A Review of the

Genus Horama Hiibner and

Reestablishment of the

Genus Poliopastea Hamp°son

(Lepidoptera: Ctenuchidae)

ROBERT E. .DIETZ IV

and W. DONALD DUCKWORTH

m

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 215
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBE R 215

A Review of the

Genus Horama Hiibner and

Reestablishment of the

Genus Poliopastea Hampson

(Lepidoptera: Ctenuchidae)

Robert E. Dietz IV

and W. Donald Duckworth

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1976
ABSTRACT

Dietz, Robert E., IV, and W. Donald Duckworth. A Review of the Genus

Horama Hubner and Reestablishment of the Genus Poliopastea Hampson

(Lepidoptera: Ctenuchidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 215,

53 pages, 29 figures, 3 plates, 4 maps, 1976.—The ctenuchid genus Horama is

reviewed and one new species described. A key to the species is provided. The

history and classification of the genus are discussed in detail. All the species of

Horama are reviewed regarding their taxonomic history, distribution, identity,

known biology, and morphology. Distribution maps, photographs of the adults,

drawings of the male and female genitalia, wing venation, and other aspects of

the morphology are included. In addition, the genus Poliopastea is reestablished

and a number of species transferred to it from other genera. The genus is characterized and included species are listed with data given regarding synonyms,

type-localities, and type depositions.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limted number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 6075. SERIES COVER DESIGN:

The coral Montastrea cavemosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Dietz, Robert Edwin, 1941-

A review of the genus Horama Hubner and reestablishment of the genus Poliopastea Hampson

(Lepidoptera: Ctenuchidae).

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology; no. 215)

Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 157:215

1. Horama. 2. Poliopastea. 3. Insects—Classification. I. Duckworth, W. Donald, joint author.

II. Title: A review of the genus Horama Hubner. III. Series: Smithsonian Institution.

Smithsonian contributions to zoology; no. 215.

QL1.S54 no. 215 [QL561.C8] 591'.08s [595.7'71] 75-619172
Contents

Page

Introduction 1

Acknowledgments 3

Classification 3

Group I 3

Group II 3

Group III 4

Checklist for Horama Species 4

Genus Horama Hiibner 4

Key to Species of Horama 5

Horama pretus (Cramer) 4

Horama grotei Butler 6

Horama panthalon panthalon (Fabricius) 7

Horama panthalon texana (Grote), new status 10

Horama panthalon viridifusa (Schaus), new combination, new status . 12

Horama tarsalis Walker 14

Horama pennipes (Grote) 15

Horama plumipes (Drury) 16

Horama diffissa Grote 17

Horama zapata, new species 18

Horama oedippus (Boisduval) 19

Reestablishment of the Genus Poliopastea Hampson 21

Genus Poliopastea Hampson 21

Poliopastea anthracina (Klages), new combination 21

Poliopastea auripes (Walker), new combination 22

Poliopastea chrysotarsia (Hampson), new combination 22

Poliopastea clavipes (Boisduval), new combination 22

Poliopastea coelebs Bryk 22

Poliopastea cyanescens (Dognin), new combination 22

Poliopastea cyllarus (Druce), new combination 22

Poliopastea errans (Hiibner), new combination 22

Poliopastea esmeralda (Butler), new combination 23

Poliopastea evelina (Druce), new combination 23

Poliopastea hesione (Druce), new combination 23

Poliopastea indistincta (Butler), new combination 23

Poliopastea jalapensis (Schaus), new combination 23

Poliopastea laciades (Schaus), new combination 23

Poliopastea laconia (Druce), new combination 23

Poliopastea lamprosoma (Hampson), new combination 24

Poliopastea maroniensis (Schaus), new combination 24

Poliopastea mirabilis (Draudt), new combination 24

Poliopastea nigritarsia (Hampson), new combination 24

Poliopastea nordina (Schaus), new combination 24

iii
Page

Poliopastea obscura (Wallengren), new combination 24

Poliopastea plumbea Hampson 24

Poliopastea pusilla (Butler), new combination 25

Poliopastea splendida (Butler), new combination 25

Poliopastea vittata (Walker), new combination 25

Literature Cited 25

IV
A Review of the

Genus Horama Hiibner and

Reestablishment of the

Genus Poliopastea Hampson

(Lepidoptera: Ctenuchidae)

Robert E. Dietz IV

and W. Donald Duckworth

Introduction

Comparatively little attention has been paid by

lepidopterists to the day-flying moths in the family

Ctenuchidae ( = Syntomidae, =Amatidae). Considering their moderate size, their remarkable

mimetic patterns, and their abundance in the

tropical regions of the world, it is surprising how

little is known of their biologies and phyletic affinities. Most larval and pupal stages, as well as the

host-plant associations, are unknown. Various observers (Seitz, 1890; Schrottky, 1909, 1911) have

commented on the significance of the mimetic

resemblance of many of the ctenuchids to certain

Hymenoptera. Aside from the comprehensive treatments of the Palearctic genus Amata (Obraztsov,

1966) and the Madagascar ctenuchids (Griveaud,

1964, 1969), the majority of the taxonomic work

on ctenuchids has been confined to species descriptions with generic placement often being determined by similarity in external appearance rather

Robert E. Dietz IV, Department of Entomological Sciences,

University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. W. Donald Duckworth, Department of Entomology, National Museum

of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,

D.C. 20560.

than by comparative morphological and biological

studies. The result has been that many genera contain species which superficially appear similar due

to mimetic relationships with the same or similar

hymenopteran models but which, in fact, are unrelated when more conservative characters are

examined. Conversely, in some species such as

H. p. viridifusa (Schaus), it appears that one species with two distinct morphs may represent a

mimetic association with several different models.

The ctenuchids are presently divided into three

subfamilies (Forbes, 1939) on the basis of differences in the venation of the hind wing. The Amatinae are limited to the Old World and except for

a few African species have R and M fused in the

hind wing. The Euchromiinae occur in both the

Old and New Worlds and have M2 absent or rudimentary and Cux and Cu2 stalked or united.

The Ctenuchinae occur only in the New World

and have M2 fully developed and Cux and Cu2

widely separated. We have maintained these distinctions, realizing fully that venational characters

are notoriously variable and that future work may

find these characters not sufficiently stable for defining higher categories.

The genus Horama is a member of the Ctenu-
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

chinae by having a strong M2 vein present in the

hind wing, but is anomalous in that Cux and Cu2

are fused except for a fork near the termen. The

genus was selected for study in order to evaluate

the validity of generic parameters suggested by

Hampson (1898) for the entire family. It included

species which were readily recognizable by the

banded abdomen with lateral bullae, by the long

hind legs with plumose tibia and tarsi, and by the

brown and yellow color scheme exhibited by most

of the species. This phenotypic similarity was presumed to indicate phyletic affinity among the included species. A comparative examination of the

genitalia and venation showed this presumption to

be erroneous. The differences in structure were

often so distinct that it was difficult to homologize

parts. The venational studies provided little information for separating species but were responsible

for the discovery that H. clavipes (Boisduval) was

missing M2 in the hind wing and therefore was

not only incorrectly placed generically but was in

the wrong subfamily! This discovery, in turn, stimulated an investigation of various genera in the

subfamily Euchromiinae in order to properly place

H. clavipes. Comparative studies of the genitalia

revealed H. clavipes to be closely related to certain

species in the genus Macrocneme Hiibner. In addition, we are now convinced that H. clavipes and

24 species formerly placed in Macrocneme are sufficiently different, both morphologically and presumably behaviorally, to warrant the establishment

of a separate genus. For that purpose we have resurrected the Hampson name Poliopastea and provided a preliminary survey of its included taxa in

the present paper.

Thus, misplaced species, like H. clavipes, emphasize the problems created by defining genera

on the basis of adaptive (i.e., mimetic) characters

in a family such as the Ctenuchidae where convergence of unrelated taxa occurs frequently.

Our study of the genus Horama has necessitated

changes in the taxonomic status of some of the included species. These changes attempt to indicate

phyletic affinities, as we perceive them, but no attempt has been made to redefine the genus at this

point. Ongoing studies of the generic and higher

categories throughout the ctenuchids must be completed before more precise definitions of these taxa

can be made.

For the terms employed in this study we have referred to Klots in Tuxen (1970) and to TorreBueno (1962). The color nomenclature is from

Ridgeway (1912). The dates for Hiibner's works

are taken from Hemming (1937) and for the

Draudt names occurring in Seitz from Griffin

(1936). Cramer's Papillons Exotiques . . . was

dated from Brown (1941) and from the "Catalogue of the Library," British Museum (Natural

History). References attributed to Saalmiiller

(1890) are based on Gundlach's notation (1891)

that Saalmiiller was responsible for the publication of pages 347 to 354 in Moschler's work in

1890. Apparently Saalmiiller edited a systematic

list from a manuscript prepared by Moschler before his death. He also added the plate and

changed some of the generic names.

The usual procedure for preparing Lepidoptera

genitalia was followed except that the preparations

were stored in polyethylene vials (caplugs) rather

than being mounted in balsam. In this manner the

compact genitalia could be studied from all angles

and not be distorted by a cover slip. The polyethylene vials also offered the advantage of having

nonwettable sides, which prevented the glycerin

from coming in contact with the stopper. The illustrations were done by the senior author with

the aid of a camera lucida.

Those individuals and institutions from which

material was borrowed for this study are listed below together with the appropriate abbreviation

used throughout the text:

AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York

ANS Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia

BM(NH) British Museum (Natural History), London

CAS California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco

CM Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh

CNC Canadian National Collection, Ottawa

CU Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

IML Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina

MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

NMNH National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian

Institution

OX Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford University, Oxford, England

PAD Pastor Alayo D., Instituto de Biologia, Habana, Cuba

SMM Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany

RML Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden,

The Netherlands

UCB University of California, Berkeley, California

UNM Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de

Mexico, Mexico, D.F.
NUMBER 215

UCV Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Aragua,

Venezuela

USP Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo,

Sao Paulo, Brazil

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—The authors wish to acknowledge with gratitude the cooperation and

assistance of the following individuals and institutions that, through their support and encouragement, have materially aided the present study:

F. H. Rindge, American Museum of Natural History; Allan Watson, British Museum (Natural

History); P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy

of Sciences; D. F. Hardwick and E. G. Munroe,

Canadian National Collection; H. K. Clench,

Carnegie Museum; L. L. Pechuman, Cornell University; J. M. Burns, Museum of Comparative

Zoology, Harvard University; F. Fernandez-Yepez,

Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay; J. A.

Powell and P. A. Opler, University of California,

Berkeley; Nelson Bernardi, Museu de Zoologie,

Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Walter Forster,

Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, Germany;

A. Willink, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman,

Argentina; Pastor Alayo D., Instituto de Biologia,

Habana, Cuba; Hector Perez R., Universidad

Nacional de Mexico; and Rienk de Jong, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic Leiden, The

Netherlands. A particular note of gratitude is extended to our colleagues J. F. G. Clarke, D. R.

Davis, W. D. Field of the Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, and R. W.

Hodges and E. L. Todd of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, for their advice, encouragement, and suggestions throughout the course of the study.

That portion of this paper which treats the

genus Horama was submitted to the Department

of Entomology, Cornell University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of

Science degree by the senior author and the valuable advice and criticism provided by J. G. Franclemont and H. E. Moore, Jr., during that portion

of the study is gratefully acknowledged.

The authors also wish to acknowledge the assistance of Vira Milbank, museum technician, for

bibliographic assistance; George Venable, departmental illustrator, for assemblying the figures and

maps; and the National Museum of Natural History Photographic Laboratory for the photographs.

This study was aided in part by a grant from the

Smithsonian Research Foundation number SG

0632089, and fellowship awards from the Office of

Academic Studies, Smithsonian Institution.

Classification

Hampson (1898, 1914) based his classification of

12 species of Horama on the hirsute scales of the

hind legs. Subsequently, the names serena and

stoneri were added to the genus by Schaus and

Lindsey, respectively. The present review bases its

classification on a comparative examination of the

male and female genitalia. The result has been

that eight species names have been maintained,

four have been synonymized, two have been relegated to subspecies, and one new species is described. Also, Macrocneme nigricornis Schrottky

proved to be conspecific with H. panthalon viridifusa (Schaus). The taxa have been separated

into three groups and are discussed below:

GROUP I.—Horama pretus, H. grotei, and H.

diffissa are grouped on the tenuous character of

their habitus rather than on any specific genitalic

resemblances. The group may be artificial but the

general color scheme of the body and the dilated

antennae give the species some semblance of phyletic affinity. The male genitalia of H. diffissa is

notably small in the genus, and those of H. grotei

and H. pretus are compact and well sclerotized.

GROUP II.—Horama panthalon, H. tarsalis, and

H. zapata are the only species which resemble

each other in both the male and female genitalia.

In the males the hoodlike uncus and the presence

of a membranous lobe on the clasper of the valva

coincides with the resemblance of the corpora bursae, the signa, and the origin of the ductus seminal is in the females. No accessory bursae is present

and the ostium bursae is preceded dorsocaudally

by a medial papilla. Both H. tarsalis and H. zapata

differ from H. panthalon in having sclerotized rods

laterad of the aedeagus and pectinate antennae.

We were not able to distinguish between the

genitalia of the H. panthalon races and have

concluded:

1. Those populations from the Lesser Antilles

(H. stoneri) and from mainland South

America (H. serena) are to be considered

color forms of H. panthalon.

2. Those populations from Mexico and the

southern United States (H. panthalon tex-
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

ana) are obviously closely related to the Caribbean panthalon but the nonoverlapping

range and the larger-sized individuals and

tibial tufts suggest sufficient genetic differentiation to warrant subspecific status.

3. Those populations from southern South

America (H. panthalon viridifusa) represent

a widely disjunct race of H. panthalon that

has evolved two distinct morphs through

geographic isolation.

GROUP III.—Horama plumipes, H. pennipes,

and H. oedippus are grouped on the basis of the

anellar plate occupying most of the diaphragma

and completely enclosing the aedeagus. H. oedippus and H. pennipes have a bifurcated uncus and

a pair of medial processes forming the gnathos.

Horama plumipes has a simple uncus and a small

U-shaped sclerite in the area of the gnathos.

These groupings (especially Groups II and III)

suggest to us that Horama is not a natural group

of species. Presently they are held together by the

tenuous venational character of a strong M2 and

a long stalked Cuj and Cu2 in the hind wing. The

mimetic resemblance of the adults to Hymenoptera, especially in the long, plumose hindlegs, does

not appear to correlate well with structural similarities in the genitalia of either sex. The phenotypic resemblances may ultimately prove to be the

result of convergence from separate phyletic lines.

In the interest of stability we are maintaining the

polyphyletic grouping of Horama until such time

as studies on related groups are completed and our

understanding of the ctenuchid genera is more

complete.

Checklist for Horama Species

Horama Hiibner

= Mastigocera Harris

= Phylloecia Guerin

= Calitcarits Grotc

= Drucea Kirby

1. H. pretus (Cramer)

= Zygaena eunolphus Fabricius

= Mastigocera vespina Harris

2. H. grotei Butler

3. //. diffissa Grote

= Horamia [sic] prelellus Herrich-Schaffer

4. H. panthalon panthalon (Fabricius)

= Mastigocera tibialis Butler

= Horama serena Schaus [new synonymy]

= Horama stoneri Lindsey [new synonymy]

5. H. panthalon texana (Grote) [new status]

6. H. panthalon viridifusa (Schaus) [new combination, new

status]

= Horama castrensis Jones [new synonymy]

= Macrocneme nigricornis Schrottky [new synonymy]

= Horama flavata Jones [new synonymy]

= Horama fulvitarsis Schrottky

7. H. tarsalis Walker

8. H. zapata Dietz and Duckworth [new species]

9. H. pennipes (Grote)

= Horamia [sic] plumosa Herrich-Shaffer

10. H. plumipes (Drury)

= Phylloecia punctata Guerin

= Horama jalapensis Neumoegen

11. H. oedippus (Boisduval)

Genus Horama Hiibner

Horama Hiibner, 1819:125.—Grotc, 1866:179.—Stahl, 1882:

92.—Kirby, 1892:130.—Hampson, 1898:417.—Zerny, 1912:

121.—Draudt in Seitz, 1916:143—Forbes, 1930:25; 1939:

100.—Fleming, 1959:94. [Type-species: Sphinx pretus

Cramer, 1777, by monotypy.]

Mastigocera Harris, 1839:289, 315. [Type-species: Mastigocera

vespina Harris, by subsequent designation by Grote, 1866:

180 (now considered synonym of H. pretus Cramer).]

Phylloecia Guerin, 1844:504.—Kirby, 1892:129. [Type-species:

Phylloecia punctata Guerin, by subsequent designation by

Kirby, 1892:129 (now considered synonym of H. plumipes).]

Horamia [sic] Walker, 1854:251 [as Euchromia species].—

Clemens in Morris, 1862:275 [incorrect original spelling].

Callicarus Grote, 1866:182.—Saalmiiller in Moschler, 1890:349.

[Type-species: Callicarus pennipes Grote, by subsequent

designation by Hampson, 1898:417.]

Callicorus [sic] Kirby, 1892:129 [as a synonym of Phylloecia].—

Neumoegen and Dyar, 1893:100 [incorrect subsequent spelling]-

Drucea Kirby, 1892:130. [Type-species: Drucea oedippus

(Boisduval), by original designation.]

Horama is not an easily characterized genus.

The included species exhibit a wide range of variation in external appearance and in the genitalia

(see illustrations). The genus is held together by a

hind wing venational character that has M2 strong

and Cuj and Cu2 united or long stalked with a

fork at the termen.

Horama pretus (Cramer)

FIGURES \a,b, 13; PLATE 1: FIGURE 1; MAP 3

Sphinx pretus Cramer, 1777, vol. 2: 121, 150 [index], pi. 175:

figs, T., F.

Horama pretus.—Geyer in Hubner [1828], 3: pi. [35]: figs.

1-4.—Dewitz, 1877:94.—Stahl, 1882:191.—Moschler, 1890:
NUMBER 215

Key to Species of Horama

1. Both wings with semi-hyaline streak running through cell and below 2

Both wings fully scaled 3

2. Both wings black, antennae serrate, abdomen with dorsal series of white spots

H. petmipes (Grote)

Both wings dull grayish brown, antennae pectinate, abdomen without dorsal series of spots

H. zapata, new species

3. Both wings black, all thoracic markings white, never yeHow or orange 4

Both wings brown, or a shade thereof, thoracic markings never white (except pretus), usually yellow or orange 5

4. Thoracic disc immaculate, first abdominal tergite with 2 white spots (morph I)

H. panthalon viridifusa (Schaus)

Thoracic disc with 4 white spots, first abdominal tergite with 3 white spots

H. plumipes (Drury)

5. Hind tibiae with distal end broadly banded with long hirsute scales (black only) 6

Hind tibiae with distal end narrowly banded with short hirsute scales (brown or black) 7

6. First abdominal tergite divided by transverse white stripe H. oedippus (Boisduval)

First abdominal tergite not so divided, white confined to area between lateral bullae

H. panthalon texana (Grote)

7. Hind wing with basal half yellow, apex and termen brown 8

Hind wing with no yellow, same color as forewing 11

8. First abdominal tergite with two white subdorsal spots (morph II)

H. panthalon viridifusa (Schaus)

First abdominal tergite without two distinct subdorsal spots 9

9. Thoracic disc immaculate, 2nd and 3rd abdominal tergites dark brown, spotted dorsally and

laterally with ochreous yellow H. diffissa Grote

Thoracic disc with 4 yellow spots, 2nd and 3rd tergites not dark brown but banded bluish

black on foremargin, ochreous yellow on hind margin 10

10. Hind wing pale yellow at base, brown at apex and termen

H. panthalon panthalon (Fabricius)

Hind wing mostly ochreous orange, suffused brown at apex only (color variant)

H. panthalon panthalon (Fabricius)

11. Antennae pectinate, thoracic disc and abdominal pleura spotted with orange

H. tarsalis Walker

Antennae serrate, thoracic disc immaculate, abdominal pleura not spotted with orange 12

12. Tegulae tawny and immaculate, 2nd abdominal tergite with paired white subdorsal spots

H. pretus (Cramer)

Tegulae gray with yellow longitudinal stripe, 2nd abdominal tergite without subdorsal

spots H. grotei Butler

113.—Saalmuller in Moschler 1890:349.—Gundlach, 1891:

153.—Kirby, 1892:130.—Hampson, 1898:422, fig. 222—Kirby,

1908:120, pi. 473: figs. 1-4.—Zerny, 1912:122.—Draudt in

Seitz, 1916:144, pi. 21: row i.—Wolcott, 1923[1924]:157.—

Forbes, 1930:25, pi. II: fig. 1.—Zerny, 1931:19.—Wolcott,

1936:413; 1941:125.—Martorell, 1945[1948]:177, 499—Wolcott, 1948[1951]:575.

F.xichromia (Horamia) pretus.—Walker, 1854:252.—Clemens,

1860:546.—Clemens [in part] in Morris, 1862:276.

Zygaena eunolphus Fabricius, 1782:505 [appendix]. [Typelocality: not stated. Type: lost.]

Mastigocera vespina Harris, 1839:315.—Clemens in Morris,

1862:278. [Type-locality: St. Thomas, West Indies. Type:

lost.]

MALE (Plate 1: figure 1).—Head black. Palpi

cream, tips black, obliquely upturned and reaching

vertex, third segment short and porrect. Antennae

serrate, dilated beyond middle; black dorsally with

recurved, naked yellow tips preceded by white

spot; ventrally, entirely yellow, naked, black band

beyond middle. Patagia creamish white. Tegulae

tawny, anterior margins black. Thoracic disc tawny

with black anterior margin. Pectus black with yellow patch beneath hind wing and white spots

above coxae. Abdomen ochreous tawny; first tergite white, occasionally suffused with cream-colored

scales; second tergite with bluish-black foremargin

and two small white dots on hind margin; first

sternite bluish black; second sternite white with

the scaling extending dorsally onto third tergite;

third and apical sternites bluish black. Legs bluish

black, variously spotted with cream yellow; tarsi
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

entirely cream yellow; hind tibiae with black band

of two rows of short, hirsute scales between spurs;

hind tarsi with single row of dorsal, hirsute scales.

Wings immaculate except for white spot at humeral angle of forewing, dark tawny to russet;

hind wing with costal margin cream. Underside:

both wings similar to upperside but inner margin

of forewing cream colored. Venation (Figure 22).

Alar expanse 36-38 mm.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure \a,b).—Heavily sclerotized, compact; uncus bifurcate at tip, immovably

attached to tegumen at base; small triangular sclerites laterad of tegumen represent the gnathos; ventral plate of anellus firmly united with valves.

FEMALE.—Similar to male but slightly larger. Female easily distinguished by small, cream-colored

spots on upper third of forecoxae, remainder is

bluish black. Forecoxae in the male are entirely

cream colored. Alar expanse 37-40 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 13).—Genital plate

with lamella antevaginalis modified into medial

periostial projection with a pair of lateral arms

cephalodorsad of opening; ductus bursae lightly

sclerotized for half its length, becoming membranous before entering corpus bursae. Bursa copulatrix is covered by a saddle-like patch of signa composed of numerous inwardly directed spines,

regularly arranged. Ductus seminalis enters on

corpus bursae opposite to ductus bursae. A single

accessory bursa extends from distal end of bursa

copulatrix.

LARVA.—The only recorded description for any

member of the genus, made by Wolcott (1923),

reads as follows:

Fully-grown larvae arc about 15 mm. long and 7 mm. wide,

bright reddish-orange, reddest on thorax and head, shining.

Body clothed with numerous spreading tufts of grey and

white hairs, curved towards their tips. On the seven anterior

abdominal segments dorsally are four compressed tufts of

black hair in pairs, bending towards each other, the anterior

pair of each segment closer together and touching at apex.

Cocoon of thin grey silk with the longer hairs from the

larva entangled in it. Pupa bright reddish brown.

Martorell (1948) notes that the caterpillar is a

leaf-webber and that it is gregarious with eight to

ten larvae occurring in one web. The larvae seem

to prefer the tender foliage of the terminal

branches of the lowland host tree, Elaeodendron

xylocarpum.

TYPE.—The Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic in Leiden contains two Cramer specimens,

one, the male lectotype, here designated and the

other, the allolectotype.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Isle of St. Thomas (West

Indies).

HOST PLANTS.—Larvae on "cocorron," Elaeodendron xylocarpum (Celastraceae). Adult on

Tournefortia sp. and Heliotropum indicum (Boraginaceae).

DISTRIBUTION (Map 3).—Greater and Lesser

Antilles.

REMARKS.—The island populations, except for

that on St. Kitts, maintain a consistent phenotypic

pattern. The specimens from St. Kitts lack the yellow patch beneath the hind wing and the legs,

especially the femora and midcoxae, are always

black. The male and female genitalia of the St.

Kitts specimens are indistinguishable from those

examined from other islands. We feel the color

variations in the St. Kitts population are merely

local differences which, lacking biological evidence

to the contrary, do not warrant formal taxonomic

recognition. The Lesser Antilles have been poorly

collected and we suspect that with future sampling

the differences exhibited by the St. Kitts specimens

may appear in other island populations or in some

combination closer to the typical form from St.

Thomas.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (30 males, 28 females).—CUBA: Cuba,

BM (NH).

PUERTO RICO: Guanica, 28 Oct., NMNH; Maricao, 26

Jan., MCZ; Mayagiiez, 5 Mar., NMNH; Pico del Este, El

Yunque Radar Station, 1000 m, 5-6 Jan., NMNH; San German, Mar., CU; San Juan, 11-14 Feb., Mar., 21 Sept., NMNH,

AMNH; "Porto Rico," NMNH, MCZ.

CULEBRA ISLAND: 6 July, NMNH.

ST. THOMAS: 22 Feb., 24 Feb., 12 Mar., AMNH. No date,

BM(NH).

ST. JOHN: 6 Mar., 11 Mar., one pair in copulo, 20 Mar.,

AMNH. Gallows Point, 4-11 July, NMNH.

TORTOLA: One pair in copulo, NMNH; 29 Mar., AMNH.

VIRGIN GORDA ISLAND: Virgin Peak, 15 April, NMNH.

ST. KITTS: Frigate Bay, 12 April, NMNH.

"ANTILLES": No date, CAS.

Horama grotei Butler

FIGURES 2a-c, 14; PLATE 1: FIGURE 2; MAP 3

Horama grotei Butler, 1876:374.—Kirby, 1892:131.—Hampson, 1898:421, fig. 221.—Zerny, 1912:121.—Draudt in Seitz,

1916:144, pi. 21: row i.

MALE.—Head yellow, black spot between anten-
NUMBER 215

nae. Palpi upturned with second segment reaching

vertex, third segment long and obliquely porrect;

black with scattered yellow scales on first and second segments. Antennae serrate, yellow with black

band beyond middle, naked except for a few scattered scales, tips recurved. Patagia yellow with

anterior margin black mixed with bluish-violet

iridescence, obscured above by downy, light gray

hairs; a white spot beneath each tegula and a

transverse yellow patch on metathorax. Pectus

downy, gray, with white spots above coxae and

yellow tufts below wings and patagia. Abdomen

with first tergite slate with bluish-violet iridescence

fading posteriorly into tawny; remaining tergites

tawny with hind margins of second and third narrowly pale yellow; anterior half of first and second

sternites slate with dark bluish-violet iridescence,

posteriorly pale yellow. Legs yellow, femora

blackish-violet gray, hind tibiae with black band

between spurs. Forewing russet, tawny toward base;

hind wing russet with costal margin pale yellow.

Underside of forewing russet, inner margin pale

yellow; hind wing russet with costa ochreous

orange. Venation (Figure 23). Alar expanse 36-41

mm.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 2a-c).—Valvae noticeably reduced and closely united to vinculum. Saccus long and club-shaped. Uncus straight, undivided. Gnathos consisting of paired commashaped sclerites located medioventral to the base

of the tegumen. Ventral anellar plate (=juxta)

fused laterad to valvae and dominated by a prominent medial hook. Aedeagus gently curved at zone,

phallobase triangular.

FEMALE (Plate 1: figure 2).—Similar to male except slightly larger. Alar expanse 41-46 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 14).—Ostium bursae

a triangular pouch formed by the lamella antevaginalis. Ostium located immediately dorsad to

pouch. Basal half of corpus bursae covered by inwardly directed spines of varying lengths. Two accessory bursae present, one enters on cervix bursae,

the second attaches laterally on corpus bursae

proper. Ductus bursae completely sclerotized; inception of ductus seminalis on cervix bursae.

TYPE.—Lectotype male, here designated, British

Museum (Natural History).

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Jamaica.

HOST PLANTS.—None recorded.

DISTRIBUTION (Map 3).—Jamaica.

REMARKS.—This species, apparently endemic to

the island of Jamaica, most closely resembles H.

pretus in both the compact structuring of the male

genitalia and the general similarity in color pattern and size.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (54 males, 21 females).—JAMAICA:

Constant Spring, St. Andrew, 6 May, AMNH; Hardware Gap,

Greenhills, April, CM; 1 mi N Hardware Gap, Portland Parish, 12-20 Nov., NMNH; 4 mi S Hartford [SW of Long Bay],

850 ft, 26-27 April, NMNH; Newcastle, Greenhills, 16-20

Feb., MCZ, BM(NH); Rose Hill, Runaway Bay, 900 ft, St.

Ann Parish, 29 April-2 May, NMNH; St. Ann, BM(NH); Mt.

Diablo, Hollymount, 2754 ft, St. Catharine Parish, 21-24

April, NMNH; Mason River Station, 4 mi NW Kellits, 2100

ft, Clarendon Parish, 16-19 April, NMNH; Cinchona, 26-28

Feb., AMNH; no specific locality, 3 Aug., BM(NH), NMNH,

MCZ.

Horatna panthalon panthalon (Fabricius)

FIGURES 3a-b, 15; PLATE 1: FIGURES 3-5; MAP 1

Zygaena panthalon Fabricius, 1793:405.

Horama panthalon.—Dewitz, 1877:94.—Kirby, 1879:19.—

Moschler, 1890:113.—Saalmuller in Moschler, 1890:349.—

Gundlach, 1891:153.—Kirby, 1892:131.—Hampson, 1898:417,

pi. 15: fig. 9.—Draudt in Seitz, 1916:143, pi. 21: row h.~

Wolcott, 1923[1924]: 157.—Forbes, 1930:25, pi. 2: fig. 4 —

Forbes, 1931:341—Wolcott, 1936:413; 1941:125; [1951]:575.

Horama pantalon [sic].—Zerny, 1912:121.

fHoramia [sic] pretus [not Cramer, 1777], Walker, 1856:1632

[in part]. [Varieties listed as beta, gamma, and delta are

misidentified.]

Mastigocera tibialis Butler, 1876:373. [Type-locality: Haiti,

male holotype in BM(NH).]

Drucea tibialis— Kirby, 1892:130.

Horama serena Schaus, 1924:12. [Type-locality: Canal Zone,

Panama, male holotype in NMNH. New synonymy.]

Horama stoneri Lindsey, 1926:34. [Type-locality: Antigua,

female holotype in NMNH. New synonymy.]

MALE (Plate 1: figures 3, 5).—Head black with

bluish tinge. Frons with central black stripe, lateral

ochreous-yellow spots and one ochreous-yellow spot

between antennae. Palpi yellow, upturned not

reaching vertex; first segment rough, third segment

short and smooth. Antennae black, apices yellow,

pectinate becoming serrate at tips. Patagia bluish

black with creamish-white spots laterally and two

confluent spots in the center. Tegulae bluish black

with central yellow stripe. Thoracic disc bluish

black with four distinct ochreous-yellow spots. Pectus bluish black with yellow patches beneath each

wing and at base of patagia; white spots above

each coxa, the prothoracic spot being smaller than
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

posterior spots. Abdomen, banded, anterior margin bluish black, hind margin, ochreous yellow;

first tergite, bulbous laterally, center with anterior

white patch separated by bluish black line from

posterior, ochreous-yellow hind margin; first sternite with white band visible dorsally on second tergite. Legs, variously colored with ochreous yellow

and bluish black; coxae, usually bluish black with

ochreous-yellow patch; trochanters and femora,

usually bluish black; tibiae and tarsi of fore and

midlegs yellow, occasionally with black scaling at

extremities on tibiae; hind tibiae, bluish black

with basal yellow band and black, hirsute band

between spurs; hind tarsi, ochreous yellow. Forewing dark brown, white spot at humeral angle;

hind wing pale yellow on basal half, buff along

costa, apex with dark brown band widest at costa

and tapering irregularly to tornus. Underside:

both wings light brown to fulvous with basal area

of hindwing ochreous yellow. Venation (Figure

24a) shows some variation (Figures 24b,c). Occasionally R2 does not anastomose with stalk of

R3_3 to form accessory cell. Occasionally Cuj +

Cu2 completely united or fork of Cu2 extremely

weak. Alar expanse 32-35 mm.

MALE GENITALIA (Figures 3a,b).—Strongly sclerotized with hoodlike uncus, wide at base with concave, ovoid sclerites (=gnathos) laterally. Valva

with two processes, the dorsal club-shaped, sclerotized, with inner surface rough; the ventral membranous with scattered setae. Shape of the dorsal

club varies slightly, apex sometimes rounder or

narrowly truncate. Saccus short. Diaphragma

around aedeagus occasionally sclerotized at point

of attachment. Ventral anellar plate (= juxta) a

simple, domelike process between the valvae.

FEMALE (Plate 1: figure 4.).—Similar to male.

Alar expanse 31-35 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 15).—Lamella postvaginalis a broad, medial papilla. Lamella antevaginalis a smaller papilla with ostium opening at

apex. Ductus bursae wholly sclerotized, distal end

sharply bent, followed by a series of short, dentate

spines to where ductus seminalis enters; bursae

copulatrix with a single accessory bursa and signa

consisting of a row of heavy, inwardly directed

spines, additional, irregular spines scattered to one

side. Distal end of bursa with a sculptured granular appearance from small sclerotized dots.

TYPE.—According to Hampson (1898) and Zimsen (1964), two syntypes of Zygaena panthalon

Fabricius are in the Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—West Indies.

HOST PLANTS.—None recorded. Adults have been

collected resting on Waltheria indica L. [Sterculiaceae]. Common name, "malvavisco" (Wolcott,

1951).

DISTRIBUTION (Map 1).—Throughout the Antilles from Cuba in the west to the isles of St. Eustatius and St. Maarten in the east; also in Venezuela,

Colombia, and Panama.

REMARKS.—A comparative examination of specimens and their genitalia for the taxa described as

panthalon Fabricius, stoneri Lindsey, and serena

Schaus has convinced us that these phenotypes

represent color forms of a single species. Previously,

Forbes (1931) noted the variability in color and

size within stoneri and serena populations and considered them "minor races" of panthalon. Our

studies indicate that serena is not entirely allopatric, occuring with the typical panthalon in the

Greater Antilles, and that stoneri is an oranger

form of panthalon from the Lesser Antilles. The

distinctions are largely ones of color and are not,

in our opinion, of sufficient magnitude to continue

their formal taxonomic recognition.

In contrast, the phenotypes described as texana

and viridifusa also represent populations closely

related to panthalon but with geographic distributions and phenotypic characters that do not overlap with the forms of panthalon occuring in a

circum-Caribbean distribution. In the absence of

biological information to the contrary, we feel justified in formally recognizing these phena as subspecies of panthalon. Their phyletic affinity with

the Caribbean form is thereby suggested.

The orange hind wing populations of p. panthalon (= stoneri Lindsey) (Plate 1: figure 4)

can be distinguished from the other populations of

p. panthalon by a uniformly cinnamon-brown forewing and an ochreous-orange hind wing that fades

to brown at the apex. The underside of the forewing is uniformly ochreous tawny and the hind

wings are ochreous orange with slightly darker

scaling toward the termen. The alar expanse and

tufts of the hind tibiae are similar in size to p.

panthalon occurring in the Greater Antilles and

Venezuela.

The occurrence of the orange hind wing popu-
NUMBER 215

MAP 1.—Distribution of Horama panthalon panthalon (Fabricius) and

H. panthalon texana (Grote).

lations on predominantly arid islands suggests that

the color variation is a phenotypic response to a

dry habitat. All the specimens from St. Croix, Antigua, Anguilla, St. Martin, and St. Eustatius have

the orange hind wing. An occasional specimen

from the arid lowlands of Puerto Rico (San German) shows the orange hind wing.

The populations of p. panthalon from Colombia, Venezuela, and Panama have a yellower appearance than those from the West Indies. Schaus

based his description of serena on a unique specimen (Plate 1: figure 5) from the Canal Zone, Panama. The slight differences in color and in tarsal

tufting of the holotype are due to its poor condition. Several fresh specimens from Madden Dam,

Canal Zone, have been examined and agree well

with the usual yellow form of p. panthalon from

Colombia and Venezuela.

The yellow populations of p. panthalon

( = serena Schaus) (Plate 1: figure 3) differ from

the typical p. panthalon by the following: head, including the frons, is usually entirely yellow instead

of black; the patagia are entirely yellow rather

than black, although the hind margin and the

paired spots may be faintly indicated; the tegulae

and pectus are predominately yellow; the white

spots above the coxae are ringed with black; the

medial transverse black stripe of the first abdominal tergite is usually absent or only slightly

marked; the remaining abdominal segments and

legs are more ochreous yellow than the typical p.

panthalon with only narrow bands on the abdominal segment foremargins; the femora and the distal

half of the hind tibae are black.

The yellow form of p. panthalon shows considerable variation within populations. The color

pattern of the patagia and first abdominal tergite

is the most variable. Specimens from San Esteban
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

and Aroa, Venezuela, have entirely yellow patagia

and others are black with creamish-yellow spots resembling the typical p. panthalon. Specimens from

El Cuji, Venezuela, occur with both a thoracic disc

that is mostly yellow and one that is black with

small, yellow spots resembling the typical p. panthalon. The coloring of the legs varies with the

hind femora occasionally scaled with yellow and

the fore and midtibiae and tarsi banded with black.

The brown of the fore and hind wings varies in

hue depending on the freshness of the specimen.

The genitalia of the typical, the yellow and the

orange, forms of p. panthalon are indistinguishable. The only apparent difference between the

forms is in the amount of yellow and orange color

present. Both the yellow and orange forms show

some geographical restriction, yet within individual

populations there is a variation in color pattern

that also occurs in p. panthalon populations from

the Antilles.

Figures 3 and 4 show the two forms of p. panthalon from Venezuela and St. Croix. The most

typical form of p. panthalon is intermediate and

resembles Figure 4 with the wing pattern of Figure

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (126 males, 91 females).—CUBA:

Oriente: Guantanamo, 20 July, NMNH; 25 May, PAD; Loma

del Gato, Sierra Maestra, 2500 ft, July-Aug., BM (NH); Santiago, NMNH; 19 July, PAD; Siboney, 7 Dec, PAD; "Eastern

Cuba," CU; "Cuba," NMNH.

JAMAICA: Hardware Gap, 4800 ft, 13-15 July, AMNH;

"Jamaica," BM(NH). NMNH.

HAITI: Manneville, 16-17 Nov., MCZ; Petionville, 30 June,

CU; Port-au-Prince, about 300 ft, 19-28 Feb., 21-29 March,

15-21 April, AMNH; 21 May, MCZ; "Haiti," BM (NH).

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: La Vega Province, Constanza,

1164 m, Hotel Neuva Suiza, 29 May, NMNH; 10 km NE

Jarabacoa, Hotel Montana, ca. 520 m, 28 May, NMNH; near

Barahona, 800 ft, 26 Nov., NMNH; St. Domingo, BM (NH).

PUERTO RICO: Aguirre Center, 2 June, CU; Boquer6n,

9 Jan., NMNH; Coamo Springs, 5-7 June, Sept., AMNH;

Nov. MCZ; Manati, 27-29 June AMNH; Mayagiiez, 30 Oct.,

MCZ; Palmas Abajas (near Guayama), 1900 ft, 15 Nov., CU;

San German, 9 Jan., 16-17 April, CU; San Juan, CU; "Porto

Rico," Jan., NMNH.

ST. CROIX: Christiansted, 19 Nov., NMNH; Kingshill,

Oct.-Dec, CU; Mt. Eagle, 6-16 July, NMNH; Mt. Washington, 22 Dec, NMNH; Mt. Washington and Union, 28 Dec,

NMNH; Orangegrove, W end, 6-16 July, 21 Dec, NMNH;

Rust Up Twist, 6-16 July, 21 and 28 Dec, NMNH.

ANTIGUA: Antigua Beach Hotel, 13 June, RML; no specific locality [stoneri holotype], 24 June, NMNH.

ANGUILLA: Rcndcz-Vous Bay, July, RML; Rendez-Vous

Point, RML.

SINT MAARTEN: Cul de Sac Reward, July, RML.

SINT EUSTATIUS: NWI, The Quill, June, RML.

GUADELOUPE: Anse a L'Eau, 4-6 Feb., NMNH.

VENEZUELA: Anzoategui: Clarines, 6 kms N, 28 August, UCV. Aragua: Maracay, 22 July, UCV; Nov.-Dec,

SMM; El Limon [Maracay], 450 m, 2 April, 24 June, UCV;

Rancho Grande, 1100 m, 18-25 May, 5-20 June, 3-25 July,

5 Oct., 6 Dec, UCV; 8, 12 June, 9, 26 July, NMNH; Carretera Maracay-Choroni, 1500 m, 27 May, UCV. Carabobo:

Alto de Yuma 22 July, UCV; San Esteban, June, BM (NH);

Las Quiguas, San Esteban Valley, Nov.-lO March, CM; BM

(NH); San Jean [mountain ridge between San Esteban and

Borburata], 24 Dec, CU. Distrito Federal: Caracas, BM(NH);

Caracas, Berg Avila, June-July, SMM; Caracas, Los Venados,

June-July, SMM. Falc6n: Sabaneta, 4 kms S, 15 August, UCV.

Lara: Barquisimeto, 3 Aug., UCV; El Cuji, 7 kms N Barquisimeto, 29 June-1 July, NMNH. Merida: Mdrida, NMNH;

BM (NH). Miranda: Nuclco "El Laurel," 19 May, UCV; San

Antonio de Ios Altos, 19-21 Oct., UCV; Los Teques, 100 m,

5 June, UCV. Monagas: Caripito, 15 March, 3 June, 7-15

July, AMNH. Trujillo: Carvajal, 15 June, UCV; Valera,

NMNH. Yaracuy: Aroa, NMNH. Zulia: Maracaibo, 19 June,

UCV. "Venezuela," CM; BM (NH); NMNH.

COLOMBIA: Don Amo, [Magdalena, 11°14'N, 73°52'W],

2000 ft, June, July, BM(NH).

PANAMA: Canal Zone [serena type], 8 May, NMNH; Madden Dam, Canal Zone, 14 June, MCZ.

Horama panthalon texana (Grote), new status

PLATE 1: FIGURE 6; MAP 1

Euchromia plumipes.—Clemens [not Drury 1773], 1860:546.

fEuchromia pretus.—Clemens [not Cramer 1777], in Morris,

1862:276. [Listed as "Var." under E. pretus]

Callicarus texanus Grote, 1866:184.—Butler, 1876:372.—Druce,

1884:49; 1897:338.

Horama texana Grote, 1868:116.—Grote and Robinson, 1868:

vi.—Hampson, 1898:418, fig. 217.—Dyar, 1902[1903]:77 —

Holland 1903:100, pi. 13: fig. 9.—Zerny, 1912:122.—Draudt

in Seitz, 1916:143, pi. 21: row h — Barnes and McDunnough,

1917:29.—McDunnough, 1938:44.

Phylloecia texanus.—Kirby, 1892:129.

Phylloecia texana.—Neumoegen and Dyar, 1893:100.

MALE.—Similar to the typical p. panthalon

phenotype except for the following: base of second

palpal segment usually banded with black scales;

fore and midlegs bluish black, distal half of hind

tibiae banded with long black hirsute scales; hind

tarsi ochreous orange with two rows of short, hirsute scales; both wings dark brown except for some

buff yellow scales along costa of hind wing. Underside: both wings lighter brown with bright

ochreous-orange patch at base of hind wing along
NUMBER 215 11

costa. Venation almost identical to panthalon (Figure 24a) but with several variations (Figure 246,

c). Alar expanse 34-37 mm.

MALE GENITALIA.—Not distinguishable from that

of the typical panthalon (Figure 3a,fr).

FEMALE (Plate 1: figure 6).—Same as the male

except slightly larger. Alar expanse 35-38 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA (cf. Figure 15).—Similar to

that of the typical panthalon.

TYPE.—Lost. Apparently without seeing Clemens' specimens, Grote (1866) established Callicarus texanus by quoting verbatim Clemens' (1860)

description for Euchromia plumipes. The only

type information given by Clemens is "Texas. Coll.

Capt. Pope. Smithsonian Institution." We have

been unable to locate any specimens in the national collection that fit this information nor does

the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, which has

some Clemens material, have any record of it

(Emsley in litt.). There are four specimens in the

national collection with the identical label "Tex."

but each has a different collection label (C. V.

Riley, E. L. Graef, or H. G. Dyar). There are no

specimens specifically labeled from the Pope

collection.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Texas.

HOST PLANTS.—None recorded. Adult has been

collected at Wislizenia refracta var. mamillata

[Capparidaceae].

DISTRIBUTION (Map 1).—Southern Texas, Florida, and Arizona, Mexico and Guatemala.

REMARKS.—This race is closely related to the

typical panthalon from the Caribbean. Its geographic distribution is distinct, and its phenotypic

differences are sufficiently consistent throughout

its range for a stabilized genetic composition to be

inferred. Contrary to our suggestion that the orange hind wing form of panthalon from the Lesser

Antilles was a climatic variant, texana is apparently unaffected by climate. Its hind wings remain

uniformly brown even though it has been collected

in both humid coastal plains (Veracruz) and in

desert areas (Monclova and La Paz) of Mexico.

The specimen sizes for the texana populations

are consistently larger than those of the Caribbean

populations of p. panthalon. The hind tibial tufts

are more pronounced, resembling those of oedippus, and the hind wings are entirely brown. The

genitalia of p. panthalon and p. texana are

indistinguishable.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (208 males, 135 females).—UNITED

STATES: Arizona: Baboquivari Mts., 27 April, NMNH; Nogales, 5 July, 26 July, BM (NH). Florida: no specific locality,

CM. Texas: Alpine, 30 June, CAS; "Bastrop Co.," NMNH;

Brownsville, 11 June, NMNH; Aug. CNC; 23 Oct., CAS; 10

and 20 Nov., NMNH; 14 Dec, CAS; St. Thomas, Brownsville,

NMNH; Ft. Davis, 26 June, AMNH; Gatesville, 13 Nov.,

AMNH; Kerrville, NMNH; Kingsville, CU; Lake Brown

[ = Brownwood Lake?] St. Pk., 15 Sept. AMNH; Laredo, 21

Oct., NMNH; Mercedes (Hidalgo), 5 Oct., 14 Nov., 1 Dec,

AMNH; New Boston, Bowie Co., 18 Sept., NMNH; Oak

Spring, Big Bend Nat. Pk., 30 June, AMNH; Pharr, 12

March, AMNH; Shovel Mt. [Burnet Co.], NMNH; Uvalde,

MCZ, 12 Oct., NMNH; "Texas," NMNH; BM (NH).

MEXICO: Baja Califorina Sur: Arroyo Seco, 6 Oct., CAS;

La Paz, Guaycura Hotel grounds, 5 Nov., CM; La Paz, 2 mi

S, 6 Aug, UCB; La Paz, 25 mi W, 30 Aug., CAS; San Jose

del Cabo, AMNH; San Venancia [S. Benancio?], 8 Oct., CAS.

Chiapas: Cardenia, 10 Aug., CNC; Chiapa del Corzo, 4 Aug.,

CNC; Cintalapa, 2 Aug., CNC; Huixtla, 20-25 mi N, 1-4

June, CNC; near Ixtapa, 11 June, CNC; junction Hwys. 190-

195, 6 June, CNC; Ocozocoautla, 2700 ft, 1 Aug., CNC; 26-28

Sept., CAS; Simojovel, 9 June, CNC; Santo Domingo, 15 mi

SE Simojovel, 8-15 June, UCB; Tonala, 5 June, CNC.

Coahuila: Monclova, 24 mi N, 12 Aug., CNC. Colima: Esperanza, 28 Oct., NMNH. Durango: 10 mi SW Durango on Hwy.

40, 16 June, NMNH. Guerrero: Acapulco, 29 July, NMNH.

Hidalgo: Guerrero Mill, 9000 ft, NMNH; Jacala, 4592 ft, 10

July, MCZ; Zimapan, 3 mi E, 6400 ft, 31 July-1 Aug., NMNH.

Jalisco: Volcan Colima, July, Aug., Oct., SMM. Mexico:

Popocatepetl Park, 8000 ft, June, NMNH. Michoacan: Apatzingan, 5 Dec, NMNH. Morelos: Cuernavaca, June, NMNH;

Zacualpam [Zacualpan?], July, AMNH. Nyarit: Tepic, 17

mi NW, 23 Nov., CAS. Nuevo Leon: 20 mi S Sabinas Hidalgo,

7 July, UCB; Mesa de Chipinque, 1365 m, 16-18 July, CU;

23 July, CNC; 10 Aug., NMNH; Galeana, 3 mi E, 5000 ft,

7-9 Aug., NMNH; Huasteca Canyon near Monterrey, 11 July,

CNC; 4 Nov., NMNH; Linares, 20 mi W, 8 Nov., CAS; 10

mi S Linares, 24 Dec, CAS; Oaxaca: "Ticaltapec" 28 July,

CM; "Oaxaca," NMNH. Puebla: La Ceiba, 30 Oct., UNM;

Estaci6n de Bombeo, San Diego, July, 31 Oct., UNM; Tehuacdn, 11 Aug., NMNH. San Luis Potosf: Tamazunchale, 29

March, UCB; 2 mi N, 400 ft, 16-18 July, NMNH; El Salto

Falls (4 mi W Antigua Morelos), 2000 ft, 11-14 July, NMNH;

El Banito, 7 m S Ciudad Valles, 300 ft, 20 Dec, CAS; Sinaloa: Mazatldn, 5 mi N, 1 July-15 Aug., UCB, CNC; San

Carlos Bay, 10 Aug., CAS; Tamaulipas: 4 mi SW Ciudad

Victoria, 1100 ft, 10 July, NMNH; Tampico, 8 June, AMNH;

July, NMNH. Veracruz: Dos Amates, Catemaco, 27 April,

UNM; Coatepec, NMNH; Cotaxtla Exp. Station, 22 July,

UCB; C6rdoba, April, May, 9 June, July NMNH; May, CM;

6 July, UCB; 3 Aug., NMNH; El Camaron, 5 mi W, CNC;

Huatuxco [Huatusco], BM (NH); Jalapa, BM (NH), NMNH;

April, (BM(NH); Jalapa del Marquez, 16 Aug., CNC; Estaci6n Biol6gica, Los Tuxtlas, 22 June, UNM; Misantla, May,

AMNH. Orizaba, May BM(NH); July, NMNH; AMNH; 10

Sept., CAS; Paso San Juan, 9 July, NMNH; Rinconada, 6 mi

SE, 21 June, UCB; Cerro El Vigie, Santiago Tuxtla, MayJune, UNM; Santa Rosa, May, NMNH; "Vera Cruz," CAS;
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

NMNH. Specific locality not identified: Milpas, 5900 ft, BM

(NH); "Sierra Madre," 29 June, CM; "Southern Mexico,"

CM; "Mexico," BM(NH); CU; SMM.

GUATEMALA: Escuintla, July, NMNH. San Marcos:

Puente Ixben, 6 July, NMNH; "Ciudad de Guatemala," BM

(NH).

Horama panthalon viridifusa (Schaus),

new combination, new status

PLATE 2: FIGURES 7,8; MAP 2

Macrocneme viridifusa Schaus, 1904:135.—Zerny, 1912:96.—

Hampson, 1914:206, pi. XI: fig. 6.—Draudt in Seitz, 1916:

106, pi. 28: row g.

Horama castrensis Jones, 1908:144.—Zerny, 1912:121.—Hampson, 1914:267, pi. XIV: fig. 30.—Draudt in Seitz, 1916:143,

pi. 21: row i.—Travassos, 1940-272.—Biezanko, et al, 1957:

75. [Type-locality: Castro, Parana, Brazil. Type: Holotype

male in BM(NH). New synonymy.]

Horama flavata Jones 1908:144.—Zerny, 1912:121.—Hampson,

1914:266, pi. XIV: fig. 29.—Draudt in Seitz, 1916:143, pi.

21: row i.—Travassos, 1940:273. [Type-locality: Castro,

Parana, Brazil. Type: Holotype male in BM(NH). New

synonymy.]

Macrocneme nigricornis Schrottky, 1912:166.—Hampson, 1914:

209, pi. XI: fig. 13.—Draudt in Seitz, 1916:103, pi. 28: row

/. [Type-locality: Bompland, Misiones, Argentina. Type:

Destroyed. New synonymy.]

Horama fulvitarsis Schrottky, 1912:166. [Type-locality: Bompland, Misiones, Argentina. Type: Destroyed.]

MORPH I MALE (Plate 2: figure 7).—Had

brownish black. Palpi black, upturned reaching

middle of frons. Antennae black, pectinate becoming serrate at tips, tips slightly recurved. Thorax,

abdomen, and wings brownish black. Patagia with

paired lateral and subdorsal white spots. Pectus

with single white spot on each epimeron. Forewing

with white spot at base. Abdomen with paired,

white subdorsal spots on first tergite and on pleura

caudad of lateral bullae; first and second sternites

with single medial spot. Legs brownish black with

two rows of plumose scales along tibia to midtarsus.

Alar expanse 26-36 mm.

MORPH II MALE [ = flavata Jones] (Plate 2:

figure 8).—Head brownish-black. Frons with

ochreous-yellow spots bordering eyes and between

antennae. Palpi yellow, upturned, first segment

rough, second segment smooth and black. Antennae black, pectinate becoming serrate at tips. Patagia brownish black with white spots laterally and

subdorally. Tegulae brownish black with medial

longitudinal ochreous-yellow stripe. Thoracic disc

brownish black with four ochreous-yellow spots.

Pectus brownish black; ochreous-orange patches

below each wing and at base of patagia; white

spots on each epimeron, the most cephalad being

slightly smaller than those caudad. Abdomen

blackish brown, hind margins faintly banded with

ochreous brown. First tergite slightly bulbous laterally, basal half ochreous yellow; center with two

white subdorsal spots separated from yellow by

blackish-brown stripe. White spots on pleura of

first and second segments and at midventer; remaining sternites fringed or spotted with ochreousorange. Legs brownish black with ochreous-orange

spots; hind legs with two rows of black, hirsute

scales on basal half of tibiae; forewing dark brown

with white spot at humeral angle and yellow spot

on radius near base; hind wing ochreous yellow,

broadly suffused with dark brown at apex, termen,

and along veins. Underside: forewing light brown,

costa with ochreous-yellow scales at base, buff

along dorsum; hindwing mostly bright ochreous

yellow suffused with dark brown at apex and termen. Alar expanse 32-34 mm.

MALE GENITALIA (cf. Figure $a,b).—There are

no apparent and consistent differences to separate

the genitalia of viridifusa from those of northern

races panthalon panthalon and panthalon texana

or from the sympatric black and ochreous-yellow

morph described as flavata and herein synonymized.

FEMALE.—Similar to the male except slightly

larger.

FEMALE GENITALIA (cf. Figure 15).—The same

comments apply as noted for the male genitalia

above.

TYPE.—Holotype female. NMNH, Smithsonian

Institution.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Castro, Parana [Brazil].

HOST PLANTS.—None recorded.

DISTRIBUTION (Map 2).—Southern Brazil, Northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia.

REMARKS.—On the basis of almost identical geographical distribution and genitalic similarity, we

are suggesting by our synonymy in this species that

the southern South American populations of viridifusa are a distinct race of panthalon and are

comprised of two morphs, one black and the other

yellow. Jones (1908) described both morphs

(castrensis and flavata) from Castro, Parana. Likewise, Schrottky (1912) described both morphs

(nigricornis and fulvitarsis) from Bompland,
NUMBER 215 13

MAP 2.—Distribution of Horama pant ha Ion viridifusa (Schaus).
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Misiones. Schaus' name viridifusa prevails by priority for both morphs. If, at a future date, the yellow morph proves to be a valid species, the name

flavata Jones would apply.

We cannot be certain the two morphs are conspecific until breeding experiments are performed.

All evidence presently available to us strongly supports our suggestion. The white markings of the

black morph are identical to those found in the

yellow morph. The absence of the yellow markings

in the black morph might possibly be attributed to

a single gene mutation. We have compared localities and dates of both morphs and found specimens

with identical data from Bompland, Tucuman,

and Villa Nouges (Tucuman), Argentina; from

Cochabamba and San Julian, Bolivia, and from

Guarani, Salobra, Ponta Grossa, and Castro, Brazil.

The venation of both morphs is identical except

that Cux + Cu2 is sometimes forked in the hind

wing of the black morph and is usually united in

the yellow morph. Judging from the variability in

wing venation throughout the genus, we suspect

the Cux + Cu2 variation is an artifact of the small

sample size.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (56 males, 30 females).—ARGENTINA: Bompland, 5 May, BM (NH); Tucuman, NMNH,

BM(NH): May, IML; Villa Nougues (Tucuman), Jan.,

March, IML; San Pablo, Quinta Mendez, May, IML; Salta,

Rosario de la Frontera, El Morenillo. Feb., March, IML.

BOLIVIA: Chiquitos, S. Julian, 400 m, May, BM(NH);

Cochabamba, 2600 m, 14 Dec, 3, 11 Jan., SMM; Prov. del

Sara, July, CM; Rio Burmejo to R. Pilcomayo, Dec. BM (NH).

BRAZIL: Matto Grosso, Salobra, 20-23 July, 24 Aug.-6

Sept., 18-29 Oct., USP; Parana, Castro, NMNH; Ponta Grossa,

25 Nov., 18-23 Dec, USP; Rio de Janeiro, Angra dos Reis,

Faz. Japuhyba, 31 Oct., USP; Rio Grande do Sul, Guaranf, 7,

11,29 April, CU.

PARAGUAY: Dept. Guaira, Col. Independencia, 23 Oct.,

SMM; Puerto Cantera, 10 Oct., BM (NH).

Horama tarsalis Walker

FIGURES 4a,b, 16; PLATE 2: FIGURE 9; MAP 3

Horamia [sic] tarsalis Walker, 1856:1633.

Mastigocera tarsalis.—Butler, 1876:373.

Drucea tarsalis.—Kirby, 1892:130.

Horama tarsalis.—Hampson, 1898:420, fig. 220.—Zerny, 1912:

122.—Draudt in Seitz, 1916:144, pi. 21: row h.

MALE (Plate 2: figure 9).—Head olive brown.

Frons with ochreous-orange spot. Palpi obliquely

upturned not reaching vertex; third segment

slightly porrect; first segment rough ochreous

orange; second and third segments smooth, olive

brown. Antennae dark olive brown with blue tinge,

long basal and mesal pectinations becoming

slightly serrate at tips; tips orange and naked.

Patagia olive brown with ochreous-orange spots

laterally and subdorsally. Tegulae olive brown.

Thoracic disc olive brown with four ochreousorange spots. Pectus olive brown with ochreousorange spots above midcoxa. Abdomen dark olive

brown with two rows of ochreous spots on lateral

edges of all segments; first tergite bulbous laterally

with ochreous-orange spots on medial margins and

below. Legs olive brown, coxae with ochreousorange spot laterally. Hind tibiae with olive

brown, hirsute scales from spurs to middle of tarsi,

tips ochreous orange. Forewing olive brown suffused with dusky slate blue scales at anal angle;

ochreous-orange spots at humeral angle and on

radius at base; hind wing dusky slate blue with

scattering of brown scales, costal margin brown,

dorsum of hind wing with white fringe. Underside: both wings olive brown mixed with dusky

slate blue. Venation (Figure 25). Alar expanse

33 mm.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure Aa,b).—Similar to panthalon (cf. Figure $a,b). Uncus broader, saccus

longer, anellus with dorsal pair of sclerotized rods.

Ventral convex plate (= juxta) thinly sclerotized

laterally. Valva with dorsal process broader and

ventral process membranous and shorter than in

panthalon. Sacculus of valva with thickened setae.

FEMALE.—Only known specimen is the holotype

in the BM (NH). It appears to closely resemble the

male as described above.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 16).—Lamella postvaginalis more closely associated with lamella antevaginalis than in panthalon. Sinus vaginalis a narrow sclerotized pocket with ostium bursae opening

at midpoint ventrally. Ductus seminalis opens on

ductus bursae. Thickened folds on corpus bursae

may be homologous with spines seen in panthalon.

TYPE.—Holotype female, BM (NH).

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Unknown.

HOST PLANTS.—Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION (Map 3).—Only known record is

from Haiti. May possibly be endemic on Hispanola.

REMARKS.—An affinity between H. tarsalis and

H. panthalon is suggested by the resemblance of

the male and female genitalia. The similarity in
NUMBER 215 15

MAP 3.—Distribution of Horama grotei Butler, H. pretus (Cramer), H. tarsalis Walker,

H. pennipes (Grote), H. oedippus (Boisduval).

shape of the valvae and uncus is greater between

these two species than between any others in the

genus.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (1 male, 1 female).—HAITI: Port-auPrince, 15-21 April, AMNH. No locality: female holotype,

BM (NH).

Horama pennipes (Crote)

FIGURES 5a-c, 17; PLATE 2: FIGURE 10; MAP 3

Callicarus pennipes Grote* 1866:182; 1867:310, 330, pi. 5:

fig. 3—Butler, 1876:372.—Gundlach, 1881:236. Saalmuller

in Moschler, 1890:349.

Phylloecia pennipes.—Kirby, 1892:129.

Horama pennipes.—Hampson, 1898:419.—Zerny, 1912:121.—

Draudt in Seitz, 1916:143.

•Todd (1966), in the Proceedings of the United States

National Museum, 120:4, discusses the priority of the Grote

names over those of Herrich-Schaffer.

Horamia [sic] plumosa Herrich-Schaffer, 1866:113.—Saalmuller

in Moschler 1890:349 [as synonym of Burtia rubella]. [Typelocality: Cuba. Type: Not located.]

Horama plumosa.—Kirby, 1892:129 [as synonym of Phylloecia

pennipes.]

MALE (Plate 2: figure 10).—Head black. Frons

with two white, diffuse spots below antennae and

one at vertex between antennae. Eyes bordered behind by ochreous-yellow stripes. Palpi white,

obliquely upturned, tips porrect; upper surface of

second segment and entire third segment black.

Antennae black, serrate with slight dilation beyond middle, tips recurved. Patagia black with

lateral white spots and two subdorsally. Tegulae

black, medial margins white interspersed with some

yellow, anterior margins with a lateral ochreousyellow spot. Thoracic disc black with scattered

yellow and white on posterior margin. Pectus black

interspersed with white hirsute scales, white dots
16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

on each epimeron, ochreous-yellow spot on mesopleuron. Abdomen with lateral bulbs of first tergite white and ochreous-yellow spots on medial

margins, center of first tergite black with white dot

on anterior margin; remaining tergites black with

a dorsal series of white spots obsolescent on terminal segments, pleurites black with a series of

white spots preceded by ochreous yellow on first

two segments. Sternites white with narrow black

lateral margins. Legs black, variously streaked

with white; all coxae white, mid and hind coxae

with ochreous-yellow spots laterally; hind tibiae

banded with black hirsute scales between spurs to

middle of tarsus; tips of hind tarsi white. Forewing

fuscous black with semidiaphanous streak through

middle of cell and below to 2A; spot between M3

and Cu2 beyond cell with few persisting scales;

white spot at humeral angle. Hind wing fuscous

black, faint semidiaphanous streak below cell, costal margin gray, fringe white. Underside: both

wings fuscous black with white scales scattered

along veins at base. Venation (Figure 26). Alar expanse 26 mm.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure ba-c).—The homologies

are uncertain, but the uncus is bifurcated and the

gnathos may consist of both the lateral bulbs on

the tegumen and the submedial pair of upturned

processes through which the tuba anal is passes.

The anellus is a sclerotized cone in the center of

the diaphragma with the ventral edge extending

to the valvae. Saccus long. Aedeagus sharply bent.

FEMALE.—We have seen one specimen from

Yateras, Cuba. It resembles the male in all respects

except in being slightly larger. Alar expanse 30

mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 17).—Sinus vaginalis

encircled by prominent sclerotized triangular hood

of lamella postvaginalis; ostium bursae at bottom

of shallow pouch; ductus seminalis attaches on

cervix bursae; two accessory bursae present; interior surface of corpus bursae covered with inward directed spines.

TYPE.—Holotype male, Academy of Natural

Sciences, Philadelphia.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Cuba.

HOST PLANTS.—None recorded.

DISTRIBUTION (Map 3).—Known only from Cuba.

REMARKS.—Until the discovery of H. zapata,

this species was unique in the genus for the semidiaphanous streak on the forewing. It is possibly

related to H. zapata if distribution and wing scaling are considered, but the antennae differ noticeably by being serrate rather than pectinate as in

zapata. Horama plumipes might also be related by

virtue of the black and white color pattern, the

shape of the hind wing, and the similar appearance of the male genitalia. Horama pennipes may

ultimately prove to be a species of Saurita. Possibly, too, Callicarus Grote should be resurrected

and H. pennipes returned to it as the type-species.

We have deferred such action pending further

definition of the ctenuchid genera.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (4 males, 1 female).—CUBA: Oriente:

Alto de Cardero, Turquino, June, PAD; Cueva de Aura, 3700

ft, MCZ; Yateras, PAD. Pinar del Rio: Carabalitas, Guanahacabibes, 4 Oct, PAD.

Horama plumipes (Drury)

FIGURES 6a-c, 18a,b; PLATE 3: FIGURE 13; MAP 4

Sphinx plumipes Drury, 1773:47, pi. 27.

Aglaope plumipes.—Westwood, 1837:51, pi. 27: fig. 3.

Euchromia (Horamia) plumipes.—Walker, 1854:252.—Clemens

[in part], 1860:546 [as "Variety?, Walker, 252"].—Clemens

in Morris, 1862:275.

Horamia [sic] plumipes.—Herrich-Schaffer, 1866:114.

Callicarus plumipes.—Butler, 1876:372; 1877:25, pi. 8: fig. 2 —

Druce, 1884:49; 1897:338.

Phylloecia plumipes.—Kirby, 1892:129.

Horama plumipes.—Hampson, 1898:419, fig. 218.—Zerny,

1912:121.—Draudt in Seitz, 1916:143: pi. 21: row h.

Phylloecia punctata Guerin, 1844:504.—Kirby, 1892:129.

[Type-locality: Bay of Campeche. Type: Lost.]

Euchromia (Macrocneme) punctata.—Walker, 1854:249.

Callicarus punctata.—Butler, 1876:372.

Callicarus punctatus.—Druce, 1897:338.

Horama jalapensis Neumoegen, 1890:63.—Kirby, 1892:131 —

Druce, 1897:339. [Type-locality: Jalapa, Mexico. Type:

Holotype female, NMNH, Smithsonian.]

MALE.—Head black with white spot between

antennae and behind eyes on occiput. Palpi upturned not reaching vertex, white with black band

at juncture of first and second segments, third segment very short. Antennae black, serrate, slightly

dilated beyond middle, tips white and recurved.

Patagia black with paired white spots laterally and

subdorsally. Tegulae black with white midstripe.

Thoracic disc black with four white spots. Pectus

black with white spots on epimerons and white

patches below wings. Abdomen black with violetblue iridescence, first tergite with white spots on

lateral bulbs and one at center, second tergite with
NUMBER 215 17

medial white spot on foremargin and lateral pair on

hind margin; third tergite with white spot at center,

third through eighth tergites with transverse pale

yellow, slightly iridescent bands across middle of

each segment; first and second sternites white on

posterior half, last sternite white. Legs black, fore

coxae with large white spot, remaining segments

variously spotted, hind tibia banded with white at

middle, distal half with three rows of long, black,

hirsute scales extending to middle of tarsus, tip of

tarsus white. Forewing black with white spot at

humeral angle and at base of cell; hind wing black

with white patch at base. Underside: both wings

black wtih white streak below M3 on forewing.

Venation (Figure 27). M3 and Cuj + Cu2 in hind

wing are occasionally slightly connate. Alar expanse 34-36 mm.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 6a-c).—Uncus reduced

and nonhoodlike. Short arms of gnathos closely

attached laterally to tegumen. Valvae without long

processes. Anellar plate conelike and occupying

most of diaphragma, dorsal arms reaching tegumen. Saccus broader than in pennipes. Aedeagus

bent at middle, followed distally by row of dentate

spines.

FEMALE (Plate 3: figure 13).—Similar to the male

except legs are entirely black with a small white

spot on coxae. Alar expanse 39-42 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 18a,b).—Genital

plate with ostium bursae forming a sclerotized

cone, slightly curved at juncture with ductus bursae. Ductus seminalis attaches on cervix bursae.

Corpus bursae largely covered by signa of inward

directed spines. A single accessory bursa present.

TYPE.—Lost.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Bay of Honduras.

HOST PLANTS.—None recorded. Adults have

been collected visiting flowers of Baltimora recta

(Compositae) in Costa Rica.

DISTRIBUTION (Map 4).—Southern Texas, Mexico, and Central America to Panama.

REMARKS.—This species shows little resemblance

to other members of the genus except possibly H.

pennipes or H. zapata. We are leaving it in Horama because Cuj + Cu2 of the hind wing is long

stalked and M2 is strong.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (32 males, 39 females).—UNITED

STATES: Texas: College Station, 3 Sept., NMNH.

MEXICO: Chiapas: Comitan, 20 Aug., UCB, Isth. of

Tehauntepec, MCZ; Portugal, 7 mi SE Simojovel, 17 July,

UCB; Ocozocoautla, 2700 ft, 26-28 Sept., CAS. Distrito Federal, MCZ. Guerrero: Acapulco, MCZ. Veracruz: Coatepec,

NMNH; C6rdoba, 24 April, 9 May, NMNH; Jalapa, AprilJune, SMC, BM(NH), NMNH; Misantla, April-May, BM

(NH); Mozorongo [Motzorongo ?], 6 June, NMNH; Orizaba,

May, July, AMNH; Santa Rosa, Aug., NMNH; Yucatan:

Chichen-Itza, June, MCZ; Valladolid, BM (NH).

BRITISH HONDURAS: Toledo District: Punta Gorda,

May, June, BM (NH); Rio Grande (BMNH); Castile [estate,

17°24'N,88°39'W], June, BM(NH).

GUATEMALA: Baja Verapaz: S Geronimo [San Jer6nimo],

BM(NH). Izabel: Cayuga, April-Sept., NMNH, CM. Guatemala: Guatemala City, BM (NH).

HONDURAS: Atlantida: Tela, Lancetilla, MCZ, CU,

MCZ. Cortes: Puerto Cortez, 2 Aug., MCZ; San Pedro Sula,

BM(NH).

NICARAGUA: Chontales, BM (NH).

COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Mount Poas, May, NMNH.

Guanacaste: "Avangarez," [Abangares ?], July, BM(NH); La

Pacifica, 4 km NW Canas, 23 June, UCB; "Puntarenas,"

AMNH. "Sitio": [Sitio de Avance ?], Feb., CM.

PANAMA: Canal Zone, Madden Dam, 5 May, MCZ.

Horatna diffissa Crote

FIGURES 7a-c, 19; PLATE 2: FIGURES 11, 12; MAP 4

Horama diffissa Grote, 1866:181; 1867:310, 330, pi. 5: fig. 2 —

Gundlach, 1881:235.—Kirby, 1892:131.—Hampson, 1898:

421.—Zerny, 1912:121— Draudt in Seitz, 1916:144.

Horama diffusa [sic].—Butler, 1876:373.

Horama diffisa [sic] Saalmuller in Moschler, 1890:349.

Horamia [sic] pretellus Herrich-Schaffer, 1866:113. [Typelocality: Cuba. Type: Not located.]

Horama pretellus.—Kirby, 1892:131 [as synonym of H. diffissa].

MALE (Plate 2: figure 11).—Head dark brown

with pale yellow spots covering frons, vertex, and

occiput behind eyes. Palpi yellow, third segment

moderately porrect and mostly brown above. Antennae yellow with dark brown bands at base and

in swollen area beyond middle; weakly serrate tips

recurved and naked. Patagia ochreous yellow,

sometimes with oblique dark brown stripe. Tegulae

woody brown. Thoracic disc woody brown, immaculate. Pectus dark brown with yellow spots above

coxae. Abdomen with first tergite white, sides bulbous interrupted across middle by transverse

ochreous-yellow stripe, center of first tergite with

medial white spot enclosed by yellow and posterior

margin woody brown; second and third tergites

dark brown with medial yellow spot on anterior

margin of second segment and ochreous-yellow

spots mixed with white laterally; remaining ter-
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

gites woody brown; first sternite dark brown; second sternite white; remaining sternites woody

brown with yellow margins laterally. Legs yellow;

coxae with proximal white spots; dark brown

bands separating femora from tibiae and tibiae

from tarsi; hind tibiae with dark brown, hirsute

scales between spurs, hind tarsi ochreous yellow

with row of hirsute scales. Forewing tawny,

ochreous-yellow spot at humeral angle; hind wing

ochreous yellow with tawny band across apex and

termen. Underside: forewing tawny with yellow

scaling along costa, inner margin buff yellow; hind

wing as upperside. Venation (Figure 28). Alar expanse 33 mm.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 7a—c).—Overall size

small for the genus. Uncus S-shaped process at

center; gnathos consisting of unmodified sclerotized areas on lateral tegumen; valve with flat,

finger-like process on dorsolateral edge, tip recurved; saccus short; tip of aedeagus with concentric ridges.

FEMALE (Plate 2: figure 12).—Larger than male.

Similar in marking except for the following: Head

entirely dark brown with occasional yellow scales

on frons. Antennae yellow with dark brown bands

at middle and at tips; second and third tergites of

abdomen dark brown with yellow spots medially

on foremargins and laterally on hind margins;

third tergite with white spot laterally; remaining

tergites woody brown with hind margins fringed

with yellow; all sternites dark brown with

ochreous-yellow hind margins except on third segment where margin is somewhat paler. Legs with

dark brown femora and tibiae; coxae, trochanters,

and tarsi yellow; wings similar to male. Alar expanse 38-44 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 19).—Sinus vaginalis

surrounded by triangular periostial hood of lamella postvaginalis. Ductus bursae lightly sclerotized. Two accessory bursae present with ductus

seminalis entering on the most caudad. Corpus

bursae with medial band of sclerotized dots surrounded by border of radiating plicae.

TYPE.—Holotype male (abdomen missing). Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Cuba.

HOST PLANTS.—None recorded.

DISTRIBUTION (Map 4).—Cuba, Haiti.

REMARKS.—This species is notable in the genus

for the sexual dimorphism and for the origin of

the ductus seminalis on an accessory bursa in the

female.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (2 males, 3 females).—CUBA: Alto de

Cardero, Turquino, June, PAD; Gran PieUra, Caney, May,

PAD; Santiago, NMNH.

HAITI: Port-au-Prince, ca. 300 ft, 21-29 March, AMNH.

Horama zapata, new species

FIGURES 8a,b, 20; PLATE 3: FIGURE 16; MAP 4

MALE.—Head ochreous yellow with fuscous spot

on occiput; palpi white, apical segment dark fuscous with some dark scaling extending onto dorsal

surface of second segment, antennae dark fuscous,

strongly pectinate, ciliate, tips slightly dentate, recurved and mostly naked; patagia fuscous, white

spots laterally and two confluent at center; tegulae

fuscous, anterior and medial margins ochreous

yellow, thoracic disc fuscous with three pairs of

faint white spots along margin of overlapping tegulae; pectus fuscous with ochreous-yellow spots on

lateral edges of coxae, and on meso- and metapleura; white spot on mesopleura; abdomen with

lateral bulbs of first tergite white, ochreous-yellow

spots on laterocaudal margins; center of first tergite fuscous with two ochreous-yellow spots along

margins, remaining tergites fuscous except for

white margins laterally on segments 2-4; first and

second sternites white, remaining segments fuscous;

legs fuscous, fore and hind coxae white; foretibiae

with white scaling and hind tibiae with white band

above spurs and band of dark fuscous hirsute scales

between spurs extending to middle of tarsi, tips of

hind tarsi white, hind legs long; forewing dull

grayish brown with semihyaline streak extending

length of cell and below anal fold; hind wing dull

grayish brown with semihyaline streak below cell

extending to origin of cubitus; base of streak suffused with white. Fringe on both wings white.

Underside: both wings similar to upperside. Alar

expanse 28 mm.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure Sa,b).—General appearance suggests affinity with tarsalis. Uncus broad,

gently curved, widened at base and moveable. Tegumen with two sclerites (= gnathos) laterad at

base of uncus. Valva simple with clasper consisting

of two lobes, one ventrocaudad is smooth and

lightly sclerotized, the second more dorsad is short

and club-shaped with inner margin slightly dentate
NUMBER 215 19

MAP 4.—Distribution of Horama plumipes (Drury), H. diffissa Grote, H. zapata, new species.

and surface rough. Sacculus a prominent ridge

with thickened setae, anellus consists of two sclerotized rods on either side of aedeagus and a lightly

sclerotized, helmet-shaped sclerite (= juxta) ventrally; saccus short; aedeagus simple as in tarsalis

and panthalon.

FEMALE.—Similar to the male but slightly larger.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 20).—Lamella postvaginalis with dorsomedial papilla leading caudally to U-shaped sclerite surrounding ostium bursae; dorsal wall of ostium bursae interrupted by

dagger-like lobe; lamella antevaginalis broadly

U-shaped, with ventrocaudal edges indented and

protuberant; ductus seminalis attached on cervix

bursae; corpus bursae with band of irregular ringshaped signa at middle, interior wall of bursae

covered with inward directed spines.

TYPE.—Holotype male, May 1959 (F. Zayas,

leg). To be deposited in National Museum, Havana, Cuba, PAD.

Allotype female, May 1959 (F. Zayas, leg).

NMNH, Smithsonian Institution.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—San Bias, Cienaga de Zapata,

Cuba.

HOST PLANTS.—None recorded.

DISTRIBUTION (Map 4).—Known only from the

type-locality in Cuba.

REMARKS.—The semihyaline streaks and the

habitus of this species suggest an affinity with H.

pennipes. The similarity in genitalia, antennae,

and distribution suggest a closer relationship to H.

tarsalis. Also to be noted is the resemblance to species in Pseudomya with which it may ultimately

prove congeneric.

Horama oedippus (Boisduval)

FIGURES 9a-c, 21; PLATE 3: FIGURES 14, 15; MAP 3

Mastigocera oedippus Boisduval, 1870:81.
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Mastigocera oedipus [sic].—Butler, 1876:373.—Druce, 1884:49,

pi. 6: fig. 19; 1897:339.

Drucea oedippus.—Viixhy, 1892:130.

Horama oedippus.—Hampson, 1898:418.—Fleming, 1959:94.

Horama oedipus [sic].—Zerny, 1912:121.—Draudt in Seitz,

1916:143, pi. 26: row m.—Kaye and Lamont, 1927:10.

MALE.—Head black. Frons and vertex with

creamish-yellow spots. Palpi creamish yellow, upturned almost to vertex, third segment black and

porrect. Antennae black dorsally, yellow beneath,

serrate, dilated at middle, tips recurved. Patagia

black with two confluent white spots subdorsally.

Tegulae black with inner margins and cephalic

spot yellow. Thoracic disc black with white oblique

stripes below tegulae, hind margins of mesothorax

and metathorax yellow. Pectus black with yellow

patches below wings and patagia, each coxa with a

silky white spot above. Abdomen banded bluish

black with hind margins ochreous yellow; first tergite divided by white transverse stripe, first sternite

bluish black with caudal half white. Legs black,

variously spotted with yellow; hind tibiae with pronounced band of long, black hirsute scales on basal

half; proximal half of tibiae and entire hind tarsi

yellow with scales hirsute. Wings dark brown, humeral angle of forewing with white spot superimposed on black patch; costa of hind wing buff

yellow. Underside: wings similar to upperside but

suffused with few yellow scales at base. Venation

(Figure 29). Alar expanse 32-40 mm.

MALE GENITALIA (Figure 9a-c).—Uncus bifurcate with gnathos represented by paired Y-shaped

processes beneath. Tegumen with lateral edges

modified into long, caudal arms. Anellus shieldshaped, occupying most of diaphragma. Valvae

with dorsal arms falcate and patch of modified

scales at base. Aedeagus small with phallobase

winged; only tip exserted through annular opening (Figure 9c).

FEMALE (Plate 3: figure 14).—Similar to male

but larger. Alar expanse 42-46 mm.

FEMALE GENITALIA (Figure 21).—Lamella postvaginalis modified to form medial periostial protrusion with ostium bursae opening midventrally.

Ductus bursae slightly sclerotized. Ductus seminalis

enters on cervix bursae. Interior of corpus bursae

covered basally with numerous spines; accessory

bursa sculptured exteriorly with faint starlike

scleroti/ations.

TYPE.—Holotype, BM(NH). Consists of four

wings and two hind legs glued to a card.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Guatemala and Mexico.

HOST PLANTS.—None recorded. Adult specimens

have been collected visiting flowers of Cordia

curassavica and C. inerrnis [Boraginaceae] in

Costa Rica.

DISTRIBUTION (Map 3).—Baja California, Mexico, Guatemala, British Honduras, Costa Rica, and

Trinidad.

REMARKS.—This species has a notable resemblance to panthalon texana. Its distribution overlaps with p. texana in Baja California and southern Mexico. It is possible that the type-specimen of

oedippus may, in fact, be p. texana. The latter is

much more common in collections than oedippus

and its hind legs are never as plumose as oedippus.

The body of the oedippus holotype has been destroyed and what remains is four wings and a pair

of hind legs glued to a card. The wings are indistinguishable from those of p. texana and the plumose scales of the hind legs are only moderately

long as in p. texana rather than being long and

bushy as in oedippus. If the type abdomen were

available, the transverse white stripe on the first

abdominal tergite would readily have separated

oedippus. Boisduval makes no mention of the

stripe in his original description. In the absence of

more conclusive evidence and in the interest of

stability we are maintaining the oedippus designation. Further studies on Lepidoptera scales and

venation with the aid of a scanning electron microscope may someday help resolve the question.

The senior author has collected a mating pair in

Quintana Roo, Mexico, flying midmorning above

the forest canopy. Other mating pairs are recorded

from Magdalena Island, Baja California; XYaaxchexlabpax [Mpio. Tizimin], Yucatan; and

Trinidad, BWI.

Several variants in the abdominal pattern of

oedippus should be noted. One male (Plate 3:

figure 15) in the NMNH has the caudal tergites

uniformly tawny in color. No other specimens have

been found with this pattern. Occasionally specimens occur with the abdominal sternites entirely

yellow.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED (12 males, 16 females).—MEXICO:

Baja California Sur: Magdalena Island, Tres Marias Islands

15 Dec, NMNH, AMNH. Chiapas: 8 mi W Navenchauc

[between San Crist6bal and Chiapas], 1 April, UCB. Sinaloa:

Venadio [Venadillo?], NMNH. Veracruz: Coatepec, NMNH;
NUMBER 215 21

Jalapa, NMNH. Yucatan: Valladolid, BM (NH); X-Yaaxchexlabpax [Mpio. Tizimin], July, CM. Quintana Roo: Ruins at

Coba, 29 Nov., in copulo, NMNH.

BRITISH HONDURAS: Belize, NMNH; no specific locality, BM(NH).

GUATEMALA: Baja Verapaz: S Geronimo, BM (NH).

COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: 4 mi NW Canas, La Pacifica,

5 Sept., UCB; Comelco, 8 km NW Bagaces, 31 Aug., UCB.

TRINIDAD: Rock, Penal, and Moruga roads, mostly

through forest, Sept., OX.

Reestablishment of the Genus Poliopastea Hampson

During the course of this review, as well as related studies of the genus Macrocneme, it has become evident that a number of species previously

placed in Horama and Macrocneme possess characteristics which relate them to each other more

closely than to either of the above two genera in

which they have been included. In addition, these

features are of sufficient magnitude, in our opinion, to warrant establishment of a separate genus.

Fortunately, one of the species involved, P. plumbea Hampson, was originally designated as the

type-species of Poliopastea, a genus described by

Hampson (1898) and subsequently synonymized

under Macrocneme by Fleming (1957).

The genus Poliopastea is characterized as follows: It belongs in the Euchromiinae by having

M2 of the hind wing absent or rudimentary. The

markings of the head, patagia, tegulae, and first

abdominal tergite are often metallic blue or blue

white, except in P. mirabilis and P. cyanescens

where the markings are metallic green. In the

genus Macrocneme (sensu stricto) these markings

are characteristically white with little or no iridescence. In the males, the first, second, and third abdominal sternites are modified to form what has

been called a "ventral valve" (Figure 11). The

first sternite is developed into a flap that covers a

pouch formed by the second and third sternites.

Inside, the pouch contains a mass of long, white

scent scales. In the females a small sclerotized

pouch (Figure 12) occurs between the sixth and

seventh abdominal sternites, which apparently

serves to receive the tip of the right valva of the

male during copulation; whereas, in Horama and

Macrocneme (sensu stricto) the valvae are symmetrical. In the male genitalia of Poliopastea the

valvae are asymmetrical with the right valva elongate and positioned midventrally rather than laterally and the left valva short and positioned

laterally (Figure 10c). The tegumen is often modified by a spine-tipped process on the right side

(Figure 10a). The aedeagus with the vesica everted

is very large, virtually twice the size of the combined vinculum and tegumen. The apex of the

vesica always terminates in a large cornutus (Figure 106).

When photographed under ultra-violet illumination the iridescent scales in Poliopastea may

reflect positively (Figure 18). According to D. R.

Davis (pers. coram.), who is currently conducting

preliminary studies on ultraviolet reflection in

moths, no other moth scales are presently known

to reflect U-V light. The biological significance of

this finding is unknown, but it suggests that a

polymorphic species complex may be present and

that the full range of member species may only

become known with further U-V studies. The

presence of these U-V scales on the venter, if verified, would imply an interesting mating behavior.

The following presentation of the taxa included

in the genus Poliopastea is not intended to serve

as more than a preliminary survey of the group.

All the types were cursorily examined. Only in

some cases were the genitalia compared. Obvious

synonymies have been included where appropriate.

For those species where the identity or past synonymy was questionable, we have deferred further

treatment and merely listed the names in new

combination. There may be a number of additional new synonymies and combinations, as well

as new species, when a thorough study of the typespecimens and analyses of additional material is

completed. In the meantime, the present reestablishment of the genus provides a more appropriate treatment of the included taxa and a starting point for additional revisionary studies.

Genus Poliopastea Hampson

Poliopastea Hampson, 1898:336. [Type-species: Poliopastea

plumbea Hampson, 1898, by original designation.]

Chrysocneme Draudt, 1917:204. [Type-species: Chrysocneme

mirabilis Draudt, 1917, by monotypy. New synonymy.]

Poliopastea anthracina (Klages), new combination

Saurita anthracina Klages, 1906:531.

Poliopastea ockendeni Rothschild, 1911:40. [New synonymy.]
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Suapure, Venezuela (anthracina;); La Union, Peru (ockendeni).

TYPES.—Holotype female, National Museum of

Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (anthracina); holotype male, British Museum (Natural

History) {ockendeni).

Poliopastea auripes (Walker), new combination

Euchromia auripes Walker, 1854:250.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Honduras.

TYPE.—Holotype male, British Museum (Natural History).

Poliopastea chrysotarsia (Hampson),

new combination

Macrocneme chrysotarsia Hampson, 1889:324.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Taboga Island, Panama.

TYPE.—Holotype male, British Museum (Natural History).

REMARKS.—This species was overlooked by Fleming (1957) when he synonymized Poliopastea with

Macrocneme. It has been identified as errans Hiibner (= eacus Cramer) in many collections. The

forewings are mostly a suffused metallic blue,

which may dull in older specimens. There is no

distinct band of brassy scales as described for eacus.

It is likely this species is a synonym of pusilla

Butler; however, final judgment should await additional study.

Poliopastea cyanescens (Dognin), new combination

Macrocneme cyanescens Dognin, 1921:7.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Medina, east Colombia, 500 m.

TYPE.—Holotype male, National Museum of

Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

REMARKS.—This species is allied to mirabilis

Draudt but lacks the scarlet and/or yellow tufts

on the thorax and first abdominal tergite.

Poliopastea cyllarus (Druce), new combination

Poliopastea clavipes (Boisduval), new combination Macrocneme cyllarus Druce, 1896:29.

Mastigocera clavipes Boisduval, 1870:81.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Mexico.

TYPE.—Holotype male, British Museum (Natural History).

REMARKS.—Although the yellow and brown

ground color of the wings and abdomen are anomalous in the genus, the blue metallic spots, the

ventral pouch (Figure 11), and characteristic male

genitalia (Figure 10a-c) definitely place this species in Poliopastea. When photographed under

U-V light the yellow pattern disappears (cf. Figures 17 and 18, Plate 3) and the species then looks

very similar to laconia and laciades. Both laciades

Schaus and clavipes Boisduval occur sympatrically

throughout their ranges and the male genitalia

appear identical, suggesting a polymorphic species.

Poliopastea coelebs Bryk

Poliopastea coelebs, Bryk, 1953:239.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Amazonas (Brazil).

TYPE.—Holotype male (poor condition), Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Chiriqui [Panama].

TYPE.—Lectotype female, Zoologisches Museum,

Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin.

REMARKS.—The original description lists both

Chiriqui and Taboga Island as the locality for

cyllarus. Hampson (1898) cites cyllarus as a synonym under indistincta and lists the type as being

from Chiriqui. We accept Hampson's indication

as the designation of that specimen as the

lectotype.

Poliopastea errans (Hiibner), new combination

Sphinx eacus Cramer [1782], 4:129, 249 [index], pi. 357: fig. B

[preoccupied by Sphinx eacus Cramer [1780], 3:166, 174

[index], pi. 285].

Pseudomya errans Hiibner, 1819:124 [nomen novum].

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Unknown.

TYPE.—Lost.

REMARKS.—This species is most likely allied to

vittata or some other as yet unstudied species from

northern South America. The Cramer figure of

eacus does not match his original description,

which states that "the dark green band of the fore-
NUMBER 215 23

wings has a brassy lustre." The accompanying illustration shows a narrow, bluish band in the area

of the cell and no indication of any metallic brassy

sheen. Since none of the plates are illustrated with

metallic pigments it may be reasonable to speculate that the metallic pigments that were available

at that time were unsuitable for use in plate

reproductions.

Poliopastea esmeralda (Butler), new combination

Macrocneme esmeralda Butler, 1876:371.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Ega [Tefe], Brazil.

TYPE.—Holotype female, British Museum (Natural History).

REMARKS.—This species may be conspecific with

indistincta since both species are from northern

Brazil and were described by Butler on the same

page.

Poliopastea evelina (Druce), new combination

Macrocneme evelina Druce, 1884:48, pi. VIII: fig. 4.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama,

4000 to 6000 ft.

TYPE.—Holotype female, British Museum (Natural History).

Poliopastea hesione (Druce), new combination

Macrocneme hesione Druce, 1888:239.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama.

TYPE.—Holotype female, Zoologisches Museum,

Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin.

Poliopastea indistincta (Butler), new combination

Macrocneme indistincta Butler, 1876:371.

Macrocneme indistincta hampsoni Schrottky, 1910:151.

Macrocneme hampsoni Schrottky, by Hampson, 1914:206.

[New synonymy.]

Macrocneme sura Schaus, 1901:42. [New synonymy.]

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Para, Brazil (indistincta); Rio

Grande do Sul, Brazil (hampsoni); Petropolis,

Brazil (sura).

TYPE.—Holotype female, British Museum (Natural History) (indistincta); holotype male, British

Museum (Natural History) (hampsoni); holotype

male, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian Institution (sura).

REMARKS.—This species has been seen only from

Brazil. It may be conspecific with esmeralda Butler

as mentioned earlier. Schrottky gave Hampson's

indistincta Ab. 1 the name hampsoni on the basis

of the absence of white fringes on the wings. Our

examination has shown that the amount of white

on the palpi and on the fringes of the wing and

ventral pouch can vary considerably. The genitalia show no differences between the two; thus, we

see no justification for maintaining hampsoni as a

distinct species.

Poliopastea jalapensis (Schaus), new combination

Callicarus jalapensis Schaus, 1889:89.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Jalapa, Mexico.

TYPE.—Holotype female, National Museum of

Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

Poliopastea laciades (Schaus), new combination

Callicarus laciades Schaus, 1889:88.

Callicarus misitra Schaus, 1889:88. [New synonymy.]

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Paso San Juan, Vera Cruz,

Mexico (laciades); Paso San Juan, Vera Cruz,

Mexico (misitra).

TYPE.—Lectotype male, National Museum of

Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (laciades); holotype male, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (misitra).

REMARKS.—Schaus customarily noted the word

"type" on the label of the specimen used to prepare the description. We have selected, labeled,

and here designate that specimen as the lectotype.

Poliopastea laconia (Druce), new combination

Callicarus laconia Druce, 1884:49, pi. VI: fig. 18.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Valladolid, Yucatan, Mexico.

TYPE.—Holotype female, British Museum (Natural History).

REMARKS.—Forbes (1939) suggests that misitra

and laciades may be merely color forms of this

species.
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Poliopastea lamprosoma (Hampson),

new combination

Macrocneme lamprosoma Hampson, 1914:208, pi. XI: fig. 10.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—La Chorrera, Panama.

TYPE.—Lectotype male, British Museum (Natural History).

REMARKS.—This species is very similar to cyllarus

but may be distinguished by the totally black hind

tarsi. In his catalog Hampson uses the word "type"

in a general sense to indicate the specimens at

hand. The word order in his descriptions is an unreliable guide to the type-specimen. However, he

would label one specimen with the word "type"

and it is this specimen which we are designating as

the lectotype.

Poliopastea maroniensis (Schaus),

new combination

Macrocneme maroniensis Schaus, 1905:188.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—St. Jean, Maroni River, French

Guiana.

TYPE.—Holotype male, National Museum of

Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

REMARKS.—This species is known only from the

type-specimen and may ultimately prove to be the

male of hesione, Druce. Like hesione, it is rare in

collections.

Poliopastea mirabilis (Draudt), new combination

Chrysocneme mirabilis Draudt, 1917:205.

Macrocneme apollinairei Schaus, 1928:56. [New synonymy.]

Macrocneme xantholopha Dognin, 1919:4. [New synonymy.]

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Pacho, Colombia, 2200 m {mirabilis); Vergara, Colombia {apollinairei); Choco,

near Bogota, Colombia {xantholopha).

TYPE.—Holotype male, British Museum (Natural History) {mirabilis); holotype male, National

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution {apollinairei); holotype male, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

{xantholopha).

REMARKS.—These three names are all associated

with a species collected in the Department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. The difference between the

scarlet tufts of mirabilis and the yellow tufts of

xantholopha is apparently local variation because

some specimens show an intermediate condition.

For example, the tufts on the first abdominal tergite of the type-specimen of mirabilis are yellow

basally and scarlet beyond. The hind tarsi of both

types are bright yellow and the metallic markings

are the same.

Poliopastea nigritarsia (Hampson),

new combination

Macrocneme nigritarsia Hampson, 1898:326, pi. XII: fig. 24.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Panzos, Verapaz, Guatemala.

TYPE.—Lectotype male, here designated, British

Museum (Natural History).

Poliopastea nordina (Schaus), new combination

Macrocneme nordina Schaus, 1901:41.

Macrocneme nordina form altilis Draudt, 1916:104. [New synonymy.]

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Guadalajara, Mexico {nordina); Guerrero, Mexico {nordina altilis).

TYPES.—Lectotype female, here designated, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian

Institution {nordina); unknown {nordina altilis).

Poliopastea obscura (Wallengren),

new combination

Tipulodes obscura Wallengren, 1860:40.

Chloropsinus nox Druce, 1898:208.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Guayaquil, Ecuador {obscura);

St. Lucia, Ecuador {nox).

TYPE.—Holotype male, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm {obscura); holotype female,

British Museum (Natural History) {nox).

Poliopastea plumbea Hampson

Poliopastea plumbea Hampson, 1898:337, pi. XII: fig. 26.

Macrocneme albitarsia Hampson, 1898:325. [New synonymy.]

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Parantins, Lower Amazon, Brazil {plumbea); Tabatinga, Amazon, Brazil {albitarsia).

TYPE.—Holotype male, British Museum (Natural History) {plumbea); holotype female, British

Museum (Natural History) {albitarsia).
NUMBER 215 25

REMARKS.—This is the type-species of Poliopastea

and was transferred to Macrocneme by Fleming

(1957) when he synonymized Poliopastea. Examination of the type-specimen of albitarsia indicates

that it is merely the female of plumbea.

Poliopastea pusilla (Butler), new combination

Euchromia (Macrocneme) eacus [not Cramer, 1782] Walker,

1854:250.

Mastigocera pusilla Butler, 1876:372.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Para, Brazil.

TYPE.—Holotype female, British Museum (Natural History).

REMARKS.—Butler considered Walker's identification of eacus to be incorrect and proposed the

new name pusilla. If pusilla is ultimately confirmed a valid species, then coelebs Bryk belongs

here as a synonym.

Poliopastea splendida (Butler), new combination

Macrocneme splendida Butler, 1876:371.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Santa Marta, Colombia.

TYPE.—Lectotype male, here designated, British

Museum (Natural History).

REMARKS.—This species has been synonymized

with indistincta by all previous catalogers. The distribution of the two species suggests to us that this

association is unlikely. The species appears to us to

be much closer to vittata or cyllarus than to

indistincta.

Poliopastea vittata (Walker), new combination

Euchromia vittata Walker, 1854:249.

Macrocneme alesa Druce, 1890:493. [New synonymy.]

Macrocneme caurensis Klages, 1906:540. [New synonymy.]

Macrocneme nigritarsia ab. trinitatensis Strand, 1917:84.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Para, Brazil (vittata); Bolivia

(alesa); Suapure, Venezuela (caurensis); Trinidad

(nigritarsia ab. trinitatensis).

TYPE.—Lectotype female, here designated, British Museum (Natural History) (vittata); holotype male, British Museum (Natural History)

(alesa); lectotype male, here designated, National

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (caurensis); holotype female, British Museum

(Natural History) (nigritarsia ab. trinitatensis).

REMARKS.—Stand's trinitatensis, which was synonymized by Fleming (1957), is merely the female

of vittata. The white sublateral spots on the abdomen are characteristic markings of the females of

this species.

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26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

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secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis

synonymis, locis, obsen'ationibus, descriptionibus.

Holmiae. Volume III, part I (1793, 487 pages), part

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Fleming, H.

1957. The Ctenuchidae (Moths) of Trinidad, B.W.I., Part

I: Euchromiinae. Zoologica, 42 (part 3, number 10):

105-130, 3 plates.

1959. The Ctenuchidae (Moths) of Trinidad, B.W.I., Part

II: Ctenuchinae. Zoologica, 44 (part 3, number 6):

85-104, 3 plates.

Forbes, W. T. M.

1923. The Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring

States. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment

Station, Memoir 68:1-729, illustrated.

1930. Insects of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Heterocera or Moths (excepting the Noctuidae, Geometridae, and Pyralidae). New York Academy of

Sciences, 12(1): 1-171, 2 plates.

1931. Supplementary Report on the Heterocera or Moths

of Porto Rico. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Puerto Rico, 15(4):339-394, 6 plates.

1939. The Lepidoptera of Barro Colorado Island, Panama.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at

Harvard College, 85(4): vii +pages 97-322, 8 plates.

Geyer, C.

1827-1838. Volume 3. In Hiibner, Sammlung exotischer

Schmetterlinge. 53 plates. Augsburg. [See Hemming,

1937, for dating of plates.]

Griffin, F. J.

1936. The Contents of the Parts of the Dates of Appearance of Seitz's Macrolepidoptera of the World,

Volumes 1-16, 1907-1935. Transactions of the Royal

Entomology Society of London, 85(10):243-279.

Griveaud, P.

1964. Faune de Madagascar, XVII: Insectes, Le'pidopteres,

Amatidae. ix-f 147 pages, 1 colored plate, 309 figures, 2 maps. Republique Malgache.

1969. Amatidae Nouveaux au peu connus de Madagascar

(Lep.). [Extract from] Bulletin de Madagascar, 274

(March): 20 pages + figures. Tanarive: Imprimerie

Nationale.

Grote, A. R.

1866. Notes on the Zygaenidae of Cuba, Part I. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia,

6(July): 173-189.

1867. Ibid., part II, with a supplement, 6(Jan.):297-334,

plate 5.

1868. On the Synonymy, etc., of Certain Species of American Lepidoptera. Transactions of the American

Entomological Society, 2:115-122.

Grote, A. R., and C. T. Robinson

1868. List of the Lepidoptera of North America. Volume

I, pages i-xvi. Philadelphia: American Entomological Society.

Guerin-Meneville, F. E.

1824-1844. Iconographie du regne animal de G. Cuvier,

au representation d'apres nature de I'une des especes

les plus remarquebles et sauvent non encore figurc'es,

de chaque genre d'animaux; pouvant servir d'atlas

a tons les traites de zoologie. Insectes, pages 1-575

[1829-1838]; Lepidoptera, pages 466-530; Lepidoptera, plates 76-91. Paris: J. B. Bailliere.
NUMBER 215 27

Gundlach, J.

1881. Lepid6pteros. Part 1 in volume 1 of Contribution

a la Entomologia Cubana. 480 pages. Havana: G.

Montiel.

1891. Apuntes para la Fauna puerto-Riquena, Orden

Lepid6pteros, Part 7. Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Madrid, 20:109-207.

Hampson, G.

1898. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the

British Museum. Volume 1, xxii + 559 pages, 17

plates. London.

1914. Ibid., supplement, volume 1, xxviii + 858 pages, 41

plates. London.

Harris, T. W.

1839. Descriptive Catalogue of the North American Insects Belonging to the Linnean Genus Sphinx in

the Cabinet of Thaddeus William Harris, M.D.,

Librarian of Harvard University. American Journal

of Sciences and Arts, 36:282-320.

Hemming, F.

1937. Hubner: A Bibliographical and Systematic Account

of the Entomological Works of Jacob Hubner and

of the Supplements Thereto by Carl Geyer, Gottfried Franz von Frolich, and Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schafjer. Volume 1, pages i-xxxiv +

1-605. London: Royal Entomological Society.

Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W.

1866. Schmetterlinge aus Cuba. Correspondenzblatt des

Zoologisch-Mineralogischen Vereines in Regensberg,

20(8): 113-120.

Holland, W. J.

1903. The Moth Book. Pages i-xxiv+1-479; figures 1-263,

plates 1-48. New York: Doubleday, Page and Company.

Horn. w.. and I. Kahle

1935-1937. Vber entomologische Sammlungen, Entomologen, Entomo-Museologie, Teil 1-3: Sonderdruck von

Entomologische Beihefte aus Berlin-Dahlem, 2-4

(Dec. 1935, Oct. 1936, and Aug. 1937. vi + 536 pages,

38 tables, 3 illustrations.

Hubner, J.

1816-[1826]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge [sic].

431 pages and appendix (pages 1-72). Augsburg.

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Jones, E. D.

1908. VIII, Descriptions of New Species of LepidopteraHeterocera from Southeast Brazil. Transactions of

the Royal Entomological Society of London, 56:143-

176.

Kaye, W. J., and N. Lamont

1927. A Catalogue Of the Trinidad Lepidoptera Heterocera (Moths). Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture, Trinidad and Tobago, 3: viii + 144 + xv

pages, 2 plates.

Kirby, W. F.

1879. Note on Horama panthalon Fabr. Entomologist's

Monthly Magazine, 16:19.

1892. A Synonymic Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera

(Moths), I: Sphinges and Bombyces. Pages i-xii +

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1904-1908. [New English Facsimile Edition of Hubner's]

Sammlung Exotischer Schmetterlinge (1806). Volume

3, 128 pages, 53 plates. [Edited by P. Wytsman and

with additional text by W. F. Kirby.] Brussels: V.

Verteneuil & L. Desmet.

Klages, E. A.

1906. On the Syntomid Moths of Southern Venezuela

Collected in 1898-1900. Proceedings of the United

States National Museum, 29(1434):531-552. [January.]

Lindsey, A. W.

1926. Lepidoptera, Collected by the Barbados-Antigua

Expedition from the University of Iowa. University

of Iowa Studies in Natural History, H(7):33-35.

Martorell, L. F.

1945[1948]. A Survey of the Forest Insects of Puerto Rico,

Part I. Journal of Agriculture of the University of

Puerto Rico, 29(3):70-354. [July.]

1945[1948]. Ibid., part II, 29(4):355-608. [October.]

McDunnough, J.

1938. Check List of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the

United States of America, Part I: Macrolepidoptera.

[Reprint from the] Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, pages 1-272 [including

index pages 175-272].

Morris, J. G.

1862. Synopsis of the Described Lepidoptera of North

America, Part I: Diurnal and Crepuscular Lepidoptera. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, i-xxviii

+1-358 pages.

Moschler, H. B.

1890. Die Lepidopteren-fauna der Insel Portorico. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt/Main, 16:69-360, 1

plate. [As a separate.]

Neumoegen, B.

1890. New Beauties from Near and Far. Entomologica

Americana, 6(4):61-64.

Neumoegen, B., and H. G. Dyar

1893. A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America

North of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 1(3):97-118.

Obraztsov, N. S.

1966. Die palaearktischen Amata-Arten (Lepidoptera,

Ctenuchidae). Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen

Staatssammlung Munchen, 10:1-383, 30 plates. [October.]

Ridgway, R.

1912. Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, iii + 44

pages, 53 plates. Washington, D.C.: Published by

the author.

Rothschild, W.

1911. New Syntomidae in the Tring Museum. Novitates

Zoologica, 18:24-45.

Saalmiiller, M.

1890. In Moschler, Die Lepidopteren-fauna der Insel

Portorico. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt/Main, 16:

347-354. [As a separate.]

Schaus, W.

1889. Descriptions of New Species of Mexican Heterocera.

Entomologica Americana, 5:87-90.

1901. New Species of Heterocera from Tropical America,

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(no. 1420): 179-345. [October.]

1924. New Species of Moths in the United States National

Museum, Proceedings of the United States National

Museum, 65(art. 7): 1-74.

1928. New Species of Lepidoptera in the United States

National Museum. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 30(3):46-58.

Schrottky, C.

1909. "Mimetische" Lepidopteren ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Syntomidae Paraguays. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, "Iris," Dresden, 22(2-3): 122-132.

1910. Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Syntomidae Paraguay's. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, "Iris,"

Dresden, 24(6-7): 148-153.

1911. Wespenahnliche Schmetterlinge. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie, 11:125-129.

1912. Zwei neue Syntomiden von Nord-Argentinien.

Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, "Iris," Dresden, 26(3): 166.

Seitz, A.

1890. Die Schmetterlingswelt des Monte Corcovado. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 51(7-12):258-266.

[July-December.]

Stahl, A.

1882. Fauna de Puerto-Rico. Catdlogo del gabinete zooldgio del Dr. A. Stahl . . . Precedido de una

clasificacidn sistemdtica de los animates que corresponden a esta fauna. 248 pages. Puerto Rico:

"Boletin mercantil."

Strand, E.

1917. Neue und wenig bekannte Nebenformen von Syntomididen. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 82A(2):

79-86.

Todd, E. L.

1959. The Fruit-Piercing Moths of the Genus Gonodonta

Hiibner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). United States

Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 1201,

Washington, D.C., July. [Footnote 6, p. 23, in re

authorship of P. Cramer (and C. Stoll), 1775-1791.]

Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la

1962. A Glossary of Entomology: Smith's "An Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology." Completely

Revised and Rewritten . . . and Supplement A,

Edited by George S. Tullock. ix + 336 pages, 36

pages (supplement), 9 plates. New York: Brooklyn

Entomological Society. [Third printing.]

Travassos, L., Filho

1940. Euchromiidae de Salobra. Arquivos de zoologia da

estado de Sao Paulo 2(9):261-280, 2 plates.

Tuxen, S. L., editor

1970. Taxonomist's Glossary of Genitalia in Insects. Second revised and enlarged edition. 359 pages. Copenhagen: Munksgaard. [Lepidoptera chapter by A. B.

Klots, pages 115-130.]

Walker, F.

1854. Lepidoptera Heterocera. Part 1 (pages 1-278) in

List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in

the Collection of the British Museum.

1856. Ibid., part 7, pages 1509-1808.

Wallengren, H. D. J.

1860. Lepidopterologische Mittheilungen. Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift 4(2):33-46.

Westwood, J. O.

1837. Illustrations of Exotic Entomology; Containing Upwards of Six Hundred and Fifty Figures and Descriptions of Foreign Insects Interspersed with

Remarks and Reflections on Their Nature and

Properties. Volume 2, page 51, plate 27, figure 3.

London: Henry G. Bohn. [Facsimile of Drury's

"Illustrations of Natural History" with text changes

and additional comments by Westwood.]

Woolcott, G. N.

1923[1924]. "Insectae Portoricensis": A Preliminary Annotated Check-list of the Insects of Porto Rico, with

Descriptions of Some New Species. The Journal of

the Department of Agriculture of Porto Rico, 7(1):

139-207 [Lepidoptera].

1936. "Insectae Borinquensis": A Revised Annotated

Checklist of the Insects of Puerto Rico. The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,

20(l):396-507 [Lepidoptera]. [July.]

1941. Ibid., supplement, 25(2):33-158.

1948[1951]. The Insects of Puerto Rico. The Journal of

Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 32(3):

573-748 [Lepidoptera. Heterocera: Moths].

Zerny, H.

1912. Syntomidae. Part 7 in Lepidopterorum Catalogus.

179 pages. H. Wagner, W. Junk, editors. Berlin.

1931. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Syntomiden (Fortsetzung). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, "Iris,"

herausgegeben von Entomologischen Verein Iris zu

Dresden, 45:1-27, 1 plate.

Zimsen, E.

1964. The Type Material of I. C. Fabricius. 656 pages.

Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
NUMBER 215 29

FIGURE 1.—Male genitalia, Horama pretus (Cramer): a, lateral view, aedeagus in situ, left valve

removed; b, dorsoventral view.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

\

FIGURE 2.—Male genitalia, Horama grotei Butler: a, lateral view; b, dorsoventral view;

c, aedeagus.
NUMBER 215 31

FIGURE 3.—Male genitalia, Horama panthalon panthalon (Fabricius):

a, lateral view, left valve removed; b, ventral view.
32

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 4.—Male genitalia, Horatna tarsalis Walker: a, lateral view, left valve removed;

b, ventral view, left valve and aedeagus removed.
NUMBER 215

b

FIGURE 5.—Male genitalia, Horama pennipes (Grote): a, lateral view, left valve removed, setae

omitted; b, ventral view, setae omitted; c, aedeagus.
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

b

FIGURE 6.—Male genitalia, Horama plumipes (Drury): a, lateral view, left valve removed;

b, ventral view, setae omitted; c, aedeagus.
NUMBER 215 35

FIGURE 7.—Male genitalia, Horama diffissa Grote: a, lateral view;

b, dorsoventral view; c, aedeagus.
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

b

FIGURE 8.—Male genitalia, holotype, Horoma zapata, new species:

a, lateroventral view, left valve and aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus.
NUMBER 215 37

FIGURE 9.—Male genitalia, Horama oedippus (Boisduval): a, lateral view, aedeagus in situ, left

valve removed; b, ventral view; c, anellar plate (= anellus + juxta).
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 10.—Male genitalia, Poliopastea clavipes (Boisduval): a, right lateral view showing

tegumen process and right valve, aedeagus removed; b, aedeagus; c, left lateral view showing

both valves and tegumen, uncus omitted.
NUMBER 215

39

11

12

FIGURES 11, 12.—Modifications of abdominal sternites in Poliopastea clavipes (Boisduval): 11,

male sternites 1-3 showing intersegmental pocket; 12, female sternites 6-7 showing intersegmental

pocket.
40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 13.—Female genitalia, Horama pretus (Cramer): ventral view.
NUMBER 215 41

FIGURE 14.—Female genitalia, Horama grotei Butler: ventral view.
42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 15.—Female genitalia, Horama panthalon panthalon (Fabricius): ventral view.
NUMBER 215 43

FICURE 16.—Holotype female genitalia, Horama tarsalis Walker: ventral view.

(Drawing courtesy BM (NH).)
FIGURE 17.—Female genitalia, Horama pennipes (Grote): ventral view.
NUMBER 215 45

FIGURE 18.—Female genitalia, Horama plumipes (Drury): a, ventral view;

b, enlargement of signa spines from wall of corpus bursae.
46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 19.—Female genitalia, Horama diffissa Grote: ventral view.
NUMBER 215 47

FIGURE 20.—Allotype female genitalia, Horama zapata, new species: ventral view.
48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 21.—Female genitalia, Horama oedippus (Boisduval): ventral view.
NUMBER 215 49

FIGURES 22-25.—Venation: 22, Horama pretus (Cramer); 23, H. grotei Butler; 24a, H. panthalon

(Fabricius); 24b,c, variants in H. panthalon; 25, H. tarsalis Walker.
50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 26-29.—Venation: 26, Horatna pennipes (Grote); 27, H. plumipes (Drury);

28, H. diffissa Grote; 29, H. oedippus (Boisduval).
NUMBER 215 51

PLATE 1.—Adults of Horama: 1, H. pretus male, Puerto Rico, NMNH; 2, H. grotei female, Hardware Gap, Greenhills, Jamaica, CM; 3, H. p. panthalon male (yellow morph), Rancho Grande,

Aragua, Venezuela, NMNH; 4, H. p. panthalon female (orange hind wing morph), Mt. Eagle,

St. Croix, Virgin Islands, NMNH; 5, H. p. panthalon [holotype of serena Schaus], Canal Zone,

Panama, NMNH; 6, H. p. texana female, 4 mi SW Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico, NMNH.
52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

PLATE 2.—Adults of Horama: 7, H. p. viridifusa male (morph I, see text), San Julian, Chiquitos,

Bolivia, BM(NH); 8, H. p. viridifusa male (morph II, see text), Prov. del Sara, Bolivia, CM;

9, H. tarsalis male, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, AMNH; 10, H. pennipes male holotype, Cuba; 11, H.

diffissa male, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, AMNH; 12, H. diffissa female, Santiago, Cuba, NMNH.
NUMBER 215 53

PLATE 3.—Adults of Horama and Poliopastea: 13, H. plumipes female, Madden Dam, Canal Zone,

Panama, MCZ; 14, H. oedippus female, Valladolid, Yucatan, Mexico, BM (NH); 15, H. oedippus

male [color variant], Coatepec, Mexico, NMNH; 16, Horama zapata male holotype, San Bias,

Cienaga de Zapata, Cuba, PAD; 17, Poliopastea clavipes male, Rancho Quemado, Rt. 85, Km

353, SLP, Mexico, NMNH; 18, Poliopastea clavipes male photographed under ultraviolet illumination.

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