COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Senior Judges Clements, Haley and Petty

DAVID ROGER SLATE

MEMORANDUM OPINION⁎

v. Record No. 0609-22-3 PER CURIAM

NOVEMBER 22, 2022

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

K. Mike Fleenor, Jr., Judge

(Courtney Griffin Roberts; Roberts Law PLLC, on brief), for 

appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.

(Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; Stephen J. Sovinksy, Assistant 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Following David Roger Slate’s guilty plea, the trial court convicted him of 

methamphetamine possession. Slate asserts that the trial court erred by finding his plea was made 

freely, voluntarily, and intelligently and that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction. 

He also contends that the trial court abused its discretion by attaching a Fourth Amendment waiver 

condition to his suspended sentence. Slate’s counsel has moved for leave to withdraw. The 

motion to withdraw is accompanied by a brief referring to the part of the record that might 

arguably support this appeal. A copy of that brief has been furnished to Slate with sufficient 

time for him to raise any matter that he chooses. Slate has not filed a pro se supplemental 

opening brief.

We have reviewed the parties’ pleadings, fully examined the proceedings, and determined 

the case to be wholly frivolous and wholly without merit as set forth below. Thus, the panel 

⁎ Pursuant to Code § 17.2-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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unanimously holds that oral argument is unnecessary. See Code § 17.1-403(ii)(a); Rule 5A:27(a). 

For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

BACKGROUND

On appeal, we recite the facts “in the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth, the 

prevailing party in the trial court.” Hammer v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 225, 231 (2022) 

(quoting Commonwealth v. Cady, 300 Va. 325, 329 (2021)). Doing so requires us to “discard the 

evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the 

credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.” 

Cady, 300 Va. at 329 (quoting Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 324 (2018)).

On March 21, 2022, Slate executed a written plea agreement whereby he entered a guilty 

plea1to methamphetamine possession in exchange for the Commonwealth’s agreement to nolle 

prosequi two other charges. On the same date, Slate completed and signed a four-page written 

colloquy explaining the consequences of his plea. Slate supplied handwritten responses to 

thirty-five colloquy questions and placed his initials on each page.

In the written plea colloquy, Slate agreed that he had discussed with his attorney the charge 

and its elements, any possible defenses to the charge, and the Commonwealth’s burden of proof. 

The written colloquy also confirmed that Slate had discussed his plea with counsel and that he had 

decided independently to plead guilty. Slate acknowledged in the written colloquy that his plea 

operated as a waiver of his right to a jury trial, his right against self-incrimination, and his right to 

confront and cross-examine witnesses. In the colloquy, he denied that his plea had been coerced, 

1 The written plea colloquy states that Slate entered a guilty plea under North Carolina v. 

Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970), but the plea recited in the plea agreement and during the plea 

colloquy in open court was a simple guilty plea. At the plea hearing, Slate stated that he was 

pleading guilty because he was, in fact, guilty.
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and he expressed satisfaction with his attorney’s services. Slate acknowledged that he would 

receive the sentence indicated in the plea agreement if the trial court accepted it.

Slate also executed the written plea agreement on March 21, 2022. The plea agreement 

provided that Slate would be sentenced to three years, with all but one day suspended, on the 

condition that he remain on supervised probation for three years. The plea agreement also 

conditioned the suspended sentence on Slate waiving his Fourth Amendment rights pertaining to 

search and seizure 

during the period of his supervised probation and suspended 

sentence under this agreement and, as a condition of any 

suspended sentences, probation, or post-release supervision period, 

to consent to any request at any time by a law enforcement or 

probation officer to search his person, belongings, motor 

vehicle(s), residence, or any such property in his possession and 

control, for illegal drugs, contraband, and weapons.

On March 21, 2022, Slate appeared before the trial court to enter his plea. The trial court 

then conducted its own colloquy with him. The trial court confirmed with Slate that he had 

reviewed the written plea agreement with his attorney and that it contained all the terms of his 

agreement. Slate agreed that he faced a maximum sentence of ten years, but if the trial court 

accepted the plea agreement, he would be sentenced in accordance with the plea agreement. 

Moreover, during his plea colloquy, Slate stated that he had discussed the charge, its elements, and 

any possible defenses with his attorney, that he understood the charge, and that he had decided to 

plead guilty because he was, in fact, guilty of the charge. He confirmed that he understood the trial 

court’s questions, that he was entering his plea freely and voluntarily, and that he wanted the trial 

court to accept his plea agreement. Slate acknowledged that, if the trial court rejected the plea 

agreement, he could withdraw his plea and appear before a different judge. After confirming that 

Slate had no questions, the trial court accepted his plea and found that it was “made freely, 
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voluntarily and intelligently with an understanding of the nature of the charge and the consequences 

of the plea.”

After the trial court accepted Slate’s plea, the Commonwealth proffered the evidence it 

would have presented at trial. The Commonwealth averred that Deputy Stephens saw Slate throw 

several objects out of the driver’s window of a car as the officer attempted to perform a traffic stop

in Christiansburg. When Slate pulled over, he denied throwing the objects from the vehicle. But 

when Deputy Stephens and another officer searched the area where Slate had thrown the objects, 

they found a clear plastic baggy containing a crystal-like substance, a glass bubble smoking device, 

and a straw. After being advised of his constitutional rights, Slate responded to further questions by 

stating, “[Y]ou’re going to take me to jail anyways.” Forensic tests determined that the crystal-like 

substance was methamphetamine. The forensic analysis results were entered into evidence. Slate 

agreed with the facts proffered and that they were sufficient to prove his guilt.

The trial court found that Slate had entered his guilty plea freely, voluntarily, and 

intelligently, accepted his plea, and entered a finding of guilt. In accordance with the plea 

agreement, the trial court sentenced Slate to three years’ incarceration, suspended all but one day of

the sentence for three years, and placed him on supervised probation for three years. The suspended 

sentence was conditioned on Slate’s waiver of Fourth Amendment rights “during the period of his 

suspended sentence under th[e] agreement.” The sentencing order also provided that Slate 

consented, “as a condition of any suspended sentences, probation, or post release supervision 

period, . . . to [the] search [of] his person, belongings, motor vehicle(s), residence, or any such 

property in his possession and control, for illegal drugs, contraband and weapons.” Before 

imposing sentence, the trial court reiterated that, “in addition to the usual terms and conditions of 

probation, [Slate would] be waiving [his] Fourth Amendment rights during the period of probation 

and the period of the suspended sentence.” Slate appeals.
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ANALYSIS

A. Preservation of Assignments of Error

Slate concedes that none of his arguments have been preserved for appeal. Nevertheless, he 

asks that we consider them under the ends of justice exception in Rule 5A:18. The Commonwealth 

counters that application of the ends of justice exception is not warranted because “Slate stipulated 

to the facts, pled guilty, and agreed to his sentence, including the Fourth Amendment waiver.” 

Moreover, the Commonwealth maintains that Slate’s guilty plea waived his right to appeal any 

non-jurisdictional issues. “The issue of whether a defendant has waived his right of appeal in 

connection with a plea proceeding ‘is a matter of law[.]’” Delp v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App.

227, 235 (2020) (quoting United States v. Manigan, 592 F.3d 621, 626 (4th Cir. 2010)).

Accordingly, the Court applies a de novo standard of review. Id.

“No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection 

was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to 

enable this Court to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18. “The ‘ends of justice’ exception to 

Rule 5A:18 is ‘narrow and is to be used sparingly.’” Pearce v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App.

113, 123 (2008) (quoting Bazemore v. Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 203, 219 (2004) (en banc)). 

Whether to apply the ends of justice exception involves two questions: “(1) whether there is 

error as contended by the appellant; and (2) whether the failure to apply the ends of justice

provision would result in a grave injustice.” Commonwealth v. Bass, 292 Va. 19, 27 (2016) 

(quoting Gheorghiu v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 678, 689 (2010)). “[T]o show that a miscarriage 

of justice has occurred, thereby invoking the ends of justice exception, the appellant must 

demonstrate that he or she was convicted for conduct that was not a criminal offense or the 

record must affirmatively prove that an element of the offense did not occur.” Quyen Vinh Phan 
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Le v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 66, 74 (2015) (quoting Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 

Va. App. 215, 221-22 (1997)).

“The burden of establishing a manifest injustice is a heavy one, and it rests with the 

appellant.” Holt v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 199, 210 (2016) (en banc) (quoting Brittle v. 

Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 505, 514 (2009)). The “exception requires proof of an error that 

was ‘clear, substantial and material.’” West v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 327, 338 (2004) 

(quoting Herring v. Herring, 33 Va. App. 281, 287 (2000)). “Virginia courts applying the 

ends-of-justice exception require a defendant to present not only a winning argument on appeal 

but also one demonstrating that the trial court’s error results in a ‘grave injustice’ or a wholly 

inexcusable ‘denial of essential rights.’” Winslow v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 539, 546-47 

(2013) (quoting Brittle, 54 Va. App. at 513). “Where the record does not affirmatively establish 

error, we cannot invoke the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 

59 Va. App. 710, 724 (2012).

B. Acceptance of Guilty Plea

Slate asserts that the trial court erred by finding that he entered his guilty plea freely, 

voluntarily, and intelligently because the record is “devoid of any evidence” that he was cognizant 

of “the relevant collateral consequences of his plea.” Slate does not identify these “relevant 

collateral consequences” other than to aver, in support of application of the ends of justice 

exception, that “the record is . . . silent [regarding his] knowledge of the limitations his plea would 

place on his post-conviction relief options (such as withdrawing the plea).”

Because a defendant who enters a guilty plea waives several rights, a “plea of guilty is 

constitutionally valid only to the extent it is ‘voluntary’ and ‘intelligent.’” Bousley v. United States, 

523 U.S. 614, 618 (1998) (quoting Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970)). “Waivers of 

constitutional rights not only must be voluntary but must be knowing, intelligent acts done with 
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sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely consequences.” Brady, 397 U.S. at 

748. “[A]ccording due process to a defendant’s entry of a guilty plea requires ‘an affirmative 

showing [on the record] that the waiver embodied in the plea of guilty is intelligently, voluntarily 

and knowingly made.’” Allen v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 726, 731 (1998) (second alteration in 

original) (quoting Graham v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 133, 139 (1990)).

Slate never objected to the terms of the plea agreement or attempted to withdraw his guilty 

plea, either before or after sentencing. In addition to the written plea agreement and written 

colloquy Slate initialed and signed, the trial court conducted an extensive colloquy with him that 

affirmatively showed that he entered his guilty plea knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently. 

Slate acknowledged that he discussed with his attorney the charge against him, including its 

elements, and any possible defenses. He also stated that he was satisfied with his legal 

representation and that he had no questions for the trial court.

Thus, we conclude that “the record does not affirmatively establish error,” and therefore, 

application of the ends of justice exception is not warranted. Smith, 59 Va. App. at 724. 

Accordingly, Rule 5A:18 bars our consideration of Slate’s argument that he did not enter his 

guilty plea knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently.

C. Sufficiency of the Evidence

“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is 

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support 

it.’” McGowan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (alteration in original) (quoting 

Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask itself 

whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id.

(alteration in original) (quoting Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018)). “Rather, the 

relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the 
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crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting 

Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193 (2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the 

conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion 

might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan, 72 

Va. App. at 521 (quoting Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)).

Slate asserts that the trial court erred by finding the evidence was sufficient to prove he 

possessed methamphetamine. He contends that the Commonwealth’s proffer failed to prove that 

the methamphetamine recovered by law enforcement officers was, in fact, the item they saw Slate 

discard. Although Slate concedes he did not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence below, he 

asks that we consider his argument under the ends of justice exception because the 

Commonwealth’s evidence failed to prove his guilt. We decline to do so.

“A voluntary and intelligent guilty plea is a ‘waiver’ of all non-jurisdictional defects that 

occurred before entry of the plea.” Trevathan v. Commonwealth, 297 Va. 697, 697 (2019). As 

Slate’s sufficiency argument does not dispute the trial court’s jurisdiction, his plea waived his 

sufficiency challenge. See Perry v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 410, 413 (2000) (holding that by 

“freely and intelligently entering” an Alford plea of guilty, the defendant “waived his right to appeal 

the issue of whether the evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was 

guilty of th[e] charge”). Moreover, to demonstrate that a miscarriage of justice has occurred, “[i]t is 

never enough for the defendant to merely assert a winning argument on the merits—for if that were 

enough[,] procedural default ‘would never apply, except when it does not matter.’” Winslow, 62 

Va. App. at 546 (quoting Alford v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 706, 710 (2010)).

The record demonstrates that Slate knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily pleaded guilty 

to possession of the methamphetamine, that he discarded objects from his vehicle as the police 

pursued him, and that an item recovered in the area where he discarded the objects was determined 
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to be methamphetamine. Accordingly, because we conclude that the record does not warrant 

application of the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18, we decline to consider Slate’s challenge 

to the sufficiency of the evidence.

D. Fourth Amendment Waiver—Sentence

Slate contends that the trial court abused its discretion by conditioning his suspended 

sentence on a waiver of his Fourth Amendment rights. He stresses that the Commonwealth 

proffered no evidence supporting the inclusion of the condition and did not suggest that Slate’s 

criminal record justified it. Slate asserts that he did not knowingly and voluntarily waive his Fourth 

Amendment rights and that such a waiver was not reasonable under the circumstances. He admits 

that he has not preserved his argument, but again, asks that we consider it under the ends of justice 

exception because the alleged error “infringes on [his] fundamental constitutional rights.”

Slate specifically agreed in the written plea agreement to the sentence and the conditions 

attached to his suspended sentence. “A party may not approbate and reprobate by taking 

successive positions in the course of litigation that are either inconsistent with each other or 

mutually contradictory.” Cangiano v. LSH Bldg. Co., 271 Va. 171, 181 (2006). “The doctrine 

protects a basic tenet of fair play: No one should be permitted, in the language of the vernacular, 

to talk through both sides of his mouth.” W. Refin. Yorktown, Inc. v. Cnty. of York, 292 Va. 804, 

826 (2016) (quoting Wooten v. Bank of Am., N.A., 290 Va. 306, 310 (2015)). “The 

approbate-reprobate doctrine is broader and more demanding than Rule 5A:18.” Alford, 56 

Va. App. at 709. Thus, a defendant does not suffer a “grave injustice” when he concurs with or 

invites the trial court’s ruling. Id.

As discussed above, the record demonstrates that Slate entered his guilty plea and the 

conditions attached to it knowingly and voluntarily. He specifically agreed to the Fourth 

Amendment waiver condition in his suspended sentence and never sought to withdraw his guilty 
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plea. Moreover, it is well established that a defendant may waive his Fourth Amendment rights in a 

plea agreement during the probation period. See Anderson v. Commonwealth, 256 Va. 580, 585-86

(1998); cf. Murry v. Commonwealth, 288 Va. 117, 129-30 (2014) (imposition of indefinite waiver of 

Fourth Amendment rights as condition of probation an abuse of discretion where defendant did not 

agree to waiver as part of plea agreement). We therefore hold that application of the ends of justice 

exception is not warranted and that Slate’s argument is not properly before us. Rule 5A:18.

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment and grant the motion for leave to 

withdraw. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967). This Court’s records shall reflect 

that David Roger Slate is now proceeding without the assistance of counsel in this matter and is 

representing himself on any further proceedings or appeal.

Affirmed.