| (a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision to ensure that material  information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; |
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| (b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding  the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial  statements  for  external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
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| (c) | Evaluated the  effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and  procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and |
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| (d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's 4th quarter in the case of an quarterly report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and |
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| a)   | all significant deficiencies in the design or operation of internal controls which could adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report  financial data and have identified for the registrant's auditors any material weaknesses in internal controls; and |
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| b)   | any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. |
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