FIFTH DIVISION

MCFADDEN, P. J.,

BRANCH and BETHEL, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

October 4, 2017

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A17A1281. WAFFLE HOUSE, INC. v. PAVESI.

BETHEL, Judge.

Waffle House, Inc. bringsthisinterlocutory appeal from the trial court’s denial

of its motion to compel arbitration. Because the trial court erred in determining that

the relevant arbitration agreement did not require arbitration of the underlying claims

in this case, we reverse.

“The standard of review from the denial of a motion to compel arbitration is

whether the trial court was correct as a matter of law.” D.S. Ameri Constr. Corp. v.

Simpson, 271 Ga. App. 825, 826 (611 SE2d 103) (2005) (footnote omitted).

Moreover, as this case involves the interpretation of an agreement between the
parties, we note that “the construction of a contract is a matter of law for the court

that is subject to de novo review.” Id. 

This appeal arisesfroma lawsuit filed against Waffle House by Pamela Pavesi,

the court-appointed guardian and custodian of Brian Mikeals. The record before us1

indicates that in July 2010, Mikaels began working at a Waffle House restaurant

which was then run by a franchisee of Waffle House. In October 2015, the restaurant

where Mikaels worked was re-purchased from the franchisee by Waffle House. That

day, all employees of that restaurant, including Mikaels, were notified that their

employment with the franchisee had ended and that they had been hired by Waffle

House on a probationary basis. Mikaels and the other employees were also notified

1 Because our review of this case is limited to determining whether the

underlying allegations are subject to arbitration pursuant to the agreements entered

into by Mikaels and Waffle House, we essentially treat the allegations of Pavesi’s

complaint as true. See BellSouth Corp. v. Forsee, 265 Ga. App. 589, 591 (595 SE2d

99) (2004) (“[A] court considering arbitrability is not to rule on the potential merits

of the underlying claims.” (citation and punctuation omitted)). Because the

allegations set forth in the complaint do not address the arbitration agreements

entered into by Mikaels and Waffle House, we must also necessarily consider

evidence and documents outside the pleadings. Thus, in light of the need for the

parties to establish in the record the terms and conditions of Mikaels’ employment

and the process by which he was hired, including the terms of the arbitration

agreements he entered into with Waffle House, we have also considered the evidence

adduced through the limited discovery ordered by the trial court for such purposes as

well as undisputed representations regarding the facts and circumstances of this case

made by counsel on the record before the trial court.

2
that in order to obtain regular, non-probationary employment withWaffle House, they

would be required to re-apply for employment and complete and agree to the terms

of a variety of documents, including an arbitration agreement. Mikaels completed and

submitted an electronic version of the documents, which included his assent to the

arbitration agreement, on November 6, 2015. 

At the time, Waffle House’s electronic document system was encountering a

number of difficulties such that Waffle House could not contemporaneously confirm

that Mikaels and others had completed the electronic paperwork, including their

assent to the arbitration agreement.

2 As a result, Mikaels and others were asked to

complete and sign paper versions of employment application materials, which

included an arbitration agreement. Mikaels did so on November 14, 2015. 

On December 23, 2015, while at work, one of Mikaels’ co-workers placed an

illegal substance in his drink which caused him to suffer severe injuries. Pavesi, his

2 Testimony by a witness representing Waffle House indicates that, at the time

Waffle House experienced these difficulties with its systems, Mikaels had actually

completed all necessary applications and documents electronically, including the

mandatory arbitration agreement. This was determined after Waffle House’s

electronic application systemwas “corrected.” Testimony fromWaffle House’s chief

technology officer confirmed that Mikaels’ electronic application and the

accompanying documents, including the arbitration agreement, were completed and

submitted electronically on November 6, 2015. 

3
court-appointed guardian and custodian, brought suit on Mikaels’ behalf against

Waffle House alleging claims for negligent hiring, supervision, and retention of

Mikaels’ co-worker who attacked him. Pavesi’s lawsuit also alleged that Waffle

House had been negligent in itstraining of its employees and managers and that it had

negligently failed to keep the work premises safe. Pavesi’s suit sought damages and

demanded a jury trial. 

Waffle House answered the complaint and filed an emergency motion to

compel arbitration. In support of its motion, Waffle House argued that the arbitration

agreements signed by Mikaels on November 6 and November 14 required the claims

alleged in Pavesi’s suit to be handled through mandatory binding arbitration. 

Following a hearing, the trial court denied this motion. In its ruling, the trial

court found that the November 14 agreement superseded the November 6 agreement

because the two agreements containedmaterially different terms while addressing the

same subject matter. Specifically, the trial court noted that the “choice of law”

provisions in the two agreements were materially different. 

The November 6 agreement contained a clause providing that “[t]his

Arbitration Program shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the

Federal Arbitration Act and any federal common law interpreting that Act.” In

4
contrast, the November 14 agreement contained a clause providing that the

“agreement should be construed in a manner consistent with the principles and

provisions of the Federal Arbitration Act . . . [T]his Agreement shall be governed by

and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of Georgia[.]” 

The November 14 agreement also provided that it was to apply to claims

“arising out of any aspect of or pertaining in any way to [Mikaels’] employment[.]”

The agreement further provided that “claims that are arbitrable . . . include, but are

not limited to . . . tort claims[.]” The November 14 agreement also contained a merger

clause, indicating that it wasthe “complete agreement of [Mikaels and Waffle House]

on the subject of arbitration disputes[.]” 

Interpreting the choice of law provision in the November 14 agreement, the

trial court determined that by providing that the agreement was to be “governed by

and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of Georgia,” the parties had

agreed that any arbitration of Mikaels’ claims against Waffle House was governed by

Georgia law, and that accordingly the Georgia Arbitration Code, not the Federal

Arbitration Act, would apply. Further, the trial court determined that because the

Georgia Arbitration Code had been interpreted to exclude personal bodily injury

claims from its coverage, Mikaels could not be compelled to arbitrate his claims

5
against Waffle House pursuant to the November 14 agreement. The trial court further

ruled that Mikaels’ claims were not subject to mandatory arbitration because his

injuries were not the result of his employment relationship with Waffle House, and

were thus not covered by the November 14 agreement. 

Following its order, the trial court filed a certificate of immediate review

authorizing Waffle House to seek an interlocutory appeal. Waffle House filed an

application seeking such review with this Court, which we granted.

3 This appeal

followed. 

1. Waffle House first argues that the trial court erred by finding that the

November 6 and November 14 agreements contained materially different terms, such

that the agreements merged, with the terms of the November 14 agreement

controlling. We find no error in the trial court’s determination.

In this case, the November 6 and November 14 agreements clearly dealt

comprehensively with the same subject matter—the circumstances and conditions

under which claims between Mikaels and Waffle House would be subject to

arbitration. Because the two agreements had different terms, the agreement entered

into later in time controls. See Atlanta Integrity Mortg., Inc. v. Ben Hill United

3

See Case number A17I0128. 

6
Methodist Church, Inc., 286 Ga. App. 795, 797 (650 SE2d 359) (2007) (“Under the

merger rule, an existing contract is superseded and discharged whenever the parties

subsequently enter upon a valid and inconsistent agreement completely covering the

subject-matter embraced by the original contract.” (citation and punctuation

omitted)). Moreover, through the merger clause in the November 14 agreement,

providing that it contained the “complete agreement of [Mikaels and Waffle House]

on the subject of arbitration disputes,” the parties expressed their intention that the

November 14 agreement would supersede and replace any prior agreements on that

subject matter. See MAPEI Corp. v. Prosser, 328 Ga. App. 81, 86 (4) (761 SE2d 500)

(2014). Thus, the trial court was correct in determining that the provisions of the

November 14 agreement superseded those of the November 6 agreement.

2. Waffle House next argues that the trial court erred when it determined that

the choice-of-law provision in the November 14 agreement did not require

application of the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) to the parties’ dispute. We agree

with Waffle House.

The choice-of-law provision in the November 14 agreement provides, in

relevant part, that “this agreement should be construed in a manner consistent with

the principles and provisions of the Federal Arbitration Act . . . [T]his Agreement

7
shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of

Georgia[.]” On the basis of this language, the trial court determined that the

provisions of Georgia law (and thus, the provisions of the Georgia Arbitration Code)

govern the agreement and that the FAA would not apply to the parties’ dispute. This

was in error.

The trial court’sreading ofthe choice-of-lawprovision violates a core principle

of contractual interpretation in that it renders the provision’s express reference to the

FAA surplusage. As the General Assembly has instructed with regard to contract

interpretation, “[t]he construction which will uphold a contract in whole and in every

part is to be preferred[.]” OCGA § 13-2-2 (4). Moreover, “it is a cardinal rule of

contract construction that a court should, if possible, construe a contract so as not to

render any of its provisions meaningless and in a manner that gives effect to all of the

contractual terms.” Forsyth Cty. v. Waterscape Serv., LLC, 303 Ga. App. 623, 631 (2)

(a) (694 SE2d 102) (2010) (citation omitted).

In this case, it strains credulity to believe that the parties’ express reference to

the FAA in the choice-of-law provision evinced something other than their intention

8
that the FAA govern any arbitration proceedings between them.

4 Moreover, the

provision’s reference to Georgia law does not require a different conclusion. As this

Court has previously discussed “even when there is a choice of law provision, if the

intent of the parties indicates that arbitration would be governed by the FAA, this

Court will enforce the intentions of the parties.” Results Oriented, Inc. v. Crawford,

245 Ga. App. 432, 436-37 (1) (a) (538 SE2d 73) (2000) (citation omitted). In

Crawford, the arbitration agreement at issue contained separate clausesthat provided

both that the agreement was to “governed by the Federal Arbitration Act” and that it

was to be “governed by the laws of the State of Alabama.” Id. at 435-36. Even with

the presence of a clause providing for a governing state law, this Court held that the

agreement at issue “without question invokes both the substantive law and procedure

of the FAA.” Id. at 437 (1) (a); see also Primerica Fin. Serv., Inc. v. Wise, 217 Ga.

App. 36, 36-37 (1) (456 SE2d 631) (1995) (“[N]otwithstanding a choice of laws

provision stating Georgia law shall govern the agreement, the arbitration clause in

this case makes two express references to the FAA . . . It is clear from the foregoing

4

In arguing for a different result, Pavesi points this Court to the distinctive

language in the choice of law provision which provides that the FAA “should” apply

to the agreement whereas Georgia law “shall” apply. We can discern no workable

distinction between these terms, as “should” and “shall” in this context are both used

as prescriptive terms that instruct or set forth some form of obligation.

9
provisions that the intentions of the parties were that arbitration would be governed

by the FAA.”)

As we have noted in other instances, the reference to a governing state law in

an arbitration agreement calling for application of the FAA is not surplusage. General

principles of contract law govern the formation, interpretation, and enforceability of

arbitration agreements, and whetherthere is a valid agreement to arbitrate is generally

governed by state law. Triad Health Mgmt. of Ga., III, LLC, v. Johnson, 298 Ga. App.

204, 206 (2) (679 SE2d 785) (2009) (citations omitted). Moreover, as Pavesi

conceded at oral argument, Georgia law permits parties to agree to arbitrate claims

between them and expressly permits them to elect that such arbitration will be

governed by the FAA. See Primerica, 217 Ga. App. at 36-37 (1). We thus agree with

Waffle House that the FAA governs any arbitration of claims covered by the

November 14 agreement.

5

5 Because we determine that the November 14 agreement provides that the

FAA governs any arbitration between Waffle House and Mikaels arising under that

agreement, we need not address whether Mikaels’ claims specified in the underlying

lawsuit are arbitrable under the Georgia Arbitration Code. Moreover, because

Georgia law permits parties to an agreement to elect to be governed by the FAA, we

need not engage in the construction of federal law to address any issues relating to

preemption of the Georgia Arbitration Code by the FAA.

10
3. Waffle House next argues that the trial court erred in determining that

Mikaels’ claimsfell outside the scope of the November 14 agreement. We agree with

Waffle House.

The November 14 agreement provided that it was to apply to claims “arising

out of any aspect of or pertaining in any way to [Mikaels’] employment[.]” The

agreement further provides that “claims that are arbitrable . . . include, but are not

limited to . . . tort claims[.]” The expansive language of this provision suggests that

the parties intended to include within the coverage of this agreement any claim

Mikaels had against Waffle House that might in anyway concern, relate to, or involve

his employment with Waffle House, except where specific exceptions were set forth

in the agreement.6 Moreover, each of the claims brought by Pavesi against Waffle

House are tort claims. 

This Court has given broad effect to similar language in other cases. In

Wedemeyer v. Gulfstream Aerospace Corp.,

7

this Court emphasized that

6 The agreement provides, for instance, that claims for workers’ compensation

or unemployment compensation benefits (in states other than Texas) are not subject

to arbitration under the agreement. 

7

324 Ga. App. 47, 51-52 (2) (749 SE2d 241) (2013)(citation, punctuation, and

emphasis omitted).

11
under Georgia law, where a contract providesthat a claim must arise out

of a specified relationship, it does not mean proximate cause in the strict

legal sense but instead encompasses almost any causal connection or

relationship. Indeed, nothing more than a slight causal connection is

required to show that a claim arose out of a specified relationship set

forth in a contract.

In Wedemeyer, the arbitration agreement at issue provided that it wasto cover claims

“regarding or arising fromthe employmentrelationship” between the plaintiff and his

then-former employer. 324 Ga. App. at 52. This Court ruled that, due to the breadth

of this language, the arbitration agreement only excluded the employee’s claims

“which do not have any relationship to an employee’s work or relationship to” the

employer. Id. Because the employee’s claims arose from an incident that occurred

during his employment, this Court found that there was a sufficient causal connection

between such claims and his employment with the employer. Id.

Although, in this case, the trial court speculated that the attack on Mikaels

could have just as easily been lodged against a Waffle House customer, that hardly

resolves the question before us. Even if Mikaels’ employment does little more than

explain why he was present at the Waffle House premises at the time of the attack,

the record before us makes clear that the attack was perpetrated by a fellow employee

12
while Mikaels was working. Those facts, combined with the allegation that the attack

was the result of Waffle House’s failed workplace security efforts and its negligent

hiring, training, management, and supervision of Mikaels’ fellow employees

establishes the “slight causal connection” between the relevant incident, Mikaels’

claims, and his employment with Waffle House that Wedemeyer requires. 

Our prior decisions regarding the scope of arbitrability created by a given

arbitration agreement also instruct that we are to resolve any interpretive doubts in

favor of arbitration. As our Supreme Court hasindicated, with regard to the FAA, “as

a matter of law, any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be

resolved in favor of arbitration,” including with regard to “the construction of the

contract language itself.” DiMambro-Northend Assoc., v. Blanck-Alvarez, Inc., 251

Ga. 704, 707 (1) (309 SE2d 364) (1983) (citation omitted). Moreover, as this Court

has previously discussed, there is “a presumption of arbitrability in the sense that an

order to arbitrate the particular grievance should not be denied unless it may be said

with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an

interpretation that covers the asserted dispute. Doubts should be resolved in favor of

coverage.” Forsee, 265 Ga. App. at 591 (citation omitted).

13
Because we agree with Waffle House that the November 14 arbitration

agreement expresses the parties’ intention that the FAA govern any arbitration

between them, and because we further agree with Waffle House that Mikaels’ claims

fall within the scope of the arbitration agreement, we hold that the trial court erred in

denying Waffle House’s motion to compel arbitration. We therefore reverse the order

of the trial court.

Judgment reversed. McFadden, P. J., concurs fully in Divisions 1 and 3 and

specially in Division 2. Branch, J., concurs.

14
A17A1281. WAFFLE HOUSE, INC. v. PAVESI.

MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge, concurring specially.

I concur in the judgment and in Divisions 1 and 3 of the majority opinion, but

I do not agree with the analysis in Division 2. So our rules declare that Division 2 is

not binding precedent. Court of Appeals Rule 33 (a). 

The Georgia law that would otherwise apply issidelined by preemption, not by

choice of law. If we were considering choice of law, we would need to address

Georgia public policy. But we have no choice.

The Georgia Arbitration Code, at “OCGA § 9-9-2 (c) (10)[,] exempts from

arbitration claims for ‘personal bodily injury’ . . . .” Davidson v. A.G. Edwards &

Sons, 324 Ga. App. 172, 174 n. 3 (1) (a) (748 SE2d 300) (2013). So it is preempted

by the Federal Arbitration Act. “The FAA preempts any state law that conflicts with
its provisions or undermines the enforcement of private arbitration agreements.” Id.

at 173 (1) (a).

If the FAA were merely a statute enacted by a sister state and the question

before us were the enforceability of a choice-of-law term in a contract, we would

need to address Georgia public policy. “Georgia conflicts of law will not follow a

contractual selection of law of a foreign state where such chosen law would

contravene the public policy of Georgia . . . .” Hulcher Svcs. v. R. J. Corman R. Co.,

247 Ga. App. 486, 489 (2) (543 SE2d 461) (2000). See also OCGA § 1-3-9 (“The

laws of other states and foreign nations shall have no force and effect of themselves

within this state further than is provided by the Constitution of the United States and

is recognized by the comity of states. The courts shall enforce this comity, unless

restrained by the General Assembly, so long as its enforcement is not contrary to the

policy or prejudicial to the interests of this state.”); CS-Lakeview at Gwinnett v.

Simon Property Group, 283 Ga. 426, 428 (659 SE2d 359) (2008) (“In light of OCGA

§ 1-3-9, the law of the jurisdiction chosen by parties to a contract to govern their

contractual rights will be enforced unless application of the chosen law would be

contrary to the public policy or prejudicial to the interests of this state.”).

2
But as the Supreme Court of the United States has recently reminded us, when

it comes to arbitration, state public policy is of no consequence. Under the Federal

Arbitration Act, a state court’s declaration “[i]n ringing terms [of] the jury right’s

unsurpassed standing in the State Constitution” is no more than a noisy gong or a

clanging cymbal. Kindred Nursing Centers Ltd. Partnership v. Clark, __ U.S. __, __

(II) (A) (137 SCt 1421, 197 LE2d 806) (2017).

3