COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Beales, Chafin and O’Brien 

Argued at Norfolk, Virginia 

JOSIAH A. CARY 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 2068-14-1 JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN 

 OCTOBER 20, 2015 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK 

Mary Jane Hall, Judge 

 (Lenita J. Ellis, on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on 

brief. 

 Lauren C. Campbell, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Josiah A. Cary was convicted in a bench trial for disorderly conduct, in violation of Code 

§ 18.2-415, and walking on a roadway, in violation of Norfolk City Ordinance § 25-630. He 

alleges the following error: 

 The trial court committed reversible error and/or abused its 

discretion by refusing to strike the evidence of the disorderly 

conduct (18.2-415) charge at the close of the Commonwealth’s 

evidence and again at the close of all the evidence because 

defendant’s behavior amounted to obstruction of justice 

(18.2-460), not disorderly conduct and should have been dismissed 

pursuant to the other-crimes proviso language in Code of Virginia 

section 18.2-415; the other-crimes proviso provides that disorderly 

conduct (18.2-415) is not the appropriate charge if there is another 

statute in the criminal code that a person may be charged with, 

which was obstruction of justice (18.2-460) in this case. 

Finding no error, we affirm the trial court’s ruling. 

                                                             *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

UNPUBLISHED 
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I. BACKGROUND 

 “‘Under well-settled principles of appellate review, we consider the evidence presented at 

trial in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party below.’” Smallwood 

v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 625, 629, 688 S.E.2d 154, 156 (2009) (quoting Bolden v. 

Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144, 148, 654 S.E.2d 584, 586 (2008)). “‘We also accord the 

Commonwealth the benefit of all inferences fairly deducible from the evidence.’” Id. (quoting 

Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 303, 601 S.E.2d 555, 558 (2004)). 

 At approximately 1:00 a.m. on May 15, 2014, Officer Casi Howard was on patrol when 

she saw Josiah Cary (“appellant”) walking along a roadway by himself. She testified that 

appellant was shouting so loudly that the people in a nearby gas station parking lot were looking 

in his direction. Officer Howard attempted to stop him, but he crossed the street without using 

the crosswalk that was within fifty feet of him. As Officer Howard approached appellant, he 

attempted to cross the roadway again, but he could not get through the bushes in a median. 

 By then, Officer Howard had reached appellant, who turned and faced her. The officer 

asked appellant his name. He refused to answer and exclaimed, “I know my constitutional rights 

and I don’t have to tell you my name.” Officer Howard explained that she needed his name and 

identification, and she asked him why he was shouting. Appellant continued to be uncooperative 

and refused to answer any questions. The officer then arrested him for disorderly conduct in 

violation of Code § 18.2-415 and issued a summons for walking in a roadway. 

 At the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s case, appellant made a motion to strike and 

argued that the conduct in question amounted to obstruction of justice, not disorderly conduct. 

The court denied the motion. Appellant rested without presenting any evidence and renewed his 
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motion to strike. The court found him guilty of disorderly conduct and walking in a roadway. 

Appellant challenged the disorderly conduct conviction. 

II. ANALYSIS 

A. Standard of Review 

 Appellant argues that he was improperly convicted of the crime of disorderly conduct 

because his actions constituted the crime of obstruction of justice, in violation of Code 

§ 18.2-460. His assignment of error requires an examination of the sufficiency of the evidence 

presented at trial. When considering the sufficiency of evidence on appeal in a criminal case, we 

view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial, 

and grant to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom. Higginbotham v. 

Commonwealth, 216 Va. 349, 352, 218 S.E.2d 534, 537 (1975). On review, this Court does not 

substitute its own judgment for that of the trier of fact. Cable v. Commonwealth, 243 Va. 236, 

239, 415 S.E.2d 218, 220 (1992). The trial court’s judgment will not be set aside unless it 

appears that the judgment is plainly wrong or without supporting evidence. Martin v. 

Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987). 

 Appellant was convicted of a violation of Code § 18.2-415, which provides in pertinent 

part: 

A person is guilty of disorderly conduct if, with the intent 

to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly 

creating a risk thereof, he: 

A. In any street, highway, public building, or while in or 

on a public conveyance, or public place engages in conduct having 

a direct tendency to cause acts of violence by the person or persons 

at whom, individually, such conduct is directed. 

Appellant relies on the following language of the statute prohibiting disorderly conduct: 

“However, the conduct prohibited under subdivision A, B or C of this section shall not be 
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deemed to include the utterance or display of any words or to include conduct otherwise made 

punishable under this title.” Code § 18.2-415 (“the other crimes proviso”). 

 Whether the other crimes proviso requires a dismissal of the disorderly conduct charge is 

a question of statutory construction. We review such questions de novo on appeal. Kozmina v. 

Commonwealth, 281 Va. 347, 349, 706 S.E.2d 860, 862 (2011). Courts apply the plain meaning 

of a statute “‘unless the terms are ambiguous or applying the plain language would lead to an 

absurd result.’” Baker v. Commonwealth, 284 Va. 572, 576, 733 S.E.2d 642, 644 (2012) 

(quoting Boynton v. Kilgore, 271 Va. 220, 227, 623 S.E.2d 922, 926 (2006)). 

B. Discussion 

 Appellant relies on Battle v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 135, 647 S.E.2d 499 (2007), as 

authority for the proposition that the other crimes proviso of Code § 18.2-415 precludes him 

from being convicted of a violation of that Code section. In Battle, we reversed the defendant’s 

conviction of disorderly conduct “because the statute specifically excludes ‘conduct otherwise 

made punishable’ by other Title 18.2 criminal statutes.” Id. at 137, 647 S.E.2d at 499-500 

(quoting Code § 18.2-415). We clarified, however, that the proviso 

does not say a disorderly conduct charge must be dismissed 

anytime a defendant could be prosecuted under both the disorderly 

conduct statute and another provision of Title 18.2. The proviso, 

instead, focuses specifically on “conduct prohibited under 

subdivision A, B or C” and instructs that such conduct cannot 

include words or conduct “otherwise made punishable under this 

title.” 

Id. at 140, 647 S.E.2d at 501 (quoting Code § 18.2-415). Therefore, “the conduct exempted from 

the reach of Code § 18.2-415 includes only Title 18.2 crimes for which the defendant could be 

found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. It is insufficient to show that a defendant merely 
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could be prosecuted for a crime; the proviso only applies if a factfinder could find the defendant 

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of another crime. Id. 

 In Battle, the defendant assaulted a club patron, cursed at the reporting police officer, and 

then refused to obey the officer’s order to move away from the sidewalk so that others could 

come and go from the club. Id. at 137, 647 S.E.2d at 500. This Court held that the assault could 

have been punishable as a violation of Code § 18.2-57, the cursing could have been punishable 

under Code § 18.2-416, and the obstruction of the sidewalk could have been punishable under 

Code § 18.2-404. Id. at 141, 647 S.E.2d at 502. Each was a distinct act punishable as a criminal 

offense, and because they only constituted the crime of disorderly conduct in the aggregate, the 

other crimes proviso of Code § 18.2-415 applied and prohibited a conviction of that offense. Id. 

Therefore, his conviction was reversed and his arrest warrant dismissed. Id. 

 In the present case, appellant argues that he could have been found guilty of obstruction 

of justice under Code § 18.2-460 and, therefore, the other crimes proviso prohibits his conviction 

of disorderly conduct. He asserts that we should reverse his conviction, as we did in Battle. 

 Pursuant to Code § 18.2-460, a defendant is guilty of obstruction of justice if he “without 

just cause knowingly obstructs a . . . law-enforcement officer . . . in the performance of his duties 

as such or fails or refuses without just cause to cease such obstruction when requested to do so 

by such . . . law-enforcement officer.” We have held that “‘there must be acts clearly indicating 

an intention on the part of the accused to prevent the officer from performing his duty, as to 

obstruct ordinarily implies opposition to or resistance by direct action.’” Craddock .v 

Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 539, 553, 580 S.E.2d 454, 461 (2003) (quoting Ruckman v. 

Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 428, 429, 505 S.E.2d 388, 389 (1998)) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). Further, “[o]bstruction of justice [under Code § 18.2-460(A)] does not occur when a 
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person fails to cooperate fully with an officer or when the person’s conduct merely renders the 

officer’s task more difficult but does not impede or prevent the officer from performing that 

task.” Ruckman, 28 Va. App. at 429, 505 S.E.2d at 389. 

 Here, while appellant’s conduct demonstrated an intent to cause public inconvenience, 

annoyance or alarm as required for a conviction of disorderly conduct, there was no evidence 

proving beyond a reasonable doubt that he had an intention to prevent the officer from 

performing her duties, which is the conduct prohibited by Code § 18.2-460. Appellant was 

walking along a roadway alone at 1:00 a.m., shouting in such a manner that he attracted the 

attention of people at a nearby parking lot. When the officer reached him, he turned and faced 

her. His failure to identify himself to the officer was the only conduct that could be considered 

an effort to prevent her from performing her duties.1

 His other actions, however, were not, in the 

aggregate, sufficient to be otherwise punishable under Title 18.2 of the Code of Virginia, which 

would cause the proviso to apply. Accordingly, we do not find merit in appellant’s assignment 

of error and we therefore affirm the trial court’s ruling. 

III. CONCLUSION 

 For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the trial court is affirmed. 

Affirmed. 

                                                             1

 We recognize that, pursuant to Norfolk City Ordinance § 29-73.1, “any person whom 

the officer encounters under circumstances creating a reasonable suspicion that the person has 

committed, is committing or is about to commit a crime . . . shall identify himself by giving his 

full legal name” or be guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor. Nevertheless, because such conduct only 

violates a city ordinance and is not “otherwise made punishable under” Title 18.2, the other 

crimes proviso does not apply.