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THE STATE OF NORTHERN BORDER PREPAREDNESS: A REVIEW OF FEDERAL, STATE, AND 

LOCAL COORDINATION 

FIELD HEARING 

BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON EMERGENCY 

PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE, 

AND COMMUNICATIONS 

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS 

FIRST SESSION 

OCTOBER 28, 2011 

Serial No. 112–55 

Printed for the use of the Committee on Homeland Security 

Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ 
(II) 

COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY 

PETER T. KING, New York, Chairman 

LAMAR SMITH, Texas 

DANIEL E. LUNGREN, California 

MIKE ROGERS, Alabama 

MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas 

GUS M. BILIRAKIS, Florida 

PAUL C. BROUN, Georgia 

CANDICE S. MILLER, Michigan 

TIM WALBERG, Michigan 

CHIP CRAVAACK, Minnesota 

JOE WALSH, Illinois 

PATRICK MEEHAN, Pennsylvania 

BEN QUAYLE, Arizona 

SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia 

BILLY LONG, Missouri 

JEFF DUNCAN, South Carolina 

TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania 

BLAKE FARENTHOLD, Texas 

ROBERT L. TURNER, New York 

BENNIE G. THOMPSON, Mississippi 

LORETTA SANCHEZ, California 

SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas 

HENRY CUELLAR, Texas 

YVETTE D. CLARKE, New York 

LAURA RICHARDSON, California 

DANNY K. DAVIS, Illinois 

BRIAN HIGGINS, New York 

JACKIE SPEIER, California 

CEDRIC L. RICHMOND, Louisiana 

HANSEN CLARKE, Michigan 

WILLIAM R. KEATING, Massachusetts 

KATHLEEN C. HOCHUL, New York 

JANICE HAHN, California 

MICHAEL J. RUSSELL, Staff Director/Chief Counsel 

KERRY ANN WATKINS, Senior Policy Director 

MICHAEL S. TWINCHEK, Chief Clerk 

I. LANIER AVANT, Minority Staff Director 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE, AND 

COMMUNICATIONS 

GUS M. BILIRAKIS, Florida, Chairman 

JOE WALSH, Illinois 

SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia 

TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania, Vice Chair 

BLAKE FARENTHOLD, Texas 

PETER T. KING, New York (Ex Officio) 

LAURA RICHARDSON, California 

HANSEN CLARKE, Michigan 

KATHLEEN C. HOCHUL, New York 

BENNIE G. THOMPSON, Mississippi (Ex Officio) 

KERRY A. KINIRONS, Staff Director 

NATALIE NIXON, Deputy Chief Clerk 

CURTIS BROWN, Minority Professional Staff Member 
(III) 

C O N T E N T S 

Page 

STATEMENTS 

The Honorable Gus M. Bilirakis, a Representative in Congress From the 

State of Florida, and Chairman, Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Communications ................................................................ 1 

The Honorable Hansen Clarke, a Representative in Congress From the State 

of Michigan, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Communications ................................................................ 2 

WITNESSES 

PANEL I 

Mr. Andrew Velasquez, III, Regional Administrator, Region V, FEMA: 

Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 4 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 6 

Mr. Michael Parks, Ninth District Commander, U.S. Coast Guard: 

Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 9 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 11 

Mr. John S. Beutlich, Director of the Northern Region, Office of Air and 

Marine, U.S. Customs and Border Protection: 

Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 14 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 16 

PANEL II 

Captain W. Thomas Sands, Deputy State Director, Division of Emergency 

Management and Homeland Security: 

Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 27 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 29 

Mr. Donald R. Austin, Administration Division, Fire Department, City of 

Detroit: 

Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 33 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 35 

Mr. R. Daryl Lundy, Director, Office of Homeland Security and Emergency 

Management, City of Detroit: 

Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 39 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 41 

Mr. James P. Buford, P.E.M., Director, Department of Homeland Security 

and Emergency Management, Wayne County, Michigan: 

Oral Statement ..................................................................................................... 44 

Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 46 

(1) 

THE STATE OF NORTHERN BORDER PREPAREDNESS: A REVIEW OF FEDERAL, 

STATE, AND LOCAL COORDINATION 

Friday, October 28, 2011 

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS, 

RESPONSE, AND COMMUNICATIONS, 

COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY, 

Detroit, MI. 

The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:15 a.m., in the 

Marvin I. Danto Engineering Development Center Auditorium, 

Wayne State University College of Engineering, 5050 Anthony 

Wayne Drive, Detroit, Michigan, Hon. Gus M. Bilirakis [Chairman 

of the subcommittee] presiding. 

Present: Representatives Bilirakis and Clarke. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Good morning. The Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Emergency Management, Preparedness, 

Response, and Communications will come to order. 

The subcommittee is meeting today to receive testimony on the 

efforts of Federal, State, and local officials to work together to address the homeland security needs of the Northern Border. 

I appreciate the effort taken by all of those involved to have this 

important field hearing. This is an official Congressional hearing, 

as opposed to a town hall meeting, and as such, we must abide by 

the certain rules of the Committee on Homeland Security and the 

House of Representatives. 

I kindly wish to remind all guests today that demonstrations 

from the audience, including applause and verbal outbursts, as well 

as the use of signs or placards, are a violation of the rules of the 

House of Representatives. It is important that we respect the decorum and the rules of this committee. 

I have also been requested to state that photography and cameras are limited to accredited press only. 

I now recognize myself for an opening statement. I am pleased 

to be here in Detroit this morning, and I thank Congressman 

Clarke and Wayne State for hosting this subcommittee. My wife 

grew up in the Detroit area. So I have been here a couple of times. 

Very, very impressed with the university and also the downtown 

area. 

Unfortunately, I won’t have a lot of time to stay. But thank you, 

Hansen, for inviting me. 

We got off to a great start this morning by observing the tabletop 

exercise. It was a challenging scenario, and the collaboration we 
2 

witnessed at the exercise is so vital to our preparedness and response efforts. 

We have two very distinguished panels of witnesses today who 

will provide the subcommittee with their perspective on the unique 

homeland security issues and challenges along the Northern Border, and particularly in the Detroit area. I am interested in learning more about how you work with each other and with your Canadian partners to address these challenges and share best practices. 

So important. 

Before I yield to Congressman Clarke for his opening statement, 

I just want to let you know that your Congressman is working tirelessly for you and the Detroit area in Washington, DC, and I want 

to tell you how well-respected he is in Washington, DC. 

Mr. CLARKE. Thank you. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Extremely effective, works well with the Majority 

party, and I tell you, he is a rising star as far as I am concerned. 

Anything I can do for Hansen, because I know his heart is in the 

right place always. 

So, anyways, it is great to be here again. With that, I welcome 

our witnesses here today, and I look forward to your testimony. 

But I do want to yield to Hansen for his opening statement. 

Mr. CLARKE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

It is an honor to have this body meet here in the city of Detroit. 

As a matter of fact, this hearing is historic. This is the first time 

a Homeland Security Subcommittee has ever met in this region, 

probably one of the few times ever that we have had an official 

Congressional hearing here in the city of Detroit. 

That is because this Chairman understands the importance of securing this region from a terrorist attack and also from any other 

disaster. This region and this city has unique assets that create a 

risk of an attack or would make the consequences of any disaster 

just devastating in terms of loss of life and disruption to not only 

our regional, but also our National economy. 

We have our international bridge, the Ambassador Bridge, our 

tunnel, our drinking water system. We have a large regional airport, a nuclear power plant in the region, all within a very large 

metropolitan area that has millions of people. We are at risk. 

But yet, even though we are at risk, our first responders—and 

that was very clear from the discussion on the simulated biological 

attack at Wayne State University that we had just prior to this 

hearing—is that our first responders, our local police, fire, and 

emergency medical providers, those are the ones that will be called 

into action in the event of some type of a disaster. 

But it is our very State and local government agencies that don’t 

have the revenue right now to provide the equipment, the staffing, 

the training, the planning, and the technical assistance that we 

need to better protect this region. This housing crisis has just devastated our tax base. So we need the resources. 

At a National level, one of the most disturbing findings is that 

Secretary Napolitano said that we are at the highest risk, as a Nation, of a terrorist attack since 9/11. But yet this Congress continues to cut the homeland security budget and, as a matter of fact, 

had threatened to cut all funding eligibility of metro Detroit to the 

Urban Assistance Security Initiative funding. 
3 

I had to offer an amendment to restore that funding. With the 

support of Chairman Bilirakis, that amendment—yes, offered by a 

Democrat who is a freshman—was successful on the floor of the 

House. I want to thank him for his support. 

But so, the point is this. We have got challenges right now in 

protecting our people, our infrastructure, and also making the 

point to Congress that we need more investment here in this region 

to not only protect Detroiters, but to protect our economy. 

You know, all of those assets that really put us at risk—the busiest international border crossing in North America; the global 

headquarters for one of the largest companies in the world, General 

Motors; a great research university here; our manufacturing knowhow; the best-trained workforce around—all of those resources, 

though, gives us the ability to put this entire country back to work 

if our people are protected, if we have the resources invested in the 

city. 

So it is my great honor to be here not only as a Member of the 

Homeland Security Committee, as a lifelong Detroiter, but also as 

a partner to this man, the Chairman of the EPRC Subcommittee 

of the Homeland Security Committee. 

Regardless of whatever you hear on the news or you see on TV, 

Republicans and Democrats can work together to better protect our 

people in this country from threats. He and I, our partnership together, exemplify that working relationship. 

So, in closing, I am honored to be here as a part of this historic 

Congressional committee. I just want to say on a personal note, 

though, Dr. David Weinreich, who is right here, who has been assisting me for all the time, the few months I have been in Congress, has now chosen to leave employment in the United States 

Congress to go to other promising pursuits. His service to our country, to the Congress will be sorely missed, but I appreciate his work 

here. 

So, Chairman, I will turn it over to you, and thank you again. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thanks for 

your remarks. 

Our first witness is Administrator Andrew Velasquez. Mr. 

Velasquez is the administrator for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Federal Emergency Management Agency Region V, 

and he is responsible for preparedness coordination in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Wow. 

Prior to becoming regional administrator, Mr. Velasquez served 

as the director of the Illinois Emergency Management Agency and 

as homeland security adviser to the Governor. Administrator 

Velasquez has also served as the executive director of Chicago’s Office of Emergency Management and Communications and served in 

the Chicago Police Department for over 10 years. 

Administrator Velasquez earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees 

in criminal justice from Illinois State University and an MBA from 

St. Xavier University. 

Our next witness is Rear Admiral Michael Parks. Welcome, Admiral. Rear Admiral Parks is the operational commander of the 

Ninth Coast Guard District, which spans the five Great Lakes, St. 

Lawrence Seaway, and the surrounding States. He most recently 

served as the deputy director of operations for headquarters, 
4 

United States Northern Command, where he was principal adviser 

to the U.S. NORTHCOM commander on all operational matters. 

Admiral Parks earned his bachelor’s of science in government 

from the United States Coast Guard Academy, his master’s of public administration from George Washington University, and a master’s of science and national security strategy policy from the National War College. 

Following Admiral Parks, we will hear from Mr. John Beutlich. 

Mr. Beutlich is the executive director for the Northern Border within the Customs and Border Protection Office of Air and Marine. 

The region has 8 air and marine branches, with over 500 employees, 51 aircraft, and 48 vessels. Previously, Mr. Beutlich served as 

the director of air operations for the Miami Air and Marine Branch. 

Prior to his service in Miami, Florida, where I am from, Mr. 

Beutlich served in Washington, DC, for the Department of Homeland Security integration staff, where he was involved in the National Response Plan, principal Federal official cadre, and National 

special security events. 

Mr. Beutlich served in both the United States Army and the 

Naval Reserves. Director Beutlich received his bachelor’s of science 

from Loyola University in Chicago and an MBA from the University of Phoenix. 

Welcome, all of you. Your entire written statements will appear 

in the record. I ask that you each summarize your testimony for 

approximately 5 minutes, and Mr. Velasquez, you are now recognized to testify. 

Thank you again, sir. 

STATEMENT OF ANDREW VELASQUEZ, III, REGIONAL 

ADMINISTRATOR, REGION V, FEMA 

Mr. VELASQUEZ. Thank you. 

Good morning, Chairman Bilirakis, Congressman Clarke. My 

name is Andrew Velasquez. I am the regional administrator for the 

U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Federal Emergency Management Agency Region V office in Chicago, Illinois. 

It is a pleasure to appear before you this morning and, indeed, 

an honor to discuss the critical Federal, State, and local coordination near the United States Northern Border. No matter how prepared communities may be, disasters can and do strike anywhere 

and at any time. 

Within the United States, the response to and recovery from 

major emergencies and disasters is managed and coordinated 

under the National Response Framework, otherwise known as the 

NRF. A major tenet of the NRF is that response to all emergencies 

and disasters begins at the local level. 

When those governments become overwhelmed, they can seek the 

additional assistance from the State. If the State becomes overwhelmed and needs support, the Governor can request assistance 

from the Federal Government. 

Stricken jurisdictions also have the option of activating intrastate or interstate mutual aid assistance agreements with their 

neighbors. Many jurisdictions located along the borders of Canada 

and Mexico have already entered into emergency assistance agreements, anticipating the likely need to share resources such as per-
5 

sonnel and equipment that can quickly help save lives and protect 

property. 

Although States, provinces, and territories are capable of managing most emergencies, there are times when disasters exceed the 

State, provincial, or territorial resources and, therefore, require 

outside assistance. Because of the proximity of resources, cross-border mutual aid assistance can be readily available, timely, and/or 

operationally expedient. 

In the mid-1990s, the Regional Emergency Management Advisory Committees were established for the purpose of supporting development of regional mutual assistance agreements between the 

United States and Canadian provinces. The Central Regional 

Emergency Management Advisory Committee, CREMAC, comprises FEMA Regions II, III, and V, including the States of Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, 

and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. 

The co-chairs of CREMAC rotate between U.S. and Canadian regional emergency management organizations. FEMA’s role in coordinating these State-province agreements is found in Section 612 

of the Stafford Act, which directs the FEMA Administrator to provide assistance to States in the development of mutual aid agreements with neighboring countries. 

On October 26, just this past Wednesday, FEMA Region V in 

Chicago hosted a Central and Prairie Region emergency management meeting to work towards consensus on the latest version of 

a mutual assistance agreement. Representatives from CREMAC; 

the Prairie Region Emergency Management Advisory Committee, 

PREMAC; the National Emergency Management Association, 

NEMA; FEMA; and the Canadian Council of Emergency Management Organizations discussed the content of that agreement, potential issues and challenges, as well as the ultimate approval 

process. 

The representatives agreed to changes in the draft language and 

will continue working on additional language related to liability 

and licensure. Once final, States and provinces will seek to have 

the agreement provided and approved by their respective governments. 

This current draft is a U.S. State-to-Canadian province agreement that encourages and authorizes cooperative planning, training, and exercises so that jurisdictions located on both sides of the 

border are better prepared for a disaster. Through the agreement, 

any resource can be made available from one member State or 

province to another. This assistance would be provided regardless 

of the initiating event, whether natural, such as a flood or tornado, 

to a man-made event, such as a terrorist attack or even a chemical 

spill. 

While our efforts currently focus on the development of cross-border State-to-province agreement along the central region of the 

Northern Border, the Eastern Regional Emergency Management 

Advisory Committee has developed its own agreement, known as 

the International Emergency Management Assistance Compact. 

The IEMAC is now a formal, Congressionally-ratified agreement 

with bylaws and operations manual that includes five eastern Canadian provinces and six U.S. States. 
6 

Similarly, the Western Regional Emergency Management Advisory Committee, WREMAC, has a Congressionally-ratified agreement, the Pacific Northwest Emergency Management Arrangement, signed in 1998. Our efforts along the central U.S.-Canadian 

border will solidify a continuous Northern Border mutual aid 

agreement between our two countries that strengthens our response capabilities, our resilience, and the survivability of our residents. 

In conclusion, the concept of mutual aid has been the foundation 

of emergency response for decades. When a disaster occurs, the 

rate of survivability is greatly increased by an effective and timely 

response by trained emergency responders. Whether these responders come from the United States, Canada, or Mexico is irrelevant. 

What is critical, though, is that these professional lifesavers have 

the ability to share knowledge, equipment, and expertise and are 

ready to function as a team during a crisis. 

Thank you again for the opportunity to appear before you today. 

I am happy to answer any questions that you may have. 

[The statement of Mr. Velasquez follows:] 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF ANDREW VELASQUEZ, III 

OCTOBER 28, 2011 

I. INTRODUCTION

Chairman Bilirakis, Representative Clarke, and distinguished Members of the 

subcommittee: My name is Andrew Velasquez and I am the Regional Administrator 

for the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) Region V Office located 

in Chicago, Illinois. It is an honor to appear before you today on behalf of FEMA 

to discuss the critical Federal, State, local coordination taking place along the 

United States Northern Border. FEMA recognizes that we are not the Nation’s 

whole emergency management team; rather we are part of the team. This team includes not only Federal, State, local, and Tribal governments, but also private, nonprofit, and citizen partners—the Whole Community. This Whole Community approach emphasizes the importance of working with all partners in order to effectively prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards. In some cases, the Whole Community also includes our international partners. 

‘‘In my testimony today, I will describe and review the Federal, State, and local 

roles in responding to emergencies, as well as the current state of cross-border 

emergency assistance agreements at each level of government, with a particular 

focus on how FEMA is working to improve preparedness along the northern border, 

specifically here in the central region.’’ 

II. A REVIEW OF THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM AND PROCESS AND THE ROLE OF

FOREIGN ASSISTANCE

Regardless of how prepared communities may be for an emergency, disasters can 

strike anywhere and at any time. Within the United States, the response to and recovery from major emergencies and disasters are managed and coordinated under 

the National Response Framework (NRF) and most recently the National Disaster 

Recovery Framework (NDRF). A major tenet of that framework is that all emergencies and disasters are local. Local governments are the first to respond to a wide 

variety of events. When those governments become overwhelmed they can seek additional assistance from the State. In some circumstances, when the State becomes 

overwhelmed and needs assistance, the Federal Government can be called upon to 

provide assistance where needed. While this is the standard process for domestic incident response, jurisdictions located along the borders with Canada and Mexico 

may also find it necessary to enter into emergency assistance agreements, allowing 

the cross-border sharing of additional critical resources (personnel and equipment) 

that can quickly help protect property and save lives. 
7 

Local Governments 

Local emergency response personnel, including first responders, public health and 

medical providers, emergency management officials, public works, and other groups 

within the community, are typically the first to detect a threat or hazard, and respond to it. They are often the first to arrive, the last to leave, and play a major 

role in leading the jurisdiction’s recovery efforts. 

Local senior officials and their emergency managers create and maintain a foundation for an effective response. They organize and integrate their capabilities and 

resources with neighboring or county jurisdictions, the State, and non-governmental 

partners, including the private sector. All these entities form collaborative partnerships and resource capabilities which local governments can use during emergencies. 

While intra-state and inter-state mutual aid agreements are commonplace between local governments and their neighbors throughout the United States, many 

Northern Border cities and counties have mutual aid agreements with their international cross-border counterparts. Mutual aid exists today along the border at the 

local level between cities such as Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario in Canada and many others. Many of these have a long history dating back to the 1960s. 

These agreements normally provide mutual aid for fire and emergency medical services (EMS). The agreements are only between specific cities where the closest support lies across the border; e.g. Port Huron & Sarnia. Items normally covered in the 

agreement include how requests for assistance are coordinated, command and control operations, liability, reimbursement expectations, duration of the agreement 

and joint training. 

States and Territories 

States and territories have the primary responsibility to protect the public health 

and welfare of the people living within their jurisdiction. Should local and county 

governments become overwhelmed, State resources are the closest line of support 

to those impacted by incidents. 

The role of the State government is to supplement local efforts before, during, and 

after an event, providing and coordinating resources and capabilities from throughout the State. They have significant resources of their own, including State emergency management and homeland security agencies, mutual aid programs, the National Guard, and a host of other State agencies that can bring specialized support. 

If a State anticipates that the response to an event may exceed its resources and 

capabilities, the Governor can request additional assistance from other States 

through mutual aid and assistance agreements such as the Emergency Management 

Assistance Compact (EMAC) or from the Federal Government—often in the form of 

a Stafford Act declaration. EMAC, established in 1996, is a system that allows U.S. 

States to transfer resources, such as personnel, equipment, and commodities during 

Governor-declared states of emergencies. 

However, in some circumstances it may be necessary for States along the Northern Border and outside of the Federal response process to seek assistance directly 

from their Canadian provincial counterparts. Although States, provinces, and territories are capable of managing most emergencies, there are times when disasters 

exceed the State, provincial, or territorial resources and require outside assistance. 

Even when EMAC or Federal assistance is warranted, cross-border mutual aid assistance may be more readily available, timelier, less expensive, and/or operationally 

expedient. FEMA is supportive of these types of cross-border mutual aid agreements 

and actively assists States, through regional emergency management committees 

and the National Emergency Management Association (NEMA) to develop and win 

approval for these pre-negotiated assistance agreements. 

FEMA’s role in coordinating State/province agreements is based on section 612 of 

the Stafford Act, mutual aid pacts between States and neighboring countries, which 

states that ‘‘the Director (now Administrator of FEMA) shall give all practicable assistance to States in arranging, through the Department of State, mutual emergency 

preparedness aid between the State and neighboring countries.’’ 

In the mid-1990’s, Regional Emergency Management Advisory Committees were 

established as four geographically organized entities: Eastern Regional (EREMAC), 

Prairie Regional (PREMAC), Central Regional (CREMAC) and Western Regional 

Emergency Management Advisory Committees (WREMAC). 

The purpose of these four groups is to advance the development of regional crossborder emergency preparedness and response arrangements. The CREMAC comprises FEMA Regions II, III and V, including the States of Michigan, Minnesota, 

New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin and the Canadian Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The co-chairs of CREMAC rotate between State and provincial 

emergency managers. Public Safety Canada and FEMA are non-voting members. 
8 

FEMA Regions II and V have been working with CREMAC members to build consensus on a cross-border mutual aid agreement. Recently, NEMA and the Canadian 

Council of Emergency Management Organizations have been working together to 

reach agreement on draft language for a Central Region Emergency Management 

Assistance Agreement (CREMAA) and a Prairie Region Emergency Management 

Advisory Agreement (PREMAA). The draft CREMAA/PREMAA is a U.S. State-toCanadian province agreement which will better align State and provincial emergency management mandates. CREMAA/PREMAA also encourages and allows cooperative planning and exercises so jurisdictions located on both sides of the border 

are better prepared for a disaster regardless of the initiating event and the appropriate response and recovery activities. Through the CREMAA/PREMAA, any resource, whether personnel or equipment, could be made available from one member 

state to another. The draft agreement has been sent to the States and provinces of 

both the CREMAA and PREMAA organizations. 

On October 26, 2011, FEMA Region V hosted a Central and Prairie region emergency management meeting to gain consensus of the latest iteration of the 

CREMAA/PREMAA agreement. Representatives from CREMAC, PREMAC, NEMA, 

FEMA, and the Canadian Council of Emergency Management Organizations discussed the content of the agreements, potential issues and challenges, as well as the 

ultimate approval process. 

While a cross-border State-to-province agreement is being developed for use along 

the central region of the Northern Border, the Eastern Regional Emergency Management Advisory Committee, similar to the CREMAC and also known as the International Emergency Management Group (IEMG), has developed its own agreement 

known as the International Emergency Management Assistance Compact (IEMAC). 

The effort to build this compact began almost 15 years ago when the Premiers and 

Governors strengthened a 1975 agreement between the State of Maine and the 

Province of New Brunswick. The IEMAC is now a formal, congressionally ratified 

agreement with bylaws and an operations manual that includes five eastern Canadian Provinces and six U.S. States. 

Similarly, the Western Regional Emergency Management Advisory Committee 

(WREMAC) has a Congressionally-ratified agreement, the Pacific Northwest Emergency Management Arrangement (PNEMA) signed in 1998. Under the agreement, 

WREMAC coordinates cross-border mutual disaster preparedness, response, and recovery among two Canadian Provinces and three U.S. States. 

III. THE FEDERAL ROLE IN DOMESTIC U.S. DISASTERS, FOREIGN ASSISTANCE, AND THE

INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE SYSTEM

The Federal Government maintains significant capabilities and resources that can 

support a stricken State. For events where the Federal Government has primary jurisdiction or authorities (e.g., on a military base or a Federal facility or lands), Federal departments or agencies may be the first responders and the first line of defense, coordinating activities with State, territorial, Tribal, and local partners. The 

Federal Government also maintains its own working relationships with the private 

sector and other non-governmental partners. 

In accordance with the Homeland Security Act of 2002 and Homeland Security 

Presidential Directive (HSPD) 5, the Secretary of Homeland Security is the Principal Federal Official for domestic incident management. While DHS maintains the 

responsibility for the overall incident management, a number of Federal departments and agencies have their own authorities for leading Federal response to certain emergency and disaster events. As the leader of the Federal incident management team, DHS coordinates with the entire Federal family to surge Federal support at all levels of the response. 

In some circumstances, such as a catastrophic event, the Federal Government, 

through the U.S. Department of State, may seek the assistance of foreign governments such as Canada or Mexico. In order to enable that coordination of assistance 

at the Federal level, the United States Government created the International Assistance System (IAS). This system establishes standard operating procedures for requesting specific international assistance when specific resources are unavailable in 

the United States, reviewing foreign government offers for acceptance or declination, 

and managing the logistics of transporting, receiving, and distributing international 

donations. 

FEMA, the Department of State, and the United States Agency for International 

Development (USAID) coordinate the IAS to address both the critical needs of a response operation as well as the foreign policy objectives of the United States. As 

such, the IAS applies only to formal transactions between the United States and for-
9 

eign governments or international organizations, during a large-scale domestic disaster, following a Stafford Act declaration. 

In addition to mutual aid agreements, the United States Government and government of Canada have a long history of cooperation in the area of emergency management. There are a number of Federal level bi-national agreements to facilitate 

information exchange, advances in technology, preparedness, and mutual assistance 

during cross-border incidents. 

For example, under the U.S.-Canada Agreement on Emergency Management Cooperation, FEMA co-leads two bi-national working groups to address challenges to 

Federal-to-Federal mutual aid assistance, and identify opportunities to jointly train 

and exercise. To further enhance this bi-national partnership, President Obama and 

Prime Minister Harper signed a joint declaration this year called ‘‘Beyond the Border: A Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Economic Competitiveness.’’ Under 

this declaration, FEMA and the interagency are partnering with Canada to prepare 

for and respond to bi-national Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive (CBRNE) events; address barriers to bi-lateral communications interoperability; 

and enhance collective preparedness for health security threats. 

Additionally, the Canada/U.S. Reciprocal Forest Fire Fighting Arrangement provides for the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of the Interior to enter into 

arrangements with foreign fire organizations for assistance in wildfire protection. 

The Canada-U.S. Joint Inland Pollution Contingency Plan provides for a cooperative 

mechanism for preparedness for and response to polluting incidents that cause, or 

may cause, damage to the environment along the inland boundary. 

IV. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the concept of mutual aid has been the foundation of emergency response for decades. When a disaster occurs, the ability to save lives and protect 

property is greatly increased by an effective and timely response by trained emergency responders. It is critical that these professional life savers—whether they 

come from United States, Canada, or Mexico—have the ability to share knowledge, 

equipment, expertise, and are ready to function as a team during times of crisis. 

Thank you again for the opportunity to appear before you today. I am happy to 

answer any questions the subcommittee may have. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you, Administrator. 

Now I will recognize Admiral Parks. Again, you are recognized, 

sir, for approximately 5 minutes. 

STATEMENT OF MICHAEL PARKS, NINTH DISTRICT 

COMMANDER, U.S. COAST GUARD 

Admiral PARKS. Well, good morning, Mr. Chairman and Congressman Clarke. 

With your permission, I ask that my written statement be inserted into the record. 

It is a great pleasure to be with you today, particularly alongside 

my good friends and partners, Andrew Velasquez and John 

Beutlich. I would like to just make a few brief remarks and then 

look forward to your questions. 

When asked to describe the Great Lakes operating environment, 

I sum it up as a system, a system that is shared and that is not 

just saltless, but extremely sensitive and one that poses unique 

seasonal operating challenges. 

First, the Great Lakes are a continuous and interconnected maritime system with a diverse range of maritime environments from 

open seas to narrow rivers to locks, bridges, tunnels, and critical 

infrastructure. It is a complex system that requires multi-dimensional efforts to ensure its safety, security, and stewardship. 

Second, the Great Lakes are truly a shared internal waters of 

sovereign nations. When you consider the fact that their governance is shared among tribal interests, eight States, three Canadian 

provinces, and hundreds of county and local stakeholders across 
10 

the region, it is clear that building partnerships is not a mission 

luxury. It is an absolute necessity. 

Third, the Great Lakes form the largest fresh water system on 

Earth. They are not just a system or a domain. They are an extremely sensitive and invaluable natural resource. They are truly 

a bi-national treasure. 

Last, the Great Lakes pose unique seasonal challenges. Waterways that normally flourish with commercial and recreational traffic can become restricted by unrelenting ice in the winter. Borders 

that normally require a boat to cross become accessible by vehicle 

or even on foot. 

Preparedness and response in the maritime environment can be 

a tough job in ideal conditions. When that environment freezes, 

every aspect of our operations becomes more difficult. 

Mr. Chairman, within this environment, I believe there are three 

principles that guide our efforts to enhance border preparedness 

and response in the Great Lakes region, and they are shared 

awareness, synchronized goals, and seamless operations. 

First, we must maximize shared awareness. We must understand 

the common threats and be efficient at sharing information and intelligence with the full range of partners that can contribute to our 

success. With all the environmental challenges that we face, we 

can’t afford cylinders of excellence. We need systems of shared situational awareness. 

Second, we must continually work to establish synchronized 

goals. We share the border environment with a diverse and complex array of regional neighbors. We must have mechanisms to synchronize our collective goals. Now, obviously, we do not all have the 

same mission priorities or responsibilities. But we must be able to 

navigate across those responsibilities because no agency or entity 

can do it alone. 

Third, we must be able to seamlessly operate. The tyranny of 

time and distance, particularly in the maritime border of the Great 

Lakes, demands agile and coordinated responses. Together, Federal, State, and local partners bring to bear tremendous amounts 

of authority and responsibility. We must continually work to integrate those assets to assure a seamless response to any threat. 

Mr. Chairman, the glue that binds these three principles together is partnerships. They are a critical component to Coast 

Guard mission success—I would offer DHS success and our National success—and I would like to highlight just a few examples 

of these partnerships in action. 

From staffing the regional coordination center, the RCC, to detailed preparedness planning and execution for flood response in 

the Midwest, we work with FEMA nearly every single day. As you 

know well, we can’t wait until an emergency to get to know one another. 

Working together across the Great Lakes and with our Canadian, 

State, and local partners, I know we are better prepared to respond 

to a full range of contingencies because of our strong operational 

partnership with FEMA. 

Over the past 18 months, we have made tremendous progress, 

solidifying our relationship with CBP and ICE across the Great 

Lakes. Just last month, the Coast Guard, Customs and Border Pro-
11 

tection, and Immigration and Customs Enforcement leaders from 

across the Great Lakes, including John and I, signed an approved 

standard operating procedures for coordinated air and maritime operations across the Great Lakes. 

It establishes guidance for sharing of information, on-scene operational coordination, and the sharing of surface and aviation patrol 

schedules to help ensure a unity of effort across this region. And 

locally, our area maritime security committees continue to deliver 

outstanding results in managing the full spectrum of maritime security preparedness and response missions, very similar to what 

you engaged in this morning. 

In August, the area maritime security committee here in Detroit 

conducted a full-scale exercise that brought together 70 partner 

agencies. Federal, State, local, U.S., and Canadian partners responded to a simulated terrorist attack on a ship on the Detroit 

River between Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario. 

The scenario, in which many of the 500 passengers were injured 

and over 800,000 gallons of simulated oil were spilled, enabled 

those agencies to to work side-by-side to improve their response 

and recovery capabilities. I would like to thank Congressman 

Clarke for providing such realism at the press conference. 

Mr. CLARKE. You are welcome. 

[Laughter.] 

Admiral PARKS. Mr. Chairman, thank you very much for your 

time and again for your focus on the Great Lakes as part of your 

important work. The Coast Guard looks forward to continuing to 

contribute to the effort and building a system of shared awareness 

and synchronized goals such that we can seamlessly operate together for safety, security, and stewardship of the Great Lakes. 

Thank you again for this opportunity, Mr. Chairman, and I look 

forward to your questions. 

[The statement of Admiral Parks follows:] 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF MICHAEL PARKS

OCTOBER 28, 2011 

Good morning Mr. Chairman and distinguished guests. Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today to discuss homeland security cooperation in the 

Great Lakes and along the shared maritime border of the United States and Canada. 

As Commander of the Ninth Coast Guard District, I oversee Coast Guard operations throughout the Great Lakes region, which includes overseeing four Coast 

Guard Sector Commands in Buffalo, NY, Detroit, MI, Sault Ste Marie, MI, and Milwaukee, WI, and two Coast Guard Air Stations in Traverse City, MI and Detroit, 

MI, along with a fleet of nine cutters. 

The Ninth Coast Guard District enjoys a unique vantage point with mission responsibility from Lake of the Woods, MI, to Massena, NY. The Great Lakes constitute a diverse and challenging maritime environment that exemplifies the necessity for fully integrated preparedness, response, and communications. The Great 

Lakes first is a salt-less and sensitive system; it is shared and seasonally challenging. The Great Lakes are a complex, interconnected, and continuous maritime 

system with a wide range of environments—from open seas much more like oceans 

than lakes—to narrow rivers challenging even experienced navigators and providing 

easy border access. More than just an operating environment—the Great Lakes are 

a unique natural resource, and a bi-national treasure. Together they form the largest fresh-water system on earth. With so many dependent on the Great Lakes as 

a resource, we treat all spills as significant. 

The Great Lakes are shared by staunch allies, vital economic partners, and steadfast friends. With roughly 10 percent of the U.S. population and more than 30 per-
12 

cent of the Canadian population living in the Great Lakes basin, local issues are 

often National, and typically bi-national, issues. Roughly 300,000 people and $1.5 

billion in trade cross our regional border with Canada each and every day. Once a 

commercial vessel enters the Great Lakes, it has equal opportunity access to both 

the United States and Canada. A vessel may cross the border 17 times or more 

while transiting the Great Lakes. They are shared waters of sovereign nations. 

Combined with tribal interests, eight States, three Canadian provinces, and hundreds of county and local stakeholders across the region—the jurisdictional complexity is enormous. Combined response protocols and shared capabilities across 

multiple jurisdictions are a mission necessity. Whether it is bridges, pipelines, 

power grids, or communication networks—critical infrastructure in the region is 

shared much more often than it is owned outright by any one State, community, 

or even nation. 

There are few better examples of the shared nature of our maritime infrastructure 

than in the Detroit-Windsor Corridor. The Detroit River is a critical linkage for the 

entire Great Lakes system with the majority of foreign and domestic ships either 

arriving at or passing by the Port of Detroit. This transit corridor for the Great 

Lakes system supports the movement of more than 106 million tons of commodities 

between U.S. Great Lakes ports, and 16 million tons in Detroit alone. It accounts 

for approximately 10 percent of all U.S. waterborne domestic traffic. On average, 

there are 40 daily commercial ship movements in the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers 

along the international border. These movements occur past and among more than 

50 U.S. and Canadian waterfront facilities. Cross-border operations are a daily reality and necessity. The Coast Guard small boat station in Belle Isle—just outside 

metropolitan Detroit—is only yards away from our border with Canada and they 

cannot depart their dock without crossing into Canadian waters. 

In August, we conducted a full-scale exercise in this critical interagency and international waterway. The exercise brought together 70 partner agencies—Federal, 

State, local, U.S., and Canadian—to respond to a simulated terrorist attack on a 

ship on the Detroit River between Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario. The scenario, in which many of the 500 passengers were injured and 800,000 gallons of 

simulated oil were spilled, enabled these agencies to work side-by-side to improve 

their response and recovery capabilities. This exercise is just one example of the 

many that we conduct throughout the Great Lakes region, ensuring we and our 

partners are adequately prepared and can work together to counter the threats we 

face. 

The Great Lakes operating area presents unique seasonal operational challenges. 

In some cases, borders that normally require a boat to cross can be accessed by vehicle or foot. Waterways that normally flourish with commercial and recreational vessel traffic can become restricted by unrelenting ice, requiring significant effort to 

keep open. Maritime preparedness and response is a complicated endeavor. It is 

made more so when that maritime domain becomes impassable by traditional patrol 

and response assets. When water freezes, oil spill response and recovery, port security patrols and deterrence, search and rescue, small boat, and flight operations all 

become more difficult. 

Coast Guard combines several maritime functions—from regulatory and rescue to 

security and stewardship into one Federal agency. The Coast Guard applies its authorities and allocates resources in a way that reduces risk and provides the level 

of reliable response our communities expect while ensuring we remain adaptive and 

flexible to respond to changing risks within an always dynamic maritime environment. The Service succeeds by empowering its people to act—to understand the resources available to them and apply those resources toward maritime risks and requirements. 

Seasonal demands and limitations pose a special challenge to mission execution. 

In the winter, our crews are challenged to sustain qualifications due to ice conditions. There is no other place in the Coast Guard where we expect and train our 

crews to respond not just on ‘‘soft water’’ but also ‘‘hard water.’’ The Coast Guard 

must be creative and relentless—and pursue technology where appropriate—to ensure our crews master their respective crafts. 

Strategic partnerships are vital component of Coast Guard mission success. The 

Coast Guard cannot meet every mission priority alone. Our missions demand that 

we seek out sustainable partnerships at every level of maritime interest. The complexity and shared interests of the Great Lakes region has spurred many longstanding regional partnerships. Such initiatives should be strengthened in order to 

harmonize mutually supportive goals. And where needed, the Coast Guard should 

grow new partnerships. The Coast Guard adds value with our unique combination 

of maritime authorities and capabilities that can bring civil, law enforcement, and 

military communities together in shared solutions. 
13 

Partnerships are particularly important here in the Great Lakes. The United 

States—much less the Coast Guard—does not ‘‘own’’ the entirety of the Great Lakes 

system in which we operate. The Coast Guard deals with the challenges, complexities, and opportunities of the international border every day and is well-suited to 

help inform National maritime policy with Canada. Successful mission execution in 

the Great Lakes requires effective bi-national cooperation and governance. 

President Obama and Prime Minister Harper recently issued the ‘‘Beyond the 

Border’’ declaration articulating a shared vision for perimeter security and economic 

competitiveness. It recognizes the interdependence of our security and economic relationships with Canada. From search-and-rescue to pollution response and icebreaking—the Coast Guard has solid partnerships and time-tested procedures to 

work seamlessly with Canada. We need to bring that same collaborative spirit and 

trust to security and law enforcement concerns. 

A number of bilateral initiatives already exist. For example, the Integrated Border 

Enforcement Team (IBET) remains a critical collaboration mechanism across our 

shared border with Canada. Each IBET establishes an integrated, bi-national law 

enforcement capability from both Canada and the United States. These intelligenceled partnerships facilitate information sharing and operational collaboration to detect, deter, and interrupt cross-border threats and criminal enterprises. Of the 15 

IBET regions across our shared border, seven are in the Great Lakes area of responsibility. There are five core IBET agencies: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 

U.S. Coast Guard, Canada Border Services Agency, U.S. Immigration and Customs 

Enforcement (ICE), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). These core 

agencies liaise with provincial, State, and local law enforcement partners to help assure seamless and integrated operations in countering cross-border crime. Similarly, 

through our partnership with Transport Canada (TC), the Joint Initial Verification 

Team (JIVT) enables Coast Guard marine inspectors to work alongside TC personnel to visit hundreds of foreign flagged vessels each year in Montreal, Canada. 

These visits are critical to ensuring regulatory compliance of vessels entering the 

Great Lakes system. 

With 42 Federally-recognized Tribal nations in the eight States that comprise the 

Great Lakes region, Tribal partnerships are indispensable to mission execution. 

Many of these first nations have a strong maritime heritage and history that we 

must respect and acknowledge if we are to be successful. I’m especially proud of our 

efforts to enhance the safety of commercial Tribal fishing. We operate together with 

the Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority (CORA) and Great Lakes Indian Fish and 

Wildlife Commission (GLIFWC) to enhance the safety of Tribal fishing vessels. 

CORA and GLIFWC enforcement officers attend Coast Guard fishing vessel safety 

training and we regularly conduct joint vessel examinations and waterborne patrols. 

Similarly, we are continuing work to ensure that the Integrated Cross-border 

Maritime Law Enforcement Operations framework agreement signed by Secretary 

Napolitano in 2009 is poised for success upon final approval by Canada’s parliament. Last April, training for Coast Guard and CBP officers also involved the St. 

Regis Tribal Police Department. Providing law enforcement presence on the Mohawk Akwesasne Reservation along the St. Lawrence River in upstate New York, 

they are critical partners to ensuring adequate preparedness and response in an 

area of vital strategic interest to the entire Great Lakes region. 

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) recently promulgated a Maritime 

Operations Coordination Plan. It builds on the success of Area Maritime Security 

Committees and creates regional coordination mechanisms—ReCoMs—for the express purpose of enhancing maritime operational coordination. In the Great Lakes, 

the Coast Guard has already solidified a Great Lakes ReCoM that strengthens partnerships with our DHS peers. It includes the recent renewal and approval of Standard Operating Procedures for Coordinated Air and Maritime Operations throughout 

the Great Lakes. The Great Lakes ReCoM unifies the effort of the entire Coast 

Guard Ninth District with the CBP Office of Air and Marine Northern Region, four 

CBP Border Patrol Sectors, four CBP Offices of Field Operations, and five ICE 

Homeland Security Investigation (HSI) regions. It is the first time Great Lakes DHS 

leaders have memorialized such a partnership and provided written guidelines to 

enhance operational effectiveness irrespective of individual agency boundaries. It 

will be strengthened in the weeks and months ahead by the involvement of Canadian, State, Tribal, and local partners. 

Mr. Chairman, there is hard work to be done. But it is work the Coast Guard 

can and will do to accomplish its mission. That is the true value of the Coast Guard 

in the Great Lakes and beyond—to apply our unique combination of maritime functions to those duties assigned, build sustainable mission partnerships, and to do so 

to the very best of our ability every single day. The Coast Guard cannot eliminate 

every maritime risk. But through the active involvement of hundreds of partners 
14 

with a stake in the safety, security, and stewardship of the maritime domain, the 

Coast Guard is committed to deter incidents before they happen and ensure the 

Coast Guard is well-prepared to respond to them should they occur. 

Thank you for the opportunity to testify before you today. I will be happy to answer any questions you may have. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you, Admiral. 

Now, Mr. Beutlich, you are recognized for 5—approximately 5 

minutes. Thank you, sir. 

STATEMENT OF JOHN S. BEUTLICH, DIRECTOR OF THE 

NORTHERN REGION, OFFICE OF AIR AND MARINE, U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION 

Mr. BEUTLICH. Thank you, sir. 

Chairman Bilirakis, Representative Clarke, and distinguished 

Members of the subcommittee, it is a privilege and an honor to appear before you today to discuss the work of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, particularly the tremendous dedication of our men 

and women in the field, both at and between the ports of entry. 

Integral to these efforts is the cooperation with our Canadian 

partners, State, local, Tribal agencies, and other elements of the 

Department of Homeland Security. I would like to begin by expressing my gratitude to Congress for its continued support of the 

mission and people of Customs and Border Protection. We greatly 

appreciate your efforts and assistance, and I look forward to continuing to work with you on these issues in the future. 

As America’s frontline border agency, Customs and Border Protection is responsible for securing America’s borders against threats 

while facilitating legitimate travel and trade. To do this, CBP has 

deployed a multilayered, risk-based approach to enhance the security of our borders while facilitating the lawful flow of people and 

goods entering the United States. 

This layered approach to security reduces our reliance on any 

single point or program that could be compromised and includes 

close coordination with DHS partner agencies, with other U.S. 

interagency partners, and with our Canadian counterparts. Close 

coordination with our partners ensures our zones of security extend 

outward and that our physical border is not our first or last line 

of defense, but one of many layers. 

There are many—there are a number of ways in which the 

Northern Border is operationally distinct from other environments. 

The international boundary with Canada extends over 5,500 miles 

across both land and water, including the border of Alaska, and it 

is often described as the longest common nonmilitarized border between any two countries. 

It delineates two friendly nations with a long history of social, 

cultural, and economic ties that have contributed to a high volume 

of cross-border trade and travel amounting to more than $1 billion 

a day. The border is a diverse region consisting of major metropolitan centers, integrated bi-national communities, numerous transit 

hubs, and vast regions with little or no population. 

Thickly forested mountainous areas with recreational trail networks provide avenues of cover for those seeking to cross the border illegally. The extensive commercial and transportation infrastructure along the border also provides avenues vulnerable to exploitation by traffickers and smugglers, including vehicular trans-
15 

portation, commercial and noncommercial air, rail, and maritime 

modes of transportation. 

The Great Lakes region consists of several large bodies of open 

water, as already mentioned by Admiral Parks, including the Great 

Lakes themselves and rivers along the border. The lakes are heavily used by boaters in the summer, ice fisherman and snowmobilers 

in the winter, and present unique border enforcement challenges as 

small vessels can potentially be exploited for illicit purposes. 

In the winter, sub-zero temperatures and significant snowfall 

provide a natural barrier along some portions of the border. While 

pedestrian and vehicle traffic are reduced during the winter, unlawful entries between the ports of entry utilizing snowmobiles are 

not unusual. 

When frozen, some rivers and streams become easy for smugglers 

to utilize for cross-border on foot or by snowmobiles or other modes 

of transportation. The spring thaw can cause impassably deep mud, 

enclosing them to commercial trucks, and tends to increase unlawful cross-border activity by all-terrain vehicles. 

We recognize the importance of partnerships, intelligence, and 

information sharing to the success of our mission. As such, we are 

engaged in several National initiatives to increase security on the 

Northern Border, such as the IBET and BEST, which comprise 

Customs and Border Protection, U.S. Customs and Immigration, 

Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and Canadian Border Security— 

or Services Agency. By incorporating this integrated mobile response capability that these organizations provide, they allow law 

enforcement agencies with a multiplier that maximizes border enforcement efforts. 

Within the Detroit sector, IBET cases have resulted in multiple 

arrests, most prominently in the Detroit stations area of responsibility, reflecting an increased level of direct coordination between 

the stations and our Canadian partners at the tactical level. 

In August this year, CBP participated in a Coast Guard-led, fullscale exercise to test first responders to a simulated mass rescue 

operation. The 2-day exercise focused on notification, response, 

public affairs, and recovery operations within a unified command 

structure involving multi-jurisdictional, multinational agencies. 

The participants included CBP, Coast Guard, ICE, TSA, the U.S. 

Attorney’s Office, FBI, Michigan State Police, Michigan National 

Guard, Detroit Police Department, the Wayne County Sheriff’s Office, Macomb County Sheriff’s Office, CBSA, and the Windsor, Ontario, Police Department. This type of partnership is an example of 

efforts to continue to build upon an already-forged relationship 

among our law enforcement partners and Detroit area border communities. 

Additionally, CBP, in conjunction with CBSA and RCMP, completed a joint border threat assessment, which provides U.S. and 

Canadian policymakers, resource planners, and law enforcement officials with a strategic overview and significant threat along the 

U.S./Canadian border. 

In 2005, CBP created a robust information-sharing environment, 

known as ‘‘BigPipe,’’ which links equipped CBP aviation assets and 

information-sharing protocols to Federal, State, and Tribal law enforcement. This provides near real-time sensor data, which allows 
16 

for numerous Federal, State, and local Tribal agencies during warrant presentations, controlled deliveries, search and rescue, and 

surveillance operations. 

An example would be earlier this year, live video streams via 

BigPipe enabled FEMA rapid needs assessment analyst teams to 

quickly determine the condition of levees during the flooding that 

occurred in the Mississippi River Valley. 

Chairman Bilirakis, Representative Clarke, I look forward to the 

opportunity to testify about the work of U.S. Customs and Border 

Protection and our efforts. I look forward to answering your questions at this time. 

Thank you. 

[The statement of Mr. Beutlich follows:] 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF JOHN S. BEUTLICH

OCTOBER 28, 2011 

Chairman Bilirakis, Representative Clarke, and distinguished Members of the 

subcommittee, it is a privilege and an honor to appear before you today to discuss 

the work of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), particularly the tremendous 

dedication of our men and women in the field, both at and between our ports of 

entry (POE). Integral to these efforts is the cooperation with our Canadian partners, 

State, local, and Tribal agencies, and the other elements of the U.S. Department of 

Homeland Security (DHS). 

I would like to begin by expressing my gratitude to Congress for its continued 

support of the mission and people of CBP. We greatly appreciate your efforts and 

assistance, and I look forward to continuing to work with you on these issues in the 

future. 

As America’s front-line border agency, CBP is responsible for securing America’s 

borders against threats, while facilitating legitimate travel and trade. To do this, 

CBP has deployed a multi-layered, risk-based approach to enhance the security of 

our borders while facilitating the lawful flow of people and goods entering the 

United States. This layered approach to security reduces our reliance on any single 

point or program that could be compromised and includes close coordination with 

DHS partner agencies, with other U.S. interagency partners, and with our Canadian 

counterparts. Close coordination with our partners ensures our zone of security extends outward and that our physical border is not the first or last line of defense, 

but rather is one of many layers. 

NORTHERN BORDER ENVIRONMENT AND CHALLENGES

There are a number of ways in which the Northern Border is operationally distinct from other environments. The international boundary with Canada extends 

over 5,500 miles across both land and water (including the border of Alaska), and 

it is often described as the longest common non-militarized border between any two 

countries. It delineates two friendly nations with a long history of social, cultural, 

and economic ties that have contributed to a high volume of cross-border trade and 

travel, amounting to more than a billion dollars a day. The border is a diverse region consisting of major metropolitan centers, integrated bi-national communities, 

numerous transit hubs, and vast regions with little or no population. Thickly forested, mountainous areas with recreational trail networks provide avenues and 

cover for those seeking to cross the border illegally. The extensive commercial and 

transportation infrastructure along the border also provides avenues vulnerable to 

exploitation by traffickers and smugglers, including vehicular transportation, commercial trucking, and commercial and non-commercial air, rail, and maritime modes 

of transportation. 

The Great Lakes region consists of several large bodies of open water, including 

the Great Lakes themselves, and rivers along the border. The lakes are heavily used 

by boaters in the summer and ice fisherman and snowmobiles in the winter, and 

present unique border enforcement challenges, as small vessels can potentially be 

exploited for illicit purposes. Seasonal changes affect the ease with which the Northern Border can be crossed; in general, winter allows the Border Patrol to focus on 

fewer points of egress than the summer, when much more of the border becomes 

passable. 
17 

In the winter, sub-zero temperatures and significant snowfall provide a natural 

barrier along some portions of the border. While pedestrian and vehicle traffic are 

reduced during the winter, unlawful entries between the POEs utilizing snowmobiles are not unusual. When frozen, some rivers, lakes, and streams become easier 

for smugglers and others to utilize for crossing the border on foot, or by snowmobiles 

or other modes of transport, while other areas become treacherous with ice floes and 

are less traversable. The spring thaw can cause impassibly deep mud on some logging roads, thereby closing them to commercial truck traffic, and there tends to be 

an increase in unlawful cross-border activities via all-terrain vehicles. 

NORTHERN BORDER PARTNERSHIPS

At CBP, we recognize the importance of partnerships, intelligence, and information sharing to the success of our mission, and as such, we are engaged in several 

National initiatives to increase security on the Northern Border. Our officers and 

agents provide support to the Integrated Border Enforcement Teams (IBET), comprised of U.S. and Canadian Federal, State/provincial, and local law enforcement 

personnel, and encompassing 15 regions along the Northern Border. The IBET concept was formalized in December 2001 with five core agencies: CBP, U.S. Coast 

Guard (USCG), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Royal Canadian 

Mounted Police (RCMP), and the Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA). IBETs 

operate as intelligence-driven enforcement teams designed to increase information 

and intelligence-sharing capabilities among the appropriate U.S. and Canadian authorities. By incorporating integrated mobile response capability (e.g., air, land, and 

marine), the IBETs provide participating law enforcement agencies with a force 

multiplier that maximizes border enforcement efforts. Within the Detroit Sector, 

IBET cases have resulted in multiple arrests, most prominently in the Detroit Station area of responsibility, reflecting an increased level of direct coordination between the Stations and our Canadian partners at the tactical level. Our personnel 

additionally provide manpower to Border Enforcement Security Task Force (BEST) 

units, multi-agency teams which collaborate to identify, disrupt, and dismantle 

criminal organizations which pose significant threats to border security. 

In August of this year, CBP participated in a Coast Guard-led, full-scale exercise 

designed to test first responders to a simulated mass rescue operation, a transportation security incident, and a major oil spill on the Detroit River between Michigan 

and Ontario, Canada. The 2-day exercise focused on notification, response, public affairs, and recovery operations within a unified command structure involving multiple jurisdictional/multi-national agencies. The participants included CBP, USCG, 

ICE, Transportation Security Administration, the U.S. Attorney’s Office, the Federal 

Bureau of Investigation, the Michigan State Police, the Michigan National Guard, 

the Detroit Police Department, the Wayne County Sheriff’s Office, the Macomb 

County Sheriff’s Office, CBSA, and the Windsor (Ontario) Police Department. This 

type of partnership effort continues to build upon an already forged relationship 

among our law enforcement partners and the Detroit area border community and 

has helped to strengthen our ability to respond to unexpected emergencies while 

maintaining border security. 

Additionally, CBP, in conjunction with CBSA and RCMP, completed a Joint Border Threat and Risk Assessment, which provides U.S. and Canadian policymakers, 

resource planners, and other law-enforcement officials with a strategic overview of 

significant threats along the border between the United States and Canada. The 

threat assessment encompasses a range of National security issues, including crossborder criminal organizations, drug trafficking and illegal immigration, the illicit 

movement of prohibited or controlled goods, agricultural hazards, and the spread of 

infectious diseases. The assessment also further highlights the commitment of the 

two countries to identify and mitigate potential threats along our shared border, 

where there is a potential of terrorism and transnational organized crime. 

CBP RESOURCES ON THE NORTHERN BORDER

Along the U.S. Northern Border, CBP processes more than 70 million international travelers and 35 million vehicles each year. Since the implementation of 

the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) in June 2009, WHTI compliance 

along the Northern Border is at approximately 99 percent, allowing CBP to facilitate travel and focus on individuals who may pose a threat to National security. In 

addition, CBP annually makes approximately 6,000 arrests and interdicts approximately 40,000 pounds of illegal drugs at and between the POEs along the Northern 

Border. Although CBP typically defines the Northern Border region as the area between the United States and Canada, running from Washington through Maine and 

including the Great Lakes region, CBP also facilitates and ensures the security of 
18 

travel and trade across the Alaska-Canadian border. On the Northern Border, CBP 

has 120 land border crossings and 17 ferry land crossings, eight Border Patrol Sectors, eight Air and Marine Branches, nine Coastal Marine Units and 23 Riverine 

Marine Units to protect against the illegal flow of people and goods at and between 

the official POEs. 

Over the past 2 years, DHS has dedicated historic levels of personnel, infrastructure, and technology to the Northern Border. Since 9/11, Border Patrol agent staffing on the Northern Border has increased by over 650 percent—from approximately 

340 agents in 2001, to more than 2,200 agents today. At the POEs along the Northern Border, CBP’s Office of Field Operations (OFO) has deployed more than 3,800 

CBP Officers and Agriculture Specialists. We have developed and implemented a 

comprehensive training curriculum for these Officers and Agriculture Specialists, 

which includes comprehensive, advanced, on-the-job and cross-training courses, as 

well as routinely offering our front-line officers opportunities to further hone their 

skills through professional development training. 

CBP’s Office of Air and Marine (OAM) has 158 Air and 121 Marine Interdiction 

agents deployed along the Northern Border. Since 2004, CBP has opened five strategically located Air Branches along the Northern Border in Washington, Michigan, 

Montana, New York, and North Dakota. In the maritime environment, since 2009, 

OAM has opened six new marine units on the Northern Border in New York, Ohio, 

Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Washington. Currently, CBP operates 29 coastal and 

52 riverine vessels on the Northern Border. CBP has stationed 54 fixed-wing and 

rotary aircraft on the Northern Border, including two Unmanned Aircraft Systems 

(UAS) operating out of the Grand Forks Air Force Base in North Dakota. 

With the cooperation of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), CBP expanded its operational airspace along the Northern Border in January of this year, 

allowing CBP UAS operations from the Lake-of-the-Woods region in Minnesota to 

the vicinity of Spokane, Washington, a distance of approximately 950 miles. UAS 

flight operations contribute significantly to situational awareness in areas that are 

difficult to reach by other operational elements, a critical capability in difficult terrain along the Northern Border. 

As part of a multi-layered approach to secure America’s borders, CBP has also 

greatly improved our technological capabilities on the Northern Border. CBP has deployed two mobile surveillance systems (MSS) to provide added radar and camera 

coverage in the Spokane and Detroit Sectors, and installed additional remote video 

surveillance systems (RVSS) in the Detroit and Buffalo Sectors, among other technologies. 

CBP has also established the Operational Integration Center (OIC) located at 

Selfridge Air National Guard Base in Harrison Township, Michigan. The OIC is a 

demonstration project, involving the application of personnel and technology to enhance border security and situational awareness for CBP and its mission partners 

in the Detroit region, a critical area of the Northern Border. In terms of personnel, 

the OIC allows for a collaborative work area and communications capabilities for all 

components of CBP, USCG, other DHS organizations, Federal law enforcement 

agencies, State and local law enforcement, the RCMP, and CBSA. 

The OIC brings together information feeds, including radar and camera feeds, 

blue force tracking, database query from databases not previously available to CBP, 

remote sensor inputs, RVSS and MSS feeds, and video from various POEs and tunnels. Additional information feeds such as local traffic cameras will be added in the 

near future. This level of personnel and technology integration serves as a model 

for collaboration and technology deployments in other areas of the Northern Border. 

In 2005, CBP created a robust information sharing environment known as 

‘‘BigPipe,’’ which links equipped CBP aviation assets and information-sharing protocols to Federal, State, local, and Tribal law enforcement and public safety agencies 

to provide near-real time video and sensor data—enhancing situational awareness 

for officers and rescue personnel across the public safety community. BigPipe is also 

used by numerous Federal, State, local, and Tribal agencies during warrant presentations, controlled deliveries, search-and-rescue, and surveillance operations. Earlier 

this year, live video information streamed via Big Pipe was used to enable FEMA 

Rapid Needs Analysis (RNA) teams to quickly determine the condition of levees during the flooding that occurred in the Mississippi River Valley. 

Additionally, Processing, Exploitation, and Dissemination cells have been established at the Air and Marine facilities in Riverside, California, and Grand Forks, 

North Dakota, to provide essential information to law enforcement across the Nation—increasing our understanding of evolving threats and providing the foundation 

for law enforcement entities to exercise targeted enforcement in the areas of greatest risk. This intelligence-driven approach prioritizes emerging threats, 

vulnerabilities, and risks, greatly enhancing our border security efforts. 
19 

Chairman Bilirakis, Representative Clarke, and distinguished Members of the 

committee, thank you for this opportunity to testify about the work of U.S. Customs 

and Border Protection and our efforts in securing our borders. I look forward to answering your questions at this time. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you, Mr. Beutlich. Appreciate it very 

much. Thank you. 

I now recognize myself for approximately 5 minutes. My first 

question will go to Administrator Velasquez. 

I am pleased you discussed cross-border mutual aid in your 

statement, and the meeting you hosted earlier this week to further 

negotiate—the negotiations of these mutual aid agreements in the 

CREMAC region, I feel they are very, very important. Could you 

tell us a little more about when you think the agreements will be 

ratified and what feedback you received from State participants? 

Mr. VELASQUEZ. Well, I will have to tell you, Mr. Chairman, that 

the meeting was incredibly productive. The National Emergency 

Management Association and the Canadian Council of Emergency 

Management Organizations were just incredibly happy with the 

great, great discussions that occurred, although there was some 

spirited debate. But they were very pleased with the discussions 

that had occurred. 

We are now at the stage where we have reached consensus on 

language for the agreement, and the next step at this time is for 

the respective organizations to take this agreement back to their 

leadership for concurrence. Then, in the days to come and, hopefully, in the weeks to come, we will move that agreement through 

the acceptance phase and then onward to the ratification phase. 

But there are still some issues with language that they are 

tweaking, but we have made some significant and tremendous 

progress toward cross-border mutual aid among our partners in 

Canada. So, we are really excited about this opportunity. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Do you think within the end of the year—by the 

end of the year you might have ratification? 

Mr. VELASQUEZ. That is our hope. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. That is your—— 

Mr. VELASQUEZ. That is certainly our hope, and we are working 

to ensure that we can get the agreement expedited through the acceptance phase as quickly as possible. I can assure you that we will 

stay on top of this to ensure that if there are any other issues, we 

will work to address those quickly and as expeditiously as possible. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Very good. Thank you. 

Question for Admiral Parks. My colleagues along the Northern 

Border have extolled the benefits of the Shiprider program and the 

way our Coast Guardsmen are able to join with their Canadian 

counterparts—and you talked about this—in the Royal Canadian 

Mounted Police. What is your opinion of the Shiprider program, 

and do you think the American Government should continue to 

pursue this program? 

What is the current status, of course, of the program? I know you 

talked about it. Maybe you can elaborate a little bit? What is needed to make this cooperation operational on a daily basis? 

Admiral PARKS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

You will find few larger fans of the Shiprider program than myself. 
20 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. I kind of figured so. 

Admiral PARKS. It is an incredible opportunity that, basically, in 

summary, erases the border as an impediment to border enforcement issues for our two countries. By that cross-designation, it is 

just an incredible force multiplier. 

The other thing is not just the ability to be more effective from 

an operational sense, it is also a fiscally smart way to go because 

it allows us to gain benefit from sharing resources with our Canadian partners. 

Currently, that is awaiting ratification in Canada. We have— 

while we are awaiting that, we have continued to train. We currently have 112 people trained, both 56 Canadians and 56 U.S. 

folks that went through training in 2010 at our law enforcement 

academy in Charleston, South Carolina, so that we can continue to 

be prepared as soon as we get approval from the Canadian government, that we can operationalize that. 

We are preparing to use it. We just used it in G–20 in Toronto. 

It obviously was a huge success in the Vancouver Olympics and the 

Paralympics in 2010. So we are working very hard to be ready to 

operationalize that and have been meeting with our U.S. partners 

as well as our Canadian partners to be ready for that, sir. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Very good. Director Beutlich, are any of your personnel participating in the program? 

Mr. BEUTLICH. At this point in time, I don’t believe we have any 

participation actively. However, we are standing by, once this first 

class goes through, to go ahead and participate in support. Like the 

admiral said, it is going to be a tremendous force multiplier. 

When you consider the amount of waterways that exist in the 

Great Lakes and in the connecting rivers, no one force has sufficient personnel or assets to be able to accurately patrol that area. 

So having what Shiprider brings to the table is going to be a tremendous force multiplier for all enforcement efforts, both Canadian 

and U.S., along the Great Lakes and the connecting rivers. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you, sir. 

Okay, Director, you mentioned in a statement that CBP recently 

opened the Operational Integration Center, which is important to 

help coordinate operations between DHS components and their 

State and local law enforcement partners. 

Mr. BEUTLICH. Yes, sir. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Is the OIC fully operational? Are all parts of CBP 

engaged in the center, and are the key local, State, and Federal 

agencies participating in this center? 

Then, does the OIC have operational control of any resources or 

assets, or is it simply an information-sharing arena that depends 

on collaborative planning? 

Mr. BEUTLICH. Sir, if I can try and touch each one of the questions? 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Yes, I can repeat the questions if you like. No 

problem. 

Mr. BEUTLICH. The OIC is fully operational. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Okay. 

Mr. BEUTLICH. One of the keys of the OIC is it is tailorable and 

scalable. The component members that are there don’t necessarily 

have to be there 24/7. If a mission need arises, the door is open in 
21 

the OIC to be able to support anything at the local, State, or Federal level. 

We do have—the four main Federal partners are maintaining a 

presence there: Customs and Border Protection, specifically, with 

field operations, Office of Air and Marine, Office of Border Patrol, 

and the United States Coast Guard. The OIC has brought in some 

recent initiatives, which are aiding with the maritime aspect. 

Recently, listening to some of the concerns raised by local boaters 

within the Great Lakes area about multiple boardings, we have leveraged some technology which ties in both the OIC and the Coast 

Guard Command Center to try and reduce some of those. 

It is not under operational control of any of the assets. It is, as 

you had mentioned, sir, a more of an information-sharing capability, more of an ability to move that information quickly between 

the component agencies on the water both at the Federal level, as 

well as at the State and local level. 

I think I got all of them answered. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Very good. One more question, and then I am 

going to yield to Representative Clarke. 

What about Watchkeeper? Describe that. Maybe, Admiral, you 

want to as well. Then, is it being utilized in the OIC? 

Mr. BEUTLICH. I will turn that over to the admiral on 

Watchkeeper. 

Admiral PARKS. Yes, sir. It is, in fact, being used there, and I 

think that if I could kind of foot-stomp what the director has just 

said, I think the Operation Integration Center is really—we are 

just scratching the surface on the potential that it demonstrates. 

Our ability to use that facility and its ability to leverage the 

technology, it has kind of a short—a small scope right now. But its 

potential is much, much larger to be able to integrate that information and some day might even be able to actually, if resourced appropriately with the right kind of people there all the time, on a 

24/7 basis, I think we could almost operationalize it. So it could 

have operational control. 

I think that this demonstration project is certainly worthy of continued support. We feel completely welcome at the table, and this 

is, I think, a DHS success story for cross-border operational information and integration. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Very good. 

Okay, at this time, I would like to yield to Representative Clarke 

for as much time as he would like, but within reason. 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. CLARKE. Yes. Absolutely. 

Again, thank you, Mr. Chairman, for giving us this opportunity. 

Administrator Velasquez, appreciate your leadership with FEMA. 

A couple questions, just about the unique challenges facing the city 

of Detroit, given its position on the Northern Border. If you could 

describe to me what you see as the unique security challenges facing Detroit and how those challenges affect FEMA’s ability to respond to an emergency and to better coordinate an effective response? 

Mr. VELASQUEZ. Well, having had the responsibility, Congressman, of actually overseeing a large and complex urban area emergency management operation myself, having been the former direc-
22 

tor of the Chicago Office of Emergency Management, I am very 

keenly aware of the threats that large cities face in this country. 

I think it is important that we take the steps necessary, working 

in partnership with all of the members that make up the emergency management and homeland security enterprise, that we 

work together to better understand those threats that we face and 

that we develop plans in accordance with those threats that we 

face. 

I think the biggest issue here is that sometimes we can find ourselves becoming a little complacent in terms of planning for those 

threats that we are most familiar with. But I think sometimes we 

have to focus our attention now on the threats that can truly stress 

the emergency management system of this country. 

So, having a composite picture of those threats that you face is 

important, and the only way that you can do that is through true 

interoperability. What I mean by that is not interoperability, per 

se, from a radial perspective, but interoperability from an agency 

perspective, interoperability from the perspective of public safety 

agencies working together to develop innovative and creative ways 

to respond to these threats. 

The threat of terrorism exists in any big city, and these are the 

types of threats that we have to make sure that we are focusing 

our attention on, in addition to those natural threats that we face. 

So, focusing on the natural and focusing on the man-made are critical at this juncture in our history. 

Mr. CLARKE. Thank you. 

Just a follow-up, it goes to the role of the Urban Areas Security 

Initiative funding and, as I stated in my opening remarks, that 

funding eligibility was threatened to be wiped out for this city and 

this region, which would have been totally unacceptable. It was because of the leadership of our Chairman we have garnered the supports on the Republican side that allowed my amendment to prevail in the House to at least restore that eligibility. 

Could you explain to us how that funding initiative and other 

first responder grants can be used to help better develop the disaster response capabilities of our local police, fire, and emergency 

medical providers? 

Mr. VELASQUEZ. Congressman Clarke, excellent question. Planning, training, and exercising is what really forms the core of our 

emergency preparedness efforts. I think these grant funds have 

and continue to be used to enhance capability, to bolster our plans, 

and to make sure that we are making a concerted effort to better 

understand the types of threats that we face and the resources that 

are necessary to confront those threats. 

So, we can utilize these grants for a variety of reasons. We utilize them for, as I said, planning—planning for the catastrophictype events, planning for acts of terrorism. We use them to build 

capacity, developing specialized teams, developing mutual aid 

teams, in-State mutual aid teams. 

Because I think sometimes, as you mentioned earlier, we recognize the challenges associated with struggling communities’ diminished and diminishing resources. So, as we receive funding, we 

need to come up with creative and innovative ways to utilize that 
23 

funding to create mutual aid teams, to create specialized teams, so 

that way we can have these readily available. 

So, enhancing our readiness posture by the development of mutual aid teams and specialized teams is critical in this effort to confront the threats that we face in urban areas, and so we can use 

them to build capacity. Then, of course, equipment. Equipment is 

key. 

So, looking at new and innovative solutions for interoperability 

from a radio perspective, or from a satellite perspective, or even 

from a GIS perspective, to help us identify threats, to help us with 

our planning efforts, and even, in some instances, predictive analysis. So, all of these areas—planning, training, and exercising—can 

be funded through grant monies. 

Mr. CLARKE. Thank you, Administrator. 

For all of the first responders who are here, I mean, we are 

acutely aware of the risk of an attack or an emergency that we are 

facing every day. A few years ago, the Christmas day bomber attempted to blow up a plane that was destined for our Detroit Metropolitan Airport. 

You know, we were all concerned that our Ambassador Bridge, 

one of the busiest international border crossings in all of North 

America, could be the target of an attack. Our tunnels could be 

blown up. But this morning’s simulated exercise of a biological attack here on Wayne State University underscores the new and 

evolving threat that faces us here, and that is of bioterrorism. 

Now, you know, at risk of putting an idea in a terrorist’s mind, 

which, unfortunately, they have already been thinking about this. 

You know, our drinking water system, it is open. It is vulnerable. 

Some terrorist could poison that system and kill or harm, you 

know, millions of us here in this region. 

So we are particularly at risk here in metropolitan Detroit because of all of these assets. So, Administrator Velasquez, to whatever degree you can, I would ask you to urge the Department of 

Homeland Security to reconsider this sector’s designation under the 

Urban Areas Security Initiative. We definitely warrant a Tier 1 

status. 

You know, just our history here. You know, it was our folks’ parents and grandparents that helped this country win World War II 

when we built the arsenal of democracy. Over the last five decades, 

you know, the innovation that we have had here in this city, in this 

region to create the auto industry, to sell cars. It created millions 

of jobs all around this country. That originated right here. This is 

a vital region for this country’s economic renewal. 

So, you know, in my other role outside of this committee, I am 

asking Congress, let us help rebuild this city because we can renew 

America’s economy. But in the same sense, though, we need to be 

protected as well in order to secure this country’s economy. 

So thank you for considering that. As a native east sider, I would 

also like to say that we have got a great facility, Samaritan Center—Father Francis was here—that I believe if it were upgraded 

could be designated as a Federal emergency center. I will be talking to you and other Federal officials about that. 

We have a lot of resources here. One great thing—and Mr. Chairman, if you would allow me? 
24 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. No, go ahead. 

Mr. CLARKE. He knows what my job is in Congress. I am not necessarily being the representative of the 13th District, I am the 

salesman for metro Detroit. 

You know, we have been through some tough times in this region, but because of that, we are tough folks. So we are precisely 

the people you would want to invest in here. We can help make 

this region safe. We can help make this country safe. So thank you 

again. 

To Admiral Parks, you know, your response about the value of 

the Shiprider program really underscores the new way of looking 

at the international border with Canada. It is no longer a division 

between the United States and Canada, but it is essentially a 

shared border. 

How does the Coast Guard’s relationship with Canadian law enforcement agencies further efforts to pursue in a sense this joint 

perimeter approach to security? So, essentially, maybe outside of 

the Shiprider concept, how does the Coast Guard’s relationship 

with Canadian law enforcement really foster this shared border approach to security? 

Admiral PARKS. Well, Congressman, the Coast Guard has got a 

very active role. We are, as mentioned previously, one of the charter members of the IBET, the Integrated Border Enforcement 

Team. We work very closely with our partner Federal and Canadian agencies to try to work on that information sharing. 

We work very closely, obviously, across the border and not just 

in law enforcement, but the Coast Guard has a rather unique position in that we work with a number of agencies in Canada. We 

don’t just work with our Canadian Coast Guard. That, obviously, 

is a very strong relationship, but we also work very closely with the 

Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Canadian Border Security 

Agency. 

We work with Transport Canada Safety and Security. We work 

with Environment Canada. We work with Canada’s Ministry of 

Public Safety. We work with their defense, you know, ministry. So 

we have relationships with all those entities because of our Coast 

Guard’s 11 statutory missions. 

In our country, we have a lot of cross-border activity, and I think 

the relationship that the Coast Guard brings with our Canadian 

partners is really one based on trust. There is a lot of truth and 

a lot of transparency, and we have worked very, very closely together with them. 

So, I think that that is one of the reasons we have got this relationship that is allowing Shiprider to be so successful. As we continue to leverage our relationship, we will be able to use that for 

other agencies inside our department and our country. 

So we do that on a daily basis with our Canadian counterparts 

as we operate in this region. One of the things to keep in mind is 

this is a 1,500-mile maritime border. That is the same distance as 

the distance from San Diego to Brownsville. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Amazing. 

Mr. CLARKE. Thank you, Admiral Parks. 
25 

Yes. It really is. Also I just want to tell you, you have got a real 

tough guy here in Commander Ogden, who is our captain here. So 

I really appreciate the work that you are doing here in this sector. 

That is a great segue to Director Beutlich. You outlined—you had 

actually described the over 5,000-mile Northern Border. The reason 

why that is so important here, that is one of the bases for having 

this hearing. 

Because in the Department of Homeland Security, the committee 

oversight, our focus has been primarily on the Southern Border, 

you know, between Mexico and the United States, which is pretty 

much flat. I mean, it is a lot easier to monitor than the Northern 

Border, which, as you outlined, crosses mountainous terrain or it 

is in the middle of heavily forested area. Or right here in Detroit, 

it is right in the middle of a body of water. That makes it very difficult to monitor the Northern Border, compared to the Southern 

Border. 

To what extent do you see the increased use of unmanned aircraft systems and video surveillance as a way to effectively monitor 

the Northern Border, such as the area right here separating Detroit from Windsor? 

Mr. BEUTLICH. Well, sir, the unmanned aerial systems that we 

have within Customs and Border Protection, just we now have the 

ability to operate them on the Northern Border between Spokane, 

Washington, and Minnesota. That, right now, is the certificate of 

authorization granted by the FAA. 

We have a small area that we can operate currently in the Syracuse, New York, area. We are actively working with the FAA to 

bridge that gap, if you might say, that is between the eastern edge 

of the current certificate of authorization in Minnesota down to 

that area in New York. 

This is a very heavily air-trafficked area when you consider the 

amount of commercial aviation. So we are working with the FAA 

because of the safety concerns that we have to have for the general 

aviation airspace to make that happen. FAA has been fantastic 

with working with us over the years and going ahead and getting 

that. 

Also coming into the mix is a manned aircraft we have at the 

MEA, which will be the newest aircraft to our fleet. Right now, we 

have five in production. They are scheduled to be delivered. As a 

matter of fact, the first one has been delivered to San Diego to go 

through operational tests and evaluation. 

We are scheduled to receive one of those aircraft specifically to 

address the maritime issues within the Great Lakes area sometime 

next year. We don’t have a firm date on it as yet. 

But it, like the UAS, has the capability of maritime radar, as 

well as what is most important is the data link capability that they 

possess, which gives the information to the OIC as capable of giving the information to—through BigPipe to just about anybody who 

wishes to receive it, whether that be FEMA, whether that be the 

RCMP, whether that be the Ontario Provincial Police. 

Mr. CLARKE. Thank you, Director Beutlich. 

Just for all of you that are not involved with Congressional affairs, when we talk about yielding back time, that means we are 
26 

giving up our time back to the other Member. So, with that, I yield 

my time back to the Chairman. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you. Thank you. 

All right. I want to thank the witnesses for their testimony, and 

of course, the Members—only two of us here—for the questions. 

With that, I dismiss the panel, and we will now move to the second 

panel. 

Thank you very much, gentlemen. Thank you. Very informative. 

Appreciate it. 

[Pause.] 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Let us get started with the second panel. I would 

like to introduce the witnesses. 

Our first witness is Captain Thomas Sands. Captain Sands is 

commander of the Michigan State Police, Emergency Management 

and Homeland Security Division. As commander, he served as the 

Deputy State Director of Emergency Management and Homeland 

Security. 

Captain Sands chairs the Michigan Homeland Security Advisory 

Council, the Homeland Security Preparedness Committee, and the 

Michigan Citizen Community Emergency Response Coordinating 

Council. He received a bachelor’s degree in public administration 

from Central Michigan University and is a graduate of the 211th 

session of the FBI National Academy in Quantico—I may have mispronounced that, and I apologize—Virginia. 

Our next witness is Mr. Donald Austin. Mr. Austin is the commissioner of the Detroit Fire Department. Prior to coming to Detroit, Commissioner Austin served nearly 30 years in the Los Angeles Fire Department. During his tenure in the LAFD, he rose from 

training academy peer instructor to assistant chief. 

During this time, he worked as the homeland security assistant 

chief for Los Angeles International Airport and enhanced the maritime domain awareness in the Port of Los Angeles as the harbor 

homeland security assistant chief. He retired in February 2011 and 

moved to Detroit to serve here as the fire commissioner. 

Commissioner Austin earned his bachelor’s degree in business 

administration from California State University, Dominguez Hills 

and during this time served as a member of the California National 

Guard. 

After Commissioner Austin, we will hear from Mr. Daryl Lundy. 

But I want to say, and I know that Hansen is going to say this, 

too. The commissioner is from Detroit. 

Mr. CLARKE. That is right. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. He is from Detroit. He is a native. East Detroit? 

Mr. CLARKE. East side. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. East side. East side. Okay. All right. That is important. 

Mr. Lundy, we will hear from him next. He is the director for 

homeland security and emergency management for the city of Detroit, Michigan. Prior to his appointment as director, Mr. Lundy 

was a colonel in the United States Army Military Police, where he 

served as director of military support to civil authorities, Department of Military and Veterans Affairs for the State of Michigan— 

something close to my heart. 
27 

In his position, he was responsible for State security plans concerning natural disasters, weapons of mass destruction, National 

security special events, and military support for civil disturbance. 

Prior to his last assignment, he served as an inspector general for 

Army and Air Force personnel for the State of Michigan. 

Director Lundy received his bachelor’s of science in sociology and 

criminal justice from Western Michigan University and is a graduate of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Welcome, sir. 

Finally, we will receive testimony from Mr. James Buford. Mr. 

Buford is director of Wayne County Homeland Security. Previously, 

Director Buford was a member of the Wayne County Sheriff’s Department for 21 years, where he was assigned to the Sheriff’s Road 

Patrol. 

He was promoted through the ranks from certified police officer 

to commander. Mr. Buford has received two departmental citations, 

three unit citations, and the community service citation for his 

service. 

Director Buford retired from the United States Army Reserves in 

1989. He received his bachelor’s degree from Wayne State University, and his master’s degree from Eastern Michigan University. 

Welcome all, and we look forward to your testimony. 

Captain Sands, you are recognized for approximately 5 minutes. 

We are going to have to try to stick to the 5-minute rule here. But 

you are recognized, sir, to testify. Thank you for being here. 

STATEMENT OF CAPTAIN W. THOMAS SANDS, DEPUTY STATE 

DIRECTOR, DIVISION OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND 

HOMELAND SECURITY 

Captain SANDS. Thank you. 

Good morning, Chairman Bilirakis and Representative Clarke. 

Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today on behalf 

of the State of Michigan and the Michigan State Police Emergency 

Management and Homeland Security Division. 

It is a privilege to be here to discuss the State of Michigan’s efforts to secure our Northern Border and international waterways 

in coordination with our partners from local units of government 

and Federal agencies. I would like to begin by providing an overview of Michigan’s homeland security framework and the role of 

Michigan State Police in protecting our citizens from all hazards, 

both natural and man-made. 

Michigan’s unique geography, resources, and critical infrastructure are vital to the Great Lakes region and the country. With 721 

miles of shared international border with Canada, Michigan serves 

as our Nation’s principal gateway for international commerce and 

trade. 

The State of Michigan has built an extensive homeland security 

structure to safeguard Michigan’s residents and resources by ensuring the necessary plans, procedures, systems, and protocols are 

established before an emergency occurs. 

I would ask that my written testimony be entered into the record 

so I may provide just a brief overview of that testimony. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. So ordered. Thank you, sir. 
28 

Captain SANDS. In Michigan, I am quite proud we have a very 

inclusive and transparent system for organizing and structuring 

our homeland security efforts. It starts with the input and participation from the local level up. It starts with local planning teams, 

which is built primarily by first responders, moves up to the regional board, which they report to—those regional boards coordinate many efforts across the State and provide input up to us at 

the State through the Homeland Security Advisory Committee and 

other committees, ultimately to the Homeland Protection Board in 

an advisory nature to the Governor. 

We have what I believe is a National best practice on our homeland security strategies. It is built on the age-old premise that all 

disasters happen locally. 

We assisted the regions in building their regional strategies. 

Went out, they did a self-assessment on 37 target capabilities, their 

ability to respond to different incidents, put that up against their 

ability to respond in other—or many areas, and ultimately built 

goals with objectives to fill those critical gaps that they personally 

identified. We tie all the homeland security funding to those. 

We then took the regional strategies and built our State strategy. 

So our role at the State is to help coordinate the resources and response, provide whatever assistance that the locals need. We, 

again, at the State level tie all our funding to fulfilling those goals 

and objectives. 

We have made tremendous progress over the last several years, 

and I would just like to talk to you about a couple of current initiatives that we have on-going right now. A primary one is in the area 

of information-sharing environment. 

We have the Michigan Intelligence Operations Center, which is 

the State’s primary fusion center, as well as we have helped support the UASI region here with standing up the Detroit and Southeast Michigan Intelligence Information Center. These two centers 

help gather and share information locally, across the State, and nationally through the National Operations Center. 

We have a very close working relationship with our Federal partners in the fusion center as the State Department of Homeland Security, State intelligence officer. We have the FBI. We have a number of other Federal agencies, as well as State departments and 

local agencies as part of those centers. 

A big part of those fusion centers is communicating with the private sector. With 80 percent of the critical infrastructure owned by 

the private sector, it is imperative that we are communicating to 

them on threats and also gathering information from them to share 

with their counterparts. We have a 24/7 operation there. It has 

been very successful in coordinating these initiatives. 

In the area of collaboration, we do a tremendous amount of collaboration. You heard earlier this morning from the Customs and 

Border Patrol on their Operation Integration Center. That is a tremendous asset to the State of Michigan. I believe it is going to pay 

significant dividends. 

We have been working closely with them and coordinating resources. I have a staff working on a camera project, which will 

allow us in the State emergency operations center, in the MIOC, 

and in the DSEMIIC to view some of the camera feeds they have. 
29 

In return, we have a number of cameras throughout the UASI area 

here, as well as across the State, that we are tying the technology 

in so that they will be able to view those cameras as well. 

You heard from the Coast Guard about Operation Channel 

Watch, a tremendous initiative there. We participate with our aviation section, dive teams, and other specialty teams to help secure 

that border. A big part of that is the information sharing as well, 

passing out information to boaters, help get information from the 

public on things that they may deem suspicious that is coming 

across the waterways. 

We have a very close working relationship with FEMA, a number 

of initiatives underway. They have been tremendous supporters in 

improving emergency management here in Michigan. 

You also heard about the project going on with Canada. For several years, I have participated in the North American Mutual Aid 

Working Group to help establish not only a mutual aid agreement 

with Ontario, but hoping to carry that across the entire Northern 

Border. 

I share the comments from Mr. Velasquez here this morning. It 

was a very productive meeting, and I am very optimistic that we 

are going to see success on that. 

In the area of communications, interoperability with our radio 

systems always has been a challenge, and anything that goes 

wrong in a disaster oftentimes comes back to those communication 

issues. I have on my staff a full-time State-wide interoperability coordinator to work with the locals, working to help support and improve operability across the State. 

There has been some grant funding that has come into the State 

through Wayne Country through DHS Border Interoperability 

Demonstration Project to help some of the issues there. We do, at 

the State level, have several radio caches. So if we do have a significant incident, we can help with those. 

In closing, I would just like to again thank you for having me 

here today. 

[The statement of Captain Sands follows:] 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF W. THOMAS SANDS

OCTOBER 28, 2011 

Good morning Chairman Bilirakis, Ranking Member Richardson, and distinguished Members of the House Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Communications. Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you 

today on behalf of the State of Michigan and the Michigan State Police, Emergency 

Management and Homeland Security Division (MSP/EMHSD). It is a privilege to be 

here today to discuss the State of Michigan’s efforts to secure our Northern Border 

and international waterways in coordination with our partners from local units of 

government and Federal agencies. 

I would like to begin by providing an overview of Michigan’s homeland security 

framework and the role of the Michigan State Police in protecting our citizens from 

all hazards, both natural and man-made. Michigan’s unique geography, resources, 

and critical infrastructure are vital to the Great Lakes Region and the country. 

With 721 miles of shared international border with Canada, Michigan serves as our 

Nation’s principal gateway for international commerce and trade. 

MICHIGAN’S HOMELAND SECURITY FRAMEWORK

The State of Michigan has built an extensive homeland security structure to safeguard Michigan’s residents and resources by ensuring the necessary plans, procedures, systems, and protocols are established before an emergency occurs. The re-
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sponsibility of Michigan’s homeland security response activities and initiatives rests 

with the director of the Michigan State Police (MSP), who serves as the State Director of Emergency Management and Homeland Security. 

As the commander of the MSP Emergency Management and Homeland Security 

Division, I hold the position of Deputy State Director of Emergency Management 

and Homeland Security with the responsibility of coordinating the State’s day-to-day 

activities for all emergencies and disasters. The MSP/EMHSD focuses on a number 

of areas including strategic planning, intelligence gathering, information sharing, 

critical infrastructure protection, citizen preparedness, and Federal homeland security grant programs. 

Michigan’s homeland security framework is based on a collaborative effort among 

all local, State, and Federal agencies working together to protect Michigan’s residents, resources, and Northern Border. To ensure a coordinated homeland security 

approach, the State of Michigan implemented an enhanced 5-year State-wide Homeland Security Strategy in 2009 integrating the State’s collective efforts in accordance 

with a strategic vision to complement and unite the capabilities of all partners. With 

the understanding that all disasters begin as local events, the State-wide homeland 

security strategy focuses on local priorities developed by the State’s seven regions. 

Michigan’s border crossings, manufacturing centers, corporate and government 

buildings, waterways, and technology networks all present attractive targets for terrorists and criminals. To secure the safety of Michigan’s assets, the State-wide 

Homeland Security Strategy focuses on eight strategic goals, including improving 

operational readiness, enhancing intelligence and information sharing, reducing the 

risk to critical infrastructure and key resources including international interdependencies, and strengthening communications capabilities. 

Today, I will discuss several initiatives underway in the State of Michigan to bolster the security of our Northern Border in partnership with local, State, and Federal agencies. 

INFORMATION SHARING

The State of Michigan has worked extensively to develop a collaborative environment and culture of sharing information among all Government agencies, law enforcement, private sector members, and the public. 

One of our key means of sharing information is through Michigan’s primary fusion center, called the Michigan Intelligence Operations Center for Homeland Security, known as the MIOC. Operational since 2007, the MIOC was established to 

build upon existing information-sharing practices and to enhance relationships between law enforcement agencies. Housed within the MSP, the MIOC operates 

24/7 providing a critical link to all Government and law enforcement agencies, as 

well as the private sector in sharing critical information as it pertains to all crimes, 

all threats, and all hazards. The MIOC is one of 72 Federally-recognized fusion centers Nation-wide to effectively exchange information and intelligence, and improve 

the ability to fight crime and terrorism by maximizing resources and streamlining 

operations. 

The MIOC is a cooperative effort among all levels of government and the private 

sector, including the following agencies working within the facility: Michigan Departments of State Police (MSP), Corrections (MDOC), Military and Veteran Affairs 

(DMVA), Technology, Management & Budget (DTMB), and Transportation (MDOT), 

as well as the Michigan National Guard, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), U.S. 

Coast Guard, U.S. Customs & Border Protection (CBP), U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Transportation Security Administration (TSA), and Michigan 

State University Police Department. 

The MIOC works extensively with public and private sector partners in Michigan, 

the United States, and Canada to gather and share intelligence to help prevent acts 

of terrorism or crime from occurring in our country and across the Northern Border. 

Through sharing information, the MIOC is able to help identify trends occurring 

across the Northern Border, such as organized crime, narcotics smuggling, or 

human trafficking, which can then be shared with law enforcement agencies in the 

United States and Canada. 

A key nexus of information sharing takes place among the many jurisdictions and 

agencies located in Southeast Michigan, which is designated as a Tier II Urban 

Areas Security Initiative (UASI) by DHS. Over the past several months, the State 

of Michigan has worked in partnership with members of the UASI Board to begin 

standing up a fusion center, called the Detroit Southeast Michigan Information and 

Intelligence Center (DSEMIIC). The DSEMIIC serves as a node of the MIOC to help 

streamline the flow of information sharing in Southeast Michigan and State-wide. 
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COLLABORATING RESOURCES

In March 2011, Michigan’s capabilities to secure the Northern Border were significantly enhanced by the opening of the CBP Operational Integration Center (OIC) 

located at the Selfridge Air National Guard Base in Michigan. The MSP and MIOC 

are building a strong partnership with the OIC to protect Michigan’s Northern Border. 

We are currently in the process of developing infrastructure to provide the OIC, 

MIOC, DSEMIIC, and State Emergency Operations Center (SEOC) with the capability to share data, videos, and maps among all facilities. This capability will better 

enable Michigan to provide timely and actionable intelligence to enhance our border 

integrity and to direct operations in an efficient and effective manner. Through our 

partnership with the OIC, Michigan is able to further protect our Northern Border 

by integrating law enforcement and intelligence resources into one common operating picture, thus maximizing the effectiveness of our combined efforts. 

Our department strives to work in partnership with our fellow public safety agencies to join resources and intelligence assets through collaboration and interagency 

consortiums. For example, since 2010 the MSP Aviation Unit has supported the 

CBP with patrolling the international border in Southeast Michigan. The primary 

mission for MSP aviation is observing and tracking activities along the border that 

may be a violation at international crossings, waterways, or critical infrastructure 

sites. This partnership strengthens the security of Michigan’s Northern Border and 

enhances the response capabilities of local, State, and Federal resources along the 

border. 

Recognizing the importance of patrolling and securing our shared international 

waterways, the MSP and additional State agencies actively participate in Operation 

Channel Watch led by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), which is designed to gather 

intelligence and intercept illegal activity associated with the international border. 

Operation Channel Watch brings together law enforcement officers from local, State, 

and Federal agencies to carry out joint patrols along shared waterways between 

Michigan and Canada to improve interoperability, maximize public service, and promote sharing of resources and collaborative intelligence gathering. The MSP also 

serves as a member of the Area Maritime Security Committee (AMSC) to help identify and mitigate any threats against Michigan’s ports. 

The MSP maintains a continuing presence in several other interagency consortiums, including the Integrated Border Enforcement Team (IBET) formed in 2002, 

which is a joint bi-national law enforcement team involving agencies from both the 

United States and Canada. The team analyzes and responds to information gathered from a collection of border agencies pertaining to illegal cross-border activity. 

ENHANCING BORDER CAPABILITIES

Since the attacks against our Nation on Sept. 11, 2001, Michigan has enhanced 

its capabilities and resources to protect citizens against threats along and across the 

Northern Border in large part through Federal grant funding. 

Since fiscal year 2008, Michigan’s law enforcement capabilities have been significantly bolstered along the Northern Border with the award of nearly $10.5 million 

under the DHS Operation Stonegarden Grant Program (OPSG). Michigan and other 

Northern Border States were incorporated into the OPSG program for the first time 

in 2008, which enabled the Michigan counties of Chippewa, St. Clair, and Wayne 

to purchase equipment and increase law enforcement patrols along their shared 

land border with Canada. Since the OPSG program was expanded in 2009 to include 

international water and shared land borders of the United States, 24 counties in 

Michigan are now eligible to receive OPSG funding. 

With the availability of OPSG funding, Michigan’s Northern Border is better secured by providing law enforcement agencies with the means to put more boots on 

the ground by covering overtime costs and to purchase essential equipment needed 

to patrol the border. For example, OPSG funding was used to purchase a communications tower in Chippewa County located in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, which 

greatly enhanced the ability of law enforcement to secure the border as they encountered illegal border crossings and previously had limited capabilities to communicate 

in the area. 

As evident during the September 11 attacks, one of the biggest challenges first 

responders often face is difficulty communicating with one another due to different 

communication systems or a lack of infrastructure. Over the past decade, Michigan 

has greatly expanded the ability for public safety personnel to communicate during 

an incident, share critical information in a timely manner, and leverage all available 

resources in an efficient and effective manner. While it is critical for Michigan first 

responders to have the ability to communicate with one another, we also recognize 
32 

the importance of facilitating communications between Michigan, neighboring 

States, and Canada. Because when a disaster strikes, it ignores geographical boundaries affecting communities from different jurisdictions, States, and countries. 

A project is currently underway enhancing interoperable communications among 

local, State, Federal, Tribal, and international partners through the award of $4 

million to Wayne County as a part of the DHS Border Interoperability Demonstration Project (BIDP). With the use of BIDP funding, the necessary infrastructure and 

equipment is being purchased creating a gateway connecting the Michigan and Canadian public safety communications systems. This project will improve communications for emergency personnel responding to incidents along the international border 

and ports of entry between Canada, Southeast Michigan, and Sault Ste. Marie. 

Michigan serves as a key hub for international trade along the Northern Border 

with transportation infrastructure including three international bridges, three tunnels, and multiple vehicle ferries. 

The MSP Commercial Vehicle Enforcement Division (CVED) has worked extensively to secure Michigan’s Northern Border by promoting commercial vehicle safety 

enforcement measures, including conducting security visits on bulk hazardous materials carriers in Michigan. Since 2004, the CVED has received nearly $7.6 million 

in funding from the U.S. Department of Transportation to enhance commercial 

motor vehicle security at Michigan’s international border crossings. Using Federal 

funding, our department has expanded commercial vehicle enforcement efforts at 

the Ambassador Bridge in Detroit, the Blue Water Bridge in Port Huron, the Detroit-Windsor Truck Ferry, the International Bridge in Sault Ste. Marie, and the 

tunnel connecting Detroit and Windsor. 

PROACTIVE MEASURES

Events like the 2009 Christmas day airplane bombing in Detroit are a reminder 

that a terrorist attack in Michigan and across our Northern Border is a realistic 

threat we must be prepared for. I am pleased to share with you today that Michigan 

has taken several proactive steps in partnership with local and Federal agencies to 

secure our Northern Border and prepare for all potential threats. 

Multiple times each year, local, State, Federal, and international partners participate in drills and exercises conducted along the Northern Border to test emergency 

plans, enhance security measures, and ensure a coordinated response during an incident. For example, an exercise tested the response to an improvised explosive device (IED) at the Soo Locks along Lake Superior requiring a response from the bomb 

squads with the Michigan State Police and the Sault Ste. Marie Ontario Police Department. This past August, an exercise was held along the Detroit River involving 

nearly 30 agencies from the United States and Canada to test a multi-jurisdictional 

and multi-agency response to an explosion and subsequent oil spill in international 

waters. 

Many emergencies not only require a coordinated response, they also frequently 

require additional resources to be brought in as the affected jurisdiction’s capabilities are exceeded. This is why Michigan is taking proactive measures to form an 

international mutual aid agreement with our Canadian partners. 

A few months ago, I had the opportunity to participate in a cross-border mutual 

aid executive seminar in Port Huron, Michigan with participants representing all 

levels of government and the private sector from the United States and Canada. 

Throughout the seminar, we discussed opportunities to collaborate resources and 

planning initiatives across the border, challenges associated with international mutual aid including legal concerns, as well as potential next steps toward solidifying 

a cross-border mutual aid agreement. 

Initiatives are also underway at the National level to make a cross-border mutual 

aid agreement a reality for Michigan and other States. For example, I serve as a 

member of the North American Mutual Aid Work Group with the National Emergency Management Association (NEMA), which is making significant progress in establishing the framework for a cross-border mutual aid agreement. This past week, 

I attended a meeting in Chicago hosted by the Federal Emergency Management 

Agency (FEMA) Region V Office that brought together representatives from several 

States and Canada to discuss the next steps in establishing an international mutual 

aid agreement. 

While there is still work to be done, I am confident by the progress we have made 

thus far and I look forward to further developing our capabilities in partnership 

with Canada to prevent, deter, respond to, and recover from all hazards. 
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CLOSING

Protecting Michigan’s border and citizens requires a proactive and coordinated approach from local, State, Federal, Tribal, and international partners. As portrayed 

by the many initiatives I shared today, the State of Michigan works in close partnership with all levels of government and seeks new avenues to ensure the security 

of our border and safety of our citizens. Thank you again for the opportunity to testify today and I look forward to any questions you may have. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you, sir. Appreciate it. Thank you very 

much. 

Commissioner Austin, you are recognized for 5 minutes. Thank 

you, sir. 

STATEMENT OF DONALD R. AUSTIN, ADMINISTRATION 

DIVISION, FIRE DEPARTMENT, CITY OF DETROIT 

Mr. AUSTIN. Thank you. 

Chairman Bilirakis, Congressman Hansen Clarke, I want to 

thank you for the opportunity to make a presentation to you about 

the great city of Detroit and its fire department. 

Again, I am the fire commissioner of Detroit City Fire Department. I have been on the job 158 days as of today and look forward 

to moving this agency into an all-hazard response organization. 

My background in the fire service over the last 30 years began 

in the Los Angeles Fire Department, where, as you indicated, I 

rose to the rank of assistant chief. I have a background, in addition 

to the main fire service discipline of fire fighting and delivering 

EMS services, in the aviation and maritime domain, working in 

that area doing homeland security. 

In my 30 years, I have been involved in large-scale and major 

emergencies from wild land fires, earthquakes, multi-casualty incidents, civil unrest, aircraft accidents, and maritime emergency exercises. In addition to that, I have been an EMT. 

I am a student of the National Response Framework and the National Incident Management System. I have operated as a unified 

incident commander, agency representative, and many other positions in the incident command structure. I have worked with many 

fire departments in the United States as a promotional exam panelist participant and consulted internationally by providing aircraft 

rescue firefighting assessment capabilities for the El Dorado Nuevo 

Airport in Bogota, Colombia. 

The main thrust of my testimony, however, before this committee 

is to highlight the needs to support grant funding to increase organizational capability and preparedness. This is extremely important because of the fiscal challenges facing the city of Detroit today. 

Detroit, as you know, is an important transportation hub. It has 

three international border crossings—the Ambassador Bridge, Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, 

linking both Detroit and Windsor, Canada. 

The Ambassador Bridge is the single-busiest border crossing in 

North America, carrying approximately 27 percent of the total 

trade between the United States and Canada. The Detroit/Wayne 

County Port Authority imported and exported over 17 million tons 

of cargo. This accounted for over 5,800 jobs directly, 4,500 jobs indirectly, and over $200 million in State and local taxes. Additionally, 

$164 million of business revenue. 
34 

The Detroit River is the southern border of the city, and its interruption could impact the economy regionally. Detroit River represents an international border between the United States and 

Canada. It is 32 miles long, over 29 ports, and only 618 nautical 

miles from the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence Seaway. 

Eighty percent of the goods that come into the United States 

come in through a port. Ports are very vital to this economy. My 

city, Detroit, although struggling during these fiscally difficult 

times, is on a path of rebirth. The city of Detroit is winning efforts 

to lure the region’s growth companies downtown with business tax 

incentives, entertainment in the international riverfront, and repopulating their inner city by moving residents downtown. 

In addition, we have world headquarters, GM, which is a major 

defense contractor, world headquarters for Compuware, Quicken 

Loans. Recently, Blue Cross Blue Shield has moved over 5,000 employees into downtown Detroit. We are on the rise again. Additionally, there are two Fortune 500 companies, American Axle and 

Manufacturing and DTE Energy. 

While these are very positive signs of Detroit turning the corner, 

many difficult days lie ahead. The population declined by 25 percent, or 200,000 residents, in the last 10 years, leaving many vacant and abandoned structures to contend with. Seventy percent of 

the fire incidents occur in vacant abandoned dwellings. 

Mayor Bing is working feverishly to overcome the structural deficit and return the city to financial health. The department, under 

my leadership, is working hard to remake itself into an organization that can meet the challenges of a new Detroit and the threats 

that have become a reality of the 21st Century. 

The Detroit Fire Department has about 1,400 personnel, 985 firefighters, over 240 EMS technicians. We deploy only 236 firefighters 

on any given day across 44 fire stations and respond to over 30,000 

fire calls annually and 130,000 EMS calls. In addition to the traditional fire service disciplines, we provide hazardous materials, 

urban search and rescue, and a limited maritime and aviation domain capability. 

Speaking to the maritime domain capability, the fire department 

has one fire boat, the Curtis Randolph, built in 1979. It is a ClassA fire boat, the only fire boat on the Detroit River and in southern 

Michigan—southeastern Michigan, I am sorry, with a pumping capability of over 10,000 gallons per minute. 

I am going to review very quickly three incidents that occurred 

since 1999. February 2, 1999, the Curtis Randolph responded to a 

boiler explosion and fire at the Ford Motor Company Rouge power 

plant. That accident killed 6 workers and injured 14. Our fire boat 

pumped water to keep that operation going for over 90 days. 

During that time frame, there was a fire, and the Curtis Randolph is the only fire boat ever to fight a fire on foreign shores. 

Windsor, Canada, officials called on the Curtis Randolph in April 

1999 to assist in extinguishing a fire of a hotel on the Windsor 

riverfront. The fire boat did respond at then-Mayor Archer’s request and assisted in that extinguishment. 

Additionally, and last, as an example, in August 2003, as you recall that there was a major power outage in the Northeast quadrant of the country. The United States Steel production operations 
35 

were impacted. Their blast furnaces require water to keep them 

operational. 

The Curtis Randolph again responded and pumped water to assist in them continuing their operations. Again, if either of those 

would have shut down, that would have been a severe impact—jobs 

lost or people laid off, not getting checks. 

I am going to move to some efforts quickly here. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. So, yes, we have got to wrap up. So—— 

Mr. AUSTIN. Okay. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. If you can do it in a minute, that would be great. 

Mr. AUSTIN. In a minute. We are reaching out here within Detroit to partner with our neighbor fire agencies. There are over 

1,000 fire departments. Many are volunteer fire departments, 

which make it a challenge. 

But we have relationships with the United States Coast Guard, 

the 51st Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team, United 

States Customs, and so forth and so on. So, with that, I would like 

to say that we look forward and I welcome the opportunity to make 

any additional comments and answer any questions you may have. 

[The statement of Mr. Austin follows:] 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF DONALD R. AUSTIN

OCTOBER 28, 2011 

My name is Donald R. Austin. I am the executive fire commissioner of the Detroit 

Fire Department. I have been on the job 158 days as of today and look forward to 

making this Department an ‘‘all hazards’’ response organization. 

My background in the fire service began over 30 years ago in the Los Angeles Fire 

Department. I rose to the rank of Assistant Chief in the Los Angeles Fire Department and have a background in the aviation and maritime domain as well as the 

traditional fire service discipline. In that capacity, I have been involved in largescale emergencies from wild land fires, earthquakes, multi-casualty incidents, civil 

unrest, simulated aircraft accidents, and maritime emergency exercises. In addition 

to being a fire fighter, I was an emergency medical technician most of my fire service career. 

I am a student of the National Response Framework and the National Incident 

Management System (NIMS). I have operated as a unified incident commander, 

agency representative, and in many other incident command positions. I am certified in ICS 100, 200, 300, 400, 700, and 800 and have taken additional NIMS 

courses in the course of my fire service career. I have worked with many fire departments in the United States as a promotional examination panel participant, and 

consulted internationally by providing an Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting capability assessment for the El Dorado Nuevo Airport in Bogota ́, Columbia. I bring this 

fire service experience to the Detroit Fire Department and the city of Detroit at the 

Honorable Mayor Dave Bing’s request. 

The main thrust of my testimony before this committee is to highlight the need 

for support of grant funding to increase organizational capability and preparedness. 

This is extremely important because of the fiscal challenges facing the city and region. Our ability to manage day-to-day fire and emergency medical incidents within 

our allotted budget is becoming more difficult. We are currently projecting a $14 

million deficit at the close of this fiscal year. This lack of funding will inherently 

reduce the level of service on a daily basis and make it more difficult to respond 

to incidents of National significance. 

The city of Detroit located in southeastern Michigan is a city of over 700,000 residents with an area of 139 square miles. Detroit completely encircles the cities of 

Hamtramck and Highland Park. The Detroit Tri-County area of Wayne, Oakland, 

and Macomb counties has a population of 3,863,000, as of the 2010 census, with an 

area of 1,967 square miles. Detroit is the largest city in the State of Michigan and 

the seat of Wayne County. Detroit has three of the four major league professional 

sports teams located in downtown. Detroit is known by many nicknames to include 

Arsenal of Democracy, the Motor City, Motown, and America’s Automotive Capital 

to name a few. 
36 

Detroit is an important transportation hub. It has three international border 

crossings, the Ambassador Bridge, Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, linking Detroit to Windsor, Ontario. The Ambassador Bridge 

is the single-busiest border crossing in North America, carrying 27% of the total 

trade between the United States and Canada. 

The Detroit Wayne County Port Authority imported and exported over 17 million 

tons of cargo. In 2005 this accounted for 5,851 direct jobs and 4,505 indirect jobs; 

$201,629,000 in State and local taxes and business revenue in excess of $164 million. The Detroit River is the southern border of the city and also represents an 

international border between the United States and Canada. The Detroit River is 

a 32-mile-long river with over 29 port terminals. Detroit is 618 nautical miles inland 

from the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence Seaway. 

My city, although still struggling during these fiscally difficult times, is on a path 

of rebirth. The city of Detroit is winning efforts to lure the region’s growth companies downtown with business tax incentives, entertainment, an International Riverfront, and repopulating the inner city with residents living downtown. The world 

headquarters of Compuware (over 2,500 employees), Quicken Loans (over 4,000 employees), and General Motors (over 4,600 employees) are located in downtown Detroit. Additionally, Fortune 500 companies like American Axle & Manufacturing and 

DTE Energy are located in Detroit. Blue Cross recently completed a move into 

downtown relocating upwards of 5,000 employees. 

While these are very positive signs of Detroit turning the corner, many difficult 

days lay ahead. The population declined by 25% or 200,000 in the last 10 years. 

This has left many vacant/abandoned structures to contend with. The number of vacant/abandoned structures is said to be as high as 80,000. In fact, the last line of 

duty death involving fire fighter Walter Harris occurred in a vacant single-family 

dwelling after two previous fires. Seventy percent of the fire incidents occur in vacant/abandoned structures. 

The severe population decline not only left many vacant structures in the city, it 

represents an erosion of the property tax base, reduced city income tax, and State 

revenue-sharing necessary to provide the level of services for a new Detroit. However, it remains a fact that public safety services, fire, EMS, and law enforcement 

constitute more than 50% of the city’s general fund expenditures, which exceeds $1 

billion dollars. 

Mayor Bing is working feverishly to overcome a structural deficit and return the 

city to financial health. Mayor Bing’s personal commitment is illustrated in the fact 

that he has accepted a salary of $1 a year. The Fire Department under my leadership is working hard to remake itself into an organization that can meet the challenges of a new Detroit and the threats that have become the reality of the 21st 

Century. We are diligently working to become fully NIMS-compliant and, our members are currently enrolled in FEMA on-line NIMS training for ICS 100, 200, 700, 

and 800 courses. 

The Detroit Fire Department has 1,400 personnel and approximately 985 fire 

fighters and 240 emergency medical personnel. We deploy 236 fire fighters in 44 fire 

stations across the city and respond to over 30,000 fire calls and 130,000 EMS calls 

for service annually. In addition to the traditional fire service, we provide hazardous 

materials, urban search and rescue, a limited maritime and aviation domain capability. 

The average age of the fire station buildings is 81 years old with the oldest active 

fire station being 118 years old. This represents a significant draw on a budget of 

$186,400,000 of which 95% is salaries and benefits. The average age of my fire fighters is 431⁄2 years, which result in a pretty significant injury rate and negatively impacts my overtime budget. The 21 ambulances have an average of 149,000 miles and 

break down frequently. The logistical support staff which maintains fire and EMS 

apparatus is equally challenged and has a difficult time doing preventive maintenance. 

The Fire Department has one fire boat; the Curtis Randolph built in 1979. It is 

the only Class A fire boat on the Detroit River and in Southeastern Michigan with 

a pumping capacity of 10,000 gallons per minute. The response district for the Curtis Randolph is Windmill Pointe at the mouth of Lake St. Clair south to the Trenton 

Turning Basin. The fire boat will be taken out of service on November 1, 2011, and 

returned to service in June 2012. 

On February 2, 1999, the Curtis Randolph responded to a boiler explosion and fire 

at the Ford Motor Company, Rouge Power Plant. This fire killed 6 and injured 14 

workers. The fire boat supplied water for approximately 3 months while repairs to 

the plant were made. Our response allowed operations to continue relatively uninterrupted. 
37 

The Curtis Randolph is the only U.S. fire boat to ever fight a fire on foreign 

shores. Windsor, Canada officials called on the Curtis Randolph in April 1999 to assist in extinguishing a fire at the riverside Ramada Inn. Mayor Dennis Archer 

called the fire boat from the Rouge Power Plant incident to the Windsor hotel fire. 

The northeast electrical power outage of August 2003 threatened United States 

Steel production operations. The blast furnaces used in the process required water 

to keep them operational. The Curtis Randolph was placed into fire service to assist 

with supplying river water to the plant. This incident required the fire boat to pump 

river water to keep its blast furnaces operational during the several days of the electrical grid outage. 

VULNERABILITIES TO HOMELAND SECURITY AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS, 

RESPONSE, AND COMMUNICATIONS

In addition to providing an emergency response capability to the residents of Detroit, Detroit being situated on an international water border should have maritime 

capabilities to respond to threats to security and natural disasters that could impact 

the continuity of operations of businesses and the city. 

The Detroit Fire Department is not especially situated to respond to a mass casualty scenario. This is an identified weakness in our ‘‘all hazards’’ capability, which 

sooner than later must be addressed. 

Below are some identified critical infrastructure and disaster scenarios in the Detroit area that would require a response by the Detroit Fire Department. 

Infrastructure Incident Type Consequence 

Renaissance Center .......... Fire .................................... 1 VBIED .............................

2 CBRNE ............................

Approximately 13,000 occupants; GM World 

Headquarters; GM is a 

major defense contractor; tallest hotel in 

the United States and 

Michigan’s tallest building. 

Electrical Grid ................... Fires ................................... Failure of city water main 

pressure could occur 

and negatively impact 

downtown. 

Water Main Failure .......... Fires ................................... Major outage could severely impact downtown 

high-rise infrastructure. 

Hart Plaza and the Detroit Riverfront.Multi-casualty ................... Depending on the number 

of simultaneous events 

could attract more than 

1 million visitors. 

Detroit River ..................... Oil Spill ............................. Damage to the environment and ecosystem. 

Maritime Commerce ......... Vessel Fire ........................

Loss of propulsion .............

Blockage of the river. 

Bridges and Tunnels ........ Terrorist Attack ................ Collapse. 

Sports Stadiums ................ VBIED ...............................

CBRNE ..............................

Ford Field capacity is 

65,000; 

Comerica 40,000; 

Joe Louis 20,000. 

North American International Auto Show.Multi-casualty ................... High-media coverage; patient-generating event. 

1 Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Device. 

2 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive. 

EFFORTS TO SHORE UP VULNERABILITIES

Since the beginning of my tenure as the Executive Fire Commissioner, I have 

been actively seeking to expand this organization’s relationship with area fire departments by becoming a member of the Southeastern Michigan Fire Chiefs Association. The Detroit Fire Department has reached out to Southfield, Warren, Dearborn, 

Highland Park, and Hamtramck Fire Department seeking to enter into a Mutual 
38 

Aid agreement for reciprocity of fire and rescue services. We did not enter into an 

agreement relative to emergency medical incidents because our EMS resources are 

strained on a daily basis and our fire fighters are not EMT-trained. However, it is 

my goal to move the organization in this direction. Eighty-five percent of the workload in the United States fire service is delivering emergency medical services to 

the communities they serve. 

We have a relationship with many agencies such as: 

• US Coast Guard Sector Detroit, Commander Jeffrey E. Ogden, Captain of the 

Port; 

• 51st Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Team; 

• City of Windsor Fire and Rescue Services, Fire Chief Bruce Montone; 

• U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Detroit Sector; 

• Michigan Urban Search and Rescue Task Force 1; 

• Hart Medical EMS Services—A Private Ambulance Company; 

• Detroit Emergency Medical Service Authority; 

• Detroit Medical Center; 

• Detroit/Wayne County Port Authority, John Jamian, Executive Director. 

The Department is also considering joining the Michigan Emergency Management 

Assistance Compact (MEMAC). MEMAC is designed to help Michigan’s 1,776 local 

political subdivisions share vital public safety services and resources more effectively and efficiently. Neither the State nor any local jurisdiction can afford to acquire and maintain all the manpower, equipment, and other resources that would 

be necessary to respond to every possible emergency or major disaster, especially 

terrorist acts involving chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons of mass destruction. 

Since my appointment as Executive Fire Commissioner, the Department participated in the ‘‘Detroit River Readiness 2011’’ full-scale exercise. More than 65 U.S. 

and Canadian Federal, State, and local emergency response partner agencies took 

part in a full-scale, cross-border security, mass rescue and oil spill response exercise, 

on Aug. 23 and 24 along the Detroit River Corridor from Trenton north in the river 

to Detroit and Windsor. 

The Fire Department also works collaboratively with private ambulance services 

to support large-scale downtown events such as the fireworks display during River 

Days, and other downtown public events. 

Through the leadership of Mayor Bing one public safety headquarters is being 

built to house the Fire and Police Departments, Homeland Security, and elements 

of the Michigan State Police. The co-locating of these public safety agencies will improve inter-relationship, coordination, and unified command operations, which will 

improve our ability to manage an ‘‘all-risk’’ emergency incident. 

The Detroit Fire Department submitted grants for equipment and apparatus 

under the Assistant to Fire Fighter Grant Program (AFG). The primary goal of the 

AFG is to meet the emergency response needs of fire departments and emergency 

medical service organizations. There was over $404,000,000 available in grant funds 

for 2011. Items requested by the Detroit Fire Department include: 

• 3 Pumper/Engine: $1,500,000; 

• 1 Ladder Truck: $750,000; 

• 977 Personal Protective Equipment: $2,071,240; 

• 100 Automatic External Defibrillator: $150,000; 

• 7 Air Cascade Filling Systems: $494,102; 

• Total: $4,965,342. 

The Public Safety Foundation of Detroit has recently expanded to include the Detroit Fire Department. This is a significant development for our service. Under this 

umbrella my agency can submit request for funding various equipment needs and 

possibly the costs-sharing associated with the aforementioned grants. 

The Detroit Fire Department is comprised of dedicated men and women who 

strive everyday to deliver the best service to the citizens of this great city. We have 

a Mayor and City Council who has prioritized public safety as No. 1. We in the fire 

and EMS service recognize that even with such prioritization for public safety there 

are other essential services a city must provide its citizens. Times have been difficult but because of our fire service ‘‘make it happen’’ attitude we continue to serve 

our community with professionalism and pride. 

As the Executive Fire Commissioner for the Detroit Fire Department, I want to 

thank the committee for offering me an opportunity to present some insight into 

this great Department, which I am proud to be a member of. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you, Commissioner. Thanks for coming 

home, too. 

Mr. AUSTIN. Yes. 
39 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Appreciate that. That is important. 

Okay, Mr. Lundy, you are recognized for 5 minutes. 

STATEMENT OF R. DARYL LUNDY, DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF 

HOMELAND SECURITY AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT, 

CITY OF DETROIT 

Mr. LUNDY. Once again, good morning, Mr. Chairman and Congressman Clarke. 

On behalf of Mayor Bing, he thanks you for being here today. 

Again, my name is Daryl Lundy. I am the director of homeland 

security and emergency management for the city of Detroit. I am 

pleased to be here to testify on the state of the Northern Border 

and the city of Detroit. 

I have submitted my full testimony and ask that it be part of 

this formal record. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Without objection, so ordered. Thank you. 

Mr. LUNDY. Sir, I would like to begin by discussing our working 

relationship with the many Federal partners located in and operating along the Detroit border. I will start out by going over some 

of the many, many events as to why we have to work together on 

a day-to-day basis as well. 

Detroit is host to a special event roughly every 60 to 90 days. Beginning in January, for example, we will kick off 15 days of the 

International Auto Show. This will be followed by an event, the 

International Fireworks that takes place down on the Detroit 

River. Now we get roughly 1 million viewers downtown for that 

evening firework on the Detroit side, and on the Canadian side, 

roughly about 800,000 are viewing. 

In addition to that, we have the Detroit Free Press Marathon 

that takes place—took place just a few weeks ago. This is an annual event that typically has about 25,000 to 27,000 individuals. 

They run throughout the city of downtown Detroit. They cross the 

border into Canada, and then they also then return back into the 

United States. 

We host the Turkey Trot Run, which is followed by our Thanksgiving Day parade. Once again, roughly a million spectators lining 

the Thanksgiving Day parade route downtown. 

In 2012, we will once again host the Detroit Grand Prix. The 

Grand Prix is held on Belle Isle, which is an island that basically 

sits right in the middle of the Detroit River. Along with this, we 

host at Belle Isle the Gold Cup Hydroplane Championship Races 

on a yearly basis. 

Most importantly, we just hosted the Major League Baseball Division, as well as the American League Series, just to name a few 

events that we are constantly doing here in the city of Detroit. 

Jointly, we develop—— 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. How about the Lions? 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. LUNDY. How about those Lions? 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. LUNDY. Denver will go down this weekend. 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. CLARKE. Yes, that is right. Prophesize. 
40 

Mr. LUNDY. Absolutely, we have hope. So, jointly, we develop 

with our Federal, State, regional, and our Canadian counterparts 

our operational plans for all of these events, as well as sharing information and intelligence and also providing operational support. 

That is many times even swapping individuals to work each other’s 

operational centers to make sure that we have good connectivity 

during these events. 

In addition, too, we have members from our office that sit on the 

U.S. attorney’s ATAC, the Anti-Terrorism Advisory Council. We 

have members who sit on the U.S. Coast Guard’s Maritime Security Committee. We have Detroit Police representatives in the Joint 

Terrorism Task Force amongst also having cross-border members 

who sit on each other’s emergency management and homeland security teams and attend their regularly scheduled meetings as well. 

Sir, in February of this year, our department participated in a 

Canadian exercise called Central Gateway. Central Gateway was a 

contact notification drill and a tabletop exercise. 

It did have a field component in which our Detroit police and fire 

and emergency medical personnel participated with their counterparts, the SRT teams, our harbor master dive teams, and the emergency medical, as I stated. We shared in some lessons learned 

there. 

Detroit itself, particularly, we, in the emergency management, 

actually focused on the communications system. We are now sharing and working with a Canadian system they allowed us to use 

called Fusion Point. It is a sister system to what we use here in 

the State for emergency management called E-Team. It is a situational sharing system. 

This event was a lead-in to the joint U.S. Coast Guard and Detroit exercise called River Readiness—Detroit River Readiness— 

that you have heard about already. River Readiness was a regional 

and international emergency response exercise intended to enhance 

our local, as well as our regional and our international response, 

and our readiness and cooperation by building on the successes 

from the previous exercises. 

The Detroit River Readiness scenario again included a major terrorist event along the international border, included chemical materials, medical response, and really tested both our city, our county, the provincial as well as our Federal departments, our coordination capabilities, and response. 

While there were many, many areas of success during this exercise, we have also identified gaps and vulnerabilities. We are working now toward the correction of those many. 

Sir, Detroit is a high-risk, high-density city. It shares, as you 

have heard, the many homeland security threats itself against terrorist attacks. Detroit stands out from the rest of the Nation, of 

course, because of the size of our immigrant population, along with 

this international border that we have been speaking about. It creates a very—a potential risk for terrorists to not only use Detroit 

as a place to attack, but also to conceal terrorist support networks 

and also a place to recruit new members and supporters. 

Detroit and its border brings about a unique challenge as we attempt to prevent, protect, and share and respond to potential 
41 

threats to our population and to the many hazardous material sites 

and critical infrastructure that we have here in the city. 

Sir, as a recommendation, I just want to say that I really encourage both the Federal as well as the State government in its policy 

to direct our primary grant funding, which is the UASI grant, to 

be focused at this high-density, high-risk location, as I believe that 

DHS is focusing or it planned on focusing that money. 

Most importantly, our readiness posture, if we don’t continue 

with that funding and having that funding directed here at this 

key area, not only will we not move forward here in the future, we 

will start to take steps backward in the readiness that we have acquired over these past couple of years. 

Sir, I know my time has run out. So I will just conclude at this 

time. 

[The statement of Mr. Lundy follows:] 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF R. DARYL LUNDY

28 OCTOBER 2011 

Good morning, Mr. Chairman and Members of the committee. My name is Daryl 

Lundy, director of the Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Management for 

the city of Detroit. As director, I am responsible for Plans and Operations related 

to terrorism, and catastrophic emergencies, protection of Critical Infrastructure and 

Key Resources, managing the Emergency Operations Center, managing the Department of Homeland Security Grants Program and coordination with our private partners and partners across the border in Canada. 

I am pleased to be here today testifying on the state of the Northern Border and 

funding to the city of Detroit. I have submitted my full testimony which I ask be 

made part of the hearing record. 

FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL COORDINATION

I would like to begin by discussing our working relationships with the many Federal partners located in and operating along the Detroit border. Detroit is host to 

a special event every 60–90 days, beginning in January for 15 days of the International Auto Show, followed by the International Fireworks with roughly 1 million 

viewers on the Detroit River and 800,000 on the Canadian coastline of the Detroit 

River. We host the Detroit Free Press Marathon in which 20,000 runners navigate 

in Detroit into Windsor, Canada and return. We host the Turkey Trot Run followed 

by the Thanksgiving Day Parade which lines the route in downtown with approximately 1 million viewers. In 2012, we will again host the Detroit Grand Prix on 

Belle Isle located in the middle of the Detroit River as well as the Gold Cup Hydroplane Races. Most recently we hosted the Major League Baseball Division and 

American League Series. 

Jointly, we develop operational plans, share intelligence, and provide operational 

support in a combined effort to ensure the safety of our citizens and guests at these 

many events. Our working relationship further includes participation as a member 

of the U.S. Attorney Anti-Terrorism Advisory Council (ATAC) and the U.S. Coast 

Guard Area Maritime Security Committee. In addition, the Detroit Police has a 

member who participates on the Federal Bureau of Investigations, Joint Terrorism 

Task Force. 

In addition, to the Federal partners, Non-Governmental Organizations, private 

sector partners, and Canadian counterparts are extremely engaged and important 

to the success of these events and the protection of our borders. Private sector partners chair our Local Emergency Planning Committee, information-sharing advisory 

council, critical infrastructure and key infrastructure council and are members in 

our Emergency/Event Operations Center during events and many times, provide use 

of their operation center to augment our operations. Our working relationship with 

Canadian Homeland Security and Emergency Management coordinators are routine. 

We not only participate in joint training exercises, we attend meetings, conferences, 

and working groups with each other in the United States and Canada. 

In February of this year, our department participated in a Canadian Exercise, 

Central Gateway. Exercise Central Gateway was a contact/notification drill, communications and table-top exercise, with a field exercise component as part of each of 
42 

the Incident Sites/Events. The scenario was based upon a major event surrounding 

a terrorist attack in the area of the Detroit River and a resulting hazardous materials spill/leak in the LaSalle, west Windsor, and Detroit area that directly impacted 

at least three county municipalities, the city of Windsor, and the Detroit Metropolitan area. The affects of the hazard had potential to have a short- and long-term effect upon transportation through the region and across the international border. Additional secondary events included health concerns resulting from the on-going flu 

season, threats of severe weather and other emergency events. The primary training 

focus for Detroit was testing the Situational Awareness communications between 

Detroit, Windsor and Essex County, Ontario. 

This event was a lead into the Joint U.S. Coast Guard and Detroit River Readiness Exercise. River Readiness was a Regional and International Emergency Response Exercise intended to enhance local, regional, and international response, 

readiness, and cooperation by building on the success of previous regional exercises 

in the Ex SPRING DAY series over the past 4 years. It also provided a confirmatory 

and audit model in support of the Federal project examining Critical Risk Identification and Capability-Based Plans modeling in the Windsor-Essex County region. The 

exercise focused on incident site management: Communications systems between 

the incident site, Emergency Operations Centers (EOC) and other centers and staffing; Emergency Information and Media Centers and staffing; Traffic Control and 

Traffic Plans; Reception and Evacuation Centers and staffing; and decision-making 

during an emerging situation. 

The scenario included a major terrorist event along the international border that 

included, chemical materials threats and impacts; evacuations and registrations; 

limited access; traffic control issues, cross-border issues, environmental and agricultural impacts and pollution response; hazardous materials; coordination and control 

issues between city and county municipalities, provincial ministries, Federal departments and neighboring U.S. agencies such as Detroit Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, Michigan State Departments, Federal Bureau 

of Investigations, Customs Border Protection, Immigrations and Customs Enforcement, Transportation Security Administration, the U.S. Coast Guard, and others. 

While there were many areas of success during these exercises, we have identified 

gaps and weaknesses of items tested and evaluated and are attempting to correct 

them as we move forward. 

THE NEED FOR GRANT FUNDING

The following information is submitted as information the city of Detroit believes 

to be relevant in determining our threat, vulnerability, and consequences referencing terrorism: 

The United States Office of Management and Budget defines Detroit-WarrenLivonia as the Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) queried for the Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI). Population of the Detroit MSA: City of Detroit: 710,000 

plus 40,000 visitors daily; Wayne County: 1.2 million, Michigan’s 8th largest city, 

Livonia at 100,500; Macomb County: 832,000 with Michigan’s 3rd largest city, Warren with 135, 000 and the 6th largest city, Sterling Heights at 127,000. 

Metropolitan Detroit has the largest Arab population in the United States at 

350,000. Over 1,000 Canadian Nurses cross the bridge or tunnel daily to work in 

the Detroit Medical Center and surrounding hospitals. 

There are 56 DHS-identified Critical Infrastructure/Key Resource facilities in the 

Detroit and Wayne County UASI. There are many more that we locally identify as 

critical and key sites. There are 302 Sites that store or produce extremely hazardous 

substances, 103 located in Detroit and 151 in Wayne County. There are hundreds 

more throughout the UASI region. 

The U.S. Tank Automotive Command (TACOM) located in Warren, MI is responsible for Tank Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering. 

Selfridge Air National Guard Base located in Macomb County hosts F–16’s, DHS 

Air and Maritime Headquarters, Border Patrol Sector Detroit, U.S. Coast Guard 

Aviation, National Guard CH–47’s and Civil Air Patrol. Selfridge is also host to a 

bi-annual Air Show. 

The Detroit, Wayne County water border is approximately 37 miles long and 

largely unprotected. Twenty-nine miles are bordered with Canada and includes 4 

Ports of Entry. Boating along the Detroit River is plentiful and boats easily cross 

United States to Canada and back. In addition, Great Lakes Ships transit the Detroit River via Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Huron. 

The city of Detroit has 4 international border crossings with a waterfront border 

that makes the largest land- and rail-based foreign trade zone in North America. 

Canada is Michigan’s largest foreign export market and largest trading partner, 
43 

with nearly 60% of the value of the State’s exported goods destined for Canada. 

About 10% of U.S. exports to Canada originate in Michigan. Over half of U.S.-Canada land-based trade crosses the border in the Detroit region. Canada-U.S. trade 

supports 7 million U.S. jobs, including over 200,000 Michigan jobs. 

The Detroit/Windsor Tunnel is the busiest passenger border crossing between the 

United States and Canada, it ranks in the top 15 border crossings nationally and 

is the largest Northern Border crossing. Michigan residents make over 1.4 million 

visits to Canada, spending almost approximately $444,000 million a year. We receive over 12 million car passengers a year. 

The Ambassador Bridge located in Detroit is the largest-volume toll crossing between the United States and Canada which accounts for $90 billion in annual trade. 

The Detroit/Windsor Truck Ferry carries approximately 100 trucks per day of 

mostly dangerous cargo. The transportation of dangerous goods is regulated in both 

the United States and Canada. Under Michigan law, trucks carrying Classes 1, 3, 

6, and 7 dangerous goods, i.e., corrosives, explosive, etc. are prohibited from the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit/Windsor Tunnel. 

The Detroit River Rail Tunnel operates 25 trains a day with almost 400,000 railcars annually. There have been incidents where the tunnels have been used as a 

means to enter the United States illegally. 

The Detroit Water and Sewerage Department (DWSD) is the third-largest water 

and sewer utility in the United States. DWSD provides water service to approximately 1 million people in Detroit and 3 million people in neighboring southeastern 

Michigan communities throughout Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, St. Clair, Lapeer, 

Genesee, Washtenaw, and Monroe counties. The 1,079-square-mile water service 

area, which includes Detroit and 125 suburban communities, makes up approximately 43 percent of the State’s population. The Department also provides wastewater service to over 700,000 Detroit residents and 2 million suburban residents in 

neighboring communities. Wastewater service is provided to a 946-square-mile area 

that encompasses 35 percent of Michigan’s population. 

The Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT), annual riders is 2,687,720. 

The Detroit People Mover is a fully automated light rail system that operates on 

an elevated single track loop in Detroit’s Business district. The system provides connections between the courts and administrative offices of several levels of government, sports arenas, exhibition centers, major hotels, and commercial, banking, and 

retail districts. The integration of 8 of the 13 people-mover stations into pre-existing 

structures links over 9 million square feet that can be traversed unimpeded by outside elements. Also, future plans indicate the construction of a light rail system to 

run from downtown Detroit to our neighboring county. 

Detroit Metro Airport is the 10th-largest airport in the United States. Total economic impact (estimated) $5 billion annually and total economic impact (estimated) 

$14 million daily. There are approximately 3,076,542 international passengers and 

a total cargo (freight/small pkgs, mail) of 487,149,710 lbs. 

Detroit Coleman A. Young International Airport supports approximately 17 private jet landings per day with a surge up to 50 during special events. Yearly average is approximately 6,000 landings. This airport lies in the heart of the city surrounded by a rail line and high school. 

Marathon Oil Company.—Detroit, Michigan houses Marathon Oil refinery, which 

is the fifth-largest in the United States and Romulus, Michigan houses Marathon’s 

terminal and marketing operations. Marathon Oil processes 100,000 barrels of crude 

oil per day, which is refined into 50% gasoline, 28% diesel, 17% asphalt, and 5% 

other products. Marathon is currently in the process of expanding the refinery capacity to process 115,000 barrels per day from the current 100,000. 

General Motors Corporation World Headquarters reside in the Renaissance Center, a 73-story building in the heart of downtown Detroit located off the Detroit 

River, next to the Detroit Windsor tunnel, and across from City Hall. In addition 

to GM, the Renaissance Center houses a hotel, many businesses and 2 consulates. 

Ford Motor Corporation World headquarters is located in Dearborn, Michigan. 

Sports Venues include: The Detroit Lions, Ford Field, capacity 65,000; Detroit Tigers, Comerica Park, capacity 40,000; Detroit Red Wings, Joe Louis Arena, capacity 

20,066. 

Additional entertainment venues like the Fox Theater, Music Hall, Opera House, 

3 Casinos also exist next to the above-listed sports centers. 

Detroit is a populous city which shares with the homeland the common threat of 

attack by terrorists. Detroit stands out from the rest of the Nation in the size of 

its immigrant population and international border, which creates the potential risk 

for terrorists to use Detroit as a place to attack, conceal terrorist support networks, 

or to recruit new members and supporters. Detroit and its border brings about 
44 

unique challenges as we attempt to prevent, protect, share, and respond to potential 

threats. 

REGIONAL APPROACH

Over the past 5 years, much of the annual UASI grant has been directed to neighbors outside the urban area in support of the regional concept. While we have 

partnered with our neighboring jurisdictions, the prioritization of where the funds 

are dedicated are sometimes not the priority of the high-risk, high-density urban 

area, as defined by the MSA. This could be a recipe for disaster. Detroit and Wayne 

County collaborate on many projects along the border by a piecemeal approach of 

combining, Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI) funds, StoneGarden Grant funds, 

and Buffer Zone Grant funds. This is not a practical method to continue in light 

of the elimination of DHS Grant Programs, and based upon the expected decreasing 

dollar amounts for the 2012 Homeland Security Grant funds. Hence, Detroit’s primary grant, the Urban Area Security Initiative Grant, previous UASI Grant guidance was revised from funding focused at the core city and core county to ‘‘enhancing regional preparedness in metropolitan areas’’. Without a clear definition of a 

‘‘metropolitan area’’, our ‘‘Region’’ was determined to be all of Southeast Michigan. 

With 7 jurisdictions to receive funding from the UASI grant, Detroit is left with 

roughly one-eighth of that year’s grant funding. While our focus remains on programs that were previously instituted, we must be concerned about sustaining and 

moving forward as we support DHS priorities as well as our own known gaps. 

RECOMMEND FEDERAL OR STATE POLICY CHANGES

I encourage Federal and State policy be changed and enforced to direct UASI 

Grant funds to the intended receivers identified as the high-threat, high-density 

urban area in the DHS Grant Guidance. It is my fear that if this does not occur, 

we will not be able to sustain our current strengths and gains. Most importantly, 

our readiness posture will not move forward, putting our citizens and guests in 

harm’s way. 

SUMMARY

In summary, Mr. Chairman, we believe that we have made significant improvements in working jointly with our many partners—State, Federal, Canadian, and 

private sector. Through exercising, we have validated our strengths and identified 

weaknesses in our readiness posture of securing and responding to incidents at our 

border as well as securing our city. Without previous grant funds to augment our 

local jurisdictional dollars, we would not have been able to execute the planning, 

training, and evaluation of those exercises and capabilities. This being said, it is imperative that future grant dollars continue and be strategically forwarded to the 

high-risk entities that have unique planning and operational needs as we do here 

on our U.S.-Canadian border. 

Thank you for the opportunity to share with you the work of Mayor Dave Bing 

and the Detroit Team. I’m proud to serve the citizens and guests who visit and transit Detroit daily. We will continue to do all that we can, with what we have to 

strengthen securing our border and Nation. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you, sir. Thank you. 

You have a champion here with regard to that grant, that is for 

sure. We will continue to work on that. 

Mr. Buford, you are recognized for 5 minutes. Thank you again, 

sir. 

STATEMENT OF JAMES P. BUFORD, P.E.M., DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY AND EMERGENCY 

MANAGEMENT, WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN 

Mr. BUFORD. Good morning, Mr. Chairman, Congressman 

Clarke. 

My name is James Buford. I am director of homeland security 

and emergency management for the county of Wayne. 

As director, I am responsible for the emergency operation plan 

and the emergency operations center in Wayne County. I am also 

responsible for all other planning to mitigate potential acts of ter-
45 

rorism, disasters, and emergencies. I am responsible for managing 

the Homeland Security Grant funds allocated to Wayne County. 

I am honored to be here today to testify on the state of the 

Northern Border and funding to Wayne County. I have submitted 

my full testimony, which I ask to be made a part of the hearing 

record. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you. So ordered. 

Mr. BUFORD. I would like to start by saying that I honor all the 

men and women in uniform, whether military or civilian, who protect us every day from acts of terrorism. I remember on 9/11, like 

most of us, exactly where I was during that time. I was a commander of the Wayne County Sheriff’s Department at their Road 

Patrol. I remember law enforcement before that day, and I have 

seen how it has changed since then. 

I remember that law enforcement had its own lanes for Federal, 

State, and local. I also know that that has changed significantly 

since that fateful day. I do believe that we have a much better environment for information sharing amongst law enforcement agencies. 

Wayne County and the city of Detroit share an international border with Essex County and the city of Windsor. There are many 

events that occur on the Detroit River between these communities, 

as you have heard earlier, including the shipping that occurs annually. 

This requires coordination between all law enforcement, fire, and 

EMS agencies along the border. We also have several large hospital 

systems that provide treatment to Canadian citizens every day. 

Homeland Security Grant funding has come to this area, and it 

is provided by the Homeland Security Grant Program. The metropolitan statistical area, MSA, includes Detroit, Wayne County, 

Livonia, and the city of Warren. These communities have the largest populations in the core urban area. It was determined by the 

Department of Homeland Security that these core urban areas 

were at the highest risk for potential terrorist attacks. 

In the Detroit urban area, we have received funding intended for 

the high-risk mitigation—for the risk mitigation. We use allocated 

grant funds to assist the public safety agencies to prevent and protect the public from acts of terrorism. 

We have educated the public about emergency preparedness and 

recognition of potential terrorist activities. During these depressed 

economic times, these activities would not have been able to be taking place without the Homeland Security Grant funding. The need 

to have a strong and resilient Northern Border will rest with those 

entrusted with protecting us. 

Within the first few years of Homeland Security Grant Program, 

the State of Michigan recommended a regional approach to grant 

funding. The core urban area was asked to add the additional five 

counties in southeast Michigan, and this group exists today as the 

Urban Areas Security Initiative Regional Planning Board. 

We have developed a regional strategy and use it as a guide for 

the project allocation of Homeland Security Grant funds. The core 

county has found that while the regional group is a good concept, 

it does not provide for the best use of ever-shrinking financial resources, given that the highest risk remains in the core urban area. 
46 

The Northern Border has had additional grant funds used for patrol efforts. Operation Stonegarden grant provides overtime and 

backfill for patrol efforts by communities along Lake St. Clair, 

Lake Erie, and the Detroit River border area. It allows for equipment to be purchased to assist with these patrols. 

This is a coordination of the Wayne County Sheriff Marine Patrol, along with local communities on their shore patrol. Information from these patrols is given to the Customs and Border Patrol 

Division of DHS for their review. 

We have also a State-wide shared channel radio system that allows for interoperable communications throughout the region and 

the State. Wayne County was the recent recipient of the Border 

Interoperability Communications Grant Demonstration Project. 

Once completed, this will allow for an even greater level of radio 

communications interoperability with our Canadian partners. 

Wayne County has also used Homeland Security Grant funding 

to help develop a border surveillance camera system along the 

international border. This system will be made available to local, 

State, and Federal law enforcement. 

I encourage a review of the way the Homeland Security Grant 

Program dollars are distributed in the Detroit urban area so that 

these shrinking resources can be used as intended on the highthreat, high-density areas. If this is not done, I believe that we will 

be not giving the citizens the best protection that they deserve. 

In summary, Mr. Chairman, Wayne County realizes that we are 

an integral part of the surveillance and security of our share of the 

Northern Border. This responsibility is taken very seriously, and 

we continue to work with all our public and private partners to 

strengthen our border area. 

The planning, training, exercising to complete this mission are 

greatly assisted through the use of Homeland Security Grant dollars. Without these dollars, it significantly reduces our ability to 

have a resilient U.S.-Canadian border. 

Thank you for the opportunity to share with you the work of the 

hard-working men and women of Wayne County. We will always 

work to protect the residents, workers, and visitors by securing the 

international border in Wayne County. 

Thank you very much. 

[The statement of Mr. Buford follows:] 

PREPARED STATEMENT OF JAMES P. BUFORD

28 OCTOBER 2011 

Good morning Mr. Chairman and Members of the committee. My name is James 

Buford, director of Homeland Security and Emergency Management for the county 

of Wayne. As director I am responsible for the Emergency Operation Plan and 

Emergency Operation Center in Wayne County. I am also responsible for all other 

planning to mitigate potential acts of terrorism, disasters, and emergencies. I am 

responsible for managing the Homeland Security Grant funds allocated to Wayne 

County. 

I am honored to be here today and to testify on the state of the Northern Border 

and funding to Wayne County. I have submitted my full testimony which I ask be 

made part of the hearing record. 

FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL COORDINATION

I would like to start by saying that I honor all of the men and women in uniform 

whether it is military or civilian, who protect us every day from acts of terrorism. 
47 

I remember 9/11 like most of us and exactly what I was doing at that time. I remember law enforcement before that day and I have seen how it has changed since 

then. I remember that law enforcement had its own lanes for Federal, State, and 

local law enforcement officers. I also know that has changed significantly since that 

that fateful day. I do believe that we have a much better environment for information sharing amongst law enforcement agencies today. 

Wayne County has 43 cities and townships, all with their own Police Chief and 

Fire Chief. The City of Detroit is the largest city in Wayne County and also the seat 

of county government. The local police and fire chiefs have three mutual aid groups, 

Downriver, Western Wayne County, and Eastern Wayne County. There are two 

small communities, Highland Park and Hamtramck that are completely surrounded 

by the City of Detroit. All of the Public Safety agencies in Wayne County assist each 

other with different special events that occur throughout Wayne County. 

The Michigan State Police and all of the Federal Law Enforcement agencies have 

a presence in Detroit. Law Enforcement coordination occurs through task forces, 

joint operating groups, and day-to-day information sharing. 

The Wayne County Sheriff’s Department operates three jail facilities, court room 

security, road patrol, marine patrol, and narcotics/morality enforcement. Sheriff 

Benny Napoleon coordinates activities with other sheriffs in Southeast Michigan as 

well as with local, State, and Federal agencies. 

In addition to law enforcement we work with our private partners who give us 

input and feedback on planning and information sharing to protect the residents 

and visitors of Wayne County. 

Wayne County and city of Detroit share an international border with Essex County and the city of Windsor. There are many events that occur on the Detroit River 

between these communities as well as the shipping that occurs annually. This requires coordination between all law enforcement, fire, and EMS agencies along the 

border. We also have several large hospital systems that receive Canadian patients 

every day. 

THE NEED FOR GRANT FUNDING

The Homeland Security grant funding that has come to this area is provided by 

the Homeland Security Grant Program. The Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) includes Detroit, Wayne County, Livonia, and Warren. These communities have the 

largest populations in the core urban area. It was determined by the Department 

of Homeland Security that these core urban areas were at the highest risk for potential terrorist attacks. With this determination the Urban Area Security Initiative 

grant has provided billions of dollars throughout the United States. In the Detroit 

Urban Area we have received some of the funding intended for this risk mitigation. 

We used the allocated grant dollars to assist the public safety agencies to prevent 

and protect the public from acts of terrorism. We have educated the public about 

emergency preparedness and recognition of potential terrorist activities. During 

these depressed economic times these activities would have not been able to have 

taken place without the Homeland Security Grant Program. The need to have a 

strong and resilient Northern Border will rest with those entrusted with protecting 

us. 

REGIONAL APPROACH

Within the first few years of the Homeland Security Grant Program starting, the 

State of Michigan recommended a regional approach to grant funding. The Core 

Urban Area was asked to add the additional five counties in Southeast Michigan 

to its region. This was agreed to based on that recommendation, and this group exists today as the Urban Area Security Initiative Regional Planning Board. We have 

developed a regional strategy and use it as a guide for the project allocation of 

Homeland Security grant funds. The core county has found that while the regional 

group is a good concept, it does not provide for the best use of ever-shrinking financial resources given that the highest risk remains in the core Urban Area. The 

Northern Border has had additional grant fund used for patrol efforts. The 

Stonegarden grant provides overtime and backfill for patrol efforts by communities 

along the Lake St. Clair, Lake Erie, and Detroit River border area. It also allows 

for equipment to be purchased to assist with these patrols. This is a coordination 

of Wayne County Sherriff’s Marine Patrols along with local communities’ shore patrol. The information of these patrols is given to the DHS Customs Border Patrol 

Division for their review. 

We also have a State-wide shared channel radio system that allows for interoperable communication throughout the region and the State. Wayne County was the 

recent recipient of the Border Interoperable Communication Grant Demonstration 
48 

Project. This will allow for an even greater level of radio communications interoperability with our Canadian partners. 

Wayne County has also used Homeland Security grant funding to develop a border surveillance camera system along its international border. This system will be 

made available to local, State, and Federal law enforcement. 

RECOMMEND FEDERAL OR STATE POLICY CHANGES

I encourage a review of the way the Homeland Security Grant Program dollars 

are distributed in the Detroit Urban Area so that these shrinking resources can be 

used as intended on the high-threat, high-density areas. If this is not done, I believe 

that we will not be giving the citizens the best protection that they should have. 

SUMMARY

In summary Mr. Chairman, Wayne County realizes that we are an integral part 

of the surveillance and security of our share of the Northern Border. This responsibility is taken very seriously and we continue to work with all of our public and 

private partners to strengthen our border area. The planning, training, and exercising to complete this mission are greatly assisted through the use of Homeland 

Security grant dollars. Without these dollars it significantly reduces our ability to 

have a resilient U.S. Canadian border. 

Thank you for the opportunity to share with you the work of County Executive 

Robert Ficano, and the hard-working men and women of Wayne County. We will 

always work to protect the resident, workers, and visitors by securing the international border in Wayne County. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you very much. 

Thank you, gentlemen, for your excellent testimony. 

I am going to recognize myself for 5 minutes for questions. The 

first question is for the panel, and this is an obvious question. How 

is FEMA doing? 

You know, getting good report cards from folks in the Northeast—Members of Congress representing folks in the Northeast on 

both sides of the aisle—with regard to the floods. How is FEMA 

doing in this region? Is there a lot of cooperation there? 

Mr. AUSTIN. Yes, I believe so, but I will have a more definitive 

answer when the Assistance to Firefighters Grants are awarded. 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. AUSTIN. We submitted $4.9 million in grants for equipment 

and—that we need to provide the service, level of service. So, hopefully, they will come through, with your support. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Anyone else wish to respond? 

Captain SANDS. Sure. I will respond. FEMA has been a very good 

partner. For example, you know, we have been working on this 

North American mutual aid agreement. They just recently, this 

week, hosted that in an effort to continue to move that forward. So 

there is everything on a daily basis that interact with them in a 

number of different areas, and I am very satisfied. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Very good. Okay. 

Mr. BUFORD. If I could just quickly—— 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Yes, go ahead. 

Mr. BUFORD [continuing]. Mr. Chairman? We know that there is 

going to be a lot more Congressional oversight when it comes to the 

Homeland Security Grant funding. The citizens of the country want 

to know what has been done with these billions of dollars that have 

been sent here, and we know that we are working with FEMA to 

make sure that we identify how those resources were spent and 

that they were spent well. 
49 

So we just require that FEMA works closely with us on those 

needs and being able to get the information to them that they are 

requesting. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Very good. Thank you. 

Captain Sands, how would you rate the usefulness of the intelligence and analysis you and the Michigan Intelligence Operations 

Center are receiving from the Department of Homeland Security, 

particularly with respect to the counterterrorism information you 

receive from DHS’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis? Again, how 

would you rate the usefulness in intelligence and analysis that you 

are receiving? 

Captain SANDS. Yes, it is very useful. It has been improving as 

the fusion centers and the information-sharing environment grows. 

I believe it is important for everyone to recognize that these centers and abilities are just recently being formed and getting up to 

speed. Some of those communications that we used to struggle with 

are now starting to flow. So they are useful. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you. Thank you. 

I am interested—this is for all the witnesses—I am interested in 

hearing more about your impressions of the River Readiness exercise and how you plan to incorporate lessons learned into your operations to address any gaps in your preparedness. 

Director Lundy, you noted that there were many successes, but 

also weaknesses in your statement. What are some of the—describe 

some of the successes and address the weaknesses, if you can, 

please. 

Mr. LUNDY. Mr. Chairman, well, some of the successes are the 

fact that we were able to bring, for the first time that I know of 

in this area, as many different jurisdiction and entities, both U.S. 

and Canadian together, and be able to establish a unified command 

and actually go through the response was very significant. Where 

the weakness may be is that you have a year to plan for the exercise to bring those individuals together. 

While we actually did response, say, a response of individuals off 

of the Detroit River, which was actually done by I believe they are 

called Gumby suits—they actually threw these floatable suits into 

the water, and they actually had to actually pull them out. So response times, even during the exercise is, of course, not where we 

want it to be. You can only get better by, you know, continuing to 

do these exercises and continuing that training and then using the 

exercise so that it can be evaluated. 

Interoperability was another area. While we were able to talk, 

there were certain pieces of equipment that didn’t work as well as 

we expected. So we still have some things to overcome there. Of 

course, as you go through a scenario for the first time like this, 

your standing operating procedures may not have included something that now you need to add, as a checklist or on a flowchart. 

So those are probably the two or the three biggest items, I think, 

is just working as a large entity, the response times, and then just 

being able to use the interoperability as well as we think we 

should, if it became a mass situation and a situation that would 

be sustained at least for maybe 72 hours. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you, sir. 

Anyone else wish to comment on that? 
50 

Mr. AUSTIN. Yes, in two areas. First of all, on the successes, I 

think working with our response partners and getting to know 

them was really a great opportunity. 

One of the weaknesses Mr. Lundy pointed out is the fact that we 

had a year to plan for it. Some of the weaknesses that I saw internally was our need to improve our multi-casualty response capability. 

Another weakness, I think, is, again, our maritime response. You 

know, we had a simulated fire on the Detroit Princess. Because our 

boat is not in the river year-round, we don’t really have the indepth understanding of maritime incidents and fighting fires on 

floating ships, quite honestly. 

So, there are some things that we can do. I have locked in on 

them, and we are going to be working to improve that capability. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Very good, sir. Anyone else? 

[No response.] 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. Thank you very much, and now I am going to 

yield the rest of the time to a great Congressman from the great 

city of Detroit, Mr. Clarke. 

Mr. CLARKE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 

What I will do is I will first address my question to Commissioner Austin, Mr. Lundy, Mr. Buford, then to Captain Sands. 

I would like to recognize that we did have Governor Miller of 

Wayne State University, who was here for a while as a member of 

the governing board of this great institution. I want to thank again 

Captain Holt for that great simulation on a bioterrorist attack on 

Wayne State University. We had a great discussion here earlier. 

I see Isaac Robinson with Ranking Member Congressman Conyers, Ranking Member of Judiciary, is also here. Thank you, Isaac, 

for being here. The Congressman and I are very concerned about 

not only protecting our people from an attack or a disaster, but also 

making sure that as our Federal department does that, it doesn’t— 

that it doesn’t unduly discriminate or profile against folks who 

really pose no harm to us here in this area. 

Commissioner Austin, you talked a little bit about the population 

loss in the city of Detroit over the last 10 years. You know, that 

loss has really depleted our tax base here in the city, and it is because Federal Government over the last few years has not effectively addressed this housing crisis. 

The rampant foreclosures that hit this region, especially the city, 

ended up evicting many people out of their homes. Other folks had 

no choice but to walk away from their homes. That created the 

huge blight and the huge loss in tax funding. 

You had also indicated that Detroit is on the rebirth on account 

in part of many economic development incentives. But as a first responder and as a Detroiter, we all are acutely aware that we could 

have all the economic development programs we want. The only 

way we are going to bring people and businesses back, if folks 

know that this city is a safe place to do business and to live. 

While the Department of Homeland Security can help coordinate 

a response, when disaster hits, it is your men and women that are 

there to respond. Right now, in my opinion, from what I have 

heard through this hearing and what I also heard during the discussion of the simulated bioterrorist attack, we don’t have the re-
51 

sources to adequately protect or prepare against such an attack. 

That concerns me gravely. So, you know, in light of your nearly $5 million request for Assistance to Firefighters Grants and in light of the cuts to that program, Commissioner, how do you plan to respond to that and to 

protect our citizens here? 

Mr. AUSTIN. Start off by praying. Second by appreciating the 

men and women on the Detroit Fire Department, the firefighters 

and EMS workers who are truly committed. 

We recognize in the fire service that we have to have a ‘‘make 

it happen’’ attitude. As I have often said, ‘‘There is no 9–2–2. There 

is only a 9–1–1.’’ When you dial 9–1–1, you expect firefighters and 

law enforcement to show up. We recognize that, and we do it. But 

it is getting more and more difficult. 

We requested in the grant full turnout. You know, in the winter 

time, this is something going to be new to me. Fighting fire in California is totally different than fighting fire in January in Michigan. 

When our firefighters get drenched and their turnout gear is wet 

and they have to continue to go out to fire after fire after fire, it 

gets pretty cold to be in that wet gear. 

So I have nothing but great admiration for the men and women. 

In the fire service, you break an arm and a leg of a fireman and 

tell him or her to hang wall paper on the ceiling, we generally start 

hopping to hang that wallpaper. 

But you know, at some point, we are going to need some relief. 

My biggest concern, as I look at this fire service equation here in 

Detroit, is the 50,000 to 80,000 vacant dwellings that the last firefighter that died in the line of duty here, Walt Harris, died after 

a third time into a fire. 

In other words, there were two previous burns. On the third time 

he went into that situation, an accident happened on the fire 

ground. Partly the roof collapsed and killed him. 

If I have 50,000 vacant dwellings, and I have to go into them 

each three times, I essentially have 150,000 dwellings that are potentially in my fire inventory. 

We are working hard. The Mayor, council is working hard to try 

and get rid of some of this blight. I believe if we could wipe that 

off the table, it would change the whole environment for a fire service that can be more responsive, more effective, for a community 

that will be attracting residents back, building our tax bases, and 

we won’t have to lean as much on the Federal and the State governments. 

Mr. CLARKE. Thank you, Commissioner. 

Just on that end, that is why I am pushing legislation right now 

in Congress to allow Detroiters to keep the Federal taxes that we 

pay on a pilot basis. That is an additional $2 billion every year. So 

we can invest it right here at home to help clear up some of these 

properties, train people for jobs, and rebuild our city. 

So I am thankful that we have over 30 cosponsors on that legislation, including support from Republican lawmakers. 

You know, Commissioner, just before I go on, you know, I know 

many of your great firefighters like Mr. Taylor, Mr. Atara. Could 

you just have the great men and women of the Detroit Fire Department to stand and be recognized? 
52 

Mr. AUSTIN. Absolutely. 

Mr. CLARKE. Also by name, if they could introduce themselves? 

On the record and for the committee. 

I just want the Department of Homeland Security and our subcommittee in the Federal Government to know who is on the front 

line protecting our people here. 

[Applause.] 

Mr. AUSTIN. We have Assistant Fire Marshall Osric Wilson, my 

Second Deputy Commissioner Charleta McInnis, Community Relations Chief, Chief Kwaku Atara, and Deputy Commissioner Fred 

Wheeler. 

Also a partner who is not on the fire department, but sometimes 

I think he is—Mr. John Jamian, director of the Detroit/Wayne 

County Port Authority, a dear friend and supporter. 

[Applause.] 

Mr. CLARKE. Thank you. 

Mr. AUSTIN. I am going to be possibly rude. You know—you can 

be seated, I believe. 

If I could have just one quick second because I am talking to the 

Federal Government now. I had a citizen call me the other day, 

complaining about the blight and vacant homes in her area. I drove 

over on the east side of town, and I was just quite devastated. I 

had this epiphany, and I am going to just throw it out here because 

I have your ear. 

The United States Navy has an arm called the Seabees, and they 

are a construction arm that came about in early World War II. 

They would drop them in the jungle, come back a week later, and 

they have mowed down a mile-long runway. 

I am going to go through more formal channels. But I have often 

thought if it was possible for the Department of Defense to engage 

the Navy to come to Detroit and tear down 10,000 homes? I will 

settle for three. 

But I just wanted to throw that out there. I could not walk away 

from this committee hearing without trying to reach out to you. It 

is kind of out-of-the-box thinking. I am actually off the table in 

some of my thinking, trying to help this city turn around. So—— 

Mr. CLARKE. Well, Commissioner, I appreciate that request. I am 

going to make that request of the Department of Defense. I think 

that is important for us to demolish and clear out those blighted 

homes. But for one reason, so we can rebuild our city. Absolutely. 

Here is the reason why I say this. All the tough times we have 

gone through in Detroit, we still have the best manufacturing 

know-how in this country. We have got the best-trained workforce. 

We have this great research university right here in the middle of 

our city. 

So if we clear out this blight, that is vacant land that new plants 

can locate here in advanced manufacturing. But we have to have 

the city safe. See, homeland security is not just, you know, fighting 

terrorism or a natural disaster. It is also making everybody safe 

here who live here every day in Detroit safe and secure. Because 

we have got to have a safe and secure city if we want to attract 

people and businesses back. 
53 

So, yes, I will take that message to the Department of Defense 

as a way of rebuilding our region economically and creating new 

jobs. Absolutely. I think it is a great idea. 

Mr. AUSTIN. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Congressman. 

Mr. CLARKE. So I only have a couple very brief questions, Mr. 

Chairman. 

Thank you again, Commissioner. 

Mr. Lundy, as you know, you and I talked offline about the importance of the Urban Areas Security Initiative funding. With the 

Chairman’s support, again, we were able to maintain the eligibility 

for metro Detroit for that funding. 

So, yes, having the funding available is important. That is what 

we can help secure in Congress. Do you have any concerns, though, 

on how that money is being spent, how it is being distributed? 

Mr. LUNDY. Yes, Mr. Congressman. I think Mr. Buford started 

to discuss this as well. He talked about the regional concept. While 

that may have been great back a few years ago when the concept 

came up, as you know, many grants are going away. The dollars 

are shrinking. It just has to go back to directing the funds to where 

they need to be directed. 

I will use as an example, I came on-board here in this job 5 years 

and 1 month ago. Third week on the job, I looked in the office and 

I said, ‘‘Where is the city of Detroit’s emergency operations center?’’ 

The city of Detroit does not have a standing emergency operations 

center to this day. 

The grant dollars—one of the first things that I began working 

on was to identify grant dollars to be used to stand up an emergency operations center, which was an allowable cost. Under the 

concept, as we expanded with the five additional jurisdictions, it 

was identified that that is a local jurisdiction’s issue because we 

are all equal here. Unless it is something that we can all share in, 

then the dollars won’t go to it. To this day have not. 

Luckily, DHS created an EOC grant, which I understand is going 

to be going away in the future. The max was only $1 million per 

year. We have been lucky to win two of those over the past few 

years. I am still trying to stand it up. 

We have shifted our thought right now as we move in and develop the public safety center now, which is at the old MGM 

Grand. We are still another year and a half away. We will be moving our office. We will be standing up the EOC. It will be police 

and fire as well. 

That is just one example, and I can go over many examples as 

to where dollars have not been focused at the big dog on the porch. 

My city government—the CAYMC, the Coleman A. Young, where 

the Mayor, our city council, a court system, some county entities, 

3 years ago, I had DHS come in. They conducted a site assistance 

visit, vulnerability assistance visit. Fifty-page document, gaps and 

vulnerabilities we are still having issues with, I could not focus 

grant dollars that were allowable, an allowable expense to be focused to fix those things. 

Why again we are focusing from a regional standpoint to some 

things that may benefit the region that I simply say is probably a 

priority 1–V, but not a 1–A? So we have got to get back to focusing 
54 

those few dollars on what the real priority is. If that means that 

the region is no longer as large as it is right now, then so be it. 

I have talked to many partners across the Nation as they have 

expanded. Many didn’t. Chicago, I know, remained its region as 

Chicago and the county. San Diego did the same thing. Some did 

expand. 

But also some of those that have been pretty successful as well, 

the lead was still by, as was said by Mr. Buford, the core city and 

the core county assets. So we are lacking here right now. We have 

a lot of vulnerabilities and gaps that we just have not been able 

to tackle because of the funds being—going somewhere. 

I talked to FEMA. You asked about FEMA. They came in and did 

a monitoring visit not too long ago, and I showed them the regional 

strategy versus the city of Detroit strategy, which is my priority is 

to make sure that we are a safe and sound city for the citizens and 

the guests that come in for all these events. They don’t match. 

What you get from the regional strategy, unfortunately, is a watered-down version of what we really need. 

Mr. CLARKE. So we could best use our tax dollars if we focused 

the Urban Areas Security Initiative funding on where the greatest 

need and the greatest risk is, which is in the city of Detroit—— 

Mr. LUNDY. Absolutely. Those unique needs, as we keep talking 

about—the border issues, the critical infrastructure, these soft targets from all these special events. We have got to get back to some 

very basics. 

When I can’t stand up an emergency operations center or it takes 

me, you know, a day to stand up the room—you know, it is 10 

years after 9/11. We shouldn’t be here. 

Mr. CLARKE. Well, this helps educate us on this. I am going to 

make that request on the region’s behalf. A stronger Detroit is 

going to protect the region, but let us work together off-line to get 

that communication together. 

Thank you. 

To Mr. Buford, you had talked about some of the gains that we 

made in first responders at the local level and at the State level 

communicating better with each other through their communication systems, with the State of Michigan having the first Statewide shared radio system in the United States. 

But you also raised some concerns during our simulation about 

the on-going re-banding that has got to be completed and then also 

the need for first responders to be trained on how to best use these 

radios. Could you better describe to us the basis for your concerns 

and any other issues we need to address so that first responders 

throughout our region, throughout the State can better share information, whether it is voice or data? 

Mr. BUFORD. Thank you, Congressman. 

As you can tell that this is a passion of mine when it comes to 

interoperable communications in this region. There has been a significant amount of money that Congress has let for us. The Public 

Safety Interoperable Communications Grant was a billion dollar 

grant that we got approximately 3 years ago and distributed 

throughout the United States for the purposes of interoperable 

communications. 
55 

We were able to partake in that grant, and we have used it for 

purchasing a simulcast radio system here in Wayne County to be 

a part of the State-shared radio system. We have bought radios— 

handheld radios and mobile radios that go in vehicles for many different communities throughout the area so that they would have 

that capability also. 

Just in Wayne County alone, I know that we have spent probably 

at least $8 million toward interoperable communications, and we 

could spend another $20 million easily to have more shared radio 

communications. Throughout the region, we have recognized the 

State-wide radio system as the radio system to go to, where six out 

of the seven partners have either moved toward the State radio 

system or are there at the State radio system or will be there very 

soon. 

So as I keep saying over and over again, that is a—the State has 

provided us with a tremendous asset that we can use. The training—sometimes we lose focus. In buying all the gadgets and the 

equipment that we need for the radio communications system, we 

don’t do the training that is needed all the time. We have done 

some training, but where we do need to start focusing some of 

these shrinking resources is developing more training systems or 

training and education for the users of these radios. 

As was stated before, in many of these radios that are very technologically advanced, the systems are already in there. They have 

been programmed into these radios. But teaching the people how 

to use them, how to go to the appropriate zone on that radio and 

go to the appropriate talk group and use them is what they need 

to learn. Because often they don’t understand that or they don’t 

know how to do it. So we do have to invest in training our people 

on how to use these radios. 

The next area where we are going to have issues beyond radio 

communications is data communications. Throughout the country, 

law enforcement and fire service both use data communications by 

having in-car computers, having computers in fire engines, having 

them in their EMS rigs and things like that. 

Now being able to make sure that one data system talks to another data system, that that transmission of data between systems 

is just like interoperable communications. If they don’t communicate—if I can’t transfer data from a Wayne County sheriff’s vehicle over to a Detroit police car, you know, that is not doing us any 

good. 

We need to be able to make sure that that data can be transferred, whether we are looking for a suspect and we need to transmit that picture back and forth between vehicles or between—or we 

need to transmit information about hazardous substances that may 

be at a facility between different fire departments. Those are 

things that transmission of data is the next big gap that we really 

have to cover. 

Mr. CLARKE. Well, thank you, Mr. Buford. 

You know, presenting that Border Interoperability Demonstration Project Grant of $4 million to Wayne County was a great 

honor of mine. What you are saying is now we also have to train 

the folks on how to use the equipment and not only should we be 
56 

concerned about interoperable radio communications, but how we 

are able to share data as well. 

Mr. BUFORD. Absolutely. 

Mr. CLARKE. Well, I appreciate that. Just, you know, finally, to 

Captain Sands or whoever, the cuts in our State preparedness 

grants. How will that impact your ability to implement homeland 

security initiatives that the State has designed? 

Captain SANDS. It is already being felt, and it is going to—when 

you project into the future with the 50 percent cut that Michigan 

just got, which could have been worse—counterpart down in Indiana, they lost their UASI region. 

I want to take this opportunity to thank you. I think because if 

it wasn’t for your efforts and those of a few others, we wouldn’t 

have the UASI funding. 

Mr. CLARKE. Well, thank you. It is an honor to work for you. 

Captain SANDS. Especially with the funding cuts, the way those 

are set up, it has a 50 percent personnel cap. So when you look 

back to when we were building these capabilities, Michigan received approximately now just over $70 million. We were able to 

have quite a few personnel with that. 

Now we are looking at about just over $20 million, approximately 

$22 million. So half of that is what your personnel cap. We bought 

a lot of things over the years. Much of what we are doing right now 

is personnel-related issues within the fusion centers. The planning, 

the training, as Mr. Buford talked about, getting people, you know, 

trained in things is a continuous effort. Those take resources. 

Without additional funding, there are some things the Federal 

Government can do. They can take a look at the PRICE Act that 

caps that personnel cost. That would help us to sustain some of the 

critical programs that we have. 

Mr. CLARKE. Well, thank you, Captain. 

That ends my questioning, and I just want to thank all of you 

for coming to testify, all of you for being here today because the 

leadership in Congress, as exemplified by Chairman Bilirakis, they 

understand the importance of metro Detroit, of our city, of our history. But also that, you know, if we are able to get the resources, 

the tax dollars we already pay to be returned back here, we can 

rebuild ourselves and actually create prosperity throughout this 

country. 

That is why for the first time ever, we have a homeland security 

Congressional hearing right there in the heart of Detroit. So, Mr. 

Chairman, thank you again for your leadership. 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. My pleasure, my pleasure. 

I want to thank the witnesses also for their valuable testimony, 

and I want to thank you, the city of Detroit, for their hospitality. 

I would love to come back. You can hold me to that. 

[Laughter.] 

Mr. BILIRAKIS. The Members of the subcommittee—I have to say 

these things, okay? This is in the script. But the Member of the 

subcommittee may have some additional questions for you, and we 

ask you to respond to these questions in writing. So we will have 

some questions for you, additional questions. 

The hearing record will be open for 10 days. 

Without objection, the subcommittee stands adjourned. 
57 

Thank you very much. 

[Whereupon, at 12:30 p.m., the subcommittee was adjourned.] 

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