DA 13-0346

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2013 MT 338

BROWN AND BROWN OF MT,

INC., A Corporation,

 Plaintiff and Appellant,

 v.

KEITH RATY AND COLLEEN RATY,

 Defendant and Appellee.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twelfth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Hill, Cause No. DV 08-190

Honorable Daniel A. Boucher, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

J. Devlan Geddes, Goetz, Gallik & Baldwin, P.C.; Bozeman, Montana

For Appellee:

Gregory J. Hatley, Davis, Hatley, Haffeman & Tighe, P.C.; Great Falls, 

Montana 

Submitted on Briefs: October 23, 2013

 Decided: November 12, 2013

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

November 12 2013
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Justice Michael E Wheat delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Brown & Brown of Montana, Inc. (Brown) appeals from the Order of the Montana 

Twelfth Judicial District Court, Hill County, modifying its final judgment to conform with 

our opinion in Brown & Brown of MT, Inc. v. Raty, 2012 MT 264, 367 Mont. 67, 289 P.3d 

156 (Brown I).

¶2 We reverse and remand for further proceedings.

¶3 The issue on appeal is: 

¶4 Did the District Court err by failing to delineate the scope of the Ratys’ residential 

and recreational prescriptive easements across Brown’s real property?

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶5 The Court previously considered this case in Brown I, where we reviewed the District 

Court’s decision granting summary judgment to the Ratys. The District Court’s decision, as 

modified, provided generally that: (1) the Ratys had a prescriptive easement to cross 

Brown’s land; (2) the prescriptive easement included residential and recreational uses; and 

(3) the width of the easement was confined to twenty feet. The record before the District 

Court included sworn affidavits, deposition testimony, and photographs attesting to historic 

and present-day use of the easement. The uses included trailing herds of livestock, 

horseback riding, walking, driving agricultural and construction equipment, hauling 

materials to repair or build fences, spraying weeds, maintaining and developing water 

sources, hauling firewood, riding snowmobiles, accessing residences, hunting, and fishing. 

We held that the District Court properly found that the Ratys had a prescriptive easement 
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that included these uses, but improperly limited the width of the easement to twenty feet for 

the purposes of trailing cattle. We remanded the case to the District Court to clarify the 

scope of recreational and residential uses authorized by the easement; and to modify its order 

regarding the easement’s width.

¶6 The District Court’s pertinent language as to the scope of use included in the 

easement originally read:

The permitted uses of the Raty’s prescriptive easement are as follows:

a. Trailing cattle and engaging in other travel necessary for the 

maintenance of the cattle and the property on which the cattle are 

placed;

b. Residential uses associated with the cabin/residence maintained on 

the Upper Setty Ranch; and

c. Recreational uses associated with the cabin/residence located on the 

Upper Setty Ranch.

¶7 The District Court amended this language to read:

The permitted uses of the Raty’s prescriptive easement are as follows:

a. Trailing cattle and engaging in other travel necessary for the 

maintenance of the cattle and the property on which the cattle are 

placed;

b. Residential uses associated with the cabin/residence maintained on 

the Upper Setty Ranch, limited to those historical uses established 

during the prescriptive period; and

c. Recreational uses associated with the cabin/residence located on the 

Upper Setty Ranch, limited to those historical uses established during 

the prescriptive period.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
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¶8 Whether the District Court has complied with the remand instructions is a question of 

law, which we review for correctness. Watson v. West, 2011 MT 57, ¶ 13, 360 Mont. 9, 250 

P.3d 845; see In re Marriage of Pfeifer, 1998 MT 228, ¶ 9, 291 Mont. 23, 965 P.2d 895. 

DISCUSSION

¶9 Did the District Court err by failing to delineate the scope of the Ratys’ residential 

and recreational prescriptive easements across Brown’s real property?

¶10 On remand, a district court must proceed in conformity with the views expressed by 

the appellate court. See Haines Pipeline Constr. v. Mont. Power Co., 265 Mont. 282, 290, 

876 P.2d 632, 637 (1994). Trial court proceedings on remand should comport with the 

mandate and the result contemplated by the appellate court’s opinion. 5 Am. Jur. 2d 

Appellate Review § 734 (2013).

¶11 When we remanded this case to the District Court in Brown I, we did so, in part, to 

“alleviate Brown’s concern that the District Court has granted the Ratys unlimited use of the 

road for residential and recreational uses[.]” Brown I, ¶ 35. Brown argues that “[t]he 

Modified Judgment leaves Brown, and future owners of the subject properties, uncertain as 

to what uses the Ratys may make of their residential and recreational prescriptive easements 

across Brown’s property because the character and frequency of the ‘historical uses’ were 

not defined by the District Court.” For instance, Brown pontificates: 

Imagine twenty years from now the Ratys’ successors in interest tear down the 

existing homestead cabin on the Upper Setty Ranch and construct a multibedroom private residence with outbuildings. May the Ratys’ successors 

access their new home using the prescriptive easement under the Modified 

Judgment? Further imagine the Ratys’ successors in interest invite ten of their 
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friends for a week of hunting on the Upper Setty Ranch. May the friends use 

the prescriptive easement to access the Upper Setty Ranch? What if it is 

twenty friends? What if they are going to spend the week riding dirt bikes and 

ATVs? . . . May the Ratys’ successors [grade, gravel or pave the two-track 

road within the easement]?

We agree that the District Court’s revision to its judgment did little to address Brown’s 

concerns. While the added language “limited to those historical uses established during the 

prescriptive period,” is an accurate statement of what the law requires, it does not adequately 

define the scope of use encompassed in the Ratys’ prescriptive easement. 

¶12 In Brown I, we set forth the principles of law governing prescriptive easements. “The 

extent of a servitude is determined by the terms of the grant or the nature of the enjoyment 

by which it was acquired.” Section 70-17-106, MCA. We explained that “[t]he right to use 

an easement acquired by prescription cannot exceed the use which was made during the 

prescriptive period.” Brown I, ¶ 31 (citing Kelly v. Wallace, 1998 MT 307, ¶ 37, 292 Mont. 

129, 972 P.2d 1117; Ruana v. Grigonis, 275 Mont. 441, 454, 913 P.2d 1247, 1255 (1996)); 

see also Jon W. Bruce & James W. Ely, Jr., The Law of Easements and Licenses in Land

§ 7:12, 7-29 (Thomson Reuters 2013). Where an easement is not specifically defined, its 

scope extends only to uses “reasonably necessary and convenient” for the purpose for which 

it was created. Brown I, ¶ 31 (citing Clark v. Heirs & Devisees of Dwyer, 2007 MT 237, ¶ 

27, 339 Mont. 197, 170 P.3d 927; Leffingwell Ranch, Inc. v. Cieri, 276 Mont. 421, 430, 916 

P.2d 751, 757 (1996); Strahan v. Bush, 237 Mont. 265, 268, 773 P.2d 718, 720 (1989)). For 

instance, in Ferguson v. Standley, 89 Mont. 489, 502, 300 P. 245, 250 (1931) (overruled on 

other grounds by In re Estate of Dolezilek, 156 Mont. 224, 478 P.2d 278 (1970)), this Court 
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held that where the plaintiff had obtained a prescriptive right to use a road, the right—while 

confined to historic uses—“of course” included “the right to make necessary repairs on the 

road [he historically used] and, for that purpose, to use so much of defendant’s land as is 

necessary.” 

¶13 We have rejected an “evolutionary” approach to defining private prescriptive 

easements that would allow greater use of the easement over time. Kelly, ¶ 37 (citing 

Warnack v. Coneen Fam. Trust, 278 Mont. 80, 86, 923 P.2d 1087, 1091 (1996)). Rather, 

“[t]he right of the owner of the dominant estate is governed by the character and extent of the 

use during the period requisite to acquire it.” Ferguson, 89 Mont. at 502, 300 P. at 250 

(citing Chessman v. Hale, 31 Mont. 577, 79 P. 254 (1905)). In Kelly we held that “the 

frequency of use by which owners of an easement by prescription acquired their easement 

during the prescriptive period may limit the frequency of future use[.]” Kelly, ¶ 34. The 

character of future use is also limited to the type of use during the prescriptive period. See 

Wareing v. Schreckendgust, 280 Mont. 196, 213, 930 P.2d 37, 48 (1997) (where the 

Wareings had maintained a ditch by shovel and hand cleaning throughout the prescriptive 

period, future maintenance was limited to shovel and hand cleaning); Warnack, 278 Mont. at

86, 923 P.2d at 1091 (affirming the district court’s decision limiting the scope of a 

prescriptive easement’s use to the use by which it had been acquired). The specific language 

the district court in Warnack used to limit the scope of a prescriptive easement is instructive: 

The right of the Plaintiffs [Warnack], heirs, successors, assigns and agents to 

use the primary road easement should be on foot, horseback, and all ordinary 

modern means of transportation for purpose of access to their lands, 
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construction of a residence and outbuildings as necessary, all for agricultural 

purposes. Additionally, Plaintiffs have a right to access their property for 

hunting, fishing, camping and recreation. It is the conclusion of the Court that 

the easement is governed by the character and extent of its use during the 

period requisite to acquire it and that the easement can not [sic] exceed the use 

which Plaintiffs and their predecessors made of it during the prescriptive 

period. This grants Plaintiffs an absolute right to access their property over the 

primary easement for all agricultural purposes, as well as hunting and fishing 

recreational purposes. It does not grant an easement for purposes of logging, 

mineral extraction or exploration, or subdividing of the real property. Such uses 

of the prescriptive easement would increase the burden on the servient 

landowners. None of the parties are hereby prohibited from placing gates or 

cattle guards on their respective properties but if locks are placed on gates, keys 

or combinations, as necessary, shall be provided to Plaintiffs and their agents.

Warnack, 278 Mont. at 85-86, 923 P.2d at 1090-91.

¶14 We conclude that the District Court did not comply with the mandate and the result 

contemplated by this Court in Brown I. The District Court’s judgment need not catalogue a 

litany of specific activities each party may undertake, as Brown appears to request, but it 

should at least provide the level of guidance this Court endorsed in Warnack. 

CONCLUSION

¶15 We again remand this matter to the District Court to modify its order to better define 

the character and frequency of historic recreational and residential use. It appears to this 

Court that the factual record before the District Court should be sufficient for the District 

Court to render an opinion defining the scope of permissible recreational and residential use. 

In the court’s discretion, however, it may conduct such additional fact-finding as it deems 

necessary to better describe the character and frequency of recreational and residential use 

associated with the easement.
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¶16 Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.

/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT

We Concur:

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ BRIAN MORRIS

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

/S/ JIM RICE