IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

SEPTEMBER 19, 2000 Session

IN THE MATTER OF: CHRISTOPHER CODY RAINEY

JAMES CHRISTOPHER RAINEY v. LESLIE HEAD

Direct Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Shelby County

No. J7285; The Honorable George Blancett, Special Judge

No. W2000-00504-COA-R3-CV - Filed March 20, 2001

This is a case involving termination of parental rights. The Appellant executed a consent order

terminating his parental rights to his child. Asserting that he executed the order under influence and

duress by the Appellee and her family, the Appellant then filed a Petition to Vacate Order

Terminating Parental Rights. The Juvenile Court of Shelby County dismissed the Appellant’s

Petition. 

The Appellant appeals from the dismissal of the Petition to Vacate Order Terminating

Parental Rights. For the reasons stated herein, we affirm the trial court’s decision.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed

ALAN E.HIGHERS,J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which W.FRANK CRAWFORD, P.J.,W.S.,

and DAVID R. FARMER, J., joined.

Cynthia A. Wilson, for Appellant

John D. Horne, for Appellee

OPINION

I. Facts and Procedural History

On April 3, 1995, Cody Christopher Rainey (“Cody”) was born out of wedlock to the

Appellant, James Christopher Rainey (“Mr. Rainey”), and the Appellee, Leslie Head (“Ms. Head”).

Mr. Rainey and Ms. Head lived together in the home of Ms. Head’s mother and step-father, Gail and

Jerry Atwood (“the Atwoods”) until Mr. Rainey was asked to leave in December, 1996. 
1

The CASA worker also recommended that Mr. Rainey seek professional counseling, that the court address

visitation, that Mr. Rainey be allowed supervised visitation, and that Mr. Rainey obtain a permanent and stable residence

free of guns. 

2

A prosecutorial grant of diversion would prevent Mr. Rainey from being incarcerated. After a probationary

period, M r. Rainey’s criminal record would be expunged . 

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Mr. Rainey filed a Petition for Custody of Cody in the Juvenile Court of Shelby County on

January 24, 1997. The Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA) conducted an investigation and

recommended that custody of Cody remain with Ms. Head.1 On May 8, 1997, the court awarded

custody of Cody to Ms. Head. 

 On October 10, 1997, Mr. Rainey was arrested following a series of crimes. Mr. Rainey

assaulted his father and took his father’s car without permission. After striking a parked vehicle with

his father’s car, Mr. Rainey assaulted Joseph Burns. Mr. Rainey then broke into the Atwood home

and assaulted Ms. Head and the Atwoods. On May 6, 1998, the Shelby County Grand Jury returned

indictments against Mr. Rainey for aggravated burglary and five aggravated assaults with a handgun.

Mr. Rainey hired attorney Robert Ross (“Mr. Ross”) to defend him against the criminal

charges. Mr. Rainey contends that the attorney for Ms. Head and the Atwoods, James Short (“Mr.

Short”), approached Mr. Ross with a deal in which Mr. Short’s clients would not oppose a

prosecutorial grant of diversion for Mr. Rainey if he would agree to terminate his parental rights to

Cody.2 Ms. Head contends that Mr. Ross first contacted Mr. Short with the deal and urged Mr. Short

to proceed with the filing of a petition for termination of Mr. Rainey’s parental rights. Mr. Rainey

stated that he repeatedly refused to terminate his parental rights despite Ms. Head and the Atwoods’

threats to oppose a prosecutorial grant of diversion if Mr. Rainey refused to terminate his parental

rights. 

Ms. Head filed a Petition for Termination of Parental Rights in the Juvenile Court of Shelby

County on June 8, 1998. The court appointed a guardian ad litem to investigate the petition. The

facts are contradictory as to the guardian ad litem’s meeting with Mr. Rainey. Mr. Rainey contends

that he told the guardian ad litem that he would not consent to the termination of his parental rights.

The guardian ad litem stated that Mr. Rainey informed her that he wished to terminate his

relationship with Cody and that he understood the meaning of termination and its consequences.

After performing an investigation, the guardian ad litem recommended that the Petition be sustained.

On October 10, 1998, a Consent Order terminating Mr. Rainey’s parental rights and signed

by Mr. Rainey, Ms. Head, their respective attorneys, and approved by the guardian ad litem was

entered with the court. Mr. Rainey filed a Petition to Vacate Order Terminating Parental Rights on

October 8, 1999, claiming that he signed the Consent Order under influence and duress. The court

dismissed the Petition on February 24, 2000. This appeal followed.
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II. Standard of Review

The standard of review for a non-jury case is de novo upon the record. See Wright v. City

of Knoxville, 898 S.W.2d 177, 181 (Tenn. 1995). There is a presumption of correctness as to the

trial court's factual findings, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. See TENN. R.

APP. P. RULE 13(d). For issues of law, the standard of review is de novo, with no presumption of

correctness. See Ridings v. Ralph M. Parsons Co., 914 S.W.2d 79, 80 (Tenn. 1996).

III. Law and Analysis

The first issue presented for our review is whether the trial court erred in exercising

jurisdiction over Mr. Rainey in order to terminate his parental rights. Mr. Rainey asserts two reasons

the trial court was deprived of jurisdiction to terminate his parental rights: (1) Ms. Head failed to

comply with the verification requirements of section 36-1-113(d)(1) of the Tennessee Code; and (2)

the trial court failed to make the proper findings under section 36-1-113(c) of the Tennessee Code

in terminating his parental rights.

Mr. Rainey first asserts a lack of jurisdiction because Ms. Head failed to comply with the

verification requirements of section 36-1-113(d)(1) of the Tennessee Code. Section 36-1-113(d)(1)

requires that a petition to terminate parental rights “shall be verified.” TENN. CODE ANN. § 36-1-

113(d)(1) (Supp. 1999). Mr. Rainey claims that a jurat from a previous draft of the Petition for

Termination of Parental Rights that was never filed with the trial court was then attached to a later

amended draft of the Petition for Termination of Parental Rights that was actually filed with the trial

court. Mr. Rainey argues that this resulted in an improper verification. We do not find that the filing

of a jurat from a previous draft of the Petition resulted in a lack of verification. Accordingly, we find

that the Petition for Termination of Parental Rights was verified in accordance with section 36-1-

113(d)(1). 

Mr. Rainey next asserts a lack of jurisdiction because the trial court failed to make the

requisite findings under section 36-1-113(c) of the Tennessee Code in order to terminate his parental

rights. Section 36-1-113(c) states that 

 (c)Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based upon:

 (1) A finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that 

the grounds for termination or [sic] parental or guardianship rights

have been established; and

 (2) That termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the 

best interests of the child.

TENN.CODE ANN. § 36-1-113(c) (Supp. 1999). In most termination of parental rights cases, a party

brings a termination of parental rights petition against the opposition of a parent or guardian. See,

e.g., In re Stanfill, 984 S.W.2d 925 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). Courts must then make a determination
3

Rule 60.02 states in relevant part, “On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party

or the party’s legal rep resentative from a final judgm ent, order, o r procee ding for the follo wing reason s: (2) fraud

(whether heretofore denom inated intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresenta tion, or other miscondu ct of an adve rse party.”

TENN. R. CIV. P. 60.02.

4

In re Bishop states that clear and convincing evidence of fraud or undue influence must be presented in order

to set aside an adoption order. See In re Bishop, 678 S.W.2d at 472. Though at issue in the case at hand is a consent

order for the termination of parental rights rather than an adoption order, we find that In re Bishop is a correct statement

of the law in case s of termination of parental rig hts as well. 

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as to whether the opposing party’s parental rights should be terminated pursuant to the guidelines

established in section 36-1-113(c). See id. at 927-28.

In the case at bar, however, Mr. Rainey entered into a consent order agreeing to terminate his

parental rights. It was thus unnecessary for the trial court to make findings of fact and conclusions

of law as to whether Mr. Rainey’s parental rights should be terminated. Additionally, the trial court

appointed a guardian ad litem who, after performing her investigation, found that it was in Cody’s

best interest to allow the petition for termination of parental rights to stand. Because it was

unnecessary for the trial court to make findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to section

36-1-113(c), we find Mr. Rainey’s argument to be meritless.

The second issue presented for our review is whether Mr. Rainey freely and voluntarily

agreed to terminate his parental rights. Mr. Rainey argues that he agreed to terminate his parental

rights only under the influence and duress of Ms. Head and the Atwoods that they would oppose a

prosecutorial grant of diversion if he did not terminate his parental rights to Cody. Pursuant to Rule

60.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure,3 Mr. Rainey must present clear and convincing

evidence of duress or undue influence in order to set aside the Consent Order terminating his parental

rights. See In re Bishop, 678 S.W.2d 471, 472 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984).4

 There is conflicting evidence

that Mr. Rainey’s attorney, Mr. Ross, first approached the attorney for Ms. Head and the Atwoods,

Mr. Short, with the proposal in which Mr. Rainey would agree to terminate his parental rights if Ms.

Head and the Atwoods would not oppose a prosecutorial grant of diversion. There is also conflicting

evidence that Mr. Rainey told the guardian ad litem that he wished to terminate his relationship with

Cody and understood the meaning of termination and its consequences. Finally, Mr. Rainey and his

attorney, Mr. Ross, both signed the Consent Order agreeing to terminate Mr. Rainey’s parental

rights. We have carefully reviewed the record and do not find clear and convincing evidence that

undue influence or duress was asserted on Mr. Rainey to influence the Consent Order.

The final issue presented for our review is whether Mr. Rainey’s Petition to Vacate was

procedurally barred under section 36-3-113(q) of the Tennessee Code. Ms. Head claims that Mr.

Rainey improperly filed the Petition to Vacate instead of filing a timely appeal from the Consent

Order as required by section 36-3-113(q) of the Tennessee Code, which provides: 

After the entry of the order terminating parental rights, no party

to the proceeding, nor anyone claiming under such party, may
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later question the validity of the termination proceeding by

reason of any defect or irregularity therein, jurisdictional or

otherwise, but shall be fully bound thereby, except based upon 

a timely appeal of the termination order as may be allowed by

law; and in no event, for any reason, shall a termination of

 parental rights be overturned by any court or collaterally 

attacked by any person or entity after one (1) year from the 

date of the entry of the final order of termination. This provision 

is intended as a statute of repose.

TENN. CODE ANN. § 36-1-113(q) (1999 Supp.).

Because we find Mr. Rainey’s appeal meritless on other grounds, we decline to address the

applicability of section 36-3-113(q) of the Tennessee Code to the case at bar.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the trial court is affirmed. Costs of this appeal are

taxed against the Appellant, James Christopher Rainey, and his surety, for which execution may

issue if necessary.

___________________________________ 

ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE