# Patent

## Title
Hydride reduction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds using chiral organic catalysts

## Abstract

Nonmetallic, chiral organic catalysts are used to catalyze the 1,4-hydride reduction of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. The α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound may be an aldehyde or cyclic ketone, and the hydride donor may be a dihydropyridine. The reaction is enantioselective, and proceeds with a variety of hydride donors, catalysts, and substrates. The invention also provides compositions effective in carrying out the 1,4-hydride addition of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e)(1) to provisional U.S. Ser. Nos. 60/629,674, filed Nov. 19, 2004, and Ser. No. 60/642,700, filed Jan. 10, 2005, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.


GOVERNMENT RIGHTS
The U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention pursuant to Grant No. R01 GM66142-01 awarded by the National Institutes of Health.


TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates generally to catalysis of enantioselective reactions, and more particularly relates to enantioselective reactions involving the use of chiral organic compounds as catalysts in the hydride reduction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Ancillary (or “spectator”) ligand-metal coordination complexes (e.g., organometallic complexes) and compositions are useful as catalysts, stoichiometric reagents and therapeutic agents. The ancillary ligand contains functional groups that bind to one or more metal centers and remain associated therewith, providing an opportunity to modify the steric, electronic and chemical properties of the active sites of the complex, i.e., the metal centers.
Unfortunately, many organometallic reagents are expensive and depending on their catalytic activity may not be commercially viable. Moreover, many organometallic complexes are useful only for very specific chemical reactions and do not have broad utility as catalysts for a variety of different types of reactions. This problem may be emphasized for the catalysis of reactions leading to chiral molecules, particularly the conversion of either chiral or achiral molecules via enantioselective catalysis to provide a chiral product.
Over the last 30 years enantioselective catalysis has become one of the most important frontiers in exploratory organic synthetic research. In the pharmaceutical industry and other industries, the use of pure enantiomeric molecules is often important for safety and efficacy. Thus, in the production of pharmaceuticals, use of catalysts or reagents that preferentially produce one enantiomer of a molecule relative to another enantiomer is particularly advantageous. Unfortunately, the catalysts that produce such enantiomers are typically-organometallic complexes that are specific for a particular reaction. In addition, there is no way to predict with any reasonable accuracy which enantiomer will result. Examples of organometallic catalysts used to prepare chiral materials include BINOL-based complexes (Mikanii et al. (1994) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:2812; Kobayashi et al. (1994) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:4083; Mikami et al. (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:1940; Mikami et al. (1994) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:4077; Keck et al. (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:8467; Keck et al. (1995) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:2363), BINAP-based complexes (Miyashita et al. (1980) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102:7932; Miyashita et al. (1984) Tetrahedron 40:1245; Takaya et al. (1986) J. Org. Chem. 51:629; Takaya et al. (1988) Org. Synth. 67:20; Cai et al. (1995) Tetrahedron Lett. 36:7991), DUPHOS complexes (Burk et al. (1990) Organometallics 9:2653; Burk et al. (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:10125; Burk et al. (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114:6266; Burk et al. (1995) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117:9375); salen-based complexes (i.e., organometallic complexes containing the N,N-bis(3,5-di-t-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexane-diamino ligand; see, e.g., Li et al. (1993)J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:5326, and Evans et al. (1993) Tetrahedron Lett. 34:7027), and bisoxazoline-containing compounds (Evans et al. (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:6460; Evans et al. (1997) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119:7893; Evans et al. (1996) Tetrahedron Lett. 37:7481; Corey et al. (1992) Tetrahedron Lett. 33:6807; Gothelf et al. (1996) J. Org. Chem. 61:346).
One aspect of catalysis that is of particular interest is 1,4-hydride addition (i.e., reduction) reactions involving α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Numerous reviews of hydride reduction reactions have been published, including Keinan et al., Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, Trost, Fleming, Eds; (Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1991) 8:523-578. Improved methods for chemoselectively and enantioselectively hydrogenating α,β-unsaturated carbonyls are desired by numerous disciplines in the chemical arts, including medicinal chemistry and materials science.
Despite the observed need and relatively few, narrow solutions, relatively few asymmetric transformations have been reported which employ organic molecules as reaction catalysts. There is tremendous potential for academic, economic and environmental benefit should versatile, chiral organic catalysts be developed. Only a few researchers have disclosed organic catalysts useful for preparing chiral materials. See, e.g., Asymmetric Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, Noyori, R., Ed. (New York: Wiley, 1994) and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ojima, I., Ed. (New York: VCH, 1993), and references cited therein. Also see Yang et al. (1998) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120(24):5943-5952, who disclose the use of a dioxirane to catalyze enantioselective epoxidation, and Shi et al. (1995) J. Chem. Research (S):46-47 (J. Chem. Research (M): 0401-0411), who disclose preparation of chiral quaternary ammonium salts stated to be useful as chiral phase-transfer catalysts by reaction of (R)-(+)-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-6,6-dinitrobiphenyl and (R)-(+)-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,1-binaphthyl with cyclic amines such as pyrrolidine, piperidine and 4-hydroxypiperidine. International Patent Publication No. WO 92/02505 to Castelijns also discloses use of a secondary amine in a catalytic transformation, i.e., in conversion of an unsaturated imine to a pyridine product, by reaction with an aldehyde or ketone.
Recently, certain organic catalysts have been disclosed as useful in a variety of transformations, by lowering the LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) of a reactant to facilitate reaction thereof. The organic catalysts are acid addition salts of nonmetallic compounds containing a Group 15 or Group 16 heteroatom, e.g., chiral amines, exemplified by the imidazolidinone salt (5S)-5-benzyl-2,2,3-trimethylimidazolidin-4-one hydrochloride (I)




Such catalysts are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,307,057 to MacMillan and U.S. Pat. No. 6,369,243 to MacMillan et al.
The use of catalyst (I) in the LUMO-lowering activation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, in particular, has been reported by Ahrendt et al. (2000) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:4243-4244, Jen et al. (2000) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:9874-9875, and Paras et al. (2001) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123:4370-4371. The reaction proceeds via the reversible formation of an iminium ion intermediate, which can be in one of two enantiomeric configurations.
While imidazolidinone salt (I) and other chiral amines described in the foregoing references are used as organic catalysts in, there is a continuing need for catalytic methods that provide high levels of enantioselectivity across a diverse range of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds as reactants. An ideal catalytic method, in addition to providing high levels of enantioselectivity, would be efficient, would employ nonmetallic catalysts that are inexpensive and straightforward to synthesize, and could be carried out under aerobic conditions.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one embodiment, then, the invention provides a process for catalyzing an enantioselective 1,4-hydride reduction of an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde to produce an aldehyde having a chiral carbon at the β-position. The process comprises contacting the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde a hydride donor in the presence of a catalyst comprising an acid addition salt of an imidazolidinone. The catalyst is capable of lowering the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, and the hydride donor is capable of reacting with the aldehyde by virtue of the lowered LUMO of the compound in the presence of the catalyst. The imidazolidinone has the structure of formula (IIA) or (IIB)




In formulae (IIA) and (IIB), R1 is selected from C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, and substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl. R2 has the structure —(L)m—CR4R5R6 wherein m is zero or 1, L is C1-C6 alkylene, and R4, R5 and R6 are C1-C24 hydrocarbyl. R3 is selected from H, C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, and substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a process for catalyzing a 1,4-hydride reduction of an α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketone to produce a ketone product having a chiral carbon at the β-position. The process comprises contacting the α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketone with a dihydropyridine in the presence of a catalyst comprising an acid addition salt of an imidazolidinone. The catalyst is capable of lowering the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketone, and the dihydropyridine is capable of reacting with the ketone by virtue of the lowered LUMO of the compound in the presence of the catalyst.
In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising a combination of a hydride donor and an imidazolidinone catalyst.
Further aspects, features, and advantages of the invention will be described elsewhere herein.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Unless otherwise indicated, the invention is not limited to specific molecular structures, substituents, synthetic methods, reaction conditions, or the like, as such may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.
As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a catalyst” includes a single catalyst as well as a combination or mixture of two or more catalysts, reference to “a reactant” encompasses a combination or mixture of different reactants as well as a single reactant, and the like.
In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings:
The abbreviations Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-Bu, Ph, and Bn represent methyl, ethyl, normal propyl, isopropyl, normal butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, and benzyl, respectively.
As used herein, the phrase “having the formula” or “having the structure” is not intended to be limiting and is used in the same way that the term “comprising” is commonly used. The term “independently selected from” is used herein to indicate that the recited elements, e.g., R groups or the like, can be identical or different.
“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described circumstance may or may not occur, so that the description includes instances where the circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, the phrase “optionally substituted” means that a non-hydrogen substituent may or may not be present on a given atom, and, thus, the description includes structures wherein a non-hydrogen substituent is present and structures wherein a non-hydrogen substituent is not present.
The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group typically although not necessarily containing 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, octyl, decyl, and the like, as well as cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like. Generally, although again not necessarily, alkyl groups herein may contain 1 to about 18 carbon atoms, and such groups may contain 1 to about 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkyl” intends an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. “Substituted alkyl” refers to alkyl substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing alkyl” and “heteroalkyl” refer to an alkyl substituent in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom, as described in further detail infra. If not otherwise indicated, the terms “alkyl” and “lower alkyl” include linear, branched, cyclic, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkyl or lower alkyl, respectively.
The term “alkenyl” as used herein refers to a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group of 2 to about 24 carbon atoms containing at least one double bond, such as ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, isobutenyl, octenyl, decenyl, tetradecenyl, hexadecenyl, eicosenyl, tetracosenyl, and the like. Generally, although again not necessarily, alkenyl groups herein may contain 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, and for example may contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkenyl” intends an alkenyl group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The term “substituted alkenyl” refers to alkenyl substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing alkenyl” and “heteroalkenyl” refer to alkenyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms “alkenyl” and “lower alkenyl” include linear, branched, cyclic, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkenyl and lower alkenyl, respectively.
The term “alkynyl” as used herein refers to a linear or branched hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms containing at least one triple bond, such as ethynyl, n-propynyl, and the like. Generally, although again not necessarily, alkynyl groups herein may contain 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, and such groups may further contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkynyl” intends an alkynyl group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The term “substituted alkynyl” refers to alkynyl substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing alkynyl” and “heteroalkynyl” refer to alkynyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms “alkynyl” and “lower alkynyl” include linear, branched, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkynyl and lower alkynyl, respectively.
The term “alkoxy” as used herein intends an alkyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage; that is, an “alkoxy” group may be represented as —O-alkyl where alkyl is as defined above. A “lower alkoxy” group intends an alkoxy group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and includes, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, t-butyloxy, etc. Substituents identified as “C1-C6 alkoxy” or “lower alkoxy” herein may, for example, may contain 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and as a further example, such substituents may contain 1 or 2 carbon atoms (i.e., methoxy and ethoxy).
The term “aryl” as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, refers to an aromatic substituent generally, although not necessarily, containing 5 to 30 carbon atoms and containing a single aromatic ring or multiple aromatic rings that are fused together, directly linked, or indirectly linked (such that the different aromatic rings are bound to a common group such as a methylene or ethylene moiety). Aryl groups may, for example, contain 5 to 20 carbon atoms, and as a further example, aryl groups may contain 5 to 12 carbon atoms. For example, aryl groups may contain one aromatic ring or two fused or linked aromatic rings, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, diphenylether, diphenylamine, benzophenone, and the like. “Substituted aryl” refers to an aryl moiety substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing aryl” and “heteroaryl” refer to aryl substituent, in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom, as will be described in further detail infra. If not otherwise indicated, the term “aryl” includes unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing aromatic substituents.
The term “aralkyl” refers to an alkyl group with an aryl substituent, and the term “alkaryl” refers to an aryl group with an alkyl substituent, wherein “alkyl” and “aryl” are as defined above. In general, aralkyl and alkaryl groups herein contain 6 to 30 carbon atoms. Aralkyl and alkaryl groups may, for example, contain 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and as a further example, such groups may contain 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
The term “amino” is used herein to refer to the group —NZ1Z2 wherein Z1 and Z2 are hydrogen or nonhydrogen substituents, with nonhydrogen substituents including, for example, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, aralkyl, and substituted and/or heteroatom-containing variants thereof.
The terms “halo” and “halogen” are used in the conventional sense to refer to a chloro, bromo, fluoro or iodo substituent.
The term “heteroatom-containing” as in a “heteroatom-containing alkyl group” (also termed a “heteroalkyl” group) or a “heteroatom-containing aryl group” (also termed a “heteroaryl” group) refers to a molecule, linkage or substituent in which one or more carbon atoms are replaced with an atom other than carbon, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus or silicon, typically nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Similarly, the term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl substituent that is heteroatom-containing, the term “heterocyclic” refers to a cyclic substituent that is heteroatom-containing, the terms “heteroaryl” and heteroaromatic” respectively refer to “aryl” and “aromatic” substituents that are heteroatom-containing, and the like. Examples of heteroalkyl groups include alkoxyaryl, alkylsulfanyl-substituted alkyl, N-alkylated amino alkyl, and the like. Examples of heteroaryl substituents include pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, furyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc., and examples of heteroatom-containing alicyclic groups are pyrrolidino, morpholino, piperazino, piperidino, tetrahydrofuranyl, etc.
“Hydrocarbyl” refers to univalent hydrocarbyl radicals containing 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, including 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, further including 1 to about 18 carbon atoms, and further including about 1 to 12 carbon atoms, including linear, branched, cyclic, saturated and unsaturated species, such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and the like. “Substituted hydrocarbyl” refers to hydrocarbyl substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the term “heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl” refers to hydrocarbyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “hydrocarbyl” is to be interpreted as including substituted and/or heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl moieties.
By “substituted” as in “substituted hydrocarbyl,” “substituted alkyl,” “substituted aryl,” and the like, as alluded to in some of the aforementioned definitions, is meant that in the hydrocarbyl, alkyl, aryl, or other moiety, at least one hydrogen atom bound to a carbon (or other) atom is replaced with one or more non-hydrogen substituents. Examples of such substituents include, without limitation: functional groups such as halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C1-C24 alkoxy, C2-C24 alkenyloxy, C2-C24 alkynyloxy, C5-C20 aryloxy, acyl (including C2-C24 alkylcarbonyl (—CO-alkyl) and C6-C20 arylcarbonyl (—CO-aryl)), acyloxy (—O-acyl), C2-C24 alkoxycarbonyl (—(CO)—O-alkyl), C6-C20 aryloxycarbonyl (—(CO)—O-aryl), halocarbonyl (—CO)—X where X is halo), C2-C24 alkylcarbonato (—O—(CO)—O-alkyl), C6-C20 arylcarbonato (—O—(CO)—O-aryl), carboxy (—COOH), carboxylato (—COO−), carbamoyl (—(CO)—NH2), mono-substituted C1-C24 alkylcarbamoyl (—(CO)—NH(C1-C24 alkyl)), di-substituted alkylcarbamoyl (—(CO)—N(C1-C24 alkyl)2), mono-substituted arylcarbamoyl (—(CO)—NH-aryl), thiocarbamoyl (—(CS)—NH2), carbamido (—NH—(CO)—NH2), cyano (—C≡N), isocyano (—N+≡C−), cyanato (—O—C≡N), isocyanato (—O—N+≡C−), isothiocyanato (—S—C≡N), azido (—N═N+═N−), formyl (—(CO)—H), thioformyl (—(CS)—H), amino (—NH2), mono- and di-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted amino, mono- and di-(C5-C20 aryl)-substituted amino, C2-C24 alkylamido (—NH—(CO)-alkyl), C5-C20 arylamido (—NH—(CO)-aryl), imino (—CR═NH where R=hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, C5-C20 aryl, C6-C20 alkaryl, C6-C20 aralkyl, etc.), alkylimino (—CR═N(alkyl), where R=hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, etc.), arylimino (—CR═N(aryl), where R=hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, etc.), nitro (—NO2), nitroso (—NO), sulfo (—SO2—OH), sulfonato (—SO2—O−), C1-C24 alkylsulfanyl (—S-alkyl; also termed “alkylthio”), arylsulfanyl (—S-aryl; also termed “arylthio”), C1-C24 alkylsulfinyl (—(SO)-alkyl), C5-C20 arylsulfinyl (—(SO)-aryl), C1-C24 alkylsulfonyl (—SO2-alkyl), C5-C20 arylsulfonyl (—SO2-aryl), phosphono (—P(O)(OH)2), phosphonato (—P(O)(O−)2), phosphinato (—P(O)(O−)), phospho (—PO2), and phosphino (—PH2), mono- and di-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted phosphino, mono- and di-(C5-C20 aryl)-substituted phosphino; and the hydrocarbyl moieties C1-C24 alkyl (including C1-C18 alkyl, further including C1-C12 alkyl, and further including C1-C6 alkyl), C2-C24 alkenyl (including C2-C18 alkenyl, further including C2-C12 alkenyl, and further including C2-C6 alkenyl), C2-C24 alkynyl (including C2-C18 alkynyl, further including C2-C12 alkynyl, and further including C2-C6 alkynyl), C5-C30 aryl (including C5-C20 aryl, and further including C5-C12 aryl), and C6-C30 aralkyl (including C6-C20 aralkyl, and further including C6-C12 aralkyl). In addition, the aforementioned functional groups may, if a particular group permits, be further substituted with one or more additional functional groups or with one or more hydrocarbyl moieties such as those specifically enumerated above. Analogously, the above-mentioned hydrocarbyl moieties may be further substituted with one or more functional groups or additional hydrocarbyl moieties such as those specifically enumerated.
When the term “substituted” appears prior to a list of possible substituted groups, it is intended that the term apply to every member of that group. For example, the phrase “substituted alkyl and aryl” is to be interpreted as “substituted alkyl and substituted aryl.”
The terms “LUMO” and “HOMO” (abbreviations for lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and highest occupied molecular orbital, respectively) refer to the frontier orbitals of two reactants (such as an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound and a nucleophile), with the LUMO referring to the vacant orbital of lowest energy, in a first reactant (i.e., in an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde as described herein), and the HOMO referring to the orbital containing electrons of highest energy, in a second reactant.
The term “chiral” refers to a structure that does not have an improper rotation axis (Sn), i.e., it belongs to point group Cn or Dn. Such molecules are thus chiral with respect to an axis, plane or center of asymmetry. “Chiral” molecules discussed herein are in enantiomerically pure form, such that a particular chiral molecule represents, for example, at least about 95 wt. % of the composition in which it is contained, as a further example at least about 99 wt. % of that composition.
The term “enantioselective” refers to a chemical reaction that preferentially results in one enantiomer relative to a second enantiomer, i.e., gives rise to a product of which a desired enantiomer represents at least about 50 wt. %.
Specification herein of the Group number of an atom is intended to identify the Group of the atom in the Periodic Table of the Elements following the current IUPAC convention.
Unless otherwise specified, reference to an atom is meant to include isotopes of that atom. For example, refence to H is meant to include 1H, 2H (i.e., D) and 3H (i.e., T), and reference to C is meant to include 12C and all isotopes of carbon (such as 13C).
In the molecular structures herein, the use of bold and dashed lines to denote particular conformation of groups follows the IUPAC convention. A bond indicated by a broken line indicates that the group in question is below the general plane of the molecule as drawn (the “α” configuration), and a bond indicated by a bold line indicates that the group at the position in question is above the general plane of the molecule as drawn (the “β” configuration).
Accordingly, the invention provides a method for using organic catalysts to carry out an enantioselective 1,4-hydride reduction reaction, to provide a carbonyl-containing compound, i.e., an aldehyde or ketone, having a chiral carbon in the β-position as an intermediate or final product.
In one embodiment of the invention, the reactant that is reduced in the 1,4-hydride addition reaction, i.e., the substrate, is an α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketone. In this embodiment, the catalyst is a nonmetallic chiral compound containing a Group 15 or Group 16 heteroatom, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus, or a salt of such a compound. Oxygen-containing and sulfur-containing catalysts may be, for example, alcohols and thiols, respectively, while phosphorus-containing catalysts will generally be phosphines. Catalysts in which the heteroatom is a nitrogen atom may be primary amines, secondary amines or nitrogen-containing polymers. Amines may be secondary amines such as those having the structure of formula (III)




In formula (IV), R10 and R11 are selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), substituted hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl (e.g., heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), and substituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), or R10 and R11 are taken together to form a substituted or unsubstituted ring structure optionally containing a further heteroatom in addition to the nitrogen atom shown in formula (IV). When R10 and R11 are linked, the ring formed may be, for example, a five- or six-membered alicyclic or aromatic group, e.g., R10 and R11 may together form substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, or the like. Example compounds are those wherein R10 and R11 are independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, phenyl, naphthyl, benzyl and trimethylsilyl, or are linked to form a 3- to 15-membered, optionally substituted cyclic moiety having the structure of formula (IV)




wherein n is 0 or 1, X is a moiety that contains up to 50 atoms and is selected from hydrocarbylene, substituted hydrocarbylene, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbylene and substituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbylene, and X1 and X2 are independently substituted or unsubstituted methylene. Examples of such secondary amines have the structure of formula (V)





in which R12, R13, R14, and R15 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), substituted C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), and functional groups. As a further example, R12, R13, R14, and R15 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, amino, mono-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted amino, di-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted amino, mono-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted amino, di-(C1-C24 aryl)-substituted amino, di-N-(C1-C24 alkyl)-N-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted amino, C2-C24 alkylamido, C6-C24 arylamido, imino, C2-C24 alkylimino, C6-C24 arylimino, nitro, nitroso, C1-C24 alkoxy, C1-C24 aryloxy, C6-C24 aralkyloxy, C2-C24 alkylcarbonyl, C6-C24 arylcarbonyl, C2-C24 alkylcarbonyloxy, C6-C24 arylcarbonyloxy, C2-C20 alkoxycarbonyl, C6-C24 aryloxycarbonyl, halocarbonyl, carbamoyl, mono-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, di-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, di-N-(C1-C24 alkyl)-N-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted carbamoyl, mono-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted carbamoyl, di-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, mono-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl, di-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl, di-N-(C1-C24 alkyl)-N-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl, mono-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl, di-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl, carbamido, formyl, thioformyl, sulfo, sulfonato, C1-C24 alkylthio, C5-C24 arylthio, C1-C24 alkyl, substituted C1-C24 alkyl, C1-C24 heteroalkyl, substituted C1-C24 heteroalkyl, C5-C24 aryl, substituted C5-C24 aryl, C1-C24 heteroaryl, substituted C1-C24 heteroaryl, C2-C24 aralkyl, substituted C6-C24 aralkyl, C2-C24 heteroaralkyl, and substituted C2-C24 heteroaralkyl, or R12 and R13, and/or R14 and R15, may together form an oxo moiety ═O.

X may be, for example, —(CR16R17)—(X3)q—(CR18R19)t—, in which case the amine has the structure of formula (VI)




wherein X3 is O, S, NH, NR20, or CR21R22, q is zero or 1, t is zero or 1, and R16, R17, R18, R19, R21, and R22 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), substituted C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), and functional groups. As a further example, R16, R17, R18, R19, R21, and R22 are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, amino, mono-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted amino, di-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted amino, mono-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted amino, di-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted amino, di-N-(C1-C24 alkyl)-N-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted amino, C2-C24 alkylamido, C6-C24 arylamido, imino, C2-C24 alkylimino, C6-C24 arylimino, nitro, nitroso, C1-C24 alkoxy, C5-C24 aryloxy, C6-C24 aralkyloxy, C2-C24 alkylcarbonyl, C6-C24 arylcarbonyl, C2-C24 alkylcarbonyloxy, C6-C24 arylcarbonyloxy, C2-C20 alkoxycarbonyl, C6-C24 aryloxycarbonyl, halocarbonyl, carbamoyl, mono-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, di-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, di-N-(C1-C24 alkyl)-N-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted carbamoyl, mono-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted carbamoyl, di-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, mono-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl, di-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl, di-N-(C1-C24 alkyl)-N-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl, mono-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl, di-(C5-C24 aryl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl, carbamido, formyl, thioformyl, sulfo, sulfonato, C1-C24 alkylthio, C5-C24 arylthio, C1-C24 alkyl, substituted C1-C24 alkyl, C1-C24 heteroalkyl, substituted C1C24 heteroalkyl, C5-C24 aryl, substituted C5-C24 aryl, C1-C24 heteroaryl, substituted C1-C24 heteroaryl, C2-C24 aralkyl, substituted C6-C24 aralkyl, C2-C24 heteroaralkyl, and substituted C2-C24 heteroaralkyl, or R16 and R17, and/or R18 and R19, together form an oxo moiety ═O; and R20 is selected from C1-C12 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C12 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C12 hydrocarbyl, and substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C12 hydrocarbyl.

As an example, in formula (VI), q is zero, t is 1, and at least one of R12 through R15 is an acidic substituent such as a carboxyl group, such that the compound is proline or substituted proline. An example catalyst is L-proline per se, which, as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, corresponds to the structure of formula (VI) when R12 through R14 and R16 through R19 are hydrogen, and R15 is β-carboxyl.
In another embodiment of the invention, the substrate that undergoes 1,4-hydride addition is an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde. In this embodiment, the catalyst employed has the structure of formula (VI) wherein q is 1, X3 is NR20, t is zero, R12 and R14 are hydrogen, such that the secondary amine is a chiral imidazolidinone having the structure of formula (VIIA) or (VIIB)




wherein the various substituents are as follows:

R15 is as defined previously, and may be, for example, monocyclic aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from halo, hydroxyl, and C1-C12 hydrocarbyl. As another example, R15 may be methylfuranyl (e.g., 5-methyl-furan-2-yl) or phenyl. In a further example, R15 may have the structure -(L)m—CR23R24R25 wherein m is zero or 1, L is C1-C6 alkylene, and R23, R24 and R25 are C1-C12 hydrocarbyl. In yet another example, R15 substituents are those wherein m is zero and R23, R24 and R25 are C1-C12 alkyl. In a further example, R23, R24 and R25 are C1-C6 alkyl, e.g., methyl (such that R15 is then a tert-butyl group).
R20 is selected from C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), substituted C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), and substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.). Examples of R20 substituents are C1-C12 hydrocarbyl such as C1-C12 alkyl, with C1-C6 alkyl groups (e.g., Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu) as a further example.
R13 is as defined previously, and may be, for example, hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, substituted C1-C24 alkyl, C1-C24 heteroalkyl, substituted C1-C24 heteroalkyl, C5-C24 aryl, substituted C5-C24 aryl, C1-C24 heteroaryl, substituted C1-C24 heteroaryl, C6-C24 aralkyl, substituted C6-C24 aralkyl, C2-C24 heteroaralkyl, and substituted C2-C24 heteroaralkyl. As a further example, R13 may be C6-C24 aralkyl, substituted C6-C24 aralkyl, C2-C24 heteroaralkyl, and substituted C2-C24 heteroaralkyl. In one embodiment, R13 is —CR26R27R28.
R26 and R27 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C12 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C12 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C12 hydrocarbyl, and substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C12 hydrocarbyl. In one embodiment, R26 and R27 are hydrogen or C1-C12 hydrocarbyl, and, in a further embodiment, R26 and R27 are both hydrogen.
R28 is a cyclic group optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 non-hydrogen substituents and containing zero, 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms generally selected from N, O, and S. As an example, R28 is monocyclic aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from halo, hydroxyl, and C1-C12 hydrocarbyl. As a further example, R28 is phenyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from halo, hydroxyl, and C1-C6 alkyl, and as an example embodiment, R28 is an unsubstituted phenyl group.
As another embodiment, the catalysts may be chiral imidazolidinone compounds having the structure of formula (VIIA) or (VIIB) wherein the various substituents are as follows:
R20 is selected from C1-C12 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C12 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C12 hydrocarbyl, and substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C12 hydrocarbyl;
R15 is selected from C1-C24 alkyl, C5-C24 alkaryl, C5-C24 aryl, and C5-C24 heteroaryl, any of which may be optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents selected from halo, hydroxyl, and C1-C12 hydrocarbyl;
R13 can be, for example, hydrogen, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, or aralkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents selected from halo, hydroxyl, and C1-C12 hydrocarbyl. As an example, then, R15 is selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, C5-C12 alkaryl, C5-C5-C12 aryl, and C1-C12 heteroaryl, and R13 is selected from hydrogen and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, C5-C12 alkaryl or C1-C12 aryl. As a further example, R15 is Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, t-Bu, Ph, Bn (i.e., CH2C6H5), or 5-methyl-furan-2-yl, and R13 is H, Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, t-Bu, Ph, or Bn.
As a still further example, the catalyst may be a chiral imidazolidinone having the structure of formula (IIA) or (IIB)




wherein, in formulae (IIA) and (IIB), the various substituents are as follows:

R1 is selected from C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), substituted C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), and substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.). Examples of R1 substituents are C1-C12 hydrocarbyl such as C1-C12 alkyl, with C1-C6 alkyl groups (e.g., Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu) as a further example.
R2 is selected from H, C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), substituted C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), and substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl. As an example, R2 has the structure -(L)m—CR4R5R6 wherein m is zero or 1, L is C1-C6 alkylene, and R4, R5 and R6 are C1-C24 hydrocarbyl. As a further example, R2 is t-Bu.
R3 is selected from H, C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), substituted C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl (e.g., heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), and substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl. As an example, R3 is selected from H and —CR7R8R9 wherein R7 and R8 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, and R9 is a cyclic group optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 non-hydrogen substituents and containing zero, 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms. As a further example, R3 is selected from H, Bn, and Ph.
The catalysts are chiral with respect to an axis, plane or center of asymmetry, but are generally chiral with a center of asymmetry present. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the various R groups discussed with respect to the foregoing amines can be selected to create the desired chirality.
Any of the aforementioned catalysts may also be employed in the present reactions in the form of an acid addition salt. That is, the catalyst may be incorporated into the reaction mixture as an acid addition salt, or an acid may be added to the reaction mixture to serve as a co-catalyst. The acid used to form the salt or employed as a co-catalyst for the electronically neutral compound is generally, although not necessarily, a Brønsted acid. Suitable Brønsted acids generally, although not necessarily, have a pKa of less than about 5. Combinations of Brønsted acids may also be used. Suitable acids include both organic and inorganic acids, with inorganic acids including, but not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, nitric acid, nitrous acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, and chromic acid, and with organic acids being, for example, carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, phosphonic acids, and aromatic alcohols, e.g., phenols, substituted with 1 to 5 electron-withdrawing substituents such as nitro, cyano, sulfonato, halo (i.e., Cl, F, Br or I) and halogenated alkyl (typically fluorinated alkyl, preferably perfluorinated lower alkyl such as trifluoromethyl). Examples of suitable organic acids are carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids having the structural formulas Rx—COOH and Rx—SO2—OH wherein Rx is aryl, alkyl, substituted aryl (e.g., halogenated aryl), or substituted alkyl (e.g., halogenated alkyl, particularly fluorinated and chlorinated alkyl). Examples of Rx groups are methyl, halogenated methyl (e.g., fluorinated methyl such as trifluoromethyl, chlorinated methyl such as chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, and trichloromethyl, etc.), and nitrite-substituted methyl. Specific examples of preferred organic acids include acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 2-nitrobenzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, triflic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, p-toluene sulfinic acid, salicylic acid, chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and combinations thereof. The Brønsted acid may or may not be polymer-bound, and may or may not be in the form of a hydrate (e.g., mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or pentahydrate). The Brønsted acid may or may not be chiral, and those Brønsted acids that are chiral may be used in isomerically pure form or as a racemic mixture.
Acid addition salts may be synthesized by admixing the electronically neutral form of the catalyst (e.g., an imidazolidinone of formula IIA, IIB, VIIA or VIIB) with a Brønsted acid HXA, at a desired molar ratio, generally in the range of approximately 1:100 to 100:1, typically about 1:10 to 10:1, preferably about 1:2 to 2:1. Alternatively, the uncharged catalyst may be combined with at least one salt [Mz+] z[XA]−, thereby forming the desired salt via ion exchange. A wide variety of salts may be used for this latter purpose, and the cation M+z  can be virtually any cation, although z is generally 1, 2 or 3. Suitable M elements are typically chosen from Groups 2 to 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, but M may also be a polyatomic cation such as the ammonium ion NH4+. It should also be noted that the salt form of the catalyst can be prepared with two or more different Brønsted acids or metal salts, thereby forming a mixture of salts, i.e., salts containing different anions [XA]−.
For purposes of exemplification, a detailed description of one method for synthesizing the imidazolidinone salt (2S,5S)-5-benzyl-2-tert-butyl-3-methylimidazolidin-4-one hydrochloride ((5S)-5-benzyl-2,2,3-trimethylimidazolidin-4-one hydrochloride) is described in Example 1.
Aldehyde Substrates:
The α,β-unsaturated aldehyde has the structure of formula (VIII)




in which R29, R30 and R31 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, and functional groups, and any two of R29, R30 and R31 taken together can form a cyclic structure. As an example, R29, R30 and R31 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C24 alkyl, C2-C24 alkenyl, C2-C24 alkynyl, C1-C24 alkoxy, C2-C24 alkenyloxy, C2-C24 alkynyloxy, C5-C30 aryl, C5-C30 aryloxy, C5-C30 haloaryl, C5-C30 nitroaryl, C2-C24 alkoxyalkyl, C6-C30 aryloxyalkyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C2-C24 alkylcarbonyl, C6-C30 arylcarbonyl, C2-C24 alkoxycarbonyl, C6-C30 aryloxycarbonyl, halocarbonyl, C2-C24 alkylcarbonato, C6-C30 arylcarbonato, carboxy, carboxylato, carbamoyl, mono- and di-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, mono- and di-(C5-C20 aryl)-substituted carbamoyl, amino, mono- and di-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted amino, mono- and di-(C5-C20 aryl)-substituted amino, C2-C24 alkylamido, C6-C30 arylamido, imino, C2-C24 alkylimino, C6-C30 arylimino, nitro, nitroso, sulfo, sulfonato, C1-C24 alkylsulfanyl, C5-C30 arylsulfanyl, C1-C24 alkylsulfinyl, C5-C30 arylsulfinyl, C1-C24 alkylsulfonyl, C5-C30 arylsulfonyl, phosphono, phosphonato, phosphinato, phospho, phosphino, and combinations thereof. In addition, any two of R29, R30 and R3′ taken together can form a cyclic structure selected from five-membered rings, six-membered rings, and fused five-membered and/or six-membered rings, wherein the cyclic structure is aromatic, alicyclic, heteroaromatic, or heteroalicyclic, and has zero, 1, 2, 3 or 4 non-hydrogen substituents and zero, 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms.

As a further example, R29 is hydrogen, and R30 and R3′ are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 alkoxy, C5-C20 aryl, C2-C12 alkoxyalkyl, C2-C12 alkoxycarbonyl, C6-C20 aryloxycarbonyl, and C6-C20 aryloxyalkyl. As a still further example, R30 and R3′ are selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C5-C12 aryl, C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C6-C12 aryloxycarbonyl, and C6-C12 aryloxyalkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, phenyl, benzyl, benzoyloxy, halophenyl, nitrophenyl, etc.
The α,β-unsaturated aldehydes having the structure of formula (VIII) may be in either the E- or the Z-configuration. The isomeric purity of the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde is not critical. That is, the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde may be essentially isomerically pure (i.e., consisting of essentially pure E- or essentially pure Z-isomer) or may be a mixture of E- and Z-isomers wherein the mixture may range from 50:50 E:Z to essentially pure E- or essentially pure Z-isomer. For example, when a mixture, the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde may comprise an E:Z ratio of 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, or 90:10.
The product of the catalyzed 1,4-hydride reduction of an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde is an aldehyde having a chiral carbon moiety in the β-position relative to the carbonyl carbon (i.e., a β-chiral aldehyde). While the isomeric purity of the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde is not critical (as explained infra), the 1,4-hydride reductions of the invention may be characterized as enantioselective in that one enantiomer of the product is preferentially produced over any other possible enantiomers. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the catalyst forms an iminium ion complex with the substrate (i.e., the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde), and that the iminium ion complex isomerizes the substrate to a preferred conformation before the complex reacts with the hydride donor. The preferred conformation of the iminium ion complex is dependent upon the stereochemistry of the catalyst. Thus, 1,4-hydride reductions that are carried out using substrates of opposite stereochemistry (i.e., E- or Z-isomers) may yield products with the same stereochemistry. That is, the 1,4-hydride reductions of the invention may be characterized as stereoconvergent, preferentially producing one enantiomer from a substrate comprising a mixture of isomers.
Because of the enantioselectivity of the reaction, a product from the 1,4-hydride reductions of the invention involving a α,β-unsaturated aldehyde may be a β-chiral aldehyde with an enantiomeric excess of, for example, above 50%. As a further example, the enantiomeric excess of the product may be above 75%, as a further example above 85%, and as a still further example above 90%.
Cyclic Ketone Substrates:
As explained above, the reactant undergoing 1,4-hydride addition is, in another embodiment, an α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketone. The ketone has the structure of formula (IX)




in which R29 and R30 are as defined above, R32 and R33 are independently selected from C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, and functional groups, and R32 and R33 are further linked to form a cycle. As an example, R32 and R33 are independently selected from C1-C24 alkyl, C2-C24 alkenyl, C2-C24 alkynyl, C1-C24 alkoxy, C2-C24 alkenyloxy, C2-C24 alkynyloxy, C5-C30 aryl, C5-C30 aryloxy, C5-C30 haloaryl, C5-C30 nitroaryl, C2-C24 alkoxyalkyl, C6-C30 aryloxyalkyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C2-C24 alkylcarbonyl, C6-C30 arylcarbonyl, C2-C24 alkoxycarbonyl, C6-C30 aryloxycarbonyl, halocarbonyl, C2-C24 alkylcarbonato, C6-C30 arylcarbonato, carboxy, carboxylato, carbamoyl, mono- and di-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl, mono- and di-(C5-C20 aryl)-substituted carbamoyl, amino, mono- and di-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted amino, mono- and di-(C5-C20 aryl)-substituted amino, C2-C24 alkylamido, C6-C30 arylamido, imino, C2-C24 alkylimino, C6-C30 arylimino, C1-C24 alkylsulfanyl, C5-C30 arylsulfanyl, C1-C24 alkylsulfinyl, C5-C30 arylsulfinyl, C1-C24 alkylsulfonyl, C5-C30 arylsulfonyl, mono- and di-(C1-C24 alkyl)-substituted phosphino, mono- and di-(C5-C20 aryl)-substituted phosphino, and combinations thereof. Furthermore, R32 and R33 may be linked to form a cycle comprising 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or more atoms. Still further, R32 and R33 may together form a cyclic structure comprising fused rings (containing 2, 3, 4, 5 or more rings, each of which being independently selected from 5-, 6-, 7-, 8- and higher-member rings), bridged rings (containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more bridge atoms), or combinations thereof, wherein the cyclic structure is aromatic, alicyclic, heteroaromatic, or heteroalicyclic, and has zero, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more non-hydrogen substituents and zero, 1, 2, 3 or more heteroatoms. In addition, any two of R29, R30 and R32 may be linked to form a cycle, and any two of R29, R30, and R33 may be linked to form a cycle. For example, R29 and/or R30 can link to R32 and/or R33 to form a cyclic structure selected from five-membered rings, six-membered rings, and fused five-membered and/or six-membered rings, wherein the cyclic structure is aromatic, alicyclic, heteroaromatic, or heteroalicyclic, and has zero, 1, 2, 3 or 4 non-hydrogen substituents and zero, 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms.

As an example, R29 and R30 are selected from hydrogen, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 alkoxy, C5-C20 aryl, C2-C12 alkoxyalkyl, C2-C12 alkoxycarbonyl, C6-C20 aryloxycarbonyl, and C6-C20 aryloxyalkyl, and R32 and R33 together form a C5-C12 cyclic structure that is alicyclic or heteroalicyclic and has zero, 1, 2, 3, 4, or more non-hydrogen substituents. As a further example, R29 is hydrogen, R30 is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C5-C12 aryl, C2-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C6-C12 aryloxycarbonyl, and C6-C12 aryloxyalkyl, and R32 and R33 together form a C5-C8 cyclic structure that is alicyclic or heteroalicyclic and has zero, 1, 2, or 3 non-hydrogen substituents.
The product of the catalyzed 1,4-hydride reduction of α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketones may therefore be a ketone comprising a chiral carbon moiety in the β-position relative to the carbonyl (i.e., a β-chiral ketone). Furthermore, the 1,4-hydride reductions of the invention may be characterized as enantioselective in that one enantiomer of the product is preferentially produced over the other enantiomer. The stereochemistry of the β-chiral ketone product is dependent upon the stereochemistry of the catalyst. Because of the enantioselectivity of the reaction, a product from the 1,4-hydride reductions of the invention involving a α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketone may be a β-chiral ketone with an enantiomeric excess of, for example, above 50%. As a further example, the enantiomeric excess of the product may be above 75%, as a further example above 85%, and as a still further example above 90%.
The Hydride Donor:
In the 1,4-hydride reduction reactions of the invention, any compound or composition that is capable of donating a hydride moiety may be used as a hydride source, as can mixtures of such compounds or compositions. Suitable hydride donors may be found in the pertinent chemical literature. A number of suitable hydride donors may be found, for example, in Smith et al. March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition (Wiley: New York, 2001). Non-limiting examples include H2, alcohols (such as methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol), PhSiH3, NaBH4, and borohydride exchange resin.
In one embodiment, the hydride donor is a dihydropyridine. For example, the hydride donor may be selected from 1,4-dihydropyridines, 1,2-dihydropyridines, and 2,3-dihydropyridines. As a further example, the hydride donor may be a 1,4-dihydropyridine having the structure of formula (X)




wherein R34 and R35 may be the same or different, and are selected from H and deactivating groups, R36 and R37 may be the same or different, and are selected from H and activating groups, and R38 and R39 may be the same or different, and are selected from H, C1-C24 alkyl, C2-C24 alkenyl, C2-C24 alkynyl, C5-C24 aryl, C6-C24 alkaryl, and C6-C24 aralkyl. Examples of activating groups include, by way of example and not limitation, C1-C24 alkyl, C2-C24 alkenyl, C2-C24 alkynyl, C5-C30 aryl, C6-C30 aralkyl, C6-C30 alkaryl, amino, C1-C24 amino, C1-C24 amido, hydroxyl, acyloxy, C1-C24 alkoxy, C2-C24 alkenyloxy, C2-C24 alkynyloxy, C5-C20 aryloxy, C2-C24 alkylamido, and C5-C20 arylamido. Examples of deactivating groups include, by way of example and not limitation, C1-C24 haloalkyl, C5-C24 haloaryl, C2-C24 acyl, C2-C24 alkoxycarbonyl, C6-C20 aryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, mono-substituted C1-C24 alkylcarbamoyl, di-substituted alkylcarbamoyl, mono-substituted arylcarbamoyl, halocarbonyl, nitro, cyano, azido, and formyl.

As a further example, in formula (X): R34 is —CO2R40; R35 is —CO2R41; R36, R37, R40 and R41 are independently chosen from C1-C24 alkyl, C5-C30 aryl, and C6-C30 aralkyl; and R38 and R39 are independently chosen from H and C1-C24 alkyl. As a still further example, in formula (X): R34 is —CO2R40; R35 is —CO2R41; R36, R37, R40 and R41 are independently selected from Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, and t-Bu, Ph, and Bn; and R38 and R39 are H.
Any of the reactions herein, including both preparation and use of the imidazolidinone salt, can be carried out on a solid support, using solid phase synthesis techniques. Solid-phase synthesis enables synthesis and use of the imidazolidinone salt in combinatorial chemistry processes, wherein an array or “matrix” of reactions are conducted in parallel on a single solid support. In such a case, the imidazolidinone itself (or the anion with which the cationic imidazolidinone is associated) can be bound either directly or indirectly to the surface of a solid substrate, if indirectly, through a cleavable or noncleavable linker. For example, the imidazolidinone can be linked to the surface of a solid support through any of the substituents. Any solid support may be used. Typical support materials are those conventionally used in solid phase chemistry and which allow for chemical synthesis thereon. The only limitation upon the materials useful for constructing supports is that they must be compatible with the reaction conditions to which they are exposed. Suitable supports useful in practicing the methods of the invention are composed of materials that include, but are not limited to, organic and inorganic polymers (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene), metal oxides (e.g., silica, alumina), mixed metal oxides, metal halides (e.g., magnesium chloride), minerals, quartz, zeolites, and the like. Other support materials will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
Process conditions: The catalytic reactions of the invention are typically carried out in water, an organic solvent, or an ionic liquid, i.e., in any solvent that allows retention and regeneration of the catalyst composition and removal of the reaction product following completion of the reaction. The reactions may be carried out in batch, semi-continuously or continuously, in air or an inert atmosphere, at autogenous pressure or higher, depending, for example, on the nature of the catalyst composition and reactants used. The reaction temperature will generally be, for example, in the range of about −100° C. to 100° C., and as a further example in the range of about −90° C. to 50° C. While lower temperatures, less than about 0° C., generally result in a higher yield and greater enantioselectivity, the reaction proceeds sufficiently rapidly for most purposes at ambient temperature, i.e., about 20° C. to 25° C.
The appropriate amount of catalyst (i.e., either an acid addition salt of the imidazolidinone, or a mixture of the imidazolidinone and an acid co-catalyst) is typically the range of about 0.1 mole % to 1 stoichiometric equivalent, more typically in the range of about 1 mol % to 1 stoichiometric equivalent. The molar ratio of the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone to the hydride donor is generally in the range of about 100:1 to 1:100, preferably in the range of about 10:1 to 1:10. Industrially, the reaction may be scaled up to 10,000 gallons or more. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art of catalysis that the aforementioned process conditions may vary depending on the particular reaction, the desired product, the equipment used, and the like. Generally, the reaction product is obtained after completion of the reaction, wherein an optional extraction and/or catalyst recovery step and/or drying is followed by concentration or distillation to give the crude product and purification, e.g., by chromatography, sublimation, precipitation, extraction, crystallization with optional seeding and/or co-crystallization aids.
Hydride Donor/Catalyst Combination:
Another embodiment of the invention provides for a combination of a hydride donor and an imidazolidinone catalyst, generally in an admixture in a single composition. The composition is intended for use in carrying out the methods of the invention, i.e., enantioselective 1,4-hydride reduction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-containing compounds. The composition may comprise one or more of any of the catalysts described herein, and may further comprise one or more of any of the hydride donors described herein. For example, the composition may comprise a catalyst of formula (IIA) or (IIB) and a hydride donor or formula (X). As a further example, the composition may comprise a catalyst of formula (VIA) or (VIIB) and a hydride donor of formula (XI).
The compositions of the invention may further include one or more acids capable of forming an acid addition salt with the catalyst. Any of the acids described herein may be used in the composition. The composition may be prepared, for example, using an acid addition salt of the catalyst. Alternatively, the composition may be prepared using the neutral form of the catalyst, and an acid may be added to the composition in order to form in situ an acid addition salt of the catalyst. When the composition is used to carry out an enantioselective 1,4-hydride reduction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, the acid may be added to the reaction mixture separately from the composition, such that the composition per se does not contain an acid.
The molar ratio of catalyst to hydride donor can be, for example, between 1:30 and 1:1. As a further example, the catalyst-to-hydride donor ratio can be between 1:15 and 1:6; and as a still further example, the ratio can be between 1:12 and 1:6.5.
The compositions of the invention may additionally contain one or more components selected from solvents, pH buffers, stabilizers, inert solid supports and other additives that are discussed herein or will be apparent to one of skill in the art. As an example, suitable solvents include, without limitation, hydrocarbons such as pentane, and hexane, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, diethyl ether, and diphenyl ether, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, and pentanol, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride, fluorinated hydrocarbons, aromatics such as benzene, toluene, xylene and trimethylbenzene, carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetone, butanone, ethyl acetate, and phenyl acetate. Suitable stabilizers include, without limitation, antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene and the like, and sequestering agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and the like.
It is to be appreciated that, in selecting the components of the composition, the identities of the components and their molar ratio will depend upon the intended application. For example, selection of the most effective combination of components may be influenced by the identity of the substrate (i.e., the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-containing compound) as well as desired reaction conditions (e.g., temperature or reaction time). The examples provided herein may be used as guidance in selection of maximally effective components and molar ratios.
It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, that the description above as well as the examples that follow are intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention. Other aspects, advantages and modifications within the scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.
All patents, patent applications, journal articles and other reference cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Experimental
In the following examples, efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental error and deviation should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, temperature is in degrees C. and pressure is at or near atmospheric.
Commercial reagents were purified prior to use following the guidelines of Perrin et al. (1996), Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, Fourth Edition (Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann). Organic solutions were concentrated under reduced pressure on a Büchi rotary evaporator. Methylene chloride was distilled from calcium hydride prior to use. Tetrahydrofuran was distilled from sodium benzophenone ketyl prior to use. Chloroform was distilled from calcium sulfate and potassium carbonate and passed through an alumina plug prior to use. Non-aqueous reagents were transferred under nitrogen via syringe or cannula and purified according to the method of Pangborn et al. (1996) Organometallics 15:15182. Chromatographic purification of products was accomplished using forced-flow chromatography on ICN 60 32-64 mesh silica gel 63 and Iatrobeads® according to the method of Still et al. (1978), J. Org. Chem. 43:2923. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on EM Reagents 0.25 mm silica gel 60-F plates. Visualization of the developed chromatogram was performed by fluorescence quenching, anisaldehyde stain, potassium permanganate stain or dinitrophenylhydrazine stain.
1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on Varian Mercury 300 spectrometers (300 MHz and 75 MHz respectively) as noted, and are internally referenced to residual protio solvent signals. Data for 1H NMR are reported as follows: chemical shift (δppm), multiplicity (s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, m=multiplet, br=broad), coupling constant (Hz), integration and assignment. Data for 13C NMR are reported in terms of chemical shift (δppm). IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin Elmer Paragon 1000 spectrometer and are reported in terms of frequency of absorption (cm−1). Mass spectra were obtained either from the UC Irvine Mass Spectral facility or from the Caltech Mass Spectroscopy facility by electron ionization, chemical ionization, of fast atom/ion bombardment techniques. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) was performed on Hewlett-Packard 6850 and 6890 Series gas chromatographs equipped with a splitmode capillary injection system and flame ionization detectors using a Bodman Chiraldex β-DM (30 m×0.25 mm), a Bodman ChiraldexΓ-TA (30 m×0.25 mm) or a Hydrodex-B-TBDAc (50 m×0.25 mm) column as noted. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed on Hewlett-Packard 1100 Series chromatographs using either Chiralcel OD-H column (25 cm) and OD-H guard (5 cm) or Chiralpak AD column (0.46×25 cm) and AD guard (0.46×5 cm). Optical rotations were taken using a Jasco P-1010 polarimeter (WI lamp, 589 nm, 25° C.). Optical rotations were measured on a Jasco P-1010 polarimeter, and [α]D values are reported in 10−1 dg cm2 g−1; concentration (c) is in g/100 ml.
The following α,β-unsaturated aldehydes have already been described in the literature: (E)-3-phenylbut-2-enal (Gandhi, et al. (1957), J. Indian Chem. Soc. 34:509); (E)-3-phenylpent-2-enal, (Schreiber et al. (1974) J. Agr. Food Chem. 22:269); and (E)-methyl-3-formyl-2-methylacrylate (Ishida, et al. (1978), Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 51:2077).
The following α,β-unsaturated cyclic enones are commercially available from Aldrich: 3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one and isophorone (3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-enone). The following α,β-unsaturated cyclic enones have already been described in the literature: 3-hexylcyclopent-2-enone, 3-cyclohexylcyclopent-2-enone (Collins et al. (1990), J. Org. Chem. 55:3395), 3-tert-butylcyclopent-2-enone (Ponaras et al. (1988), J. Org. Chem. 53:1110; and Garbisch et al. (1969), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91:6785), 3-phenylcyclopent-2-enone (Jurkauskas et al. (2003), Org. Lett. 5:2417), 3-benzylcyclopent-2-enone (Moritani et al. (2000), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:6797), 3-(benzyloxymethyl)cyclopent-2-enone (Dauben et al. (1990), J. Org. Chem. 55:3075), methyl 3-oxocyclopent-1-enecarboxylate, 3-acetylcyclopent-2-enone (Yu et al. (2003), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125:3232; and Catino et al. (2004), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126:13622), 3-butylcyclohex-2-enone (Mudryk et al. (1993), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:385), 3-cyclohexylcyclohex-2-one (Snider et al. (1980), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102:872).
EXAMPLE 1
This example describes the synthesis of a catalyst used in the method of the invention in two steps from phenylalanine methyl ester, according to the following scheme:




Preparation of the hydrochloride salt of (2S,5S)-5-benzyl-2-tert-butyl-3-methyllimidazolidin-4-one (1): To a solution of ethanolic MeNH2 (8.0 M, 50 ml) was added (S)-phenylalanine methyl ester (23.0 g, 130 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature until the amino ester was judged to be consumed by TLC analysis. The resulting solution was then concentrated to provide (S)-phenylalanine N-methyl amide (18 g, 82% yield) as a white solid. To a flask containing (S)-phenylalanine N-methyl amide (8.9 g, 50 mmol) was added THF (100 ml), trimethylacetaldehyde (5.4 g, 50 mmol), FeCl3 (1.7 g, 10 mmol) and 4 Å MS (5.0 g). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 36 h, then washed with H2O (3×100 mL). The combined organics were concentrated and the resulting residue was treated with HCl (27 mL, 1N in ether). The resulting heterogeneous mixture was filtered to removed the undesired trans isomer•HCl salt and the resulting solution was concentrated. The residue was recrystallized (9:1 pentane/CH2Cl2) to provide the product (1) as a crystalline solid (2.88 g, 23% yield, >99% ee). IR (film) 3343, 2958, 1605, 1028 cm−1; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.31-7.17 (m, 5H, ArH), 4.04 (s, 1H, NCHN), 3.72-3.65 (m, 1H, CHCH2), 3.13 (dd, J=4.1, 13.7 Hz, 1H, CH2), 2.92 (dd, J=7.7, 13.7 Hz, 1H, CH2), 2.90 (s, 3H, NCH3), 0.82 (s, 9H, C(CH3)3); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 175.3, 138.0, 129.8, 128.7, 126.8, 82.7, 77.8, 77.4, 76.9, 59.7, 38.6, 35.4, 31.0, 25.7; [α]D=−39.6 (c=1.0, CHCl3). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by HPLC using a Chiralpak OD-H and OD guard column (3.0% i-PrOH/hexanes, 1 mL/min); (5S) isomer tr=16.7 min, (5R) isomer tr=20.1 min.
The trans (2R,5S) isomer of catalyst (1) can be converted to the desired cis (2S,5S) isomer as follows: A solution of trans-(2R,5S)-5-benzyl-2-tert-butyl-3-methylimidazolidin-4-one•HCl salt (6.0 g, 27.9 mmol) in Et2O (100 mL) was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (100 mL) before the organics were separated and concentrated. To a flask containing the resulting residue was added THF (50 ml) and FeCl3 (0.95 g, 5.6 mmol). The resulting solution was maintained at room temperature for 14 h, then washed with H2O (3×50 mL). The combined organics were concentrated and the resulting residue was treated with HCl (13 mL, 1N in ether). The resulting heterogeneous mixture was filtered to removed the undesired trans isomer.HCl salt and the resulting solution was concentrated. The residue was recrystallized (9:1 pentane/CH2Cl2) to provide the product as a crystalline solid (1.65 g, 22% yield, >99% ee).
It will be appreciated that the foregoing method can be readily adapted for the synthesis of analogous catalysts, e.g., imidazolidinones encompassed by formulae (IIA) and (IIB), or (VIIA) and (VIIB), by using appropriately substituted reactants as starting materials.
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of (E)-3-cyclohexylbut-2-en-1-ol: To a 0° C. solution of (E)-ethyl 3-cyclohexylbut-2-enoate (Appella et al. (1999), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121:9473) (1 g, 5.09 mmol) in dry Et2O (10 mL) was added a solution of lithium aluminum hydride (5.10 mL, 5.10 mmol, 1 M in Et2O). After 5 minutes, the reaction mixture was neutralized by dropwise addition of THF solution followed by addition of a saturated solution of potassium sodium tartrate. The reaction mixture was stirred for 25 minutes, and then diluted with Et2O. The organic layer was separated and washed with water, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo to afford (E)-3-cyclohexylbut-2-en-1-ol as a colorless oil which was used directly in the following reaction.
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of (E)-3-cyclohexylbut-2-enal: To a solution of (E)-3-cyclohexylbut-2-enol (700 mg, 4.54 mmol) in dichloromethane (11 mL), cooled to 0° C., was added Dess-Martin periodinane (2.11 g, 4.99 mmol). The resulting suspension was warmed to 23° C. and stirred for approximately 30 minutes until the reaction was judged to be complete by TLC. The reaction mixture was poured into 50 mL of saturated aqueous NaHCO3 containing Na2S2O3 (1 g). This mixture was stirred vigorously until both layers became clear. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (2×) and the combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (25% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford the title compound as a colorless oil (350 mg, 51% yield) that was a 5.2:1 mixture of E:Z isomers. Major isomer: IR (film) 2929, 2854, 1729, 1674, 1640, 1450, 1383, 1198, 1164, 894, 850, 522 cm−1; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.05 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz CHO), 5.90 (dq, 1H, J=1.1, 7.9 Hz, C═CH), 2.18 (d, 3H, J=1.3 Hz, CH3), 2.09-2.02 (m, 1H, CH2CHCH2), 1.87-1.70 (m, 5H), 1.40 (m, 5H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 191.9, 168.8, 125.8, 48.4, 31.4, 31.2, 26.3, 26.1, 26.0, 16.1; HRMS (EI+) exact mass calculated for [M]+ (C10H16O) requires m/z 152.1201, found m/z 152.1205.
EXAMPLE 4
Preparation of (E)-ethyl 3-cyclohexylpent-2-enoate: To 90 mL of EtOH, cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath, was added sodium metal (1.64 g, 71.3 mmol). Once the metal had completely dissolved, triethyl phosphonoacetate (15.9 g, 14.1 mL, 71.3 mmol) was added via syringe. The resulting solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 10 minutes. Cyclohexyl ethyl ketone (9.44 g, 9.20 mL, 67.3 mmol) was added and the solution stirred for 15 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched in 100 mL ice water slurry. The aqueous layer was extracted with 200 mL of Et2O (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with 400 mL of brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by flash chromatography (1% Et2O/pentane) to provide a clear oil (2.5 g, 18% yield) that was a 3:1 mixture of E:Z isomers. Major isomer: IR (film) 2977, 2929, 2854, 2360, 2341, 1716, 1638, 1448, 1203, 1147, 1042, 862, 750 cm−1; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.58 (s, 1H, C═CH), 4.15 (q, 2H, J=4.1 Hz, OCH2CH3), 2.58 (q, 2H, J=7.4 Hz, CH2CH3), 1.81-1.62 (m, 5H), 1.35-1.11 (m, 9H), 1.06 (t, 3H, J=2.2 Hz, CH2CH3); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.3, 31.2, 26.9, 26.8, 26.6, 26.3, 25.3, 14.5, 13.8; HRMS (EI+) exact mass calculated for [M] (C13H22O2) requires m/z 210.1620, found m/z 210.1628.
EXAMPLE 5
Preparation of (E)-3-cyclohexylpent-2-enol: To a solution of (E)-ethyl 3-cyclohexylpent-2-enoate (2.3 g, 10.9 mmol) in Et2O (22 mL), was added lithium aluminum hydride (1.0 M in Et2O, 10.9 mL, 10.9 mmol) dropwise. After 5 minutes, the reaction mixture was slowly quenched with 1 mL of MeOH and poured into 100 mL of a saturated solution of potassium sodium tartrate. The aqueous layer was extracted with 100 mL Et2O (3×). The combined organics were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The product was purified by flash chromatography (10% EtOAc/hexanes) to provide a clear oil (1.59 g, 87% yield) that was a 3:1 mixture of E:Z isomers. Major isomer: IR (film) 3421, 2929, 2854, 1732, 1684, 1635, 1449, 1235, 1164, 864, 749 cm−1; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.33 (t, 1H, J=6.7 Hz, CHCH2OH), 4.17 (d, 2H, J=6.9 Hz, CH2OH), 2.07 (q, 2H, J=7.4 Hz, CH2CH3), 1.99 to 1.63 (m, 6H), 1.48-1.08 (m, 6H), 0.97 (t, 3H, J=7.4 Hz, CH2CH3); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 151.1, 121.2, 59.4, 44.8, 32.6, 31.6, 26.9, 26.7, 26.4, 23.1, 14.7; HRMS (EI+) exact mass calculated for [M]+ (C11H20O) requires m/z 168.1514, found m/z 168.1520.
EXAMPLE 6
Preparation of (E)-3-cyclohexylpent-2-enal: To a solution of (E)-3-cyclohexylpent-2-enol (1.50 g, 8.91 mmol) in dichloromethane (45 mL), cooled to 0° C., was added Dess-Martin periodinane (9.7 g, 22.9 mmol). The resulting suspension was warmed to room temperature and stirred for approximately 2 h until the reaction was judged to be complete by TLC. The reaction was poured into 100 mL of saturated aqueous NaHCO3 containing Na2S2O3 (3 g). This mixture was stirred vigorously until both layers became clear. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (2×) and the combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (5% Et2O/pentane) to afford the title compound (1 g, 68% yield) as a colorless oil that was a 3:1 mixture of E:Z isomers. Major isomer: IR (film) 2927, 2746, 1668, 1622, 1450, 1189, 1124, 860 cm−1; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.04 (d, 1H, J=8.24 Hz, CHO), 5.83 (d, 1H, J=8.24 Hz, C═CH), 2.61 (q, 2H, J=7.4 Hz, CH2CH3), 2.07 (tt, 1H, J=2.6, 11.0 Hz, CH2CHCH2), 1.88-1.71 (m, 5H), 1.41-1.15 (m, 8H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 191.8, 175.2, 124.9, 46.2, 31.9, 26.5, 26.3, 26.0, 25.9, 24.2, 15.4; HRMS (EI+) exact mass calculated for [M]+ (C11H18O) requires m/z 166.1358, found m/z 166.1355.
EXAMPLE 7
Preparation of (E)-ethyl 4-[tris-(1-methylethyl)silyloxy]-3-methylbut-2-enoate: To a suspension of sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 1.58 g, 62.6 mmol) in dry toluene (500 mL) at 0° C., was added, dropwise, triethyl phosphonoacetate (12.4 mL, 62.6 mmol) under an atmosphere of argon. After 30 minutes, 1-[tris-(1-methylethyl)silyloxy]-pentanone (12 g, 52.2 mmol) was diluted into toluene (25 mL) and added to the reaction mixture, which was then allowed to warm to room temperature over a period of 2 h. The resulting mixture was washed with water, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (3% Et2O/pentane) to afford (E)-ethyl 4-[tris-(1-methylethyl)silyloxy]-3-methylbut-2-enoate as a colorless oil (10.5 g, 67% yield). Major isomer: IR (film) 2945, 2868, 1716, 1663, 1223, 1154, 1114 cm−1; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.07 (bs, 1H, CH), 4.21 (s, 2H, CH2OTIPS), 4.17 (q, 2H, J=6.9 Hz, CH3CH2O), 2.06 (s, 3H, CCH3), 1.29 (t, 3H, J=7.8 Hz, CH3CH2O), 1.09 (m, 21H, TIPSO); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 167.0, 157.0, 113.2, 67.2, 59.4, 17.9, 15.3, 14.3, 11.9; HRMS (EI+) exact mass calculated for [M]+ (C16H32O3Si) requires m/z 300.2121, found m/z 300.2125.
EXAMPLE 8
Preparation of (E)-3-[tris-(1-methylethyl)silyloxy]but-2-en-1-ol: To a 0° C. solution of (E)-ethyl 4-[tris-(1-methylethyl)silyloxy]-3-methylbut-2-enoate (5 g, 17.6 mmol) in dry Et2O was added a solution of lithium aluminum hydride (17.6 mL, 17.6 mmol, 1 M in Et2O). After 30 minutes, the reaction mixture was neutralized by dropwise addition of THF followed by addition of a saturated solution of potassium sodium tartrate. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight and then diluted with Et2O. The organic layer was separated and washed with water, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo to afford (E)-3-[tris-(1-methylethyl)silyloxy]but-2-en-1-ol as a colorless oil which was used directly into the next reaction.
(E)-3-[tris-(1-methylethyl)silyloxymethyl]but-2-enal: To a room temperature solution of (E)-3-[tris-(1-methylethyl)silyloxy]but-2-en-1-ol (crude from the previous step, assumed 17.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (9.7 g, 22.9 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred for 60 minutes, until the reaction was judged to be complete by TLC. The reaction mixture was diluted with Et2O and a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO3 containing Na2S2O3 was added. This mixture was stirred vigorously until both layers became clear. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (2×) and the combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (5% Et2O/pentane) to afford the title compound as a colorless oil (3.69 g, 82% yield). IR (film) 2944, 2867, 1681, 1464, 1384, 1123 cm−1; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.09 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz, CHO), 6.28 (dd, 1H, J=1.5, 8.4 Hz, CH), 4.28 (d, 2H, J=0.9 Hz, CH2OTIPS), 2.09 (d, 3H, J=0.6 Hz, CH3C), 1.1 to 1.0 (m, 21H, TIPSO); 13C NMR 75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 191.2, 161.6, 124.1, 67.0, 18.0, 14.1, 11.9; HRMS (EI+) exact mass calculated for [M]+(C14H28O2Si) requires m/z 256.1859, found m/z 256.1862.
EXAMPLE 9







TABLE 1







Effect of Catalyst and Solvent on Organocatalytic Hydride Reductiona













 













 


















Conver-



Entry
Catalyst
HX
Solvent
Time [h]
sion [%]b
ee [%]c





1
L-proline
TFA
Toluene
5
47
15


2
2
TFA
Toluene
1
96
75


3
3
TFA
Toluene
1
95
88


4
2
HCl
Toluene
8
70
81


5
3
HCl
Toluene
31
19
87


6
3
TFA
CHCl3
1
99
85


7
3
TFA
CHCl3
24
 90d
93


8
3
TCA
CHCl3
23
 91d
93










aReaction conditions: 20 mol % catalyst · HX, solvent, 4° C. For reaction


procedures, see Examples 10-16.


bConversion determined by GLC analysis.


cEnantiomeric excess determined by chiral GLC analysis (Bodman Γ-TA).


dAt −30° C.






















Examples 10-16
General procedure for the enantioselective hydrogenation of enals: A colorless solution of (E)-3-phenylbut-2-enal (140 mg, 1 mmol) dissolved in 5 mL of chloroform (0.2 M) was cooled to −30° C. in a dry ice/acetone bath. To this solution was added the trichloroacetic acid salt of (R)-2-tert-butyl-3-methylimidazolidin-4-one (64 mg, 0.2 mmol) and Hantzsch ester (304 mg, 1.2 mmol). The resulting yellow suspension was stirred at −30° C. until the reaction was determined to be complete by TLC, by which time the mixture was a light yellow homogeneous solution. Workup procedure A: The reaction mixture was then diluted with Et2O and passed though a short pad of silica gel. The resulting solution was concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography (solvent noted) to provide the title compounds. Workup procedure B: The cold reaction mixture was poured into a 10% HCl solution and diluted with Et2O. The organic layer was washed 4 times with 10% HCl solution and once with a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO3. The resulting solution was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (solvent noted) to provide the title compounds.







TABLE 2







Effect of Substituents on Organocatalytic Hydride Reduction


of Aldehydes.a













 













 













 













E:Z

Time
Yield
ee


Entry
(substrate)
Product
[h]
[%]
[%]b





12
>20:1>20:1




23  48  
9179
93c94c,d


 


3
>20:1




16  
74
94


 


4
>20:1




16  
92
97


 


5
   5:1




10  
91
96c


 


6
   3:1




23  
95
91d


 


7
>20:1




26  
83e
91f


 


8
>20:1




72  
74
90


 


9
>20:1




0.5
95e
97g





aUsing 20 mol % catalyst unless otherwise specified.


bEnantiomeric excess determined by chiral GLC analysis.


cPerformed at −45° C.


dUsing 10 mol % catalyst.


eYield determined by NMR.


fPerformed at −50° C.


gUsing 5 mol % catalyst at 23° C.






EXAMPLE 10
Preparation of (S)-3-phenylbutanal (Table 2, entry 1). Prepared according to the general procedure from (E)-3-phenylbut-2-enal (140 mg, 1 mmol) for 23 h, using workup procedure A to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (127 mg, 91% yield, 93% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on Iatrobeads® (20% Et2O/pentane). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (Bull et al. (2003), Org. Biomol. Chem. 1:2886). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Bodman Chiraldex β-DM (30 m×0.25 mm) column (90° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min); (R) isomer tr=38.6 min and (S) isomer tr=39.5 min. [α]D22=+32.90 (c=1.00, EtOH).
EXAMPLE 11
Preparation of (S)-3-phenylpentanal (Table 2, entry 3). Prepared according to the general procedure from (E)-3-phenylpent-2-enal (160 mg, 1 mmol) for 16 h, using workup procedure A to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (119 mg, 74% yield, 94% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on Iatrobeads® (10% Et2O/pentane). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (a rotation of +2.1° for a product that was 15% ee has been reported; see Berlan et al. (1986), Tetrahedron 42:4757). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Bodman Chiraldex β-DM (30 m×0.25 mm) column (95° C. isotherm, 1 L/min); (R) isomer tr=42.8 min and (S) isomer tr=43.9 min. [α]D22=+20.1° (c=1.00, EtOH).
EXAMPLE 12
Preparation of (S)-3-cyclohexylbutanal (Table 2, entry 5). Prepared according to the general procedure from (E)-3-cyclohexylbut-2-enal (154 mg, 1 mmol) for 22 h, using workup procedure A to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (45.1 mg, 91% yield, 96% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (10% Et2O/hexane). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (a rotation of +7.4° for a product that was 74% ee was reported; see Tanaka el at. (2001), J. Org. Chem. 66:8177). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Bodman Chiraldex β-DM (30 m×0.25 mm) column (80° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min); (R) isomer tr=70.6 min and (S) isomer tr=71.3 min. [α]D22=+8.30 (c=1.00, EtOH).
EXAMPLE 13
Preparation of (S)-3-cyclohexylpentanal (Table 2, entry 6). Prepared according to the general procedure from (E)-3-cyclohexylpent-2-enal (250 mg, 1.50 mmol) for 24 h, using workup procedure A to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (240.8 mg, 95% yield, 91% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (10% Et2O/pentane). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Hydrodex-B-TBDAc (50 m×0.25 mm) column (90° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min); (R) isomer tr=35.2 min and (S) isomer tr=37.9 min. IR (film) 2927, 2854, 1732, 1708, 1449, 1412, 1381, 1286, 1164, 954, 892 cm−1; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.79 (t, 1H, J=2.4.3 Hz, CHO), 2.44, (ddd, 1H, J=2.1, 5.8, 16.4 Hz, CH), 2.28 (ddd, 1H, J=2.7, 7.2, 16.2 Hz, CH), 1.82 to 1.61 (m, 5H), 1.47 to 0.99 (m, 12H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) 203.9, 45.7, 40.3, 39.9, 30.4, 29.2, 26.74, 26.69, 26.67, 24.3, 11.8; HRMS (EI+) exact mass calculated for [M]+ (C11H20O) requires m/z 168.1514, found m/z 168.1522; [α]D22=+6.2° (c=1.03, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 14
Preparation of (S)-methyl 2-methyl-4-oxobutanoate (Table 2, entry 7). Prepared according to the general procedure from (E)-methyl 3-formyl-2-methylacrylate (100 mg, 0.781 mmol) for 26 h to provide the title compound (83% yield, 91% ee). Yield was determined via 1H NMR by comparison with an internal standard (BnOMe). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (a rotation of +0.580 for a product that was 10% ee was reported; see Kollar et al. (1987), J. Organomet. Chem. 330:305). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Bodman Chiraldex β-TA (30 m×0.25 mm) column (100° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min); (S) isomer tr=6.7 min and (R) isomer tr=7.7 min. [α]D22=+1.4° (c=1.15, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 15
Preparation of (S)-3-[tris-(1-methylethyl)silyloxymethyl]butanal (Table 2, entry 8). Prepared according to the general procedure from (E)-3-[tris-(1-methylethyl)silyloxymethyl]but-2-enal (245 mg, 1 mmol) for 72 h, using workup procedure A to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (190 mg, 74% yield, 90% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on Iatrobeads® 10% Et2O/pentane). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by HPLC (the aldehyde was reduced and protected using BzCl) on Chiralcel® OD-H (0.46 mm×25 cm) isocratic 5% EtOH/Hexanes, 1 mL/min, 25° C.; (S) isomer tr=19.2 min and (R) isomer tr=22.2 min. IR (film) 2944, 2867, 2716, 1728, 1464, 1385, 1101 cm−1; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.80 (t, 1H J=2.4 Hz, CHO), 3.66 (dd, 1H, J=5.1, 9.9 Hz, TIPSOCH), 3.47 (dd, 1H, J=6.9, 9.6 Hz, TIPSOCH), 2.58 (m, 1H, CHCHO), 2.28 (m, 2H, MeCHCH), 1.06 (m, 21H, TIPSO), 0.97 (d, J=6.9 Hz, CH3); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 202.7, 68.0, 48.2, 31.6, 17.9, 16.7, 11.9; HRMS (EI+) exact mass calculated for [M-H]+ (C14H29O2Si) requires m/z 257.1930 found m/z 257.1937; [α]D22=−2.7° (c=1.07, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 16
Preparation of (S)-3,4,4-trimethylpentanal (Table 2, entry 9). Prepared according to the general procedure, at room temperature, from (E)-3,4,4-trimethylpent-2-enal (70 mg, 0.56 mmol) for 5 minutes to provide the title compound (95% yield, 97% ee). Yield was determined using 1H NMR by comparison with an internal standard (BnOMe). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (a rotation of +3.4° for a product that was 16% ee was reported; see Berlan et al. (1986), Tetrahedron 42:4757). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Bodman Chrialdex β-DM (30 m×0.25 mm) column (60° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min); (R) isomer tr=19.29 min and (S) isomer tr=20.32 min. [α]D22=+29.3° (c=1.00, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 17







TABLE 3







Additional Solvent Screening Data for Organocatalytic


Hydride Reduction of Aldehydesa













 













 













 













Entry
Solvent
Acid
Temp [° C.]
Time [h]
Conv. [%]
ee [%]





 1
MeCN
TFA
4
3
48
78


 2
Methanol
TFA
4
3
37
81


 3
Hexane
TFA
4
6.5
27
79


 4
Tetrahydrofuran
TFA
4
1
54
87


 5
Et2O
TFA
4
1
39
86


 6
CH2Cl2
TFA
4
1
85
83


 7
Toluene
TFA
4
6.5
85
89


 8
Acetone
TFA
4
3
46
82


 9
EtOAc
TFA
4
1
44
86


10
Toluene
TFA
0
6.5
85
89


11
Et2O
TFA
0
1
39
86


12
CH2Cl2
TFA
0
1
95
83


13
Tetrahydrofuran
TFA
0
1
54
87


14
CHCl3
TFA
0
1
85
85


15
CHCl3
di-NO2BAc
0
2
97
83


16
CHCl3
TCA
0
2
96
85


17
CHCl3
TBA
0
2
94
84


18b
Hexane
HCl
4
31
33
57


19b
Toluene
HCl
4
19
89
86


20b
Tetrahydrofuran
HCl
4
1.5
75
76


21b
Dimethylformamide
HCl
4
31
75
71


22b
CH2Cl2
HCl
4
19
78
65


23b
Benzene
HCl
4
19
96
78





ausing 20 mol % catalyst, 0.1 M solvent. For eaction procedures, see Examples 10-16.


bUsing catalyst 2 (see Example 9).


c2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid.






EXAMPLE 18







TABLE 4







Effect of Temperature on Organocatalytic Hydride Reduction


of Aldehydes.a













 













 













 











Entry
Temp [° C.]
Time
Conv. [%]
ee [%]





1
−10
1
99
89


2
−35
9
92
92


3
−50
24
90
93





ausing CHCl3 solvent and 20 mol % catalyst. For eaction procedures, see Examples 10-16.






EXAMPLE 19







TABLE 5







Effective of Additives on Organocatalytic Hydride Reduction


of Aldehydes.a













 













 













 














Equivalents





Entry
Additive
of Additive
Time [h]
Conv. [%]
ee [%]















1
None

<19
89
86


2
H20
0.2
22
84
84


3
H20
1
23
82
82


4
MeOH
0.2
23
98
85


5
MeOH
1
23
90
86


6
IPA
1
23
91
80


7
HFIPA
1
10
76
75


8
Phenol
1
10
81
83


9
MeOH
0.5
23
83
85


10
MeOH
1
23
99
84


11
MeOH
2
23
84
82


12
MeOH
5
5
83
79





1Reaction at 4° C. and using 20 mol % catalyst, using toluene as solvent.






EXAMPLE 20







TABLE 6







Effect of the Acid Co-catalyst on Organocatalytic Hydride


Reduction of Aldehydes.a













 













 













 












Entry
Acid
pKa of acid
Time [h]
Yield [%]
ee [%]















1
TfOH
−14
2.5
87
75


2
HClO4
−10
31
91
76


3
p-TSA
−6.5
7
61
90


4
HBr
−4.70
48
36
89


5
H2SO4
−3.0
31
95
86


6
MeSO3H
−2.6
31
93
82


7
TFA
0.23
2
85
89


8
TCA
0.65
2.5
80
87


9
TBA
0.66
7
64
86


10
F2HCCO2H
1.24
2.5
72
88


11
2,4-dinitro-
1.43
2
50
88



benzoic acid


12
H3PO4
2.12
48
7
86


13
ClH2CCO2H
2.86
7
51
87


14
AcOH
3.77
48
6
81





aAt 0° C., using 20 mol % catalyst and toluene as solvent.






EXAMPLE 21







TABLE 7







Effect of Acid Co-catalyst on Organocatalytic Hydride Reduction


of Aldehydes: Additional Dataa













 













 













 












Entry
Acid
pKa of Acid
Solvent
Conv. [%]
ee [%]





1
HCl
−8
Toluene
70
81


2
HBr
−9
Toluene
93
82


3
HF
3.7
Toluene
98
48


4
HNO3
−1.3
Toluene
89
62


5
MeSO3H
−2.6
Toluene
93
7


6
HBr
−9
Et2O
93
82


7
HF
3.7
Et2O
98
48


8
HNO3
−1.3
Et2O
89
62


9
MeSO3H
−2.6
Et2O
93
7





aAt 4° C., using 20 mol % catalyst, 20 mol % acid.






EXAMPLE 22







TABLE 8







Effect of Catalyst on Organocatalytic Hydride Reduction of Aldehydes.a








 












Entry
Catalyst
Solvent
Time [h]
Conv. [%]
ee [%]





 1
No catalyst (Control)
THF
24  
 0
 0


 


 2




THF (23° C.)
2  
50
55


 


 3 4




THF (23° C.)Toluene
2  2  
6082
6676


 


 5 6




TolueneEt2O
4.5
8062
7063


 


 7 8




TolueneEt2O
4.5
7254
6661


 


 910




TolueneEt2O
2  24  
7864
7576


 


11




Toluene
2  
85
89


 


12b,c




Toluene
1  
95
88


 


13c




Toluene
1  
96
75


 


14c




Toluene
24  
37
35





aUnless otherwise specified, reactions at 0° C., using 20 mol % catalyst.


bReaction at 4° C.


cProduct is the (S) enantiomer.






EXAMPLE 23







TABLE 9







Effect of Hydride Source on Organocatalytic Hydride Reduction


of Aldehydes.a













 













 













 











Entry
Hydride Donor
Time [h]
Conversion [%]b
ee [%]c





1
NADH
24
—
—


2
5
26
15
88


3
4: R = CO2Et
7
92
92


4
4: R = CO2Bn
7
94
88


5
4: R = CO2Me
26
57
89


6
4: R = CO2tBu
7
98
94


7
4: R = COPh
24
54
80


8
4: R = COMe
26
45
86





aReaction conditions: 20 mol % catalyst · TCA, CHCl3 −30° C.


bConversion determined by GLC analysis.


cEnantiomeric excess determined by chiral GLC analysis (Bodman Γ-TA).






No reaction was observed using NADH (i.e., the hydrogen adduct of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) as the hydrogen source.

EXAMPLE 24







TABLE 10







Organocatalytic Hydride Reduction of Aldehydes:


Additional Exemplary Reactions.a















E:Z of

Hydride
Time
Temp
Conv.
ee


Entry
Reactant
Product
Donor
[h]
[° C.]
[%]
[%]





 1
>20:1




R = CO2Et
24
−50
80
87


 


 2
>20:1




R = CO2Et
24
−30
79
71


 


 3
>20:1




R = CO2Et
22
−40
80
41


 


 4
>20:1




R = CO2Et
—
—
 0
 0


 


 5 6 7 8 9
>20:1




R = CO2Et R =CO2C(CH3)3
 739 1 711
 −50−30−60−70
9092909090
3738627884


 


 7
>20:1




R = CO2Et
—
—
 0
 0


 


 8
>20:1




R = CO2Et
60
−50
87
79


 


 9
   1:1




R = CO2Et
22
−40
100 
36


 


1011
>20:1




R = CO2Et
2496
−30−50
7967
7177


 


121314
>20:1




R =CO2C(CH3)3
 3 min 0.25 7
RT   0−30
909090
858995


 


1516171819
 4.6:1  13.5:1 




R =CO2C(CH3)3
 8 min 122 0.2523 min
RT−30−60RT   0
9090909090
8181818486


 


20
—




R = CO2Et
81
−50
70
72





aReactions using 20 mol % TFA salt of (S)-2-tert-butyl-3-methylimidazolidin-4-one as catalyst.






EXAMPLE 25
General Procedure for the Preparation of Cyclic Ketone Starting Materials




3-benzylcyclopent-2-enone: To a −78° C. solution of benzyl magnesium chloride (14.3 mL, 28.5 mmol, 1.2 eq, 2 M solution in THF) in ether (50 mL) was slowly added 3-ethoxycyclopent-2-enone (2.84 mL, 23.8 mmol, 1 eq.). The reaction mixture was warmed up to −30° C. over 1 hour. At this point, a 1 M solution of HCl was added to the reaction mixture until the pH was adjusted to 1 as indicated by litmus paper. The solution was warmed up to room temperature and the layers were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with 40 mL of Et2O (3×) and the combined organic layers were washed with 100 mL of brine (1×), dried over anhydrous MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residual oil was purified by flash chromatography (25% EtOAc/hexanes) to give (3.1 g, 76% yield) of the title compound as a colorless oil.
(Z)-1-butylcyclohept-2-enol: To a clear solution of 2-cyclohepten-1-one (5 g, 45.5 mmol) in ether (50 mL), cooled to 0° C., was added n-BuLi (2.0 M in hexanes, 25 mL, 50.0 mmol) dropwise to produce an opaque yellow solution. The reaction stirred for 2 h at 0° C. and then warmed to room temperature. After 1 h, the reaction was complete as determined by TLC, and quenched in 50 mL NH4Cl. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 50 mL of ether (3×). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography (10% Et2O/pentane) to afford the title compound as a light yellow oil (2 g, 26% yield). IR (film) 3377, 3015, 2930, 2860, 1456, 1378, 1335, 1223, 1121, 1103, 1043, 997 cm−1; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.69 (tt, 1H, J=5.6, 11.9 Hz, CCH═CH), 5.59 (d, 1H, J=11.9 Hz, CCH═CH), 2.17-2.09 (m, 2H), 1.84-1.45 (m, 9H), 1.38-1.27 (m, 4H), 0.93-0.88 (m, 3H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 139.1, 130.0, 76.1, 41.1, 38.5, 27.6, 27.5, 25.6, 24.1, 23.2, 14.1; HRMS (EI+) exact mass calculated for [M]+ (C11H20O) requires m/z 168.1514, found m/z 168.1516.
(Z)-3-butylcyclohept-2-enone: To a solution of (Z)-1-butylcyclohept-2-enol (2 g, 11.9 mmol) dissolved in dichloromethane (60 mL) was pyridine chlorochromate on basic alumina (20 wt. %, 25.7 g, 23.8 mmol). The resulting reddish solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h until determined to be complete by TLC. The mixture was diluted in 100 mL diethyl ether and stirred for 1 h after which it was poured over filter paper that was subsequently washed with the ether. The filtrate was partially concentrated (30 mL) and passed through a Florisil column with ether (100 mL). The resulting colorless solution was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (5% Et2O/Pentane) to provide a colorless oil (920 mg, 47% yield). IR (film) 3477, 2933, 2864, 1662, 1458, 1421, 1375, 1344, 1322, 1267, 1201, 1124, 1103, 1048, 937, 875, 855 cm−1; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.89 (s, 1H, COCH), 2.58-2.53 (m, 2H, COCH2), 2.41-2.38 (m, 2H, HC═CCH2), 2.18 (t, 2H, J=6.91 Hz, HC═CCH2(CH2)2CH3), 1.80-1.74 (m, 2H, COCH2CH2), 1.50-1.40 (m, 2H, HC═CCH2CH2), 1.38-1.25 (m, 2H, HC═C(CH2)2CH2CH3), 0.90 (t, 3H, J=7.18 Hz, CH2CH3); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 204.4, 162.4, 128.2, 42.1, 40.8, 32.5, 29.7, 25.1, 22.4, 21.2, 13.9; HRMS (EI+) exact mass calculated for [M]+ (C11H18O) requires m/z 166.1358, found m/z 166.1359.
Examples 26-37
General Procedure for the Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Cyclic Enones
Procedure A:
To a room temperature solution of 3-substituted-cyclopent-2-enone (1 mmol) and (2S,5S)-5-benzyl-3-methyl-2-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)imidazolidin-4-one (54 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq.) dissolved in 1 mL of diethyl ether (1 M) was added trichloroacetic acid (33 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq.), and Hantzsch ethyl ester (304 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq.). The resulting yellow suspension was stirred at room temperature until the reaction was judged to be complete by TLC. The reaction mixture was passed though a short pad of silica gel and eluted with ether. The resulting solution was concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography (solvent noted) to provide the title compound.
Procedure B:
To a room temperature solution of 3-substituted-cyclopent-2-enone (1 mmol) and (2S,5S)-5-benzyl-3-methyl-2-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)imidazolidin-4-one (54 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq.), dissolved in 1 mL of diethyl ether (1 M) then cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath, was added trichloroacetic acid (33 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq.), and Hantzsch t-butyl ester (340 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq.). The resulting yellow suspension was stirred at room temperature until the reaction was judged to be complete by TLC. The reaction mixture was passed though a short pad of silica gel with the aid of ether. The resulting solution was concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography (solvent noted) to provide the title compound.
In noted cases, the resulting pyridine contaminated product was removed post-column by washing with 6 M HCl (2×10 mL), water (1×20 mL), then saturated NaHCO3 (1×20 mL), followed by drying of the organic layer over Na2SO4, filtering and concentrating to afford the title product.
EXAMPLE 26
(R)-3-methylcyclopentanone: Prepared according to the general procedure from 3-methylcyclopent-2-enone (20 mg, 0.204 mmol) for 26 h to provide the title compound (77% conversion, 95% ee). Conversion was determined via GLC analysis by comparison with an internal standard (BnOMe). The physical data were identical in all respects to those of the commercially available (R)-3-methylcyclopentanone. The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Bodman Chiraldex Γ-TA (30 m×0.25 mm) column (100° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min.); (S) isomer tr=25.1 min. and (R) isomer tr=25.8 min.
EXAMPLE 27
(R)-3-cyclohexylcyclopentanone: Prepared according to the general procedure from 3-cyclohexylcyclopent-2-enone (164 mg, 1 mmol) for 23 h to provide the title compound as a yellow oil (152 mg, 93% yield, 96% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on Iatrobeads® (15-20% Et2O/pentane). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (Jones et al. (1998), Tetrahedron 54:1471 (racemic product, no optical rotation)). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Hydrodex-B-TBDAc (50 m×0.25 mm) column (105° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min.); (S) isomer tr=127.7 min. and (R) isomer tr=127.9 min. [α]D22=+8.6° (c=1.00, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 28
(R)-3-tert-butylcyclopentanone: Prepared according to the general procedure from 3-tert-butylcyclopent-2-enone (138 mg, 1 mmol) for 8 h to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (126 mg, 85% yield, 96% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on Iatrobeads® (20% Et2O/pentane). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (Ahlbrecht (1992), Synthesis 1019 (racemic product, no optical rotation)). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Bodman Chiraldex Γ-TA (30 m×0.25 mm) column (90° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min.); (S) isomer tr=14.4 min. and (R) isomer tr=15.0 min. [α]D22=+150.3° (c=1.00, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 29
(R)-3-benzylcyclopentanone: Prepared according to the general procedure from 3-benzylcyclopent-2-enone (172 mg, 1 mmol) for 24 h at 0° C. After the reaction mixture was passed though a short pad of silica gel, the resulting mixture was poured into 5 mL of a 10% HCl solution and diluted with 5 mL of Et2O. The organic layer was washed with 5 mL of a 10% HCl solution (4×) and with 5 mL of water (1×). The resulting solution was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (158 mg, 91% yield, 90% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on Iatrobeads® (2% Et2O/benzene). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (Yanagisawa et al. (1994), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:6130; and Moritani et al. (2000), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:6797 (reported an optical rotation of −96° for the (S) isomer that is 96% ee)). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Hydrodex-B-TBDAc (50 m×0.25 mm) column (145° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min.); (S) isomer tr=91.5 min. and (R) isomer tr=90.1 min. [α]D2=+83.9 (c=1.00, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 30
(R)-3-(benzyloxymethyl)cyclopentanone: Prepared according to the general procedure from 3-(benzyloxymethyl)cyclopent-2-enone (202 mg, 1 mmol) for 24 h at 0° C. After the reaction mixture was passed though a short pad of silica gel, the resulting solution was poured into 5 mL of a 10% HCl solution and diluted with 5 mL of Et2O. The organic layer was washed with 5 mL of a 10% HCl solution (4×) and with 5 mL of water (1×). The resulting solution was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (155 mg, 76% yield, 91% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (15% Et2O/pentane). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Hydrodex-B-TBDAc (50 m×0.25 mm) column (150° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min.); (S) isomer tr=151.2 min. and (R) isomer tr=153.2 min. IR (film) 3030, 2860, 1740, 1404, 1100 cm−1; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42-7.28 (m, 5H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 3.51 (d, 2H, J=6.3 Hz), 2.61-2.49 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.23-2.01 (m, 3H), 1.84-1.71 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 219.2, 138.1, 128.3, 127.4, 126.8, 73.2, 73.0, 41.9, 37.8, 36.7, 26.0; HRMS (EI+) exact mass calculated for [M]+ (C13H16O2) requires m/z 204.1150, found m/z 204.1144; [α]D22=+31.2° (c=1.0, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 31
(R)-3-phenylcyclopentanone: Prepared according to the general procedure from 3-phenylcyclopent-2-enone (158 mg, 1 mmol) for 8.5 h to provide the title compound as a light yellow oil (140 mg, 89% yield, 74% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on Iatrobeads® (0-2% Et2O/benzene). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (Gadwood et al. (1987), J. Org. Chem. 52:774; Gomez-Bengoa et al. (1998), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120:7649; and Hashimoto et al. (1994), Synlett. 353)The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Hydrodex-B-TBDAc (50 m×0.25 mm) column (145° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min.); (S) isomer tr=56.3 min. and (R) isomer tr=61.3 min. [α]D22=+60.2° (c=1.00, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 32
(R)-methyl 3-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate: Prepared according to the general procedure from methyl 3-oxocyclopent-1-enecarboxylate (140 mg, 1 mmol) for 24 h at 0° C. to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (108 mg, 76% yield, 90% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (40% Et2O/pentane). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (Ranu et al. (2001), Org. Lett. 3:2603. The absolute stereochemistry was assigned by analogy). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Hydrodex-B-TBDAc (50 m×0.25 mm) column (130° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min.); (S) isomer tr=41.9 min. and (R) isomer tr=43.5 min. [α]D2=+28.0° (c=1.00, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 33
(R)-3-acetylcyclopentanone: Prepared according to the general procedure from 3-acetylcyclopent-2-enone (124 mg, 1 mmol) for 24 h at 0° C. to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (103 mg, 82% yield, 93% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (50% Et2O/benzene). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (Monte et al. (1983), J. Org. Chem. 48:803 (racemic product, no optical rotation)) enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Hydrodex-B-TBDAc (50 m×0.25 mm) column (145° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min.); (S) isomer tr=52.0 min. and (R) isomer tr=53.3 min. [α]D22=+56.3° (c=1.0, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 34
(R)-3-butylcyclohexanone: Prepared according to the general procedure from 3-butylcyclohexen-2-one (168 mg, 1.09 mmol) in 0.2 M Et2O for 43 h at room temperature to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (128.3 mg, 75% yield, 88% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (5% Et2O/pentane). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (Jones et al. (1998). Tetrahedron 54:1471; and Moritani et al. (2000), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:6797 (reported a rotation of −17° for the (S)-enantiomer that is 87% ee)). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Hydrodex-B-TBDAc (50 m×0.25 mm) column (150° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min.); (S) isomer tr=37.0 min. and (R) isomer tr=36.0 min. [α]D22=+15.5° (c=1.00, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 35
(R)-3-cyclohexylcyclohexanone: Prepared according to the general procedure from 3-cyclohexylcyclohexen-2-one (178 mg, 1.09 mmol) in 0.2 M Et2O for 43 h at room temperature to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (157 mg, 80% yield, 90% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (5% Et2O/pentane). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Hydrodex-B-TBDAc (50 m×0.25 mm) column (110° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min.); (S) isomer tr=73.5 min. and (R) isomer tr=65.2 min. IR (film) 2924, 2853, 1715, 1449, 14223, 1346, 1317, 1263, 1225, 1101, 1056, 982, 892, 866 cm−1; 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 2.44-2.21 (m, 3H), 2.16-2.04 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.54 ((m, 8H), 1.47-1.33 (m, 1H), 1.32-1.11 (m, 3H), 1.08-0.92 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 212.9, 45.6, 44.7, 42.7, 41.6, 30.0, 29.9, 28.4, 26.6, 26.59, 25.54, 25.6; HRMS (EI+) exact mass calculated for [M]+ (C12H20O) requires m/z 180.1514, found m/z 180.1508; [α]D22+11.9° (c=1.05, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 36
(R)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone: Prepared according to the general procedure from isophorone (138 mg, 1.09 mmol) in 0.2 M Et2O for 48 h at room temperature to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (100 mg, 65% yield, 97% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (5% Et2O/pentane). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (Allinger et al. (1975), J. Org. Chem. 40:1316 (reported a rotation of +20.3° for the (S)-enantiomer that is 75% ee)). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Hydrodex-B-TBDAc (50 m×0.25 mm) column (110° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min.); (S) isomer tr=11.8 min. and (R) isomer tr=12.4 min. [α]D22=−18.7°(c=1.03, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 37
(R)-3-butylcycloheptanone: Prepared according to the general procedure from 3-butylcyclohept-2-enone (166.3 mg, 1 mmol) for 48 h at room temperature to provide the title compound as a light yellow oil (106 mg, 63% yield, 82% ee) after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (5% Et2O/pentane). The physical data were identical in all respects to those previously reported (Strangeland et al. (1997), Tetrahedron 53:6503 (reported a rotation of +31.4° for a product that is 92% ee)). The enantiomeric ratio was determined by GLC using a Hydrodex-B-TBDAc (50 m×0.25 mm) column (105° C. isotherm, 1 mL/min.); (S) isomer tr=100.6 min. and (R) isomer tr=102.7 min. [α]D22=+40.3° (c=1.05, CHCl3).
EXAMPLE 38







TABLE 11







Solvent effect on Organocatalytic Hydride Addition


of Cyclic Ketones.a













 













 













 













Dielectric




Entry
Solvent
Constant (ε)b
Yield [%]
ee [%]














1
Toluene
2.38c
91
91


2
Et2O
4.34
100
92


3
CHCl3
4.8
19
90


4
EtOAc
6.02c
82
89


5
THF
7.58
40
91


6
CH2Cl2
8.9
37
88


7
Acetone
20.7c
80
70


8
Methanol
32.6c
63
33


9
DMF
37
0
0


10
CH3CN
37.5
18
41





aReactions at room temperature, 10 h, using 20 mol % catalyst and 1.3 eq. dihydropyridine (relative to ketone).


bAt 20° C. unless otherwise specified.


cAt 25° C.






EXAMPLE 39







TABLE 12







Optimization of Co-catalyst in Organocatalytic Hydride


Reduction of Cyclic Ketones.a













 













 













 











Entry
Acid
pKa of Acid
Yield [%]
ee [%]














1
Triflic
−14
8
72


2
HClO4
−10
5
57


3
HCl
−8.0
16
78


4
p-TSA
~−6.5
9
77


5
HI
−5.2
27
86


6
HBr
−4.70
27
78


7
H2SO4
−3.0
4
64


8
MeSO3H
−2.6
6
62


9
TFA
0.23
63
63


10
TCA
0.65
77
77


11
TBA
0.66
36
36


12
DCA
1.29
60
60


13
di-NO2BA
1.43
59
59


14
DFA
1.53
45
45


15
H3PO3
2.0
6
6


16
AcOH
3.77
0
0





aReactions at room temperature, 6 h, using Et2O as solvent, 20 mol % catalyst and 1.3 eq. dihydropyridine (relative to ketone).






EXAMPLE 40







TABLE 13







Screen of Hydride Source in Organocatalytic Hydride Reduction


of Cyclic Ketones.a













 













 













 











Entry
Hydride Source
Time [h]
Yield [%]
ee [%]





1
R1 = CO2Me
24
57
86



R2 = i-Pr


2
R1 = CO2t-Bu
6
86
91



R2 = Me


3
R1 = CO2i-Pr
3
78
78



R2 = Me


4
R1 = CO2Et
4
76
82



R2 = Et


5
R1 = CO2Me
4
76
82



R2 = Me


6
R1 = CO2Et
3
96
74



R2 = Me


7
R1 = CO2Et
3
93
73



R2 = H


8
Acridine
—
0
0





aReactions at 0° C., using 1.2 eq. Hydride Source and Et2O as solvent.






EXAMPLE 41







TABLE 14







Example Organocatalytic Hydride Reductions using Cyclic Ketones.a













 













 













 














Entry
R
n
Time [h]
Yield [%]
ee [%]


















1
Me
0
8.5
72
95



2
t-Bu
0
5.5
81
96



3
c-Hex
0
11
82
93



5
OBn
0
13
77
91



6
Ph
0
9
73
91



7
CO2Me
0
1
78
93



8
COMe
0
1
83
93



9
n-Bu
1
25
82
90



10
c-Hex
1
24
71
88



11
n-Bu
2
9
70
92







aReactions at 0° C. using Et2O as solvent (0.5 M), 20 mol % catalyst, and 1.1 eq. hydride donor.






EXAMPLE 42







TABLE 15







Example Organocatalytic Hydride Reductions using Cyclic Ketones.a













 













 













 














Entry
R
n
Time [h]
Yield [%]
ee [%]


















1
Me
0
26
77
95



2
t-Bu
0
9
93
96



3
c-Hex
0
8
85
96



4
OBn
0
24
76
91



5
Ph
0
8.5
89
74



6
CO2Me
0
24
76
90



7
COMe
0
24
82
93



8
n-Bu
1
43
75
88



9
c-Hex
1
43
80
90



10
n-Bu
2
48
63
82







aReactions at 23° C. using Et2O as solvent (1.0 M) and 20 mol % catalyst.






EXAMPLE 43







TABLE 16







Example Organocatalytic Hydride Reductions using Cyclic Ketones.











Entry
Substrate
Product
Yield [%]
ee [%]





1a2b








  66  65
  98  97


 


3 








  80
  50


 


4 








  67
~80


 


5 








  50
  90


 


6 








~80
  78


 


7 








~80
  12


 


8a9b








  78  91
  90  90





aUsing conditions from Table 14.


bUsing conditions from Table 15.

## Claims

1. A process for catalyzing an enantioselective 1,4-hydride reduction of an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde to produce an aldehyde having a chiral carbon at the β-position, wherein the process comprises contacting the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde with a hydride donor in the presence of a catalyst comprising an acid addition salt of an imidazolidinone, wherein the catalyst is capable of lowering the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde and the hydride donor is capable of reacting with the aldehyde by virtue of the lowered LUMO of the compound in the presence of the catalyst, and further wherein the imidazolidinone has the structure of formula (IIA) or (IIB)




wherein:
R1 is selected from C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, and substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl;
R2 has the structure -(L)m-CR4R5R6 wherein m is zero or 1, L is C1-C6 alkylene, and R4, R5 and R6 are C1-C24 hydrocarbyl; and
R3 is selected from H, C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, and substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the acid addition salt is comprised of an acid selected from Brønsted acids, carboxylic acids, and mixtures thereof.

3. The process of claim 1, wherein the hydride donor is a dihydropyridine.

4. The process of claim 3, wherein the hydride donor has the structure of formula (X)




wherein R34 and R35 are independently selected from H and deactivating groups, and R36, R37, R38 and R39 are independently selected from H and activating groups.

5. The process of claim 1, wherein the aldehyde has the structure of formula (VIII)




in which R29, R30 and R31 are independently selected from H, C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, and functional groups, and wherein any two of R29, R30 and R31 can be taken together to form a cycle.

6. The process of claim 5, wherein the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde comprises a mixture of E- and Z-isomers.

7. The process of claim 1, wherein the chiral aldehyde is produced in an enantiomeric excess of at least 85%.

8. A process for catalyzing a 1,4-hydride reduction of an α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketone to produce a ketone product having a chiral carbon at the β-position, wherein the process comprises contacting the α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketone with a dihydropyridine in the presence of a catalyst comprising an acid addition salt of an imidazolidinone, wherein the catalyst is capable of lowering the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketone and the dihydropyridine is capable of reacting with the ketone by virtue of the lowered LUMO of the compound in the presence of the catalyst.

9. The process of claim 8, wherein the dihydropyridine has the structure of formula (X)




wherein R34 and R35 are independently selected from H and deactivating groups, and R36, R37, R38 and R39 are independently selected from H and activating groups.

10. The process of claim 8, wherein the imidazolidinone has the structure of formula (VIIA) or (VIIB)




wherein:
R20 is selected from C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, and substituted heteroatoin-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl;
R13 and R5 are independently selected from C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C24 hydrocarbyl, and functional groups.

11. The process of claim 8, wherein the acid addition salt is comprised of an acid selected from Brønsted acids, carboxylic acids, and mixtures thereof.

12. The process of claim 8, wherein the α,β-unsaturated cyclic ketone has the structure of formula (IX)




wherein:
R29, R30, R32 and R33 are independently selected from H, C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, substituted C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, substituted heteroatom-containing C1-C30 hydrocarbyl, and functional groups;
R32 and R33 are linked to form a cycle;
any two of R29, R30 and R32 may be linked to form a cycle; and
any two of R29, R30 and R33 may be linked to form a cycle.

13. The process of claim 8, wherein the chiral ketone product is produced in an enantiomeric excess of at least 85%.