1

United States 

Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances

(7505P)

_______________________________________________________

Pesticide

Fact Sheet

Name of Chemical: Mammalian Gonadotropin 

Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Reason for Issuance: New Chemical

 Nonfood Use

Date Issued: September 2009

_______________________________________________________

1. Description of Chemical

Peptide Chain: pyroGlu1 -His2-Trp3- Ser4 -Tyr5- Gly6 -Leu7-Arg8-

Pro9- G ly10NH2 [GnRH]

Common Name: Mammalian Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

EPA PC Code: 116800

Chemical Abstracts 

Service (CAS) Number: 9034-40-6

Chemical Class: Sterilant/Hormone

Registration Status: New Chemical, nonfood use

Pesticide Type: Mammalian Contraceptive

U.S. Producer: U.S. Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Pocatello 

Supply Depot

238 East Dillon Street

Pocatello, ID 83201
2

2. Use Pattern and Formulations

Mode of Action The active ingredient, Mammalian Gonadotropin Releasing 

Hormone (GnRH) is conjugated into a large protein that 

initiates an immune response in the animal with its own GnRH 

resulting in contraceptive effects for a minimum of one year. 

Application Sites GonaCon will be used to control wild white-tailed deer 

Odocoileus virginianus) populations in areas where they have 

become a nuisance (e.g, urban and suburban settings). 

Methods of 

Application The vaccine will be administered to restrained female deer 

using preloaded syringes with an 18 or 19 gauge stainless steel 

hypodermic needle intramuscularly into a large muscle mass by

hand injection only. 

GonaCon is classified as a Restricted Use Pesticide. Use is 

restricted to USDA APHIS Wildlife Services or state wildlife 

management personnel or persons working under their 

authority. 

Application Rate: Female deer are injected with a single injection containing 1.0 

ml of GonaCon at least two to three months prior to the onset 

of rut for full contraceptive effect. If multi year contraceptive 

effects are desired, a second vaccination may be given 30 to 60 

days after the first injection or during the following year. 

Two formulations (basic and alternate) are proposed for 

registration.

3. Science Findings

Available data supporting the use and registration of Mammalian Gonadotropin 

Releasing Hormone including product chemistry, toxicology, efficacy, and ecological 

effects and environmental fate are summarized below. 
3

Table 1. Product Chemistry Summary

Peptide structure

Common name Mammalian Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

CAS Reg. No. 9034-40-6

Color white

Physical State

Active: solid: powder

EU: liquid: somewhat creamy in appearance

Melting Point N/A Waiver request

Boiling Point Waiver request: Solid at room temperature.

Odor

Active: odorless

EU: odorless 

Stability to Normal and 

Elevated Temperatures, 

Metal, and Metal Ions

N/A Waiver request

Oxidation/Reduction 

Action N/A Waiver request

pH

Active: NA

EU: pH = 6.49

Flammability N/A Waiver request

Explodability N/A Waiver request

Vapor pressure N/A Waiver request

Water Solubility N/A Waiver request

Storage stability N/A product’s shelf life will be < 6 months so not necessary

Corrosion Characteristics N/A product’s shelf life will be < 6 months so not necessary

TOXICOLOGY SUMMARY

The Registrant submitted the studies listed in Tables 2, which include a number of toxicity

studies. The Registrant submitted waiver requests which were granted for acute inhalation 

and dermal sensitization. 
4

Acute Toxicity Data GnRH

Table 2. Acute Toxicity

Guideline

No.

Study Type Results

Toxicity 

Category*

OPPTS 

870.1100

Acute Oral 

Rat

All test animals survived 1 mL 

exposure. IV

OPPTS 

870.1200

Acute Dermal 

Rat

All test animals survived 1 mL 

exposure. IV

OPPTS 

870.1300

Acute Inhalation 

Rat

WAIVED

IV

OPPTS 

870.2400

Primary Eye Irritation 

Rabbit No corneal opacity or iritis was 

observed. 1-hour postinstillation: 3/3 treated eyes 

exhibited conjunctival redness 

(score 1-2) and discharge (score 

1). No “positive” grade 

irritation was noted at the 24-

hour observation. Treated eyes 

were free of all eye irritation by 

72-hours. 

IV

OPPTS 

870.2500

Primary Skin Irritation 

Rabbit

No edema was observed at any 

treated site. Very slight 

erythema (score 1) was noted at 

all 3/3 test sites within 1-hour 

post-pad removal. Irritation 

severity decreased thereafter. 

No irritation was noted at the 

72-hour observation. The PDII 

was 0.5. 

IV

OPPTS 

870.2600 Dermal sensitization WAIVED--

 Toxicity Category IV = No precautions required

Chronic toxicity data requirements were waived. There is no human exposure from use 

of GonaCon, therefore no toxicity endpoints were selected because of the very limited 

potential worker and dietary exposure. 

ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Waivers were submitted to fulfill required ecological effects and environmental fate 

guideline studies for the registration of GonaCon because of the limited potential for 

environmental releases. Since the product is labeled only for injection to deer by hand 

and the substance is expected to be rapidly metabolized in treated animals, the limited 
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potential risks to non-target organisms resulting from the proposed registration of 

GonaCon are not expected to exceed the Agency’s concern levels. 

The proposed registration of GonaCon is expected to have no effect on endangered or 

threatened species

EFFICACY

GonaCon is intended to render a vaccinated female white-tailed deer infertile for a 

minimum of one year following vaccination. The label claims that GonaCon will not 

affect existing pregnancies but should cause infertility of the vaccinated animal in 

subsequent years. If multi-year contraceptive effects are desired, a second vaccination 

may be given 30-60 days after the first injection or during the following year. The label 

claims that there is a chance that some vaccinated females will become permanently

sterile. 

Product performance studies were conducted by APHIS’s National Wildlife Research 

Center (NWRC) both in the field over a two year period and in a laboratory over multiple 

years to compare two different formulations. 

The field test, initiated in 2004 used two sites consisting of fenced federal land near 

Silver Spring, MD. Female deer in the vaccinated group were dosed with the labeled rate 

of the vaccine during July and August 2004. All deer were marked with ear tags and 

radio telemetry collars equipped with mortality sensors. Reproductive status was assessed 

in the summers of 2005 and 2006 with visual inspection of the udders for signs of 

lactation. 

Results showed 88% efficacy in the summer after vaccination with lactation evident in 3 

of the 26 does vaccinated (12%). Of the control group, reproductive status was able to be 

determined in 13 of the 15 deer and lactation was evident in 11 of those 13 doe (85%).

In the second summer after vaccination lactation was evident in 10 of the remaining 19 

vaccinated deer (53%) equating to an efficacy rate of 47%. In the control group, 10 of the 

10 remaining deer (100%) had reproductive success.

The lab study results showed the alternate formulation to be more effective than the basic 

formulation. The alternate formulation had a 100% success rate (5/5 does remained 

contracepted for two years) compared to the basic formulation with a 60% success rate 

after two years (3/5 does contracepted). Due to economic and supply reasons however, it 

is necessary for the product to carry both formulations. 

4. Summary of Regulatory Position and Rationale

Available data provide adequate information to support the conditional registration of 

GnRH as an effective population control method for nuisance white-tailed deer. 

White-tailed deer have been classified by EPA as a public health pest because they are a 

host for deer ticks that may cause Lyme disease and they are a cause of vehicle accidents. 
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In many urban and suburban areas white-tailed deer populations have become over 

abundant and are considered a year-round nuisance causing many human-wildlife 

conflicts. Since these areas are typically non hunting areas, where building and 

population densities do not allow for safe shooting zones, local laws prohibit guns or 

shooting or public opinion does not support hunting, there has not been an economically

feasible solution to control overabundant deer populations.

In many of these urban and suburban areas, deer have been known to inflict significant 

economic damage to gardens and landscapes of homeowners associations, golf courses, 

private residential yards, etc. When deer are in numbers exceeding 20 per square mile, as 

they are becoming in many areas, they can inflict severe damage to resident flora and 

fauna. This can adversely affect the ecosystem and the wildlife that depend on that 

ecosystem. 

Since deer in these areas are so well fed, female deer, which normally give birth to twins 

may be becoming more fertile which is evident by an increase in triplet births. This, and 

the fact that deer in developed areas appear to be more nocturnal to avoid human contact, 

is contributing to rapidly increasing populations and problems.

According to a 2006 study, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported 

that there are about 1.5 million car accidents with deer resulting in over $1 billion of 

damage and 150 human fatalities annually. GnRH will not only help prevent increases in 

deer numbers through contraception, but should decrease the number of car accidents 

during the fall mating season - which is associated with a surge in car collisions with deer 

as bucks chase fertile does, sometimes for miles. 

Deer can also play a role in spreading disease as they are a main host for blacklegged 

ticks (Ixodes scapularis), more commonly known as deer ticks, which are a carrier of 

Lyme disease. There has been a sharp increase in cases of Lyme disease in 

suburban/urban areas with significant deer populations.

Contraception of nuisance deer using GnRH is not intended to replace hunting (where it 

is an option) as a population control method. GnRH is intended to be used in combination 

with other population management techniques since it cannot alone reduce already over 

abundant populations. Since GnRH is a nonlethal alternative to population control, many

animal rights groups enthusiastically support this registration. 

The registration of GonaCon has received letters of support from the Department of 

Natural Resources at Cornell University and White Buffalo, Inc. a non-profit wildlife 

organization based out of Connecticut. At Cornell University, deer have caused damages 

to plants in research and teaching plots as well as dozens of car accidents. Currently, the 

university attempts population management of deer by capturing and surgically sterilizing 

deer via tubal ligation. This method however is both time consuming and costly, with 

expenses of approximately $1,000 per deer along with the impracticality of finding 

surgery staff and anesthesiologists during the early and late hours that deer are typically 

captured. The use of GnRH is also supported by the Humane Society of the United 

States as a humane and “necessary” method of deer population control. 
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GonaCon was mentioned in an April 2009 article in the Washington Post Magazine as a 

possible population control method for deer in Rock Creek Park in Washington, DC and 

suburban Maryland. 

5. Labeling Restrictions

To mitigate any risks, the following requirements have been imposed: 

• Restricted -Use Pesticide classification due to non-target injection hazard. 

• Application is restricted to USDA APHIS Wildlife Services or state wildlife 

management agency personnel or persons working under their authority only.

• Administration of vaccine is only by hand injection to mitigate any non-target or 

environmental risks that occur with administration with darts.

• Use restricted to only one species: white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

• PPE requirements include: long sleeved shirt and long pants, gloves and shoes 

plus socks to mitigate occupational exposure.

• Children are not allowed in areas where product is used

• A warning that pregnant women should not be involved in handling or injecting 

GonaCon and that all women should be aware that accidental self-injection may

cause infertility.

6. Conditional Data Requirements

Because of the unique chemical nature of GnRH additional preliminary analysis and 

certified limits data are necessary. The registrant must submit this data to the Agency 

upon completion.

Conditional data required for GonaCon consists of:

 Guideline 830.1700 Validating the method of analysis of the formulation and 

additional preliminary analysis

 Guideline 830.1750 Certified Limits

Contact Person at USEPA

Mailing address:
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Autumn Metzger

Biologist, Insecticide-Rodenticide Branch

Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Pesticide Programs

Registration Division (7505P)

Insecticide Branch

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW

Washington, D.C. 20460

Office location and telephone number: 

Room S-7224, One Potomac Yard

2777 S. Crystal Drive

Arlington, VA 22202

703-305-5314

DISCLAIMER: The information in this Pesticide Fact Sheet is for information only 

and is not to be used to satisfy data requirements for pesticide registration. The 

information is believed to be accurate as of the date on the document. 
9

APPENDIX I

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ADNT Acute delayed neurotoxicity

a.i. Active Ingredient

aPAD Acute Population Adjusted Dose

ARI Aggregate Risk Index

BCF Bioconcentration Factor

CAS Chemical Abstracts Service

ChE Cholinesterase

ChEI Cholinesterase inhibition

cPAD Chronic Population Adjusted Dose

%CT Percent crop treated

DAT Days after treatment

DEEM-FCID Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model - Food Consumption Intake Database 

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid 

DNT Developmental neurotoxicity

DIT Developmental immunotoxicity

DWLOC Drinking Water Level of Comparison. 

EC Emulsifiable Concentrate Formulation 

EEC Estimated Environmental Concentration. The estimated pesticide 

concentration in an environment, such as a terrestrial ecosystem. 

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

FQPA Food Quality Protection Act 

GLC Gas Liquid Chromatography

GLN Guideline Number 

LC50 Median Lethal Concentration. A statistically derived concentration of a 

substance that can be expected to cause death in 50% of test animals. It is 

usually expressed as the weight of substance per weight or volume of 

water, air or feed, e.g., mg/l, mg/kg or ppm. 

LD50 Median Lethal Dose. A statistically derived single dose that can be 

expected to cause death in 50% of the test animals when administered by 

the route indicated (oral, dermal, inhalation). It is expressed as a weight of 

substance per unit weight of animal, e.g., mg/kg. 

LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level 

LOAEC Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Concentration 

LOC Level of Concern 

LOD Limit of Detection 

LOQ Limit of Quantitation 

mg/kg/day Milligram Per Kilogram Per Day

mg/L Milligrams Per Liter 

MOE Margin of Exposure
10

MRID Master Record Identification (number), EPA's system of recording and 

tracking studies submitted 

MTD Maximum tolerated dose 

NA Not Applicable 

NOEC No Observable Effect Concentration 

NOEL No Observed Effect Level 

NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level 

NOAEC No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration 

NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 

OP Organophosphate 

OPP EPA Office of Pesticide Programs 

OPPTS EPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances 

PAD Population Adjusted Dose 

PAG Pesticide Assessment Guideline 

PAM Pesticide Analytical Method 

PHED Pesticide Handler's Exposure Data 

PHI Preharvest Interval 

ppb Parts Per Billion 

PPE Personal Protective Equipment 

ppm Parts Per Million 

PRZM/EXAMS Tier II Surface Water Computer Model 

RAC Raw Agriculture Commodity

RBC Red Blood Cell 

RED Reregistration Eligibility Decision 

REI Restricted Entry Interval 

RfD Reference Dose 

SCI-GROW Tier I Ground Water Computer Model 

SF Safety Factor 

TGAI Technical Grade Active Ingredient 

UF Uncertainty Factor 

μg micrograms 

μg/L Micrograms Per Liter 

μL/g Microliter per gram 

USDA United States Department of Agriculture 

WPS Worker Protection Standard 
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APPENDIX II

Citations Considered Part of the Data Base Supporting the Registration of 

GonaCon.

MRID Citation Receipt 

Date

47649600

United States Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health 

Inspection Service (USDA APHIS) (2009) Submission of Product 

Chemistry, Toxicity, Efficacy and Residue Data in Support of the 

Application for Registration of GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine. 

Transmittal of 36 Studies.

22-Jan2009

47649601

O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J. (2008) Description of Materials Used to Produce: 

"GoneCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine". Project Number: P4417. 

Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS, WS: 

National Wildlife Research Center. 168 p.

22-Jan2009

47649602

O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J. (2008) Description of Formulation Process Used 

to Manufacture: "GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine". Project 

Number: M8546, BT016/02. Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. of 

Agriculture, APHIS, WS: National Wildlife Research Center. 99 p.

22-Jan2009

47649603

O'Hare, J.; Pilon, J.; Eisemann, J. (2008) Discussion of the Formation of 

Impurities "GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine". Unpublished study 

prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS, WS: National Wildlive 

Research Center. 56 p.

22-Jan2009

47649604

O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Pilon, J. (2008) Preliminary Analysis and 

Certified Limits "GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine": Final Report. 

Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS, WS: 

National Wildlife Research Center. 9 p.

22-Jan2009

47649605

O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J. (2008) Enforcement Analytical Method: 

"GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine". Unpublished study prepared 

by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS, WS: National Wildlife Research 

Center. 40 p.

22-Jan2009

47649606

O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J. (2007) Product Chemistry: Color, Physical State, 

Odor, and pH - USDA APHIS GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine 

(EPA Reg. No. 56228-xx): Final Report. Project Number: QA/1421. 

Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS, WS: 

National Wildlife Research Center. 31 p.

22-Jan2009

47649607

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Stability to Normal and Elevated 

Temperatures, Metal, and Metal Ions: (Gonadotropin Releasing 

Hormone). Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, 

APHIS, WS. 8 p.

22-Jan2009

47649608

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Oxidation/Reduction Chemical 

Incompatibility: (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished 

study prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS, WS. 8 p.

22-Jan2009

47649609

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Flammability: (GonaCon 

Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA 

APHIS. 8 p.

22-Jan2009
12

47649610

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Explodability: (GonaCon 

Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA 

APHIS. 4 p.

22-Jan2009

47649611

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Miscibility: (GonaCon 

Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA 

APHIS. 8 p.

22-Jan2009

47649612

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Corrosion Characteristics: (GonaCon 

Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA 

APHIS. 8 p.

22-Jan2009

47649613

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Dielectric Breakdown Voltage: (GonaCon 

Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA 

APHIS. 8 p.

22-Jan2009

47649614 Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) UV/Visible Absorption: (GonaCon 

Immunocontraceptive). Unpublished study prepared by USDA APHIS. 8 p.

22-Jan2009

47649615

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Viscosity: (GonaCon 

Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA 

APHIS. 8 p.

22-Jan2009

47649616

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Melting Point: (GonaCon 

Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA 

APHIS. 8 p.

22-Jan2009

47649617

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Boiling Point: (GonoCon 

Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA 

APHIS. 4 p.

22-Jan2009

47649618

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Density/Relative Density/Bulk Density: 

(GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared 

by USDA APHIS. 4 p.

22-Jan2009

47649619

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Dissociation Constant in Water: 

(GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared 

by USDA APHIS. 8 p.

22-Jan2009

47649620

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 

(GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared 

by USDA APHIS. 8 p.

22-Jan2009

47649621

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Water Solubility: (GonaCon 

Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA 

APHIS. 8 p.

22-Jan2009

47649622

Warren, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Vapour Pressure: (GonaCon 

Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared by USDA 

APHIS. 8 p.

22-Jan2009

47649623

Eisemann, J.; O'Hare, J. (2008) Chemical Identity: "GonaCon 

Immunocontraceptive Vaccine". Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. 

of Agriculture, APHIS, WS: Natiional Wildlife Research Center. 27 p.

22-Jan2009

47649624

Eisemann, J.; O'Hare, J. (2008) Direction for Use: GonaCon 

Immunocontraceptive Vaccine. Unpublished study prepared by US Dept. 

of Agriculture, APHIS, WS: National Research Center. 12 p.

22-Jan2009

47649625 Lowe, C. (2008) GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine: Acute Oral 22-Jan-
13

Toxicity - Limit Dose Procedure in Rats. Project Number: P320/USDA, 

23211. Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 28 p.

2009

47649626

Lowe, C. (2008) GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine: Acute Dermal 

Toxicity - Limit Dose Procedure in Rats. Project Number: 23212, 

P322/USDA. Unpublished study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 

28 p.

22-Jan2009

47649627

O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Acute Inhalation Toxicity: 

(GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared 

by USDA APHIS. 4 p.

22-Jan2009

47649628

Lowe, C. (2007) GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine: Primary Eye 

Irritation Study in Rabbits. Project Number: P324, 22806. Unpublished 

study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 29 p.

22-Jan2009

47649629

Lowe, C. (2008) GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine: Primary Skin 

Irritation Study in Rabbits. Project Number: P326, 22807. Unpublished 

study prepared by Product Safety Laboratories. 27 p.

22-Jan2009

47649630

O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Dermal Sensitization: 

(GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared 

by USDA APHIS. 4 p.

22-Jan2009

47649631

O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Chronic Dietary Toxicity: 

(GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine). Unpublished study prepared 

by USDA APHIS. 4 p.

22-Jan2009

47649632

O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Gene Mutation: (GonaCon 

Immunocontraceptive Vaccine): (Human). Unpublished study prepared by 

USDA APHIS. 4 p.

22-Jan2009

47649633

O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Stuctural Chromosomal 

Aberration: (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine): (Human). 

Unpublished study prepared by USDA APHIS. 4 p.

22-Jan2009

47649634

O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Other Genotoxic Effects: 

(GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine): (Human). Unpublished study 

prepared by USDA APHIS. 4 p.

22-Jan2009

47649635

O'Hare, J.; Eisemann, J.; Stephens, S. (2008) Acute Delayed 

Neurotoxicity: (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine): (Hen). 

Unpublished study prepared by USDA APHIS. 4 p.

22-Jan2009

47649636

Gionfriddo, J.; Eisemann, J.; O'Hare, J. (2008) Product Performance: 

Field Test of a Single-Injection of GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine 

In Female White-Tailed Deer. Project Number: QA/1112. Unpublished 

study prepared by US Dept. of Agriculture, APHIS, WS: National Wildlife 

Research Center. 31 p.

22-Jan2009