & Scherb

(reported as F. 

oxysporum)

(Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales) Syn:

Fusarium angustum 

Sherb.

CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al., 1994; CABI, 

2002; Farr et al., 2006

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.

conglutinans 

(Wollenweb.) W.C.

Snyder & H.N. Hansen

(Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales) Syn:

Fusarium conglutinans 

Wollenweb.

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Farr et al., 2006; 

ICA, 2002
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 12

Pest Scientific Name and 

Taxonomy

Geographic 

Distribution1

Plant part 

affected 2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Fusarium solani (Martius) 

Saccardo (Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales) Syn: Nectria 

haematococca Berk. & 

Broome

CO, US N/A No N/A Farr et al., 1989; ICA, 2002; 

Schneider, 2006

Fusarium sp. (Mitosporic 

fungi: Hyphomycetes)

CO R Yes3 Yes Alfieri et al., 1994; Farr et al., 

2006; ICA, 2002

Helicobasidium purpureum

Pat. (Ustilaginomycetes: 

Incertae sedis) Syn.: 

Rhizoctonia crocorum

(Pers.) DC., 

Helicobasidium 

brebissonii (Desm.) Donk

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Farr et al., 1989; 

Farr et al., 2006

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. 

Arnaud (Ascomycetes: 

Erysiphales) Syn: 

Oidiopsis taurica (Lév.)

E.S. Salmon 

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Farr et al., 2006; 

Toro, 1999

Olpidium brassicae 

(Woronin) P.A. Dang.

(Chytridiomycetes: 

Chytridiales)

CO, US N/A No N/A Farr et al., 1989; Farr et al., 

2006

Phoma apiicola Kleb.

(Ascomycetes: 

Diaporthales)

CO, US N/A No N/A Buriticá, 1999; Farr et al., 

1989; Richardson, 1979

Phoma chrysanthemicola

Hollós (Ascomycetes: 

Diaporthales)

CO, US N/A No N/A Broadhurst and Wright, 1998; 

CABI, 2002; Evans and 

Reeder, 2001; ICA, 2002; 

McCain, 1993; McKenzie et 

al., 2002

Pythium debaryanum Auct. 

non R. Hesse (Oomycetes: 

Saprolegniales)

CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al., 1994; CABI, 

2002; Farr et al., 1989

Pythium sp. (Oomycetes: 

Saprolegniales)

CO R Yes3 Yes Alfieri et al., 1994; Canadian 

Phytopathological society, 

2001; Farr et al., 2006; Gibbs 

et al., 2002; ICA, 2002 

Pythium ultimum Trow

(Oomycetes: 

Saprolegniales)

CO, US N/A No N/A Farr et al., 1989; Farr et al., 

2006

Rhizoctonia sp. (Mitosporic 

fungi: Hyphomycetes)

CO R Yes3 Yes Farr et al., 1989; ICA, 2002

Sclerotinia minor Jagger

(Ascomycetes: Helotiales)

CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al., 1994; CABI, 

2002; Schneider, 2006
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 13

Pest Scientific Name and 

Taxonomy

Geographic 

Distribution1

Plant part 

affected 2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

(Lib.) de Bary

(Ascomycetes: Helotiales)

CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al., 1994; CABI, 

2002; ICA, 2002; Pscheidt

and Ocamb, 2003

Septoria apiicola Speg.

(Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis) Syn.: Septoria apii

Chester, Septoria apiigraveolentis Dorogin, 

Septoria petroselini var. 

apii Briosi & Cavara

CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al., 1994; CABI, 

2002; Chaput, 2000; ICA, 

2002; Johnson, 2001

Stemphylium sp.

(Mitosporic fungi: 

Hyphomycetes)

CO L Yes3 Yes Alfieri et al., 1994; ICA, 

2002; Villalobos and Díaz, 

2002

Thanatephorus cucumeris

(A.B. Frank) Donk

(Basidiomycetes: 

Ceratobasidiales)

Anamorph = Rhizoctonia 

solani J.G. Kühn

CO, US N/A No N/A Alfieri et al., 1994; Farr et al., 

2006; ICA, 2002; Jonhson, 

2001; Villalobos and Díaz, 

2002

Trichothecium roseum 

(Pers.:Fr.) Link

(Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis)

CO, US N/A No N/A Farr et al., 1989; ICA, 2002; 

Villalobos and Díaz, 2002

Verticilium albo-atrum 

Reinke & Berthier

(Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Farr et al., 1989; 

ICA, 2002; Mercure, 1998

Verticilium dahliae Kleb. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2004; Farr et al., 2006; 

Mercure, 1998

MOLLUSCS9

Bradybaena similaris 

(Férussac)

(Bradybaenidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Hausdorf, 2002; NIS Gulf 

States Marine Fisheries 

Commission, 2003

Deroceras laeve (O. F. 

Müller) (Agriolimacidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Baker, 1994; Hausdorf, 2002; 

Hausdorf and Medina, 2004; 

Medina and Arias, 2004; 

McGrath et al., 2005

Deroceras panormitanum

(Lessona & Pollonera)

(Agriolimacidae)

CO, US

(CA, WA) 

L, R, Sd Yes No10 Hausdorf and Medina, 2004; 

Medina and Arias, 2004; PPQ, 

2007; Roth, 2003; Turgeon et 

al., 1998

Deroceras reticulatum 

O.F.Müller

(Agriolimacidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Godan 1983; 

Hausdorf, 2002; Hausdorf and 

Medina, 2004; ICA, 2002; 

McGrath et al., 2005
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 14

Pest Scientific Name and 

Taxonomy

Geographic 

Distribution1

Plant part 

affected 2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Helix aspersa Müller [Syn.: 

Cryptomphalus aspersus

(Müller), Cantareus 

aspersus (Müller)]

(Helicidae)

CO, US L, S, F Yes 11 No 10 CABI, 2005; Medina and 

Arias, 2004; PPQ, 2007; 

Sakovich, 2002

Lehmannia valentiana 

(Férussac) (Limacidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Fernandez de V., 1982; 

Hausdorf, 2002; Hausdorf and 

Medina, 2004; Medina, 

2006a; Medina and Arias, 

2004; PPQ, 2007; Robinson, 

2005

Milax gagates (Draparnaud)

(Milacidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Fernandez de V., 1982; 

Hausdorf and Medina, 2004; 

ICA, 2002; McGrath et al., 

2005; Medina and Arias, 2004

Oxyloma (Oxyloma) elegans 

elegans (Risso)

(Succineidae) Syn: 

Oxyloma pfeifferi 

CO L, S Yes No 10 Medina, 2006b; Medina, 

2006c

Theba pisana (Müller)

(Helicidae)

CO, US (CA) L [Yes]

19 No 10 CABI, 2005; Deisler and 

Stange, 2001; PPQ, 2007

NEMATODES12

Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi

(Schwartz) Steiner & 

Buhrer

(Aphelenchoididae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Buriticá, 1999; CABI, 2002;

Evans et al., 1993

Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) 

Filipjev (Anguinidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Fraval, 1992

Helicotylenchus dihystera

(Cobb) Sher

(Hoplolaimidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002

Helicotylenchus sp.

(Hoplolaimidae)

CO R Yes3 Yes ICA, 2002

Hemicycliophora sp.

(Criconematidae)

CO R Yes3 Yes ICA, 2002

Heterodera sp.

(Heteroderidae)

CO R Yes3 Yes Pizano, 2000; Schneider, 2006 

Meloidogyne arenaria

(Neal) Chitwood

(Meloidogynidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Gonsalves and 

Fereira, 1994

Meloidogyne hapla

Chitwood

(Meloidogynidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A ICA, 2002; USDA, 2000
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 15

Pest Scientific Name and 

Taxonomy

Geographic 

Distribution1

Plant part 

affected 2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

References

Meloidogyne incognita

(Kofoid & White) 

Chitwood

(Meloidogynidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Gonsalves and 

Fereira, 1994; ICA, 2002

Meloidogyne javanica

(Treub) Chitwood

(Meloidogynidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Mau et al., 2006

Pratylenchus penetrans

(Cobb) Filipjev & 

Schuurmans Stekhoven

(Pratylenchidae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; ICA, 2002

VIRUSES AND VIROIDS 13

Alfalfa mosaic virus [Syn.: 

Alfalfa mosaic

alfamovirus]

(Bromoviridae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Brunt et al., 1996b; CABI, 

2002 

Cucumber mosaic virus

(Bromoviridae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; Francki and 

Habili,1980 and 1987; 

Subsecretaría de Estado de 

Agricultura, 2000

Tobacco mosaic virus

(Togaviridae)

CO, US N/A No N/A CABI, 2002; ICA, 2002

Tomato spotted wilt virus 

(Bunyaviridae)

CO, US N/A No N/A Brunt et al., 1996c; CABI, 

2002; EPPO, 2003

N/A = Not Applicable. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against 

these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States; therefore, information 

on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway is not needed for non-quarantine 

pests. 1 Only geographic distribution in the continental United States and Colombia is considered; CO = Colombia; US = 

United States; Specific U.S. States were listed only if the distribution was limited; CA = California; FL = Florida; 

TX = Texas; WA = Washington. 2 Acronyms used for plant parts: Flower = Fl; Fruit = F; Leaf = L; Root = R; Seedling = Sd; Seeds = Se; Shoot = Sh; 

Stem = S; T = Tuber. 3 Because the reference does not identify this organism to the species level, we cannot know whether or not the 

organism occurs in the United States; therefore, we err on the side of caution by assuming it is a species that does 

not occur in the United States and list it as a quarantine pest. 4 Quarantine significant species with limited distribution in the United States (NIS, 2003a). 5 Although Liriomyza huidobrensis has been reported in the United States (California, Hawaii) (CABI, 2005), 

genetic analyses have confirmed that flies identified by this name and collected from California and Hawaii are 

actually a cryptic species that should be referred to as L. langei Frick (Scheffer, 2000, 2004; Scheffer and Lewis, 

2001; Scheffer et al., 2001). According to Reitz (2004), “there is no evidence that what is currently known as 

Liriomyza huidobrensis is established in the US.”. 6 Bacteria classification and nomenclature is written according to CABI, 2005. 7 Fungi classification and nomenclature is written according to Farr et al., 2006. 8 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp apii is the f.sp. associated with isolates infecting Apium, although this report was for the 

generalized F. oxysporum without forma specialis assigned. This report was not specifically for F. oxysporum

f.sp. apii in Colombia.
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 16

9 Snails feed on the lower leaves of many plants. Immature snails damage plants by rasping away the surface tissue, 

while adults eat holes through the leaves, nip off tender shoots or cause complete destruction of seedlings (Ellis 

and Rathwell, 2003). 10 We estimate that mollusks would be unlikely to remain associated with the commodity during standard postharvest processing. Standard packinghouse processing of celery includes washing with chlorinated water, sorting, 

and grading (Kader, 2002; Salunkhe and Kadam, 1998). For this risk assessment, we assumed that celery 

exported from Colombia to the United States would undergo this type of processing. By culling, selection, 

grading, thoroughly washing, and discarding any damaged plant parts, mollusk pests would likely be detected 

with the naked eye and removed from the commodity. A lack of mollusk interceptions on celery in permit cargo 

at U.S. ports-of-entry suggests that commercial celery imports do not provide a likely pathway of the introduction 

for these pests. Since 1985, out of a total of 265 pest interceptions on celery in permit cargo, there were only four 

interceptions of mollusks (PPQ, 2007; query September 26, 2007). 11 Helix aspersa is reportable/actionable when intercepted at ports-of-entry in Puerto Rico, Florida, and Alabama 

(PPQ, 2007). 12 Nematodes classification and nomenclature is written according to CABI, 2005. 13 Virus classification and nomenclature is written according to Brunt et al., 1996a. 15 The genus Apium is reported as a host of Copitarsia decolora (Simmons and Scheffer, 2004). We assumed that 

this species could, therefore, attack Apium graveolens. 16 The eggs, larvae, and pupae of the leafmining fly, L. huidobrensis are borne internally in the leaves and petioles of 

its hosts (CABI, 2004). 17 Since 1985, Planococcus minor has been intercepted over 5,000 times, the majority of which with fruit, followed 

by leaves, flowers, and stems (PPQ, 2007, query September 20, 2007). 18 Planococcus minor (or its synonym Planococcus pacificus) has been reported on Apium graveolens (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007; Venette and Davis, 2004). However, we considered this pest unlikely to follow the pathway due to the 

lack of evidence of its presence in Colombia. This pest is reported to be in Colombia only by Ben-Dov et al. 

(2005) and Kondo (2001), who both cite Williams and Granara de Willink (1992). This last reference is based 

only on two specimens identified in 1952 and 1953 as Planococcus pacificus from samples of Theobroma cacao

collected in two regions of Colombia and registered at the National History Museum of London. The absence of 

this pest from Colombia is also supported by the following facts: 1) since 1953, despite its wide host range, there 

has been no other report of this species in Colombia, nor any interception of this species on plant products 

originating in Colombia (PPQ, 2007); and 2) the closest species (taxonomically speaking) of Planococcus found 

frequently in different localities in Colombia corresponds to Planococcus citri, which is very difficult to 

distinguish morphologically from P. minor (Cox, 1989).

19 Quarantine significant pest with limited distribution in the United States (NIS, 2003b).

2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

Quarantine pests that are expected to follow the pathway, i.e., be included in commercial 

shipments of celery (Table 3), are analyzed in detail in this risk assessment [Steps 5-7 (USDAAPHIS-PPQ, 2000)].

Table 3. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway and Selected for Further Analysis

Pest Taxonomy

Coccus viridis(Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae)

Copitarsia decolora (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Planococcus lilacinus Cock (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 17

Quarantine plant pests in this assessment not chosen for further scrutiny may be potentially 

detrimental to the agricultural production systems of the United States. However, there are 

reasons for not subjecting them to further analysis, such as: they are mainly associated with plant 

parts other than the commodity; or they are unlikely to remain associated with the commodity 

during processing..

The biological hazard of organisms identified only to the genus level was not assessed if the 

genus already occurred in the United States. This lack of biological information on any given 

insect or pathogen should not be equated with low risk. By necessity, pest assessments focus on 

those organisms for which biological information is available. By developing detailed 

assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of niches on the parent species, e.g., on the 

surface of or within the bark/wood, on the foliage, etc., effective mitigation measures may be 

developed to eliminate the known organism and any similar unknown ones that inhabit the same 

niches. Consequently, the following pests reported only to the genus level and likely to follow 

the pathway were included in Table 2 but were not analyzed in this risk assessment: 1) the 

arthropods Agriphila sp., Empoasca sp., Gryllus sp., Liriomyza sp., and Phyllophaga sp.; 2) the 

fungi Alternaria sp., Cercospora sp., Cylindrocladium sp., Fusarium sp., Pythium sp., 

Rhizoctonia sp., and Stemphylium sp.; and 3) the bacterium Pseudomonas sp.

Lack of biological information on any given pest should not be equated with low risk. If these or 

other pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted on celery, then reevaluation of their risk may 

occur.

2.6. Analysis of Quarantine Pests: Consequences of Introduction

In this risk assessment, the first five Risk Elements are combined to form an assessment of the 

risk associated with the Consequences of Introduction. All risk ratings were determined using the 

criteria in the Risk Assessment Guidelines, Version 5.02 (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2000). Together, 

the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values form an estimate of 

the Pest Risk Potential. These science-based estimates of the risks associated with this 

importation are designed to inform decision-makers.

For each of the quarantine pests listed in Table 3, the potential Consequences of Introduction are 

rated using the following five Risk Elements: Climate-Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal 

Potential, Economic Impact, and Environmental Impact. For each Risk Element, pests are 

assigned a rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points). A Cumulative Risk 

Rating is then calculated by summing all Risk Element values. The values determined for the 

Consequences of Introduction for each pest are summarized below (Table 4).

Coccus viridis Risk Rating

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

A total of 57 plant families and numerous genera and species can host C. viridis, many 

of which are present in the United States. (Ben-Dov et al., 2005; Drizd, 2004; ISHS, 

2000; Mau and Martin, 1992a). Coccus viridis is pantropical in distribution. It has been 

reported from India through Indo-China, Malaysia to the Philippines and Indonesia, 

throughout much of Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa south to South Africa. In the 

Medium (2)
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 18

Coccus viridis Risk Rating

Americas, it is present in Mexico, in the United States, in Florida and Hawaii, and ranges 

from Central America to the northern part of South America and throughout the Caribbean 

(CABI, 2005). Its reported distribution corresponds to Plant Hardiness Zones 8-11 

(BackyardGardener.com, 2006). The continental United States spans a wide climatic 

range from Zone 1 in Fairbanks, Alaska to Zone 10 in Miami, Florida (USDA, 2003).

We estimate that C. viridis could establish in Zones 8-10 of the continental United. One or 

more hosts of C. viridis are present in these zones (USDA-NRCS, 2006). Based on this 

evidence, the risk rating for Climate-Host interaction is Medium.

Risk Element #2: Host Range 

Coccus viridis has a wide host range consisting of vegetable, fruit, and ornamental crops 

such as asters, chrysanthemum, species of citrus, and coffee (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 

2001). The primary hosts for Coccus viridis are Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Coffea arabica

(Rubiaceae), Artocarpus sp. (Moraceae), Camellia sinensis (Theaceae), Manihot esculenta

(Euphorbiaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae), and 

Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae) (CABI, 2005). Alternative primary host plants for C. 

viridis include: Alpinia purpurata, Annona muricata, Annona squamosa, Artocarpus 

altilis, Chrysanthemum sp., Euphorbia longana, Gardenia jasminoides, Ixora sp., Litchi 

chinensis, Manilkara zapota, Musa sp., Nerium oleander, and Plumeria rubra var. 

acutifolia (Blanche et al., 2002; CABI, 2005; MAF, 2004; Nafus, 2000). In Colombia, 

C. viridis is reported on: Citrus sp., Coffea arabica, Cordia lutea, Eugenia jambos, 

Gardenia grandiflora, Ixora coccinea, Langerstroemia indica, Mangifera indica, 

Melicocca bijuga, Murraea exotica, Persea americana, Posoqueria longiflora, Psidium 

guajava, Tabernaemontana coronaria, and Theobroma cacao (Figueroa, 1977; Gallego 

and Vélez, 1992; Posada, 1989). Because Coccus viridis attacks multiple species among 

multiple plant families (Ben-Dov et al., 2005; CABI, 2005), the risk rating for Host 

Range is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Coccus viridis is parthenogenic and oviparous (Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b). Up to 500 

eggs are deposited by the adult in 8 to 42 days, which can hatch in a few minutes to 

several hours after being laid (CABI, 2005; Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b; Mau and Martin, 

1992a). The eggs of Coccus viridis hatch into crawlers (first instars) that wander around 

the plant or may disperse to other hosts (Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b). The nymphs of C. 

viridis move slowly during their transition through three nymphal instars before they 

become adults (CABI, 2005; Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b). The generation time varies from 

one to several months, depending on temperature and food supply (Dekle and Fasulo, 

2001b). In Queensland, there are three to four generations per year, and each generation 

may be completed in about 50 to 70 days, depending on temperatures (Waterhouse and 

Sands, 2001). The life cycle is considered to be relatively slow (50 to 70 days, egg to 

egg) (ISHS, 2000). Young females are primarily sedentary, but may be mobile briefly 

after feeding begins (Mau and Martin, 1992a). A mature C. viridis female does not move 

for her entire life, laying eggs directly beneath her body where they are safe and 

protected (Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b). Females are always wingless, and populations are 

composed solely of females (males have never been recorded) (Mau and Martin, 1992a). 

Due to these facts, it is reasonable to believe that C. viridis is not capable of long range 

dispersal; furthermore, there is no evidence of unassisted long range dispersal by C. 

viridis (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2001). Since 1985, this insect has been intercepted by 

agricultural specialists at U.S. ports-of-entry over 10,000 times on plant materials 

originating from more than 60 countries and territories (the majority of the interceptions 

were from Hawaii and Puerto Rico) (PPQ, 2007; query November 20, 2007), which is 

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 19

Coccus viridis Risk Rating

strong evidence that this species can, and has, spread quickly and widely via the transport 

of infested plant materials. Based on this evidence, the risk rating for Dispersal Potential

is High.

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Damage due to the feeding of an individual scale such as Coccus viridis is small; 

however, when large populations are present, yellowing, defoliation, reduction in fruit 

set and loss in plant vigor are caused (Mau and Martin, 1992a). Coccus viridis is 

considered to be an important pest of citrus and other fruit production (Poole, 2005). In 

some countries (such as Australia, in the subtropical and tropical regions), C. viridis is 

also a serious pest of coffee (Waterhouse and Sands, 2001). In Queensland, it may also 

infest tea (Camellia sinensis) and a range of ornamentals including gardenia, Ixora, 

frangipani and native plants (Waterhouse and Sands, 2001). Heavy infestations of C. 

viridis weaken plants by loss of sap from feeding, and they cause defoliation, death of 

stems and downgrading of fruit (Waterhouse and Sands, 2001). Furthermore, Coccus 

viridis excretes honeydew, which bees, wasps, ants, and other insects feed on, and also 

serves as a medium on which a sooty mold fungus can grow, blackening leaves and 

decreasing photosynthesis. The accumulations of this mold can cause the infested plant 

to be unsightly (Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b; Mau and Martin, 1992a). Coccus viridis may 

occur on cultivated hosts in commercial nurseries, resulting in a quarantine of infested 

plants until the scale is under control (Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b). Based on this evidence, 

the wider establishment in the United States of C. viridis would likely lead to lower yield of 

host crops, lower value of host crop commodities, and loss of foreign and/or domestic 

markets. Consequently, the risk rating for Economic Impact is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

The host range of Coccus viridis includes the following genera: Cassia, Cordia,

Cucurbita, Eugenia, Gardenia, Hibiscus, Manihot, Senecio, and Verbena (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2005). These genera contain one or more species listed in as threatened or 

endangered within the continental United States, including: Cassia mirabilis, Cordia 

bellonis, Cucurbita okeechobeensis, Eugenia haematocarpa, Eugenia koolauensis,

Eugenia woodburyana, Gardenia brighamii, Gardenia mannii, Hibiscus arnottianus

ssp. immaculatus, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Manihot walkerae, Senecio franciscanus,

Senecio layneae, and Verbena californica (USFWS, 2006). The wider establishment of 

Coccus viridis in the United States would likely stimulate chemical control (Mau and 

Martin, 1992a) and/or biological control (Dekle and Fasulo, 2001b) programs. Based on 

this evidence, the risk rating for Environmental Impact is High.

High (3)

Copitarsia decolora Risk Rating

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Copitarsia turbata [C. decolora] is reported in Venezuela, Uruguay, Peru, Colombia, 

Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Argentina, and Chile (Angulo and Olivares, 

2003). Based on this distribution, we estimate that C. decolora could establish in Zones 8-

10 of the continental United States. One or more hosts of C. decolora are present in these 

Zones (USDA-NRCS, 2006). Based on this evidence, the risk rating for Climate-Host 

interaction is Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range 

The host range of C. turbata [C. decolora] includes: Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae), 

Vicia faba (Fabaceae) (Robinson et al., 2007); Actinidia (Actinidiaceae), Pistacia

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 20

Copitarsia decolora Risk Rating

(Anacardiaceae), Brassica (Brassicaceae), Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae), Beta 

(Chenopodiaceae), Cicer (Fabaceae), Medicago (Fabaceae), Allium (Liliaceae), 

Asparagus (Liliaceae), Triticum (Poaceae), Zea (Poaceae), Fragaria (Rosaceae), Malus

(Rosaceae), Rubus (Rosaceae), Simmondsia (Simmondsiaceae), Capsicum (Solanaceae), 

Nicotiana (Solanaceae), Solanum (Solanaceae), Feijoa (Vitaceae), Vitis (Vitaceae) 

(Angulo and Olivares, 2003); Cynara (Asteraceae), Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae), 

Helianthus (Asteraceae), and Gladiolus (Iridaceae) (Klein Koch and Waterhouse, 2000).

Because C. decolora attacks multiple species among multiple plant families, the risk 

rating for Host Range is High.

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Females of C. turbata [C. decolora] can oviposit between 572 (Arce de Hamity and 

Neder de Roman, 1992) and 759 (Alcázar et al., 2004) eggs during their lifetime. No 

information was found on number of generations per year for this species. Copitarsia

turbata has one to three generations per year on quinoa in Bolivia, and other Copitarsia 

species can have multiple generations per year (Gould et al., 2000). Since 1985, the 

genus Copitarsia has been intercepted over 16,000 times at U.S. ports-of-entry 

associated with plants and plant products (PPQ, 2007, query September 24, 2007), 

which is evidence of this genus’ ability to spread long distances via human-mediated 

transport. Based on this evidence, the risk rating for Dispersal Potential is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Copitarsia turbata [C. decolora] can reduce crop yields by killing seedlings and reduce 

the value of commodities by feeding on them or requiring controls (Alcázar et al., 2004).

This species is reported as a significant economic pest of numerous field crops and 

vegetables (Urra and Apablaza, 2005c), such as quinoa (Lamborot et al., 1999), crucifers 

(Suarez-Vargas et al., 2006), artichoke (Urra and Apablaza, 2005b), wheat, potato, 

maize, grain legumes, grass and forage legumes, grapes, and apple (Klein Koch and 

Waterhouse, 2000). In Peru, together C. turbata along with other arthropods cause a 50-

60% reduction in yield of the broad bean (Vicia faba) crop (Gomez Tovar, 1972).

Copitarsia turbata is reported among the “highly damaging” arthropod pests associated 

with agriculture in Chile (Klein Koch and Waterhouse, 2000). Based on a survey of experts 

on pests in the various crops, C. turbata ranked second out of 72 major agricultural and 

forest pest species in Chile (Klein Koch and Waterhouse, 2000). Other literature also 

report this species as an economically important pest (e.g., Poole, 1989; Simmons and 

Pogue, 2004; Zhang, 1994). Based on this evidence, the establishment in the United States 

of C. decolora would likely lead to lower yield of host crops and lower value of host crop 

commodities. Also, establishment of C. decolora in the United States could cause a loss 

of foreign and domestic markets because it does not have a cosmopolitan distribution, 

and it attacks numerous crops of economic importance. Consequently, the risk rating for 

Economic Impact is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

The host range of C. decolora includes the genera Allium and Helianthus. These genera 

contain the following species listed as threatened or endangered within the continental 

United States: Allium munzii in California, Helianthus paradoxus in New Mexico and 

Texas, and Helianthus schweinitzii in North and South Carolina (USFWS, 2006). 

Considering its host range includes many economically important crops in the United 

States, the establishment of C. decolora in the United States would likely stimulate 

chemical and/or biological control programs. Based on this evidence, the risk rating for 

Environmental Impact is High.

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 21

Liriomyza huidobrensis Risk rating

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Liriomyza huidobrensis has a wide geographical distribution. Its distribution includes 

Europe (western, central, and eastern countries), Central and South America, Asia 

(China, India, Indonesia, Israel, Jordan, Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Philippines, 

Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam), and Africa (Comores, 

Mauritius, Morocco, Reunion, Seychelles, South Africa) (CABI, 2006). In some parts of 

Europe, it has demonstrated an ability to become a major pest of a wide variety of 

ornamental or vegetable crops grown under glass (CABI, 2005). Liriomyza huidobrensis

is a pest from tropical to warm temperate regions that can be found at altitudes up to 3000 

m (9,842,52 ft.) above sea level and can survive at a freezing point of -18.7°C (-65.66°F) 

(CABI, 2005). The closely related species, L. langei (erroneous identified as L. 

huidobrensis in previous reports), is a major pest in the Salinas Valley of California and 

Hawaii (Scheffer et al., 2001; Steck, 1999). Based on this evidence, we estimate that L. 

huidobrensis could become established in areas of the continental United States 

corresponding to Plant Hardiness Zones 5-10. One or more hosts of L. huidobrensis are 

present in these Zones (USDA-NRCS, 2006). Consequently, the risk rating for ClimateHost interaction is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range 

The hosts for Liriomyza huidobrensis belong to fifteen families (CABI, 2005; Braun and 

Shephard, 1997; DEFRA, 2001; EPPO, 2003; Parrella, 1982; Posada, 1989; Saldarriaga 

et al., 1987; Steck, 1999). Its primary hosts include: Abelmoschus esculentus, Allium 

cepa, Allium porrum, Allium sativum, Apium graveolens, Capsicum frutescens, 

Chrysanthemum x morifolium, Cichorium sp., Cineraria sp., Cucurbita maxima, 

Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita pepo, Cynara scolymus, Daucus carota, Delilia sp., 

Dendranthema sp., Dendranthema x grandiflorum, Galinsoga sp., Hordeum vulgare, the 

Inulae family, Lactuca sativa, Matthiola incana, Parthenium argentatum, Pastinaca 

sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis, Phlox sp., Piper nigrum, 

Pisum sativum, Pisum sativum var. arvense, Pterocaulon sp., Taraxacum officinale, and 

Senecio vulgaris (Braun and Shephard, 1997; CABI, 2005; DEFRA, 2001; EPPO, 2003; 

Parrella, 1982; Posada, 1989; Saldarriaga et al., 1987; Steck, 1999). The secondary hosts 

for L. huidobrensis are: Amaranthus sp., Amaranthus retroflexus, Aster sp., Beta vulgaris, 

Beta vulgaris var. cicla, Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera, Calendula sp., Cannabis sativa 

subsp. sativa, Capsicum annuum, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis sp., Cucumis melo, the 

Cruciferae family, Cucumis sativus, Dahlia sp., Datura sp., Dianthus caryophyllus, 

Gerbera sp., Gypsophila paniculata, Lathyrus sp., Lathyrus odoratus, Linum sp., Linum 

usitatissimum, Lisianthus russelianus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Medicago sp., Medicago 

sativa, Melilotus sp., Petunia sp., Primula polyanthus, Raphanus sativus, Solanum 

melongena, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena, Spinacia oleracea, 

Tagetes sp., Tropaeolum sp., Tropaeolum majus, Valerianella locust, Verbena sp., Vicia 

faba, Viola sp., Zinnia sp., and Zinnia elegans. The wild hosts for L. huidobrensis are: 

Oxalis sp., Bidens pilosa, Emilia sonchifolia, Galinsoga parviflora, Portulaca oleracea, 

Sonchus sp., and Sonchus oleraceus (CABI, 2005; Braun and Shephard, 1997; DEFRA, 

2001; DEFRA, 2004; EPPO, 2003; Parrella, 1982; Posada, 1989; Saldarriaga et al., 1987; 

Spencer, 1984; Steck, 1999). Liriomyza huidobrensis was also found on consignments of 

Dendranthema morifolium, Eryngium sp., and Gypsophila sp. (EPPO, 2004). In 

Guatemala, L. huidobrensis attacks Cichorium intybus (MacVean and Pérez, 1996). 

Weeds such as Trianthema portulacastrum, Stachys arvensis, Chenopodium murale, C. 

album, Datura stramonium, Bidens pilosa, Galinsoga parviflora, Diplotaxis muralis,

Malva parviflora, Ricinus communis, and Stellaria media, are also hosts for L. 

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 22

Liriomyza huidobrensis Risk rating

huidobrensis (Mujica and Cisneros, 1996). In Colombia, L. huidobrensis has been found 

on the following hosts: Allium cepa, Alstroemeria sp., Amaranthus spinosus, Beta 

vulgaris, Beta vulgaris var. cicla, Beta vulgaris var. crassa, Brassica oleracea var. 

capitata, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsicum sp., Chrysanthemum sp., Cucumis sativus, 

Dendranthema grandiflora, Galinsoga caracasana, Galinsoga parviflora, Gazania sp., 

Gypsophila elegans, Hordeum vulgare, Petunia sp., Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris,

Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis, Portulaca oleracea, Sechium edule, Solanum tuberosum 

ssp. andigena, Solanum melongena, and Vicia faba (Figueroa, 1977; Gallego and Vélez, 

1992; Hincapie et al., 1991; Posada, 1989; Spencer, 1984). Furthermore, the list of hosts 

increases as L. huidobrensis invades new countries (Tømmerås et al., 2002). Because L.

huidobrensis attacks multiple species among multiple plant families, the risk rating for 

Host Range is High.

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

No information is available on the natural dispersal ability of Liriomyza huidobrensis

(CABI, 2006). However, as with many plant pests, this species can be transported long 

distances via human-mediated pathways. Transport pathways for long distance movement 

are conveyances (road and air transport), and travelers and baggage (land, sea and air) 

(CABI, 2005). The plant parts liable to carry L. huidobrensis in trade or transport are 

leaves, leaves, and stems (CABI, 2006). Pests may also be dispersed on equipment and 

containers that have not been cleaned properly (Tømmerås et al., 2002). Liriomyza 

huidobrensis mating occurs 24 hours following adult emergence; a single mating is 

sufficient to fertilize all eggs. In Peru, the mean number of eggs laid per female is 117 in 

the winter and 161 in the spring (CABI, 2005). Longevity of the females and males 

depends on temperature and food availability: 3.5 to 32.6 days for females, and 2.1 to 

15.1 days for males (Braun and Shepard, 1997). In California, L. huidobrensis [now 

classified as Liriomyza langei Frick (Scheffer, 2000; Scheffer et al., 2001; Scheffer, 

2004)] completes its life cycle in 17 to 30 days in the summer and in 50 to 65 days in the 

winter (CABI, 2005). In Colombia, the duration of the life cycle stages for L. 

huidobrensis reared on Allium cepa at 24oC (75.2oF) and 75% relative humidity was the 

following: 1.5 days for the egg stage, 7 days for the larval stage, and 8.2 days for the 

pupal stage, and 15 days for the adult female stage (Hincapie et al., 1991). Based on this 

evidence, the risk rating for Dispersal Potential is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Liriomyza leafminers impact crops by destroying young seedlings, reducing crop yields, 

decreasing aesthetic value of ornamental plants, and causing some plant species to be 

quarantined (Parrella, 1982). Adult stings and larval mining of leaves reduce 

photosynthetic capacity, render leaves unmarketable, and provide entry for pathogens 

(Mou and Ryder, 2003). Liriomyza huidobrensis damage is caused by larvae mining into 

leaves and petioles; severely infested leaves may drop, exposing plant stems to wind

(CABI, 2006). The presence of unsightly larval mines and adult punctures in the leaves of 

ornamental plants will also reduce the crop value (CABI, 2006). Larval mining may 

cause considerable delay in development of young plants and seedlings, resulting in plant 

loss (CABI, 2006). Liriomyza huidobrensis is a major quarantine pest and is officially 

listed as such in many areas of the world (CABI, 2005); thus, the introduction and 

establishment of this pest in the United States could cause a significant loss of 

international and domestic markets. Based on this evidence, the risk rating for Economic 

Impact for L. huidobrensis is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

The host range of Liriomyza huidobrensis includes genera that contain threatened and 

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 23

Liriomyza huidobrensis Risk rating

endangered plants species in the continental United States, such as: Allium, Amaranthus,

Cucurbita, Eryngium, Phlox, Primula, Taraxacum, Senecio, and Verbena (USFWS, 

2006). Although the listed plant species are not reported as hosts of L. huidobrensis in the 

current literature, preference/no preference tests with the listed plants and this pest are not 

known; therefore, it is assumed that the plants may be potential hosts. The introduction of 

L. huidobrensis into the continental United States would undoubtedly lead to the 

initiation of chemical or biological control programs, because this species is a major pest 

of vegetable and ornamental plants (CABI, 2005; Steck 1999). Based on this evidence, 

the risk rating for Environmental Impact is High.

Planococcus lilacinus Risk Rating

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Planococcus lilacinus attacks at least 96 different species of plants, including 

agricultural and ornamental plants (Ben-Dov et al., 2005; CABI, 2005; 2006; Cox, 

1989). It is commonly found on a wide variety of plants and has been reported on more 

than 35 host families (Miller et al., 2006). Planococcus lilacinus occurs in south Asia 

(i.e., Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, 

Taiwan, Vietnam and Yemen), islands of the South Pacific (i.e., Indonesia, Malaysia, the 

Philippines and Papua New Guinea), Africa (Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, 

Seychelles), Central America & the Caribbean (Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Haiti), 

and northern South America (Guyana) (CABI, 2006). Based on this distribution, we 

estimate P. lilacinus could establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9-10 in the continental 

United States. One or more hosts of Planococcus lilacinus are present in these Zones 

(USDA-NRCS, 2006). Based on this evidence, the risk rating for Climate-Host 

interaction is Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range 

Planococcus lilacinus attacks 96 different species of plants and has been reported on 

more than 35 host families (Ben-Dov et al., 2005; CABI, 2005; 2006; Cox, 1989; Miller 

et al., 2006). Therefore, the risk rating for Host Range is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

The complete life cycle of Planococcus lilacinus takes about 40 days in Java (CABI, 

2005). One female can lay an average of 100-200 eggs per cluster (Peña et al., 2002). 

Capacity for egg laying ranges from 600 to 800 eggs in a period of 14 days, and eggs 

hatch within 6-10 days (Peña et al., 2002). Crawlers move around until they find suitable 

feeding sites or until they complete their nymphal development (Peña et al., 2002). 

Regularly, two or three generations are produced per year (Peña et al., 2002). This insect 

is capable of limited dispersal on its own. As with other scale insects, it could be passively 

dispersed by wind (Gullan and Kosztarab, 1997). Long-distance dispersal can be 

accomplished via human-assisted movement of infested plant materials. Since 1984, P. 

lilacinus has been intercepted by agricultural specialists over 2,000 times at U.S. ports-ofentry on a variety of plant species (PPQ, 2007; query November 20, 2007), which is 

evidence of its ability to be spread via human-assisted movement. Based on this evidence, 

the risk rating for Dispersal Potential is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Planococcus lilacinus is a pest of cocoa throughout the Oriental Region and South 

Pacific area, causing severe damage to young trees by killing the tips of branches 

(CABI, 2005). It causes severe damage and is listed as being a serious or the main pest 

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 24

Planococcus lilacinus Risk Rating

of coffee, guavas, tamarinds, custard apples, coconuts, cocoa and Citrus (Cox, 1989; 

MAF, 2004). It also causes damage to a wide variety of economically important crops 

such as eggplant, tobacco, yams, grapes, guavas and mangoes (CABI, 2005; USDAAPHIS-PPQ-CPHST, 2002). It has increased and spread to most coffee-growing areas, 

attacking roots and shoots and causing serious damage to the plant (CABI, 2005). 

Planococcus lilacinus is a phloem feeder, and in general this may cause reduced yield, 

reduced plant or fruit quality, stunting, discoloration and defoliation. Indirect or 

secondary damage is caused by sooty mold growth on honeydew produced by the 

mealybug. Based on this evidence, establishment of this insect in the United States could 

cause a loss of foreign and/or domestic markets, and would likely stimulate chemical 

and/or biological control programs, which would lower the value of the commodity by 

increasing production costs. Consequently, the risk rating for Economic Impact for 

Planococcus lilacinus is High.

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

In general, newly established species may adversely affect the environment in a number 

of ways. The importance of Planococcus lilacinus has warranted its control using 

chemicals and biological control agents in several parts of India, mainly on coffee, 

cocoa, custard apples and mandarins (CABI, 2005). In the event this species is detected 

in the mainland United States, it is recommended that a biological control program be 

implemented (USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, 2002). From available host records, P. 

lilacinus is known to be a generalist non-discriminate feeder that affects more than 96 

plant species in over 35 plant families. U.S. threatened or endangered plant species 

which are closely related to known host plants might also be suitable hosts. Plant species 

listed as endangered or threatened in the continental United States and that are potential 

hosts for P. lilacinus include: Callicarpa amplia, Cordia bellonis, Rhododendron 

chapmanii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Euphorbia telephioides, Crotalaria avonensis, 

Eugenia haematocarpa, Eugenia koolauensis, Eugenia woodburyana, Gardenia 

brighamii, Gardenia manii, Solanum drymophilum, Solanum incompletum, and Solanum 

sandwicense (Ben-Dov et al., 2005; USFWS, 2006). Based on this evidence, the 

Environmental Impact risk rating for P. lilacinus is High.

High (3)

Table 4. Risk Ratings for Consequences of Introduction

Pest Risk elements Cumulative 

risk ratinga

Climate/ Host

Interaction

Host 

Range

Dispersal

Potential

Economic

Impact

Environmental 

Impact

Coccus viridis Medium (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

Copitarsia decolora Medium (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

Liriomyza 

huidobrensis

High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15)

Planococcus 

lilacinus

Medium (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

a Low = 5-8 points, Medium = 9-12 points and High = 13-15 points
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 25

2.7. Analysis of Quarantine Pests: Likelihood of Introduction

Six Risk Sub-Elements are evaluated and combined for the sixth Risk Element to give a value for 

the risk associated with the Likelihood of Introduction. Each pest is rated for the Likelihood of 

Introduction based on two separate components. First, an estimate is made concerning the 

amount of commodity likely to be imported (sub-element #1). Secondly, pest opportunity is 

estimated using five biological features (sub-elements #2-6). Details of the rating criteria are 

explained in USDA-APHIS-PPQ (2000). These sub-element ratings and the overall value for the 

Likelihood of Introduction are summarized in Table 5.

2.7.1. Quantity of commodity imported annually 

In 2004, Colombia had 28 ha (69,189 acres) of active commercial celery plantations that 

produced 568 tons (1,252,225.6 lbs.) (MADR, 2005). The quantity of fresh or frozen Apium 

graveolens (except Apium graveolens var. rapaceum) exported from Colombia in 2005 was 

2,520 kg (5,556.lbs.) (Analdex, 2006). Based on this data, we estimated that the quantity of the 

commodity exported annually to the continental United States would be less than 10 shipping 

containers (40 feet) per year, resulting in a Low (1 point) rating for this sub-element. This 

estimate is based on a conversion factor of 40,000 pounds (approximately 20 metric tons) per 40-

foot shipping container (FAS, 2006). 

2.7.2. Survive post-harvest treatment

No information has been provided by the government of Colombia on either a

rating/classification/culling process or a standard post-harvest treatment. For this risk 

assessment, we assumed that celery exported from Colombia to the United States would undergo

processing in a packinghouse, as opposed to field processing, and that the processing would 

include culling, selection, grading, and thoroughly washing the commodity, and discarding of 

any damaged plant parts. Standard packinghouse processing of celery includes washing with 

chlorinated water, sorting, and grading (Kader, 2002; Salunkhe and Kadam, 1998).

Copitarsia decolora and the two scale species Coccus viridis and Planococcus lilacinus are minute 

pests that feeds externally. These organisms could be dislodged to some extent from the commodity 

surfaces during washing or processing. Liriomyza huidobrensis mines within host leaves, and 

would be protected from washing; however, the mines and feeding punctures may be visible 

(CABI, 2005) and subject to culling. Therefore, we rated this sub-element Medium for all the pests.

2.7.3. Survive shipment

McGregor (1987) states that to maintain the quality of celeriac and celery, the recommended 

temperature and relative humidity for the transport and storage are 0o

C (32oF) and 97-99% 

(celeriac) or 98-100% (celery). Liriomyza huidobrensis would likely survive shipment because it 

can tolerate subzero temperatures by supercooling (Chen and Kang, 2002). In a study 

investigating the effects of cold storage on Copitarsia decolora on artichokes, all larvae survived 

3 days at 0.1oC, but 80% or more of the larvae were dead after 21 days at the same temperature 

(Urra and Apablaza, 2005b). Because we do not have information on the time frame for the 

storage and shipment of celery from Colombia, we assume this timeframe could be very short 

(i.e., 3 days or less) and that most Copitarsia decolora larvae could survive shipment. We did not 

find evidence in the scientific literature that exposure to temperatures near 0o

C (32oF) would 
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 26

result in significant mortality of the other pests of concern. Hence, we estimated the transport and 

storage of the celery at the recommended environmental conditions would be insufficient to 

reduce population levels of all the pests, resulting in a High rating for this sub-element.

2.7.4. Not detected at the port of entry

As external pests, Coccus viridis and Planococcus lilacinus should be detectable by trained 

inspectors; however, because of their small size and sessile nature, low population densities of 

these scales may escape detection, particularly if concealed within the tight crevices between stems.

Therefore, these scale species were rated Medium (2) for this sub-element.

PPQ officers at port-of-entry are instructed to inspect 2% of a given shipment arriving at a U.S. port 

(Gould et al., 2000); in other words, they are to inspect two boxes out of every 100 boxes of a 

certain commodity. To have a 95% probability of detecting a pest species, given this rate of 

inspection, often 25% or more of the boxes must be inspected. Smaller shipments may be even 

more heavily infested, but still pass inspection (Gould et al., 2000). PPQ officers consider that more 

than 10% of the viable larvae of Copitarsia arriving at a port would not be detected by routine 

inspections; as a result, Copitarsia decolora received a High risk rating (Gould et al., 2000). 

When dealing with Liriomyza huidobrensis, the feeding punctures appear as white speckles 

between 0.13 mm and 0.15 mm (0.005 in. to 0.006 in.) in diameter (CABI, 2005). Oviposition 

punctures are smaller (0.05mm or 0.002in.) and are uniformly round (CABI, 2005). The larvae 

are primarily leaf miners (CABI, 2005). Mines are usually white with dampened black and dried 

brown areas, which are usually associated with the midrib and lateral leaf veins (CABI, 2005).

Mines are typically serpentine, tightly coiled and irregularly shaped, and they increase in width 

as larvae mature (CABI, 2005). Several larvae feeding on a single leaf may produce a secondary 

mine-type “blotch” and leaf wilting can occur (CABI, 2005). Based on this evidence, the risk 

associated with the inability to detect these pests is rated Medium.

2.7.5. Imported or moved to area with environment suitable for survival

The likelihood that a pest will be moved to an area with a suitable environment for survival is 

dependent on the potential distribution of markets for the host commodity throughout the country 

and the presence of suitable habitats for the pest. Because celery is widely accepted across 

American society, we assumed the commodity would be distributed throughout the entire 

continental United States. Consequently, evaluation of this sub-element focused on 

environmental/climate suitability, and the risk ratings for this sub-element were set to the same 

as the Climate-Host Interaction risk ratings in the Consequences of Introduction section of this 

document.

2.7.6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction

Even if the final destination of infested commodities is suitable for pest survival, pests must still 

come in contact with suitable host material. This process is dependent on two factors, the pest’s 

potential for dispersal, and the presence of host material in the region. Because numerous hosts 

of Liriomyza huidobrensis and Copitarsia decolora are present in the continental United States, 

and both pests are capable of movement (by flight or wind), the likelihood that these imported 

insects can find host material suitable for reproduction is High. Sessile hemipterans (mealybugs, 

scale insects, etc.) may disperse great distances by wind (Greathead, 1990; Greathead, 1997), but 

do not have the capability for directed dispersal. Long range dispersal strategies depend on large 
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 27

numbers of insects being dispersed so that some may find suitable hosts. Insects arriving with 

fruits and vegetables for consumption represent small populations; as a result, dispersal by air to 

a host is unlikely. Furthermore, successful establishment of these insects in a new environment can 

occur only when mobile forms (i.e., crawlers) are present on imported commodities and these 

commodities are placed in close proximity to a susceptible host. As these circumstances are highly 

unlikely to co-occur (Miller et al., 1985), scale insects have a low probability of coming into contact 

with potential hosts. Therefore, this sub-element is Low (1) for both scale species of concern, 

Coccus viridis and Planococcus lilacinus.

The likelihood that a particular pest would be introduced is reflected in the Cumulative Risk 

Rating value (Table 5). 

Table 5. Risk Ratings for Likelihood of Introduction

Pest Quantity 

imported 

annually

Survive 

postharvest 

treatment

Survive

shipment

Not 

detected at 

ports-ofentry

Moved 

to 

suitable 

habitat

Contact 

with host 

material

Cumulative

Risk

Ratingsa

Coccus viridis Low (1) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Med (2) Low (1) Medium 

(11)

Copitarsia 

decolora

Low (1) Med (2) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Medium

(14)

Liriomyza 

huidobrensis

Low (1) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) Medium

(14)

Planococcus 

lilacinus

Low (1) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Med (2) Low (1) Medium

(11) a Low is 6-9 points, Medium is 10-14 points, and High is 15-18 points

2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

Summation of the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values 

produce the Pest Risk Potential (Table 6). Pest Risk Potential is a baseline estimate of the risks 

associated with importation of the commodity in the absence of phytosanitary mitigation 

measures beyond standard post-harvest processing. 

Table 6. Pest Risk Potential

Pest Consequences of 

Introduction Rating

Likelihood of 

Introduction Rating

Pest Risk Potentiala

Coccus viridis High (14) Medium (11) Medium (25)

Copitarsia decolora High (14) Medium (14) High (28)

Liriomyza huidobrensis High (15) Medium (14) High (29)

Planococcus lilacinus High (14) Medium (11) Medium (25) a Low = 11-18 points, Medium = 19-26 points, and High = 27-33 points
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 28

3. Risk Mitigation Options

According to USDA-APHIS-PPQ (2000), pests with a Low Pest Risk Potential do not typically 

require mitigation measures, other than port-of-arrival inspection. A value within the Medium 

range indicates that specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary. A rating in the High 

range indicates that specific phytosanitary measures, supplemental to port-of-arrival inspection, 

are strongly recommended.

In order to mitigate the risk associated with the introduction of the quarantine pests of concern 

associated with celery from Colombia, it is recommended that the exported celery commodity be 

accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by the Colombian Ministry of Agriculture 

stating that the celery is free from Coccus viridis, Copitarsia decolora, Planococcus lilacinus, 

and Liriomyza huidobrensis, and that all damaged celeries were removed from the shipment prior 

to export under the supervision of the Colombian Ministry of Agriculture. Additionally, a visual 

inspection at the port-of-entry should be conducted. If these measures are not sufficient, other 

supplemental phytosanitary measures could be used (see Table 7 for details).

Table 7 below summarizes the mitigation options specific to the quarantine pests of concern on 

celery from Colombia, Coccus viridis, Copitarsia decolora, Planococcus lilacinus, and

Liriomyza huidobrensis.

Table 7. Summary of Risk Mitigation Options for Celery from Colombia

Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

Pest-free areas or 

places of production

All As a sole mitigative measure, the establishment of 

pest-free areas, or pest-free places of production, may 

serve to satisfy the appropriate level of phytosanitary 

protection (IPPC, 1996, 1999). This option has 

proven successful in practice, obviating the need for 

post-harvest commodity treatments to achieve even 

probit-9-level security for certain pests (TDOA, 

2003). Establishment and maintenance of pest-free 

areas, or production sites, are to be in compliance 

with international standards (IPPC, 1996, 1999).

Areas of low pest 

prevalence

All May satisfy requirements for appropriate level of 

protection alone, or in combination with other 

measures. Practices for low pest prevalence status are 

to be in compliance with international standards 

(IPPC, 2005).

Irradiation * Coccus viridis, Copitarsia 

decolora, Planococcus 

lilacinus, Liriomyza. 

huidobrensis and 

Copitarsia decolora

(larvae only)

PPQ-recognized generic dose (400 Grays) quarantine 

treatment on all regulated plant articles for all insect 

pests, except for Lepidopteran pupae and adults 

(USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006b).

Methyl Bromide

Fumigation*

Coccus viridis, Copitarsia 

decolora, Planococcus 

There are various PPQ recognized treatments (e.g., 

T101-b-1 on asparagus) for Copitarsia spp. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 29

Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

lilacinus, Liriomyza 

huidobrensis (as an 

“external feeder”)

(PPQ/CIPM, 2007). PPQ recognizes a methyl 

bromide quarantine treatment for leaf miners and 

external feeders on celery (T101-n-2) (PPQ/CIPM, 

2007). PPQ recognizes methyl bromide treatment for 

external feeders on celery root (celeriac) (T101-n-1), 

celery above ground parts (T101-o-1), and leafy 

vegetables such as celery (T101-n-2). PPQ also 

recognizes methyl bromide treatment for surface 

pests ,including scale insects (T104-a-1, T104-a-2).

Control measures at 

production site: 

Pest-free, insectproof greenhouses

Copitarsia decolora, 

Liriomyza huidobrensis

May satisfy requirements for appropriate level of 

protection alone, or in combination with other 

measures, if plants are grown solely in a greenhouse 

that practices strict sanitary procedures.

Adults of Copitarsia turbata [C. decolora] have an 

average wing span of 42.13 mm (Alcázar et al., 

2004). Liriomyza huidobrensis adults are much 

smaller (wing length is 1.3-2.3 mm) (CABI, 2005), so

mesh screening would have to be finer than 1.3mm to 

exclude adults. 

Entryways equipped with doors that automatically 

close exclude flying adults (of these pests) (Kahn and 

Mathur, 1999). Maintaining a sound greenhouse 

structure helps ensure pest exclusion.

Regular inspections and monitoring should be 

included as an important part of a pest management 

program (Kahn and Mathur, 1999).

Control measures at 

production site: 

chemical, biological, 

cultural, or physical 

means.

All A combination of field level controls (insecticidal 

sprays, natural enemies, trapping, sanitation, etc.), 

followed by inspection at the packinghouse could 

give a level of confidence that the produce is free of

the quarantine pests to help meet requirements for 

areas of low pest prevalence or pest-free areas (IPPC, 

2005, 1999). Research is necessary to demonstrate 

effectiveness.

Inspections and 

monitoring 

Copitarsia decolora, 

Liriomyza huidobrensis

Inspections and monitoring must be used in 

combination with other measures.

The Crop Protection Compendium (2005) reports the 

following external symptoms from L. huidobrensis:

“Feeding punctures appear as white speckles between 

0.13 and 0.15mm in diameter. Punctures related to 

oviposition are smaller (0.05mm) and are more 

uniformly rounded. Larvae are primarily leaf miners.

Mines are usually white with dampened black and 

dried brown areas, and are usually associated with the 

midrib and lateral leaf veins. Mines are typically 
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 30

Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

serpentine, tightly coiled and irregularly shaped, 

increasing in width as larvae mature. Several larvae 

feeding on a single leaf may produce a secondary 

‘blotch’ type mine and leaf wilting may occur.”

Mines may also undulate between the upper and 

lower leaf surface, so the complete mine may only be 

visible when the leaf is held up to light (DEFRA, 

1997).

Adult populations of L. huidobrensis can be 

monitored with yellow sticky traps placed in 

production and packing areas (DEFRA, 1997). In a 

report from Israeli potato fields, optimum catches of 

L. huidobrensis occurred when yellow sticky traps 

were placed at, or slightly above, plant height 

(Weintraub, 2002). In a L. huidobrensis management 

study in the Philippines, researchers discovered that 

trapping between the hours of 10am and 2pm was 

most effective for the detection of adults (Molitas 

Colting et al., 2002).

For Copitarsia, lights traps (specifically black lights) 

can be used to monitor populations because adults are 

night fliers that are attracted to light (CAPS, 2000).

Visual inspection of celery for larvae may not be 

effective due to the natural hiding places in the leaves 

and stems. PPQ officers estimate that more than 10% 

of the viable larvae of Copitarsia arriving at a port 

would not be detected by routine inspections (Gould 

et al., 2000).

*The high level of security afforded by a quarantine treatment may be overwhelmed by a large volume of 

an infested commodity [as demonstrated in a fruit fly study by Powell (2003)]. For this reason, adoption 

of a particular quarantine treatment is to be used in conjunction with efforts that maintain pest populations 

in production zones below specified densities as would satisfy requirements for the establishment of areas 

of low pest prevalence (IPPC, 2005).

This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the reliability of a 

specific program or systems approach; it provides information regarding known mitigation 

measures. The specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an 

operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this document. A detailed examination and 

selection of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate risk for pests with particular Pest 

Risk Potential ratings is undertaken as part of the APHIS risk management phase. APHIS risk 

management programs are risk-based and dependent on the availability of appropriate mitigation 

methods. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 31

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5. Preparers and Reviewers

Preparers

Olivier Parfait, Nancy Arciniegas, Luis Ernesto Forero, Guiovanni Zambrano, Lisa M. Ferguson, 

and Leah C. Millar

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory,
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 49

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST)

USDA-APHIS-PPQ

Reviewers

Alcibiades Suarez, Agronomist, Risk Analyst

Risks Analysis and International Affairs Group

Agricultural and Rural Development Ministry, Colombia

Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA)

Boris Orduz, Entomologist, Risk Analyst

Center for Phytosanitary Excellence (CEF)

Melissa Dirani, Writer/Editor

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory 

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST)

USDA-APHIS-PPQ
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 50

Appendix 1. Pest interceptions on Apium graveolens, Apium graveolens var. dulce and 

Apium graveolens var. rapaceum entering the United States

(PestID, 2007)

Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total

Acalles sp. 2 2

Acalymma sp. 4 4

Acrolophus sp. 1 1

Agriolimax reticulatus 1 1

Agriolimax sp. 1 1

Agriphila sp. 1 1

Agromyzidae, species of 27 15 389 25 456

Agrotis sp. 4 4

Altica sp. 1 1

Amaranthus sp. 1 1

Anagallis arvensis 1 1

Anagallis sp. 1 1

Anaphothrips sudanensis 1 1

Anthocoridae, species of 1 1

Anthomyiidae, species of 1 1 2

Aphididae, species of 5 13 64 3 85

Aphis fabae 1 1

Aphis gossypii 1 1

Aphis helianthi 1 1

Aphis sp. 1 1

Aphodiinae, species of 1 1

Apion sp. 2 2

Apis mellifera 1 1

Argyrogramma verruca 1 1

Arhyssus sp. 1 1

Arianta arbustorum 1 1

Arion sp. 1 1

Asphodelus fistulosus 1 1

Asteia sp. 1 1

Auchenorrhyncha, species of 1 1

Aulacorthum solani 1 1

Autographa californica 1 1

Autographa gamma 1 1

Autographa sp. 4 4

Baris sp. 1 1

Blapstinus sp. 1 5 1 7

Brassica rapa 3 3

Brassica sp. 2 2

Brevicoryne brassicae 1 1

Calocorisca sp. 1 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 51

Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total

Cantharidae, species of 1 1

Cavariella aegopodii 2 2

Cecidomyiidae, species of 1 1

Cercopidae, species of 2 1 3

Cercospora apii 2 2

Cernuella sp. 1 1

Cerotoma sp. 1 1

Ceutorhynchus sp. 1 1

Chaetocnema sp. 1 1 2

Chenopodium sp. 1 1 2

Chironomidae, species of 1 1

Chrysocharis sp. 1 1

Chrysomelidae, species of 3 2 5

Cicadellidae, species of 2 6 3 11

Cladosporium sp. 2 2

Cochlicella acuta 1 1

Cochlicella sp. 1 1

Collembola, species of 1 1

Conotrachelus seniculus 2 2

Conotrachelus sp. 3 3

Convolvulus arvensis 1 1

Copitarsia decolora 3 3

Copitarsia sp. 25 8 33

Cornu aspersum 1 1

Crambidae, species of 2 2

Creontiades sp. 2 2

Curculio sp. 1 1

Curculionidae, species of 1 1 2 4

Cuscuta sp. 2 1 3

Cyclocephala sp. 1 1

Dactynotus sp. 1 1

Delia sp. 6 6

Deroceras laeve 7 1 8

Deroceras panormitanum 1 2 3

Deroceras sp. 1 1

Diabrotica balteata 4 4

Diabrotica sp. 10 10

Diabrotica undecimpunctata 

duodecimnotata 

3 3

Diabrotica undecimpunctata 6 6

Diaphania sp. 1 1

Diptera, species of 1 7 8

Disonycha sp. 2 2
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 52

Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total

Draeculacephala sp. 2 2

Drosophilidae, species of 1 1

Duponchelia sp. 1 1

Dysaphis apiifolia 1 1

Dysaphis sp. 4 4

Dysdercus bimaculatus 1 1

Dysdercus mimulus 2 2

Elateridae, species of 1 1 2

Entiminae, species of 1 1

Eobania vermiculata 1 1

Epilachna sp. 1 1

Epitrix sp. 1 1

Euleia heraclei 3 3

Euschistus sp. 3 3

Formicidae, species of 1 1

Frankliniella cephalica 1 1

Frankliniella occidentalis 2 2

Fulgoridae, species of 1 1

Gelechiidae, species of 1 1

Geometridae, species of 2 1 3

Glyphonyx sp. 1 1

Graphocephala sp. 3 3

Gryllus sp. 1 1

Harmonia axyridis 1 1

Helicella itala 1 1

Helicella sp. 1 1 2

Helicellinae, species of 1 1

Helicidae, species of 2 2

Helicotylenchus digonicus 1 1

Helix sp. 1 1

Heterodera cruciferae 1 1

Heterodera goettingiana 1 1

Heterodera sp. 1 1

Heteroptera, species of 1 1 2

Hippodamia sp. 1 1

Hoplistoscelis sp. 1 1

Hyadaphis foeniculi 1 1

Hygromiidae, species of 1 1

Hymenoptera, species of 1 1

Hypera sp. 1 1 2

Hypothenemus sp. 1 1

Insecta, species of 1 1

Ischaemum rugosum 1 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 53

Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total

Lamiaceae, species of 1 1

Largus sp. 1 1

Lasioderma serricorne 1 1

Lasius umbratus 1 1

Lehmannia sp. 1 1 2

Lehmannia valentiana 2 2

Lema sp. 2 2

Limonia sp. 1 1

Liorhyssus hyalinus 2 2

Listroderes sp. 1 13 1 1 16

Lobometopon guatemalense 1 1

Lobometopon metallicum 1 1

Lobometopon sp. 2 2

Lolium sp. 1 1

Lonchopteridae, species of 1 1

Lygaeidae, species of 1 1

Lygaeoidea, species of 1 1

Lygus elisus 2 2

Lygus lineolaris 1 1 2

Lygus sp. 2 2

Magnoliophyta, sp. 1 1

Malva sp. 1 1

Mamestra brassicae 2 2

Mamestra sp. 1 1

Margarodidae, species of 1 1

Mecidea major 1 1

Medicago sativa 1 1 2

Melanotus sp. 1 1

Melilotus indicus 3 2 5

Membracidae, species of 1 1 2

Mesostigmata, species of 1 1

Miridae, species of 2 4 6 12

Mollusca, species of 1 1

Mycetophilidae, species of 1 1

Myzus persicae 1 1

Myzus sp. 1 1

Nabidae, species of 1 1

Nasonovia ribisnigri 1 1

Neopamera sp. 1 1

Nezara viridula 1 1

Nitidulidae, species of 1 1

Noctuidae, species of 2 9 15 1 27

Nysius sp. 1 8 9
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 54

Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total

Ogdoecosta sp. 1 1

Oryza sp. 1 1

Paragonatas sp. 1 1

Parasitidae, species of 1 1 2

Paromius sp. 1 1

Pentatomidae, species of 1 1

Peridroma saucia 2 1 3

Phalaris minor 1 1 4 6

Phalaris sp. 1 5 6

Phenacoccus sp. 1 1

Philephedra sp. 1 1

Phlaeothripidae, species of 1 1

Phyllophaga sp. 1 1

Phyllotreta sp. 1 1 2

Physonota sp. 1 1

Pieris rapae 1 1

Piophilidae, species of 1 1

Pityophthorus sp. 1 1

Plusiinae, species of 2 1 3

Polygonum sp. 1 1

Pratylenchus 1 1

Prietocella barbara 4 4

Proba sp. 1 1

Proterhinus sp. 1 1

Pseudococcidae, species of 2 1 1 4

Pseudopamera sp. 3 3

Psilidae, species of 1 1

Pteromalus sp. 1 1

Pyralidae, species of 4 4

Pyraustinae, species of 2 2

Rachiplusia sp. 2 2

Ranunculus sp. 1 1 2

Rhabditidae, species of 1 1

Rumex sp. 1 1 2 4

Sciaridae, species of 1 1

Scymnus sp. 1 1

Septoria apiicola 8 3 6 8 25

Septoria apii-graveolentis 1 1 2

Septoria sp. 1 1

Setaria sp. 1 1

Sinoxylon anale 1 1

Sitona discoideus 1 1

Sitophilus sp. 2 2
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 55

Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total

Solanum sp. 1 1

Solanum sp. 1 1

Solanum torvum 1 1

Sphaeroceridae, species of 1 1

Spissistilus sp. 3 3

Spodoptera frugiperda 1 1

Spodoptera littoralis 1 1

Spoladea recurvalis 1 1

Stator sordidus 1 1

Stemphylium sp. 1 1

Succinea sp. 1 1

Syngrapha sp. 1 1

Syrphidae, species of 1 1 2

Systena sp. 3 3

Systole sp. 2 1 3

Taeniothrips sp. 1 1

Tandonia sowerbyi 1 1

Tanymecus sp. 1 1

Tenebrionidae, species of 1 1

Tephritidae, species of 1 1

Tetranychus sp. 1 1

Tetranychus sp. near, prob. urticae 1 1

Tettigoniidae, species of 1 1

Theba pisana 4 4

Thripidae, species of 1 3 4

Thrips tabaci 1 2 3

Tortricidae, species of 1 1

Tortricinae, species of 1 1

Trianthema portulacastrum 1 1

Trianthera portulacastrum 1 1

Tribolium castaneum 1 1

Trifolium pratense 1 1

Trifolium resupinatum 1 1

Trifolium sp. 1 1

Trigonella foenum-graecum 1 1

Triozidae, species of 1 1

Triticum sp. 1 1

Trochoidea cretica 1 1

Trogoderma granarium 1 8 9

Tylozygus sp. 1 1

Udea ferrugalis 1 1

Udea rubigalis 6 6

Veronicellidae, species of 1 1
Pest Risk Assessment for Celery from Colombia

Rev. 02 March 22, 2010 56

Pest Baggage Permit Cargo Stores Other Total

Xerotricha conspurcata 1 1

Xiphinema sp. 1 1

Zonitidae, species of 1 1

Zonitoides arboreus 3 3

Zygogramma signatipennis 1 1

Grand Total 93 275 646 94 1108