ATF E-Publication 5320.8 

Revised: April 2009 
i

PREFACE 

This handbook is primarily for the use of persons in the business of importing, manufacturing, and 

dealing in firearms defined by the National Firearms Act (NFA) or persons intending to go into an NFA 

firearms business. It should also be helpful to collectors of NFA firearms and other persons having 

questions about the application of the NFA. 

This publication is not a law book. Rather, it is intended as a “user friendly” reference book enabling 

the user to quickly find answers to questions concerning the NFA. Nevertheless, it should also be useful 

to attorneys seeking basic information about the NFA and how the law has been interpreted by ATF. 

The book’s Table of Contents will be helpful to the user in locating needed information. 

Although the principal focus of the handbook is the NFA, the book necessarily covers provisions of the 

Gun Control Act of 1968 and the Arms Export Control Act impacting NFA firearms businesses and 

collectors. 

The book is the product of a joint effort between ATF and the National Firearms Act Trade and 

Collectors Association. ATF takes this opportunity to express its appreciation to the Association for its 

assistance in writing and making this publication possible. 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 

Sec. 1.1 History of the National Firearms Act (NFA) .....................................................1 

1.1.1 The NFA of 1934 

1.1.2 Title II of the Gun Control Act of 1968 

1.1.3 Firearm Owners’ Protection Act 

Sec. 1.2 Meaning of terms ................................................................................................................2 

1.2.1 “AECA” 

1.2.2 “ATF” 

1.2.3 “ATF Ruling” 

1.2.4 “CFR” 

1.2.5 “DIO” 

1.2.6 “FFL” 

1.2.7 “FTB” 

1.2.8 “GCA” 

1.2.9 “NFA” 

1.2.10 “NFRTR” 

1.2.11 “SOT” 

1.2.12 “U.S.C.” 

Sec. 1.3 Administration and enforcement of Federal firearms laws ...............................................3 

Sec. 1.4 What are regulations and rulings? .....................................................................................3 

1.4.1 Regulations 

1.4.2 Rulings 

Sec. 1.5 Other ATF publications .....................................................................................................3 

1.5.1 ATF’s internet website 

1.5.2 ATF P 5300.4 

Sec. 1.6 ATF points of contact ...............................................................................4 

Sec. 1.7 ATF Forms ............................................................................................4 

CHAPTER 2. WHAT ARE “FIREARMS” UNDER THE NFA? 

Sec. 2.1 Types of NFA Firearms ....................................................................................................5 

2.1.1 Shotgun 

2.1.2 Weapon made from a shotgun 

2.1.3 Rifle 

2.1.4 Weapon made from a rifle 

2.1.5 Any other weapon 

2.1.6 Machinegun 

2.1.7 Silencer 

2.1.8 Destructive device 

2.1.8.1 Explosive devices 

2.1.8.2 Large caliber weapons 
iii

 

2.1.9 Unserviceable firearm 

Sec. 2.2 Antique firearm .................................................................................................................21 

Sec. 2.3 Curios or relics ..................................................................................................................21 

Sec. 2.4 Applications to remove firearms from the scope of the NFA as collector’s 

items ..................................................................................................................................22 

Sec. 2.5 Removal of firearms from the scope of the NFA by modification/elimination of 

components .....................................................................................................................23 

2.5.1 Removal of machineguns and silencers from the scope of the NFA 

CHAPTER 3. REGISTRATION OF NFA FIREARMS 

Sec. 3.1 The National Firearm Registration and Transfer Record (NFRTR) ................................24 

Sec. 3.2 Who may register NFA firearms ......................................................................................24 

3.2.1 Amnesty registration 

3.2.2 Registration by State and local agencies 

3.2.3 Registration by makers 

3.2.4 Registration by importers 

3.2.5 Registration by manufacturers 

3.2.6 Registration to transferees 

3.2.6.1 Transfers by persons other than FFLs/SOTs to other such persons 

3.2.6.2 Transfers by FFLs/SOTs to persons other than FFLs/SOTs 

3.2.6.3 Transfers by non-FFLs/SOTs to FFLs/SOTs 

3.2.6.4 Transfers by FFLs/SOTs to other FFLs/SOTs 

3.2.6.5 Transfers to State and local government agencies 

Sec. 3.3 Status of unregistered firearms ........................................................................................26 

Sec. 3.4 ATF disclosure of NFA registration information ............................................................26 

3.4.1 Restrictive use of information 

3.4.2 Prohibition on ATF’s disclosure of tax returns or tax return information 

3.4.3 Determining the registration status of an NFA firearm 

Sec. 3.5 Lost or stolen registration documents ..............................................................................27 

Sec. 3.6 Correcting incorrect registration documents ...................................................................27 

Sec. 3.7 Maintaining registration documents ................................................................................27

. 

CHAPTER 4. TAXES IMPOSED BY THE NFA 

Sec. 4.1 Taxes .........................................................................................................................................28 

4.1.1 Making tax 

4.1.2 Transfer tax 

4.1.3 Special (occupational) tax 

Sec. 4.2 Exemptions from tax .......................................................................................................29 

4.2.1 Making tax 

4.2.2 Transfer tax 

4.2.2.1 Unserviceable firearms 

4.2.3 Special (occupational) tax 

4.2.4 Exportation of firearms 
iv

CHAPTER 5. QUALIFYING TO DO BUSINESS IN NFA FIREARMS 

Sec. 5.1 Licensing under the GCA ................................................................................................30 

5.1.1 Application for GCA license 

5.1.1.1 Definition of “person” for GCA purposes 

5.1.2 License fees 

5.1.2.1 Manufacturers 

5.1.2.2 Importers 

5.1.2.3 Dealers 

5.1.3 Licensing standards under the GCA 

5.1.3.1 Age 

5.1.3.2 Prohibited persons 

5.1.3.3 “Responsible persons” 

5.1.3.4 Removing disabilities 

5.1.3.5 Prior willful violations 

5.1.3.6 False statements 

5.1.3.7 Business premises 

5.1.3.8 May a license be obtained to do business solely away from the licensed 

premises at gun shows? 

5.1.3.9 Gun storage and safety devices 

5.1.4 Multiple business locations 

5.1.4.1 Locations solely for storage 

5.1.5 Establishing a common expiration date for licenses at multiple locations 

5.1.6 Engaging in business as both an importer and a manufacturer 

5.1.7 Do importers and manufacturers need a dealer’s license to deal in the 

firearms they import or manufacture? 

5.1.8 License renewal 

5.1.8.1 Right to operate while renewal application is pending; “letters of continuing operation” 

Sec. 5.2 Payment of special (occupational) tax to do business in NFA firearms ........................33 

5.2.1 Every “person” who engages in the business of importing, manufacturing, or dealing in 

firearms (including pawnbrokers) shall pay a special tax 

5.2.1.1 Definition of “person” for NFA purposes 

5.2.2 Tax must be paid for each business location 

5.2.3 Rate of Tax 

5.2.3.1 Importers and manufacturers 

5.2.3.2 Dealers 

5.2.4 How to pay special tax 

5.2.4.1 Employer identification number (EIN) 

5.2.4.2 Renewal of special tax 

5.2.5 Exemption from special tax 

5.2.6 Collectors acquiring NFA firearms for their personal collections by 

acquiring dealers’ licenses and paying NFA special tax 

Sec. 5.3 Registration by firearms manufacturers and exporters with the U.S. Department of State 

(DOS) ............................................................................................................................34 

5.3.1 How manufacturers should register 

Sec. 5.4 Registration by firearms importers with ATF ..................................................................35 
v

5.4.1 How importers should register 

Sec. 5.5 Filing by facsimile transmission .......................................................................................35 

CHAPTER 6. MAKING NFA FIREARMS BY NONLICENSEES 

Sec. 6.1 Requirements for making NFA firearms ........................................................36 

Sec. 6.2 Preparation of Form 1 ..............................................................................36 

 6.2.1 Description of firearm 

 6.2.2 Photograph of applicant 

 6.2.3 FBI Form FD-258, fingerprint card 

 6.2.4 Law enforcement certification 

 6.2.4.1 What if the proposed maker is unable to find any official in his or her 

 jurisdiction willing to sign the law enforcement certification? 

Sec. 6.3 Submission of Form 1 .............................................................................37 

 6.3.1 State permit or license for possession of an NFA weapon 

Sec. 6.4 Approval of Form 1 ................................................................................38 

Sec. 6.5 Disapproval of Form 1 .............................................................................38 

Sec. 6.6 Reactivation of a registered unserviceable NFA firearm ......................................38 

Sec. 6.7 Incorrect description of Firearm ..................................................................38 

Sec. 6.8 Withdrawal or Cancellation of an ATF Form 1 and Refund if Making Tax ................39 

CHAPTER 7. MANUFACTURING NFA FIREARMS 

Sec. 7.1 Qualifying to manufacture NFA firearms ........................................................................40 

7.1.1 Licensing under the GCA 

7.1.1.1 Engaging in business at multiple locations 

7.1.1.2 Engaging in business as both an importer and a manufacturer 

7.1.1.3 Do importers and manufacturers need a dealer’s license to deal in the firearms they 

import or manufacture? 

7.1.1.4 Manufacturers of destructive devices 

7.1.2 Payment of special (occupational) tax to do business in NFA firearms 

7.1.3 Registration by firearms manufacturers with the U.S. Department of State 

7.1.3.1 Registration exemption for fabricating articles for “research and development.” 

Sec. 7.2 What is a “manufacturer”?; What is “manufacturing”? ..................................................41 

7.2.1 “Manufacturer” 

7.2.2 “Manufacturing” 

7.2.3 What is the difference between manufacturing and gunsmithing? 

7.2.4 Do you know how ATF would classify your product? 

7.2.4.1 ATF classification letters 

Sec. 7.3 Registering the manufacture of NFA firearms ..................................................................43 

7.3.1 Preparation of ATF Forms 2 

7.3.2 Filing ATF Forms 2 

7.3.2.1 Existing firearms modified into NFA firearms or reactivated 

7.3.3 Reactivation of a registered unserviceable NFA firearm 
vi

 7.3.3.1 Incorrect description of firearm 

 7.3.3.2 Reactivation of a registered unserviceable NFA firearm 

Sec. 7.4 The identification of firearms .....................................................................44 

7.4.1 Serial numbers 

7.4.1.1 What is an acceptable serial number? 

7.4.2 Additional information 

7.4.3 Measuring the depth of markings 

7.4.4 Obtaining variances to the marking requirements 

7.4.4.1 Variances in the name and location of the manufacturer 

7.4.4.2 Variances for manufacturers’ contractors 

7.4.4.3 Marking destructive devices 

7.4.4.4 Marking parts, other than frames or receivers, defined as NFA firearms 

7.4.5 Marking frames or receivers that are not complete weapons at the time of 

disposition 

7.4.6 Marking silencer parts 

Sec. 7.5 Manufacturing machineguns .............................................................................................47 

7.5.1 Manufacture of machineguns for sale to government agencies or as “sales 

samples” 

7.5.2 Manufacture of machineguns for exportation 

7.5.3 May machineguns be manufactured for distribution to U.S. Government contractors? 

7.5.4 May machinegun receivers be manufactured and used as replacement parts 

for machineguns lawfully registered and possessed prior to May 19, 1986? 

Sec. 7.6 Manufacture of NFA firearms by contractors ..................................................................48 

7.6.1 Contractors’ manufacture of machineguns 

7.6.2 Manufacture of machineguns solely for purposes of testing 

Sec. 7.7 Manufacturing NFA firearms exclusively for the United States .....................................48 

Sec. 7.8 Locations ..........................................................................................................................49 

CHAPTER 8. IMPORTING NFA FIREARMS 

Sec. 8.1 Qualifying to import NFA firearms .................................................................................50 

8.1.1 Licensing under the GCA 

8.1.1.1 Engaging in business at multiple locations 

8.1.1.2 Engaging in business as both an importer and a manufacturer 

8.1.1.3 Do importers and manufacturers need a dealer’s license to deal in the 

firearms they import or manufacture? 

8.1.1.4 Importers of destructive devices 

8.1.2 Payment of special (occupational) tax to do business in NFA firearms 

8.1.3 Registration by importers of U.S. Munitions Import List articles with ATF 

Sec. 8.2 What is an “importer”?; What is “importation”? ............................................................51 

8.2.1 “Importer” 

8.2.2 “Importation” 

Sec. 8.3 Importation of NFA firearms ..........................................................................................51 

8.3.1 Importation of machineguns 

8.3.2 Importation for use of the United States, qualifying political subdivisions, 

 and law enforcement agencies 
vii

 8.3.3 Importation for use by Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licensees 

 and authorized contractors 

8.3.4 Importation for authorized scientific or research purposes 

8.3.5 Importation for use as a model by a registered manufacturer 

8.3.6 Importation for use as a “sales sample” 

8.3.7 Importing multiple quantities of the same model firearm as sales samples 

8.3.8 Importation of NFA weapons classified as curios or relics 

8.3.9 Conditional importation 

8.3.10 Temporary importation of NFA firearms 

8.3.11 Re-importation of NFA firearms temporarily exported from the United 

States by nonlicensees. 

8.3.12 What is the difference between a Customs Bonded Warehouse (CBW) and 

a Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ)? 

8.3.12.1 Customs Bonded Warehouse 

8.3.12.2 Foreign Trade Zone 

8.3.13 Preparation of ATF Forms 6 

8.3.14 “eForm6” 

8.3.15 Preparation of ATF Forms 6A 

Sec. 8.4 Registering the importation of NFA firearms....................................................................56 

8.4.1 Preparation of ATF Forms 2 

8.4.2 Filing ATF Forms 2 

Sec. 8.5 The identification of firearms ...........................................................................................56 

8.5.1 Serial numbers 

8.5.1.1 What is an acceptable serial number? 

8.5.2 Additional information 

8.5.3 Measuring the depth of markings 

8.5.4 Obtaining variances to the marking requirements 

8.5.4.1 Variances in the name and location of the importer 

8.5.4.2 Marking frames or receivers that are not complete weapons at the time of 

disposition 

8.5.4.3 Marking destructive devices 

8.5.4.4 Marking parts, other than frames or receivers, defined as NFA firearms 

8.5.5 When must markings be applied to imported NFA firearms? 

CHAPTER 9. TRANSFERS OF NFA FIREARMS 

Sec. 9.1 Definition of “transfer” .....................................................................................................59 

Sec. 9.2 Only previously registered firearms may be lawfully transferred ....................................59 

Sec. 9.3 Interstate transfers of NFA firearms .................................................................................59 

Sec. 9.4 ATF forms for use in transferring NFA firearms..............................................................59 

9.4.1 ATF Form 3 

9.4.2 ATF Form 4 

9.4.2.1 Copies of transferees’ State or local licenses or permits 

9.4.2.2 Transfers to entities other than individuals that are not FFLs/SOTs 

9.4.3 ATF Form 5 

Sec. 9.5 Conveyances of NFA firearms not treated as “transfers” under the NFA.......................61 
viii

9.5.1.1 Repair of firearm silencers 

9.5.2 Possession of firearms by employees of FFLs/SOTs for employers’ 

business purposes 

9.5.3 Distribution of estate firearms 

9.5.3.1 Distributions to heirs 

9.5.3.2 Distributions to persons outside the estate 

9.5.3.3 Uncertainty about the registration status of decedents’ firearms 

9.5.3.4 Unregistered estate firearms 

9.5.3.5 Distribution of decedents’ “sales samples.” 

Sec. 9.6 Manufacturers’ use of contractors to perform work on firearms.......................................63 

Sec. 9.7 Transfers of unserviceable NFA firearms..........................................................................63 

Sec. 9.8 Government-owned firearms ............................................................................................63 

Sec. 9.9 Law enforcement certifications.........................................................................................63 

9.9.1 Is a law enforcement officer required to sign the certification? 

9.9.2 Is a law enforcement certification acceptable if signed by an official outside the 

jurisdiction where the transferee resides? 

Sec. 9.10 Transfers of imported NFA firearms ................................................................................64 

9.10.1 Firearms imported for government agencies 

9.10.2 “Sales samples” 

9.10.3 Transferring multiple quantities of the same firearm model as “sales samples” 

Sec. 9.11 Transfers of machineguns imported or manufactured on after May 19, 1986 .................65 

9.11.1 Machinegun prohibition in 18 U.S.C. 922(o) 

9.11.2 May machineguns subject to section 922(o) be transferred to government 

contractors? 

Sec. 9.12 Are FFLs/SOTs required to initiate a background check of the transferee 

under the Brady Law in connection with the transfer of an NFA firearm? ......................65 

Sec. 9.13 May an FFL/SOT transfer a personally owned destructive device without 

 qualifying to do business in destructive devices? .............................................................66 

Section 9.14 Transferable Status and the Form 10 ............................................................66 

CHAPTER 10. COLLECTORS OF NFA FIREARMS 

Sec 10.1 Curios or relics .................................................................................................................67 

10.1.1 Definition of curio or relic 

10.1.2 Curio or relic classification 

10.1.3 NFA firearms classified as curios or relics 

10.1.4 The Firearms Curios or Relics List (ATF P 5300.11) 

10.1.5 DEWATS 

10.1.5.1 Reactivation of DEWATS 

Sec. 10.2 Licensed collector ...........................................................................................................69 

10.2.1 Collector of curios or relics license 

10.2.2 Receipt of NFA curios or relics by a licensed collector 

10.2.3 Transfer of NFA curios or relics by a licensed collector 

Sec. 10.3 Recordkeeping requirements ..........................................................................................70 

10.3.1 Acquisition and disposition records 

10.3.2 Termination of a collector’s license. 
ix

CHAPTER 11. EXPORTATION OF NFA FIREARMS 

Sec. 11.1 Arms Export Control Act (AECA), 22 U.S.C. 2778 ......................................................71 

11.1.1 State Department regulations implementing the AECA 

11.1.2 Firearms and firearm component parts subject to the AECA 

11.1.2.1 Category I 

11.1.2.2 Category II 

Sec. 11.2 Registration of exporters and manufacturers under the AECA ......................................71 

11.2.1 Submission of registration form, DSP-9 

11.2.2 Transmittal letter must accompany Form DSP-9 

11.2.3 Notification of changes in information furnished by registrants 

Sec. 11.3 License requirement for permanent export of a defense article......................................72 

Sec. 11.4 License requirement for temporary export of a defense article ......................................72 

Sec. 11.5 Prohibited exports and sales to certain countries............................................................ 72 

Sec. 11.6 ATF requirements relative to the exportation of firearms ...............................................72 

11.6.1 Applying for an export permit on ATF Form 9 

11.6.2 Transfers to another person for export 

11.6.3 Proof of exportation 

CHAPTER 12. RECORDKEEPING 

Sec. 12.1 Maintaining proof of registration....................................................................................74 

12.1.1 Manner in which registration documents must be kept 

12.1.2 Recordkeeping where registered firearms are kept on premises other than the registered 

owner’s place of business 

Sec. 12.2 Verifying the description of firearms on registration documents ...................................74 

Sec. 12.3 Correcting an error in the description of a registered firearm ........................................74 

Sec. 12.4 Custody of NFA firearms by employees of FFLs/SOTs ................................................75 

12.4.1 Who is an “employee” of an FFL/SOT? 

Sec. 12.5 Firearms acquisition and disposition records..................................................................75 

12.5.1 Commercial records of firearms received 

12.5.2 Variances in the recordkeeping requirements for the acquisition and 

disposition of firearms 

12.5.2.1 Computerized records. 

Sec. 12.6 Forms 4473 .....................................................................................................................77 

12.6.1 Firearms acquired from an FFL by an organization 

12.6.2 Return of firearms delivered to an FFL for repair or customizing 

12.6.3 Maintaining Forms 4473 

Sec. 12.7 Record retention period...................................................................................................78 
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CHAPTER 13. REQUIRED REPORTS AND NOTIFICATIONS TO ATF 

Sec. 13.1 Change of business address ..............................................................................................80 

13.1.1 GCA requirements 

13.1.1.1 Application for amended license 

13.1.2 NFA requirements 

Sec. 13.2 Change in trade name ........................................................................................................80 

13.2.1 GCA requirements 

13.2.2 NFA requirements 

Sec. 13.3 Change in control ..............................................................................................................81 

13.3.1 Changes in an FFL’s “responsible persons” 

13.3.2 A “change in control” is distinguishable from the sale or transfer of a 

firearms business to another person or entity 

Sec. 13.4 Reporting firearms transaction information ......................................................................82 

Sec. 13.5 Reporting thefts or losses of firearms ...............................................................................82 

13.5.1 GCA requirements 

13.5.2 NFA requirements 

Sec. 13.6 Reporting theft or loss of NFA registration documents ....................................................83 

Sec. 13.7 Reporting information in response to ATF trace requests ................................................83 

Sec. 13.8 Requesting permission to transport certain firearms in interstate or foreign 

commerce .. .......................................................................................................................83 

13.8.1 A written (letter) request 

13.8.2 Form 5320.20 

13.8.3 One-year approval 

CHAPTER 14. GOING OUT OF BUSINESS 

Sec. 14.1 Disposition of GCA records ..............................................................................................85 

14.1.1 “Records” for purposes of this section 

14.1.2 Transfer of the business to a new owner 

14.1.3 Discontinuance of the business 

Sec. 14.2 Disposition of NFA firearms (other than “post-‘86 machineguns”) .................................85 

14.2.1 Sole proprietors 

14.2.2 Corporations, partnerships, and associations 

14.2.2.1 Effect of dissolution of a corporation, partnership, or association 

14.2.3 Avoiding NFA transfer tax 

Sec. 14.3 Disposition of “post-‘86 machineguns” ............................................................................86
xi

CHAPTER 15. PENALTIES AND SANCTIONS 

Sec. 15.1 NFA ..................................................................................................................................88 

15.1.1 Criminal 

15.1.2 Forfeiture 

15.1.3 Assessment of NFA tax 

Sec. 15.2 GCA ..................................................................................................................................88 

15.2.1 Criminal 

15.2.2 Forfeiture 

15.2.3 License denial or revocation 

Sec. 15.3 AECA ................................................................................................................................89 

15.3.1 Criminal 

15.3.2 Forfeiture 

 

APPENDIX A (NFA, 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53) .......................................................................................90 

APPENDIX B (ATF Rulings and articles) ........................................................................................141 

APPENDIX C (ATF Forms) .........................................................................................................................179 

APPENDIX D (Sample form letters) ..................................................................................................207
1

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 

Section 1.1 History of the National Firearms Act (NFA) 

1.1.1 The NFA of 1934. The NFA was originally enacted in 1934.1 Similar to the current NFA, the 

original Act imposed a tax on the making and transfer of firearms defined by the Act, as well as a 

special (occupational) tax on persons and entities engaged in the business of importing, manufacturing, 

and dealing in NFA firearms. The law also required the registration of all NFA firearms with the 

Secretary of the Treasury. Firearms subject to the 1934 Act included shotguns and rifles having barrels 

less than 18 inches in length, certain firearms described as “any other weapons,” machineguns, and 

firearm mufflers and silencers. 

While the NFA was enacted by Congress as an exercise of its authority to tax, the NFA had an 

underlying purpose unrelated to revenue collection. As the legislative history of the law discloses, its 

underlying purpose was to curtail, if not prohibit, transactions in NFA firearms. Congress found these 

firearms to pose a significant crime problem because of their frequent use in crime, particularly the 

gangland crimes of that era such as the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre. The $200 making and transfer 

taxes on most NFA firearms were considered quite severe and adequate to carry out Congress’ purpose 

to discourage or eliminate transactions in these firearms. The $200 tax has not changed since 1934. 

As structured in 1934, the NFA imposed a duty on persons transferring NFA firearms, as well as mere 

possessors of unregistered firearms, to register them with the Secretary of the Treasury. If the possessor 

of an unregistered firearm applied to register the firearm as required by the NFA, the Treasury 

Department could supply information to State authorities about the registrant’s possession of the 

firearm. State authorities could then use the information to prosecute the person whose possession 

violated State laws. For these reasons, the Supreme Court in 1968 held in the Haynes case that a person 

prosecuted for possessing an unregistered NFA firearm had a valid defense to the prosecution - the 

registration requirement imposed on the possessor of an unregistered firearm violated the possessor’s 

privilege from self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.2 The Haynes

decision made the 1934 Act virtually unenforceable. 

1.1.2 Title II of the Gun Control Act of 1968. Title II amended the NFA to cure the constitutional 

flaw pointed out in Haynes.

3

 First, the requirement for possessors of unregistered firearms to register 

was removed. Indeed, under the amended law, there is no mechanism for a possessor to register an 

unregistered NFA firearm already possessed by the person. Second, a provision was added to the law 

prohibiting the use of any information from an NFA application or registration as evidence against the 

person in a criminal proceeding with respect to a violation of law occurring prior to or concurrently with 

the filing of the application or registration.4

 In 1971, the Supreme Court reexamined the NFA in the 

Freed case and found that the 1968 amendments cured the constitutional defect in the original NFA.5

 

1

 National Firearms Act, Public Law 474, approved June 26, 1934. 

2

 Haynes v. U.S., 390 U.S. 85 (1968). 

3

 Gun Control Act of 1968, Public Law 90-618, approved October 22, 1968. 

4

 26 U.S.C. 5848 

5

 U.S. v. Freed, 401 U.S. 601 (1971) 
2

Title II also amended the NFA definitions of “firearm” by adding “destructive devices” and expanding 

the definition of “machinegun.” 

1.1.3 Firearm Owners’ Protection Act. In 1986, this Act amended the NFA definition of “silencer” 

by adding combinations of parts for silencers and any part intended for use in the assembly or 

fabrication of a silencer.6

 The Act also amended the GCA to prohibit the transfer or possession of 

machineguns.

7

 Exceptions were made for transfers of machineguns to, or possession of machineguns 

by, government agencies, and those lawfully possessed before the effective date of the prohibition, May 

19, 1986. 

Section 1.2 Meaning of terms. Certain terms and abbreviations used in this book are defined as 

follows: 

1.2.1 “AECA” means the Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. 2778. 

1.2.2 “ATF” means the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, U.S. Department of 

Justice. 

1.2.3 “ATF Ruling” means a formal ruling published by ATF stating its interpretation of the law and 

regulations as applied to a specific set of facts. 

1.2.4 “CFR” means the Code of Federal Regulations in which Federal firearms regulations are 

published. 

1.2.5 “DIO” means an ATF Director of Industry Operations responsible for regulating the firearms 

industry within an ATF field division. 

1.2.6 “FFL” means a Federal firearms licensee, person or entity having a license to import, 

manufacture, or deal in firearms under the GCA. 

1.2.7 “FTB” means ATF’s Firearms Technology Branch. 

1.2.8 “GCA” means the Gun Control Act of 1968, 18 U.S.C. Chapter 44. 

1.2.9 “NFA” means the National Firearms Act, 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53. 

1.2.10 “NFRTR” means the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record containing the 

registration of NFA firearms. 

1.2.11 “SOT” means a special occupational taxpayer, a person or entity qualified to import, 

manufacture, or deal in NFA firearms by having paid the special (occupational) tax to do so under the 

NFA. 

 

6

 Firearm Owners’ Protection Act, Public Law 99-308, approved May 19, 1986. 

7

 18 U.S.C. 922(o) 
3

1.2.12 “U.S.C.” means the United States Code in which Federal firearms laws are codified. 

Section 1.3 Administration and enforcement of Federal firearms laws 

Until January 24, 2003, authority to administer and enforce Federal firearms laws was the responsibility 

of the Bureau of ATF within the U.S. Department of the Treasury. As a result of enactment of Section 

1111 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, ATF and its firearms authorities were transferred to the 

U.S. Department of Justice, effective January 24, 2003. ATF’s name was also changed to the Bureau of 

Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. ATF continues to have the authority to administer and 

enforce Federal firearms laws. The Department of State retained its authority over the enforcement of 

the export provisions of the AECA that relate to firearms. 

Section 1.4 What are regulations and rulings? 

1.4.1 Regulations. Regulations interpret the statutes (the law) and explain the procedures for 

compliance. The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) generally requires agencies to publish proposed 

regulations in the Federal Register as a notice of proposed rulemaking, giving the public the opportunity 

to comment on the proposals before they may be issued as final regulations. The APA provides no 

specific comment period for proposed rules under the NFA.8 As specifically provided for in the GCA, 

GCA regulations require a comment period of at least 90 days.9 An exception in the APA eliminates the 

need to provide any notice or comment period with respect to AECA regulations. Regulations have the 

force and effect of law. Courts will uphold a regulation if they find reasonable legal basis for it and if it 

generally is within the scope of the statute. 

1.4.2 Rulings. ATF publishes rulings in its periodic bulletins and posts them on the ATF website. 

These contain ATF’s interpretation of the law and regulations as they pertain to a particular fact 

situation. Rulings do not have the force and effect of law but may be cited as precedent with respect to 

substantially similar fact situations. Courts will recognize and apply such rulings if they are determined 

to correctly interpret the law and regulations. 

Section 1.5 Other ATF publications 

1.5.1 ATF’s internet website. This is the best source for up to date information on ATF’s firearms 

administration and enforcement activities, including amendments to the law, rulings, regulations, and 

open letters to firearms industry members. The website address is http://www.atf.gov. 

1.5.2 ATF P 5300.4. This is ATF’s publication, “Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide.” 

ATF supplies the publication to all FFLs and SOTs. It contains all Federal firearms laws and regulations 

(except those pertaining to the firearms and ammunition excise tax and State Department export 

regulations), ATF firearms rulings, articles on various firearms issues, and questions and answers. The 

publication can be found on ATF’s website, http://www.atf.gov, and downloaded. 

 

8

 5 U.S.C. 552 

9

 18 U.S.C. 926(b) 
4

Section 1.6 ATF points of contact 

Chief, National Firearms Act Branch 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 

244 Needy Road 

Martinsburg, WV 25405 

Phone: (304) 616-4500 

Fax: (304) 616-4501 

Chief, Federal Firearms Licensing Center 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 

244 Needy Road 

Martinsburg, WV 25405 

Phone: (304) 616-4600 or 1-866-662-2750 

Fax: (304) 616-4501 or 1-866-257-2749 

Chief, Firearms & Explosives Imports Branch 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 

244 Needy Road 

Martinsburg, WV 25405 

Phone: (304) 616-4550 

Fax: (304) 616-4551 

Chief, Firearms Technology Branch 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 

244 Needy Road 

Martinsburg, WV 25405 

Phone: (304) 260-5476 

Fax: (304) 260-1701 

Section 1.7 ATF Forms 

ATF forms may be ordered from ATF’s Distribution Center by use of the Center’s order form on ATF’s 

website at http://www.atf.gov. After entering the website, click on “Forms.” They may also be obtained 

by calling the Center at (301) 583-4696 or writing the ATF Distribution Center at 1519 Cabin Branch 

Drive, Landover, MD 20785-3816.
5

CHAPTER 2. WHAT ARE “FIREARMS” UNDER THE NFA? 

Section 2.1 Types of NFA firearms 

The NFA defines the specific types of firearms subject to the provisions of the Act. These definitions 

describe the function, design, configuration and/or dimensions that weapons must have to be NFA 

firearms. In addition to describing the weapon, some definitions (machinegun, rifle, shotgun, any other 

weapon) state that the firearm described also includes a weapon that can be readily restored to fire. A 

firearm that can be readily restored to fire is a firearm that in its present condition is incapable of 

expelling a projectile by the action of an explosive (or, in the case of a machinegun, will not in its 

present condition shoot automatically) but which can be restored to a functional condition by the 

replacement of missing or defective component parts. Please be aware that case law is not specific but 

courts have held that the “readily restorable” test is satisfied where a firearm can be made capable of 

renewed automatic operation, even if it requires some degree of skill and the use of tools and parts. 

2.1.1 Shotgun A shotgun is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder and designed to use the 

energy of the explosive in a fixed shotgun shell to fire through a smooth bore either a number of 

projectiles or a single projectile for each pull of the trigger.10 A shotgun subject to the NFA has a barrel 

or barrels of less than 18 inches in length. 

 | 15 inches _ | 

 

The ATF procedure for measuring barrel length is to measure from the closed bolt (or breech-face) to 

the furthermost end of the barrel or permanently attached muzzle device. Permanent methods of 

attachment include full-fusion gas or electric steel-seam welding, high-temperature (1100°F) silver 

soldering, or blind pinning with the pin head welded over. Barrels are measured by inserting a dowel rod 

into the barrel until the rod stops against the bolt or breech-face. The rod is then marked at the 

furthermost end of the barrel or permanently attached muzzle device, withdrawn from the barrel, and 

measured. 

 

10 26 U.S.C. 5845(d) 
6

2.1.2 Weapon made from a shotgun. A weapon made from a shotgun is a shotgun type weapon that 

has an overall length of less than 26 inches or a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches in length. 

 | 25 inches _ |

 

The overall length of a firearm is the distance between the muzzle of the barrel and the rearmost portion 

of the weapon measured on a line parallel to the axis of the bore. 

2.1.3 Rifle. A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder and designed to use the energy of 

an explosive in a fixed cartridge to fire only a single projectile through a rifled barrel for each single pull 

of the trigger.11 A rifle subject to the NFA has a barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches in length. 

 | 12 inches ________|

The ATF procedure for measuring barrel length is to measure from the closed bolt (or breech-face) to 

the furthermost end of the barrel or permanently attached muzzle device. Permanent methods of 

attachment include full-fusion gas or electric steel-seam welding, high-temperature (1100°F) silver 

soldering, or blind pinning with the pin head welded over. Barrels are measured by inserting a dowel rod 

into the barrel until the rod stops against the bolt or breech-face. The rod is then marked at the 

furthermost end of the barrel or permanently attached muzzle device, withdrawn from the barrel, and 

measured. 

 

11 26 U.S.C. 5845(c) 
7

2.1.4 Weapon made from a rifle. A weapon made from a rifle is a rifle type weapon that has an 

overall length of less than 26 inches or a barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches in length. 

 | 18 inches _____________| 

The overall length of a firearm is the distance between the muzzle of the barrel and the rearmost portion 

of the weapon measured on a line parallel to the axis of the bore. 

2.1.5 Any other weapon. Firearms meeting the definition of “any other weapon” are weapons or 

devices capable of being concealed on the person from which a shot can be discharged through the 

energy of an explosive. Many “any other weapons” are disguised devices such as penguns, cigarette 

lighter guns, knife guns, cane guns and umbrella guns. 

pengun 

knife gun 

umbrella gun 

Also included in the “any other weapon” definition are pistols and revolvers having smooth bore barrels 

designed or redesigned to fire a fixed shotgun shell. 
8

H&R Handy Gun 

Ithaca Auto & Burglar Gun 

While the above weapons are similar in appearance to weapons made from shotguns, they were 

originally manufactured in the illustrated configuration and are not modified from existing shotguns. As 

a result, these weapons do not fit within the definition of shotgun12 or weapons made from a shotgun13. 

The “any other weapon” definition also includes specifically described weapons with combination 

shotgun and rifle barrels 12 inches or more but less than 18 inches in length from which only a single 

discharge can be made from either barrel without manual reloading. The firearm most commonly 

associated with this portion of the definition is the Marble’s Game Getter. 

Marble’s Game Getter 

 

12 26 U.S.C. 5845(d) 

13 26 U.S.C. 5845(a)(2) 
9

NOTE: One version of the Marble’s Game Getter was produced with 18-inch barrels and a folding 

shoulder stock. This model of the Game Getter, as manufactured, is not subject to the provisions of the 

NFA because it has barrels that are 18 inches in length and the overall length of the firearm, with stock 

extended, is more than 26 inches. However, if the shoulder stock has been removed from the 18-inch 

barrel version of the Game Getter, the firearm has an overall length of less than 26 inches and is an 

NFA weapon. Specifically, the firearm is classified as a weapon made from a rifle/shotgun. 

The “any other weapon” definition excludes weapons designed to be fired from the shoulder that are not 

capable of firing fixed ammunition or a pistol or revolver having a rifled bore. However, certain 

alterations to a pistol or revolver, such as the addition of a second vertical handgrip, create a weapon that 

no longer meets the definition of pistol or revolver.14 A pistol or revolver modified as described is an 

“any other weapon” subject to the NFA because the weapon is not designed to be fired when held in one 

hand. 

semiautomatic pistol with second vertical handgrip 

As stated above, a pistol or revolver having a rifled bore does not meet the definition of “any other 

weapon” and is not subject to the NFA. It is important to note that any pistol or revolver having a barrel 

without a rifled bore does not fit within the exclusion and is an “any other weapon” subject to the NFA. 

2.1.6 Machinegun. Firearms within the definition of machinegun include weapons that shoot, are 

designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot, automatically more than one shot without manual 

reloading by a single function of the trigger. 

 

14 27 CFR 479.11 
10

STEN MK II submachinegun 

The definition of machinegun also includes the frame or receiver of a machinegun. 

STEN MK II submachinegun receiver 

Of all the different firearms defined as NFA weapons, machineguns are the only type where the receiver 

of the weapon by itself is an NFA firearm. As a result, it is important that the receiver of a machinegun 

be properly identified. Many machineguns incorporate a “split” or “hinged” receiver design so the main 

portion of the weapon can be easily separated into upper and lower sections. Additionally, some 

machineguns utilize a construction method where the receiver is composed of a number of 

subassemblies that are riveted together to form the complete receiver. 

The following table lists specific models of machineguns incorporating the above designs and the 

portion of the weapon that has been held to be the receiver. This list is not all- inclusive. For 

information concerning a split or hinged receiver type machinegun not listed below, contact FTB at 

(304) 260-1699. 

Model Receiver 

 Armalite AR10 lower 

 Armalite AR15 (all variations) lower 

 Armalite AR18 lower 

 Beretta AR70 lower 

 British L1A1 upper 

 Browning M1917 right side plate 

 Browning M1919 (all variations) right side plate 

 Browning M2 & M2HB right side plate 

 Colt M16 (all variations) lower 

 Czech Vz 61 lower 

 FN FNC lower 

 Model Receiver

FN CAL upper 

 FN FAL upper 
11

 French MAT 49 upper 

 German MP38 & MP40 upper 

 H&K G3 (all variations) upper 

 H&K MP5 (all variations) upper 

 IMI UZI upper 

 M61 Vulcan outer housing 

 M134 Minigun outer housing 

 Maxim MG08 and 08/15 right side plate 

 SIG AMT upper 

 SIG STG 57 upper 

 SIG 550 Series (all variations) upper 

 Soviet PPsH 41 upper 

 Soviet PPS 43 upper 

 Steyr MPi 69 upper 

 Steyr MPi 81 upper 

 Thompson submachinegun (all variations) upper 

 Vickers water cooled machineguns right side plate 

The “designed to shoot automatically more than one shot without manual reloading by a single function 

of the trigger” portion of the definition relates to the characteristics of the weapon that permit full 

automatic fire. ATF has also held that the “designed” definition includes those weapons which have not 

previously functioned as machineguns but possess design features which facilitate full automatic fire by 

simple modification or elimination of existing component parts. ATF has published rulings concerning 

specific firearms classified as machineguns based on this interpretation of the term “designed.”15 

Included within the definition of machinegun is any part designed and intended solely and exclusively, 

or combination of parts designed and intended, for use in converting a weapon into a machinegun. This 

portion of the machinegun definition addresses what are commonly referred to as conversion kits. The 

“any part designed and intended solely and exclusively” language refers to a part that was produced for 

no other reason than to convert a weapon into a machinegun. Illustrated below are examples of such 

parts. 

conversion sear for H&K semiautomatic firearms 

 

15 Appendix B (ATF Rulings 82-2, 82-8, 83-5) 
12

Drop in Auto Sear for AR15 type semiautomatic firearms 

The above parts are designed solely and exclusively for use in converting a weapon into a machinegun 

and are classified as machineguns. 

The “combination of parts designed and intended for use in converting a weapon into a machinegun” 

language refers to a group of parts designed and intended to be used in converting a weapon into a 

machinegun. A typical example is those M2 carbine parts that are only used to permit fully automatic 

fire in a US Carbine M1 or M2. 

M2 Carbine conversion kit 

The above parts consisting of an M2 selector lever, selector lever spring, disconnector lever assembly, 

M2 disconnector, disconnector spring, disconnector plunger and M2 hammer are classified as a 

machinegun. These parts are used specifically for fully automatic fire and have no application in a 

semiautomatic carbine. While other parts such as an M2 sear, operating slide, trigger housing and stock 

are used in the fully automatic carbine, these parts are also appropriate for use in semiautomatic M1 

carbines.16 

Therefore, the M2 sear, operating slide, trigger housing and stock are not a combination of parts 

designed and intended for use in converting a weapon into a machinegun. Other commonly encountered 

 

16 TM9-1267, Cal. .30 Carbines M1, M1A1, M2, and M3, United States Government Printing Office, 1953 
13

conversion kits include modified trigger housings and/or trigger paks for Heckler & Koch (HK) type 

semiautomatic firearms. As originally manufactured, semiautomatic HK firearms (HK, 41, 43, 91, 93 

and SP89) were specifically designed such that they will not accept fully automatic trigger housings or 

trigger paks for HK selective fire weapons such as the G3 and MP5. If selective fire trigger paks or 

trigger housings are modified so that they will function with semiautomatic HK firearms, the modified 

components are classified as parts designed and intended solely and exclusively, or combination of parts 

designed and intended for use in converting a weapon into a machinegun. These modified parts are also 

machineguns as defined. 

The following illustration shows a selective fire HK trigger pak with a selective fire trigger housing that 

has been modified to function with a HK semiautomatic firearm by removing the forward pivot point or 

“ears” from the trigger housing. 

modified HK selective fire trigger housing 

Illustrated below is a selective fire HK trigger pak that has been modified by notching the forward lower 

corner of the pak so that it will fit into a standard semiautomatic HK trigger housing. 

modified HK selective fire trigger pak

NOTE: standard selective fire HK trigger housings and trigger paks as originally manufactured are 

component parts for machineguns. These unmodified parts, in and of themselves, are not subject to the 

NFA. However, when adapted to function with a semiautomatic HK firearm the modified parts have 

been redesigned and are intended for use in converting a weapon into a machinegun. 
14

The following illustration shows a semiautomatic HK trigger pak with HK conversion sear installed. 

HK semiautomatic trigger pak with conversion sear installed 

For the conversion sear to function the trigger or the trigger pak must be modified to increase the 

rearward travel of the trigger. When the trigger is modified a notch is cut into the trailing leg to provide 

more travel before the trigger contacts the upper trigger stop. When the trigger pak is modified, the 

upper trigger stop is either removed or relocated. IMPORTANT NOTE: should the conversion sear be 

removed from the trigger pak and the modified pak left in the firearm, the weapon will still be capable of 

fully automatic fire. Therefore, it is important that registered HK conversion sears be kept with their 

respective trigger paks. This is particularly important in instances where HK type firearms are sold as 

being “sear ready” or “sear host guns”. If these weapons contain semiautomatic trigger paks modified 

to function with conversion sears the firearms are capable of fully automatic fire (without the 

conversion sear) and as such are machineguns as defined. 

Concerning the installation of conversion kits in semiautomatic firearms, it must be pointed out that the 

receiver of the firearm may not be modified to permit fully automatic fire. Such modification results in 

the making of a machinegun which is prohibited by 18 U.S.C. 922(o). 

 

The definition of machinegun also includes a combination of parts from which a machinegun can be 

assembled if such parts are in the possession or under the control of a person. An example of a firearm 

meeting this section of the definition is a semiautomatic AR15 rifle possessed with an M16 bolt carrier, 

hammer, trigger, disconnector and selector. If the semiautomatic AR15 is assembled with the described 

M16 parts and the rifle is capable of fully automatic fire, the weapon possessed in conjunction with the 

M16 parts, whether assembled or not, is a machinegun as defined.17

 

17 ATF P 5300.4 (9/05), Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide – 2005, p. 155 
15

An additional example of a combination of parts from which a machinegun can be assembled is a STEN 

submachinegun “parts kit” possessed with a length of metal tube to be used as a replacement receiver 

and instructions for assembling the parts into a functional machinegun. The parts kit as sold does not 

contain a firearm receiver although remnants of the destroyed receiver may be present. A machinegun 

parts kit in this condition is not subject to the GCA or the NFA. 

Unfinished receiver tubes with instructions and/or templates for use in the assembly of a functional 

machinegun are also commercially available. These tubes with instructions/templates, in and of 

themselves, are not subject to the GCA or NFA. 

When the parts kit is possessed in conjunction with the above described unfinished receiver tube, a 

combination of parts from which a machinegun can be assembled exists and is a machinegun as defined. 

2.1.7 Silencer. A firearm silencer and a firearm muffler are defined as any device for silencing, 

muffling, or diminishing the report of a portable firearm.18 Firearm silencers are generally composed of 

an outer tube, internal baffles, a front end cap, and a rear end cap. 

complete firearm silencer 

The definition of a silencer also includes any combination of parts, designed or redesigned, and intended 

for use in assembling or fabricating a firearm silencer or firearm muffler. 

The following illustration depicts parts that are designed and intended for use in assembling a firearm 

silencer. Another example of parts redesigned and intended for use in assembling or fabricating a 

firearm silencer are automotive engine freeze plugs that have been modified by drilling a hole through 

their center to permit passage of a bullet. 

silencer parts 

 

18 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(24) 
16

Also included within the silencer definition is any part intended only for use in the assembly or 

fabrication of a firearm silencer. 

 

silencer baffle 

Any of the above illustrated components meet the definition of a firearm silencer and are subject to the 

NFA. NOTE: the language in the definition of silencer contains no provisions that permit an owner of a 

registered silencer to possess spare or replacement components for the silencer. However, licensed 

manufacturers who are SOTs may possess spare silencer components in conjunction with their 

manufacturing operations. 

 

2.1.8 Destructive device. The destructive device definition contains different categories that address 

specific types of munitions. Each category describes the devices subject to the definition based on the 

material contained in the item, the dimensions of the bore of certain weapons, and a combination of 

parts for use in converting the described items into destructive devices. 

2.1.8.1 Explosive devices. The first portion of the definition deals with explosive, incendiary 

and poison gas munitions. The definition specifies that any explosive, incendiary or poison gas 

bomb, grenade, mine or similar device is a destructive device. 

explosive bomb 

explosive grenade 
17

This portion of the definition includes a rocket having a propellant charge of more than four 

ounces and a missile (projectile) having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than onequarter ounce. 

rocket with more than 4 ounces of propellant 

| projectile |

NOTE: Missiles (projectiles) less than caliber 20mm generally are not large enough to 

accommodate more than one-quarter ounce of explosive or incendiary material. In the case of 

20mm high explosive (HE) or high explosive incendiary (HEI) projectiles, it is imperative to 

determine the model designation of the specific item as some 20mm HE and HEI projectiles 

contain more than one-quarter ounce of explosive or incendiary material and are destructive 

devices. Other 20mm HE and HEI projectiles do not contain more than one-quarter ounce of 

explosive and are not destructive devices. Therefore, it is incumbent upon persons interested in 

20mm HE and HEI ammunition to determine the amount of explosives contained in a specific 

projectile. HE and HEI missiles (projectiles) larger than 20mm generally contain more than onequarter ounce of explosive or incendiary material and are destructive devices. 

2.1.8.2 Large caliber weapons. The second section of the definition states that any type of 

weapon by whatever name known which will, or which may be readily converted to, expel a 

projectile by the action of an explosive or other propellant, the barrel or barrels of which have a 

bore diameter of more than one-half inch in diameter is a destructive device. This portion of the 

definition specifically excludes a shotgun or shotgun shell which the Attorney General finds is 

generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes. ATF has issued rulings 

classifying specific shotguns as destructive devices because they have a bore of more than one 

half inch in diameter and were found to not be particularly suitable forfor sporting purposes.19

The majority of weapons covered by this portion of the destructive device definition are large 

caliber military weapons such as rocket launchers, mortars and cannons. 

 

19 Appendix B (ATF Rulings 94-1, 94-2) 
18

RPG 7 launcher (bore diameter 1.57 inches) 

120mm mortar (bore diameter 4.7 inches) 

It is important to note that the large caliber firearms covered by this section are defined as 

weapons that expel a projectile by the action of an explosive or other propellant. This is the only 

place in the GCA and NFA where a propellant other than an explosive must be considered when 

classifying a weapon. Examples of weapons having a bore diameter of more than one-half inch 

in diameter and that expel a projectile by means other than an explosive are mortars that utilize 

compressed air as a propellant and some rocket launchers. 

Certain destructive devices may also meet the definition of machinegun because in addition to 

having a bore diameter of more than one-half inch the weapons are capable of fully automatic 

fire. ATF treats NFA firearms of this type as both machineguns and destructive devices. The 

weapons are coded as machineguns in the NFRTR with an annotation that they are also 

destructive devices. Any such weapons manufactured on or after May 19, 1986 are subject to 18 

U.S.C. 922(o). In instances where a weapon of this type is being transferred, it is imperative that 

State and local laws where the weapon is being transferred do not prohibit possession of 

destructive devices or machineguns. 
19

M61 20mm full automatic cannon 

In addition to defining destructive devices, the definition also specifically excludes certain items 

from that classification. As previously stated, any shotgun or shotgun shell which the Attorney 

General finds is generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes is not a 

destructive device. Additionally, the following items are also excluded from the definition: 

• Any device which is neither designed nor redesigned for use as a weapon. 

• Any device, although originally designed for use as a weapon, which is redesigned for 

use as a signaling, pyrotechnic, line throwing, safety or similar device. 

• Surplus ordnance sold, loaned or given by the Secretary of the Army pursuant to the 

provisions of 10 U.S.C. 4684(2), 4685, or 4686. 

• Any other device which the Attorney General finds is not likely to be used as a weapon, 

or is an antique, or is a rifle which the owner intends to use solely for sporting purposes. 

It should not be assumed that any device meeting the above descriptions is automatically 

excluded from the definition of a destructive device. ATF has ruled that certain pyrotechnic 

devices are destructive devices.20 ATF should be contacted to confirm the classification of any 

items that appear to meet the above exclusions. Additionally, many of the items excluded from 

the definition of destructive device may contain a firearm receiver and would still be a firearm as 

defined in the GCA. 

2.1.9 Unserviceable firearm. An unserviceable firearm is a firearm that is incapable of discharging a 

shot by the action of an explosive and is incapable of being readily restored to a firing condition. The 

most common method for rendering a firearm unserviceable, and that recommended by ATF, is to weld 

the chamber of the barrel closed and weld the barrel to the receiver.21 The chamber of the barrel should 

be plug welded closed and all welds should be full fusion, deep penetrating, and gas or electric steel 

welds. In instances where the above procedure cannot be employed to render a firearm unserviceable, 

FTB should be contacted for alternate methods. 

It is important to remember that rendering a firearm unserviceable does not remove it from the definition 

of an NFA firearm. An unserviceable NFA firearm is still subject to the import, registration, and 

transfer provisions of the NFA. However, there is no tax imposed on the transfer of an unserviceable 

 

20 Appendix B (ATF Ruling 95-3) 

21 ATF Form 5 (5320.5), Instruction 6a 
20

firearm as a “curio or ornament.” See 26 U.S.C. 5852(e). NOTE: “curio or ornament” is only 

descriptive of unserviceable firearms transferred exempt from transfer tax. An unserviceable firearm 

transferred as a “curio or ornament” is not necessarily a “curio or relic” firearm for purposes of the 

GCA unless the weapon is classified as a curio or relic under the GCA. For further information on curio 

or relic classification see section 2.2. 

Section 2.2 Antique firearm. Firearms defined by the NFA as “antique firearms” are not subject to 

any controls under the NFA.22 The NFA defines antique firearms based on their date of manufacture 

and the type of ignition system used to fire a projectile. Any firearm manufactured in or before 1898 

that is not designed or redesigned for using rimfire or conventional center fire ignition with fixed 

ammunition is an antique firearm. Additionally, any firearm using a matchlock, flintlock, percussion 

cap or similar type ignition system, irrespective of the actual date of manufacture of the firearm, is also 

an antique firearm. 

NFA firearms using fixed ammunition are antique firearms only if the weapon was actually 

manufactured in or before 1898 and the ammunition for the firearm is no longer manufactured in the 

United States and is not readily available in the ordinary channels of commercial trade. To qualify as an 

antique firearm, a fixed cartridge firing NFA weapon must meet both the age and ammunition 

availability standards of the definition. 

Concerning ammunition availability, it is important to note that a specific type of fixed ammunition that 

has been out of production for many years may again become available due to increasing interest in 

older firearms. Therefore, the classification of a specific NFA firearm as an antique can change if 

ammunition for the weapon becomes readily available in the ordinary channels of commercial trade. 

Section 2.3 Curios or relics. Curios or relics are firearms that are of special interest to collectors.23 

NFA firearms can be classified as curios or relics under the same criteria used to classify conventional 

firearms as curios or relics.24 

An NFA firearm that is recognized as a curio or relic is still an NFA “firearm” and is still subject to the 

registration and transfer provisions of the NFA. The primary impact of a curio or relic classification is 

that a properly registered NFA firearm classified as a curio or relic may be lawfully transferred interstate 

to, or received interstate by, a person licensed as a collector of curios or relics under the GCA. 

Section 2.4 Applications to remove firearms from the scope of the NFA as collector’s items. 

Certain NFA weapons can be removed from the provisions of the NFA as collector’s items.25 The 

procedures for requesting removal of an NFA firearm are the same as used for requesting a destructive 

device determination.26 

 

22 26 U.S.C. 5845(a), (g) 

23 27 CFR 478.11 

24 27 CFR 478.26 

25 26 U.S.C. 5845(a) 

26 27 CFR 479.24 - 479.25 
21

An NFA firearm removed from the NFA as a collector’s item is no longer subject to any of the 

provisions of the NFA. In most cases, the weapon will still be a firearm as defined in the GCA and 

subject to regulation under the GCA. In some situations, the weapon that is removed from the NFA as a 

collector’s item will be an antique firearm as defined in the GCA.27 In these instances, the weapon 

would no longer be a firearm as defined in Federal law. 

The Attorney General does not have the authority to remove a machinegun or a destructive device from 

the provisions of the NFA as collector’s items.28 Therefore, applications to remove machineguns or 

destructive devices from the NFA as collector’s items cannot be approved. 

Section 2.5 Removal of firearms from the scope of the NFA by modification/elimination of 

components. 

Firearms, except machineguns and silencers, that are subject to the NFA fall within the various 

definitions due to specific features. If the particular feature that causes a firearm to be regulated by the 

NFA is eliminated or modified, the resulting weapon is no longer an NFA weapon. 

For example, a shotgun with a barrel length of 15 inches is an NFA weapon. If the 15- inch barrel is 

removed and disposed of, the remaining firearm is not subject to the NFA because it has no barrel. 

Likewise, if the 15 inch barrel is modified by permanently attaching an extension such that the barrel 

length is at least 18 inches and the overall length of the weapon is at least 26 inches, the modified 

firearm is not subject to the NFA. NOTE: an acceptable method for permanently installing a barrel 

extension is by gas or electric steel seam welding or the use of high temperature silver solder having a 

flow point of 1100 degrees Fahrenheit. 

A shot pistol (“any other weapon”) such as an H&R Handy Gun may be removed from the NFA by 

either disposing of the smooth bore barrel or permanently installing a rifled sleeve chambered to accept 

a standard pistol cartridge into the smooth bore barrel. Modified by sleeving the barrel, an H&R Handy 

Gun is no longer an NFA weapon because it now has a rifled bore. 

Large caliber destructive devices that are not also machineguns can be removed from the NFA by 

disposing of the barrel. If the barrel of a 37mm cannon is removed and disposed of, the remaining 

weapon has no barrel or bore diameter. As an alternative, the barrel of a destructive device may be 

functionally destroyed. To destroy the barrel of a destructive device the following operations must be 

performed: 

• Cut a hole, equal to the diameter of the bore, on a 90-degree angle to the axis of the bore, 

through one side of the barrel in the high pressure (chamber) area. 

• Weld the barrel to the receiver of the weapon. 

• Weld an obstruction into the barrel to prevent the introduction of a round of ammunition. 

2.5.1 Removal of machineguns and silencers from the scope of the NFA. Machineguns are defined 

to include the receiver of a machinegun and the definition of silencer includes each component of a 

 

27 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(16) 

28 26 U.S.C. 5845(a) 
22

silencer. Therefore, to remove these weapons from the provisions of the NFA, the receiver of a 

machinegun or all the components of a silencer must be destroyed. 

The preferred method for destroying a machinegun receiver is to completely sever the receiver in 

specified locations by means of a cutting torch that displaces at least one-quarter inch of material at each 

cut location. ATF has published rulings concerning the preferred destruction of specific machineguns.29 

A machinegun receiver may also be properly destroyed by means of saw cutting and disposing of certain 

removed portions of the receiver. To ensure that the proposed saw cutting of a particular machinegun 

receiver is acceptable, FTB should be contacted for guidance and approval of any alternative destruction 

proposal. Note: a machinegun receiver that is not properly destroyed may still be classified as a 

machinegun, particularly in instances where the improperly destroyed receiver is possessed in 

conjunction with other component parts for the weapon. 

A silencer may be destroyed by completely severing each component by means of a cutting torch that 

has a tip of sufficient size to displace at least one-quarter inch of material at each cut location. 

Concerning the outer tube(s) of a silencer, these components may be destroyed by crushing them flat in 

lieu of cutting with a torch. 

Anyone interested in destroying an NFA weapon by means other than described above should contact 

FTB to discuss possible alternatives. 

 

 

29 Appendix B (ATF Rulings 2003-1, 2003-2, 2003-3, 2003-4) 
23

CHAPTER 3. REGISTRATION OF NFA FIREARMS

Section 3.1 The National Firearm Registration and Transfer Record (NFRTR)

The NFRTR is the central registry of all NFA firearms in the U.S. which are not in the possession or 

under the control of the U.S. Government. The registry includes (1) the identification of the firearm, (2) 

date of registration, and (3) identification and address of the person entitled to possession of the firearm 

(the person to whom the firearm is registered).30

Section 3.2 Who may register NFA firearms 

3.2.1 Amnesty registration. When the NFA was amended in 1968, a 30-day amnesty period 

immediately following the law’s effective date was established during which persons possessing 

unregistered firearms could register them in the NFRTR.31 

The 1968 amendments also provided for the establishment of additional amnesty periods not exceeding 

90 days per period.32 To date, no additional amnesty periods have been declared. Requests for further 

amnesty periods have been denied, principally because additional periods could jeopardize pending ATF 

investigations and prosecutions of NFA violations. 

3.2.2 Registration by State and local agencies. To be lawfully possessed by States and political 

subdivisions of the States (for example, local police departments), NFA firearms must be registered in 

the NFRTR. The regulations permit State and local police organizations acquiring unregistered NFA 

firearms for official use, by seizure, forfeiture, or abandonment, to register them in the NFRTR by filing 

ATF Forms 10. Appendix C contains a copy of the form. Firearms registered on Forms 10 are for 

official use only and subsequent transfers will be approved only to other government agencies for 

official use.33 For example, they may not be traded to an FFL/SOT in exchange for other firearms or 

police equipment. 

3.2.3 Registration by makers. Persons other than FFLs and SOTs desiring to make an NFA firearm 

are required to first register the firearm by filing Form 1 with ATF and obtaining approval of the form 

and registration of the firearm. Appendix C contains a copy of the form. ATF will approve a making 

application on Form 1 if the maker pays the $200 making tax required by the NFA, identifies the firearm 

as the form requires, includes his/her fingerprints and photographs if the maker is an individual, and if 

the making and the maker’s possession of the firearm would not place the maker in violation of any 

Federal, State or local law.34 A law enforcement certification is also required if the maker is an 

individual. Note also that ATF will not approve the making of a machinegun it determines would 

violate 18 U.S.C. 922(o). Section 922(o) generally prohibits the possession of machineguns 

manufactured on or after May 19, 1986. 

 

 

30 26 U.S.C. 5841(a) 

31 Section 207(b) of the Gun Control Act of 1968, Public Law 90-618, approved October 22, 1968 

32 Section 207(d), ibid 

33 27 CFR 479.104 

34 26 U.S.C 5822; 27 CFR 479.62, 479.63, 479.64 
24

3.2.4 Registration by importers. FFLs/SOTs qualified as importers must register imported firearms 

by filing ATF Forms 2, Notice of Firearms Manufactured or Imported, no later than 15 days from the

date the imported firearms were released by Customs. Upon timely receipt by ATF of a Form 2 and a 

copy of Form 6A showing Customs’ release of an imported firearm, ATF will register the firearm to the

importer.35 Appendix C contains copies of Forms 2 and 6A. Note that the NFA prohibits importation of 

NFA firearms unless they are being imported for the use of the United States or a State agency, for 

scientific or research purposes, or for testing or use as a model by a registered importer or solely for use 

as a sales sample by a registered importer or registered dealer.36 In the case of an imported machinegun, 

Section 922(o) of the GCA would also apply. 

3.2.5 Registration by manufacturers. FFLs/SOTs qualified as manufacturers must register 

manufactured firearms by filing ATF Form 2, Notice of Firearms Manufactured or Imported. All 

firearms manufactured during a single day must be listed on one Form 2. The form must be filed no 

later than the close of the next business day. Receipt of the form by ATF will serve to register the listed 

firearms to the manufacturer.37 Appendix C contains a copy of Form 2. 

3.2.6 Registration to transferees. Registered firearms may be transferred by their registered 

owners/possessors to transferees. Other than Form 10 registration, there is no mechanism in the NFA to 

lawfully transfer unregistered NFA firearms. 

3.2.6.1 Transfers by persons other than FFLs/SOTs to other such persons. Transferors of registered 

firearms must file ATF Forms 4, Application for Tax Paid Transfer and Registration of a Firearm, to 

register the firearm to the transferee and pay the applicable transfer tax.38 Appendix C contains a copy 

of the form. The form must be approved by ATF before the transfer may be made.39 ATF will not 

approve the form if the transfer, receipt, or possession of the firearm would place the transferee in 

violation of any Federal, State, or local law.40 A law enforcement certification is also required on ATF 

Form 4. 

3.2.6.2 Transfers by FFLs/SOTs to persons other than FFLs/SOTs. Transferors of registered 

firearms must file ATF Forms 4, Application for Tax Paid Transfer and Registration of a Firearm, to 

register the firearm to the transferee and pay the applicable transfer tax. Appendix C contains a copy of 

the form. The form must be approved by ATF before the transfer may bemade.41 ATF will not approve 

the form if the transfer, receipt, or possession of the firearm would place the transferee in violation of 

any Federal, State, or local law.42 

3.2.6.3 Transfers by non-FFLs/SOTs to FFLs/SOTs. Transferors of registered firearms must file 

ATF Forms 4, Application for Tax Paid Transfer and Registration of a Firearm, to register the firearm to 

 

35 27 CFR 479.112 

36 26 U.S.C. 5844 

37 27 CFR 479.103 

38 26 U.S.C. 5812(a); 27 CFR 479.84 

39 26 U.S.C. 5812(b); 27 CFR 479.86 

40 26 U.S.C. 5812(a); 27 CFR 479.85 

41 26 U.S.C. 5812(b); 27 CFR 479.86 

42 26 U.S.C. 5812(a); 27 CFR 479.85 
25

the transferee and pay the applicable transfer tax.43 Appendix C contains a copy of the form. The form 

must be approved by ATF before the transfer may be made.44 ATF will not approve the form if the 

transfer, receipt, or possession of the firearm would place the transferee in violation of any Federal, 

State, or local law. 

3.2.6.4 Transfers by FFLs/SOTs to other FFLs/SOTs. Transferors must file ATF Forms 3, 

Application for Tax-Exempt Transfer of Firearm and Registration to Special Occupational Taxpayer, to 

register the firearm to the transferee.45 Appendix C contains a copy of the form. In these transactions, 

the transferor has no liability for the transfer tax. The form must be approved by ATF before the 

transfer may be made.46 ATF will not approve the form if the transfer, receipt, or possession of the 

firearm would place the transferee in violation of any Federal, State, or local law. 

3.2.6.5 Transfers to State and local government agencies. Transferors must file ATF Forms 5, 

Application for Tax Exempt Transfer and Registration of a Firearm, to register the firearm to such 

agency.47 Appendix C contains a copy of the form. In these transactions, the transferor has no liability 

for the transfer tax. The Form must be approved by ATF before the transfer may be made.48 

Section 3.3 Status of unregistered firearms 

Firearms not lawfully registered as required by the NFA may not be registered and legitimized by their 

possessors. They are contraband and unlawful to possess.49 However, see Section 2.4 for information 

on removing NFA firearms from the scope of the NFA because of their status as collectors’ items, 

modification, or elimination of certain component parts. 

Section 3.4 ATF disclosure of NFA registration information 

3.4.1 Restrictive use of information. The NFA provides that no information or evidence obtained 

from an application, registration, or records required to be submitted or retained by a natural person 

(individual) in order to comply with the NFA or the NFA regulations shall be used directly or indirectly 

as evidence against the person in a criminal proceeding with respect to a violation of law occurring prior 

to or concurrently with the filing of the application or registration.50 Filing false information is an 

exception to this prohibition.51

3.4.2 Prohibition on ATF’s disclosure of tax returns or tax return information. NFA forms are 

treated as tax returns and registration information in the NFRTR is considered to be tax return 

 

43 26 U.S.C. 5812(a); 27 CFR 479.84 

44 26 U.S.C. 5812(b); 27 CFR 479.86 

45 26 U.S.C. 5812(a); 27 CFR 479.88

46 26 U.S.C. 5812(b); 27 CFR 479.88(b) 

47 26 U.S.C. 5812(a); 27 CFR 479.90 

48 26 U.S.C. 5812(b); 27 CFR 479.90(b) 

49 U.S. v. Freed, 401 U.S. 601 (1971) 

50 26 U.S.C. 5848(a) 

51 26 U.S.C. 5848(b) 
26

information. ATF is generally prohibited from disclosing tax returns and tax return information.52

However, firearms registration information may be disclosed to registered owners/possessors of the 

firearms. 

3.4.3 Determining the registration status of an NFA firearm. The situation may arise when a person 

finds in his or her possession an NFA firearm and is uncertain whether the firearm is lawfully registered. 

Naturally, the person will want to query the NFA Branch to determine the registration status of the 

firearm. Because of the restriction on disclosure of NFA registration information discussed in section 

3.4.2, ATF will not respond to the person’s telephone request for the registration status of the firearm. 

To communicate with the person, the NFA Branch will respond to the request if the person verifies his 

or her identity to the Branch in writing. If the firearm is registered to the person in the NFRTR, the 

Branch will so advise the person and, if the circumstances warrant, provide the person with a copy of the 

registration. See also Section 3.5 on lost or stolen registration documents. 

 

Section 3.5 Lost or stolen registration documents. A person possessing a firearm registered as 

required by the NFA must retain proof of registration, that is, the registration form showing registration 

of the firearm to the person, which must be made available to ATF upon request.

53 If a registrant 

discovers that a Form 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, or 10 is stolen, lost or destroyed, the registrant must immediately 

report the theft, loss, or destruction in writing to the NFABranch.54 The report must contain the details 

of the situation. ATF will issue a duplicate copy of the registration document as the circumstances 

warrant. 

Section 3.6 Correcting incorrect registration documents. Occasionally, the registered possessor of 

an NFA firearm may notice that the registered firearm does not match the registration document. 

Perhaps the serial number is slightly different. In this situation, the registrant should take a photograph 

of the markings on the firearm (or a rubbing) and send it to the NFA Branch with a written request to 

correct the serial number as documented on the NFRTR. ATF will respond to the request by letter 

stating that the NFRTR has been corrected and advising the registrant to keep the letter with the 

registration document as evidence of proper registration. 

Section 3.7 Maintaining registration documents. A person possessing an NFA firearm registered as 

required by law must retain proof of registration, that is, the document showing the person’s registration, 

which must be made available to ATF upon request.55

 

 

 

 

52 26 U.S.C. 6103 

53 26 U.S.C. 5841(e) 

54 27 CFR 479.142 

55 26 U.S.C. 5841(e) 
27

CHAPTER 4. TAXES IMPOSED BY THE NFA 

Section 4.1 Taxes 

The NFA imposes tax on the making and transfer of firearms. The Act also requires annual payment of a 

special (occupational) tax (SOT) by licensees engaged in the business of manufacturing, dealing in, or 

importing NFA firearms. The NFA also provides for exemptions from the making, transfer, and special 

(occupational) taxes in specific situations. 

4.1.1 Making tax. A tax of $200 is imposed on the making of all NFA firearms made by other than 

qualified manufacturers of firearms.56 The tax must be paid prior to making the firearm. Payment of the 

making tax is submitted with the Application to Make and Register a Firearm (ATF Form 1). See 

Appendix C for a copy of Form 1. The making tax is also imposed when a registered, unserviceable 

NFA firearm is reactivated.57 See the exemptions from tax discussed in Section 4.2.1. 

4.1.2 Transfer tax. Transfer of a serviceable NFA firearm is subject to the transfer tax.58 The tax must 

be paid prior to the transfer. Payment of the tax is submitted with the Application to Transfer and 

Register a Firearm (ATF Form 4). See Appendix C for a copy of Form 4. ATF will accept payment of 

the tax from either the transferor or transferee. The tax on the transfer of short barrel shotguns, short 

barrel rifles, machineguns, silencers and destructive devices is $200. The transfer tax for firearms 

classified as “any other weapon” is $5. See the exemptions from tax discussed in Section 4.2.2. 

NOTE: there is often confusion concerning the tax on “any other weapons.” The majority of NFA 

weapons are subject to a making tax of $200 and a transfer tax of $200. Many individuals have the 

mistaken belief that the rate of tax for making an “any other weapon” is $5 because the transfer tax on 

“any other weapons” is $5. As discussed in Section 4.1.1, the making tax on all types of NFA firearms 

is $200. 

4.1.3 Special (occupational) tax. On first engaging in business, each importer, manufacturer, and 

dealer in NFA firearms must pay a special (occupational) tax for each place of business.59 Special tax is 

paid by return, specifically ATF Form 5630.7, Special Tax Registration and Return. Appendix C 

contains a copy of the return. Subsequent to the initial payment of the SOT, the tax is due on or before 

July 1 of each year. The rate of tax for importers and manufacturers is $1000 per year. The rate of tax 

for dealers is $500 per year. The NFA provides a reduced rate of SOT for importers and manufacturers 

whose gross receipts for the most recent taxable year are less than $500,000.60 See the exemptions from 

tax discussed in Section 4.2.3. 

 

56 26 U.S.C. 5821 

57 ATF Form 1 (5320.1), Instruction k 

58 26 U.S.C. 5811 

59 26 U.S.C. 5801 

60 26 U.S.C. 5801(b)(1) 
28

Section 4.2 Exemptions from tax 

4.2.1 Making tax. A manufacturer who has paid the SOT is exempt from payment of the making tax.61 

Likewise, there is no making tax imposed on the making of an NFA firearm by or on behalf of a Federal 

or State agency.62 

4.2.2 Transfer tax. Transfers of registered firearms between SOTs are exempt from the transfer tax.63 

Likewise, there is no transfer tax imposed on the transfer of firearms to a Federal or State agency.64

4.2.2.1 Unserviceable firearms. An unserviceable firearm may be transferred as a curio or ornament 

without payment of the transfer tax.65

4.2.3 Special (occupational) tax. A person required to pay SOT is exempt from the tax if it is 

established that the business is conducted exclusively with, or on behalf of, an agency of the United 

States.66 This exemption must be obtained by filing a letter application addressed to the NFA Branch 

setting out the manner in which the applicant conducts business, the type of firearms to be 

manufactured, and satisfactory proof of the existence of the applicant’s contract with the Government.67 

This exemption must be renewed by letter on or before July of each year. Approval of the application 

entitles the applicant to the exemption. 

4.2.4 Exportation of firearms. An NFA firearm may be exported without payment of the transfer tax 

provided that proof of the exportation is furnished in such form and manner as the regulations 

prescribe.68 The form to be filed is ATF Form 9 (Firearms), Application and Permit for Exportation of 

Firearms.69 See Appendix C for a copy of the form. Approval of the form by ATF is required before 

exportation. NOTE: exportation of NFA firearms without an approved Form 9 will subject their 

registered owner to NFA transfer tax. 

 

 

 

61 26 U.S. 5852(c) 

62 26 U.S.C. 5852(b), 5853(b) 

63 26 U.S.C. 5852(d) 

64 26 U.S.C. 5852(a), 5853(a) 

65 26 U.S.C. 5852(e) 

66 26 U.S.C. 5851 

67 27 CFR 479.33 

68 26 U.S.C. 5854 

69 27 CFR 479.114 
29

CHAPTER 5. QUALIFYING TO DO BUSINESS IN NFA FIREARMS 

Section 5.1 Licensing under the GCA 

5.1.1 Application for GCA license. Any “person” intending to engage in the business of importing, 

manufacturing, or dealing in NFA firearms, which are also defined as “firearms” under the GCA, must 

first apply for and obtain a license.70 The license application is ATF Form 7 (5310.12). Appendix C 

contains a copy of the form. Licenses are issued for a period of 3 years. 

5.1.1.1 Definition of “person” for GCA purposes. The GCA defines “person” to include “any 

individual, corporation, company, association, firm, partnership, society, or joint stock 

company.”71 ATF recognizes the term to include a limited liability company (“LLC”) organized 

under State law. Thus, an LLC must obtain a GCA license to engage in a GCA firearms business 

and ATF will issue a license to an LLC meeting the licensing standards. 

5.1.2 License fees.

72 

5.1.2.1 Manufacturers. If the applicant is a manufacturer of destructive devices, the fee is 

$1,000 per year. For firearms other than destructive devices, the fee is $50 per year. 

5.1.2.2 Importers. If the applicant is an importer of destructive devices, the fee is $1,000 per 

year. For firearms other than destructive devices, the fee is $50 per year. 

5.1.2.3 Dealers. If the applicant is a dealer in destructive devices, the fee is $1,000 per year. 

For firearms other than destructive devices, the fee is $200 for 3 years, except that the fee for 

renewal is $90 for 3 years. 

5.1.3 Licensing standards under the GCA.

73

5.1.3.1 Age. If the applicant is an individual, he or she must be at least 21 years of age. 

5.1.3.2 Prohibited persons. Persons who fall within the prohibited persons categories set forth 

in 18 U.S.C. 922(g) and (n) do not qualify for licensing. The same is true of business entities 

having “responsible persons” under any one of the disabilities. 

 5.1.3.3 “Responsible persons.” If the applicant is a corporation, partnership, or association 

(including an LLC), the applicant would not qualify for licensing if the entity itself has GCA 

disabilities under section 922(g) or (n) or has any individual possessing directly or indirectly the 

power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of the firm under 

disabilities. These management and policy-making individuals include only those having 

responsibilities with respect to firearms. For example, they would not include individuals only 

 

70 18 U.S.C. 923(a); 27 CFR 478.44 

71 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(1) 

72 18 U.S.C. 923(a)(1); 27 CFR 478.42 

73 18 U.S.C. 923(d)(1) 
30

having duties related to administration or personnel. Those having management and policymaking responsibilities with respect to firearms are referred to as “responsible persons” and must 

be listed on the firm’s license application and their fingerprints and photographs must 

accompany the application. If the firm has a “responsible person” under disabilities, the firm 

would become eligible for licensing if the person is removed from his or her firearms 

management or policy-making position. 

5.1.3.4 Removing disabilities. The GCA provides a mechanism for ATF to grant relief to 

persons under Federal firearms disabilities who apply for relief.74 However, Congress has 

denied ATF’s use of funds to process relief applications or grant relief. An exception was made 

for corporations. Thus, a corporation convicted of a “crime punishable by imprisonment for a 

term exceeding one year" may apply for and obtain relief from ATF. Not all disabilities are 

permanent. Examples: a person convicted of a crime in Federal court could get relief by 

applying to the U.S. Pardon Attorney for a presidential pardon and obtaining a pardon; a person 

convicted of a State crime may, depending on State law, get relief by a State pardon, expunction 

or set-aside of the conviction, or restoration of rights if the person would have no remaining 

firearms disabilities under State law75; and a person under a restraining order relating to domestic 

violence would be relieved from disabilities if the order is terminated. 

5.1.3.5 Prior willful violations. The applicant must not have willfully violated any provision of 

the GCA or the regulations. 

5.1.3.6 False statements. The applicant has not willfully failed to disclose any material 

information required or made any material false statements in connection with the application. 

5.1.3.7 Business premises. The applicant must have a permanent premises from which business 

is to be conducted. The applicant must certify that conducting business from that location is not 

prohibited by State or local law; that within 30 days after license approval the business will 

comply with State and local laws applicable to the business and business will not be conducted 

until State and local requirements have been met; and that the chief law enforcement officer at 

the proposed business location has been advised of the intent to apply for a license. 

5.1.3.8 May a license be obtained to do business solely away from the licensed premises at 

gun shows? Under the law, a licensee is entitled to do business at gun shows within the State in 

which the licensed premises is located. However, a person seeking a license to deal in firearms 

solely away from the licensed premises at gun shows does not qualify for licensing. Licensing in 

this instance would not meet the requirement discussed in Section 5.1.3.8 that the applicant must 

have a permanent premises from which business is conducted. 

5.1.3.9 Gun storage and safety devices. Applicants for dealers licenses must certify that 

secure gun storage or safety devices will be available to nonlicensees with certain exceptions: 

storage or safety devices are temporarily unavailable because of theft, casualty loss, consumer 

sales, backorders, or similar reasons beyond the licensee’s control. 

 

74 18 U.S.C. 925(c) 

75 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(20) 
31

5.1.4 Multiple business locations. A separate license must be obtained for each location at which 

business will be conducted.76 

5.1.4.1 Locations solely for storage. No license is required to cover a separate warehouse used 

by the FFL solely for storage of firearms if required records are maintained at the licensed 

premises served by the warehouse.77 

5.1.5 Establishing a common expiration date for licenses at multiple locations. For the convenience 

of FFLs, ATF Ruling 73-9 (see Appendix C) provides that FFLs holding licenses at more than one 

location may establish a common expiration date for the licenses issued to their several locations. FFLs 

wishing to establish such a date for all licenses issued to them may apply in writing to the Federal 

Firearms Licensing Center. 

5.1.6 Engaging in business as both an importer and a manufacturer. Persons intending to engage 

in business as firearms importers and manufacturers, even if the businesses will be conducted from the 

same premises, must have both an importer’s license and a manufacturer’s license.78

5.1.7 Do importers and manufacturers need a dealer’s license to deal in the firearms they import 

or manufacture? Licensed importers and manufacturers are not required to have a separate dealer’s 

license to deal in firearms they import or manufacture. A license as an importer or manufacturer 

authorizes the FFL to deal in the types of firearms authorized by the license to be imported or 

manufactured.79

5.1.8 License renewal. Licenses are issued for a 3-year period. Prior to the expiration of a license, the 

FFL will receive from ATF a license renewal application, ATF Form 8, that should be filed with ATF 

prior to the expiration date shown on the current license. If a Form 8 is not received 30 days before the 

expiration date, the FFL should contact ATF’s Federal Firearms Licensing Center. It is the 

responsibility of the FFL to timely obtain and file a renewal application. Appendix C contains a copy of 

the form. ATF has 60 days within which to act on an original or renewal license application.80 

5.1.8.1 Right to operate while renewal application is pending; “letters of continuing 

operations.” ATF’s approval of a license renewal application may occur after the expiration 

date shown on the current license. If a license renewal application is timely filed, but not acted 

upon until after the expiration date of the applicant’s current license, may the applicant lawfully 

conduct the business after that date? The law, 5 U.S.C. 558, allows an FFL to continue to 

lawfully conduct business under a current license until a timely filed renewal application is acted 

upon. To show the FFL’s current suppliers that the license is still valid while the renewal 

application is pending, the FFL may obtain a “letter of continuing operations” from the Federal 

Firearms Licensing Center, showing that the transferee’s license is still valid even though it 

appears on its face to have expired. 

 

76 27 CFR 478.50 

77 Ibid 

78 27CFR 478.41(b) 

79 Ibid 

80 27 CFR 478.45 
32

Section 5.2 Payment of special (occupational) tax to do business in NFA firearms. See also Section 

4.1.3. 

5.2.1 Every “person” who engages in the business of importing, manufacturing, or dealing in 

firearms (including pawnbrokers) shall pay a special tax.81 The tax must be paid on or before the 

date of commencing the taxable business and every year thereafter on or before July 1. The tax is not 

prorated and is computed for the entire tax year (July 1 through June 30), regardless of the portion of the 

year during which the taxpayer engages in business. Persons commencing business at any time after 

July 1 in any year are liable for the tax for the entire tax year. 

5.2.1.1 Definition of “person” for NFA purposes. For purposes of the NFA, “person” is 

defined as a “partnership, company, association, trust, estate, or corporation, as well as a natural 

person.”82 ATF recognizes the term to include a limited liability company (“LLC”) organized 

under State law. Thus, an LLC engaged in an NFA firearms business must pay the NFA special 

tax. 

5.2.2 Tax must be paid for each business location. The special tax must be paid for each premises 

where business will be conducted.83

5.2.3 Rate of tax. 

5.2.3.1 Importers and manufacturers. The tax is generally $1,000 a year or fraction thereof.84 

See 26 U.S.C. 5801(b) and 27 CFR 479.32a for the reduced tax rate for certain “small importers 

and manufacturers.” Those entitled to the reduced tax rate are subject only to a $500 tax per year. 

5.2.3.2 Dealers. The tax is $500 a year or fraction thereof.85

5.2.4 How to pay special tax. Special tax must be paid by filing ATF Form 5630.7, Special Tax 

Registration and Return, together with a check or money order for the amount of the tax. The form and 

tax payment must be sent to the Bureau of ATF, Attention NFA, P.O. Box 403269, Atlanta, Ga. 30384-

3269. Upon filing a properly completed Form 5630.7 and payment of the special tax, the taxpayer will 

be issued a special tax stamp as evidence of tax payment.86

5.2.4.1 Employer identification number (EIN). The tax return, Form 5630.7, must contain a 

valid EIN number issued by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). If the taxpayer does not have 

an EIN number, the IRS in the taxpayer’s locality should be contacted to obtain a number. The 

number may also be obtained by contacting the IRS on-line. 

 

81 26 U.S.C. 5801 

82 27 CFR 479.11 

83 27 CFR 479.38 

84 26 U.S.C 5801(a)(1) 

85 26 U.S.C. 5801(a)(2) 

86 27 CFR 479.36 
33

5.2.4.2 Renewal of special tax. In May of each year, ATF will send a renewal tax return, ATF 

Form 5630.5R (NFA Special Tax Renewal Registration and Return) and ATF Form 5630.5RC 

(NFA Special Tax Location Registration Listing) to each person who paid the special tax for the 

current tax year. The taxpayer should make any necessary changes to the information preprinted on the forms and return the forms with remittance to ATF as directed on the forms. 

5.2.5 Exemption from special tax. Any person required to pay special tax shall be relieved from tax 

payment if it is established that the business is conducted exclusively on behalf of the U.S. 

Government.87 The exemption may be obtained by filing with the NFA Branch a letter stating the 

manner in which business is conducted, the type of firearms to be manufactured, and proof of the 

person’s contract with the U.S.88 The exemption must be renewed on or before July 1 of each year. 

5.2.6 Collectors acquiring NFA firearms for their personal collections by acquiring dealers’ 

licenses and paying NFA special tax. Some NFA firearms collectors, who are not engaged in any 

firearms business, have been known to acquire a GCA license to deal in firearms and pay the NFA 

special tax to acquire NFA firearms for their personal firearms collections. They do so for a number of 

reasons: (1) to acquire firearms from nonlicensees residing out-of-state; (2) to circumvent requirements 

imposed on individuals to provide their fingerprints and photographs in order to receive NFA firearms 

and law enforcement certifications authorizing their receipt of such firearms; and (3) to avoid NFA 

transfer tax on firearms they receive from FFLs/SOTs. 

Warning: These transactions violate the law and can only lead to trouble for the collector. In these 

instances, the collector has committed Federal felonies by falsely stating on a license application and 

special tax return that the collector intends to conduct a firearms business. Any NFA firearms received 

tax free by the collector are subject to transfer tax and the collector’s receipt of the firearms tax free 

violated the NFA. As held in ATF Ruling 76-22, these transfers are unlawful and the firearms received 

are subject to seizure and forfeiture. 

Section 5.3 Registration by firearms manufacturers and exporters with the U.S. Department of 

State (DOS). DOS has the responsibility of enforcing the provisions of the Arms Export Control Act 

(AECA) relating to the export of firearms and other defense articles on the U.S. Munitions List. 

Nevertheless, any person engaged in the U.S. in the business of manufacturing or exporting firearms or 

other defense articles is required to register with DOS’s Directorate of Defense Trade Controls.89 The 

regulations expressly state that “Manufacturers who do not engage in exporting must nevertheless 

register.” 

5.3.1 How manufacturers should register. DSP-9 (Registration Statement) and a transmittal letter 

required by DOS regulations at 22 CFR 122.2(b) must be submitted to DOS by the registrant with a 

check or money order payable to DOS of one of the fees prescribed by 22 CFR 122.3(a).90 Appendix C 

contains a copy of Form DSP-9. The registration and transmittal letter must be signed by a senior 

officer who has been empowered by the registrant to sign the documents. The registrant must also 

 

87 26 U.S.C. 5851 

88 27 CFR 479.33 

89 22 CFR 122.1 

90 22 CFR 122.2(a) 
34

submit documentation demonstrating that it is incorporated or otherwise authorized to do business in the 

U.S. 

Section 5.4 Registration by firearms importers with ATF. Persons engaged in the business in the 

U.S. of importing firearms and other articles enumerated on the U.S. Munitions Import List must 

register with ATF’s Director.91 

5.4.1 How importers should register. An application to register must be filed on ATF Form 4587, in 

duplicate, with the Director and be accompanied with the registration fee at the rate prescribed by the 

regulations at 27 CFR 447.32(b).92 Appendix C contains a copy ATF Form 4587. Fees paid in advance 

for whole future years of a multiple year registration will be refunded upon request if the registrant 

ceases to engage in importing such firearms or other articles on the List. A request for refund must be 

submitted to ATF’s Director, attention Firearms and Explosives Imports Branch, prior to the beginning 

of any year for which refund is claimed. 

Sec. 5.5 Filing by Facsimile Transmission. The NFA Branch allows an FFL who is qualified to import, 

manufacture, or deal in NFA to file certain registration forms by facsimile transmission (fax) directly to 

the NFA Branch. The forms are: Form 2, Form 3, Form 5 (where the application is not accompanied by 

fingerprint cards), and Form 9. However, before the FFL can file by fax, the FFL must first submit an 

affidavit, in original, to the Chief, NFA Branch. The affidavit concerns who files the forms, the 

treatment of the signature on the fax as original, and that the copies are to be treated as originals. The 

format for the affidavit and a discussion of the procedure is in an ATF memo to Federal Firearms 

Licensees and NFA Special (Occupational) Taxpayers, dated January 31, 2006, and can be found in 

Appendix B. 

 

91 27 CFR 447.31 

92 27 CFR 447.32 
35

CHAPTER 6. MAKING NFA FIREARMS BY NONLICENSEE 

Section 6.1 Requirements for making NFA firearms. Persons not otherwise prohibited from 

possessing firearms may submit an application to make an NFA firearm, other than a machinegun.93 

The application process requires submission of ATF Form 1, Application to Make and Register a 

Firearm, in duplicate, along with FBI FD-258, Fingerprint Card, in duplicate, and payment of the $200 

making tax. Appendix C contains a copy of Form 1. 

Section 6.2 Preparation of Form 1. Every person (other than a licensed manufacturer who has also 

paid the required SOT to manufacture NFA weapons) must complete the Form 1.94 Two identical 

copies of the application must be prepared. All entries must be made in ink. All required signatures 

must be original and entered in ink. Photocopies or other facsimile or carbon copy signatures are not 

acceptable. Under no circumstances will a form filled in by use of a lead pencil be accepted. All 

changes made on the form must be initialed and dated by the applicant. 

6.2.1 Description of firearm. If an existing firearm or firearm receiver is being used, the name and 

location of the original manufacturer of the weapon should be entered in Block 4(a). If the applicant is 

making a completely new firearm, the applicant’s name and location should be entered in Block 4(a). 

The type of firearm being made, i.e., short barrel rifle, short barrel shotgun, any other weapon, silencer 

or destructive device, is to be entered in Block 4(b). The caliber or gauge of the firearm is to be entered 

in Block 4(c). If a model designation has been assigned to the firearm, that designation is to be placed in 

Block 4(d). If the weapon has no model designation, enter “none” in Block 4(d). The length of the 

barrel is to be entered, in inches, in Block 4(e) and the overall length of the firearm is to be entered, in 

inches, in Block 4(f). 

All NFA firearms must be identified by a serial number and other specified markings95. If an existing 

firearm is being used in the making of the NFA weapon, and that firearm is serialized, the existing serial 

number should be used (unless it duplicates a serial number already used by the maker on Form 1) and 

entered in Block 4(g). If the weapon is of new manufacture, the applicant must assign a unique serial 

number and enter it in Block 4(g). For example, a unique serial number could be composed of at least 4 

digits preceded by the initials of the maker. NOTE: alpha characters, e.g., a name, will not be accepted 

as a serial number. If a name is to be used, there must be at least one numeric character in addition to 

the alpha characters. 

The serial number must be engraved or stamped on the receiver of the firearm and the caliber, model, 

and identification of the maker must be engraved on the barrel or frame or receiver of the weapon.96 The 

marking and identification requirements for a maker are the same as for a manufacturer. Refer to 

section 7.4 for a detailed discussion of the requirements. 

 

93 18 U.S.C. 922(o) 

94 26 U.S.C. 5822 

95 27 CFR 479.102 

96 Ibid 
36

6.2.2 Photograph of applicant. An unmounted photograph of the applicant approximately 2 x 2 inches 

and taken within the past year must be affixed to the indicated space on each copy of the application. 

The photograph must be original. Photocopies of photographs are not accepted. 

 

6.2.3 FBI Form FD-258, fingerprint card. A completed Form FD-258 containing the fingerprints of 

the applicant must be submitted in duplicate with the Form 1. The fingerprints should be taken by 

someone qualified to do so and must be clear, unsmudged and classifiable. The person taking the 

fingerprints must also enter the identification data regarding the applicant and must complete the 

fingerprint cards by signing as the person taking the fingerprints. NOTE: If the fingerprint cards are not 

properly prepared or the fingerprints are not legible, the application cannot be acted upon. If this 

situation occurs, ATF will contact the applicant for a new set of fingerprint cards. 

6.2.4 Law enforcement certification. As provided by the regulations, the law enforcement 

certification located on the back of Form 1 must be completed and signed by the local chief of police or 

county sheriff, the head of the State police, the State or local district attorney or prosecutor, “or such 

other person whose certificate may in a particular case be acceptable to the Director.”97 Examples of 

certifying officials, other than those specifically mentioned in the regulations, who have been found to 

be acceptable are State attorneys general, heads of district State police offices and certain State court 

judges. Judges’ certifications have been accepted if the judges preside over courts of general 

jurisdiction having original jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases or the authority to conduct 

criminal jury trials in felony cases. Generally, State magistrates and constables do not have such 

authority. NOTE: no official’s certification will be accepted unless the official has jurisdiction over the 

place where the applicant resides. The signature on each copy of the certification must be an original 

signature in ink. NOTE: if the Form 1 being submitted is to reactivate a properly registered 

unserviceable firearm, the law enforcement certification is not required. See Section 6.6. 

6.2.4.1 What if the proposed maker is unable to find any official in his or her 

jurisdiction willing to sign the law enforcement certification? The inability to find any 

official to sign the certification will not excuse the requirement for the certification. In that 

event, the proposed maker will not be able to obtain an approved Form 1 to lawfully make an 

NFA firearm. 

Section 6.3 Submission of Form 1. The completed Form 1, in duplicate, with fingerprint cards, 

photographs of the applicant, and payment of the $200 making tax should be mailed to: 

National Firearms Act Branch 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 

244 Needy Road 

Martinsburg, West Virginia 25405

Payment of the making tax is to be in the form of a check or money order payable to the Bureau of 

Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. 

6.3.1 State permit or license for possession of an NFA weapon. If the applicant’s state of residence 

 

97 27 CFR 479.63 
37

requires a permit or license for the possession of an NFA weapon before the applicant takes possession, 

a certified copy of the license or permit should be submitted with the Form 1 application. 

 

Section 6.4 Approval of Form 1. Non-FFL/SOT’s may seek approval to manufacture an NFA firearm 

(e.g., short-barreled rifles, short-barreled, shotguns, wallet guns, etc.) via submission of an ATF Form 1. 

Upon receipt of the completed Form 1, ATF will process the application and, if approved, a tax stamp 

will be affixed to the original of the form and the approved application will be returned to the applicant. 

Approval by ATF will effect registration of the firearm to the applicant. Upon receipt of the approved 

application, the applicant may make the firearm described on the approved Form 1. The approved form 

must be retained by the applicant and made available at all times for inspection by ATF officers or 

investigators. Note: Under no circumstances may the firearm in question be made prior to receipt of 

the approved Form 1. 

The approval of the Form 1 application authorizes the applicant to make the firearm. The approval does 

not authorize the applicant to convey or ship the firearm to another person to manufacture the NFA 

firearm. If another person will manufacture the NFA firearm, the other person would be the maker and 

the application must be submitted by that person. Subsequent to the making, the firearm could then be 

transferred, subsequent to an approved Form 4 application, to the person who wanted the modification to 

be made. 

If the applicant on the Form 1 lacks the skill, ability, and/or equipment to manufacture the NFA firearm, 

the applicant, after receipt of the approved Form 1, can have the firearm created or modified at a 

premises other than shown on the approved Form 1 as long as the creation or modification was done 

under the direct oversight of the applicant, thus having the applicant retain custody and control of the 

firearm. If the location is outside the applicant’s State and the firearm being made is a short barreled 

rifle, short barreled shotgun, destructive device, or an unserviceable machinegun which is being 

reactivated, the applicant will also need to request permission to transport the firearm interstate as 

required by 27 CFR 478.28. 

Section 6.5 Disapproval of Form 1. If the submitted application is disapproved, ATF will advise the 

applicant, provide a reason(s) for the disapproval, and return the making tax payment. 

Section 6.6 Reactivation of a registered unserviceable NFA firearm. The Form 1 may be used to 

reactivate a properly registered unserviceable firearm, including registered unserviceable machineguns. 

Block 4(i) of the form should indicate that a registered unserviceable weapon is being reactivated. The 

remainder of the form should be prepared and submitted with the making tax in the same manner as 

described above except that a law enforcement certification is not required. The existing serial number 

on the unserviceable firearm should be used. If the reactivation will be performed by a Class 2 

manufacturer, see Chapter 7 for additional information. 

Section 6.7 Incorrect Description of Firearm. If the original registration document for the 

unserviceable firearm contains incorrect descriptive information for the weapon, a letter should be 

written to the NFA Branch providing the proper description and/or indicating what portions of the 

description need to be changed. The letter should contain photographs of the actual markings on the 

firearm. If a correction of the recorded serial number is needed, a photograph or pencil rubbing of the 

serial number is required. ATF will provide a response indicating that the NFRTR has been amended to 
38

reflect the correct information. This confirmation from ATF should be retained with the registration 

document for the firearm. 

Section 6.8 Withdrawal or Cancellation of an ATF Form 1 and Refund of Making Tax. The Form 

1 applicant may withdraw the application by submitting a request, in writing, to the Chief, NFA Branch. 

The applicant may also cancel an approved Form 1 application by submitting a request, in writing, to the 

Chief, NFA Branch. The request for cancellation must state that the firearm was not made and must 

include the approved Form 1 with the stamp affixed. The NFA Branch will amend the NFRTR to reflect 

the withdrawal or cancellation of the application and arrange for the refund of the making tax. A request 

for cancellation may only be done if the firearm has not already been manufactured. If the firearm is 

made, the tax liability is incurred and the applicant cannot seek a cancellation. 
39

CHAPTER 7. MANUFACTURING NFA FIREARMS 

Section 7.1 Qualifying to manufacture NFA firearms 

7.1.1 Licensing under the GCA. Persons intending to engage in the business of manufacturing NFA 

firearms that also meet the definition of “firearm” in the GCA must first apply for and obtain a GCA 

manufacturer’s license.98 The license application is ATF Form 7 (5310.12).99 Appendix C contains a 

copy of the form. Licenses are issued for a period of 3 years. See Section 5.1 for a discussion of the 

license fees, licensing standards, and other provisions of the GCA relating to licensing. 

7.1.1.1 Engaging in business at multiple locations. A separate license must be obtained for 

each location where business will be conducted.100

7.1.1.2 Engaging in business as both an importer and a manufacturer. Persons intending to 

engage in business as firearms importers and manufacturers, even if the business will be 

conducted from the same premises, must have both an importer’s license and a manufacturer’s 

license.101

7.1.1.3 Do importers and manufacturers need a dealer’s license to deal in the firearms they 

import or manufacture? Licensed importers and manufacturers are not required to have a 

separate dealer’s license to deal in firearms they import or manufacture.102 A license as an 

importer or manufacturer authorizes the FFL to deal in the types of firearms authorized by the 

license to be imported or manufactured. 

7.1.1.4 Manufacturers of destructive devices. Manufacturers are reminded that if the firearms 

they manufacture include destructive devices, or if they solely manufacture destructive devices, 

they must apply for and obtain a license as a manufacturer of destructive devices. They should 

also note that the fee for such license is generally $1,000 per year, rather than $50 per year for a 

license to manufacture firearms other than destructive devices. A license is issued for a period of 

3 years. Qualifying to manufacture destructive devices also entitles the FFL to manufacture and 

deal in firearms other than destructive devices.103 

7.1.2 Payment of special (occupational) tax to do business in NFA firearms. Every person who 

engages in the business of manufacturing NFA firearms must pay a special tax.104 The tax must be paid 

on or before the date of commencing the taxable business and every year thereafter on or before July 1. 

The tax is paid by filing ATF Form 5630.7, Special Tax Registration and Return, together with a check 

or money order for the amount of the tax.105 Appendix C contains a copy of the form. The special tax 

 

98 18 U.S.C. 923(a) 

99 27 CFR 478.44(a) 

100 27 CFR 478.50 101 27 CFR 478.41(b) 102 ibid 103 ibid 104 26 U.S.C 5801 105 27 CFR 479.34(a) 
40

must be paid for each premises where business will be conducted.106 See Section 5.2 for a more 

thorough discussion of NFA’s requirements relating to the special tax. 

7.1.3 Registration by firearms manufacturers with the U.S. Department of State. The State 

Department has the responsibility of enforcing the provisions of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) 

relating to the export of firearms and other defense articles on the U.S. Munitions List. Nevertheless, 

any person engaged in the U.S. in the business of manufacturing or exporting firearms or other defense 

articles is required to register with the State Department’s Directorate of Defense Trade Controls 

(DDTC).107 The regulations expressly state that “Manufacturers who do not engage in exporting must 

nevertheless register.” Form DSP-9 (Registration Statement) and a transmittal letter must be submitted 

to DDTC by the registrant with a check or money order payable to the State Department of one of the 

fees prescribed by State Department regulations.108 Appendix C contains a copy of Form DSP-9. See 

Section 5.3 for a more detailed discussion of the registration requirement. 

7.1.3.1 Registration exemption for fabricating articles for “research and development.” 

State Department regulations in 22 CFR 122.1(b)(4) exempt from the registration requirement 

persons who fabricate articles for experimental or scientific purpose, including research and 

development. The regulations do not define “experimental or scientific purpose” or “research 

and development.” Consequently, manufacturers who believe they may be entitled to the 

exemption should contact DDTC to determine if they are entitled to the exemption. 

Section 7.2 What is a “manufacturer”?; What is “manufacturing”? 

7.2.1 “Manufacturer”. As defined by the GCA, a “manufacturer” is any person engaged in the 

business of manufacturing firearms or ammunition for purposes of sale or distribution.109 Similarly, 

NFA defines the term to mean any person “who is engaged in the business of manufacturing firearms”, 

that is, firearms subject to the NFA.110 To determine who is a “manufacturer” of firearms, we must look 

to see whether the person manufactures firearms as discussed in Section 7.2.2. 

7.2.2 “Manufacturing”. “Manufacturing” is not defined by the law, regulations, or any formal ATF 

ruling. Nevertheless, the term has been interpreted by ATF to cover activities other than producing a 

firearm from scratch. As interpreted by ATF, the term covers virtually any work performed on a firearm 

during the process of preparing the firearm for subsequent sale. For example, a person having a contract 

with a manufacturer to apply finishing or other work on firearms, or firearms frames or receivers, to 

prepare them for subsequent sale by the manufacturer would be a “manufacturer” required to qualify as 

such. Of course, if the person produced firearms parts other than frames or receivers for the 

manufacturer or performed work on firearms parts not defined as “firearms,” the person would not be a 

“manufacturer.” 

 

106 27 CFR 479.31(b) 107 22 CFR 122.1 108 22 CFR 122.2(a) 

109 18 U.S.C 921(a)(10) 110 26 U.S.C. 5845(m) 
41

7.2.3 What is the difference between manufacturing and gunsmithing? Performing the work of a 

gunsmith requires a dealer’s license under the GCA, not a manufacturer’s license.111 Nevertheless, a 

license as an importer or manufacturer also entitles the licensee to conduct business as a gunsmith. The 

term “dealer” under the GCA includes a gunsmith, that is, “any person engaged in the business of 

repairing firearms or fitting special barrels, stocks, or trigger mechanisms to firearms.” However, 

gunsmiths occasionally perform the work of a manufacturer and do so without the required 

manufacturer’s license. Indeed, there is no distinction between the activities of a gunsmith and a 

manufacturer in terms of the physical things done to a firearm. What distinguishes gunsmithing from 

manufacturing is the purpose for which the work is done. If a gunsmith performs work on a customer’s 

personal gun for the customer’s personal use, the function is lawfully performed pursuant to the 

gunsmith’s license as a dealer under the GCA. However, if the gunsmith performs work on guns as a 

step in the process of preparing them for subsequent sale, the work is “manufacturing” requiring a 

manufacturer’s license and, if the firearm is an NFA firearm, a special tax stamp under the NFA. Here 

are some examples: 

(1) John Doe has a personal firearm and takes it to a gunsmith, a licensed dealer, for 

modification. The work performed in this instance is the legitimate work of a gunsmith and may 

be performed pursuant to the gunsmith’s dealer’s license. The gunsmith need not be licensed as 

a manufacturer, or hold a special tax stamp in the case of an NFA firearm, to perform the work. 

(2) Company A is a licensed manufacturer, but contracts with other licensees to perform 

finishing work on NFA firearms it manufactures. One such contractor is a gunsmith, a licensed 

dealer. After receiving the finished firearms, Company A offers the firearms for sale. In this 

instance, the gunsmith, as well as Company A, is engaged in business as an NFA firearms 

manufacturer and needs a manufacturer’s license and special tax stamp to do so. 

 

7.2.4 Do you know how ATF would classify your product? There is no requirement in the law or 

regulations for a manufacturer to seek an ATF classification of its product prior to manufacture. 

Nevertheless, a firearms manufacturer is well advised to seek an ATF classification before going to the 

trouble and expense of producing it. Perhaps the manufacturer intends to produce a GCA firearm but 

not an NFA firearm. Submitting a prototype of the item to ATF’s Firearms Technology Branch (FTB) 

for classification in advance of manufacture is a good business practice to avoid an unintended 

classification and violations of the law. 

7.2.4.1 ATF classification letters. ATF letter rulings classifying firearms may generally be 

relied upon by their recipients as the agency’s official position concerning the status of the 

firearms under Federal firearms laws. Nevertheless, classifications are subject to change if later 

determined to be erroneous or impacted by subsequent changes in the law or regulations. To 

make sure their classifications are current, FFLs/SOTs should stay informed by periodically 

checking the information published on ATF’s website, particularly amendments to the law or 

regulations, published ATF rulings, and “open letters” to industry members. 

 

 

111 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(11)(B) 
42

Section 7.3 Registering the manufacture of NFA firearms. A manufacturer qualified to engage in 

business under the GCA and NFA may make NFA firearms without payment of the making tax.112 

However, the manufacturer must report and register each firearm made by filing with the NFA Branch 

an accurate notice of the manufacture on ATF Form 2, Notice of Firearms Manufactured or Imported, 

executed under the penalties of perjury.113 Appendix C contains a copy of Form 2. The NFA Branch’s 

receipt of the form effectuates the registration of the firearms listed on the form.114 See Section 7.4.6 on 

the manufacture of silencer parts. 

7.3.1 Preparation of ATF Forms 2. The form and its contents are prescribed by ATF regulation.115 

The regulation states that the form must set forth the name and address of the manufacturer, identify the 

manufacturer’s special tax stamp and license, and show the date of manufacture, the type, model, length 

of barrel, overall length, caliber, gauge or size, serial numbers and other marks of identification, and 

place where the firearms are kept. 

7.3.2 Filing ATF Forms 2. All firearms manufactured during a single day must be included on one 

Form 2 and must be filed by the manufacturer no later than the close of the next business day. The 

manufacturer must prepare the form in duplicate, file the original with the NFA Branch, and keep the 

copy with the records required to be kept. 

7.3.2.1 Existing firearms modified into NFA firearms or reactivated. If an existing firearm 

is modified into an NFA firearm or reactivated, the existing serial number of the firearm must be 

entered into Block 8g on Form 2 and the name and address of the original manufacturer or 

importer must be entered into Block 8b. It is unlawful for any person knowingly to transport, 

ship, or receive in interstate or foreign commerce any firearm which has had the importer’s or 

manufacturer’s serial number removed, obliterated, or altered, or to receive or possess any such 

firearm that has at any time been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce.116 

7.3.3 Reactivation of a registered unserviceable NFA firearm. Although unserviceable NFA 

firearms are “firearms” required to be registered under the NFA, the reactivation of such firearm is 

considered to be the making or manufacture of an NFA firearm. Consequently, a qualified NFA 

manufacturer who reactivates an unserviceable firearm must file a Form 2 with ATF showing the 

reactivation.117 The existing serial number on the unserviceable firearm should be used. 

7.3.3.1 Incorrect description of firearm. If the original registration document for the 

unserviceable firearm contains incorrect descriptive information for the weapon, a letter should 

be written to the NFA Branch providing the proper description and/or indicating what portions of 

the description need to be changed. The letter should contain photographs of the actual markings 

on the firearm. If a correction of the recorded serial number is needed, a photograph or pencil 

rubbing of the serial number is required. ATF will provide a response indicating that the 

 

112 27 CFR 479.68 113 27 CFR 479.103 114 ibid 115 ibid 116 18 U.S.C. 922(k) 117 See Instruction “c” on Form 2. 
43

NFRTR has been amended to reflect the correct information. This confirmation from ATF 

should be retained with the registration document for the firearm. 

7.3.3.2 Reactivation of a registered unserviceable NFA firearm. From time to time, a 

qualified manufacturer may receive a registered, unserviceable NFA firearm from a nonlicensee 

for reactivation. To lawfully do so, the firearm should be received pursuant to an approved ATF 

Form 5 for tax-exempt transfer (the transfer of a registered unserviceable firearm is not subject to 

the NFA transfer tax).118 Upon reactivating the firearm, the manufacturer must file Form 2 with 

ATF to register the manufacture or reactivation. To return the firearm to its owner, the 

manufacturer must obtain an approved Form 4 from ATF to transfer the firearm.119 Since the 

firearm is no longer unserviceable, the return of the firearm pursuant to an approved Form 4 

would be subject to the $200 NFA transfer tax, except that the transfer tax for a firearm defined 

as “any other weapon” is $5. In these instances, Forms 4 need not contain law enforcement 

certifications. 

Manufacturers may also receive unserviceable NFA firearms from FFLs/SOTs for reactivation. 

Receipt of the firearms must be pursuant to approved Form 3. Upon reactivation, the 

manufacturer must file Form 2 to register the manufacture or reactivation. Approved Forms 3 

must also be used to return reactivated firearms to the FFLs/SOTs. 

Section 7.4 The identification of firearms. 

7.4.1 Serial numbers. Each manufacturer of a firearm must legibly identify it by engraving, stamping 

(impressing), or otherwise conspicuously placing on the firearm’s frame or receiver an individual serial 

number not duplicating any serial number placed by the manufacturer on any other firearm.120 The 

requirement that the marking be “conspicuously” placed on the firearm means that the marking must be 

wholly unobstructed from plain view. For firearms manufactured on or after January 30, 2002, the serial 

number must be to a minimum depth of .003 inch and in a print size no smaller than 1/16 inch. 

7.4.1.1 What is an acceptable serial number? Alpha characters (letters), for example a name, 

are not acceptable as a serial number. A proper serial number may contain such characters or 

letters, but it must have at least one numeric character (number). ATF takes the view that 

marking “legibly” means using exclusively Roman letters (A, B, C, and so forth) and Arabic 

numerals (1, 2, 3, and so forth).121 Deviations from this requirement have been found to 

seriously impair ATF’s ability to trace firearms involved in crime. 

7.4.2 Additional information. Certain additional information must also be conspicuously placed on 

the frame, receiver, or barrel of the firearm by engraving, casting, stamping (impressing), that is, they 

must be placed in such a manner that they are wholly unobstructed from plain view. For firearms 

manufactured on or after January 30, 2002, this information must be to a minimum depth of .003 inch. 

The additional information includes: 

 

118 27 CFR 479.91 

119 27 CFR 479.84 120 27 CFR 479.102 121 ATF Ruling 2002-6 
44

 (1) The model, if such designation has been made; 

 (2) The caliber or gauge; 

 (3) The manufacturer’s name (or recognized abbreviation); and 

(4) The city and State (or recognized abbreviation) where the manufacturer maintains its place 

of business.122

7.4.3 Measuring the depth of markings. The depth of all markings is measured from the flat surface 

of the metal and not the peaks or ridges. The height of serial numbers is measured as the distance 

between the latitudinal ends of the character impression bottoms (bases). 

7.4.4 Obtaining variances to the marking requirements. Requests for variances from the marking 

requirements of 27 CFR 478.92 and 27 CFR 479.102 should be submitted by letter to ATF’s Firearms 

Technology Branch (FTB). The letter can be sent via mail to Chief, Firearms Technology Branch, 244 

Needy Road, Martinsburg, WV 25405. The letter can also be sent to the marking variance e-mail 

address at: marking_variances@atf.gov. The marking variance request may be submitted by any of the 

parties involved in the variance. However, if the primary manufacturer is in possession of all the 

information including the names of the identity of the secondary manufacturers and the manufacturing 

processes they may be performing on the firearm, it is preferred that the primary manufacturer submit 

the request to FTB. 

The marking variance letter of request should clearly state the following information: 

• manufacturer, importer, or maker of the firearm(s), 

• recipient of the firearm(s), 

• identify the name, city and State that will be displayed on the firearm(s), 

• model designation, if designated, 

• identify the type/style of firearm (pistol, machinegun, short-barreled rifle, etc.), 

• caliber or gauge if assigned, and 

• serial number scheme. 

In identifying the serial number scheme to be used, you must supply a different serial scheme for each 

model and you must state the exact beginning serial number of the serial scheme you wish to use. 

Although letters and characters may be used, the serial number must use at least one number it the 

scheme. Please note, using the letter X, or the use of characters (#, *, etc.) as digit/character holders is 

unacceptable. For example, an incorrectly submitted serial scheme would be ALZXXXX. A correctly 

submitted serial scheme would be ALZ0001. You do not need to provide an ending serial number when 

submitting your serial number scheme. 

7.4.4.1 Variances in the name and location of the manufacturer. As stated above, the 

regulations require firearms to be marked with the manufacturer’s name, city and State or 

recognized abbreviation of the information. FTB will only grant marking variances for 

 

122 27 CFR 479.102 
45

abbreviations regarding city and State names that are commonly recognized by the United States 

Postal Service. If you intend to use a name or abbreviation other than your licensed name or 

recognized abbreviation, you must contact the Federal Firearms Licensing Center and complete 

ATF Form 5300.38 to have your Federal Firearms License amended to reflect the addition of a 

trade name or a “doing business as” name to your license. You may not use a name or 

abbreviation until it is approved. 

7.4.4.2 Variances for manufacturers’ contractors. As pointed out in Section 7.2.2, some 

manufacturers contract with other entities to perform certain work on their firearms prior to their 

ultimate sale. In those instances the contractors are also “manufacturers” who must be licensed 

as a Type 07 Manufacturer or as a Type 10 Manufacturer of Destructive Devices in order to 

perform any manufacturing function on the firearm. Additionally, the regulations require that 

the secondary manufacturer mark the firearm with their identifying information to include name, 

city and State. A qualified, secondary manufacturer may request a variance to adopt the 

markings of the initial manufacturer. If a manufacturer is working with a secondary 

manufacturer, either the manufacturer or the secondary manufacturer can submit a letter of 

request to FTB for a marking variance. 

You should be aware that marking variances for the manufacturer of machineguns is limited to 

the making of the receiver from one special (occupational) taxpayer manufacturer to another. 

The machinegun can be made on behalf of a manufacturer who intends on making the 

machineguns for stockpile for future sale to other dealers as sales samples, or for sale to law 

enforcement and the military. A machinegun cannot be transferred to a secondary manufacturer 

such as a bluer, Parkerizer, heat treater etc. In order to have a machinegun receiver blued, 

Parkerized or heat treated, etc., the possessor of the machinegun must transport the machinegun 

and remain in possession of the machinegun while it is being blued, Parkerized or heated treated 

by the secondary manufacturer. 

7.4.4.3 Marking Destructive Devices. In the case of a destructive device, FTB may authorize 

an alternate means of identification upon receipt of a manufacturer’s letter of request. The letter 

of request should indicate that the engraving, casting or stamping the weapons would be 

dangerous or impracticable123 The variance would allow an alternate method of marking such 

devices. For example, ATF may permit the required markings to be placed on the device by 

paint or stencil. A variance in this format will contain the information that is proscribed by the 

regulations. For example, lot numbers of ammunition classified as destructive devices would be 

acceptable in lieu of the information required by the regulations. 

7.4.4.4 Marking parts, other than frames or receivers, defined as NFA firearms. FTB may 

authorize alternate means of identifying such parts upon receipt of the manufacturer’s letter 

application showing that such other identification is reasonable and will not hinder the effective 

administration of the regulations.124 See Section 7.4.6 for information on marking silencer parts. 

 

123 ibid 124 ibid 
46

7.4.5 Marking frames or receivers that are not complete weapons at the time of disposition. 

Firearms frames or receivers that are not components of complete firearms at the time of disposition 

must be identified with all the required markings, that is, serial numbers and all the additional markings 

discussed in Sections 7.4.1 and 7.4.2.124

7.4.6 Marking silencer parts. Some FFLs/SOTs assemble silencers, for subsequent sale, from parts 

acquired from their contractors (NOTE: this activity is the “manufacture” of NFA firearms requiring the 

assembler and the contractor to qualify as manufacturers under the GCA and the NFA). Under these 

circumstances, ATF takes the position that contractors are not required to place identifying markings on 

silencer parts. They may, however, place an assembler’s markings on these parts if the assembler so 

desires. It should also be noted that these contractors are not required to register the parts they produce 

by filing Forms 2, nor are they required to obtain approved Forms 3 to transfer the parts to assemblers. 

Section 7.5 Manufacturing machineguns. Section 922(o), Title 18, U.S.C., makes it unlawful to 

possess or transfer a machinegun, except for transfers to or possession by Federal and State agencies or 

the transfer or possession of a machinegun lawfully possessed before the effective date of the statute, 

May 19, 1986. So, machineguns “lawfully possessed” before the effective date are those manufactured 

before May 19, 1986 and registered in the NFRTR. See also Section 7.6 on the manufacture of 

machineguns by contractors of FFLs/SOTs. 

7.5.1 Manufacture of machineguns for sale to government agencies or as “sales samples”. 

Notwithstanding the prohibition in Section 922(o), qualified manufacturers may manufacture 

machineguns on or after May 19, 1986 for sale to Federal and State agencies or to FFLs/SOTs as “sales 

samples” for demonstration to prospective governmental customers.125 The weapons may be 

manufactured and stockpiled in contemplation of future sales, but their registration and subsequent 

transfer are conditioned upon and restricted to sales only to government agencies or as sales samples. 

See Chapter 9 for a discussion of the required documentation supporting these sales. See also Section 

7.6.1 on the manufacture of machineguns by contractors of FFLs/SOTs. 

7.5.2 Manufacture of machineguns for exportation. Notwithstanding the prohibition in Section 

922(o), qualified manufacturers may manufacture machineguns on or after May 19, 1986 for exportation 

in compliance with the Arms Export Control Act and Department of State regulations.126 The weapons 

may be manufactured and stockpiled for future exportation. 

7.5.3 May machineguns be manufactured for distribution to U.S. Government contractors? As 

interpreted by ATF, Section 922(o) contains no exception that would permit the lawful manufacture and 

stockpiling of machineguns for transfer to Government contractors. The only exceptions to the 

machinegun transfer and possession prohibitions in the statute are for machineguns manufactured for 

sale to Federal and State agencies, for distribution and use as sales samples, or for exportation. 

 

125 ibid 125 27 CFR 479.105(c) 126 ibid 
47

7.5.4 May machinegun receivers be manufactured and used as replacement parts for 

machineguns lawfully registered and possessed prior to May 19, 1986? As previously stated, 18 

U.S.C. 922(o) generally makes it unlawful to possess or transfer any machinegun, including a 

machinegun frame or receiver, manufactured after May 18, 1986. Exceptions are provided for weapons 

produced by a qualified manufacturer for sale to government entities, as dealer sales samples, or for 

exportation. There is no exception allowing for the lawful production, transfer, possession, or use of a 

post-May 18, 1986 machinegun receiver as a replacement receiver on a weapon produced prior to May 

19, 1986. 

Section 7.6 Manufacture of NFA firearms by contractors. Qualified manufacturers of NFA firearms 

may contract with other persons to manufacture their NFA firearms. However, contractors who 

manufacture NFA firearms, or perform work on existing firearms as part of the manufacturing process, 

must also be qualified to manufacture NFA firearms. They are also subject to all NFA requirements 

imposed on NFA manufacturers relative to the manufacture, registration, transfer, and marking of NFA 

firearms. See Section 7.4 on the marking of firearms by manufacturers and variances that may be 

obtained from marking requirements. 

7.6.1 Contractors’ manufacture of machineguns. As previously stated, machineguns manufactured 

in the U.S. on or after May 19, 1986 must be solely for sale to U.S. or State governmental entities, for 

distribution as “sales samples,” or for exportation (see Sections 7.5.1 and 7.5.2). However, a qualified 

NFA manufacturer may contract with other qualified firms to produce machineguns it intends to 

distribute only for those purposes. Since the number of machineguns that may be transferred between 

licensees is limited by 27 CFR 479.105, the parties involved will need to seek an alternate method or 

procedure under 479.26. For example, manufacturer B contracts with manufacturer A to build B’s 

machinegun receivers and applies for and receives a variance that allows A to identify the receivers with 

B’s identifying marks. A is to provide the receivers for assembly and distribution. However, since A is 

manufacturing the machineguns and must register them on a Form 2, the transfer is limited due to the 

provisions of 922(o) and 479. 105. Both parties would need to apply for an alternate procedure or 

method that would allow A to transfer these machineguns to B. 

7.6.2 Manufacture of machineguns solely for purposes of testing. The manufacture of machineguns 

solely for testing or research purposes is not recognized as a legitimate exception to the ban on 

possession or transfer of firearms under 18 U.S.C. 922(o). As previously stated, manufacturers may 

only manufacture machineguns on or after May 19, 1986 and stockpile the same if they are 

manufactured and held for sale to Federal or State agencies, for distribution as “sales samples,” or for 

exportation. 

 

Section 7.7 Manufacturing NFA firearms exclusively for the United States. A person or entity 

engaged in the business of manufacturing NFA firearms exclusively for the United States or any agency 

of the U.S. may be relieved from compliance with any provision of the NFA regulations, 27 CFR Part 

479, with respect to such firearms.127 This exemption may be obtained by filing with the NFA Branch a 

letter application setting out the manner in which the applicant conducts business, the type of firearm to 

be manufactured, and satisfactory proof of the existence of the manufacturer’s Government contract 

 

127 26 U.S.C. 5851(a) 
48

under which the applicant intends to under which the applicant intends to operate.128 Approval of the 

application entitles the applicant to the exemption. The manufacture of weapons for the U.S. and other 

customers (for example, manufacture for exportation to overseas customers) would not qualify for the 

exemption. The exemption must be renewed with another approved letter application on or before July 

1 of each year.129 

Section 7.8 Locations. Your licensed premises is where your manufacturing must be done. ATF is 

often asked by a manufacturer whether he or she can conduct a manufacturing operation elsewhere, such 

as a nearby machine shop. While, in general, component parts can be made at a site other than the 

licensed premises, if the part being made is a receiver, silencer part, or a procedure is being performed 

(such as shortening of the barrel of a rifle or shotgun) where the complete firearm is there, the operation 

must be done on the licensed manufacturing premises. If components are modified or fabricated at a 

location where all other parts for a complete firearm are present, the location must be licensed as a 

manufacturer. 

 

 

 

128 27 CFR 479.33(b) 

129 26 U.S.C 5851(b) 
49

CHAPTER 8. IMPORTING NFA FIREARMS 

Section 8.1 Qualifying to import NFA firearms 

8.1.1 Licensing under the GCA. Persons intending to engage in the business of importing NFA 

firearms that also meet the definition of “firearm” in the GCA must first apply for and obtain a GCA 

importer’s license.130 The license application is ATF Form 7. 131 Appendix C contains a copy of the 

form. Licenses are issued for a period of 3 years. See Section 5.1 for a discussion of the license fees, 

licensing standards, and other provisions of the GCA related to licensing. 

8.1.1.1 Engaging in business at multiple locations. A separate license must be obtained for 

each location where business will be conducted.132

8.1.1.2 Engaging in business as both an importer and a manufacturer. Persons intending to 

engage in business as firearms importers and manufacturers, even if the business will be 

conducted from the same premises, must have both an importer’s license and a manufacturer’s 

license.133

8.1.1.3 Do importers and manufacturers need a dealer’s license to deal in the firearms they 

import or manufacture? Licensed importers and manufacturers are not required to have a 

separate dealer’s license to deal in firearms they import or manufacture. A license as an importer 

or manufacturer authorizes the FFL to deal in the types of firearms authorized by the license to 

be imported or manufactured.134 

 8.1.1.4 Importers of destructive devices. Importers are reminded that if the firearms they 

import include destructive devices, or if they solely import destructive devices, they must apply 

for and obtain a license as an importer of destructive devices. They should also note that the fee 

for such license is $1,000 per year, rather than $50 per year for a license to import firearms other 

than destructive devices. Qualifying to import destructive devices also entitles the FFL to import 

and deal in firearms other than destructive devices.135

8.1.2 Payment of special (occupational) tax to do business in NFA firearms. Every person who 

engages in the business of importing NFA firearms must pay a special tax.136 The tax must be paid on 

or before the date of commencing the taxable business and every year thereafter on or before July 1. 

The tax is paid by filing ATF Form 5630.7, Special Tax Registration and Return, together with a check 

or money order for the amount of the tax.137 Appendix C contains a copy of the form. The special tax 

 

130 18 U.S.C. 923(a) 131 27 CFR 478.44(a) 132 27 CFR 478.50 133 27 CFR 478.41(b) 134 ibid 135 ibid 136 26 U.S.C. 5801 137 27 CFR 479.34(a) 
50

must be paid for each premises where business will be conducted.138 See Section 5.2 for a more 

thorough discussion of NFA’s requirements relative to the special tax. 

8.1.3 Registration by importers of U.S. Munitions Import List articles with ATF. ATF has the 

responsibility of enforcing the provisions of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) relating to the 

importation of firearms and other defense articles on the U.S. Munitions Import List. Any person 

engaged in the U.S. in the business of importing firearms or other defense articles is required to register 

with ATF. Form 4587, Application to Register as an Importer of U.S. Munitions Import List Articles, 

must be submitted to ATF by the registrant with a check or money order payable to the Bureau of 

Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives of one of the fees prescribed by 27 CFR 447.32. Appendix 

C contains a copy of Form 4587. See Section 5.4 for a more detailed discussion of the registration 

requirement. 

Section 8.2 What is an “importer?”; What is “importation?” 

8.2.1 “Importer.” As defined by the GCA, an “importer” is any person engaged in the business of 

importing or bringing firearms or ammunition into the United States for purposes of sale or 

distribution.”139 Similarly, the NFA defines the term to mean any person “who is engaged in the 

business of importing firearms into the United States, that is, firearms subject to the NFA.140

8.2.2 “Importation.” Importation is defined in the regulations as the bringing of a firearm within the 

limits of the United States or any territory under its control or jurisdiction, from a place outside thereof 

(whether such place be a foreign country or territory subject to the jurisdiction of the United States), 

with the intent to unlade.141 However, bringing a firearm from a foreign country or a territory subject to 

the jurisdiction of the United States into a Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ) for storage pending shipment to a 

foreign country or subsequent importation into this country shall not be deemed importation. 

Section 8.3 Importation of NFA firearms. 

With certain exceptions, NFA firearms may only be imported for the use of the United States or any 

State or possession or political subdivision thereof such as a law enforcement agency; for scientific or 

research purposes; solely for testing or use as a model by a registered manufacturer; or solely for use as 

a sample by a registered importer or registered dealer.142 Importers may not import NFA firearms for 

stockpiling or warehousing them at their licensed premises for the purpose of filling future orders from 

qualifying agencies or dealers requesting sales samples. Imported NFA firearms may be stored in a 

Customs Bonded Warehouse (CBW) or a Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ). NFA firearms may only be 

withdrawn from these facilities to fill specifically approved purchase requests. 

8.3.1 Importation of machineguns. Section 922(o), Title 18, U.S.C., makes it unlawful to possess or 

transfer a machinegun, except for transfers to or possession by Federal and State agencies or the transfer 

or possession of a machinegun lawfully possessed before the effective date of the statute, May 19, 1986. 

 

138 27 CFR 479.31(b) 

139 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(9) 140 26 U.S.C. 5845(i) 141 27 CFR 479.11 142 26 U.S.C. 5844 
51

So, machineguns “lawfully possessed” before the effective date are those manufactured before May 19, 

1986 and registered in the NFRTR. Notwithstanding the prohibition in Section 922(o), licensed 

importers may import machineguns on or after May 19, 1986 for sale to Federal and State agencies or to 

FFLs/SOTs as “sales samples” for demonstration to prospective governmental customers. The weapons 

may be imported and stockpiled in CBWs or in FTZs in contemplation of future sales, but their 

registration and subsequent transfer are conditioned upon and restricted to sales only to government 

agencies or as “sales samples.” See Chapter 9 for a discussion of the required documentation supporting 

these sales. Due to the restrictions in Section 922(o), machineguns may not be imported for other 

purposes, such as transfer to government defense contractors, security purposes, testing, research or use 

as a model by registered manufacturers. 

8.3.2 Importation for use of the United States, qualifying political subdivisions, and law 

enforcement agencies. NFA firearms may be imported for sale to Federal, State, or local government 

agencies. To import NFA firearms for this purpose, an ATF Form 6, Application and Permit for 

Importation of Firearms, Ammunition and Implements of War, must be submitted to ATF in triplicate. 

Appendix C contains a copy of Form 6. The Form 6 must include the agency’s letter or purchase order 

reflecting the purchase of the firearms.143 Appendix E contains a sample letter for use by an agency 

ordering imported firearms. 

8.3.3 Importation for use by Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licensees and authorized 

contractors. Congress recently amended the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 with passage of the Energy 

Policy Act of 2005.144 Although the new provision does not amend the GCA or the NFA, it does allow 

for the possession of machineguns by NRC licensees and authorized contractors that provide security to 

these licensees at nuclear facilities. This new provision, 42 U.S.C. 2201a, is a departure from legal 

restrictions in Federal firearms laws that do not allow for machineguns to be imported for, transferred to, 

or possessed by non-government entities. The law states that before the new statute may take effect, the 

NRC must establish guidelines for implementation that are approved by the Attorney General. As of 

January 30, 2006, the guidelines have not been prepared or approved. Therefore, ATF does not yet have 

the authority to process import or transfer applications filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 2201a. 

8.3.4 Importation for authorized scientific or research purposes. NFA firearms, except 

machineguns, may be imported for authorized scientific or research purposes. To import NFA firearms 

for this purpose, a Form 6 must be submitted in triplicate. The Form 6 must include a statement 

describing the specific scientific or research purpose for which the firearm is needed.

145 The statement 

must also include a detailed explanation of why the importation of the firearm is needed for scientific or 

research purposes 

8.3.5 Importation for use as a model by a registered manufacturer. NFA firearms, except 

machineguns, may be imported for use as a model by a registered manufacturer. To import NFA 

firearms for this purpose, a Form 6 must be submitted in triplicate. The Form 6 must include a detailed 

explanation of why the importation of the firearm is needed for use as a model.146 

 

143 27 CFR 479.111 144 Public Law 109-58 145 27 CFR 478.112(b)(vii)(A) 146 27 CFR 479.111 
52

8.3.6 Importation for use as a “sales sample.” NFA firearms may be imported for use as sales 

samples by qualified NFA importers and dealers to demonstrate the firearms to government agencies 

and generate possible future sales to such agencies. To import NFA firearms for this purpose, a Form 6 

must be submitted to ATF, in triplicate. Information must be submitted with the Form 6 establishing 

that the firearm is suitable or potentially suitable for an agency’s use; the expected governmental 

customers requiring a demonstration of the firearm; information as to the availability of the firearm to 

fill subsequent orders; and letters from agencies expressing a need for a particular model or interest in 

seeing a demonstration of a particular firearm.147 Appendix D contains sample letters for use in 

acquiring imported sales samples. 

8.3.7 Importing multiple quantities of the same model firearm as sales samples. An application to 

import two or more NFA firearms of a particular model for use as a sales sample by the importer or a 

qualified dealer will be approved if documentation shows the necessity for demonstration to government 

agencies.148 A Form 6 must be submitted to ATF, in triplicate, along with documentation that the 

firearm is needed by the importer or dealer to demonstrate the weapon to all of the officers of a police 

department, SWAT team, or special operations unit. ATF may authorize the importation of more than 2 

of the same model if an importer provides specific documentation to justify the need for additional 

weapons. 

8.3.8 Importation of NFA weapons classified as curios or relics. An NFA firearm may not be 

imported as a sales sample for demonstration to a law enforcement agency if it is a curio or relic unless 

it is established that it is particularly suitable for use as a law enforcement weapon.

149 Suitability for 

law enforcement use may be established by providing detailed information as to why the weapon is 

particularly suitable for such use, the expected customers who would require a demonstration of the 

weapon, and information as to the availability of such firearms to fill subsequent orders. To import 

NFA firearms classified as curios or relics, a Form 6 must be submitted to ATF, in triplicate, including a 

statement showing that the weapons meet the above discussed criteria.

8.3.9 Conditional importation. ATF may impose conditions upon any application to import 

firearms.150 In most cases, a conditional import permit is issued for the purpose of examining and 

testing a firearm to determine whether the weapon in question will be authorized for importation. The 

conditions to the permit will normally authorize only one sample of a particular firearm and require that 

the firearm be shipped directly from Customs to FTB for testing and examination. The importer must 

agree to either export or destroy the weapon if a final determination is made that the weapon may not be 

imported. If the weapon is found to qualify for importation for one of the authorized purposes, the 

firearm will be returned to Customs for release to the importer. 

8.3.10 Temporary importation of NFA firearms. ATF has adopted an alternate procedure for 

importers to use when temporarily importing NFA weapons for inspection, testing, calibration, repair, or 

incorporation into another defense article.151 This procedure requires that importers: 

 

147 27 CFR 479.105(d) 148 ATF Ruling 2002-5 

149 ATF Ruling 85-2 150 27 CFR 479.113 151 ATF Rul. 2004-2 
53

1. Must be qualified under the GCA and NFA to import the type of firearms at issue. 

2. Obtain a temporary import license, DSP-61, from the Department of State in accordance with the 

ITAR (22 CFR 122.3) or qualify for a temporary import license exemption pursuant to 22 CFR 

123.4. 

3. Within 15 days of the release of the firearms from Customs custody, file an ATF Form 2. The 

DSP-61 must be attached to the Form 2. If the importation is subject to a licensing exemption 

under 22 CFR 123.4, the importer must submit with the Form 2 a statement, under penalties of 

perjury, attesting to the exemption and stating that the weapon will be exported within four years of 

its importation. 

4. Maintain the firearm(s) in a secure place and manner to ensure that the firearm(s) is not diverted to 

criminal or terrorist use. 

5. Export the firearm(s) within four years of importation. 

NFA weapons temporarily imported may be temporarily provided to a contractor in the United States for 

the purposes stated above by obtaining advance approval of an ATF Form 5, Application for Tax 

Exempt Transfer and Registration of Firearm. As an alternative, the transfer may be accomplished with 

a letter from the importer to the contractor, who must be qualified to engage in an NFA firearms 

business, stating the following: 

1. The weapon is being temporarily conveyed for inspection, testing, calibration, repair, or 

incorporation into another defense article; and 

2. The approximate time period the weapon will be in the contractor’s possession. 

 

The above alternate procedure became effective on April 7, 2004. 

8.3.11 Re-importation of NFA firearms temporarily exported from the United States by 

nonlicensees. A properly registered NFA firearm that has been temporarily exported from the United 

States may be re-imported by the same person who temporarily exported the firearm. The firearm may 

be returned to the United States without submission of a Form 6 or Form 2, provided that ATF Form 

5320.20, Application to Transport Interstate or to Temporarily Export Certain National Firearms Act 

Weapons, has been submitted to and approved by ATF prior to the temporary exportation of the firearm. 

The firearm must be registered to the person who is re-importing the weapon.152 

8.3.12 What is the difference between a Customs Bonded Warehouse (CBW) and a Foreign Trade 

Zone (FTZ)? 

8.3.12.1 Customs Bonded Warehouse. A Customs Bonded Warehouse is a building or other 

secured area in which dutiable goods may be stored without payment of duty. Bringing items 

into a CBW is an importation. To bring NFA firearms into a CBW for storage requires an 

 

152 27 CFR 479.111(c) 
54

approved ATF Form 6, Application and Permit for Importation of Firearms, Ammunition and 

Implements of War. NFA weapons stored in a CBW may be manipulated, destroyed or 

otherwise altered in the CBW. To withdraw stored NFA firearms stored from a CBW, an 

additional Form 6 is required. NFA weapons may only be withdrawn from a CBW for the 

purposes discussed in Section 8.3. 

8.3.12.2 Foreign Trade Zone. A Foreign Trade Zone is a specially designated area, in or 

adjacent to a U.S. Customs Port of Entry, which is considered to be outside the Customs 

Territory of the United States. For the purposes of the GCA and NFA, bringing items into an 

FTZ is not treated as an import because the FTZ is considered foreign soil. However, under the 

import provisions of the AECA, an FTZ is considered to be part of the United States. As a 

result, a Form 6 is required by AECA regulations to bring NFA firearms into an FTZ. Firearms 

stored in an FTZ may be manipulated, repackaged, destroyed, otherwise altered or exported. 

Moving an NFA firearm from an FTZ to a CBW for storage or for delivery to a qualifying 

customer is an “importation” requiring an additional approved Form 6. 

8.3.13 Preparation of ATF Forms 6. The form and its contents are prescribed by ATF regulations.153 

The importer must also establish to the satisfaction of ATF that the importation is for one of the 

purposes authorized by the statute. A detailed explanation of why the importation falls within the 

standards must be attached to the application. Acceptable documentation may include purchase orders 

from government agencies, a letter from a government agency requesting a demonstration of the firearm, 

or a letter from a dealer requesting an NFA weapon as a sales sample. Examples of the above letter 

requests can be found in Appendix D. The Form 6 must be submitted in triplicate. 

8.3.14 “eForm6.” eForm6 is the system used to electronically file the Form 6 and track the status of 

permit applications submitted for approval. In order to use the eFrom6 system a user ID and password 

must be obtained from ATF. To register for eForm6, a registration form, eForm6 Access Request (ATF 

E-form 5013.3),154 must be submitted to the following address: 

 Firearms & Explosives Imports Branch 

 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 

 244 Needy Road 

 Martinsburg, West Virginia 25405 

Additional information concerning eForm6 may also be found on the ATF website, www.atf.gov . 

8.3.15 Preparation of ATF Forms 6A. This form and its contents are also prescribed by ATF 

regulations.155 Upon release of the firearm(s) from Customs custody, the importer will prepare ATF 

Form 6A, in duplicate, and furnish the original to the Customs officer releasing the firearm(s). The 

Customs officer will, after certification, forward the Form 6A to the address specified on the form. 

Within 15 days of the date of release from Customs, the importer must forward to the address specified 

 

153 27 CFR 478.112(b) 154 See Appendix C 155 27 CFR 478.112(c) 
55

on the form a copy of the Form 6A on which must be reported any error or discrepancy appearing on the 

Form 6A certified by Customs and serial numbers if not previously provided on Form 6A. 

 

Section 8.4 Registering the importation of NFA firearms. The importer must report and register 

each firearm imported by filing with the NFA Branch an accurate notice of the importation on ATF 

Form 2, Notice of Firearms Manufactured or Imported, executed under the penalties of perjury.156 

Appendix C contains a copy of Form 2. ATF’s receipt of the form effectuates the registration of the 

firearms listed on the form.157 

8.4.1 Preparation of ATF Forms 2. The form and its contents are prescribed by ATF regulation.158 

The regulation states that the form must set forth the name and address of the importer, identify the 

importer’s special tax stamp and license, import permit number, the date of release of the firearm from 

Customs custody, the type, model, length of barrel, overall length, caliber, gauge or size, serial numbers 

and other marks of identification, and place where the firearms are kept. The Form 2 should list only 

firearms imported on one specifically approved Form 6. 

8.4.2 Filing ATF Forms 2. A Form 2 must be filed by the importer no later than 15 days from the date 

the firearm was released from Customs custody. If the importation involves more than one import 

permit, a separate Form 2 must be filed to report those firearms imported under each permit. The 

importer must prepare the form in duplicate, file the original with the NFA Branch, and keep the copy 

with the records required to be kept. 

Section 8.5 The identification of firearms. 

8.5.1 Serial numbers. Each importer of a firearm must legibly identify it by engraving, stamping 

(impressing), or otherwise conspicuously placing on the firearm’s frame or receiver an individual serial 

number not duplicating any serial number placed by the importer on any other firearm.159 An importer 

may adopt the serial number placed on the firearm by the foreign manufacturer provided that such serial 

number does not duplicate a number previously adopted or assigned by the importer to any other 

firearm. The requirement that the marking be “conspicuously” placed on the firearm means that the 

marking must be wholly unobstructed from plain view. For firearms imported on or after January 30, 

2002, the serial number must be marked to a minimum depth of .003 inch and in a print size no smaller 

than 1/16 inch. 

8.5.1.1 What is an acceptable serial number? Alpha characters (letters), for example a name, 

are not acceptable as a serial number. A proper serial number may contain such characters or 

letters, but it must have at least one numeric character (number). ATF takes the view that 

marking “legibly” means using exclusively Roman letters (A, B, C, and so forth) and Arabic 

numerals (1, 2, 3, and so forth).160 Deviations from this requirement have been found to 

seriously impair ATF’s ability to trace firearms involved in crime. 

 

156 27 CFR 479.112(a) 157 27 CFR 112(a) 158ibid 

159 27 CFR 479.102 160 ATF Ruling 2002-6 
56

8.5.2 Additional information. Certain additional information must also be conspicuously placed on 

the frame, receiver, or barrel of the firearm by engraving, casting, stamping (impressing), that is, they 

must be placed in such a manner that they are wholly unobstructed from plain view. For firearms 

imported on or after January 30, 2002, this information must be marked to a minimum depth of .003 

inch. The additional information includes: 

(1) The model, if such designation has been made; 

(2) The caliber or gauge; 

(3) The name of the importer; 

(4) The name of the foreign manufacturer; 

(5) The country in which the firearm was manufactured; 

(6) The city and State (or recognized abbreviation) where the importer maintains . its 

place of business.161

8.5.3 Measuring the depth of markings. The depth of all markings is measured from the flat surface 

of the metal and not the peaks or ridges. The height of serial numbers is measured as the distance 

between the latitudinal ends of the character impression bottoms (bases). 

 

8.5.4 Obtaining variances to the marking requirements. Requests for variances from the marking 

requirements should be submitted by letter to ATF’s Firearms Technology Branch (FTB) in duplicate. 

The requests should state the proposed variance and the reasons for the variance. 

8.5.4.1 Variances in the name and location of the importer. As stated above, the regulations 

require firearms to be marked with the importer’s name, city, and State or a recognized 

abbreviation of the information. If other than complete names or recognized abbreviations are 

proposed to be used, a variance must be obtained from ATF. 

 

8.5.4.2 Marking frames or receivers that are not complete weapons at the time of 

disposition. Firearms frames or receivers that are not components of complete firearms at the 

time of disposition must be identified with all the required markings, that is, serial numbers and 

all the additional markings discussed in Sections 8.5.1 and 8.5.2.162

 

8.5.4.3 Marking destructive devices. In the case of a destructive device, ATF may authorize 

alternate means of identification upon receipt of an importer’s letter application, in duplicate. 

The application should show that engraving, casting, or stamping the weapons would be 

dangerous or impractical.163

 

 

161 27 CFR 479.102 162 ibid 163 ibid 
57

8.5.4.4 Marking parts, other than frames or receivers, defined as NFA firearms. ATF may 

authorize alternate means of identifying such parts, for example, parts defined as mufflers or 

silencers, upon receipt of the importer’s letter application, in duplicate, showing that such other 

identification is reasonable and will not hinder the effective administration of the regulations.164

. 

 8.5.5 When must markings be applied to imported NFA firearms? All of the markings discussed 

in this section must be applied to imported NFA firearms no later than 15 days from the date the 

firearms were released from Customs custody. If the required markings cannot be applied within the 15 

day period due to the quantity of weapons being imported or other factors, ATF may grant a variance 

extending the time for application of the markings. A request for an extension of the time should be 

submitted in the same manner as discussed in Section 8.5.4. 

 

 

164 27 CFE 479.102 
58

CHAPTER 9. TRANSFERS OF NFA FIREARMS 

Section 9.1 Definition of “transfer.” The term “transfer” is broadly defined by the NFA to include 

“selling, assigning, pledging, leasing, loaning, giving away, or otherwise disposing of” an NFA 

firearm.165 The lawful transfer of an NFA firearm generally requires the filing of an appropriate transfer 

form with ATF, payment of any transfer tax imposed, approval of the form by ATF, and registration of 

the firearm to the transferee in the NFRTR. Approval must be obtained before a transfer may be made. 

See Section 9.5 for a discussion of certain NFA transactions not considered by ATF to be “transfers.” 

Section 9.2 Only previously registered firearms may be lawfully transferred. ATF will not approve 

the transfer of an NFA firearm unless it has been registered to the transferor in the NFRTR. NFA 

firearms may only be registered upon their lawful making, manufacture, or importation, or upon the 

transfer of firearms already registered. Generally, unregistered firearms may not be lawfully received, 

possessed, or transferred. They are contraband subject to seizure and forfeiture. Violators are also 

subject to criminal prosecution. However, see Sections 2.4 and 3.3 on removing NFA firearms from the 

scope of the NFA because of their status as collectors’ items, modification, or elimination of certain 

component parts. 

Section 9.3 Interstate transfers of NFA firearms. ATF will not approve the transfer of an NFA 

firearm to a non-FFL/SOT residing in a State other than the State in which the transferor’s licensed 

business is located or the transferor resides. Such interstate transfers would violate the GCA. However, 

See section 9.5.4 regarding the custody of firearms by employees of FFLs/SOTs. 

 

Section 9.4 ATF forms for use in transferring NFA firearms 

9.4.1 ATF Form 3. Transfers by FFLs/SOTs to other FFLs/SOTs require the filing of ATF Forms 3, 

Application for Tax Exempt Transfer and Registration of a Firearm, to register firearms to the 

transferees.166 See also Section 3.2.6.4. Appendix C contains a copy of the form. In these transactions, 

transferors have no liability for the transfer tax. As previously stated, Forms 3 must be approved by 

ATF before transfers may be made. 

9.4.2 ATF Form 4. Forms 4, Application for Tax Paid Transfer and Registration of a Firearm, are for 

use in transferring serviceable NFA firearms in the following instances: transfers by non-FFLs/SOTs to 

other such persons; transfers by non-FFLs/SOTs to FFLs/SOTs; and transfers by FFLs/SOTs to nonFFLs/SOTs.167 Appendix C contains a copy of the form. See also Sections 3.2.6.1 through 3.2.6.3. 

These transfers are subject to the NFA transfer tax, so the forms must be accompanied by the 

appropriate tax payment. Forms 4 transferring firearms to individuals other than FFLs/SOTs must also 

be accompanied by transferees’ fingerprints and photographs on FBI Forms FD-258. If the individual’s 

receipt or possession of the firearm would violate Federal, State, or local law, the form would be 

disapproved. In addition, an individual transferee must have an appropriate law enforcement official 

execute the certification on the form.168 See Section 9.8 for more information on law enforcement 

 

165 26 U.S.C. 5845(j) 166 27 CFR 479.88(b) 167 27 CFR 479.84 168 27 CFR 479.85 
59

certifications. Forms 4 must be approved by ATF before the transfers may be made. The completed 

Form 4, in duplicate, with fingerprint cards, photographs of the transferee, and payment of the 

applicable transfer tax should be mailed to: 

National Firearms Act Branch 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 

P.O. Box 530298 

Atlanta, GA 30353-0298 

Payment of the transfer tax is to be in the form of a check or money order payable to the Bureau of 

Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. 

9.4.2.1 Copies of transferees’ State or local licenses or permits. If State or local law requires 

the transferee to have a State or local license or permit to possess the firearm and the requirement 

is imposed upon the person prior to receipt, the Form 4 application should also be accompanied 

by a copy of the license or permit. 

9.4.2.2 Transfers of NFA firearms to persons other than an individual or an FFL and 

special (occupational) taxpayer. Section 479.85 of the Code of Federal Regulations requires 

the ATF Form 4 or Form 5 application to properly identify the transferee. Although transfers to 

natural persons (individuals) must include a recent photograph, duplicate fingerprint cards, and a 

certification from law enforcement, the NFA also defines a person to include a partnership, 

company, association, trust, estate, or corporation. The requirements for fingerprints, 

photographs, and the law enforcement certificate specified in § 479.85 are not applicable for 

transferee who is not an individual. 

When an ATF Form 4 or Form 5 application is submitted to transfer a firearm to a partnership, 

company, association, trust, estate, or corporation (collectively, an entity), the transferee entity 

must be identified on the Form 4 using the complete, formal name of the entity, along with the 

entity’s street address, city, and state. The Form 4 or Form 5 must not include an individual’s 

proper name, unless the proper name is a part of the entity’s name (e.g., The Irrevocable Trust of 

John Doe, John Smith, Inc., etc.). ATF requires that the Form 4 or Form 5 include 

documentation evidencing the existence of the entity. This documentation would include, 

without limitation, partnership agreements, articles of incorporation, corporate registration, a 

complete copy of the declaration of trust, schedules or attachments referenced in the trust, etc. If 

the firearm being transferred is a machinegun, short barreled rifle, short barreled shotgun, or 

destructive device and the transfer is from an FFL, a person authorized to act on behalf of the 

entity must complete item 15 of the Form 4 and Form 5. 

Please see section 9.12 for information regarding the NICS background check. 

. 

9.4.3 ATF Form 5. Transferors of NFA firearms to government entities, Federal, State, or local, must 

file ATF Forms 5, Application for Tax Exempt Transfer and Registration of a Firearm, to transfer the 

firearms to such entities.169 (Note: The applicant may wish to include details regarding the receiving 

 

169 27 CFR 479.90 
60

agency if the agency is obscure. Note also that there are no transfers to task forces.) Although Forms 5 

are generally required to be filed and approved for transfer of firearms to U.S. agencies, firearms owned 

or possessed by Federal agencies are not required to be registered. Appendix C contains a copy of the 

form. In these transactions, the transferor has no liability for the transfer tax. As previously stated, the 

form must be approved by ATF before the transfer may be made. As discussed in more detail below, 

Forms 5 are also used to transfer unserviceable firearms tax free, transfer firearms to FFLs for repair and 

for their return, and for distribution of estate firearms to lawful heirs. 

Section 9.5 Conveyances of NFA firearms not treated as “transfers” under the NFA 

9.5.1 Repair of firearms. ATF does not consider the temporary conveyance of an NFA firearm to an 

FFL for repair to be a “transfer” under the NFA. Thus, a transfer application is not required to convey 

the firearm for repair or to return the repaired firearm to its owner/possessor. Nevertheless, in order to 

avoid any appearance that a “transfer” has taken place, ATF recommends that a Form 5 application be 

submitted for approval prior to conveying the firearm for repair. It is also recommended that the FFL 

making repairs obtain an approved Form 5 to return a repaired firearm. If Forms 5 are not used to 

convey a firearm for repair or return the repaired firearm to the owner, the parties should maintain 

documentation showing that the conveyance was for purposes of repair, identifying the firearm, and 

showing the anticipated time for repair. Approved Forms 5, or the recommended documentation, will 

show that an unlawful “transfer” did not take place and that the FFL making the repairs is not in 

unlawful possession of the firearm. A non-FFL who proposes to transport a destructive device, 

machinegun, or short-barrel shotgun or rifle interstate to an FFL for repair should first obtain an 

approved ATF Form 5320.20 before transporting the firearm.170 

9.5.1.1 Repair of firearm silencers. ATF published FAQs on April 17, 2008, regarding the 

repair and replacement of silencers and silencer components. These FAQs are published on the 

ATF website and are included in Appendix B. 

9.5.2 Possession of firearms by employees of FFLs/SOTs for employers’ business purposes. No 

“transfer” under the NFA occurs when an FFL/SOT permits a bona fide employee to take custody of its 

registered NFA firearms for purposes within the employee’s scope of employment and for the business 

purposes of the FFL/SOT. Therefore, no approved ATF transfer form is required when employees take 

custody of firearms under these circumstances. In addition, the interstate delivery of a firearm to the 

employee and the employee’s receipt of the firearm would not violate the GCA. 

 9.5.3 Distribution of estate firearms. A decedent’s registered NFA firearms may be conveyed taxexempt to lawful heirs. These distributions are not treated as voluntary “transfers” under the NFA. 

Rather, they are considered to be involuntary “transfers by operation of law.” Under this concept, ATF 

will honor State court decisions relative to the ownership and right to possess NFA firearms. So, when 

State courts authorize the distribution of estate firearms to decedents’ lawful heirs, ATF will approve the 

distribution and registration to the heirs if the transactions are otherwise lawful. A lawful heir is anyone 

named in the decedent’s will or, in the absence of a will, anyone entitled to inherit under the laws of the 

State in which the decedent last resided. 

 

170 18 U.S.C. 922(a)(4); 27 CFR 478.28 
61

9.5.3.1 Distributions to heirs. Although these distributions are not treated as “transfers” for 

purposes of the NFA, Form 5 must be filed by an executor or administrator to register a firearm 

to a lawful heir and the form must be approved by ATF prior to distribution to the heir. The 

form should be filed as soon as possible. However, ATF will allow a reasonable time to arrange 

for the transfer. This generally should be done before probate is closed. When a firearm is being 

transferred to an individual heir, his or her fingerprints on FBI Forms FD-258 must accompany 

the transfer application. The application will be denied if the heir’s receipt or possession of the 

firearm would violate Federal, State, or local law. The law enforcement certification on the form 

need not be completed. The form should also be accompanied by documentation showing the 

executor’s or administrator’s authority to distribute the firearm as well as the heir’s entitlement 

to the firearm. Distributions to heirs should not be made until Forms 5 are approved. Executors 

and administrators are not required to have estate firearms registered to them prior to distribution 

to lawful heirs. 

9.5.3.2 Distributions to persons outside the estate. Distributions of NFA firearms by 

executors or administrators to persons outside the estate (not beneficiaries) are “transfers” under 

the NFA and require an ATF-approved transfer form. Transfers of serviceable firearms to other 

entities or persons require an approved Form 4. Form 4 applications must be accompanied by 

the applicable transfer tax, and, if the transferee is an individual, the transferee’s fingerprints on 

FBI Forms FD-258. Applications will be denied if transferees’ receipt or possession of the 

firearms would violate Federal, State, or local law. Also, Form 4 applications to transfer 

firearms to individuals must contain the law enforcement certification of an appropriate law 

enforcement official. See Section 9.8 for further information on these certifications. Form 4 

applications to transfer firearms to non-FFLs residing outside the State in which the estate is 

being administered will be denied. Form 4 transfers should not be made until the transfers are 

approved. 

9.5.3.3 Uncertainty about the registration status of decedents’ firearmsIn some cases, an 

executor or administrator of an estate may be uncertain whether the decedent’s firearms are 

registered to the decedent in the NFRTR. Perhaps the executor or administrator is unable to 

locate the decedent’s registration documents. As discussed in Section 9.2, if the decedent’s 

firearms are not registered to him/her in the NFRTR, the firearms are contraband and may not be 

lawfully possessed or transferred. If the executor or administrator cannot locate the decedent’s 

registration documents, he/she should contact the NFA Branch in writing and inquire about the 

firearms’ registration status. This inquiry should be accompanied by documents showing the 

executor’s or administrator’s authority under State law to represent the decedent and dispose of 

the decedent’s firearms. Although ATF is generally prohibited from disclosing tax information, 

including the identity of persons to whom NFA firearms are registered, ATF may disclose such 

information to persons lawfully representing registrants of NFA firearms. 

9.5.3.4 Unregistered estate firearms. Should an estate contain NFA firearms not registered to 

the decedent, these firearms are contraband that may not be lawfully possessed or transferred. 

Where these are found within an estate, the executor or administrator should contact his/her local 

ATF office and arrange for their disposal. 
62

9.5.3.5 Distribution of decedents’ “sales samples.” If NFA firearms in a decedent’s estate are 

“sales samples,” that is, they were imported and distributed to the decedent as sales samples or 

were domestically manufactured machineguns distributed to the decedent as sales samples, the 

sale sample restriction continues in effect and lawful possession of the firearms requires that the 

firearms be held as “sales samples” for demonstration to government agencies.171 Therefore, 

these firearms within an estate must be transferred to government agencies or FFLs/SOTs as 

sales samples for demonstration to such agencies. 

Section 9.6 Manufacturers’ use of contractors to perform work on firearms. As part of the 

manufacturing process to produce firearms for subsequent sale, some manufacturers contract with other 

persons to perform steps in the manufacturing process. As discussed in Chapter 7, these contractors are 

also manufacturers subject to licensing as firearms manufacturers and payment of NFA special tax. In 

addition, a manufacturer’s transfer of an NFA firearm to such a contractor and the return of the firearm 

to the manufacturer are transfers required to be approved by ATF. These transfers require approved 

Forms 3. 

Section 9.7 Transfers of unserviceable NFA firearms. “Unserviceable firearms” are firearms 

“incapable of discharging a shot by means of an explosive and incapable of being readily restored to a 

firing condition.”172 They are still “firearms” for purposes of the NFA and must be registered in the 

NFRTR to be lawfully possessed and transferred. However, their transfer is not subject to transfer 

tax.173 To lawfully transfer unserviceable firearms, Form 5 transfer applications must be filed with ATF 

and approved. Appendix C contains a copy of the form. Form 5 applications to transfer the firearms to 

individuals must be accompanied by transferees’ fingerprints and photographs on FBI Forms FD-258. 

Applications will be disapproved if receipt or possession of the firearms would place transferees in 

violation of Federal, State, or local law. In the case of transfers to individuals, the transferees must have 

an appropriate law enforcement official sign the law enforcement certification on the form. See Section 

9.9 for further information on the law enforcement certification. A Form 5 transfer application will not 

be approved if the transferee is an individual residing outside the State in which the transferor resides; 

however, as previously discussed, there is an exception for FFLs’ over-the-counter transfers of rifles and 

shotguns to non-residents if the laws of the transferors’ and transferees’ States are complied with. 

Transfers pursuant to Forms 5 may not be made until approved. 

Section 9.8 U.S. Government-owned firearms. Conveyances of U.S. Government-owned NFA 

firearms to FFLs/SOTs for repair, modification, or performing other work such as incorporating the 

firearms into a weapons system require no approved ATF transfer or registration. The same is true for 

the return of the firearms to U.S. Government entities. 

Section 9.9 Law enforcement certifications. These certifications on Forms 1 and 4 must be signed by 

an appropriate law enforcement official when the forms seek the transfer or making of an NFA firearm 

to or by an individual. However, as stated in Section 9.5.4.1, the certifications are not required when 

estate firearms are distributed to lawful heirs. As provided by regulations, the certificate must state that 

the certifying official is satisfied that the individual’s fingerprints and photographs accompanying the 

 

171 26 U.S.C. 5844(3) 172 26 U.S.C. 5845(h) 173 27 CFR 479.91 
63

application are those of the applicant and that the official has no information indicating that the receipt 

or possession of the firearm would place the transferee in violation of State or local law or that the 

transferee will use the firearm for other than lawful purposes. Acceptable certifying officials include 

chiefs of police, county sheriffs, heads of State police, State or local district attorneys, or “such other 

persons whose certificates may in a particular case be acceptable to the Director.”174 Examples of other 

officials whose certifications have been found acceptable include State attorneys general and judges of 

State courts having authority to conduct jury trials in felony cases. 

If another official is proposed as an acceptable certifying official, the transferor may, in advance of 

filing the transfer form, submit a written request to the NFA Branch whether the official is an acceptable 

certifying official. Alternatively, the transfer form may be filed with the official’s certificate. If the 

certification is unacceptable, ATF would disapprove the form and return it to the proposed transferor. 

9.9.1 Is a law enforcement officer required to sign the certification? In some jurisdictions, officers 

whose certifications on a transfer form would be acceptable will not sign the certifications for reasons of 

their own. These officials cannot be compelled to sign the certifications. 

9.9.2 Is a law enforcement certification acceptable if signed by an official outside the jurisdiction 

where the transferee resides? No. The certification must be signed by an official having jurisdiction 

where the transferee resides. 

Section 9.10 Transfers of imported NFA firearms 

9.10.1 Firearms imported for government agencies. As discussed in Chapter 8, NFA firearms may 

be imported for sale to Federal, State, or local government agencies. For approval of these imports, the 

importer’s Form 6 permit application must be accompanied by the agency’s letter or purchase order 

reflecting the purchase of the firearms. Appendix D contains a sample letter for use by an agency 

ordering imported firearms. Transfer of the firearms to the purchasing agency requires an approved 

Form 5. If a qualified NFA dealer received the agency’s order and placed it with the importer, the 

importer may transfer the firearms to the dealer on an approved Form 3 and the dealer, in turn, would 

use an approved Form 5 to transfer the firearms to the agency. 

9.10.2 “Sales samples.” As discussed in Chapter 8, NFA firearms may be imported for use as sales 

samples by qualified NFA importers and dealers to demonstrate the firearms to government agencies 

and generate possible future sales to such agencies. As provided by the regulations, a Form 6 

application to import such sample will be approved if it is established by specific information attached to 

the application that the firearm is suitable or potentially suitable for an agency’s use; the expected 

governmental customers requiring a demonstration of the firearm; information as to the availability of 

the firearm to fill subsequent orders; and letters from agencies expressing a need for a particular model 

or interest in seeing a demonstration of a particular firearm.175 Appendix D contains sample letters for 

use in acquiring imported sales samples, including a qualified NFA dealer’s letter ordering a sales 

sample from an importer and an agency’s letter requesting a demonstration of a sales sample. An 

importer’s transfer of a sales sample to a dealer requires an approved Form 3. 

 

174 27 CFR 479.85 175 27 CFR 479.112(c) and (d) 
64

9.10.3 Transferring multiple quantities of the same firearm model as “sales samples.” As provided 

by the regulations, applications to import or transfer more than one firearm of a particular model for use 

as a sales sample by an importer or dealer must establish the importer’s or dealer’s need for the quantity 

of samples sought to be imported.176 In the case of machineguns imported on or after May 19, 1986 (as 

well as machineguns domestically manufactured after that date), ATF Ruling 2002-5 holds that if an 

FFL needs to demonstrate a particular model of machinegun to an entire police department or SWAT 

team, ATF will approve the transfer of two machineguns of that model to the dealer as sales samples. 

Additional quantities will be allowed if an FFL can document the need for more than two machineguns 

of a particular model. 

Section 9.11 Transfers of machineguns imported or manufactured on or after May 19, 1986 

9.11.1 Machinegun prohibition in 18 U.S.C. 922(o). This statute makes it unlawful to transfer or 

possess a machinegun, except for transfers to or by, or possession by or under the authority of, the 

United States or a State, or machineguns lawfully possessed before May 19, 1986 (that is, machineguns 

in the U.S. and registered in the NFRTR). Regulations implementing the statute allow domestic 

manufacturers to lawfully manufacture and stockpile machineguns for future sale to Federal and State 

agencies, for distribution to FFLs/SOTs as sales samples for demonstration to such agencies, or for 

exportation.177 The procedures discussed in Section 9.8 for transferring imported firearms to 

government agencies or to FFLs for use as sales samples apply as well to domestically manufactured 

machineguns. 

 

9.11.2 May machineguns subject to section 922(o) be transferred to government contractors? The 

statute provides no exception for the lawful possession of these machineguns by government 

contractors for use in testing, research, design, or other work in fulfilling government contracts. One 

specific exception to this general rule appears in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, 42 U.S.C. 2201a. This 

recently enacted provision allows for machinegun possession by security personnel engaged in the 

protection of Nuclear Regulatory Commission facilities or radioactive materials. Note also that although 

the NFA provides for the importation of NFA firearms for scientific or research purposes or for testing 

or use as a model by a registered manufacturer, the prohibition in Section 922(o) contains no exception 

that would permit the lawful possession of machineguns in the U.S. for those purposes; thus, 

applications to import machineguns for those purposes would be denied. 

Section 9.12 Are FFLs/SOTs required to initiate a background check of the transferee under the 

Brady Law in connection with the transfer of an NFA firearm? No. Although 18 U.S.C. § 922(t) 

requires an FFL to complete a National Instant Criminal Background Checks System (NICS) check of 

the firearm recipient prior to completing the transfer, subsection 922(t)(3)(B) removes ATF-approved 

transfers of NFA firearms from the NICS requirement for individuals. 

9.12.1 NFA Transfers to other than individuals. Subsequent to the approval of an application 

requesting to transfer an NFA firearm to, or on behalf of, a partnership, company, association, 

trust, estate, or corporation, the authorized person picking up the firearm on behalf of, a 

 

176 Ibid. See also 27 CFR 479.105(d) 177 27 CFR 479.105(c) 
65

partnership, company, association, trust, estate, or corporation from the FFL must complete the 

Form 4473 with his/her personal information and undergo a NICS check. See also, question P60 

in the ATF FAQs. 

9.12.2 NFA transfer with other GCA firearm. An application to transfer an NFA firearm that 

includes a firearm regulated by the GCA, (e.g., silencer with a pistol, wallet-holster with pistol, 

etc.), requires the completion of a Form 4473 and NICS check prior to transfer of the GCA 

firearm. This includes the transfer of a firearm where the suppressor is permanently attached to 

the firearm. The GCA firearm can only be transferred after the required NICS check is 

completed. The serial number of the GCA firearm and the permanently attached NFA firearm 

must be included on the ATF form 4473. FFL/SOT payers are also responsible for and adhering 

to all applicable State and local requirements for NFA transfers. If the FFL/SOT is awaiting 

ATF approval of the transfer application, the unattached GCA firearm can be transfer prior to the 

completion of the NFA transfer, however, an additional NICS check may be necessary if the 

transfer is to a non-individual. 

Section 9.13 May an FFL/SOT transfer a personally owned destructive device without qualifying 

to do business in destructive devices? Persons engaged in the business of dealing in firearms must 

have a GCA license authorizing them to deal in the type of firearms in which they deal. If they engage 

in the business of dealing in destructive devices, they must have a license to do so as required by 18 

U.S.C. 923(a)(3)(A). However, ATF recognizes that persons licensed to deal in firearms other than 

destructive devices may lawfully maintain a personal collection of destructive devices and occasionally 

dispose of them as personal firearms on Forms 4 without having a license to deal in such devices. But if 

the dealer’s receipt and disposition of these devices become repetitive, ATF may infer that the dealer is 

engaged in the business of dealing in the devices and require him/her to be licensed as a dealer in such 

devices. There is no precise number of transactions that would trigger the license requirement. 

Section 9.14 Transferable Status and the Form 10. Unregistered firearms obtained by State or 

local government agencies through abandonment or forfeiture are registered on an ATF Form 10. See 

27 CFR § 479.104. Upon registration the Form 10 is marked “official use only,” and subsequent 

transfer and registration is limited to the official use of other State or local government entities. The 

firearms may not enter ordinary commercial channels. NFA firearms which were registered on Form 10 

but were transferred to an FFL or individual prior to the effective date of ATF Ruling 74-8 may continue 

to be possessed in commercial or private channels. If the firearm was still registered to the State or local 

entity on Form 10 at the time of the effective date of ATF Ruling 74-8, the firearm may only be 

transferred to another government entity for “official use only.” 

 

 

 
66

CHAPTER 10. COLLECTORS OF NFA FIREARMS 

Section 10.1 Curios or relics 

10.1.1 Definition of curio or relic. Curios or relics include firearms which are of special interest to 

collectors by reason of some quality other than is associated with firearms intended for sporting use or 

as offensive or defensive weapons.178 To be recognized as curios or relics firearms must fall within one 

of the following categories: 

• Firearms which were manufactured at least 50 years prior to the current date, but not including 

replicas thereof. 

• Firearms which are certified by the curator of a municipal, State, or Federal museum which 

exhibits firearms to be curios or relics of museum interest. 

• Any other firearms which derive a substantial part of their monetary value from the fact that they 

are novel, rare, bizarre, or because of their association with some historical figure, period or 

event. Proof of qualification of a particular firearm under this category may be established by 

evidence of present value and evidence that like firearms are not available except as collector’s 

items, or that the value of like firearms available in ordinary commercial channels is 

substantially less.

10.1.2 Curio or relic classification. A formal ATF classification of a firearm as a curio or relic is not 

required by the law or regulations, however, such official determination is recommended. By obtaining 

a curio or relic classification, a firearm is officially recognized as a curio or relic and the weapon is 

added to the ATF Firearms Curios or Relics List.179 Firearms classified as curios or relics are still 

firearms as defined. A curio or relic classification may be obtained by submitting a written request, in 

duplicate, to ATF’s Firearms Technology Branch (FTB).180 The request must be executed under the 

penalties of perjury, contain a complete and accurate description of the firearm and documentation 

showing that the firearm fits within one of the qualifying categories listed in Section 10.1.1. FTB may 

require submission of the firearm for examination and evaluation. If submission of the firearm is 

impractical, the person requesting the determination must advise FTB and designate the place where the 

firearm will be available for examination and evaluation. 

In the case of firearms that are more than 50 years old, ATF has determined that a collector need not 

request a classification for such weapons.181 Firearms 50 years or older automatically qualify as curios 

or relics. 

A request for curio or relic determination should be submitted to: 

 

178 27 CFR 478.11 

179 ATF P 5300.11 180 27 CFR 478.26 181 FFL Newsletter, Vol. 1, Issue 2 
67

Firearms Technology Branch 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 

244 Needy Road 

Martinsburg, West Virginia 25405

10.1.3 NFA firearms classified as curios or relics. NFA firearms may be classified as curios or relics 

under the same requirements discussed in Section 10.1.1. NFA firearms classified as curios or relics are 

still subject to the provisions of the NFA. 

10.1.4 The Firearms Curios or Relics List (ATF P 5300.11). This publication contains a listing of 

those firearms that have been officially classified as curios or relics. The list contains the following 

sections: 

1. Ammunition classified as curios or relics prior to the 1986 amendments of the GCA. 

2. Firearms classified as curios or relics subject to the provisions of the GCA. 

3. Weapons removed from the NFA as collector’s items which are determined to be curios or 

relics subject to the provisions of the GCA. 

4. Weapons removed from the NFA as collector’s items which are antiques not subject to the 

provisions of the GCA. 

5. NFA weapons classified as curios or relics subject to the provisions of the GCA and NFA. 

The most recent edition of the Curios or Relics List is available on the ATF website www.ATF.gov. 

Periodic updates to the list are also available on the website. 

10.1.5 DEWATS. Deactivated War Trophy (DEWAT) firearms are still firearms under the NFA, but 

have been rendered unserviceable (i.e., incapable of discharging a shot by means of an explosive and 

incapable of being readily restored to a firing condition). The deactivation may have been accomplished 

by various means such as (but not limited to) welding of the chamber, cutting the barrel/chamber/breech, 

plugging the barrel, welding the bolt to the chamber, or some combination of these actions which 

rendered the firearm incapable of firing a shot. 

Regardless of being unserviceable, the DEWAT firearm must be registered and approved for transfer as 

any other NFA firearm. The process to transfer a DEWAT is set forth in §479.90. Because the 

DEWAT is unserviceable, it is transferred tax-exempt as a curio or ornament on an ATF Form 5. The 

Form 5 must identify the transferee and transferor, FFL/SOT, any importer, type, model, caliber, overall 

length, gauge, size, serial number or other marks of identification. Additionally, the transferor must 

check the block in item 1 of the Form 5 indicating the unserviceable status of the firearm and answer 

item 4(i) confirming how the firearm has been rendered unserviceable. 
68

10.1.5.1 Reactivation of DEWATS. Deactivated War Trophy (DEWAT) firearms may be 

returned to a serviceable condition. A DEWAT that has been returned to a serviceable condition 

(or reactivated) is often referred to as Reactivated War Trophy (REWAT). The act of returning a 

DEWAT to a serviceable condition is considered the “making” or “manufacturing” of a firearm 

by ATF. The procedures for reactivation by a non-FFL or FFL with other than a manufacturer’s 

SOT status or with no SOT status on Form 1 are found in section 6.6 of the handbook. The 

procedures for reactivation by an FFL with SOT status as a manufacturer are found in section 

7.3.3 of the handbook. 

Curio or Relic status: When the DEWAT firearm being reactivated is a curio and relic (C&R), 

the C&R status is retained. Please see 27 CFR 478.11 for the definition of curios and relics. 

Section 10.2 Licensed collector 

10.2.1 Collector of curios or relics license. There is no requirement to have a Federal license for the 

purpose of collecting firearms. However, the GCA has a license category for collectors of curios or 

relics.182 The collector of curios or relics license serves one purpose - it enables the holder to receive 

curio or relic firearms interstate under the GCA. A collector’s license does not authorize the holder to 

engage in the business of dealing in firearms. If a collector wants to deal in curio or relic firearms, a 

dealer’s license must be obtained. In the case of dealing in NFA curio or relic firearms, the SOT must 

also be paid. Further, with respect to firearms other than curios or relics, a licensed collector is in the 

same position as a nonlicensee. That is, the licensed collector may not lawfully receive them in interstate 

commerce. 

10.2.2 Receipt of NFA curios or relics by a licensed collector. A licensed collector may receive an 

NFA curio or relic firearm directly from any person in any State. Such receipt requires an approved 

Form 4 (or in the case of an unserviceable firearm, an approved Form 5) with law enforcement 

certification and fingerprint cards. If the NFA curio or relic firearm being transferred is not specifically 

listed on the Curios or Relics List, the applicant or transferee should submit documentation that the 

firearm in question has been classified as a curio or relic. Including this information can reduce delays 

in processing a transfer application. 

10.2.3 Transfer of NFA curios or relics by a licensed collector. A licensed collector may transfer an 

NFA curio or relic firearm in interstate commerce only to a licensed collector, licensed dealer, licensed 

importer or licensed manufacturer. Such transfer requires an approved Form 4 (or in the case of an 

unserviceable firearm, an approved Form 5). If the transferee is not an SOT, the law enforcement 

certification and fingerprint cards are also required. A licensed collector may transfer an NFA curio or 

relic firearm directly to a nonlicensee who resides in the same State as the licensed collector. A transfer 

of this type requires an approved Form 4 or Form 5, a law enforcement certification, and fingerprint 

cards. 

 

182 18 U.S.C. 923(b) 
69

Section 10.3 Recordkeeping requirements 

10.3.1 Acquisition and disposition records. Licensed collectors must maintain a record of the 

acquisition and disposition of curio or relic firearms.183 The regulations specify the format and 

information required to be maintained. Only firearms classified as curios or relics should be listed in the 

required records. A licensed collector is not required to execute a Form 4473, Firearms Transaction 

Record, or initiate a NICS background check when disposing of a curio or relic firearm. 

10.3.2 Termination of a collector’s license. A licensed collector who decides not to renew a 

collector’s license is not required to surrender the acquisition and disposition records for curio or relic 

firearms to ATF. 

 

183 27 CFR 478.125(f) 
70

CHAPTER 11. EXPORTATION OF NFA FIREARMS 

Section 11.1 Arms Export Control Act (AECA), 22 U.S.C. 2778. The AECA regulates the 

exportation of “defense articles,” including firearms and firearm parts. Authority to administer and 

enforce the exportation provisions of the AECA rests with the U.S. State Department. The articles 

subject to AECA control are listed under various categories in the State Department’s U.S. Munitions 

List contained in the regulations in 22 CFR 121.1. Firearms and component parts of firearms are listed 

under Categories I and II. 

11.1.1 State Department regulations implementing the AECA. State Department’s regulations 

implementing the AECA are known as the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) (22 CFR 

Parts 120-130). The regulations can be found on the internet by querying “U.S. State Department” and 

then “Directorate of Defense Trade Controls.” A hardcopy of the regulations is published annually and 

includes all amendments made to the ITAR from April 1 through March 31 of each year. The hardcopy 

can be obtained from the Government Printing Office. 

11.1.2 Firearms and firearm component parts subject to the AECA. As stated in Section 11.1, 

firearms and component parts of firearms are included in Categories I and II of the U.S. Munitions List. 

11.1.2.1 Category I. Category I covers nonautomatic and semi-automatic firearms to caliber .50 

inclusive (12.7 mm), as well as fully automatic firearms to .50 caliber inclusive. This category also 

covers silencers, mufflers, sound and flash suppressors, and rifle scopes manufactured to military 

specifications. Excluded from Category I are non-combat shotguns with barrel lengths of 18 inches 

or longer. In other words, sporting shotguns not subject to the NFA are not defense articles subject 

to State Department export controls. Category I also covers components, parts, accessories and 

attachments for firearms. However, it excludes rifle scopes and sighting devices not manufactured 

to military specifications, as well as accessories and attachments (for example, belts, slings, after 

market rubber grips, cleaning kits) for firearms that do not enhance the usefulness, effectiveness, or 

capabilities of the firearm, components, and parts. The Department of Commerce regulates the 

export of firearms and parts not covered by Category I. Therefore, see the Commerce’s regulations 

in 15 CFR Parts 730-799 for export controls over those items. 

11.1.2.2 Category II. This category covers guns over caliber .50, as well as all other components, 

parts, accessories, attachments and associated equipment specifically designed or modified for such 

guns. 

Section 11.2 Registration of exporters and manufacturers under the AECA. As required by 

regulations in 22 CFR 122.1(a), any person engaged in the United States in the business of 

manufacturing or exporting defense articles on the U.S. Munitions List is required to register with State 

Department’s Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC). Persons engaged in the business of 

manufacturing firearms and other defense articles must register even if they do not export such items. 

Certain exceptions to the registration requirement are listed in Section 122.1(b). 

11.2.1 Submission of registration form, DSP-9. As provided by 22 CFR 122.2, Department of State 

Form DSP-9 must be submitted by the registrant with a check or money order payable to the Department 

of State of one of the fees prescribed in section 122.3(a). 
71

11.2.2 Transmittal letter must accompany Form DSP-9. Form DSP-9 must be accompanied by a 

transmittal letter signed by a senior officer, as well as documentation showing that the registrant is 

incorporated or otherwise authorized to do business in the United States. The letter must contain the 

statements required by section 122.2(b). In summary, the letter must state whether any senior officer or 

member of the board of directors: 

(1) Has ever been indicted or convicted of violating any criminal statute enumerated in 22 CFR 

120.27; 

(2) Is ineligible to contract with, or to receive a license or other approval to import defense 

articles from, or receive an export license or other approval from, any U.S. agency; and 

(3) Whether the registrant is owned or controlled by foreign persons (as defined in 22 CFR 

120.16). If the registrant is owned or controlled by foreign persons, the letter must also state 

whether the registrant is incorporated or otherwise authorized to engage in business in the United 

States. See Section 122.2(c) for definitions of “ownership” and “control.” 

11.2.3 Notification of changes in information furnished by registrants. See 22 CFR 122.4 for the 

requirement to report changes to DDTC in the information provided in registering with the State 

Department on Form DSP-9. 

Section 11.3 License requirement for permanent export of a defense article. Any person or entity 

intending to permanently export a defense article must obtain approval of DDTC prior to the export. 

Approval must be obtained by filing with DDTC Form DSP-5. For more detailed information, see State 

Department regulations in 22 CFR 123.1. 

Section 11.4 License requirement for temporary export of a defense article. Any person or entity 

intending to temporarily export a defense article must obtain approval of DDTC prior to the export. 

Approval must be obtained by filing with Form DSP-73. No ATF approval is required for a temporary 

exportation. For more detailed information, see State Department regulations in 22 CFR 123.5. 

Section 11.5 Prohibited exports and sales to certain countries. It is the policy of the United States to 

deny licenses to export defense articles destined for certain countries. Therefore, the State Department 

will deny applications for licenses to export such articles, including firearms, to those countries. A list 

of these countries can be found in State Department’s regulations in 22 CFR 126.1, for example, Cuba, 

Iran, Libya, North Korea, and Vietnam. This policy also applies to countries with respect to which the 

United States maintains an arms embargo, for example, Burma, China, and Liberia. 

Section 11.6 ATF requirements relative to the exportation of firearms. Any person or entity 

desiring to permanently export an NFA firearm without payment of the transfer tax must file with ATF 

an application for a permit to export the firearm on ATF Form 9. Shipment may not be made until the 

permit is received. ATF will not act on the application unless it contains the information required by the 

regulations in 27 CFR 479.114. See ATF’s regulations in 27 CFR 479.114 – 479.121 for detailed 

information on ATF’s exportation requirements. 
72

11.6.1 Applying for an export permit on ATF Form 9. Any person desiring to export an NFA 

firearm without paying the transfer tax must file with ATF a permit application to export the firearm on 

Form 9. Appendix C contains a copy of Form 9. The application requires submission of the following 

information: 

 (1) Name and address of the foreign consignee; 

 (2) Number of firearms covered by the application; 

 (3) The intended port of exportation; 

(4) A complete description of each firearm to be exported (an attached list of serial 

numbers/descriptions may be used); 

(5) The name, address, State Department export license number (or date of application if not 

issued), and identification of the special (occupational) tax stamp of the transferor; and 

(6) The application must be supported by a certified copy of a written order or contract of sale or 

other evidence showing that the firearm is to be shipped to a foreign destination. However, a copy 

of a State Department export license on DSP-5 is acceptable in lieu of such certification. 

11.6.2 Transfers to another person for export. Where is desired to make a transfer free of tax to 

another person who in turn will export the firearm, the transferor must likewise file an application on 

Form 9 supported by evidence that the transfer will start the firearm in the course of exportation. 

However, where both the transferor and exporter are FFLs/SOTs, the transferor is not required to file a 

Form 9 application. 

11.6.3 Proof of exportation. Within a six-month period from the date of issuance of the permit on 

Form 9, the exporter must provide ATF with the evidence of exportation specified by the regulations in 

27 CFR 479.118. Where such evidence is not furnished, the exporter will be assessed the transfer tax on 

the firearm. 

 
73

CHAPTER 12. RECORDKEEPING 

Section 12.1 Maintaining proof of registration. The NFA requires that a person possessing a firearm 

registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record (NFRTR) retain proof of 

registration which must be made available to the Attorney General, specifically an ATF agent or 

investigator, upon request.184 Proof of registration would be on a Form 1 registering a firearm to its 

maker, Form 2 registering a firearm to an importer or manufacturer, or a Form 3, 4, or 5 showing 

registration of a firearm to a transferee. 

12.1.1 Manner in which registration documents must be kept. NFA regulations require FFLs/SOTs 

maintain their registration documents in chronological order at their place of business.185

12.1.2 Recordkeeping where registered firearms are kept on premises other than the registered 

owner’s place of business. If the registered firearms are kept at a location other than the place of 

business shown on the registrant’s special tax stamp, the forms showing the firearm’s registration must 

be annotated to reflect the place where the firearms are kept or stored. ATF has advised in the past that 

documents (such as a statement, file card, or office form indicating the current location) may be kept 

with the registration records to show such off-premises location. In addition, an FFL/SOT’s notation in 

the A & D Records disposition line is also acceptable to show such location if a notice is kept with the 

registration document stating “See bound book for storage location.” ATF will clarify this policy in the 

near future. 

Section 12.2 Verifying the description of firearms on registration documents. It is important to 

verify that the information on a registration document accurately describes the registered firearm. 

Where firearms were registered prior to the amended NFA in 1968 or during the 1968 amnesty period, it 

was not uncommon for these firearms to have been inaccurately described on the registration forms. 

Owners of registered firearms should carefully compare each field in the “Description of Firearm” 

section on the registration document with their firearm. Of particular importance are the fields recording 

the type of firearm, model, and serial number. Concerning the serial number, it is important to ensure 

that digits in the number have not been transposed, or, if the serial number contains letters as a prefix or 

suffix, that those letters are properly shown as part of the number. 

Section 12.3 Correcting an error in the description of a registered firearm. If errors are found in 

the description of a firearm in the owner’s registration document, the owner should write a letter to the 

Chief, NFA Branch and request the registration record for the firearm be corrected. The letter should 

describe the problem and provide the correct information. If the error being reported involves an 

incorrect serial number, ATF will require that close-up photographs or a pencil rubbing of the actual 

serial number be provided. A copy of the registration document should also be included with the letter 

request. Persons requesting a correction to the description of their registered firearm should also retain a 

copy of the letter request with their registration document until ATF responds with an acknowledgement 

that the registration record has been corrected. 

 

184 26 U.S.C. 5841(e) 185 27 CFR 479.131 
74

Section 12.4 Custody of NFA firearms by employees of FFLs/SOTs. It is common for employees of 

FFLs/SOTs to take firearms registered to the FFLs/SOTs off-premises for display, demonstration, or 

other purposes on behalf of their registered owners. This does not result in the “transfer” of 

NFAfirearms requiring ATF approval and registration of the firearms to the employees as long as the 

firearms are possessed for the employer’s business purposes and not for employee’s personal use. 

Similarly, employees taking custody of firearms under these circumstances would not constitute a 

“firearms disposition” that is required to be recorded in FFL/SOT’s acquisition and disposition records 

(A & D Records). Although not legally required, FFLs/SOTs and their employees should consider 

taking the following actions as a matter of good business practice: 

(1) Keep a copy of the NFA registration document with each registered firearm. 

(2) If the firearm is located in an area having State or local registration requirements, keep a copy of 

the State/local registration document with the firearm. 

(3) Where the firearm is taken off-premises for display, demonstration, or other purposes on behalf 

of the registered owner, keep a copy of the NFA and State/local registration documents with the 

firearm. 

(4) Provide an employee having custody of the registered owner’s firearm away from the licensed 

premises with a letter authorizing the employee to possess the firearm on the employer’s behalf. 

These actions would help convince law enforcement authorities who encounter the firearm that the 

FFL/SOT’s employee is in lawful possession of the firearm and that the firearm is not unlawfully 

possessed and subject to seizure. 

12.4.1 Who is an “employee” of an FFL/SOT? For purposes of this section, an “employee” is a bona 

fide employee of an FFL/SOT on the FFL/SOT’s payroll. An “employee” is not a mere agent of the 

FFL/SOT appointed temporarily to take possession of the registered owner’s firearm for a particular 

mission. If an agent of an FFL/SOT, rather than a bona fide employee, takes possession of the 

FFL/SOT’s registered firearm, a “transfer” occurs subject to registration, tax, and other provisions of the 

NFA. 

Section 12.5 Firearms acquisition and disposition records. NFA regulations require each 

manufacturer, importer, and dealer in NFA firearms to maintain the records of the acquisition and 

disposition of firearms required by GCA regulations in 27 CFR Part478, Subpart H.186 The regulations 

identify specific formats and required information fields for recording and maintaining these records. 

The records must be maintained on the FFL/SOT’s licensed premises.

187

12.5.1 Commercial records of firearms received. When a commercial record is held by a licensed 

dealer or collector showing the acquisition of a firearm or curio or relic, and the record contains all 

acquisition information required to be recorded in the licensee’s A & D Records, the licensee may, for a 

period not exceeding 7 days following the date of receipt, delay making the required entry in the A & D 

 

186 27 CFR 479.131 187 27 CFR 478.121(a) 
75

Records if the commercial record is (1) maintained separate from other commercial documents, and (2) 

is readily available for inspection on the licensed premises. When disposition is made of the firearm not 

entered into the A & D Records, the licensee must enter all required information in the A & D Records 

at the time of the transfer.188

12.5.2 Alternate acquisition and disposition records for low volume dealers. This is a little used but 

available alternative for low-volume firearms dealers to maintain records of the acquisition and 

disposition of firearms. In lieu of the A&D records discussed in Section 12.5, a licensed dealer 

contemplating the disposition of not more than 50 firearms within a succeeding 12-month period, 

whether to other FFLs or to nonlicensees, may maintain a record of the acquisition and disposition of 

firearms on firearms transaction records, Forms 4473(LV).189 A dealer maintaining records on these 

forms, whose firearms dispositions exceed 50 firearms within the 12-month period, must make and 

maintain the prescribed A&D Records for each firearm exceeding 50. See the regulations in 27 CFR 

478.124a for details on maintaining records on Forms 4473(LV). 

12.5.2 Variances in the recordkeeping requirements for the acquisition and disposition of 

firearms. ATF may authorize an FFL to maintain alternate records of the acquisition and disposition of 

firearms if such records would accurately and readily disclose the required information.190 To use an 

alternate method of recordkeeping, an FFL must submit a letter application, in duplicate, to the 

appropriate Director of Industry Operations (DIO) and describe the proposed alternate records. 

Alternate records may not be employed by the FFL until approval is received from ATF. With the 

exception of computerized recordkeeping variance requests presented by FFLs located within one ATF 

Field Division, DIOs may be required to forward variance requests to the ATF Firearms Programs 

Division for review and approval. 

12.5.2.1 Computerized records. In lieu of the hard-copy, A & D Records required by the 

regulations, the DIO may authorize FFLs to maintain computerized records of their firearms 

acquisitions and dispositions records. DIOs will approve the use of a computerized recordkeeping 

system if: 

(1) The system meets the regulatory requirements for recording the information in 27 CFR 

478.122, 27 CFR 478.123, and/or 27 CFR 478.125. 

(2) The system allows queries by serial number, acquisition date, and name of the 

manufacturer. Commonly recognized trade names may be used when denoting the 

manufacturer or importer. 

(3) The system has an acceptable daily backup for all databases. 

(4) The system must provide periodic printouts of all records at least semiannually, upon 

request of an ATF officer, when the database is purged, and when the license is 

 

188 27 CFR 478.125(g) 

189 27 CFR 478.124a 

190 27 CFR 478.125(h) 
76

terminated. The printouts must be limited to the information required by 27 CFR 478.122, 

27 CFR 478.123, and/or 27 CFR 478.125 only. The printouts must be retained until the 

next required printout is prepared 

(5) The computer printouts contain firearms in inventory, as well as all firearms transferred 

during the period covered, sequentially by date of acquisition. 

(6) The system must record both the manufacturer and the importer of foreign made firearms. 

(7) (7) Printouts may include antique firearms, but cannot include other non-firearm 

merchandise. However, firearms not subject to GCA requirements must be identified as 

“ANT” in the “firearm type” column. 

(8) The name and address (if nonlicensee) or the name and FFL number (if licensee) of both 

the supplier/consignor and the purchaser/transferee must be included in the computer data. 

The name and ATF Form transaction number may be used in lieu of the address for 

recording the transfer of a firearm to a nonlicensee if the Forms 4473 are filed 

numerically. 

(9) The system cannot rely upon invoices or other paper/manual systems to provide any of the 

required information. 

(10) Any changes in an approved system must be reported to the DIO in writing with a copy 

of the original variance approval attached, for evaluation and consideration prior to 

implementation. 

(11) All acquisition and disposition records must remain at the licensed premises. 

Section 12.6 Forms 4473. A licensed firearms importer, manufacturer, or dealer may not sell or 

dispose of a firearm to a nonlicensee unless the transaction is recorded on ATF Form 4473.191 See 

Section 12.6.2 for firearms transfers occurring as a result of the return of a repaired or replacement 

firearm. 

12.6.1 Firearms acquired from an FFL by an organization. An FFL who sells or otherwise disposes 

of a firearm to a nonlicensee who is other an individual, that is, a corporation, partnership, or 

association, must obtain a Form 4473 from the individual acquiring the firearm on behalf of the 

organization.192 The individual must attach a written statement to the form, executed under the penalties 

of perjury, stating that the firearm is being acquired for the use of his/her organization and the name and 

address of the organization. The FFL must also initiate a background check of the individual under the 

Brady Law.193 

 

191 27 CFR 478.124(a) 

192 27 CFR 478.124(g) 

193 Q&A P60, ATF Pub. 5300.4, Sept. 2005, p. 195 
77

12.6.2 Return of firearms delivered to an FFL for repair or customizing. A Form 4473 is not 

required to record the disposition of a firearm delivered to an FFL for the sole purpose of repair or 

customizing when the firearm or a replacement firearm is returned to the person from whom it was 

received.194 See Section 9.5.1 suggesting the use of Forms 5 to document the delivery of a firearm to an 

FFL for repair (or customizing) and the return of the firearm. The use of an ATF-approved Form 5 for 

these transactions is beneficial to the registered owner of the firearm and to the FFL having the firearm 

for repair or customizing. If the registered owner is inspected by ATF while the gun is away for repair 

or customizing, an ATF-approved Form 5 will satisfy the inspector that the absence of the gun from 

inventory is lawful and not due to a loss or unlawful transfer. If the FFL having the gun for repair or 

customizing has an approved Form 5 for receipt of the gun, the FFL can establish to an ATF inspector’s 

satisfaction that the gun is lawfully possessed. 

12.6.3 Maintaining Forms 4473. FFLs must retain in alphabetical (by name of purchaser), 

chronological (by date of disposition), or numerical (by transaction serial number) order, each Form 

4473 obtained in the course of transferring firearms.195 Forms 4473 obtained whereby the sale, delivery 

or transfer of the firearm did not take place must be separately retained in similar alphabetical, 

numerical, or chronological fashion.196 

Section 12.7 Record retention period. The regulations provided under the NFA, specifically 27 CFR 

479.131, provide that the retention periods for required records shall be in conformity with the 

requirements specified under Part 478. As provided by Part 478: 

(1) Records of firearms transactions maintained by licensed importers and licensed manufacturers 

must maintain permanent records of the importation, manufacture, or other acquisition of 

firearms.197 

(2) Licensed importer’s and manufacturer’s records of sales or other disposition of firearms over 

the age of 20 years may be discarded.198 

(3) The A & D Records prepared by licensed dealers and licensed collectors over 20 years of age 

may be discarded. 

(4) All FFLs shall retain each Form 4473 and 4473(LV) for a period not less than 20 years from 

the date of sale or disposition of the firearms. Forms 4473 obtained by FFLs where the NICS 

check was initiated, but the sale, delivery, or transfer of the firearm was not completed must be 

retained for a period of not less than 5 years.199 

 

194 27 CFR 478.124(a) 

195 27 CFR 478.124(b) 

196 27 CFR 478.129(b) 

197 27 CFR 478.129(d) 

198 27 CFR 478.129(a); 478.129(d) 

199 27 CFR 478.129(b) 
78

(5) Licensees are also required to retain the ATF Form 3310.4, Multiple Sales or Other Disposition 

of Pistols and Revolvers, as well as ATF Form 3310.11, Federal Firearms Licensee Theft/Loss 

Report, for a period of not less than 5 years.200

(6) Retention of the records relating to transactions in semi-automatic assault weapons must be 

retained for a period not less 5 years 

 

 

 

200 27 CFR 478.129(c) 
79

CHAPTER 13. REQUIRED REPORTS AND NOTIFICATIONS TO ATF

Section 13.1 Change of business address. 

13.1.1 GCA requirements. Technically, a change in an FFL’s/SOT’s business address does not trigger 

an ATF “notification” or “reporting” requirement under the GCA. Rather, it requires the FFL to apply 

for and receive an amended license before business may be resumed at the new business location. GCA 

regulations require that an application for an amended license, ATF Form 5300.38, be filed not less than 

30 days prior to the change with the Chief, Federal Firearms Licensing Center (FFLC).201 The 

application must be accompanied by the FFL’s original license. The FFLC may also require the 

applicant to submit an original license application on ATF Form 7, or may issue an amended license if 

the applicant is determined to be qualified to do business at the new location. The amended license is 

valid for the remainder of the term of the original license. 

13.1.1.1 Application for amended license. Moving a licensed business to a new location 

requires careful planning. In completing the application for an amended license, the FFL will be 

asked if there are any restrictions, covenants, or zoning ordinances prohibiting the conduct of 

business at the new premises. The FFL must also attach to the application copies of any State 

license or permit required to conduct the business, as well as evidence of payment of any 

required State or local business tax. The FFL must also certify that notification has been given to 

the chief law enforcement officer (the sheriff, chief of police, or equivalent officer) at the new 

location that the FFL intends to file the application. If ATF determines that the firearms business 

may not be lawfully conducted at the new location, the application will be denied. 

13.1.2 NFA requirements. If the FFL is qualified to do business in NFA firearms, the FFL may not 

lawfully conduct business in NFA firearms at the new location without the approval of the Chief, NFA 

Branch.202 The regulations require the FFL/SOT to file Form 5630.7 with ATF, bearing the notation 

“Removal Registry” and showing the new address to be used. The FFL/SOT must also send the current 

special tax stamp to ATF, as well as a letter application requesting the amendment of the registration. 

Upon approval, the NFA Branch will return the special tax stamp, amended to show the new business 

location. 

Section 13.2 Change in trade name 

13.2.1 GCA requirements. GCA regulations provide that an FFL is not required to obtain a new 

license by reason of a mere change in trade name, provided the license is sent for endorsement of the 

change to the Chief, Federal Firearms Licensing Center within 30 days from the date the business starts 

using the new name.203

13.2.2 NFA requirements. An FFL/SOT may not continue business in these types of firearms under a 

new trade name without the approval of the Chief, NFA Branch.204 To obtain approval, the regulations 

 

201 27 CFR 478.52 202 27 CFR 479.46 203 27 CFR 478.53 204 27 CFR 479.47 
80

require the FFL/SOT to file ATF Form 5630.7 with ATF, bearing the notation “Amended” and showing 

the new trade name intended to be used. The FFL/SOT must also send the current NFA special tax 

stamp to ATF, as well as a letter application requesting amendment of the registration as a special 

(occupational) taxpayer. Upon approval, the NFA Branch will return the amended special tax stamp 

showing the new trade name. 

Section 13.3 Change in control. A “change in control” is defined in GCA regulations as a change in 

the actual or legal control of a licensed corporation or association, directly or indirectly, whether by 

reason of a change in stock ownership, by operation of law, or in any other manner.205 The regulations 

require the FFL to give written notification of the change, executed under the penalties of perjury, to the 

Chief, Federal Firearms Licensing Center, within 30 days of the change. Upon expiration of the license, 

the regulations require the FFL to file an application for an original license on ATF Form 7. Here are 

some examples of a “change in control:” 

(1) In the case of a licensed corporation, an individual’s acquisition of 51% of the stock of the 

corporation. 

(2) Corporation A, an FFL, is acquired by Corporation B. That is, Corporation B purchased 100% 

of the stock of Corporation A. Corporation A continues to exist as a distinct legal entity after the 

acquisition and may continue to engage in its licensed firearms business. 

(3) The entire board of directors or slate of officers of a corporate FFL changes. 

13.3.1 Changes in an FFL’s “responsible persons.” For a business entity such as a corporation, 

association, or partnership to qualify for a GCA license, it must not have any person responsible for the 

management or policies of the firearms business under Federal disabilities, for example, felons.206 Thus, 

the entity must list its “responsible persons” on the license application and provide ATF with the 

fingerprints and photographs of such responsible persons. ATF will conduct a background check of 

these persons prior to issuing a license. Although a change in responsible persons may not result in a 

“change in control” for the licensed entity, it is advisable that the FFL notify the Chief, Federal Firearms 

Licensing Center (FFLC) in writing of such a change and provide the FFLC with same identifying 

information as required for other responsible persons on the ATF Form 7, as well as the new responsible 

person’s photograph and fingerprints. 

13.3.2 A “change in control” is distinguishable from the sale or transfer of a firearms business to 

another person or entity. Where an FFL sells or transfers the firearms business to a different person or 

entity, the FFL’s license is not transferable to the new person or entity.207 For example, if Corporation 

A purchases the assets of an FFL, Corporation B, and Corporation A intends to operate the new firearms 

business, Corporation A may not lawfully operate the business on Corporation B’s license. Rather, 

Corporation A must apply for and receive its own GCA license to lawfully carry on the business. The 

 

205 27 CFR 478.54 206 18 U.S.C 923(d)(1)(B); 27 CFR 478.47 207 27 CFR 478.51 
81

NFA would also require Corporation A to pay the NFA special tax by filing ATF Form 5630.7, Special 

Tax Registration and Return.208 

Section 13.4 Reporting firearms transaction information. Each licensee must, when required by 

letter issued by the ATF, submit on ATF Form 4483, Report of Firearms Transactions, for the periods 

and times specified in the letter, all record information called for by the letter.209 This includes the 

requirement for firearms manufacturers to annually report their firearms production on ATF Form 

5300.11. Even if there has been no production, the annual report must be filed. See the instructions on 

the form for more specific information on the reporting requirement. Should a manufacturer’s 

production fall within the following categories, the report would reflect “o” (zero) for firearms 

produced: 

(1) Firearms produced solely for the official use of the Armed Forces of the United States. 

(2) Firearms disposed of to another licensed firearms manufacturer for the purpose of final 

finishing and assembly 

(3) Destructive devices as defined in 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(4) and 26 U.S.C. 5845(f). 

(4) Antique firearms as defined in 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(16). 

(5) Firearms incorporating frames or receivers of foreign manufacture. 

(7) Firearms remanufactured or customized and previously in the possession of non-FFLs. 

Section 13.5 Reporting thefts or losses of firearms 

13.5.1 GCA requirements. Each FFL must report the theft or loss of a firearm from the FFL’s 

inventory (including any firearm that has been transferred from the inventory to the FFL’s personal 

collection and held as a personal firearm for at least 1 year), or from the collection of a licensed 

collector, within 48 hours after the theft or loss is discovered.210 Reports must be made by telephoning 

ATF at 1-888-930-9275 (nationwide toll free number) and by preparing ATF Form 3310.11, Federal 

Firearms Licensee Theft/Loss Report, in accordance with the instructions on the form. The original of 

the report must be forwarded to the ATF National Tracing Center at the address specified on the form, 

and a copy must be retained by the FFL in the FFL’s permanent records for a period not less than 5 

years.

211 Theft or loss of any firearm must also be reported to appropriate local authorities. 

13.5.2 NFA requirements. When any registered firearm is stolen or lost, the person losing possession 

must, immediately upon discovery of the theft or loss, make a written report to ATF, specifically the 

NFA Branch, showing the following: (1) name and address of the person in whose name the firearm is 

 

208 27 CFR 479.31 

209 18 U.S.C 923(g)(5)(A); 27 CFR 478.126 210 18 U.S.C. 923(g)(6); 27 CFR 478.39a 211 27 CFR 478.129(c) 
82

registered; (2) kind of firearm; (3) serial number; (4) model; (5) caliber; (6) manufacturer; (7) date and 

place of theft or loss; and (8) a complete statement of the facts and circumstances surrounding the theft 

or loss.212

Section 13.6 Reporting theft or loss of NFA registration documents. When any Form 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 

6A, or 10 evidencing possession of a firearm is stolen, lost, or destroyed, the person losing possession 

must immediately upon discovery of the theft, loss, or destruction report the matter in writing to ATF, 

specifically the NFA Branch.213 The report must show the circumstances of the theft, loss, or 

destruction and include all known facts which may serve to identify the document. Upon receipt of the 

report, ATF may conduct an investigation and issue a duplicate document. 

Section 13.7 Reporting information in response to ATF trace requests. The Gun Control Act of 

1968 (GCA) requires an FFL to respond immediately, and in no event later than 24 hours after the 

receipt of, to a request by an ATF officer at the National Tracing Center (NTC) for information 

contained in the FFL’s required GCA records for determining the disposition of one or more firearms in 

the course of a bona fide criminal investigation. (See 18 U.S.C. 923(g)(7) and 27 CFR 478.25a). The 

requested information must be provided orally to the ATF officer within the 24-hour period. 

Verification of the identity and employment of NTC personnel requesting this information may be 

established by telephoning the toll-free number 1-800-788-7133 or using the toll-free FAX number 1-

800-578-7223. 

Section 13.8. Requesting permission to transport certain firearms in interstate or foreign 

commerce. A person, other than an FFL/SOT, may not lawfully transport in interstate or foreign 

commerce any destructive device, machinegun, short-barreled shotgun, or short-barreled rifle, without 

prior written approval of ATF, specifically the NFA Branch.214 For definitions of these firearms and 

devices, refer to 27 CFR 478.11. Licensed collectors are not required to obtain such approval if the 

firearms and devices being transported are “curio or relic” firearms under the GCA. Approval for the 

transportation may be obtained by (1) a written request or (2) an approved application filed with ATF on 

Form 5320.20. 

13.8.1 A written (letter) request. A written (letter) request must contain: 

(1) A complete description and identification of the device or firearm to be transported; 

(2) A statement whether the transportation involves a transfer of title; 

(3) The need for such transportation; 

(4) The approximate date the transportation is to take place; 

(5) The present location of the device or firearm and the place to which it is being transported. 

 

212 27 CFR 479.141 213 27 CFR 479.37, 479.142 214 18 U.S.C. 922(a)(4); 27 CFR 478.28 
83

(6) The mode of transportation to be used (including, if by common or contract carrier, the name 

and address of the carrier); and 

(7) Evidence that the transportation or possession of the device or firearm is not inconsistent 

with the laws at the place of destination. 

13.8.2 Form 5320.20. As stated above, transportation of these firearms and devices may also be 

approved by completing and filing this form and obtaining ATF approval of the form. 

13.8.3 One-year approval. If a person will be transporting his/her firearm(s) to the same location on a 

continual basis, ATF will approve a transportation request for up to 1 year. Example: the person lives in 

State A, has a farm in State B (State B allows possession of the particular firearm), and wants to take the 

firearm to the farm throughout the year. The person may request permission for a 1-year period to 

transport the firearm interstate to the farm. Any other interstate transportation would still require a 

separate request and approval. Second example: the person lives in State A and wants to transport 

his/her firearm to a site in State B where competitions and shoots occur several times a year (State B 

allows possession of the particular firearm). The person may request permission for a 1-year period to 

transport the firearm interstate to the site for competitions and shoots. Any other interstate 

transportation would still require a separate request and approval. 
84

CHAPTER 14. GOING OUT OF BUSINESS 

Section 14.1 Disposition of GCA records. 

14.1.1 “Records” for purposes of this section. Reference to the term “records” in this chapter refers 

to the acquisition and disposition records required by GCA and NFA regulations, Forms 4473, Forms 

3310.4 (Report of Multiple Sale or Other Disposition of Pistols and Revolvers), ATF Forms 3310.11 

(Federal Firearms Licensee Theft/Loss Report), records of transactions in semiautomatic assault 

weapons, records of importation (ATF Forms 6 and 6A), and law enforcement certification letters. If the 

licensee was granted a variance to use a computerized recordkeeping system, this term also refers to the 

required printout of the all A & D records, as required by the variance approval.215 As required by the 

regulations, these records must be surrendered to the ATF Out-of-Business Records Center (OBRC) or 

transferred to any successor of the firearms business within 30 days of the discontinuance of such 

business.216 [Handwritten changes add cite “27 C.F.R. § 478.129” but may just be the above referenced 

forms] 

14.1.2 Transfer of the firearms business to a new owner. In the event that the firearms business is 

transferred to a new owner (i.e. successor), the FFL going out of business may dispose of the records in 

one of two ways: (1) close all open A & D Record disposition entries by recording the date of transfer, 

as well as the name and FFL of the succeeding licensee (or record that the firearm was transferred to the 

discontinued FFL’s personal inventory), underline the final entry in each bound book, and deliver all 

records to the business successor; or (2) deliver the records to the ATF Out-of-Business Records Center, 

244 Needy Road, Martinsburg, West Virginia 25405, or to any ATF office in the division in which the 

business was located. A successor licensee, who receives the records from the original licensee, may 

choose to forward the records to the ATF Out-of-Business Records Center.217 

14.1.3 Discontinuance of the business. If the firearms business is discontinued and there is no 

successor, within 30 days of business’ discontinuance, the FFL must ship the records to the ATF Out-ofBusiness Records Center or to any office in the ATF division in which the business was located. If the 

FFL was granted a variance to use a computerized recordkeeping system, the FFL must provide a 

complete printout of the acquisition and disposition records as stipulated in the variance approval.218

Section 14.2 Disposition of NFA firearms (other than “post-‘86 machineguns”). 

14.2.1 Sole proprietors. FFLs licensed as sole proprietors, who have been qualified to deal in NFA 

firearms and who go out of the NFA business, may lawfully retain their inventory of these firearms, 

including imported NFA “sales samples”, in their individual capacity. No NFA transfer occurs that 

would require an ATF-approved transfer because the firearms are still possessed by the same person to 

whom they were previously transferred and registered. However, any firearm registered to the 

individual as a “sales sample” would continue to bear the “sales sample” restriction on any subsequent 

transfer, unless the firearm is being transferred to a government agency. Thus, the transfer of a “sales 

 

215 ATF P 5300.4 (09/05), Question C-7, Page 180 216 18 U.S.C. 923(g)(4); 27 CFR 478.127 217 Ibid. 218 Ibid. 
85

sample” to other than a government agency will only be approved if the transferee is an FFL/SOT 

qualified to receive such samples.219 Since the registered owner of the firearm is no longer an FFL/SOT, 

the owner’s subsequent transfer of the firearm to other than a government agency would be subject to 

transfer tax and require approval of an ATF Form 4. NOTE: If an NFA firearm registered to a sole 

proprietor as a “sale sample” becomes part of the person’s estate upon his/her death, the firearm may 

not be registered to a beneficiary of the estate unless the beneficiary is qualified to deal in NFA sales 

samples. 

14.2.2 Corporations, partnerships, and associations. FFLs licensed as corporations, partnerships, or 

associations, who have been qualified to deal in NFA firearms and who go out of the NFA business, 

may lawfully retain their inventory of these firearms, including imported NFA “sales samples,” as long 

as the entity does not dissolve but continues to exist under State law. No NFA transfer occurs that 

would require an ATF-approved transfer because the firearms are still possessed by the same entity to 

which they were previously transferred and registered. However, any firearm registered to the entity as 

a “sales sample” would continue to bear the “sales sample” restriction on any subsequent transfer, unless 

the firearm is being transferred to a government agency. Thus, the transfer of a “sales sample” to other 

than a government agency will only be approved if the transferee is an FFL/SOT qualified such 

samples.220

14.2.2.1 Effect of dissolution of a corporation, partnership, or association. If an FFL 

licensed as a corporation, partnership, or association goes out of business and dissolves (ceases 

to exist under State law), the firm’s NFA firearms will be considered to have been “transferred” 

to whomever takes custody of the firearms and possesses them after dissolution. To be lawful, 

such transfers must be approved in advance by ATF on ATF Forms 4 and are subject to NFA 

transfer tax. However, ATF will not approve the transfer of an NFA “sales sample” unless the 

transfer is to a government agency or to an FFL/SOT qualified to receive such samples.

221

14.2.3 Avoiding NFA transfer tax. An FFL/SOT going out of business and contemplating the transfer 

of an inventory of NFA firearms or NFA “sales samples” should be mindful of the tax consequences of 

such transfers. If the FFL/SOT wishes to transfer the firearms to another such person or entity, the 

transfers may be made on approved ATF Forms 3 transfer tax free if both the transferor and transferee 

are licensed under the GCA and hold NFA special tax stamps. Thus, a person or entity going out of 

business who allows his/her FFL or special tax stamp to expire before the transfers would be subject to 

the transfer tax on each firearm transferred and the transfers would have to be made on ATF-approved 

Forms 4.

222 

Section 14.3 Disposition of “post-86 machineguns.” Section 479.105(f) requires the FFL/SOT going 

out of business to transfer machinegun(s) manufactured after May 19, 1986 to a Federal, State or local 

government entity, qualified manufacturer, qualified importer, or, subject to the provisions of 

479.105(d), to a qualified dealer. The transfers must be completed prior to the FFL/SOT going out of 

business. The transfer to a government entity would be on Form 5 and the transfer to a qualified 

 

219 Item 10g, ATF Pub. 5300.4 (9/05), Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide, p. 164 220 Ibid. 221 Ibid. 222 26 U.S.C. 5852(d) 
86

manufacturer, importer, or dealer would be on Form 3. The transfer of a machinegun manufactured 

after May 19, 1986 to a qualified manufacturer or qualified importer can be done without the ‘law 

enforcement letters of interest’ when the possessing FFL/SOT is going out of business. That fact that 

the transferring FFL is discontinuing business must be documented with the submission of the transfer 

applications. Transfer of a machinegun manufactured after May 19, 1986 from an FFL/SOT going out 

of business to a qualified dealer requires compliance with section 479.105(d). 

The FFL/SOT going out of business may also choose to destroy the machinegun(s), transfer them to 

State or local government agencies, or abandon them to ATF or State or local government agencies. If 

the firearms will be destroyed, ATF’s Firearms Technology Branch can be contacted for procedures to 

properly destroy a machinegun. Once the destruction has been accomplished, notify the NFA Branch of 

the destruction in writing, including a description of the machinegun(s) and the means of destruction. 

For abandonment to ATF, contact the local ATF office. 223 

 

223 27 CFR 478.36, 479.105; Item 10g, ATF Pub. 5300.4 (Sept. 2005), p. 164 
87

CHAPTER 15. PENALTIES AND SANCTIONS

Section 15.1 NFA. 

15.1.1 Criminal. The acts prohibited by the NFA and prosecutable as Federal offenses are listed in 26 

U.S.C. 5861(a) through (l). As provided by 26 U.S.C. 5871, any person who commits an offense shall, 

upon conviction, be sentenced to imprisonment for not more than 10 years or fined. Although the fine 

specified in the statute is an amount not exceeding $10,000, an amendment to Federal law provides for a 

fine of not more than $250,000 in the case of an individual or $500,000 in the case of an organization.224 

15.1.2 Forfeiture. Any firearm involved in any violation of the NFA is subject to seizure and 

forfeiture.225 

15.1.3 Assessment of NFA tax. ATF may assess tax liabilities under the NFA, including penalties and 

interest, as provided by the Internal Revenue Code.226 

Section 15.2 GCA. 

15.2.1 Criminal. The criminal penalties for violations of the GCA are provided for in 18 U.S.C. § 924. 

The criminal penalties in the GCA include both felonies and misdemeanors. For misdemeanors, the 

fines would be not more than $100,000 for individuals or $200,000 in the case of organizations. The 

criminal provisions of the NFA are found in 26 U.S.C. § 5871. As in the case of NFA offenses, fines for 

violation of the felony provisions would be not more than $250,000 in the case of an individual or 

$500,000 in the case of an organization. 

15.2.2 Forfeiture. The GCA also provides for the forfeiture of firearms and ammunition involved in 

certain violations of the GCA and other violations of the criminal laws of the United States in 18 U.S.C. 

924(d). 

15.2.3 License denial or revocation. ATF may issue a notice of denial of an application for a Federal 

firearms license where it determines that the applicant fails to meet the licensing requirements of 18 

U.S.C. 923(d).227 It may also issue a notice of revocation of a license when it determines that an FFL 

has willfully violated the GCA or its implementing regulations.228 For the applicable procedures, see 

ATF’s regulations in 

27 CFR Part 478, Subpart E. Note that the courts have held that a person’s conduct was “willful” where 

the evidence showed that the FFL knew of his legal obligation and disregarded or was plainly indifferent 

to that obligation.229 

 

224 18 U.S.C. 3571(b) and (c) 225 26 U.S.C. 5872 226 27 CFR 479.191 227 27 CFR 478.47, 478.71 228 18 U.S.C. 923(e); 27 CFR 478.73 

229 Bryan V. United States, 524 U.S. 184 (1998) [note: this is criminal case, not civil license revocation.] 
88

Section 15.3 AECA 

15.3.1 Criminal. Any person who (1) imports articles on the U.S. Munitions Import List without a 

permit, (2) engages in the business of importing articles on the List without registering as required, or 

(3) otherwise violates any provision of the regulations in 27 CFR Part 447 shall, upon conviction, be 

fined not more than $1,000,000 or imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both.230 The same 

penalties apply to a person who willfully, in a registration or permit application, makes a false statement 

of a material fact or fails to state a material fact. 

15.3.2 Forfeiture. Whoever knowingly imports into the United States contrary to law any article on the 

U.S. Munitions Import List, or receives, conceals, buys, sells, or in any manner facilitates its 

transportation, concealment, or sale after importation, knowing the same to have been imported contrary 

to law, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both; and the 

merchandise so imported or the value thereof shall be forfeited to the United States.231 

 

 

 

230 22 U.S.C. 2778(c) 231 27 CFR 447.63 
89

APPENDIX A 

NFA, 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53

THE NATIONAL FIREARMS ACT 

TITLE 26, UNITED STATES CODE, CHAPTER 53 INTERNAL REVENUE CODE 

Editor's Note: 

The National Firearms Act (NFA) is part of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. The Internal Revenue 

Code, with the exception of the NF A, is administered and enforced by the Secretary of the Treasury. 

When ATF transferred to the Department of Justice under the Homeland Security Act of 2002, all its 

authorities, including the authority to administer and enforce the NFA, were transferred to the Attorney 

General In order to keep all the references throughout the Internal Revenue Code consistent, references 

to the Secretary of the Treasury in the NFA were left unchanged by the Homeland Security Act. 

However, section 7801(a)(2), Title 26, V.S.C., provides that references to the term "Secretary" or 

"Secretary of the Treasury" in the NFA shall mean the Attorney General. 

CHAPTER 53 - MACHINE GUNS, DESTRUCTIVE DEVICES, AND CERTAIN OTHER 

FIREARMS 

Subchapter A - Taxes 

Part I - Special (occupational) taxes. 

§ 5801 Imposition of tax. 

§ 5802 Registration of importers, manufacturers, and dealers. 

Part II - Tax on transferring firearms. 

§ 5811 Transfer tax. 

§ 5812 Transfers. 

Part III - Tax on making firearms. 

§ 5821 Making tax. 

§ 5822 Making. 

Subchapter B - General Provisions and Exemptions 

Part I - General Provisions. 
90

§ 5841 Registration of firearms. 

§ 5842 Identification of firearms. 

§ 5843 Records and returns. 

§ 5844 Importation. 

§ 5845 Definitions. 

§ 5846 Other laws applicable. 

§ 5847 Effect on other laws.. 

§ 5848 Restrictive use of information. 

§ 5849 Citation of chapter. 

Part II - Exemptions. 

§ 5851 Special (occupational) taxes. 

§ 5852 General transfer and making tax exemption. 

 § 5853 Transfer and making tax exemption available to certain governmental entities. 

§ 5854 Exportation of firearms exempt from transfer tax. 

Subchapter C - Prohibited Acts 

§ 5861 Prohibited acts. 

Subchapter D- Penalties and Forfeitures 

§ 5871 Penalties. 

§5872 Forfeitures. 

SUBCHAPTER A - TAXES 

Part I - Special Occupational Taxes 

§ 5801 Imposition of tax. 

(a) General rule. On first engaging in business and thereafter on or before July 1 of each year, every 

importer, manufacturer, and dealer in firearms shall pay a special (occupational) tax for each place of 
91

business at the following rates: 

(1) Importers and manufacturers: $1,000 a year or fraction thereof. 

(2) Dealers: $500 a year or fraction thereof. 

(b) Reduced rates of tax for small importers and manufacturers. 

(1) In general. Paragraph (1) of subsection (a) shall be applied by substituting "$500" for "$1,000" 

with respect to any taxpayer the gross receipts of which (for the most recent taxable year ending before 

the 1st day of the taxable period to which the tax imposed by subsection (a) relates) are less than 

$500,000. 

(2) Controlled group rules. All persons treated as 1 taxpayer under section 5061 (e)(3) shall be treated 

as 1 taxpayer for purposes of paragraph (1). 

(3) Certain rules to apply. For purposes of paragraph (1), rules similar to the rules of subparagraphs 

(B) and (C) of section 448(c)(3) shall apply. 

§ 5802 Registration of importers, manufacturers, and dealers. 

On first engaging in business and thereafter on or before the first day of July of each year, each 

importer, manufacturer, and dealer in firearms shall register with the Secretary in each internal revenue 

district in which such business is to be carried on, his name, including any trade name, and the address 

of each location in the district where he will conduct such business. An individual required to register 

under this section shall include a photograph and fingerprints of the individual with the initial 

application. Where there is a change during the taxable year in the location of, or the trade name used in, 

such business, the importer, manufacturer, or dealer shall file an application with the Secretary to amend 

his registration. Firearms operations of an importer, manufacturer, or dealer may not be commenced at 

the new location or under a new trade name prior to approval of the application by the Secretary. 

Part II - Tax on Transferring Firearms. 

§ 5811 Transfer tax. 

(a) Rate. There shall be levied, collected, and paid on firearms transferred a tax at the rate of $200 for 

each firearm transferred, except, the transfer tax on any firearm classified as any other weapon under 

section 5845(e) shall be at the rate of $5 for each such firearm transferred. 

(b) By whom paid. The tax imposed by subsection (a) of this section shall be paid by the transferor. 

(c) Payment. The tax imposed by subsection (a) of this section shall be payable by the appropriate 

stamps prescribed for payment by the Secretary. 

§ 5812 Transfers. 

(a) Application. A firearm shall not be transferred unless (1) the transferor of the firearm has filed 
92

with the Secretary a written application, in duplicate, for the transfer and registration of the firearm to 

the transferee on the application form prescribed by the Secretary; (2) any tax payable on the transfer is 

paid as evidenced by the proper stamp affixed to the original application form; (3) the transferee is 

identified in the application form in such manner as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe, except 

that, if such person is an individual, the identification must include his fingerprints and his photograph; 

(4) the transferor of the firearm is identified in the application form in such manner as the Secretary may 

by regulations prescribe; (5) the firearm is identified in the application form in such manner as the 

Secretary may by regulations prescribe; and (6) the application form shows that the Secretary has 

approved the transfer and the registration of the firearm to the transferee. Applications shall be denied if 

the transfer, receipt, or possession of the firearm would place the transferee in violation of law. 

(b) Transfer of possession. The transferee of a firearm shall not take possession of the firearm unless 

the Secretary has approved the transfer and registration of the firearm to the transferee as required by 

subsection (a) of this section. 

Part 111- Tax on Making Firearms. 

§ 5821 Making tax. 

(a) Rate. There shall be levied, collected, and paid upon the making of a firearm a tax at the rate of 

$200 for each firearm made. 

(b) By whom paid. The tax imposed by subsection (a) of this section shall be paid by the person 

making the firearm. 

(c) Payment. The tax imposed by subsection (a) of this section shall be payable by the stamp 

prescribed for payment by the Secretary. 

§ 5822 Making. 

No person shall make a firearm unless 

he has (a) filed with the Secretary a written application, in duplicate, to make and register the firearm on 

the form prescribed by the Secretary; (b) paid any tax payable on the making and such payment is 

evidenced by the proper stamp affixed to the original application form; (c) identified the firearm to be 

made in the application form in such manner as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe; (d) 

identified himself in the application form in such manner as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe, 

except that, if such person is an individual, the identification must include his fingerprints and his 

photograph; and (e) obtained the approval of the Secretary to make and register the firearm and the 

application form shows such approval. Applications shall be denied if the making or possession of the 

firearm would place the person making the firearm in violation of law. 
93

SUBCHAPTER B GENERAL PROVISIONS AND EXEMPTIONS 

Part I - General Provisions. 

§ 5841 Registration of firearms. 

(a) Central registry. The Secretary shall maintain a central registry of all firearms in the United States 

which are not in the possession or under the control of the United States. This registry shall be known as 

the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record. The registry shall include 

(1) identification of the firearm; 

(2) date of registration; and 

(3) identification and address of person entitled to possession of the firearm. 

(b) By whom registered. Each manufacturer, importer, and maker shall register each firearm he 

manufactures, imports, or makes. Each firearm transferred shall be registered to the transferee by the 

transferor. 

(c) How registered. Each manufacturer shall notify the Secretary of the manufacture of a firearm in 

such manner as may by regulations be prescribed and such notification shall effect the registration of the 

firearm required by this section. Each importer, maker, and transferor of a firearm shall, prior to 

importing, making, or transferring a firearm, obtain authorization in such manner as required by this 

chapter or regulations issued thereunder to import, make, or transfer the firearm, and such authorization 

shall effect the registration of the firearm required by this section. 

(d) Firearms registered on effective date of this act. A person shown as possessing a firearm by the 

records maintained by the Secretary pursuant to the National Firearms Act in force on the day 

immediately prior to the effective date of the National Firearms Act of 1968 shall be considered to have 

registered under this section the firearms in his possession which are disclosed by that record as being in 

his possession. 

(e) Proof of registration. A person possessing a firearm registered as required by this section shall 

retain proof of registration which shall be made available to the Secretary upon request. 

§ 5842 Identification of firearms. 

(a) Identification of firearms other than destructive devices. Each manufacturer and importer and 

anyone making a firearm shall identify each firearm, other than a destructive device, manufactured, 

imported, or made by a serial number which may not be readily removed, obliterated, or altered, the 

name of the manufacturer, importer, or maker, and such other identification as the Secretary may by 

regulations prescribe. 

(b) Firearms without serial number. Any person who possesses a firearm, other than a destructive 

device, which does not bear the serial number and other information required by subsection (a) of this 
94

section shall identify the firearm with a serial number assigned by the Secretary and any other 

information the Secretary may by regulations prescribe. 

(c) Identification of destructive device. Any firearm classified as a destructive device shall be 

identified in such manner as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe. 

§ 5843 Records and returns. 

Importers, manufacturers, and dealers shall keep such records of, and render such returns in relation 

to, the importation, manufacture, making, receipt, and sale, or other disposition, of firearms as the 

Secretary may by regulations prescribe. 

§ 5844 Importation. 

No firearm shall be imported or brought into the United States or any territory under its control or 

jurisdiction unless the importer establishes, under regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary, that 

the firearm to be imported or brought in is 

(1) being imported or brought in for the use of the United States or any department, independent 

establishment, or agency thereof or any State or possession or any political subdivision thereof; or 

(2) being imported or brought in for scientific or research purposes; or 

(3) being imported or brought in solely for testing or use as a model by a registered manufacturer or 

solely for use as a sample by a registered importer or registered dealer; 

except that, the Secretary may permit the conditional importation or bringing in of a firearm for 

examination and testing in connection with classifying the firearm. 

§ 5845 Definitions. 

For the purpose of this chapter- 

(a) Firearm. The term 'firearm' means (1) a shotgun having a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches in 

length; (2) a weapon made from a shotgun if such weapon as modified has an overall length of less than 

26 inches or a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches in length; (3) a rifle having a barrel or barrels of 

less than 16 inches in length; (4) a weapon made from a rifle if such weapon as modified has an overall 

length of less than 26 inches or a barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches in length; (5) any other weapon, 

as defined in subsection (e); (6) a machinegun; (7) any silencer (as defined in section 921 of title 18, 

United States Code); and (8) a destructive device. The term 'firearm' shall not include an antique firearm 

or any device (other than a machinegun or destructive device) which, although designed as a weapon, 

the Secretary finds by reason of the date of its manufacture, value, design, and other characteristics is 

primarily a collector's item and is not likely to be used as a weapon. 

(b) Machinegun. The term 'machinegun' means any weapon which shoots, is designed to shoot, or can 

be readily restored to shoot, automatically more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single 
95

function of the trigger. The term shall also include the frame or receiver of any such weapon, any part 

designed and intended solely and exclusively, or combination of parts designed and intended, for use in 

converting a weapon into a machinegun, and any combination of parts from which a machinegun can be 

assembled if such parts are in the possession or under the control of a person. 

(c) Rifle. The term 'rifle' means a weapon designed or redesigned, made or remade, and intended to be 

fired from the shoulder and designed or redesigned and made or remade to use the energy of the 

explosive in a fixed cartridge to fire only a single projectile through a rifled bore for each single pull of 

the trigger, and shall include any such weapon which may be readily restored to fire a fixed cartridge. 

(d) Shotgun. The term 'shotgun' means a weapon designed or redesigned, made or remade, and 

intended to be fired from the shoulder and designed or redesigned and made or remade to use the energy 

of the explosive in a fixed shotgun shell to fire through a smooth bore either a number of projectiles 

(ball shot) or a single projectile for each pull of the trigger, and shall include any such weapon which 

may be readily restored to fire a fixed shotgun shell. 

(e) Any other weapon. The term 'any other weapon' means any weapon or device capable of being 

concealed on the person from which a shot can be discharged through the energy of an explosive, a 

pistol or revolver having a barrel with a smooth bore designed or redesigned to fire a fixed shotgun 

shell, weapons with combination shotgun and rifle barrels 12 inches or more, less than 18 inches in 

length, from which only a single discharge can be made from either barrel without manual reloading, 

and shall include any such weapon which may be readily restored to fire. Such term shall not include a 

pistol or a revolver having a rifled bore, or rifled bores, or weapons designed, made, or intended to be 

fired from the shoulder and not capable of firing fixed ammunition. 

(f) Destructive device. The term 'destructive device' means (1) any explosive, incendiary, or poison 

gas (A) bomb, (8) grenade, (C) rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces, (0) missile 

having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, (E) mine, or (F) similar 

device; (2) any type of weapon by whatever name known which will, or which may be readily converted 

to, expel a projectile by the action of an explosive or other propellant, the barrel or barrels of which have 

a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter, except a shotgun or shotgun shell which the Secretary 

finds is generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes; and (3) any combination of 

parts either designed or intended for use in converting any device into a destructive device as defined in 

subparagraphs (1) and (2) and from which a destructive device may be readily assembled. The term 

'destructive device' shall not include any device which is neither designed nor redesigned for use as a 

weapon; any device, although originally designed for use as a weapon, which is redesigned for use as a 

signaling, pyrotechnic, line throwing, safety, or similar device; surplus ordnance sold, loaned, or given 

by the Secretary of the Army pursuant to the provisions of section 4684(2), 4685, or 4686 of title 10 of 

the United States Code; or any other device which the Secretary finds is not likely to be used as a 

weapon, or is an antique or is a rifle which the owner intends to use solely for sporting purposes. 

(g) Antique firearm. The term 'antique firearm' means any firearm not designed or redesigned for 

using rim fire or conventional center fire ignition with fixed ammunition and manufactured in or before 

1898 (including any matchlock, flintlock, percussion cap, or similar type of ignition system or replica 

thereof, whether actually manufactured before or after the year 1898) and also any firearm using fixed 

ammunition manufactured in or before 1898, for which ammunition is no longer manufactured in the 
96

United States and is not readily available in the ordinary channels of commercial trade. 

(h) Unserviceable firearm. The term 'unserviceable firearm' means a firearm which is incapable of 

discharging a shot by means of an explosive and incapable of being readily restored to a firing condition. 

(i) Make. The term 'make', and the various derivatives of such word, shall include manufacturing 

(other than by one qualified to engage in such business under this chapter), putting together, altering, 

any combination of these, or otherwise producing a firearm. 

(j) Transfer. The term. 'transfer' and the various derivatives of such word, shall include selling, 

assigning, pledging, leasing, loaning, giving away, or otherwise disposing of. 

(k) Dealer. The term 'dealer' means any person, not a manufacturer or importer, engaged in the 

business of selling, renting, leasing, or loaning firearms and shall include pawnbrokers who accept 

firearms as collateral for loans. 

 (l) Importer. The term 'importer' means any person who is engaged in the business of importing or 

bringing firearms into the United States. 

(m) Manufacturer. The term 'manufacturer' means any person who is engaged in the business of 

manufacturing firearms. 

§ 5846 Other laws applicable. 

All provisions of law relating to special taxes imposed by chapter 51 and to engraving, issuance, sale, 

accountability, cancellation, and distribution of stamps for tax payment shall, insofar as not inconsistent 

with the provisions of this chapter, be applicable with respect to the taxes imposed by sections 5801, 

5811, and 5821. 

§ 5847 Effect on other laws. 

Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as modifying or affecting the requirements of section 414 of 

the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended, with respect to the manufacture, exportation, and 

importation of arms, ammunition, and implements of war. 

§ 5848 Restrictive use of information. 

(a) General Rule. No information or evidence obtained from an application, registration, or records 

required to be submitted or retained by a natural person in order to comply with any provision of this 

chapter or regulations issued thereunder, shall, except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, be 

used, directly or indirectly, as evidence against that person in a criminal proceeding with respect to a 

violation of law occurring prior to or concurrently with the filing of the application or registration, or the 

compiling of the records containing the information or evidence. 

(b) Furnishing false information. Subsection (a) of this section shall not preclude the use of any such 

information or evidence in a prosecution or other action under any applicable provision of law with 

respect to the furnishing of false information. 
97

§ 5849 Citation of chapter. 

This chapter may be cited as the 'National Firearms Act' and any reference in any other provision of 

law to the 'National Firearms Act' shall be held to refer to the provisions of this chapter. 

Part II - Exemptions. 

§ 5851 Special (occupational) tax exemption. 

(a) Business with United States. Any person required to pay special (occupational) tax under section 

5801 shall be relieved from payment of that tax if he establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that 

his business is conducted exclusively with, or on behalf of, the United States or any department, 

independent establishment, or agency thereof. The Secretary may relieve any person manufacturing 

firearms for, or on behalf of, the United States from compliance with any provision of this chapter in the 

conduct of such business. 

(b) Application. The exemption provided for in subsection (a) of this section may be obtained by 

filing with the Secretary an application on such form and containing such information as may by 

regulations be prescribed. The exemptions must thereafter be renewed on or before July 1 of each year. 

Approval of the application by the Secretary shall entitle the applicant to the exemptions stated on the 

approved application. 

§ 5852 General transfer and making tax exemption. 

(a) Transfer. Any firearm may be transferred to the United States or any department, independent 

establishment, or agency thereof, without payment of the transfer tax imposed by section 5811. 

(b) Making by a person other than a qualified manufacturer. Any firearm may be made by, or on 

behalf of, the United States, or any department, independent establishment, or agency thereof, without 

payment of the making tax imposed by section 5821. 

(c) Making by a qualified manufacturer. A manufacturer qualified under this chapter to engage in such 

business may make the type of firearm which he is qualified to manufacture without payment of the 

making tax imposed by section 5821. 

(d) Transfers between special (occupational) taxpayers. A firearm registered to a person qualified 

under this chapter to engage in business as an importer, manufacturer, or dealer may be transferred by 

that person without payment of the transfer tax imposed by section 5811 to any other person qualified 

under this chapter to manufacture, import, or deal in that type of firearm. 

(e) Unserviceable firearm. An unserviceable firearm may be transferred as a curio or ornament 

without payment of the transfer tax imposed by section 5811, under such requirements as the Secretary 

may by regulations prescribe. 

(f) Right to exemption. No firearm may be transferred or made exempt from tax under the provisions 
98

of this section unless the transfer or making is performed pursuant to an application in such form and 

manner as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe. 

§ 5853 Transfer and making tax exemption available to certain governmental entities. 

(a) Transfer. A firearm may be transferred without the payment of the transfer tax imposed by section 

5811 to any State, possession of the United States, any political subdivision thereof, or any official 

police organization of such a government entity engaged in criminal investigations. 

(b) Making. A firearm may be made without payment of the making tax imposed by section 5821 by, 

or on behalf of, any State, or possession of the United States, any political subdivision thereof, or any 

official police organization of such a government entity engaged in criminal investigations. 

(c) Right to exemption. No firearm may be transferred or made exempt from tax under this section 

unless the transfer or making is performed pursuant to an application in such form and manner as the 

Secretary may by regulations prescribe. 

§ 5854 Exportation of firearms exempt from transfer tax. A firearm may be exported without payment 

of the transfer tax imposed under section 5811 provided that proof of the exportation is furnished in such 

form and manner as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe. 

SUBCHAPTER C - PROHIBITED ACTS 

§ 5861 Prohibited acts. 

It shall be unlawful for any person 

(a) to engage in business as a manufacturer or importer of, or dealer in, firearms without having paid 

the special (occupational) tax required by section 5801 for his business or having registered as required 

by section 5802; or 

(b) to receive or possess a firearm transferred to him in violation of the provisions of this chapter; or 

(c) to receive or possess a firearm made in violation of the provisions of this chapter; or 

(d) to receive or possess a firearm which is not registered to him in the National Firearms Registration 

and Transfer Record; or 

(e) to transfer a firearm in violation of the provisions of this chapter; or 

(f) to make a firearm in violation of the provisions of this chapter; or 

(g) to obliterate, remove, change, or alter the serial number or other identification of a firearm 

required by this chapter; or 
99

(h) to receive or possess a firearm having the serial number or other identification required by this 

chapter obliterated, removed, changed, or altered; or obliterated, or 

(i) to receive or possess a firearm which is not identified by a serial number as required by this 

chapter; or 

(j) to transport, deliver, or receive any firearm in interstate commerce which has not been registered as 

required by this chapter; or 

(k) to receive or possess a firearm which has been imported or brought into the United States in 

violation of section 5844; or 

(I) to make, or cause the making of, a false entry on any application, return, or record required by this 

chapter, knowing such entry to be false. 

SUBCHAPTER D - PENALTIES AND FORFEITURES 

§ 5871 Penalties. 

Any person who violates or fails to comply with any provision of this chapter shall, upon conviction, 

be fined not more than $10,000, or be imprisoned not more than ten years, or both. 

§ 5872 Forfeitures. 

(a) Laws applicable. Any firearm involved in any violation of the provisions of this chapter shall be 

subject to seizure and forfeiture, and (except as provided in subsection (b» all the provisions of internal 

revenue laws relating to searches, seizures, and forfeitures of unstamped articles are extended to and 

made to apply to the articles taxed under this chapter, and the persons to whom this chapter applies. 

(b) Disposal. In the case of the forfeiture of any firearm by reason of a violation of this chapter, no 

notice of public sale shall be required; no such firearm shall be sold at public sale; if such firearm is 

forfeited for a violation of this chapter and there is no remission or mitigation of forfeiture thereof, it 

shall be delivered by the Secretary to the Administrator of General Services, General Services 

Administration, who may order such firearm destroyed or may sell it to any State, or possession, or 

political subdivision thereof, or at the request of the Secretary, may authorize its retention for official 

use of the Treasury Department, or may transfer it without charge to any executive department or 

independent establishment of the Government for use by it. 
100

TITLE 27 CFR CHAPTER II 

PART 479-MACHINE GUNS, DESTRUCTIVE DEVICES, AND CERTAIN OTHER 

FIREARMS 

(This part was formerly designated as Part 179) 

Editor's Note: 

Effective January 24, 2003, the Homeland Security Act transferred the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and 

Firearms from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of Justice. In addition, the agency's 

name was changed to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco. Firearms and Explosives. The regulations, as 

printed in this publication, do not yet reflect this change. The regulations will be amended to change the 

references from the "Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms," the "Department of the Treasury," and 

the "Secretary of the Treasury" to the "Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives," the 

"Department of Justice" and the "Attorney General," respectively. 

Subpart A -Scope of Regulations 

§ 479.1 General. 

Subpart B - Definitions 

§ 479.11 Meaning of terms. 

Subpart C - Administrative and Miscellaneous Provisions 

§ 479.21 Forms prescribed. 

§ 479.22 Right of entry and examination. 

§ 479.23 Restrictive use of required information. 

§ 479.24 Destructive device determination. 

§ 479.25 Collector's items. 

§ 479.26 Alternate methods or procedures; emergency variations from requirements. 

Subpart D - Special (Occupational) Taxes 

§ 479.31 Liability for tax. 

§ 479.32 Special (occupational) tax rates. 

§ 479.32a Reduced rate of tax for small importers and manufacturers. 

§ 479.33 Special exemption 
101

§ 479.34 Special tax registration and return. 

§ 479.35 Employer identification number. 

§ 479.36 The special tax stamp, receipt for special (occupational) taxes. 

§ 479.37 Certification in lieu of stamps lost or destroyed. 

§ 479.38 Engaging in business at more than one location. 

§ 479.39 Engaging in more than one business at the same location. 

§ 479.40 Partnership liability. 

§ 479.41 Single sale. 

Change of Ownership 

§ 479.42 Changes through death of owner.

§ 479.43 Changes through bankruptcy of owner. 

§ 479.44 Change in partnership or unincorporated association. 

§ 479.45 Changes in corporation. 

Change of Business Location 

§ 479.46 Notice by taxpayer. 

Change of Trade Name 

§ 479.47 Notice by taxpayer. 

Penalties and Interest 

§ 479.48 Failure to pay special (occupational) tax. 

§ 479.49 Failure to register change or removal. 

§ 479.50 Delinquency. 

§ 479.51 Fraudulent return. 

Application of State Laws 
102

§ 479.52 State regulations. 

Subpart E-Tax on Making Firearms 

§ 479.61 Rate of tax. 

Application to Make a Firearm 

§ 479.62 Application to make. 

§ 479.63 Identification of applicant. 

§ 479.64 Procedure for approval of application. 

§ 479.65 Denial of application. 

§ 479.66 Subsequent transfer of firearms. 

§ 479.67 Cancellation of stamp. 

Exceptions to Tax on Making Firearms 

§ 479.68 Qualified manufacturer. 

§ 479.69 Making a firearm for the United States. 

§ 479.70 Certain government entities. 

Registration 

§ 479.71 Proof of registration. 

Subpart F- Transfer Tax 

§ 479.81 Scope of tax. 

§ 479.82 Rate of tax. 

§ 479.83 Transfer tax in addition to import duty. 

Application and Order for Transfer of Firearm 

§ 479.84 Application to transfer. 

§ 479.85 Identification of transferee. 

§ 479.86 Action on application. 

§ 479.87 Cancellation of stamp. 
103

Exemptions Relating to Transfers of Firearms 

§ 479.88 Special (occupational) taxpayers. 

§ 479.89 Transfers to the United States. 

§ 479.90 Certain government entities. 

§ 479.91 Unserviceable firearms. 

§ 479.92 Transportation of firearms to effect transfer. 

Other Provisions 

§ 479.93 Transfers of firearms to certain persons. 

Subpart G-Registration and Identification of Firearms 

§ 479.101 Registration of firearms 

§ 479.102 How must firearms be registered 

§ 479.103 Registration of firearms manufactured 

§ 479.104 Registration of firearms by certain governmental entities 

Machine Guns 

§ 479.105 Transfer and possession of machine guns. 

Subpart H-Importation and Exportation 

Importation 

§ 479.111 Procedure. 

§ 479.112 Registration of imported firearms. 

§ 479.113 Conditional importation. 

Exportation 

§ 479.114 Application and permit for exportation of firearms. 

§ 479.115 Action by Director. 

§ 479.116 Procedure by exporter. 
104

§ 479.117 Action by Customs. 

§ 479.118 Proof of exportation. 

§ 479.119 Transportation of firearms to effect exportation. 

§ 479.120 Refunds. 

§ 479.121 Insular possessions. 

Arms Export Control Act 

§ 479.122 Requirements. 

Subpart I-Records and Returns 

§ 479.131 Records. 

Subpart J-Stolen or Lost Firearms or Documents 

§ 479.141 Stolen or lost firearms. 

§ 479.142 Stolen or lost documents. 

Subpart K-Examination of Books and Records 

§ 479.151 Failure to make returns: Substitute returns. 

§ 479.152 Penalties (records and returns). 

Subpart L-Distribution and Sale of Stamps 

§ 479.161 National Firearms Act stamps. 

§ 479.162 Stamps authorized. 

§ 479.163 Reuse of stamps prohibited 

Subpart M-Redemption of or Allowance for Stamps or Refunds 

§ 479.171 Redemption of or allowance for stamps. 

§ 479.172 Refunds. 

Subpart N-Penalties and Forfeitures 

§ 479.181 Penalties. 
105

§ 479.182 Forfeitures. 

Subpart O-Other Laws Applicable 

§ 479.191 Applicability of other provisions of internal revenue laws. 

§ 479.192 Commerce in firearms and ammunition. 

§ 479.193 Arms Export Control Act. 

Subpart A-Scope of Regulations 

§ 479.1 General. 

This part contains the procedural and substantive requirements relative to the importation, 

manufacture, making, exportation, identification and registration of, and the dealing in, machine guns, 

destructive devices and certain other firearms under the provisions of the National Firearms Act (26 

U.S.C. Chapter 53). 

Subpart B-Definitions 

§ 479.11 Meaning of terms. 

When used in this part and in forms prescribed under this part, where not otherwise distinctly 

expressed or manifestly incompatible with the intent thereof, terms shall have the meanings ascribed in 

this section. Words in the plural form shall include the singular, and vice versa, and words importing the 

masculine gender shall include the feminine. The terms "includes" and "including" do not exclude other 

things not enumerated which are in the same general class or are otherwise within the scope thereof. 

Antique firearm. Any firearm not designed or redesigned for using rim fire or conventional center 

fire ignition with fixed ammunition and manufactured in or before 1898 (including any matchlock, 

flintlock, percussion cap, or similar type of ignition system or replica thereof, whether actually 

manufactured before or after the year 1898) and also any firearm using fixed ammunition manufactured 

in or before 1898, for which ammunition is no longer manufactured in the United States and is not 

readily available in the ordinary channels of commercial trade. 

Any other weapon. Any weapon or device capable of being concealed on the person from which a 

shot can be discharged through the energy of an explosive, a pistol or revolver having a barrel with a 

smooth bore designed or redesigned to fire a fixed shotgun shell, weapons with combination shotgun 

and rifle barrels 12 inches or more, less than 18 inches in length, from which only a single discharge can 

be made from either barrel without manual reloading, and shall include any such weapon which may be 

readily restored to fire. Such term shall not include a pistol or a revolver having a rifled bore, or rifled 

bores, or weapons designed, made, or intended to be fired from the shoulder and not capable of firing 

fixed ammunition. 

ATF officer. An officer or employee of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) 

authorized to perform any function relating to the administration or enforcement of this part. 

Customs officer. Any officer of the Customs Service or any commissioned, warrant, or petty officer 
106

of the Coast Guard, or any agent or other person authorized by law or designated by the Secretary of the 

Treasury to perform any duties of an officer of the Customs Service. 

Dealer. Any person, not a manufacturer or importer, engaged in the business of selling, renting, 

leasing, or loaning firearms and shall include pawnbrokers who accept firearms 

as collateral for loans. 

Destructive device. (a) Any explosive, incendiary, or poison gas (1) bomb, (2) grenade, (3) rocket 

having a propellant charge of more than 4 ounces, (4) missile having an explosive or incendiary charge 

of more than one-quarter ounce, (5) mine, or (6) similar device; (b) any type of weapon by whatever 

name known which will, or which may be readily converted to, expel a projectile by the action of an 

explosive or other propellant, the barrel or barrels of which have a bore of more than one-half inch in 

diameter, except a shotgun or shotgun shell which the Director finds is generally recognized as 

particularly suitable for sporting purposes; and (c) any combination of parts either designed or intended 

for use in converting any device into a destructive device as described in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this 

definition and from which a destructive device may be readily assembled. The term shall not include any 

device which is neither designed or redesigned for use as a weapon; any device, although originally 

designed for use as a weapon, which is redesigned for use as a signaling, pyrotechnic, line throwing, 

safety, or similar device; surplus ordnance sold, loaned, or given by the Secretary of the Army under 10 

U.S.C. 4684(2), 4685, or 4686, or any device which the Director finds is not likely to be used as a 

weapon, or is an antique or is a rifle which the owner intends to use solely for sporting purposes. 

Director. The Director, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, the Department of the Treasury, 

Washington, DC. 

Director of the Service Center. A director of an Internal Revenue Service Center in an internal 

revenue region. 

District director. A district director of the Internal Revenue Service in an internal revenue district. 

Executed under penalties of perjury. Signed with the prescribed declaration under the penalties of 

perjury as provided on or with respect to the return, form, or other document or, where no form of 

declaration is prescribed, with the declaration: 

"I declare under the penalties of perjury that this-(insert type of document, such as, statement, 

application, request, certificate), including the documents submitted in support thereof, has been 

examined by me and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, is true, correct, and complete." 

Exportation. The severance of goods from the mass of things belonging to this country with the 

intention of uniting them to the mass of things belonging to some foreign country. 

Exporter. Any person who exports firearms from the United States. 

Firearm. (a) A shotgun having a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches in length; (b) a weapon made 

from a shotgun if such weapon as modified has an overall length of less than 26 inches or a barrel or 
107

barrels of less than 18 inches in length; (c) a rifle having a barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches in 

length; (d) a weapon made from a rifle if such weapon as modified has an overall length of less than 26 

inches or a barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches in length; (e) any other weapon, as defined in this 

subpart; (f) a machine gun; (g) a muffler or a silencer for any firearm whether or not such firearm is 

included within this definition; and (h) a destructive device. The term shall not include an antique 

firearm or any device (other than a machine gun or destructive device) which, although designed as a 

weapon, the Director finds by reason of the date of its manufacture, value, design, and other 

characteristics is primarily a collector's item and is not likely to be used as a weapon. For purposes of 

this definition, the length of the barrel having an integral chamber(s) on a shotgun or rifle shall be 

determined by measuring the distance between the muzzle and the face of the bolt, breech, or breech 

block when closed and when the shotgun or rifle is cocked. The overall length of a weapon made from a 

shotgun or rifle is the distance between the extreme ends of the weapon measured along a line parallel to 

the center line of the bore. 

Fixed ammunition. That self-contained unit consisting of the case, primer, propellant charge, and 

projectile or projectiles. 

Frame or receiver. That part of a firearm which provides housing for the hammer, bolt or 

breechblock and firing mechanism, and which is usually threaded at its forward portion to receive the 

barrel. 

Importation. The bringing of a firearm within the limits of the United States or any territory under its 

control or jurisdiction, from a place outside thereof (whether such place be a foreign country or territory 

subject to the jurisdiction of the United States), with intent to unlade. Except that, bringing a firearm 

from a foreign country or a territory subject to the jurisdiction of the United States into a foreign trade 

zone for storage pending shipment to a foreign country or subsequent importation into this country, 

under Title 26 of the United States Code, and this part, shall not be deemed importation. 

Importer. Any person who is engaged in the business of importing or bringing firearms into the 

United States. 

Machine gun. Any weapon which shoots, is designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot, 

automatically more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger. The 

term shall also include the frame or receiver of any such weapon, any part designed and intended solely 

and exclusively, or combination of parts designed and intended, for use in converting a weapon into a 

machine gun, and any combination of parts from which a machine gun can be assembled if such parts 

are in the possession or under the control of a person. 

Make. This term and the various derivatives thereof shall include manufacturing (other than by one 

qualified to engage in such business under this part), putting together, altering, any combination of 

these, or otherwise producing a firearm. 

Manual reloading. The inserting of a cartridge or shell into the chamber of a firearm either with the 

hands or by means of a mechanical device controlled and energized by the hands. 
108

Manufacturer. Any person who is engaged in the business of manufacturing firearms. 

Muffler or silencer. Any device for silencing, muffling, or diminishing the report of a portable 

firearm, including any combination of parts, designed or redesigned, and intended for the use in 

assembling or fabricating a firearm silencer or firearm muffler, and any part intended only for use in 

such assembly or fabrication. 

Person. A partnership, company, association, trust, estate, or corporation, as well as a natural person. 

Pistol. A weapon originally designed, made, and intended to fire a projectile (bullet) from one or more 

barrels when held in one hand, and having (a) a chamber(s) as an integral part(s) of, or permanently 

aligned with, the bore(s); and (b) a short stock designed to be gripped by one hand and at an angle to and 

extending below the line of the bore(s). 

Regional director (compliance). The principal ATF regional official responsible for administering 

regulations in this part. 

Revolver. A projectile weapon, of the pistol type, having a breechloading chambered cylinder so 

arranged that the cocking of the hammer or movement of the trigger rotates it and brings the next 

cartridge in line with the barrel for firing. 

Rifle. A weapon designed or redesigned, made or remade, and intended to be fired from the shoulder 

and designed or redesigned and made or remade to use the energy of the explosive in a fixed cartridge to 

fire only a single projectile through a rifled bore for each single pull of the trigger, and shall include any 

such weapon which may be readily restored to fire a fixed cartridge. 

Shotgun. A weapon designed or redesigned, made or remade, and intended to be fired from the 

shoulder and designed or redesigned and made or remade to use the energy of the explosive in a fixed 

shotgun shell to fire through a smooth bore either a number of projectiles (ball shot) or a single 

projectile for each pull of the trigger, and shall include any such weapon which may be readily restored 

to fire a fixed shotgun shell. 

Transfer. This term and the various derivatives thereof shall include selling, assigning, pledging, 

leasing, loaning, giving away, or otherwise disposing of. 

United States. The States and the District of Columbia. 

U.S.C. The United States Code. 

Unserviceable firearm. A firearm which is incapable of discharging a shot by means of an explosive 

and incapable of being readily restored to a firing condition. 

Subpart C-Administrative and Miscellaneous Provisions 

§ 479.21 Forms prescribed. 
109

(a) The Director is authorized to prescribe all forms required by this part. All of the information called 

for in each form shall be furnished as indicated by the headings on the form and the instructions on or 

pertaining to the form. In addition, information called for in each form shall be furnished as required by 

this part. Each form requiring that it be executed under penalties of perjury shall be executed under 

penalties of perjury. 

(b) Requests for forms should be mailed to the ATF Distribution Center, 7943 Angus Court, Springfield, 

Virginia 22153. 

§ 479.22 Right of entry and examination. 

Any ATF officer or employee of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms duly authorized to 

perform any function relating to the administration or enforcement of this part may enter during business 

hours the premises (including places of storage) of any importer or manufacturer of or dealer in 

firearms, to examine any books, papers, or records required to be kept pursuant to this part, and any 

firearms kept by such importer, manufacturer or dealer on such premises, and may require the 

production of any books, papers, or records necessary to determine any liability for tax under 26 U.S.C. 

Chapter 53, or the observance of 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53, and this part. 

§ 479.23 Restrictive use of required information. 

No information or evidence obtained from an application, registration, or record required to be 

submitted or retained by a natural person in order to comply with any provision of 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53, 

or this part or section 207 of the Gun Control Act of 1968 shall be used, directly or indirectly, as 

evidence against that person in a criminal proceeding with respect to a violation of law occurring prior 

to or concurrently with the filing of the application or registration, or the compiling of the record 

containing the information or evidence: Provided, however, that the provisions of this section shall not 

preclude the use of any such information or evidence in a prosecution or other action under any 

applicable provision of law with respect to the furnishing of false information. 

§ 479.24 Destructive device determination. 

The Director shall determine in accordance with 26 U.S.C. 5845(f) whether a device is excluded from 

the definition of a destructive device. A person who desires to obtain a determination under that 

provision of law for any device which he believes is not likely to be used as a weapon shall submit a 

written request, in triplicate, for a ruling thereon to the Director. Each such request shall be executed 

under the penalties of perjury and contain a complete and accurate description of the device, the name 

and address of the manufacturer or importer thereof, the purpose of and use for which it is intended, and 

such photographs, diagrams, or drawings as may be necessary to enable the Director to make his 

determination. The Director may require the submission to him, of a sample of such device for 

examination and evaluation. If the submission of such device is impracticable, the person requesting the 

ruling shall so advise the Director and designate the place where the device will be available for 

examination and evaluation. 

§ 479.25 Collector's items. 
110

The Director shall determine in accordance with 26 U.S.C. 5845(a) whether a firearm or device, which 

although originally designed as a weapon, is by reason of the date of its manufacture, value, design, and 

other characteristics primarily a collector's item and is not likely to be used as a weapon. A person who 

desires to obtain a determination under that provision of law shall follow the procedures prescribed in § 

479.24 relating to destructive device determinations, and shall include information as to date of 

manufacture, value, design and other characteristics which would sustain a finding that the firearm or 

device is primarily a collector's item and is not likely to be used as a weapon. 

§ 479.26 Alternate methods or procedures; emergency variations from requirements. 

(a) Alternate methods or procedures. Any person subject to the provisions of this part, on specific 

approval by the Director as provided in this paragraph, may use an alternate method or procedure in lieu 

of a method or procedure specifically prescribed in this part. The Director may approve an alternate 

method or procedure, subject to stated conditions, when it is found that: 

(1) Good cause is shown for the use of the alternate method or procedure; 

(2) The alternate method or procedure is within the purpose of, and consistent with the effect intended 

by, the specifically prescribed method or procedure and that the alternate method or procedure is 

substantially equivalent to that specifically prescribed method or procedure; and 

(3) The alternate method or procedure will not be contrary to any provision of law and will not result 

in an increase in cost to the Government or hinder the effective administration of this part. Where such 

person desires to employ an alternate method or procedure, a written application shall be submitted to 

the appropriate regional director (compliance), for transmittal to the Director. The application shall 

specifically describe the proposed alternate method or procedure and shall set forth the reasons for it. 

Alternate methods or procedures may not be employed until the application is approved by the Director. 

Such person shall, during the period of authorization of an alternate method or procedure, comply with 

the terms of the approved application. Authorization of any alternate method or procedure may be 

withdrawn whenever, in the judgment of the Director, the effective administration of this part is 

hindered by the continuation of the authorization. 

(b) Emergency variations from requirements. The Director may approve a method of operation other 

than as specified in this part, where it is found that an emergency exists and the proposed variation from 

the specified requirements are necessary and the proposed variations (1) will not hinder the effective 

administration of this part, and (2) will not be contrary to any provisions of law. Variations from 

requirements granted under this paragraph are conditioned on compliance with the procedures, 

conditions, and limitations set forth in the approval of the application. Failure to comply in good faith 

with the procedures, conditions, and limitations shall automatically terminate the authority for the 

variations, and the person granted the variance shall fully comply with the prescribed requirements of 

regulations from which the variations were authorized. Authority for any variation may be withdrawn 

whenever, in the judgment of the Director, the effective administration of this part is hindered by the 

continuation of the variation. Where a person desires to employ an emergency variation, a written 

application shall be submitted to the appropriate regional director (compliance) for transmittal to the 

Director. The application shall describe the proposed variation and set forth the reasons for it. Variations 

may not be employed until the application is approved. 
111

(c) Retention of approved variations. The person granted the variance shall retain and make available 

for examination by A TF officers any application approved by the Director under this section. 

Subpart D-Special (Occupational) Taxes 

§ 479.31 Liability for tax. 

(a) General. Every person who engages in the business of importing, manufacturing, or dealing in 

(including pawnbrokers) firearms in the United States shall pay a special (occupational) tax at a rate 

specified by § 479.32. The tax shall be paid on or before the date of commencing the taxable business, 

and thereafter every year on or before July 1. Special (occupational) tax shall not be prorated. The tax 

shall be computed for the entire tax year (July 1 through June 30), regardless of the portion of the year 

during which the taxpayer engages in business. Persons commencing business at any time after July 1 in 

any year are liable for the special (occupational) tax for the entire tax year. 

(b) Each place of business taxable. An importer, manufacturer, or dealer in firearms incurs special tax 

liability at each place of business where an occupation subject to special tax is conducted. A place of 

business means the entire office, plant or area of the business in any one location under the same 

proprietorship. Passageways, streets, highways, rail crossings, waterways, or partitions dividing the 

premises are not sufficient separation to require additional special tax, if the divisions of the premises 

are otherwise contiguous. See also §§ 479.38-479.39. 

§ 479.32 Special (occupational) tax rates. 

(a) Prior to January 1, 1988, the special (occupational) tax rates were as follows: 

 Per year 

 or fraction 

 thereof 

Class 1 

Importer of firearms $500. 

Class 2 

Manufacturer of firearms $500. 

Class 3 

Dealer in firearms $200 

Class 4 

Importer only of weapons classified as "any other weapon" $25. 

Class 5 

Manufacturer only of 

weapons classified as "any other weapon" $25. 
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Class 6 

Dealer only in weapons classified as "any other weapon" $10. 

(b) Except as provided in § 479.32a, the special (occupational) tax rates effective January 1, 1988, are 

as follows: 

 Per year 

 or fraction 

 Thereof 

Class 1 

Importer of firearms (including an importer only of weapons classified as 

"any other weapon") $1000. 

Class 2 

Manufacturer of firearms (including a manufacturer 

only of weapons classified 

as "any other weapon") $1000. 

Class 3 

Dealer in firearms 

(including a dealer only of weapons classified as "any other weapon") $500. 

(c) A taxpayer who was engaged in a business on January 1, 1988, for which a special (occupational) 

tax was paid for a taxable period which began before January 1, 1988, and included that date, shall pay 

an increased special tax for the period January 1, 1988, through June 30, 1988. The increased tax shall 

not exceed one half the excess (if any) of (1) the rate of special tax in effect on January 1, 1988, over (2) 

the rate of such tax in effect on December 31, 1987. The increased special tax shall be paid on or before 

April 1, 1988. 

§ 479.32a Reduced rate of tax for small importers and manufacturers. 

(a) General. Effective January 1, 1988, 26 U.S.C. 5801(b) provides for a reduced rate of special tax 

with respect to any importer or manufacturer whose gross receipts (for the most recent taxable year 

ending before the first day of the taxable period to which the special tax imposed by § 479.32 relates) 

are less than $500,000. The rate of tax for such an importer or manufacturer is $500 per year or fraction 

thereof. The "taxable year" to be used for determining gross receipts is the taxpayer's income tax year. 

All gross receipts of the taxpayer shall be included, not just the gross receipts of the business subject to 

special tax. Proprietors of new businesses that have not yet begun a taxable year, as well as proprietors 

of existing businesses that have not yet ended a taxable year, who commence a new activity subject to 

special tax, quality for the reduced special (occupational) tax rate, unless the business is a member of a 

"controlled group;" in that case, the rules of paragraph (b) of this section shall apply. 

(b) Controlled group. All persons treated as one taxpayer under 26 U.S.C. 5061 (e)(3) shall be treated 

as one taxpayer for the purpose of determining gross receipts under paragraph (a) of this section. 

"Controlled group" means a controlled group of corporations, as defined in 26 U.S.C. 1563 and 

implementing regulations in 26 CFR 1.1563-1 through 1.1563-4, except that the words "at least 80 
113

percent" shall be replaced by the words "more than 50 percent" in each place they appear in subsection 

(a) of 26 U.S.C. 1563, as well as in the implementing regulations. Also, the rules for a "controlled group 

of corporations" apply in a similar fashion to groups which include partnerships and/or sole 

proprietorships. If one entity maintains more than 50% control over a group consisting of corporations 

and one, or more, partnerships and/or sole proprietorships, all of the members of the controlled group 

are one taxpayer for the purpose of this section. 

 (c) Short taxable year. Gross receipts for any taxable year of less than 12 months shall be annualized 

by multiplying the gross receipts for the short period by 12 and dividing the result by the number of 

months in the short period, as required by 26 U.S.C. 448(c)(3). 

(d) Returns and allowances. Gross receipts for any taxable year shall be reduced by returns and 

allowances made during that year under 26 U.S.C. 448(c)(3). 

§ 479.33 Special exemption. 

(a) Any person required to pay special (occupational) tax under this part shall be relieved from 

payment of that tax if he establishes to the satisfaction of the Director that his business is conducted 

exclusively with, or on behalf of, the United States or any department, independent establishment, or 

agency thereof. The Director may relieve any person manufacturing firearms for or on behalf of the 

United States from compliance with any provision of this part in the conduct of the business with respect 

to such firearms. 

(b) The exemption in this section may be obtained by filing with the Director an application, in letter 

form, setting out the manner in which the applicant conducts his business, the type of firearm to be 

manufactured, and proof satisfactory to the Director of the existence of the contract with the United 

States, department, independent establishment, or agency thereof, under which the applicant intends to 

operate. 

§ 479.34 Special tax registration and return. 

(a) General. Special tax shall be paid by return. The prescribed return is ATF Form 5630.7, Special 

Tax 

Registration and Return. Special tax returns, with payment of tax, shall be filed with A TF in accordance 

with instructions on the form. Properly completing, signing, and timely filing of a return (Form 5630.7) 

constitutes compliance with 26 U.S.C. 5802. 

(b) Preparation of ATF Form 5630.7. All of the information called for on Form 5630.7 shall be 

provided, including: 

(1) The true name of the taxpayer. 

(2) The trade name(s) (if any) of the business(es) subject to special tax. 

(3) The employer identification number (see § 479.35). 
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(4) The exact location of the place of business, by name and number of building or street, or if these 

do not exist, by some description in addition to the post office address. In the case of one return for two 

or more locations, the address to be shown shall be the taxpayer's principal place of business (or 

principal office, in the case of a corporate taxpayer). 

(5) The class(es) of special tax to which the taxpayer is subject. 

(6) Ownership and control information: That is, the name, position, and residence address of every 

owner of the business and of every person having power to control its management and policies with 

respect to the activity subject to special tax. "Owner of the business" shall include every partner, if the 

taxpayer is a partnership, and every person owning 10% or more of its stock, if the taxpayer is a 

corporation. However, the ownership and control information required by this paragraph need not be 

stated if the same information has been previously provided to ATF in connection with a license 

application under Part 478 of this chapter, and if the information previously provided is still current. 

(c) Multiple locations and/or classes of tax. A taxpayer subject to special tax for the same period at 

more than one location or for more than one class of tax shall 

(1) File one special tax return, 

ATF Form 5630.7, with payment of tax, to cover all such locations and classes of tax; and 

(2) Prepare, in duplicate, a list identified with the taxpayer's name, address (as shown on ATF Form 

5630.7), employer identification number, and period covered by the return. The list shall show, by 

States, the name, address, and tax class of each location for which special tax is being paid. The original 

of the list shall be filed with A TF in accordance with instructions on the return, and the copy shall be 

retained at the taxpayer's principal place of business (or principal office, in the case of a corporate 

taxpayer) for not less than 3 years. 

(d) Signing of ATF Forms 5630.7- (1) Ordinary returns. The return of an individual proprietor shall be 

signed by the individual. The return of a partnership shall be signed by a general partner. The return of a 

corporation shall be signed by any officer. In each case, the person signing the return shall designate his 

or her capacity as "individual owner," "member of firm," or, in the case of a corporation, the title of the 

officer. 

(2) Fiduciaries. Receivers, trustees, assignees, executors, administrators, and other legal 

representatives who continue the business of a bankrupt, insolvent, deceased person, etc., shall indicate 

the fiduciary capacity in which they act. 

(3) Agent or attorney in fact. If a return is signed by an agent or attorney in fact, the signature shall be 

preceded by the name of the principal and followed by the title of the agent or attorney in fact. A return 

signed by a person as agent will not be accepted unless there is filed, with the ATF office with which the 

return is required to be filed, a power of attorney authorizing the agent to perform the act. 

(4) Perjury statement. ATF Forms 5630.7 shall contain or be verified by a written declaration that the 
115

return has been executed under the penalties of perjury. 

(e) Identification of taxpayer. If the taxpayer is an individual, with the initial return such person shall 

securely attach to Form 5630.7 a photograph of the individual 2 x 2 inches in size, clearly showing a full 

front view of the features of the individual with head bare, with the distance from the top of the head to 

the point of the chin approximately 1 1/4 inches, and which shall have been taken within 6 months prior 

to the date of completion of the return. The individual shall also attach to the return a properly 

completed FBI Form FD-258 (Fingerprint Card). The fingerprints must be clear for accurate 

classification and should be taken by someone properly equipped to take them: Provided, That the 

provisions of this paragraph shall not apply to individuals who have filed with A TF a properly executed 

Application for License under 18 U.S.C. Chapter 44, Firearms, ATF Form 7 (5310.12) (12-93 edition), 

as specified in § 478.44(a). 

§ 479.35 Employer identification number. 

(a) Requirement. The employer identification number (defined in 26 CFR 301.7701-12) of the 

taxpayer who has been assigned such a number shall be shown on each special tax return, including 

amended returns, filed under this subpart. Failure of the taxpayer to include the employer identification 

number may result in the imposition of the penalty specified in § 70.113 of this chapter. 

(b) Application for employer identification number. Each taxpayer who files a special tax return, who 

has not already been assigned an employer identification number, shall file IRS Form SS-4 to apply for 

one. The taxpayer shall apply for and be assigned only one employer identification number, regardless 

of the number of places of business for which the taxpayer is required to file a special tax return. The 

employer identification number shall be applied for no later than 7 days after the filing of the taxpayer's 

first special tax return. IRS Form SS-4 may be obtained from the director of an IRS service center or 

from any IRS district director. 

(c) Preparation and filing of IRS Form SS-4. The taxpayer shall prepare and file IRS Form SS-4, 

together with any supplementary statement, in accordance with the instructions on the form or issued in 

respect to it. 

§ 479.36 The special tax stamp, receipt for special (occupational) taxes. 

Upon filing a properly completed and executed return (Form 5630.7) accompanied by remittance of 

the full amount due, the taxpayer will be issued a special tax stamp as evidence of payment of the 

special (occupational) tax. 

§ 479.37 Certificates in lieu of stamps lost or destroyed. 

When a special tax stamp has been lost or destroyed, such fact should be reported immediately to the 

regional director (compliance) who issued the stamp. A certificate in lieu of the lost or destroyed stamp 

will be issued to the taxpayer upon the submission of an affidavit showing to the satisfaction of the 

regional director (compliance) that the stamp was lost or destroyed. 
116

§ 479.38 Engaging in business at more than one location. 

A person shall pay the special (occupational) tax for each location where he engages in any business 

taxable under 26 U.S.C. 5801. However, a person paying a special (occupational) tax covering his 

principal place of business may utilize other locations solely for storage of firearms without incurring 

special (occupational) tax liability at such locations. A manufacturer, upon the single payment of the 

appropriate special (occupational) tax, may sell firearms, if such firearms are of his own manufacture, at 

the place of manufacture and at his principal office or place of business if no such firearms, except 

samples, are kept at such office or place of business. When a person changes the location of a business 

for which he has paid the special (occupational) tax, he will be liable for another such tax unless the 

change is properly registered with the regional director (compliance) for the region in which the special 

tax stamp was issued, as provided in § 479.46. 

§ 479.39 Engaging in more than one business at the same location. 

If more than one business taxable under 26 U.S.C. 5801 is carried on at the same location during a 

taxable year, the special (occupational) tax imposed on each such business must be paid. This section 

does not require a qualified manufacturer or importer to qualify as a dealer if such manufacturer or 

importer also engages in business on his qualified premises as a dealer. However, a qualified 

manufacturer who engages in business as an importer must also qualify as an importer. Further, a 

qualified dealer is not entitled to engage in business as a manufacturer or importer. 

§ 479.40 Partnership liability. 

Any number of persons doing business in partnership at anyone location shall be required to pay but 

one special (occupational) tax. 

§ 479.41 Single sale. 

A single sale, unattended by circumstances showing the one making the sale to be engaged in business, 

does not create special (occupational) tax liability. 

Change of ownership 

§ 479.42 Changes through death of owner. 

Whenever any person who has paid special (occupational) tax dies, the surviving spouse or child, or 

executors or administrators, or other legal representatives, may carry on this business for the remainder 

of the term for which tax has been paid and at the place (or places) for which the tax was paid, without 

any additional payment, subject to the following conditions. If the surviving spouse or child, or executor 

or administrator, or other legal representative of the deceased taxpayer continues the business, such 

person shall, within 30 days after the date on which the successor begins to carry on the business, file a 

new return, Form 5630.7, with ATF in accordance with the instructions on the form. The return thus 

executed shall show the name of the original taxpayer, together with the basis of the succession. (As to 

liability in case of failure to register, see § 479.49.) 
117

§ 479.43 Changes through bankruptcy of owner. 

A receiver or referee in bankruptcy may continue the business under the stamp issued to the taxpayer 

at the place and for the period for which the tax was paid. An assignee for the benefit of creditors may 

continue business under his assignor's special tax stamp without incurring additional special 

(occupational) tax liability. In such cases, the change shall be registered with A TF in a manner similar 

to that required by § 479.42. 

§ 479.44 Change in partnership or unincorporated association. 

When one or more members withdraw from a partnership or an unincorporated association, the 

remaining member, or members, may, without incurring additional special (occupational) tax liability, 

carry on the same business at the same location for the balance of the taxable period for which special 

(occupational) tax was paid, provided any such change shall be registered in the same manner as 

required by § 479.42. Where new member(s) are taken into a partnership or an unincorporated 

association, the new firm so constituted may not carry on business under the special tax stamp of the old 

firm. The new firm must file a return, pay the special (occupational) tax and register in the same manner 

as a person who first engages in business is required to do under § 479.34 even though the name of the 

new firm may be the same as that of the old. Where the members of a partnership or an unincorporated 

association, which has paid special (occupational) tax, form a corporation to continue the business, a 

new special tax stamp must be taken out in the name of the corporation. 

§ 479.45 Changes in corporation. 

Additional special (occupational) tax is not required by reason of a mere change of name or increase in 

the capital stock of a corporation if the laws of the State of incorporation provide for such change or 

increase without the formation of a new corporation. A stockholder in a corporation, who after its 

dissolution continues the business, incurs new special (occupational) tax liability. 

Change of Business Location 

§ 479.46 Notice by taxpayer. 

Whenever during the taxable year a taxpayer intends to remove his business to a location other than 

specified in his last special (occupational) tax return (see § 479.34), he shall file with ATF (a) a return, 

Form 5630.7, bearing the notation "Removal Registry," and showing the new address intended to be 

used, (b) his current special tax stamp, and (c) a letter application requesting the amendment of his 

registration. The regional director (compliance), upon approval of the application, shall return the 

special tax stamp, amended to show the new business location. Firearms operations shall not be 

commenced at the new business location by the taxpayer prior to the required approval of his application 

to so change his business location. 

Change of Trade Name 

§ 479.47 Notice by taxpayer. 
118

Whenever during the taxable year a taxpayer intends to change the name of his business, he shall file 

with ATF (a) a return, Form 5630.7, bearing the notation "Amended," and showing the trade name 

intended to be used, (b) his current special tax stamp, and (c) a letter application requesting the 

amendment of his registration. The regional director (compliance), upon approval of the application, 

shall return the special tax stamp, amended to show the new trade name. Firearms operations shall not 

be commenced under the new trade name by the taxpayer prior to the required approval of his 

application to so change the trade name. 

Penalties and Interest 

§ 479.48 Failure to pay special (occupational) tax. 

Any person who engages in a business taxable under 26 U.S.C. 5801, without timely payment of the 

tax imposed with respect to such business (see § 479.34) shall be liable for such tax, plus the interest and 

penalties thereon (see 26 U.S.C. 6601 and 6651). In addition, such person may be liable for criminal 

penalties under 26 U.S.C. 5871. 

§ 479.49 Failure to register change or removal. 

Any person succeeding to and carrying on a business for which special (occupational) tax has been 

paid without registering such change within 30 days thereafter, and any taxpayer removing his business 

with respect to which special (occupational) tax has been paid to a place other than that for which tax 

was paid without obtaining approval therefor (see § 479.46), will incur liability to an additional payment 

of the tax, addition to tax and interest, as provided in sections 5801, 6651, and 6601, respectively, LRC., 

for failure to make return (see § 479.50) or pay tax, as well as criminal penalties for carrying on business 

without payment of special (occupational) tax (see section 5871 LRC.) 

§ 479.50 Delinquency. 

Any person liable for special (occupational) tax under section 5801, LR.C., who fails to file a return 

(Form 5630.7), as prescribed, will be liable for a delinquency penalty computed on the amount of tax 

due unless a return (Form 5630.7) is later filed and failure to file the return timely is shown to the 

satisfaction of the regional director (compliance), to be due to reasonable cause. The delinquency 

penalty to be added to the tax is 5 percent if the failure is for not more than 1 month, with an additional 5 

percent for each additional month or fraction thereof during which failure continues, not to exceed 25 

percent in the aggregate (section 6651, LRC.). However, no delinquency penalty is assessed where the 

50 percent addition to tax is assessed for fraud (see § 479.51). 

§ 479.51 Fraudulent return. 

If any part of any underpayment of tax required to be shown on a return is due to fraud, there shall be 

added to the tax an amount equal to 50 percent of the underpayment, but no delinquency penalty shall be 

assessed with respect to the same underpayment (section 6653, I.R.C.). 

Application of State Laws 
119

§ 479.52 State regulations. 

Special tax stamps are merely receipts for the tax. Payment of tax under Federal law confers no 

privilege to act contrary to State law. One to whom a special tax stamp has been issued may still be 

punishable under a State law prohibiting or controlling the manufacture, possession or transfer of 

firearms. On the other hand, compliance with State law confers no immunity under Federal law. Persons 

who engage in the business of importing, manufacturing or dealing in firearms, in violation of the law of 

a State, are nevertheless required to pay special (occupational) tax as imposed under the internal revenue 

laws of the United States. For provisions relating to restrictive use of information furnished to comply 

with the provisions of this part see § 479.23. 

Subpart E- Tax on Making Firearms 

§ 479.61 Rate of tax. 

Except as provided in this subpart, there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon the making of a 

firearm a tax at the rate of $200 for each firearm made. This tax shall be paid by the person making the 

firearm. Payment of the tax on the making of a firearm shall be represented by a $200 adhesive stamp 

bearing the words "National Firearms Act: The stamps are maintained by the Director. 

Application to Make a Firearm 

§ 479.62 Application to make. 

No person shall make a firearm unless the person has filed with the Director a written application on 

Form 1 (Firearms), Application to Make and Register a Firearm, in duplicate, executed under the 

penalties of perjury, to make and register the firearm and has received the approval of the Director to 

make the firearm which approval shall effectuate registration of the weapon to the applicant. The 

application shall identify the firearm to be made by serial number, type, model, caliber or gauge, length 

of barrel, other marks of identification, and the name and address of original manufacturer (if the 

applicant is not the original manufacturer). The applicant must be identified on the Form 1 (Firearms) by 

name and address and, if other than a natural person, the name and address of the principal officer or 

authorized representative and the employer identification number and, if an individual, the identification 

must include the date and place of birth and the information prescribed in § 479.63. Each applicant shall 

identify the Federal firearms license and special (occupational) tax stamp issued to the applicant, if any. 

The applicant shall also show required information evidencing that making or possession of the firearm 

would not be in violation of law. If the making is taxable, a remittance in the amount of $200 shall be 

submitted with the application in accordance with the instructions on the form. If the making is taxable 

and the application is approved, the Director will affix a National Firearms Act stamp to the original 

application in the space provided therefor and properly cancel the stamp (see § 479.67). The approved 

application will be returned to the applicant. If the making of the firearm is tax exempt under this part, 

an explanation of the basis of the exemption shall be attached to the Form 1 (Firearms). 

§ 479.63 Identification of applicant.. 
120

If the applicant is an individual, the applicant shall securely attach to each copy of the Form 1 

(Firearms), in the space provided on the form, a photograph of the applicant 2 x 2 inches in size, clearly 

showing a full front view of the features of the applicant with head bare, with the distance from the top 

of the head to the point of the chin approximately 1 1/4 inches, and which shall have been taken within 1 

year prior to the date of the application. The applicant shall attach two properly completed FBI Forms 

FD-258 (Fingerprint Card) to the application. The fingerprints must be clear for accurate classification 

and should be taken by someone properly equipped to take them. A certificate of the local chief of 

police, sheriff of the county, head of the State police, State or local district attorney or prosecutor, or 

such other person whose certificate may in a particular case be acceptable to the Director, shall be 

completed on each copy of the Form 1 (Firearms). The certificate shall state that the certifying official is 

satisfied that the fingerprints and photograph accompanying the application are those of the applicant 

and that the certifying official has no information indicating that possession of the firearm by the maker 

would be in violation of State or local law or that the maker will use the firearm for other than lawful 

purposes. 

§ 479.64 Procedure for approval of application. 

The application to make a firearm, Form 1 (Firearms), must be forwarded directly, in duplicate, by the 

maker of the firearm to the Director in accordance with the instructions on the form. The Director will 

consider the application for approval or disapproval. If the application is approved, the Director will 

return the original thereof to the maker of the firearm and retain the duplicate. Upon receipt of the 

approved application, the maker is authorized to make the firearm described therein. The maker of the 

firearm shall not, under any circumstances, make the firearm until the application, satisfactorily 

executed, has been forwarded to the Director and has been approved and returned by the Director with 

the National Firearms Act stamp affixed. If the application is disapproved, the original Form 1(Firearms) 

and the remittance submitted by the applicant for the purchase of the stamp will be returned to the 

applicant with the reason for disapproval stated on the form. 

§ 479.65 Denial of application. 

An application to make a firearm shall not be approved by the Director if the making or possession of 

the firearm would place the person making the firearm in violation of law. 

§ 479.66 Subsequent transfer of firearms. 

Where a firearm which has been made in compliance with 26 U.S.C. 5821, and the regulations 

contained in this part, is to be transferred subsequently, the transfer provisions of the firearms laws and 

regulations must be complied with. (See subpart F of this part). 

§ 479.67 Cancellation of stamp. 

The person affixing to a Form 1(Firearms) a "National Firearms Act stamp shall cancel it by writing or 

stamping thereon, in ink, his initials, and the day, month and year, in such manner as to render it unfit 

for reuse. The cancellation shall not so deface the stamp as to prevent its denomination and genuineness 

from being readily determined. 
121

Exceptions to Tax on Making Firearms 

§ 479.68 Qualified manufacturer. 

A manufacturer qualified under this part to engage in such business may make firearms without 

payment of the making tax. However, such manufacturer shall report and register each firearm made in 

the manner prescribed by this part. 

§ 479.69 Making a firearm for the United States. 

A firearm may be made by, or on behalf of, the United States or any department, independent 

establishment, or agency thereof without payment of the making tax. However, if a firearm is to be made 

on behalf of the United States, the maker must file an application, in duplicate, on Form 1 (Firearms) 

and obtain the approval of the Director in the manner prescribed in § 479.62. 

§ 479.70 Certain government entities. 

A firearm may be made without payment of the making tax by, or on behalf of, any State, or 

possession of the United States, any political subdivision thereof, or any official police organization of 

such a government entity engaged in criminal investigations. Any person making a firearm under this 

exemption shall first file an application, in duplicate, on Form 1 (Firearms) and obtain the approval of 

the Director as prescribed in § 479.62. 

Registration 

§ 479.71 Proof of registration. 

The approval by the Director of an application, Form 1 (Firearms), to make a firearm under this 

subpart shall effectuate registration of the firearm described in the Form 1 (Firearms) to the person 

making the firearm. The original Form 1 (Firearms) showing approval by the Director shall be retained 

by the maker to establish proof of his registration of the firearm described therein, and shall be made 

available to any A TF officer on request. 

Subpart F-Transfer Tax § 479.81 Scope of tax. 

Except as otherwise provided in this part, each transfer of a firearm in the United States is subject to a 

tax to be represented by an adhesive stamp of the proper denomination bearing the words "National 

Firearms Act" to be affixed to the Form 4 (Firearms), Application for Transfer and Registration of 

Firearm, as provided in this subpart. 

§ 479.82 Rate of tax. 

The transfer tax imposed with respect to firearms transferred within the United States is at the rate of 

$200 for each firearm transferred, except that the transfer tax on any firearm classified as "any other 
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weapon" shall be at the rate of $5 for each such firearm transferred. The tax imposed on the transfer of 

the firearm shall be paid by the transferor. 

§ 479.83 Transfer tax in addition to import duty. 

The transfer tax imposed by section 5811, !.R.C., is in addition to any import duty. 

Application and Order for Transfer of Firearm 

§ 479.84 Application to transfer. 

Except as otherwise provided in this subpart, no firearm may be transferred in the United States unless 

an application, Form 4 (Firearms), Application for Transfer and Registration of Firearm, in duplicate, 

executed under the penalties of perjury to transfer the firearm and register it to the transferee has been 

filed with and approved by the Director. The application, Form 4 (Firearms), shall be filed by the 

transferor and shall identify the firearm to be transferred by type; serial number; name and address of the 

manufacturer and importer, if known; model; caliber, gauge or size; in the case of a short-barreled 

shotgun or a short-barreled rifle, the length of the barrel; in the case of a weapon made from a rifle or 

shotgun, the overall length of the weapon and the length of the barrel; and any other identifying marks 

on the firearm. In the event the firearm does not bear a serial number, the applicant shall obtain a serial 

number from the Regional director (compliance) and shall stamp (impress) or otherwise conspicuously 

place such serial number on the firearm in a manner not susceptible of being readily obliterated, altered 

or removed. The application, Form 4 (Firearms), shall identify the transferor by name and address; shall 

identify the transferor's Federal firearms license and special (occupational) Chapter tax stamp, if any; 

and if the transferor is other than a natural person, shall show the title or status of the person executing 

the application. The application also shall identify the transferee by name and address, and, if the 

transferee is a natural person not qualified as a manufacturer, importer or dealer under this part, he shall 

be further identified in the manner prescribed in § 479.85. The application also shall identify the special 

(occupational) tax stamp and Federal firearms license of the transferee, if any. Any tax payable on the 

transfer must be represented by an adhesive stamp of proper denomination being affixed to the 

application, Form 4 (Firearms), properly cancelled. 

§ 479.85 Identification of transferee. 

If the transferee is an individual, such person shall securely attach to each copy of the application, 

Form 4 (Firearms), in the space provided on the form, a photograph of the applicant 2 )( 2 inches in size, 

clearly showing a full front view of the features of the applicant with head bare, with the distance from 

the top of the head to the point of the chin approximately 1 1/4 inches, and which shall have been taken 

within 1 year prior to the date of the application. The transferee shall attach two properly completed FBI 

Forms FD258 (Fingerprint Card) to the application. The fingerprints must be clear for accurate 

classification and should be taken by someone properly equipped to take them. A certificate of the local 

chief of police, sheriff of the county, head of the State police, State or local district attorney or 

prosecutor, or such other person whose certificate may in a particular case be acceptable to the Director, 

shall be completed on each copy of the Form 4 (Firearms). The certificate shall state that the certifying 

official is satisfied that the fingerprints and photograph accompanying the application are those of the 
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applicant and that the certifying official has no information indicating that the receipt or possession of 

the firearm would place the transferee in violation of State or local law or that the transferee will use the 

firearm for other than lawful purposes. 

§ 479.86 Action on application. 

The Director will consider a completed and properly executed application, Form 4 (Firearms), to 

transfer a firearm. If the application is approved, the Director will affix the appropriate National 

Firearms Act stamp, cancel it, and return the original application showing approval to the transferor who 

may then transfer the firearm to the transferee along with the approved application. The approval of an 

application, Form 4 (Firearms), by the Director will effectuate registration of the firearm to the 

transferee. The transferee shall not take possession of a firearm until the application, Form 4 (Firearms), 

for the transfer filed by the transferor has been approved by the Director and registration of the firearm 

is effectuated to the transferee. The transferee shall retain the approved application as proof that the 

firearm described therein is registered to the transferee, and shall make the approved Form 4 (Firearms) 

available to any A TF officer on request. If the application, Form 4 (Firearms), to transfer a firearm is 

disapproved by the Director, the original application and the remittance for purchase of the stamp will 

be returned to the transferor with reasons for the disapproval stated on the application. An application, 

Form 4 (Firearms), to transfer a firearm shall be denied if the transfer, receipt, or possession of a firearm 

would place the transferee in violation of law. In addition to any other records checks that may be 

conducted to determine whether the transfer, receipt, or possession of a firearm would place the 

transferee in violation of law, the Director shall contact the National Instant Criminal Background 

Check System. 

§ 479.87 Cancellation of stamp. 

The method of cancellation of the stamp required by this subpart as prescribed in § 479.67 shall be used. 

Exemptions Relating to Transfers of Firearms 

§ 479.88 Special (occupational) taxpayers. 

(a) A firearm registered to a person qualified under this part to engage in business as an importer, 

manufacturer, or dealer may be transferred by that person without payment of the transfer tax to any 

other person qualified under this part to manufacture, import, or deal in firearms. 

(b) The exemption provided in paragraph (a) of this section shall be obtained by the transferor of the 

firearm filing with the Director an application, Form 3 (Firearms), Application for Tax-exempt Transfer 

of Firearm and Registration to Special (Occupational) Taxpayer, in duplicate, executed under the 

penalties of perjury. The application, Form 3 (Firearms), shall (1) show the name and address of the 

transferor and of the transferee, (2) identify the Federal firearms license and special (occupational) tax 

stamp of the transferor and of the transferee, (3) show the name and address of the manufacturer and the 

importer of the firearm, if known, (4) show the type, model, overall length (if applicable), length of 

barrel, caliber, gauge or size, serial number, and other marks of identification of the firearm, and (5) 

contain a statement by the transferor that he is entitled to the exemption because the transferee is a 

person qualified under this part to manufacture, import, or deal in firearms. If the Director approves an 

application, Form 3 (Firearms), he shall return the original Form 3 (Firearms) to the transferor with the 

approval noted thereon. Approval of an application, Form 3 (Firearms), by the Director shall remove 
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registration of the firearm reported thereon from the transferor and shall effectuate the registration of 

that firearm to the transferee. Upon receipt of the approved Form 3 (Firearms), the transferor shall 

deliver same with the firearm to the transferee. The transferor shall not transfer the firearm to the 

transferee until his application, Form 3 (Firearms), has been approved by the Director and the original 

thereof has been returned to the transferor. If the Director disapproves the application, Form 3 

(Firearms), he shall return the original Form 3 (Firearms) to the transferor with the reasons for the 

disapproval stated thereon. 

(c) The transferor shall be responsible for establishing the exempt status of the transferee before 

making a transfer under the provisions of this section. Therefore, before engaging in transfer 

negotiations with the transferee, the transferor should satisfy himself as to the claimed exempt status of 

the transferee and the bona fides of the transaction. If not fully satisfied, the transferor should 

communicate with the Director, report all circumstances regarding the proposed transfer, and await the 

Director's advice before making application for the transfer. An unapproved transfer or a transfer to an 

unauthorized person may subject the transferor to civil and criminal liabilities. (See 26 U.S.C. 5852, 

5861, and 5871.) 

§ 479.89 Transfers to the United States. 

A firearm may be transferred to the United States or any department, independent establishment or 

agency thereof without payment of the transfer tax. However, the procedures for the transfer of a firearm 

as provided in § 479.90 shall be followed in a tax-exempt transfer of a firearm under this section, unless 

the transferor is relieved of such requirement under other provisions of this part. 

§ 479.90 Certain government entities. 

(a) A firearm may be transferred without payment of the transfer tax to or from any State, possession 

of the United States, any political subdivision thereof, or any official police organization of such a 

governmental entity engaged in criminal investigations. 

(b) The exemption provided in paragraph (a) of this section shall be obtained by the transferor of the 

firearm filing with the Director an application, Form 5 (Firearms), Application for Tax-exempt Transfer 

and Registration of Firearm, in duplicate, executed under the penalties of perjury. The application shall 

(1) show the name and address of the transferor and of the transferee, (2) identify the Federal firearms 

license and special (occupational) tax stamp, if any, of the transferor and of the transferee, (3) show the 

name and address of the manufacturer and the importer of the firearm, if known, (4) show the type, 

model, overall length (if applicable), length of barrel, caliber, gauge or size, serial number, and other 

marks of identification of the firearm, and (5) contain a statement by the transferor that the transferor is 

entitled to the exemption because either the transferor or the transferee is a governmental entity coming 

within the purview of paragraph (a) of this section. In the case of a transfer of a firearm by a 

governmental entity to a transferee who is a natural person not qualified as a manufacturer, importer, or 

dealer under this part, the transferee shall be further identified in the manner prescribed in § 479.85. If 

the Director approves an application, Form 5 (Firearms), the original Form 5 (Firearms) shall be 

returned to the transferor with the approval noted thereon. Approval of an application, Form 5 

(Firearms), by the Director shall effectuate the registration of that firearm to the transferee. Upon receipt 

of the approved Form 5 (Firearms), the transferor shall deliver same with the firearm to the transferee. 

The transferor shall not transfer the firearm to the transferee until the application, Form 5 (Firearms), has 
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been approved by the Director and the original thereof has been returned to the transferor. If the Director 

disapproves the application, Form 5 (Firearms), the original Form 5 (Firearms) shall be returned to the 

transferor with the reasons for the disapproval stated thereon. An application by a governmental entity to 

transfer a firearm shall be denied if the transfer, receipt, or possession of a firearm would place the 

transferee in violation of law. 

(c) The transferor shall be responsible for establishing the exempt status of the transferee before 

making a transfer under the provisions of this section. Therefore, before engaging in transfer 

negotiations with the transferee, the transferor should satisfy himself of the claimed exempt status of the 

transferee and the bona fides of the transaction. If not fully satisfied, the transferor should communicate 

with the Director, report all circumstances regarding the proposed transfer, and await the Director's 

advice before making application for transfer. An unapproved transfer or a transfer to an unauthorized 

person may subject the transferor to civil and criminal liabilities. (See 26 U.S.C. 5852, 5861, and 5871.) 

§ 479.91 Unserviceable firearms. 

An unserviceable firearm may be transferred as a curio or ornament without payment of the transfer 

tax. However, the procedures for the transfer of a firearm as provided in § 479.90 shall be followed in a 

tax exempt transfer of a firearm under this section, except a statement shall be entered on the transfer 

application, Form 5 (Firearms), by the transferor that he is entitled to the exemption because the firearm 

to be transferred is unserviceable and is being transferred as a curio or ornament. An unapproved 

transfer, the transfer of a firearm under the provisions of this section which is in fact not an 

unserviceable firearm, or the transfer of an unserviceable firearm as something other than a curio or 

ornament, may subject the transferor to civil and criminal liabilities. (See 26 U.S.C. 5811, 5852, 5861, 

and 5871.) 

§ 479.92 Transportation of firearms to effect transfer. 

Notwithstanding any provision of § 478.28 of this chapter, it shall not be required that authorization be 

obtained from the Director for the transportation in interstate or foreign commerce of a firearm in order 

to effect the transfer of a firearm authorized under the provisions of this subpart. 

Other Provisions 

§ 479.93 Transfers of firearms to certain persons. 

Where the transfer of a destructive device, machine gun, shortbarreled shotgun, or short-barreled rifle 

is to be made by a person licensed under the provisions of Title I of the Gun Control Act of 1968 (82 

Stat. 1213) to a person not so licensed, the sworn statement required by § 478.98 of this chapter shall be 

attached to and accompany the transfer application required by this subpart. 

Subpart G-Registration and Identification of Firearms 

§ 479.101 Registration of Firearms. 

 (a) The Director shall maintain a central registry of all firearms in the United States which are not in 
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the possession of or under the control of the United States. This registry shall be known as the National 

Firearms Registration and Transfer Record and shall include: 

(1) Identification of the firearm as required by this part; 

(2) Date of registration; and 

(3) Identification and address of person entitled to possession of the firearm as required by this part. 

(b) Each manufacturer, importer, and maker shall register each firearm he manufactures, imports, or 

makes in the manner prescribed by this part. Each firearm transferred shall be registered to the transferee 

by the transferor in the manner prescribed by this part. No firearm may be registered by a person 

unlawfully in possession of the firearm except during an amnesty period established under section 207 

of the Gun Control Act of 1968 (82 Stat. 1235). 

(c) A person shown as possessing firearms by the records maintained by the Director pursuant to the 

National Firearms Act (26 U.S.C. Chapter 53) in force on October 31, 1968, shall be considered to have 

registered the firearms in his possession which are disclosed by that record as being in his possession on 

October 31, 1968. 

(d) The National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record shall include firearms registered to the 

possessors thereof under the provisions of section 207 of the Gun Control Act of 1968. 

(e) A person possessing a firearm registered to him shall retain proof of registration which shall be 

made available to any ATF officer upon request. 

(f) A firearm not identified as required by this part shall not be registered. 

§ 479.102 How must firearms be identified? 

(a) You, as a manufacturer, importer, or maker of a firearm, must legibly identify the firearm as 

follows: 

(1) By engraving, casting, stamping (impressing), or otherwise conspicuously placing or causing to be 

engraved, cast, stamped (impressed) or placed on the frame or receiver thereof an individual serial 

number. The serial number must be placed in a manner not susceptible of being readily obliterated, 

altered, or removed, and must not duplicate any serial number placed by you on any other firearm. For 

firearms manufactured, imported, or made on and after January 30, 2002, the engraving, casting, or 

stamping (impressing) of the serial number must be to a minimum depth of .003 inch and in a print size 

no smaller than 1/16 inch; and 

(2) By engraving, casting, stamping (impressing), or otherwise conspicuously placing or causing to be 

engraved, cast, stamped (impressed), or placed on the frame, receiver, or barrel thereof certain additional 

information. This information must be placed in a manner not susceptible of being readily obliterated, 

altered or removed. For firearms manufactured, imported, or made on and after January 30, 2002, the 

engraving, casting, or stamping (impressing) of this information must be to a minimum depth of .003 
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inch. The additional information includes: 

(i) The model, if such designation has been made; 

(U) The caliber or gauge; 

(iii) Your name (or recognized abbreviation) and also, when applicable, the name of the foreign 

manufacturer or maker; 

(iv) In the case of a domestically made firearm, the city and State (or recognized abbreviation thereof) 

where you as the manufacturer maintain your place of business, or where you, as the maker, made the 

firearm; and 

(v) In the case of an imported firearm, the name of the country in which it was manufactured and the 

city and State (or recognized abbreviation thereof) where you as the importer maintain your place of 

business. For additional requirements relating to imported firearms, see Customs regulations at 19 CFR 

part 134. 

(b) The depth of all markings required by this section will be measured from the flat surface of the 

metal and not the peaks or ridges. The height of serial numbers required by paragraph (a)(1) of this 

section will be measured as the distance between the latitudinal ends of the character impression 

bottoms (bases). 

(c) The Director may authorize other means of identification upon receipt of a letter application from 

you, submitted in duplicate, showing that such other identification is reasonable and will not hinder the 

effective administration of this part. 

(d) In the case of a destructive device, the Director may authorize other means of identifying that 

weapon upon receipt of a letter application from you, submitted in duplicate, showing that engraving, 

casting, or stamping (impressing) such a weapon would be dangerous or impracticable. 

(e) A firearm frame or receiver that is not a component part of a complete weapon at the time it is 

sold, shipped, or otherwise disposed of by you must be identified as required by this section. 

(f)(1) Any part defined as a machine gun, muffler, or silencer for the purposes of this part that is not a 

component part of a complete firearm at the time it is sold, shipped, or otherwise disposed of by you 

must be identified as required by this section. 

(2) The Director may authorize other means of identification of parts defined as machine guns other 

than frames or receivers and parts defined as mufflers or silencers upon receipt of a letter application 

from you, submitted in duplicate, showing that such other identification is reasonable and will not hinder 

the effective administration of this part. 

(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1512--D550) 

§ 419.103 Registration of firearms manufactured. 
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Each manufacturer qualified under this part shall file with the Director an accurate notice on Form 2 

(Firearms), Notice of Firearms Manufactured or Imported, executed under the penalties of perjury, to 

show his manufacture of firearms. The notice shall set forth the name and address of the manufacturer, 

identify his special (occupational) tax stamp and Federal firearms license, and show the date of 

manufacture, the type, model, length of barrel, overall length, caliber, gauge or size, serial numbers, and 

other marks of identification of the firearms he manufactures, and the place where the manufactured 

firearms will be kept. All firearms manufactured by him during a single day shall be included on one 

notice, Form 2 (Firearms), filed by the manufacturer no later than the close of the next business day. The 

manufacturer shall prepare the notice, Form 2 (Firearms), in duplicate, file the original notice as 

prescribed herein and keep the copy with the records required by subpart I of this part at the premises 

covered by his special (occupational) tax stamp. Receipt of the notice, Form 2 (Firearms), by the 

Director shall effectuate the registration of the firearms listed on that notice. The requirements of this 

part relating to the transfer of a firearm are applicable to transfers by qualified manufacturers. 

§ 419.104 Registration of firearms by certain governmental entities. 

Any State, any political subdivision thereof, or any official police organization of such a government 

entity engaged in criminal investigations, which acquires for official use a firearm not registered to it, 

such as by abandonment or by forfeiture, will register such firearm with the Director by filing Form 10 

(Firearms), Registration of Firearms Acquired by Certain Governmental Entities, and such registration 

shall become a part of the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record. The application shall 

identify the applicant, describe each firearm covered by the application, show the location where each 

firearm usually will be kept, and, if the firearm is unserviceable, the application shall show how the 

firearm was made unserviceable. This section shall not apply to a firearm merely being held for use as 

evidence in a criminal proceeding. The Form 10 (Firearms) shall be executed in duplicate in accordance 

with the instructions thereon. Upon registering the firearm, the Director shall return the original Form 10 

(Firearms) to be returned to the applicant showing such approval and he will present the approved 

application, Form 6 (Firearms), to the Customs officer at the port of importation. The approval of an 

application to import a firearm shall be automatically terminated at the expiration of one year from the 

date of approval unless, upon request, it is further extended by the Director. If the firearm described in 

the approved application is not imported prior to the expiration of the approval, the Director shall be so 

notified. Customs officers will not permit release of a firearm from Customs custody, except for 

exportation, unless covered by an application which has been approved by the Director and which is 

currently effective. The importation or bringing in of a firearm not covered by an approved application 

may subject the person responsible to civil and criminal liabilities. (26 U.S.C. 5861, 5871, and 5872.) 

(b) Part 478 of this chapter also contains requirements and procedures for the importation of firearms 

into the United States. A firearm may not be imported into the United States under this part unless those 

requirements and procedures are also complied with by the person importing the firearm. 

(c) The provisions of this subpart shall not be construed as prohibiting the return to the United States 

or any territory under its control or jurisdiction of a firearm by a person who can establish to the 

satisfaction of Customs that (1) the firearm was taken out of the United States or any territory under its 
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control or jurisdiction by such person, (2) the firearm is registered to that person, and (3) if appropriate, 

the authorization required by Part 478 of this chapter for the transportation of such a firearm in interstate 

or foreign commerce has been obtained by such person. 

§ 479.112 Registration of imported firearms. 

(a) Each importer shall file with the Director an accurate notice on Form 2 (Firearms), Notice of 

Firearms Manufactured or Imported, executed under the penalties of perjury, showing the importation of 

a firearm. The notice shall set forth the name and address of the importer, identify the importer's special 

(occupational) tax stamp and Federal firearms license, and show the import permit number, the date of 

release from Customs custody, the type, model, length of barrel, overall length, caliber, gauge or size, 

serial number, and other marks of identification of the firearm imported, and the place where the 

imported firearm will be kept. The Form 2 (Firearms) covering an imported firearm shall be filed by the 

importer no later than fifteen (15) days from the date the firearm was released from Customs custody. 

The importer shall prepare the notice, Form 2 (Firearms), in duplicate, file the original return as 

prescribed herein, and keep the copy with the records required by subpart I of this part at the premises 

covered by the special (occupational) tax stamp. The timely receipt by the Director of the notice, Form 2 

(Firearms), and the timely receipt by the Director of the copy of Form 6A (Firearms), Release and 

Receipt of Imported Firearms, Ammunition and Implements of War, required by § 478.112 of this 

chapter, covering the weapon reported on the Form 2 (Firearms) by the qualified importer, shall 

effectuate the registration of the firearm to the importer. 

(b) The requirements of this part relating to the transfer of a firearm are applicable to the transfer of 

imported firearms by a qualified importer or any other person. 

(c) Subject to compliance with the provisions of this part, an application, Form 6 (Firearms), to import 

a firearm by an importer or dealer qualified under this part, for use as a sample in connection with sales 

of such firearms to Federal, State or local governmental entities, will be approved if it is established by 

specific information attached to the application that the firearm is suitable or potentially suitable for use 

by such entities. Such information must show why a sales sample of a particular firearm is suitable for 

such use and the expected governmental customers who would require a demonstration of the firearm. 

Information as to the availability of the firearm to fill subsequent orders and letters from governmental 

entities expressing a need for a particular model or interest in seeing a demonstration. of a particular 

firearm would establish suitability for governmental use. Applications to import more than one firearm 

of a particular model for use as a sample by an importer or dealer must also establish the importer's or 

dealer's need for the quantity of samples sought to be imported. 

(d) Subject to compliance with the provisions of this part, an application, Form 6 (Firearms), to import 

a firearm by an importer or dealer qualified under this part, for use as a sample in connection with sales 

of such firearms to Federal, State or local governmental entities, will be approved if it is established by 

specific information attached to the application that the firearm is particularly suitable for use by such 

entities. Such information must show why a sales sample of a particular firearm is suitable for such use 

and the expected governmental customers who would require a demonstration of the firearm. 

Information as to the availability of the firearm to fill subsequent orders and letters from governmental 

entities expressing a need for a particular model or interest in seeing a demonstration of a particular 

firearm would establish suitability for governmental use. Applications to import more than one firearm 
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of a particular model for use as a sample by an importer or dealer must also establish the importer's or 

dealer's need for the quantity of samples sought to be imported. 

§ 479.113 Conditional importation. 

The Director shall permit the conditional importation or bringing into the United States of any firearm 

for the purpose of examining and testing the firearm in connection with making a determination as to 

whether the importation or bringing in of such firearm will be authorized under this subpart. An 

application under this section shall be filed on Form 6 (Firearms), in triplicate, with the Director. The 

Director may impose conditions upon any importation under this section including a requirement that 

the firearm be shipped directly from Customs custody to the Director and that the person importing or 

bringing in the firearm must agree to either export the weapon or destroy it if a final determination is 

made that it may not be imported or brought in under this subpart. A firearm so imported or brought into 

the United States may be released from Customs custody in the manner prescribed by the conditional 

authorization of the registrant with notification thereon that registration of the firearm has been made. 

The registration of any firearm under this section is for official use only and a subsequent transfer will 

be approved only to other governmental entities for official use. 

Machine Guns 

§ 479.105 Transfer and possession of machine guns. 

(a) General. As provided by 26 U.S.C. 5812 and 26 U.S.C. 5822, an application to make or transfer a 

firearm shall be denied if the making, transfer, receipt, or possession of the firearm would place the 

maker or transferee in violation of law. Section 922(0), Title 18, U.S.C., makes it unlawful for any 

person to transfer or possess a machine gun, except a transfer to or by, or possession by or under the 

authority of, the United States or any department or agency thereof or a State, or a department, agency, 

or political subdivision thereof; or any lawful transfer or lawful possession of a machine gun that was 

lawfully possessed before May 19, 1986. Therefore, notwithstanding any other provision of this part, no 

application to make, transfer, or import a machine gun will be approved except as provided by this 

section. 

(b) Machine guns lawfully possessed prior to May 19, 1986. A machine gun possessed in compliance 

with the provisions of this part prior to May 19, 1986, may continue to be lawfully possessed by the 

person to whom the machine gun is registered and may, upon compliance with the provisions of this 

part, be lawfully transferred to and possessed by the transferee. 

(c) Importation and manufacture. Subject to compliance with the provisions of this part, importers and 

manufacturers qualified under this part may import and manufacture machine guns on or after May 19, 

1986, for sale or distribution to any department or agency of the United States or any State or political 

subdivision thereof, or for use by dealers qualified under this part as sales samples as provided in 

paragraph (d) of this section. The registration of such machine guns under this part and their subsequent 

transfer shall be conditioned upon and restricted to the sale or distribution of such 

weapons for the official use of Federal, State or local governmental entities. Subject to compliance with 

the provisions of this part, manufacturers qualified under this part may manufacture machine guns on or 

after May 19, 1986, for exportation in compliance with the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778) 
131

and regulations prescribed thereunder by the Department of State. 

(d) Dealer sales samples. Subject to compliance with the provisions of this part, applications to 

transfer and register a machine gun manufactured or imported on or after May 19, 1986, to dealers 

qualified under this part will be approved if it is established by specific information the expected 

governmental customers who would require a demonstration of the weapon, information as to the 

availability of the machine gun to fill subsequent orders, and letters from governmental entities 

expressing a need for a particular model or interest in seeing a demonstration of a particular weapon. 

Applications to transfer more than one machine gun of a particular model to a dealer must also establish 

the dealer's need for the quantity of samples sought to be transferred. 

(e) The making of machine guns on or after May 19, 1986. Subject to compliance with the provisions 

of this part, applications to make and register machine guns on or after May 19, 1986, for the benefit of 

a Federal, State or local governmental entity (e.g., an invention for possible Mure use of a governmental 

entity or the making of a weapon in connection with research and development on behalf of such an 

entity) will be approved if it is established by specific information that the machine gun is particularly 

suitable for use by Federal, State or local governmental entities and that the making of the weapon is at 

the request and on behalf of such an entity . 

(f) Discontinuance of business. Since section 922(0), Title 18, U.S.C., makes it unlawful to transfer or 

possess a machine gun except as provided in the law, any qualified manufacturer, importer, or dealer 

intending to discontinue business shall, prior to going out of business, transfer in compliance with the 

provisions of this part any machine gun manufactured or imported after May 19, 1986, to a Federal, 

State or local governmental entity, qualified manufacturer, qualified importer, or, subject to the 

provisions of paragraph (d) of this section, dealer qualified to possess such, machine gun. 

Subpart H-Importation and Exportation 

Importation 

§479.111 Procedure. 

(a) No firearm shall be imported or brought into the United States or any territory under its control or 

jurisdiction unless the person importing or bringing in the firearm establishes to the satisfaction of the 

Director that the firearm to be imported or brought in is being imported or brought in for: 

(1) The use of the United States or any department, independent establishment, or agency thereof or 

any State or possession or any political subdivision thereof; or 

(2) Scientific or research purposes; or 

(3) Testing or use as a model by a registered manufacturer or solely for use as a sample by a registered 

importer or registered dealer. 

The burden of proof is affirmatively on any person importing or bringing the firearm into the United 

States or any territory under its control or jurisdiction to show that the firearm is being imported or 
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brought in under one of the above paragraphs. Any person desiring to import or bring a firearm into the 

United States under this paragraph shall file with the Director an application on Form 6 (Firearms), 

Application and Permit for Importation of Firearms, Ammunition and Implements of War, in triplicate, 

executed under the penalties of perjury. The application shall show the information required by subpart 

G of Part 478 of this chapter. A detailed explanation of why the importation of the firearm falls within 

the standards set out in this paragraph shall be attached to the application. The person seeking to import 

or bring in the firearm will be notified of the approval or disapproval of his application. If the 

application is approved, the original Form 6 (Firearms) will be returned to the applicant showing such 

approval and he will present the approved application, Form 6 (Firearms), to the Customs officer at the 

port of importation. The approval of an application to import a firearm shall be automatically terminated 

at the expiration of one year from the date of approval unless, upon request, it is further extended by the 

Director. If the firearm described in the approved application is not imported prior to the expiration of 

the approval, the Director shall be so notified. Customs officers will not permit release of a firearm from 

Customs custody, except for exportation, unless covered by an application which has been approved by 

the Director and which is currently effective. The importation or bringing in of a firearm not covered by 

an approved application may subject the person responsible to civil and 

criminal liabilities. (26 U.S.C. 5861, 5871, and 5872.) 

(b) Part 478 of this chapter also contains requirements and procedures for the importation of firearms 

into the United States. A firearm may not be imported into the United States under this part unless those 

requirements and procedures are also complied with by the person importing the firearm. 

(c) The provisions of this subpart shall not be construed as prohibiting the return to the United States or 

any territory under its control or jurisdiction of a firearm by a person who can establish to the 

satisfaction of Customs that (1) the firearm was taken out of the United States or any territory under its 

control or jurisdiction by such person, (2) the firearm is registered to that person, and (3) if appropriate, 

the authorization required by Part 478 of this chapter for the transportation of such a firearm in interstate 

or foreign commerce has been obtained by such person. 

§ 479.112 Registration of imported firearms. 

(a) Each importer shall file with the Director an accurate notice on Form 2 (Firearms), Notice of 

Firearms Manufactured or Imported, executed under the penalties of perjury, showing the importation of 

a firearm. The notice shall set forth the name and address of the importer, identify the importer's special 

(occupational) tax stamp and Federal firearms license, and show the import permit number, the date of 

release from Customs custody, the type, model, length of barrel, overall length, caliber, gauge or size, 

serial number, and other marks of identification of the firearm imported, and the place where the 

imported firearm will be kept. The Form 2 (Firearms) covering an imported firearm shall be filed by the 

importer no later than fifteen (15) days from the date the firearm was released from Customs custody. 

The importer shall prepare the notice, Form 2 (Firearms), in duplicate, file the original return as 

prescribed herein, and keep the copy with the records require by subpart I of this part at the premises 

covered by the special (occupational) tax stamp. The timely receipt by the Director of the notice, Form 2 

(Firearms), and the timely receipt by the Director of the copy of Form 6A (Firearms), Release and 

Receipt of Imported Firearms, Ammunition and Implements of War, required by § 478.112 of this 

chapter, covering the weapon reported on the Form 2 (Firearms) by the qualified importer, shall 

effectuate the registration of the firearm to the importer. 
133

(b) The requirements of this part relating to the transfer of a firearm are applicable to the transfer of 

imported firearms by a qualified importer or any other person. 

(c) Subject to compliance with the provisions of this part, an application, Form 6 (Firearms), to import a 

firearm by an importer or dealer qualified under this part, for use as a sample in connection with sales of 

such firearms to Federal, State or local governmental entities, will be approved if it is established by 

specific information attached to the application that the firearm is suitable or potentially suitable for use 

by such entities. Such information must show why a sales sample of a particular firearm is suitable for 

such use and the expected governmental customers who would require a demonstration of the firearm. 

Information as to the availability of the firearm to fill subsequent orders and letters from governmental 

entities expressing a need for a particular model or interest in seeing a demonstration of a particular 

firearm would establish suitability for governmental use. Applications to import more than one firearm 

of a particular model for use as a sample by an importer or dealer must also establish the importer's or 

dealer's need for the quantity of samples sought to be imported. 

(d) Subject to compliance with the provisions of this part, an application, Form 6 (Firearms), to import a 

firearm by an importer or dealer qualified under this part, for use as a sample in connection with sales of 

such firearms to Federal, State or local governmental entities, will be approved if it is established by 

specific information attached to the application that the firearm is particularly suitable for use by such 

entities. Such information must show why a sales sample of a particular firearm is suitable for such use 

and the expected governmental customers who would require a demonstration of the firearm. 

Information as to the availability of the firearm to fill subsequent orders and letters from governmental 

entities expressing a need for a particular model or interest in seeing a demonstration of a particular 

firearm would establish suitability for governmental use. Applications to import more than one firearm 

of a particular model for use as a sample by an importer or dealer must also establish the importer's or 

dealer's need for the quantity of samples sought to be imported. 

§ 479.113 Conditional importation. 

The Director shall permit the conditional importation or bringing into the United States of any firearm 

for the purpose of examining and testing the firearm in connection with making a determination as to 

whether the importation or bringing in of such firearm will be authorized under this subpart. An 

application under this section shall be filed on Form 6 (Firearms), in triplicate, with the Director. The 

Director may impose conditions upon any importation under this section including a requirement that 

the firearm be shipped directly from Customs custody to the Director and that the person importing or 

bringing in the firearm must agree to either export the weapon or destroy it if a final determination is 

made that it may not be imported or brought in under this subpart. A firearm so imported or brought into 

the United States may be released from Customs custody in the manner prescribed by the conditional 

authorization of the Director. 

Exportation 

§ 479.114 Application and permit for exportation of firearms. 

Any person desiring to export a firearm without payment of the transfer tax must file with the Director 

an application on Form 9 (Firearms), Application and Permit for Exportation of Firearms, in 
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quadruplicate, for a permit providing for deferment of tax liability. Part 1 of the application shall show 

the name and address of the foreign consignee, number of firearms covered by the application, the 

intended port of exportation, a complete description of each firearm to be exported, the name, address, 

State Department license number (or date of application if not issued), and identification of the special 

(occupational) tax stamp of the transferor. Part 1 of the application shall be executed under the penalties 

of perjury by the transferor and shall be supported by a certified copy of a written order or contract of 

sale or other evidence showing that the firearm is to be shipped to a foreign designation. Where it is 

desired to make a transfer free of tax to another person who in turn will export the firearm, the transferor 

shall likewise file an application supported by evidence that the transfer will start the firearm in course 

of exportation, except, however, that where such transferor and exporter are registered special taxpayers 

the transferor will not be required to file an application on Form 9 (Firearms). 

§ 479.115 Action by Director. 

If the application is acceptable, the Director will execute the permit, Part 2 of Form 9 (Firearms), to 

export the firearm described on the form and return three copies thereof to the applicant. Issuance of the 

permit by the Director will suspend assertion of tax liability for a period of six (6) months from the date 

of issuance. If the application is disapproved, the Director will indicate thereon the reason for such 

action and return the forms to the applicant. 

§ 479.116 Procedure by exporter. 

Shipment may not be made until the permit, Form 9 (Firearms), is received from the Director. If 

exportation is to be made by means other than by parcel post, two copies of the form must be addressed 

to the District Director of Customs at the port of exportation, and must precede or accompany the 

shipment in order to permit appropriate inspection prior to lading. If exportation is to be made by parcel 

post, one copy of the form must be presented to the postmaster at the office receiving the parcel who 

will execute Part 4 of such form and return the form to the exporter for transmittal to the Director. In the 

event exportation is not effected, all copies of the form must be immediately returned to the Director for 

cancellation. 

§ 479.117 Action by Customs. 

Upon receipt of a permit, Form 9 (Firearms), in duplicate, authorizing the exportation of firearms, the 

District Director of Customs may order such inspection as deemed necessary prior to lading of the 

merchandise. If satisfied that the shipment is proper and the information contained in the permit to 

export is in agreement with information shown in the shipper's export declaration, the District Director 

of Customs will, after the merchandise has been duly exported, execute the certificate of exportation 

(Part 3 of Form 9 (Firearms». One copy of the form will be retained with the shipper's export declaration 

and the remaining copy thereof win be transmitted to the Director. 

§ 479.118 Proof of exportation. 

Within a six-month's period from date of issuance of the permit to export firearms, the exporter shall 

furnish or cause to be furnished to the Director (a) the certificate of exportation (Part 3 of Form 9 
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(Firearms» executed by the District Director of Customs as provided in § 479.117, or (b) the certificate 

of mailing by parcel post (Part 4 of Form 9 (Firearms» executed by the postmaster of the post office 

receiving the parcel containing the firearm, or (c) a certificate of lading executed by a Customs officer of 

the foreign country to which the firearm is exported, or Cd) a sworn statement of the foreign consignee 

covering the receipt of the firearm, or (e) the return receipt, or a reproduced copy thereof, signed by the 

addressee or his agent, where the shipment of a firearm was made by insured or registered parcel post. 

Issuance of a permit to export a firearm and furnishing of evidence establishing such exportation under 

this section will relieve the actual exporter and the person selling to the exporter for exportation from 

transfer tax liability. Where satisfactory evidence of exportation of a firearm is not furnished within the 

stated period, the transfer tax will be assessed. 

§ 479.119 Transportation of firearms to effect exportation. 

Notwithstanding any provision of § 478.28 of this chapter, it shall not be required that authorization be 

obtained from the Director for the transportation in interstate or foreign commerce of a firearm in order 

to effect the exportation of a firearm authorized under the provisions of this subpart. 

§479.120 Refunds. 

Where, after payment of tax by the manufacturer, a firearm is exported, and satisfactory proof of 

exportation (see § 479.118) is furnished, a claim for refund may be submitted on Form 843 (see § 

479.172). If the manufacturer waives all claim for the amount to be refunded, the refund shall be made 

to the exporter. A claim for refund by an exporter of tax paid by a manufacturer should be accompanied 

by waiver of the manufacturer and proof of tax payment by the latter. 

§ 479.121 Insular possessions. 

Transfers of firearms to persons in the insular possessions of the United States are exempt from 

transfer tax, provided title in cases involving change of title (and custody or control, in cases not 

involving change of title), does not pass to the transferee or his agent in the United States. However, 

such exempt transactions must be covered by approved permits and supporting documents 

corresponding to those required in the case of firearms exported to foreign countries (see §§ 479.114 and 

479.115), except that the Director may vary the requirements herein set forth in accordance with the 

requirements of the governing authority of the insular possession. Shipments to the insular possessions 

will not be authorized without compliance with the requirements of the governing authorities thereof. In 

the case of a nontaxable transfer to a person in such insular possession, the exemption extends only to 

such transfer and not to prior transfers. 

Arms Export Control Act 

§ 479.122 Requirements.

(a) Persons engaged in the business of importing firearms are required by the Arms Export Control 

Act (22 U.S.C. 2778) to register with the Director. (See Part 447 of this chapter.) 
136

(b) Persons engaged in the business of exporting firearms caliber .22 or larger are subject to the 

requirements of a license issued by the Secretary of State. Application for such license should be made 

to the Office of Munitions Control, Department of State, Washington, DC 20502, prior to exporting 

firearms. 

Subpart I-Records and Returns 

§ 479.131 Records. 

For the purposes of this part, each manufacturer, importer, and dealer in firearms shall keep and 

maintain such records regarding the manufacture, importation, acquisition (whether by making, transfer, 

or otherwise), receipt, and disposition of firearms as are prescribed, and in the manner and place 

required, by part 478 of this chapter. In addition, each manufacturer, importer, and dealer shall maintain, 

in chronological order, at his place of business a separate record consisting of the documents required by 

this part showing the registration of any firearm to him. If firearms owned or possessed by a 

manufacturer, importer, or dealer are stored or kept on premises other than the place of business shown 

on his special (occupational) tax stamp, the record establishing registration shall show where such 

firearms are stored or kept. The records required by this part shall be readily accessible for inspection at 

all reasonable times by ATF officers. 

(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1512-0387) 

Subpart J-Stolen or Lost Firearms or Documents 

§ 479.141 Stolen or lost firearms. 

Whenever any registered firearm is stolen or lost, the person losing possession thereof will, immediately 

upon discovery of such theft or loss, make a report to the Director showing the following: (a) Name and 

address of the person in whose name the firearm is registered, (b) kind of firearm, (c) serial number, (d) 

model, (e) caliber, (I) manufacturer of the firearm, (g) date and place of theft or loss, and (h) complete 

statement of facts and circumstances surrounding such theft or loss. 

§ 479.142 Stolen or lost documents. 

When any Form 1,2,3,4,5, 6A, or 10 (Firearms) evidencing possession of a firearm is stolen, lost, or 

destroyed, the person losing possession will immediately upon discovery of the theft, loss, or destruction 

report the matter to the Director. The report will show in detail the circumstances of the theft, loss, or 

destruction and will include all known facts which may serve to identify the document. Upon receipt of 

the report, the Director will make such investigation as appears appropriate and may issue a duplicate 

document upon such conditions as the circumstances warrant. 

Subpart K-Examination of Books and Records 

§ 479.151 Failure to make returns: Substitute returns. 

If any person required by this part to make returns shall fail or refuse to make any such return within 
137

the time prescribed by this part or designated by the Director, then the return shall be made by an ATF 

officer upon inspection of the books, but the making of such return by an A TF officer shall not relieve 

the person from any default or penalty incurred by reason of failure to make such return. 

§ 479.152 Penalties (records and returns). 

Any person failing to keep records or make returns, or making, or causing the making of, a false entry 

on any application, return or record, knowing such entry to be false, is liable to fine and imprisonment as 

provided in section 5871, I.R.C. 

Subpart L-Distribution and Sale of Stamps 

§ 479.161 stamps. 

National Firearms Act 

"National Firearms Act" stamps evidencing payment of the transfer tax or tax on the making of a firearm 

are maintained by the Director. The remittance for purchase of the appropriate tax stamp shall be 

submitted with the application. Upon approval of the application, the Director will cause the appropriate 

tax to be paid by affixing the appropriate stamp to the application. 

§ 479.162 Stamps authorized. 

Adhesive stamps of the $5 and $200 denomination, bearing the words "National Firearms Act," have 

been prepared and only such stamps shall be used for the payment of the transfer tax and for the tax on 

the making of a firearm. 

§ 479.163 Reuse of stamps prohibited. 

A stamp once affixed to one document cannot lawfully be removed and affixed to another. Any person 

willfully reusing such a stamp shall be subject to the penalty prescribed by 26 U.S.C. 7208. 

Subpart M-Redemption of or Allowance for Stamps or Refunds 

§ 479.171 Redemption of or allowance for stamps. 

Where a National Firearms Act stamp is destroyed, mutilated or rendered useless after purchase, and 

before liability has been incurred, such stamp may be redeemed by giving another stamp in lieu thereof. 

Claim for redemption of the stamp should be filed on ATF Form 2635 (5620.8) with the Director. Such 

claim shall be accompanied by the stamp or by a satisfactory explanation of the reasons why the stamp 

cannot be returned, and shall be filed within 3 years after the purchase of the stamp. 

§ 479.172 Refunds. 

As indicated in this part, the transfer tax or tax on the making of a firearm is ordinarily paid by the 

purchase and affixing of stamps, while special tax stamps are issued in payment of special 
138

(occupational) taxes. However, in exceptional cases, transfer tax, tax on the making of firearms, and/or 

special (occupational) tax may be paid pursuant to assessment. Claims for refunds of such taxes, paid 

pursuant to assessment, shall be filed on ATF Form 2635 (5620.8) within 3 years next after payment of 

the taxes. Such claims shall be filed with the regional director (compliance) serving the region in which 

the tax was paid. (For provisions relating to hand-carried documents and manner of filing, see 26 CFR 

301.60911 (b) and 301.6402-2(a).) When an applicant to make or transfer a firearm wishes a refund of 

the tax paid on an approved application where the firearm was not made pursuant to an approved Form 1 

(Firearms) or transfer of the firearm did not take place pursuant to an approved Form 4 (Firearms), the 

applicant shall file a claim for refund of the tax on ATF Form 2635 (5620.8) with the Director. The 

claim shall be accompanied by the approved application bearing the stamp and an explanation why the 

tax liability was not incurred. Such claim shall be filed within 3 years next after payment of the tax. 

Subpart N-Penalties and Forfeitures 

§ 479.181 Penalties. 

Any person who violates or fails to comply with the requirements of 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53 shall, upon 

conviction, be subject to the penalties imposed under 26 U.S.C. 5871. 

§ 479.182 Forfeitures. 

Any firearm involved in any violation of the provisions of 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53, shall be subject to 

seizure, and forfeiture under the internal revenue laws: Provided, however, That the disposition of 

forfeited firearms shall be in conformance with the requirements of 26 U.S.C. 5872. In addition, any 

vessel, vehicle or aircraft used to transport, carry, conveyor conceal or possess any firearm with respect 

to which there has been committed any violation of any provision of 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53, or the 

regulations in this part issued pursuant thereto, shall be subject to seizure and forfeiture under the 

Customs laws, as provided by the act of August 9, 1939 (49 U.S.C. App., Chapter 11). 

Subpart O-Other Laws Applicable 

§ 479.191 Applicability of other provisions of internal revenue laws. 

All of the provisions of the internal revenue laws not inconsistent with the provisions of 26 U.S.C. 

Chapter 53 shall be applicable with respect to the taxes imposed by 26 U.S.C. 5801, 5811, and 5821 (see 

26 U.S.C.5846). 

§ 479.192 Commerce in firearms and ammunition. 

For provisions relating to commerce in firearms and ammunition, including the movement of 

destructive devices, machine guns, short-barreled shotguns, or short-barreled rifles, see 18 U.S.C. 

Chapter 44, and Part 478 of this chapter issued pursuant thereto. 

§ 479.193 Arms Export Control 

For provisions relating to the registration and licensing of persons engaged in the business of 
139

manufacturing, importing or exporting arms, ammunition, or implements of war, see the Arms Export 

Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778), and the regulations issued pursuant thereto. (See also Part 447 of this 

chapter.) 
140

APPENDIX B 

RULINGS AND ATF ARTICLES

27 CFR 479.11232: MEANING OF TERMS 

The AR15 auto sear is a machine gun as defined by 26 U.S.C. 5845(b) 

ATF Rul. 81-4 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms has examined an auto sear known by the various trade 

names including “AR15 Auto Sear,” “Drop In Auto Sear,” and “Auto Sear II,” which consists of a sear 

mounting body, sear, return spring, and pivot pin. The Bureau finds that the single addition of this auto 

sear to certain AR15 type semiautomatic rifles, manufactured with M16 internal components already 

installed, will convert such rifles into machine guns. 

The National Firearms Act, 26 U.S.C. 5845(b) defines “machine gun” to include any combination of 

parts designed and intended for use in converting a weapon to shoot automatically more than one shot, 

without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger. 

Held: The auto sear known by various trade names including “AR15 Auto Sear,” “Drop In Auto Sear,” 

and “Auto Sear II,” is a combination of parts designed and intended for use in converting a weapon to 

shoot automatically more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger. 

Consequently, the auto sear is a machine gun as defined by 26 U.S.C. 5845(b). 

With respect to the machine gun classification of the auto sear under the National Firearms Act, 

pursuant to 26 U.S.C. 7805(b), this ruling will not be applied to auto sears manufactured before 

November 1, 1981. Accordingly, auto sears manufactured on or after November 1, 1981, will be subject 

to all of the provisions of the National Firearms Act and 27 C.F.R. Part 479. 

Editor’s Note: Regardless of the date of manufacture of a drop in auto sear, possession of such a 

sear and certain M16 fire control parts is possession of a machine gun as defined by the NFA. 

Specifically, these parts are a combination of parts designed and intended for use in converting a 

weapon into a machine gun as defined in the NFA. (See “Important Information Concerning 

AR15-Type rifles” which follows) 

IMPORTANT INFORMATION CONCERNING AR-15 TYPE RIFLES 

ATF has encountered various AR-15 type rifles such as those manufactured by Colt, E.A. Company, 

SGW, Sendra and others which have been assembled with fire control components designed for use in 

M16 machine guns. 

 

232 The citations to 27 CFR part 179 have been rewritten as 27 CFR part 479 in conformance with the reorganization of title 

27 CFR which became effective on January 24, 2003. 
141

 The vast majority of these rifles which have been assembled with an M16 bolt carrier, hammer, trigger, 

disconnector and selector will fire automatically merely by manipulation of the selector or removal of 

the disconnector. Many of these rifles using less than the 5 M16 parts listed above will also shoot 

automatically by manipulation of the selector or removal of the disconnector. 

Any weapon which shoots automatically, more than 1 shot, without manual reloading, by a single 

function of the trigger, is a machine gun as defined in 26 U.S.C. 5845(b), the National Firearms Act 

(NFA). In addition, the definition of machine gun also includes any combination of parts from which a 

machine gun may be assembled, if such parts are in possession or under the control of a person. An AR15 type assault rifle which fires more than one shot by a single function o the trigger is a machine gun 

under the NFA. Any machine gun is subject to the NFA and the possession of an unregistered machine 

gun could the possessor to criminal prosecution. 

Additionally, these rifles could pose a safety hazard in that they may fire automatically without the user 

being aware that the weapon will fire more than 1 shot with a single pull of the trigger. 

In order to avoid violations of the NFA, M16, hammers, triggers, disconnectors, selectors and bolt 

carriers must not be used in assembly of AR-15 type semiautomatic rifles, unless the M16 parts have 

been modified to AR-15 Model SP1 configuration. Any AR-15 type rifles which have been assembled 

with M16 internal components should have those parts removed and replaced with AR-15 Model SP1 

type parts which are available commercially. The M16 components also may be modified to AR-15 

Model SP1 configuration. 

It is important to note that any modification of the M16 parts should be attempted by fully qualified 

personnel only. 

Should you have any questions concerning AR-15 type rifles with M16 parts, please contact your 

nearest ATF office. Our telephone numbers are listed in the “United States Government” section of 

your telephone directory under the “United States Department of Justice.” 

27 CFR 479.11: MEANING OF TERMS 

The KG-9 pistol is a machinegun as defined in the National Firearms Act.

ATF Rul. 82-2 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms has examined a firearm identified as the KG-9 pistol. The 

KG-9 is a 9 millimeter caliber, semiautomatic firearm which is blowback operated and which fires from 

the open bolt position with the bolt incorporating a fixed firing pin. In addition, a component part of the 

weapon is a disconnector which prevents more than one shot being fired with a single function of the 

trigger. 

The disconnector is designed in the KG-9 pistol in such a way that a simple modification to it, such as 

cutting, filing, or grinding, allows the pistol to operate automatically. Thus, this simple modification to 

the disconnector together with the configuration of the above design features (blowback operation, firing 

from the open bolt position, and fixed firing pin) in the KG-9 permits the firearm to shoot automatically, 
142

more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger. The above 

combination of design features as employed in the KG-9 is normally not found in the typical sporting 

firearm. 

The National Firearms Act, 26 U.S.C. 5845(b), defines a machine gun to include any weapon which 

shoots, is designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot, automatically more than one shot, 

without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger. 

The “shoots automatically” definition covers weapons that will function automatically. The “readily 

restorable” definition defines weapons which previously could shoot automatically but will not in their 

present condition. The “designed” definition includes those weapons which have not previously 

functioned as machine guns but possess design features which facilitate full automatic fire by simple 

modification or elimination of existing component parts. 

Held: The KG-9 pistol is designed to shoot automatically more than one shot, without manual reloading, 

by a single function of the trigger. Consequently, the KG-9 pistol is a machine gun as defined in section 

5845(b) of the Act. 

With respect to the machine gun classification of the KG-9 pistol under the National Firearms Act, 

pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 7805(b), this ruling will not be applied to KG-9 pistols manufactured before 

January 19, 1982. Accordingly, KG-9 pistols manufactured on or after January 19, 1982, will be subject 

to all the provisions of the National Firearms Act and 27 C.F.R., Part 479. 

27 CFR 479.11: MEANING OF TERMS 

The SM10 and SM11A1 pistols and SAC carbines are machineguns as defined in the National 

Firearms Act. 

ATF Rul. 82-8 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms has reexamined firearms identified as SM10 pistols, 

SM11A1 pistols, and SAC carbines .The SM10 is a 9 millimeter or .45ACP caliber, semiautomatic 

firearm; the SM11A1 is a .380ACP caliber, semiautomatic firearm. And the SAC carbine is a 9 

millimeter or .45ACP caliber, semiautomatic firearm. The weapons are blowback operated, fire from the 

open bolt position with the bolt incorporating a fixed firing pin, and the barrels of the pistols are 

threaded to accept a silencer. In addition, component parts of the weapons are a disconnector and a trip 

which prevent more than one shot being fired with a single function of the trigger. 

The disconnector and trip are designed in the SM10 and SM11A1 pistols and in the SAC carbine 

(firearms) in such a way that a simple modification to them, such as cutting, filing, or grinding, allows 

the firearms to operate automatically. Thus, this simple modification to the disconnector or trip together 

with the configuration of the above design features (blowback operation, firing from the open bolt 

position, and fixed firing pin) in the SM10 and SM11A1pistols and in the SAC carbine, permits the 

firearms to shoot automatically, more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single function of 

the trigger. The above combination of design features as employed in the SM10 and SM11A1 pistols 

and the SAC carbine are normally not found in the typical sporting firearm. 
143

The National Firearms Act, 26 U.S.C. § 5845(b), defines a machine gun to include any weapon which 

shoots, is designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot, automatically more than one shot, 

without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger. 

The “shoots automatically” definition covers weapons that will function automatically. The “readily 

restorable” definition defines weapons which previously could shoot automatically but will not in their 

present condition. The “designed” definition includes those weapons which have not previously 

functioned as machine guns but possess design features which facilitate full automatic fire by simple 

modification or elimination of existing component parts. 

Held: The SM10 and SM11A1 pistols and the SAC carbine are designed to shoot automatically more 

than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger. Consequently, the SM10 

and SM11A1 pistols and SAC carbines are machine guns as defined in Section 5845(b) of the Act. 

With respect to the machine gun classification of the SM10 and SM11A1 pistols and SAC carbines, 

under the National Firearms Act, pursuant to 26 U.S.C. 7805(b), this ruling will not be applied to SM10 

and SM11A1 pistols and SAC carbines manufactured or assembled before June, 21, 1982. Accordingly, 

SM10 and SM11A1 pistols and SAC carbines, manufactured or assembled on or after June 21, 1982, 

will be subject to all the provisions of the National Firearms Act and 27 C.F.R., Part 479. 

27 CFR 479.11: MEANING OF TERMS 

The YAC STEN MK II carbine is a machine gun as defined in the National Firearms Act. 

ATF Rul. 83-5 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms has examined a firearm identified as YAC STEN MK II 

carbine. The YAC STEN MKII carbine is a 9 millimeter caliber, semiautomatic firearm which has 

identical design characteristics to the original selective fire STEN submachine gun designed by Reginald 

Vernon Shepherd and Harold John Turpin. The weapon is blowback operated and fires from the open 

bolt position with the bolt incorporating a fixed firing pin. In addition, a component part of the weapon 

is a trip lever (disconnector) which has been modified to prevent more than one shot being fired with a 

single function of the trigger. 

The trip lever (disconnector) is designed in such a way that a simple modification to it, such as bending, 

breaking or cutting, allows the weapon to operate automatically. Thus, this simple modification to the 

trip lever (disconnector) or trip together with STEN submachine gun design features and components in 

the YAC STEN MK II carbine, permits the firearm to shoot automatically, more than one shot, without 

manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger. The above combination of machine gun design 

features as employed in the YAC STEN MK II carbine are normally not found in the typical sporting 

firearm. 

The National Firearms Act, 26 U.S.C. 5845(b), defines a machine gun to include any weapon which 

shoots, is designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot, automatically more than one shot, 

without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger. 
144

The “shoots automatically” definition covers weapons that will function automatically. The “readily 

restorable” definition defines weapons which previously could shoot automatically but will not in their 

present condition. The “designed” definition includes those weapons which have not previously 

functioned as machine guns but possess specific machine gun design features which facilitate full 

automatic fire by simple modification or elimination of existing component parts. 

Held: The YAC STEN MK II carbine is designed to shoot automatically more than one shot, without 

manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger. Consequently, the YAC STEN MK II 

semiautomatic carbine is a machine gun as defined in Section 5845(b) of the Act. 

27 CFR 479.111: IMPORTATION PROCEDURE 

A National Firearms Act (NFA) firearm may not be imported for use as a sample for sales to law 

enforcement agencies if the firearm is a curio or relic unless it is established that the firearm is 

particularly suitable for use as a law enforcement weapon. 

ATF Rul. 85-2 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms has approved a number of applications to import 

National Firearms Act (NFA) firearms for the use of registered importers to generate orders for such 

firearms from law enforcement agencies. 

A review of the characteristics of the NFA firearms approved for importation as sales samples indicates 

that some of the firearms are not being imported for the purposes contemplated by the statute. Some of 

the NFA firearms imported are, in fact, curios or relics and are more suitable for use as collector’s items 

than law enforcement weapons. 

Importations of NFA firearms are permitted by 26 U.S.C. 5844, which provides in pertinent part: 

“No firearms shall be imported or brought into the United States or any territory under its control or 

jurisdiction unless the importer establishes, under regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary, that 

the firearm to be imported or brought in is: 

 

(1) being imported or brought in for the use of the United States or any department., independent 

establishment, or agency thereof or any State or possession or any political subdivision thereof; 

or 

(2) *** 

(3) being imported or brought in solely for ... use as a sample by a registered importer or registered 

dealer; 

except that, the Secretary may permit the conditional importation or bringing in of a firearm for 

examination and testing in connection with classifying the firearm.” 

The sole purpose of the statute permitting the importation of NFA firearms as sales samples is to permit 

registered importers to generate orders for firearms from government agencies, on the basis of the 

sample. 
145

The implementing regulation, 27 CFR Section 479.111, provides that the person importing or bringing a 

firearm into the United States or any territory under its control or jurisdiction has the burden of proof to 

affirmatively establish that the firearm is being imported or brought in for one of the authorized 

purposes. In addition, a detailed explanation of why the importation falls within one of the authorized 

purposes must be attached to the application to import. The mere statement that an NFA firearm is being 

imported as a sales sample for demonstration to law enforcement agencies does not meet the required 

burden of proof and is not a detailed explanation of why the importation falls within the import 

standards. 

Held, an application to import a National Firearms Act firearm as a sample in connection with sales of 

such firearms to law enforcement agencies will not be approved if the firearm is determined to be a curio 

or relic unless it is established by specific information that the firearm is particularly suitable for use as a 

law enforcement weapon. For example, the importer must provide detailed information as to why a sales 

sample of a particular weapon is suitable for law enforcement purposes and the expected customers who 

would require a demonstration of the weapon. Information as to the availability of firearms to fill 

subsequent orders would help meet the burden of establishing use as a sales sample. Also, letters from 

law enforcement agencies expressing a need for a particular model or interest in seeing a demonstration 

of a particular firearm would be relevant. 

Editor’s Note: 

The importation of machine guns for use as sales samples must also meet the requirements of 27 

CFR 479.105(d). 

26 U.S.C. § 5845(f)(2): DESTRUCTIVE DEVICE (Nonsporting shotgun having a bore of more 

than one-half inch in diameter) 

The USAS-12 shotgun has a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter and is not generally 

recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes. Therefore, it is classified as a destructive 

device for purposes of the National Firearms Act, 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53. 

ATF Rul. 94-1 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) has examined a firearm identified as the USAS-12 

shotgun to determine whether it is a destructive device as that term is used in the National Firearms Act 

(NFA), 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53. 

The USAS-12 is a 12 gauge, gas-operated, autoloading semiautomatic shotgun which is chambered for 

12 gauge 2 3⁄4-inch ammunition. It has an 18 1⁄4-inch barrel, is approximately 38 inches long, and weighs 

12.4 pounds unloaded and approximately 15 pounds with a loaded magazine, depending on the capacity 

of the magazine. The USAS-12 is equipped with a 12 round detachable box magazine, but a 28 round 

detachable drum magazine is also available. The shotgun is approximately 11 inches deep with a box 

magazine. There is an integral carrying handle on top of the receiver which houses a rifle –type aperture 

rear and adjustable post-type front sight. The USAS-12 has a separate combat-style pistol grip located 

on the bottom of the receiver, forward of the buttstock. An optional telescopic sight may be attached to 

the carrying handle. The barrel is located below the operating mechanism in such fashion that the barrel 

is in a straight line with the center of the buttstock. 
146

Section 5845(f), Title 26 U.S.C., classifies certain weapons as “destructive devices” which are subject to 

the registration and tax provisions of the NFA. Section 5845(f)(2) provides the following: 

 (f) Destructive Device – The term “destructive device” means* * * 

(2) any type of weapon by whatever name known which will, or which may be readily converted to, 

expel a projectile by the action of an explosive or other propellant, the barrel or barrels of which have a 

bore of more than one-half inch in diameter, except a shotgun or shotgun shell the Secretary or his 

delegate finds is generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes. 

A “sporting purpose” test which is almost identical to that in section 5845(f)(2) appears in 18 U.S.C. § 

925(d)(3). This provision of the Gun Control Act of 21968 (GCA) provides that the Secretary shall 

authorize a firearm to be imported into the United States if the firearm is “generally recognized as 

particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes.” With the exception of the “readily 

adaptable” language, this provision is identical to the sporting shotgun exception to the destructive 

device definition. The definition of “destructive device” in the GCA (18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(4)) is identical 

to that in the NFA. 

In determining whether shotguns with a bore diameter of more than one-half inch in diameter are 

“generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes” and thus are not destructive devices 

under the NFA, we believe it is appropriate to use the same criteria used for evaluating shotguns under 

the “sporting purposes” test of section 925(d)(3). Congress used virtually identical language in 

describing the weapons subject to the two statutory schemes, and the language was added to the GCA 

and the NFA at the same time. 

In connection with the determination of importability, ATF determined that the USAS-12 shotgun was 

not eligible for importation under the sporting purposes test in section 925(d)(3). In reaching this 

determination, ATF evaluated the weight, size, bulk, designed magazine capacity, configuration, and 

other characteristics of the USAS-12. It was determined that the weight of the USAS-12, 12.4 pounds, 

made it much heavier than traditional 12 gauge sporting shotguns, which made it awkward to carry for 

extended periods, as in hunting, and cumbersome to fire at multiple small moving targets, as in skeet and 

trap shooting. The width of the USAS-12 with drum magazine, approximately 6 inches, and the depth 

with box magazine, in excess of 11 inches, far exceed that of traditional sporting shotguns, which do not 

exceed 3 inches in width and 4 inches in depth. The large size and bulk of the USAS-12 made it 

extremely difficult to maneuver quickly enough to engage moving targets as is necessary in hunting, 

skeet, and trap shooting. The detachable box magazine with 12 cartridge capacity and the detachable 

drum magazine with 28 cartridge capacity were or a larger capacity than traditional repeating sporting 

shotguns, which generally contain tubular magazines with a capacity of 3 – 5 cartridges. Additionally, 

detachable magazines permit more rapid reloading than do tubular magazines. Finally, the combat-style 

pistol grip, the barrel-to-buttstock configuration, the bayonet lug, and the overall appearance and general 

shape of the weapon were radically different from traditional sporting shotguns and strikingly similar to 

shotguns designed specifically for or modified for combat and law enforcement use. 

Section 7805(b), title 26 U.S.C., provides that the Secretary may prescribe the extent, if any, to which 

any ruling relating to the internal revenue laws shall be applied without retroactive effect. Accordingly, 
147

all rulings issued under the Internal Revenue Code are applied retroactively unless they specifically 

provide otherwise. Pursuant to section 7805(b), the Director, as the delegate of the Secretary, may 

prescribe the extent to which any ruling will apply without retroactive effect. 

Held: TheUSAS-12 is a shotgun with a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter which is not 

particularly suitable for sporting purposes. The weight, size, bulk, designed magazine capacity, 

configuration, and other factors indicate that the USAS-12 is a semiautomatic version of a military type 

assault shotgun. Accordingly, the USAS-12 is a destructive device as that term is used in 26 U.S.C. § 

5845(f)(2). Pursuant to section 7805(b), this ruling is applied prospectively effective March 1, 1994, 

with respect to the making, transfer, and special (occupational) taxes imposed by the NFA. All other 

provisions of the NFA apply retroactively effective March 1, 1994. 

26 U.S.C. § 5845(f)(2): DESTRUCTIVE DEVICE (Non-sporting shotgun having a bore of more 

than one-half inch in diameter) 

The Striker-12/Streetsweeper shotgun has a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter and is 

not generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes. Therefore, it is classified 

as a destructive device for purposes of the National Firearms Act, 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53. 

ATF Rul. 94-2 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) has examined a firearm identified as the Striker12/Streetsweeper shotgun to determine whether it is a destructive device as that term is used in the 

National Firearms Act (NFA), 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53. 

The Striker-12 and Streetsweeper shotguns are virtually identical 12 - gauge shotguns with a springdriven revolving magazine. The magazine has a 12 round capacity, The shotgun has a fixed stock or 

folding stock and may be fired with the folding stock collapsed. The shotgun with 18-inch barrel is 37 

inches in length with the stock extended, and 26 .5 inches in length with the stock folded. The shotgun is 

5.7 inches in width and weighs 9.24 pounds unloaded. The Striker/Streetsweeper has two pistol grips, 

one in the center of the firearm below the buttstock, and one on the forearm. The Striker/Streetsweeper 

was designed and developed in South Africa as a military, security, and anti-terrorist weapon. Various 

types of 12-gauge cartridges can be fired from the shotgun, and a rapid indexing procedure allows 

various types of ammunition to be loaded into the cylinder and selected for firing. All 12 rounds can be 

fired from the shotgun in 3 seconds or less. 

Section 5845(f), Title 26 U.S.C., classifies certain weapons as “destructive devices” which are subject to 

the registration and tax provisions of the NFA. Section 5845(f)(2) provides as follows: 

(f) Destructive Device – The term “destructive device” means* * * 

(2) any type of weapon by whatever name known which will, or which may be readily converted to, 

expel a projectile by the action of an explosive or other propellant, the barrel or barrels of which have a 

bore of more than one-half inch in diameter, except a shotgun or shotgun shell the Secretary or his 

delegate finds is generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes. 
148

A “sporting purpose” test which is almost identical to that in section 5845(f)(2) appears in 18 U.S.C. § 

925(d)(3). This provision of the Gun Control Act of 21968 (GCA) provides that the Secretary shall 

authorize a firearm to be imported into the United States if the firearm is “generally recognized as 

particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes.” With the exception of the “readily 

adaptable” language, this provision is identical to the sporting shotgun exception to the destructive 

device definition. The definition of “destructive device” in the GCA (18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(4)) is identical 

to that in the NFA. 

In determining whether shotguns with a bore diameter of more than one-half inch in diameter are 

“generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes” and thus are not destructive devices 

under the NFA, we believe it is appropriate to use the same criteria used for evaluating shotguns under 

the “sporting purposes” test of section 925(d)(3). Congress used virtually identical language in 

describing the weapons subject to the two statutory schemes, and the language was added to the GCA 

and the NFA at the same time. 

1n 1984, ATF ruled that the Striker – 12 was not eligible for importation under section 925(d)(3) since it 

is not particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes. In making this determination, 

the 1984 letter-ruling notes that the Striker was being used in a number of “combat” shooting events. In 

a letter dated June 30, 1986, ATF again denied importation of the Striker – 12, on the basis that it did not 

meet the “sporting purposes” test of section 925(d)(3). This letter states that, “We believe the weapon to 

have been specifically designed for military and law enforcement uses.” 

In evaluating the physical characteristics of the Striker – 12 /Streetsweeper, ATF concludes that the 

weight, bulk, designed magazine capacity, configuration, and other features indicate that it was designed 

primarily for military and law enforcement use and is not particularly suitable for sporting purposes. 

 The weight of the Striker – 12/Streetsweeper, 9.24 pounds unloaded, is on the high end for traditional 

12-gauge sporting shotguns, which generally weigh between 7 and 10 pounds. Thus, the weight of the 

Striker – 12/Streetsweepe, makes it awkward to carry for extended periods, as in hunting, and 

cumbersome to fire at multiple small moving targets, as in skeet and trap shooting. The width of the 

Striker – 12/Streetsweeper, 5.7 inches, far exceeds that of traditional sporting shotguns, which do not 

exceed three inches in width or four inches in depth. The large size and bulk of the Striker – 

12/Streetsweeper make it extremely difficult to maneuver quickly enough to engage moving targets as is 

necessary in hunting, skeet and trap shooting. The spring driven revolving magazine with 12 –cartridge 

capacity is a much larger capacity than traditional repeating shotguns, which generally contain tubular 

magazines with a capacity of 3 – 5 cartridges. The folding shoulder stock and the two pistol grips are not 

typical of sporting-type shotguns. Finally, the overall appearance and general shape of the weapon are 

radically different from traditional sporting shotguns and strikingly similar to shotguns designed 

specifically for or modified for combat and law enforcement use. 

Section 7805(b), title 26 U.S.C., provides that the Secretary may prescribe the extent, if any, to which 

any ruling relating to the internal revenue laws shall be applied without retroactive effect. Accordingly, 

all rulings issued under the Internal Revenue Code are applied retroactively unless they specifically 

provide otherwise. Pursuant to section 7805(b), the Director, as the delegate of the Secretary, may 

prescribe the extent to which any ruling will apply without retroactive effect. 
149

Held: The Striker – 12/Streetsweeper is a shotgun with a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter 

which is not particularly suitable for sporting purposes. The weight, size, bulk, designed magazine 

capacity, configuration, and other factors indicate that the Striker – 12/Streetsweeper is a military-type 

shotgun, as opposed to a shotgun particularly suitable for sporting purposes. Accordingly, the Striker – 

12/Streetsweeper is a destructive device as that term is used in 26 U.S.C. § 5845(f)(2). Pursuant to 

section 7805(b), this ruling is applied prospectively effective March 1, 1994, with respect to the making, 

transfer, and special (occupational) taxes imposed by the NFA. All other provisions of the NFA apply 

retroactively effective March 1, 1994. 

18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(4) 

DESTRUCTIVE DEVICE

26 U.S.C. § 5845(f)(2): 

DESTRUCTIVE DEVICE 

(Firearm having a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter) 

37/38 mm gas/flare guns possessed with cartridges containing wood pellets, rubber pellets or balls, 

or bean bags are classified as destructive devices for purposes of the Gun Control Act, 18 U.S.C. 

Chapter 44, and the National Firearms Act, 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53. 

ATF Rul. 95-3 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) has examined various 37/38 mm gas/flare guns in 

combination with certain types of ammunition to determine whether these are destructive devices as 

defined in the Gun Control Act (GCA), 18 U.S.C. Chapter 44, and the National Firearms Act (NFA), 26 

U.S.C. Chapter 53. 

Section 5845(f), Title 26 U.S.C., classifies certain weapons as “destructive devices” which are subject to 

the registration and tax provisions of the NFA. Section 5845(f)(2) provides the following: 

(f) Destructive Device – The term “destructive device” means* * * 

(2) any type of weapon by whatever name known which will, or which may be readily converted to, 

expel a projectile by the action of an explosive or other propellant, the barrel or barrels of which have a 

bore of more than one-half inch in diameter, except a shotgun or shotgun shell the Secretary or his 

delegate finds is generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes: . .” 

Section 5845(f)(3) excludes from the term “destructive device” any device which is neither designed or 

redesigned for use as a weapon and any device, although originally designed for use as a weapon, which 

is redesigned for use as a signaling, pyrotechnic,Line throwing, safety, or similar device. 

The definition of “destructive device” in the GCA (18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(4)) is identical to that in the 

NFA. 
150

ATF has previously held that devices designed for expelling tear gas or pyrotechnic signals are not 

weapons and are exempt from the destructive device definition. However, ammunition designed to be 

used against individuals is available for these 37/38 mm devices. This “anti-personnel” ammunition 

consists of cartridges containing wood pellets, rubber pellets or balls, and bean bags. 

When a gas/flare gun is possessed with “anti-personnel” type ammunition, it clearly becomes an 

instrument of offensive or defensive combat and is capable of use as a weapon. Since these gas/flare 

guns have a bore diameter greater than one-half inch, fire a projectile by means or an explosive, and, 

when possessed with “anti-personnel” ammunition, are capable of use as weapons, the combination of 

the gas/flare gun and “anti-personnel” ammunition is a destructive as defined in the GCA and the NFA. 

As a result, registration as a destructive device is required. Any person possessing a gas/flare gun with 

which “anti-personnel” ammunition will be used must register the making of a destructive device prior 

to the acquisition of any “anti-personnel” ammunition. In addition, the gas/flare guns are classified as 

firearms as defined by the GCA when possessed with “anti-personnel” type ammunition. 

Each gas/flare gun possessed with ant–personnel ammunition will be required to be identified as 

required by law and regulations (27 C.F.R. §§ 478.92and 479.102), including a serial number. Any 

person manufacturing the gas/flare gun and “anti-personnel” ammunition must, if selling them in 

combination, have the appropriate Federal firearms license as a manufacturer of destructive devices and 

must have paid the special (occupational) tax as a manufacturer of National Firearms Act firearms. Any 

person importing the gas/flare gun and the “anti-personnel” type ammunition must, if importing them in 

combination, have the appropriate Federal firearms license as an importer of destructive devices and 

must have paid the special (occupational) tax as an importer of National Firearms Act firearms. 

Further, the “anti-personnel” ammunition to be used in the gas/flare launchers is ammunition for 

destructive devices for purposes of the GCA. Any person manufacturing the “anti-personnel” 

ammunition ,must have the appropriate Federal firearms license as a manufacturer of ammunition for 

destructive devices. Any person importing the “anti-personnel” ammunition must have the appropriate 

Federal firearms license as an importer of ammunition for destructive devices. 

HELD: 37/38 mm gas/flare guns possessed with “anti-personnel” ammunition, consisting of cartridges 

containing wood pellets, rubber pellets or balls, or bean bags, are destructive devices as that term is used 

in 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(4) and 26 U.S.C. 5845(f)(2). 

26 USC 5844, 18 USC 922(o), 22 USC 2778: IMPORTATION OF BROWNING M1919 TYPE 

RECEIVERS FOR UNRESTRICTED COMMERCIAL SALE. 

An ATF – approved method of destruction for the Browning M 1919 type machinegun will result in the 

severed portions of the receiver being importable for unrestricted commercial sale.

ATF Rul. 2003-1 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) has received inquiries about modifications 

necessary to the receiver of a Browning M1919 type machinegun to make it importable under 26 U.S.C. 

5844 and 18 U.S.C. 922(o) for unrestricted commercial sale. 
151

The Browning M1919 is a machinegun as defined in 26 U.S.C. 5845(b). The receiver of a Browning 

M1919 is also a machinegun as defined. Various manufacturers made Browning M1919 style 

machineguns in caliber .30-06 and 7.62x51mm (.308). The M1919 is a recoil operated, belt-fed 

machinegun designed to be fired from a mount. 

Section 5844 of title 26, United States Code, makes it unlawful to import any firearm into the United 

States, unless the firearm to be imported or brought in is: (1) being imported for use by the United States 

or any department, independent establishment, or agency thereof or any State or possession or any 

political subdivision thereof; or (2) the firearm is being imported for scientific or research purposes; or 

(3) it is being imported solely for testing or use as a model by a registered or dealer. Additionally, the 

Secretary may permit the conditional importation of a firearm for examination and testing in connection 

with classifying the firearm. 

Section 922(o) of Title 18, United States Code, makes it unlawful for any person to transfer or possess a 

machinegun, except a transfer to or by the United States or any department or agency thereof or a State 

or department, agency or political subdivision thereof; or any lawful transfer or lawful possession of a 

machinegun lawfully possessed before May 19, 1986. 

A review of the statutes above indicates that machinegun and machinegun receivers cannot be lawfully 

imported for unrestricted commercial sale. Accordingly. Machinegun receivers may be imported for 

commercial sale only if they are destroyed in a manner that will prevent their function and future use as 

a firearm. The resulting severed receiver portions would not be subject to the provisions of 26 U.S.C. 

5844 or 18 U.S.C. 922(o); however, these articles would be subject the provisions of the Arms Export 

Control Act, 18 U.S.C. 925, 22 U.S.C. 2778, and implementing regulation at 27 CFR Part 47. It is 

important to note that these machinegun receivers must be destroyed and cannot be imported whether 

they are serviceable or unserviceable. 

An ATF-approved method of destruction for a Browning M1919 type machinegun receiver requires 

three diagonal torch cuts that sever or pass through the following areas: (1) the trunion or barrel 

mounting block (corner to corner), (2) the center area of the bolt handle slot, and (3) the cover catch and 

back plate spline. All cutting must be done with a cutting torch having a tip of sufficient size to displace 

at least 1⁄4 inch of material at each location. Each cut must completely sever the receiver in the 

designated areas and must be done with a diagonal torch cut. Using a bandsaw or a cut-off wheel to 

destroy the receiver does not ensure destruction of the weapon. 
152

This method of destruction is illustrated in the diagram below. 

Alternative methods of destruction may also be acceptable. These alternative methods must be 

equivalent in degree to the approved method of destruction. Receivers that are not sufficiently modified 

cannot be approved for importation. To ensure compliance with the law, it is recommended that the 

importer submit in writing the alternative method of destruction to the ATF Firearms Technology 

Branch (FTB) for review and approval prior to importation. 

Held, an ATF-approved method of destruction for a Browning M1919 type machinegun receiver will 

result in the severed portions of the receiver being importable for unrestricted commercial sale. The 

severed articles would not be subject to the provisions of 26 U.S.C. 5844 or 18 U.S.C. 922(o), but would 

continue to be subject to the provisions of the Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. 2778. Alternative 

methods of destruction may also be acceptable. It is recommended that such methods be reviewed and 

approved by the ATF Firearms Technology Branch prior to the weapon’s importation. 

Date signed: January 24, 2003 
153

26 USC 5844, 18 USC 922(o), 22 USC 2778: IMPORTATION OF FN FAL TYPE RECEIVERS 

FOR UNRESTRICTED COMMERCIAL SALE. 

An ATF – approved method of destruction for the FN FAL type machinegun will result in the severed 

portions of the receiver being importable for unrestricted commercial sale.

ATF Rul. 2003-2 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) has received inquiries about modifications 

necessary to the receiver of an FN FAL type machinegun to make it importable under 26 U.S.C. 5844 

and 18 U.S.C. 922(o) for unrestricted commercial sale. 

The FN FAL is a machinegun as defined in 26 U.S.C. 5845(b). The receiver of an FAL is also a 

machinegun as defined. Various manufacturers made FAL style machineguns in caliber 7.62x51mm 

(.308). The FAL is a gas operated, shoulder fired, magazine fed, selective fire machinegun. 

Section 5844 of title 26, United States Code, makes it unlawful to import any firearm into the United 

States, unless the firearm to be imported or brought in is: (1) being imported for use by the United States 

or any department, independent establishment, or agency thereof or any State or possession or any 

political subdivision thereof; or (2) the firearm is being imported for scientific or research purposes; or 

(3) it is being imported solely for testing or use as a model by a registered or dealer. Additionally, the 

Secretary may permit the conditional importation of a firearm for examination and testing in connection 

with classifying the firearm. 

Section 922(o) of Title 18, United States Code, makes it unlawful for any person to transfer or possess a 

machinegun, except a transfer to or by the United States or any department or agency thereof or a State 

or department, agency or political subdivision thereof; or any lawful transfer or lawful possession of a 

machinegun lawfully possessed before May 19, 1986. 

A review of the statutes above indicates that machinegun and machinegun receivers cannot be lawfully 

imported for unrestricted commercial sale. Accordingly. Machinegun receivers may be imported for 

commercial sale only if they are destroyed in a manner that will prevent their function and future use as 

a firearm. The resulting severed receiver portions would not be subject to the provisions of 26 U.S.C. 

5844 or 18 U.S.C. 922(o); however, these articles would be subject the provisions of the Arms Export 

Control Act, 18 U.S.C. 925, 22 U.S.C. 2778, and implementing regulation at 27 CFR Part 47. It is 

important to note that these machinegun receivers must be destroyed and cannot be imported whether 

they are serviceable or unserviceable. 

An ATF-approved method of destruction for an FN FAL type machinegun receiver requires three 

diagonal torch cuts that sever or pass through the following areas: (1) the threaded portion of the 

receiver ring and magazine well opening at bottom, (2) the hinge pin, ejector block and bolt guide rails, 

and (3) the body locking lug and bolt guide rails. All cutting must be done with a cutting torch having a 

tip of sufficient size to displace at least 1⁄4 inch of material at each location. Each cut must completely 

sever the receiver in the designated areas and must be done with a diagonal torch cut. Using a bandsaw 

or a cut-off wheel to destroy the receiver does not ensure destruction of the weapon. 
154

This method of destruction is illustrated in the diagram below. 

Alternative methods of destruction may also be acceptable. These alternative methods must be 

equivalent in degree to the approved method of destruction. Receivers that are not sufficiently modified 

cannot be approved for importation. To ensure compliance with the law, it is recommended that the 

importer submit in writing the alternative method of destruction to the ATF Firearms Technology 

Branch (FTB) for review and approval prior to importation. 

Held, an ATF-approved method of destruction for an FN FAL type machinegun receiver will result in 

the severed portions of the receiver being importable for unrestricted commercial sale. The severed 

articles would not be subject to the provisions of 26 U.S.C. 5844 or 18 U.S.C. 922(o), but would 

continue to be subject to the provisions of the Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. 2778. Alternative 

methods of destruction may also be acceptable. It is recommended that such methods be reviewed and 

approved by the ATF Firearms Technology Branch prior to the weapon’s importation. 

Date signed: January 24, 2003 
155

26 USC 5844, 18 USC 922(o), 22 USC 2778: IMPORTATION OF HECKLER & KOCH G3 TYPE 

RECEIVERS FOR UNRESTRICTED COMMERCIAL SALE. 

An ATF – approved method of destruction for the Heckler & Koch G3 type machinegun will result in 

the severed portions of the receiver being importable for unrestricted commercial sale.

ATF Rul. 2003-3 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) has received inquiries about modifications 

necessary to the receiver of a Heckler & Koch G3 machinegun to make it importable under 26 U.S.C. 

5844 and 18 U.S.C. 922(o) for unrestricted commercial sale. 

The G3 is a machinegun as defined in 26 U.S.C. 5845(b). The receiver of a G3 is also a machinegun as 

defined. Various manufacturers made G3 style machineguns in caliber 7.62x51mm (.308). The G3 is a 

delayed blowback, shoulder fired, magazine fed, selective fire machinegun. 

Section 5844 of title 26, United States Code, makes it unlawful to import any firearm into the United 

States, unless the firearm to be imported or brought in is: (1) being imported for use by the United States 

or any department, independent establishment, or agency thereof or any State or possession or any 

political subdivision thereof; or (2) the firearm is being imported for scientific or research purposes; or 

(3) it is being imported solely for testing or use as a model by a registered or dealer. Additionally, the 

Secretary may permit the conditional importation of a firearm for examination and testing in connection 

with classifying the firearm. 

Section 922(o) of Title 18, United States Code, makes it unlawful for any person to transfer or possess a 

machinegun, except a transfer to or by the United States or any department or agency thereof or a State 

or department, agency or political subdivision thereof; or any lawful transfer or lawful possession of a 

machinegun lawfully possessed before May 19, 1986. 

A review of the statutes above indicates that machinegun and machinegun receivers cannot be lawfully 

imported for unrestricted commercial sale. Accordingly. Machinegun receivers may be imported for 

commercial sale only if they are destroyed in a manner that will prevent their function and future use as 

a firearm. The resulting severed receiver portions would not be subject to the provisions of 26 U.S.C. 

5844 or 18 U.S.C. 922(o); however, these articles would be subject the provisions of the Arms Export 

Control Act, 18 U.S.C. 925, 22 U.S.C. 2778, and implementing regulation at 27 CFR Part 47. It is 

important to note that these machinegun receivers must be destroyed and cannot be imported whether 

they are serviceable or unserviceable. 

An ATF-approved method of destruction for a Heckler & Koch G3 type machinegun receiver requires 

four diagonal torch cuts that sever or pass through the following areas: (1) the chamber area, (2) the grip 

assembly locking pin hole, (3) the ejection port, and (4) the buttstock locking pin hole. All cutting must 

be done with a cutting torch having a tip of sufficient size to displace at least 1⁄4 inch of material at each 

location. Each cut must completely sever the receiver in the designated areas and must be done with a 

diagonal torch cut. Using a bandsaw or a cut-off wheel to destroy the receiver does not ensure 

destruction of the weapon. 
156

This method of destruction is illustrated in the diagram below. 

Alternative methods of destruction may also be acceptable. These alternative methods must be 

equivalent in degree to the approved method of destruction. Receivers that are not sufficiently modified 

cannot be approved for importation. To ensure compliance with the law, it is recommended that the 

importer submit in writing the alternative method of destruction to the ATF Firearms Technology 

Branch (FTB) for review and approval prior to importation. 

Held, an ATF-approved method of destruction for a Heckler & Koch G3 type machinegun receiver will 

result in the severed portions of the receiver being importable for unrestricted commercial sale. The 

severed articles would not be subject to the provisions of 26 U.S.C. 5844 or 18 U.S.C. 922(o), but 

would continue to be subject to the provisions of the Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. 2778. 

Alternative methods of destruction may also be acceptable. It is recommended that such methods be 

reviewed and approved by the ATF Firearms Technology Branch prior to the weapon’s importation. 

Date signed: January 24, 2003 
157

26 USC 5844, 18 USC 922(o), 22 USC 2778: IMPORTATION OF STEN TYPE RECEIVERS 

FOR UNRESTRICTED COMMERCIAL SALE. 

An ATF – approved method of destruction for the Sten type machinegun will result in the severed 

portions of the receiver being importable for unrestricted commercial sale.

ATF Rul. 2003-4 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) has received inquiries about modifications 

necessary to the receiver of a Sten type machinegun to make it importable under 26 U.S.C. 5844 and 18 

U.S.C. 922(o) for unrestricted commercial sale. 

The Sten is a machinegun as defined in 26 U.S.C. 5845(b). The receiver of a Sten is also a machinegun 

as defined. Various manufacturers made Sten style machineguns in caliber 9x19mm (9mm Luger). The 

Sten is a blowback-operated, shoulder fired, magazine fed, selective-fire submachinegun. 

Section 5844 of title 26, United States Code, makes it unlawful to import any firearm into the United 

States, unless the firearm to be imported or brought in is: (1) being imported for use by the United States 

or any department, independent establishment, or agency thereof or any State or possession or any 

political subdivision thereof; or (2) the firearm is being imported for scientific or research purposes; or 

(3) it is being imported solely for testing or use as a model by a registered or dealer. Additionally, the 

Secretary may permit the conditional importation of a firearm for examination and testing in connection 

with classifying the firearm. 

Section 922(o) of Title 18, United States Code, makes it unlawful for any person to transfer or possess a 

machinegun, except a transfer to or by the United States or any department or agency thereof or a State 

or department, agency or political subdivision thereof; or any lawful transfer or lawful possession of a 

machinegun lawfully possessed before May 19, 1986. 

A review of the statutes above indicates that machinegun and machinegun receivers cannot be lawfully 

imported for unrestricted commercial sale. Accordingly. Machinegun receivers may be imported for 

commercial sale only if they are destroyed in a manner that will prevent their function and future use as 

a firearm. The resulting severed receiver portions would not be subject to the provisions of 26 U.S.C. 

5844 or 18 U.S.C. 922(o); however, these articles would be subject the provisions of the Arms Export 

Control Act, 18 U.S.C. 925, 22 U.S.C. 2778, and implementing regulation at 27 CFR Part 47. It is 

important to note that these machinegun receivers must be destroyed and cannot be imported whether 

they are serviceable or unserviceable. 

An ATF-approved method of destruction for a Sten type machinegun receiver requires three diagonal 

torch cuts that sever or pass through the following areas: (1) the threaded portion of the 

receiver/chamber area, (2) the return spring cap socket, and (3) the sear slot in the lower side of the 

receiver. All cutting must be done with a cutting torch having a tip of sufficient size to displace at least 

1⁄4 inch of material at each location. Each cut must completely sever the receiver in the designated areas 

and must be done with a diagonal torch cut. Using a bandsaw or a cut-off wheel to destroy the receiver 

does not ensure destruction of the weapon. 
158

This method of destruction is illustrated in the diagram below. 

Alternative methods of destruction may also be acceptable. These alternative methods must be 

equivalent in degree to the approved method of destruction. Receivers that are not sufficiently modified 

cannot be approved for importation. To ensure compliance with the law, it is recommended that the 

importer submit in writing the alternative method of destruction to the ATF Firearms Technology 

Branch (FTB) for review and approval prior to importation. 

Held, an ATF-approved method of destruction for a Sten type machinegun receiver will result in the 

severed portions of the receiver being importable for unrestricted commercial sale. The severed articles 

would not be subject to the provisions of 26 U.S.C. 5844 or 18 U.S.C. 922(o), but would continue to be 

subject to the provisions of the Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. 2778. Alternative methods of 

destruction may also be acceptable. It is recommended that such methods be reviewed and approved by 

the ATF Firearms Technology Branch prior to the weapon’s importation. 

Date signed: January 24, 2003 
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26 U.S.C. 5812, 5841, 5844, 5861, 5872 

27 CFR 479.11, 479.26, 479.105, 479.111, 479.112, 479.114 – 479.119: IMPORTATION OF 

FIREARMS SUBJECT TO THE NATIONAL FIREARMS ACT. 

18 U.S.C. 921(a)(3), 922(i), 922(o), 923(e), 924(d), 925(d)(3) 

27 CFR 478.11, 478.22, 478.111 – 478.113: IMPORTATION OF MACHINEGUNS, 

DESTRUCTIVE DEVICES, SHORT –BARREL SHOTGUNS, SHORT-BARREL RIFLES, 

FIREARMS SILENCERS, AND OTHER FIREARMS SUBJECT TO THE NATIONAL 

FIREARMS ACT. 

22 U.S.C. 2778 

27 CFR 447.11, 447.21: TEMPORARY IMPORTATION OF DEFENSE ARTICLES 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) has approved an alternate method or 

procedure for importers to use when temporarily importing firearms subject to the National Firearms 

Act, the Gun Control Act and the Arms Export Control Act for inspection, testing, calibration, repair, or 

incorporation into another defense article. 

ATF Rul. 2004-2 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) has received numerous inquiries from 

importers who wish to temporarily import firearms subject to the Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA), 18 

U.S.C. Chapter 44, and the National Firearms Act (NFA), 26 U.S.C. Chapter 53, for inspection, testing, 

calibration, repair, or incorporation into another defense article. Importers advise ATF that they 

generally obtain a temporary import license, DSP-61, from the Department of State authorizing the 

importation or comply with one of the regulatory exemptions from licensing in 22 CFR 123.4. They ask 

whether such a license or exemption is sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the GCA and NFA. 

Statutory Background 

1. The National Firearms Act 

The NFA imposes restrictions on certain firearms, including registration requirements, transfer approval 

requirements, and import restrictions. 26 U.S.C. 5812, 5841, 5844. The term “firearm” is defined in 26 

U.S.C. 5845(a) to include machineguns, short-barrel shotguns, short-barrel rifles, silencers, destructive 

devices, and “any other weapons.” Section 5844 of the NFA provides that no firearm may be imported 

into the United States unless the importer establishes that the firearm to be imported is – 

(1) Being imported or brought in for the use of the United States or any department, 

independent establishment, or agency thereof or any State or possession or any 

political subdivision thereof; or 

(2) Being imported or brought in for scientific or research purposes; or 
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(3) Being imported or brought in solely for testing or use as a model by a registered 

manufacturer or solely for use as a sample by a registered importer or registered 

dealer. 

Regulations implementing the NFA in 27 CFR Part 479 require importers to obtain an ATF Form 6, 

Application and Permit for Importation of Firearms, Ammunition and Implements of War, prior to 

importing NFA firearms into the United States. 27 CFR 479.111. In addition, the regulations require 

importers to register the firearms they import by filing with the Director an accurate notice on Form 2, 

Notice of Firearms Manufactured or Imported, executed under the penalties of perjury, showing the 

importation of the firearm. 27 CFR 479.112. When an NFA firearm is to be exported from the United 

States, the exporter must file with the Director an application on form 9, Application and Permit for 

Exportation of Firearms, to obtain authorization to export the firearm. 27 CFR 479.114-119. 

Regulations in 27 CFR Part 479 indicate that NFA firearms may be imported for scientific or research 

purposes or for testing or use as a model by a registered manufacturer or as a sample by a registered 

importer or a registered dealer. 27 CFR 479.111(a). However, section 479.105(c), implementing section 

922(o) of the GCA, clarifies that machineguns manufactured on or after May 19, 1986, may be imported 

only with a purchase order for transfer to a governmental entity, or as a dealer’s sales sample pursuant to 

section 479.105(d). 

The regulations in Part 479 give the Director the authority to approve an alternate method or procedure 

in lieu of a method or procedure specifically prescribed in the regulations when it is found that: 

(1) The alternate method or procedure is within the purpose of, and consistent with the 

effect intended by, the specifically prescribed method or procedure and that the 

alternate method or procedure is substantially equivalent to that specifically 

prescribed method or procedure; and 

(2) Good cause is shown for the use of the alternate method or procedure. 

(3) The alternate method or procedure will not be contrary to any provision of law and 

will not result in an increase in cost to the Government or hinder the effective 

administration of the GCA or regulations issued thereunder. 

27 CFR 479.26 

2. The Gun Control Act

Import provisions of the GCA, 18 U.S.C. 922(i) and 925(d)(3), generally prohibit the importation of 

firearms subject to the NFA, except for the use of governmental entities. 18 U.S.C. 925(a)(1). The term 

“firearm” is defined in section 921(a)(3) to include any weapon which will or is designed to or may be 

readily converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive; the frame or receiver of any such 

weapon; any firearm silencer; and any destructive device. In addition, section 922(o) of the GCA 

prohibits the transfer or possession of a machinegun manufactured on or after May 19, 1986, except for 

the official use of governmental entities. 
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Regulations implementing the GCA in 27 CFR part 478 require that persons importing firearms into the 

United States obtain an approved ATF Form 6, Application and Permit for Importation of Firearms, 

Ammunition and Implements of War, prior to bringing the firearm into the United States. 27 CFR 

478.111-114. Regulations in Part 478 provide that the Director may approve an alternate method or 

procedure in lieu of a method or procedure specifically prescribed by the GCA and regulations when it 

is found that: 

(1) The alternate method or procedure is within the purpose of, and consistent with the 

effect intended by, the specifically prescribed method or procedure and that the 

alternate method or procedure is substantially equivalent to that specifically 

prescribed method or procedure; and 

(2) Good cause is shown for the use of the alternate method or procedure. 

(2) The alternate method or procedure will not be contrary to any provision of law and 

will not result in an increase in cost to the Government or hinder the effective 

administration of the GCA or regulations issued thereunder. 

27 CFR 478.22 

3. The Arms Export Control Act 

The Arms Export Control Act (AECA), 22 U.S.C. 2778, gives the President the authority to control the 

export and import of defense articles and defense services in furtherance of world peace and the security 

and foreign policy of the United States. Authority to administer the permanent import provisions of the 

AECA was delegated to Attorney General, while the authority to administer the export and temporary 

import provisions of the AECA was delegated to the Secretary of State, Executive Order 11958 of 

January 18, 1977, as amended by Executive Order 13333 of January 23, 2003, 3 CFR Executive Order 

13284. 

The term “defense article” is defined in 27 CFR 447.11 as any item designated in sections 447.21 or 

447.22. Section 447.21, the U.S. Munitions Import List, includes a number of defense articles that are 

also subject to the GCA and NFA. Category I, “Firearms,” includes nonautomatic and semiautomatic 

firearms to caliber .50 inclusive, combat shotguns, shotguns with barrels less than 18 inches in length, 

and firearms silencers and suppressors. All Category I firearms are subject to the GCA. “Combat 

shotguns” include the USAS-12 shotgun and the Striker-12/Streetsweeper shotgun, which have been 

classified as destructive devices under the GCA and NFA. In addition, all shotguns with barrels of less 

than 18 inches in length are subject to both the GCA and NFA. All rifles with barrels of less than 16 

inches in length are subject to both the GCA and NFA, and silencers are subject to both the GCA and 

NFA. 

Category II, “Artillery Projectors,” includes guns over .50, howitzers, mortars, and recoilless rifles. 

Firearms over .50 caliber have a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter and are “destructive 

devices” as defined in the GCA and NFA. 
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Category IV, “launch Vehicles, Guided Missiles, Ballistic Missiles, Rockets, torpedoes, Bombs and 

Mines,” includes rockets, bombs, grenades, torpedoes, and land and naval mines. All these articles are 

“destructive devices” as defined in the GCA and NFA. 

Regulations of the Department of State implementing the AECA generally require a temporary import 

license, DSP-61, for the temporary import and subsequent export of unclassified defense articles, unless 

otherwise exempted. 22 CFR 123.3. Regulations in 22 CFR 123.4 provide an exemption from licensing 

if the item temporarily imported: 

(1) Is serviced (e.g., inspection, testing, calibration or repair, including overhaul, reconditioning 

and one-to-one replacement of any defective items, parts or components, but excluding any 

modification, enhancement, upgrade or other form of alteration or improvement that changes 

the basic performance of the item), and is subsequently returned to the country from which it 

was imported. Shipment may be made by the U.S. importer or a foreign government 

representative of the country from which the goods were imported; or 

(2) Is to be enhanced, upgraded or incorporated into another item whish has already been 

authorized by the Office of Defense Trade Controls for permanent export; or 

(3) Is imported for the purpose of exhibition, demonstration or marketing in the United States 

and is subsequently returned to the country from which it was imported; or 

(4) Has been rejected for permanent import by the Department of the Treasury [after January 24, 

2003, the Department of Justice] and is being returned to the country from which it was 

shipped; or 

(5) Is approved for such import under the U.S. Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program pursuant 

to an executed U.S. Department of Defense Letter of Offer and Acceptance (LOA). 

Willful violations of the AECA are punishable by imprisonment for not more than 10 years, a fine of not 

more than $1,000,000, or both. 22 U.S.C. 2778©. Articles imported in violation of the AECA are also 

subject to seizure and forfeiture. 18 U.S.C. 545. 

Discussion

A temporary import license authorizing the temporary importation and subsequent export of a defense 

article by the Department of State satisfies all legal requirements under the AECA. Importers may also 

comply with AECA requirements if the importation meets one of the exemptions in 22 CFR 123.4. 

However, if the defense article is subject to the GCA and NFA, the importer must also comply with the 

requirements of those statutes. Neither the GCA nor NFA make a distinction between temporary 

importation and permanent importation, as is the case under the AECA. Regulations implementing the 

GCA and NFA make it clear that an “importation” occurs when firearms are brought into the territory of 

the United States. 27 CFR 478.11 and 479.11. Accordingly, any bringing of firearms into the territory of 

the United States is subject to the import provisions of the GCA and NFA. Issuance of a temporary 

import license by the Department of State, or exemption from licensing under regulations in 22 CFR 

Part 123, will not excuse compliance with the GCA and NFA. 
163

The statutes and regulations outlined above do not address the importation of machineguns 

manufactured after May 19, 1986, for scientific or research purposes or for testing, repair, or for use as a 

model by a manufacturer or importer. Nor do the regulations address the importation of post-86 

machineguns for repair, inspection, calibration, or incorporation into another defense article. 

For other” defense articles” that are subject to the requirements of the GCA and NFA, such as silencers, 

destructive devices, and short-barrel weapons, ATF has the authority to approve the importation of such 

firearms for scientific or research purposes or for testing or use as a model or sample by a registered 

importer or a registered dealer. However, such importation must comply with all applicable provisions 

of the NFA, including filing of a Form2, Notice of Firearms Manufactured or Imported, to effect 

registration. If such articles are subsequently exported, a Form 9, Application and Permit for Permanent 

Exportation of Firearms, must also be approved prior to exportation. 

As with post-86 machineguns, neither the law nor regulation specifically address the importation of 

firearms subject to the NFA for purposes of repair, inspection, calibration, or for incorporation into 

another defense article. 

ATF recognizes that inspection, repair, calibration, incorporation into another defense article, and 

reconditioning of machineguns, destructive devices, and other NFA firearms is often necessary for 

National defense. These defense articles are frequently sold to allies of the United States for their 

legitimate defense needs. Accordingly, ATF believes it is appropriate to recognize an alternate method 

that allows importers to temporarily import these firearms, subject to requirements to ensure the security 

of these defense articles while they are in the United States and accountability of the persons who import 

them. 

Pursuant to 27 CFR 478.22 and 479.26, ATF hereby authorizes an alternate method or procedure for 

importers of defense articles to use for temporary importation of such articles for inspection, calibration, 

repair, or incorporation into another defense article when such articles are subject to the requirements of 

the NFA and GCA. The procedure requires that importers- 

(1) Be qualified under the GCA and NFA to import the type of firearms sought for importation; 

(2) Obtain a temporary import license, DSP-61, from the Department of State in accordance with 

22CFR 123.3 OR qualify for a temporary import license exemption pursuant to 22 CFR 

123.4; 

(3) Within 15 days of the release of the firearms from Customs custody, file an ATF Form2, 

Notice of Firearms Manufactured or Imported, showing the importation of the firearms. The 

DSP-61 must be attached to the Form 2. If the importation is subject to a licensing exemption 

under 22 VFR 123.4, the importer must submit with the ATF Form 2 a statement, under 

penalty of perjury, attesting to the exemption and stating that the article will be exported 

within four years of its importation into the United States; 

(4) Maintain the defense articles in a secure place and manner to ensure that the articles are not 

diverted to criminal or terrorist use; and 

(5) Export the articles within 4 years of importation into the United States. 
164

Importers who follow the procedures outlined above will be in compliance with the provisions of the 

GCA, NFA, and AECA administered and enforced by ATF. All other provisions of the law must be 

followed. 

ATF finds that the procedure outlined above meets the legal requirements for an alternate method or 

procedure because there is a good cause to authorize the importation of defense articles for repair, 

inspection, calibration, or incorporation into another defense article. Because such defense articles are 

often provided to allies of the United States, it is imperative that the original manufacturers have a 

lawful method of importing such articles for repair and routing maintenance. The alternate method or 

procedure is consistent with the effect intended by the procedure set forth in the GCA and NFA, because 

the firearms must be registered and stored securely. Finally, the alternate method is consistent with the 

requirements of the GCA and NFA and will not result in any additional costs to ATF or the Department 

of State. 

“Transfers” of NFA Weapons After Importation 

ATF recognizes that temporarily imported NFA firearms are sometimes “transferred” from the importer 

to a contractor within the United States for inspection, testing, calibration, repair, or incorporation into 

another defense article. ATF has approved a procedure for authorizing the transportation or delivery of 

temporarily imported NFA firearms to licensed contractors for repair or manipulation, as noted above. 

Conveyance of an NFA weapon to a licensee for purposes of inspection, testing, calibration, repair, or 

incorporation into another defense article is generally not considered to be a “transfer” under 26 U.S.C. 

5845(j). ATF has taken the position that temporary custody by a licensee is not a transfer for purposes of 

the NFA since no sale, lease, or other disposal is intended by the owner. However, in order to document 

the transaction as a temporary conveyance and make clear that an actual “transfer” of a firearm has not 

taken place, ATF strongly recommends that the importer submit a Form 5, Application for Tax Exempt 

Transfer and Registration of Firearm, for approval prior to conveying a firearm for repair or 

manipulation. In the alternative, the importer should convey the weapon with a letter to the contractor, 

stating: (1) the weapon is being temporarily conveyed for inspection, testing, calibration, repair, or 

incorporation into another defense article; and (2) the approximate time period the weapon is to be in the 

contractor’s possession. The transferee must be properly licensed to engage in an NFA firearms 

business. 

Held, pursuant to 27 CFR 478.22 and 479.26, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives 

has approved an alternate method or procedure for importers to use when temporarily importing firearms 

subject to the Gun Control Act, National Firearms Act, and the Arms Export Control Act for inspection, 

testing, calibration, repair, or incorporation into another defense article. This procedure applies to all 

defense articles that are also subject to the NFA and GCA. The procedure requires that importers- 

(1) Be qualified under the GCA and NFA to import the type of firearms sought for importation; 

(2) Obtain a temporary import license, DSP-61, from the Department of State in accordance with 

22CFR 123.3 OR qualify for a temporary import license exemption pursuant to 22 CFR 123.4; 

(3) Within 15 days of the release of the firearms from Customs custody, file an ATF Form2, 

Notice of Firearms Manufactured or Imported, showing the importation of the firearms. The 

DSP-61 must be attached to the Form 2. If the importation is subject to a licensing exemption 

under 22 VFR 123.4, the importer must submit with the ATF Form 2 a statement, under penalty 

of perjury, attesting to the exemption and stating that the article will be exported within four 

years of its importation into the United States; 
165

(4)Maintain the defense articles in a secure place and manner to ensure that the articles are not 

diverted to criminal or terrorist use; and 

(5) Export the articles within 4 years of importation into the United States. 

Held further, temporary conveyance of NFA weapons from the importer to a contractor within the 

United States for purposes of inspection, testing, calibration, repair, or incorporation into another 

defense article may be accomplished through advance approval of ATF Form 5, Application for Tax 

Exempt Transfer and Registration of Firearm, or with a letter from the importer to the contractor stating: 

(1) the weapon is being temporarily conveyed for inspection, testing, calibration, repair, or incorporation 

into another defense article; and (2) the approximate time period the weapon is to be in the contractor’s 

possession. The transferee must be properly licensed to engage in an NFA firearms business. 

Date signed: April 7, 2004 
166

26 U.S.C. 5845(B): DEFINITIONS (MACHINEGUN) 

27 CFR 479.11: MEANING OF TERMS 

The 7.62mm Aircraft Machine Gun, identified in the U.S. military inventory as the “m-134” (Army), 

“GAU-2B/A” (Air Force), and “GAU-17/A” (Navy), is a machinegun as defined by 26 U.S.C. 5845(b), 

Rev. Rul. 55-528 modified.

ATF Rul. 2004-5 

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, firearms and Explosives (ATF) has examined the 7.62mm Aircraft 

Machine Gun, commonly referred to as a “Minigun.” The Minigun is a 36 pound, six barrel, electrically 

powered machinegun. It is in the U.S. military inventory and identified as the “M-134” (Army), “GAU 

2B/A” (Air force), and “GAU 17/A” (Navy). It is a lightweight and extremely reliable weapon, capable 

of discharging up to 6,000 rounds per minute. It has been used on helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, and 

wheeled vehicles. It is highly adaptable, being used with pintle mounts, turrets, pods, and internal 

installations. 

The Minigun has six barrels and bolts which are mounted on a rotor. The firing sequence begins with the 

manual operation of a trigger. On an aircraft, the trigger is commonly found on the control column, or 

joy stick. Operation of the trigger causes an electric motor to turn the rotor. As the rotor turns, a stud on 

each bolt travels along an elliptical groove on the inside of the housing, which causes the bolts to move 

forward and rearward on tracks n the rotor. A triggering cam, or sear shoulder, trips the firing pin when 

the bolt has traveled forward through the full length of the bolt track. One complete revolution of the 

rotor discharges cartridges from all six barrels. The housing that surrounds the rotor, bolts and firing 

mechanism constitutes the frame or receiver of the firearm. 

The National Firearms Act defines “machinegun” as “any weapon which shoots, is designed to shoot, or 

can be readily restored to shoot, automatically more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single 

function of the trigger.” 26 U.S.C. 5845(b). The term also includes “the frame or receiver of any such 

weapon, any part designed and intended solely and exclusively, or combination of parts designed and 

intended, for use in converting a weapon into a machinegun, and any combination of parts from which a 

machinegun can be assembled if such parts are in the possession or under the control of a person.” Id; 

see 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(23); 27 CFR 478.11, 479.11. 

ATF and its predecessor agency, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), have historically held that the 

original, crank-operated Gatling Gun, and replicas thereof, are not automatic firearms or machineguns as 

defined. See Rev. Rul. 55-528, 1955-2 C.B. 482. The original Gatling gun is a rapid-firing, handoperated weapon. The rate of fire is regulated by the rapidity of the hand cranking movement, manually 

controlled by the operator. It is not a “machinegun” as that term is defined in 26 U.S.C. 5845(b) because 

it is not a weapon that fires automatically. 

The Minigun is not a Gatling Gun. It was not produced under the 1862 – 1893 patents of the original 

Gatling Gun. While using a basic design concept of the Gatling Gun, the Minigun does not incorporate 

any of Gatling’s original components and its fed mechanisms are entirely different. Critically, the 

Minigun shoots more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger, as 

prescribed by 26 U.S.C> 5845(b). See United States v. Fleischli, 305 F. 3d 643, 655-656 (7th Cir. 2002). 

See also Staples v. United States, 511 U.S. 600, 603 (1994) (automatic refers to a weapon that “once its 

trigger is depressed, the weapon will automatically continue to fire until its trigger is released or the 

ammunition is exhausted”); GEORGE C. NONTE, JR., FIREARMS ENCYCLOPEDIA 13 (Harper & 
167

Rowe 1973) (the term “automatic” is defined to include “any firearm in which a single pull and 

continuous pressure upon the trigger (or other firing device) will produce rapid discharge of successive 

shots so long as ammunition remains in the magazine or feed device in other words, a machinegun”); 

WEBSTER’S II NEW RIVERSIDE-UNIVERSITY DICTIONARY (1988) (defining automatically as 

“acting or operating in a manner essentially independent of external influence or control”); JOHN B. 

QUICK, PH.D., DICTIONARY OF WEAPONS AND MILITARY TERMS 40 (McGraw-hill 1973) 

(defining automatic fire as “continuous fire from an automatic gun, lasting until pressure on the trigger 

is released”). 

The term “trigger” is generally held to be the part of a firearm that is used to initiate the firing sequence. 

See United States v. Fleischli, 305 F.3d at 655-56 (and cases cited therein); see also ASSOCIATION OF 

FIREARMS AND TOOLMARK EXAMINERS (ATFE) GLOSSARY 185 (1st ed. 1980) (“that part of a 

firearm mechanism which is moved manually to cause the firearm to discharge”); WEBSTER’S II NEW 

RIVERSIDE-UNIVERSITY DICTIONARY (1988) (“lever pressed by the finger in discharging a 

firearm”). 

Held, the 7.62mm Minigun is designed to shoot automatically more than one shot, without manual 

reloading, by a single function of the trigger. Consequently, the 7.62mm Minigun is a machinegun as 

defined in section 5845(b) of the National Firearms Act. See United States v. Fleischli, 305 F. 3d at 655-

56. Similarly, the housing that surrounds the rotor is the frame or receiver of the Minigun, and thus is 

also a machinegun. Id .; see 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(23); 27 CFR 478.11, 479.11. 

To the extent this ruling is inconsistent with Revenue Ruling 55-528 issued by the IRS, Revenue Ruling 

55-528, 1955-2 C.B. 482 is hereby modified. 

Date signed: August 18, 2004 

Carl J. Truscott 

Director 
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Frequently Asked Questions - Silencers

Q1: What part of a silencer must be marked?

A: The silencer must be marked in accordance with 27 C.F.R. §§ 478.92 and 479.102. The regulations 

require that the markings be conspicuous and legible, meaning that the markings may be placed on any 

external part, such as the outer tube or end cap. 

ATF strongly recommends that manufacturers place all required markings on the outer tube of the 

silencer, as this is the accepted industry standard. Moreover, this practice eliminates the need to remark 

in the event an end cap bearing the markings is damaged and requires replacement. 

Q2: May a Federal firearms licensee repair a silencer by replacing worn or damaged 

components?

A: A person who is licensed under the Gun Control Act (GCA) to manufacture firearms and who has 

paid the special (occupational) tax to manufacture National Firearms Act (NFA) firearms may replace a 

component part or parts of a silencer. Repairs may not be done if they result in removal, obliteration, or 

alteration of the serial number, as this would violate 18 U.S.C. § 922(k). If a silencer part bearing the 

serial number, other than the outer tube, must be replaced, the new part must be marked with the same 

serial number as the replacement part. 

The term "repair" does not include replacement of the outer tube of the silencer. The outer tube is the 

largest single part of the silencer, the main structural component of the silencer, and is the part to which 

all other component parts are attached. The replacement of the outer tube is so significant an event that 

it amounts to the "making" of a new silencer. As such, the new silencer must be marked, registered and 

transferred in accordance with the NFA and GCA. 

In the event that identical replacement parts for a silencer are not available, new and different 

component parts may be used as long as the silencer retains the same dimensions and caliber. In 

addition, the repair may result in a minimal reduction in the length of the outer tube due to rethreading, 

but repair may not increase the length of the outer tube. Increasing the length of the outer tube 

significantly affects the performance of the silencer and results in the "making" of a new silencer. As 

stated above, a new silencer must be marked, registered and transferred in accordance with the NFA and 

GCA. Reducing the length of the tube by a minimal amount in order to repair a silencer is often 

necessary to replace damaged end caps, as the tube must be rethreaded. Such minimal reduction of the 

length of the tube uses all of the original parts, does not significantly affect performance of the silencer, 

and may be done as part of a repair process without making a new silencer. 

Persons other than qualified manufacturers may repair silencers, but replacement parts are "silencers" as 

defined in 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(24) that must be registered and transferred in accordance with the NFA 

and GCA. 

Q3: May the outer tube of a registered silencer be repaired due to damage? If so, may the repair 

be done by someone other than the original manufacturer?

A damaged outer tube may be repaired by any Federal firearms licensee qualified to perform 

gunsmithing or by the registered owner. The repair may not alter the dimensions or caliber of the 

silencer, except that the length of the outer tube may be reduced, as set forth above. The repair may not 
176

be performed if it results in the removal, obliteration, or alteration of the serial number, as this would 

violate 18 U.S.C. § 922(k). In that case, the silencer may be returned to the registered owner in its 

original, damaged condition or destroyed. A replacement silencer must be registered and transferred to 

the registrant of the damaged silencer in the same manner as a new silencer, subject to the registration 

and transfer procedures of the NFA and GCA. 

Q4: If the outer tube is destroyed or damaged beyond repair, may it be replaced?

A: Unless the outer tube is replaced by the manufacturer prior to its removal from the manufacturing 

premises for purposes of sale or distribution (see Q6), the replacement of the outer tube amounts to the 

making of a new silencer. For the registered owner to fabricate a new outer tube, he or she must submit 

an ATF Form 1, Application to Make and Register a Firearm, pay the making tax of $200, and receive 

ATF approval. The application to make should indicate that the new tube is being fabricated for use in 

replacing a damaged outer tube on a registered silencer, and the application should indicate the make, 

model and serial number of the registered silencer. It would be helpful for the applicant to include a 

copy of the approved registration for the silencer. Assembly of the newly fabricated tube with the other 

parts of the registered silencer does not require an additional application to make nor payment of another 

making tax, as the one Form 1 will provide permission to fabricate the new tube and to assemble it with 

the old silencer parts. The replacement tube must be marked in accordance with 27 C.F.R. § 479.102. 

The registrant may use the same serial number that appeared on the damaged tube. 

If the registered owner wishes to acquire a replacement tube from a person other than a qualified 

manufacturer, the replacement tube must be registered as a new silencer by the other person and 

transferred to the registered owner in accordance with the NFA and GCA. The other person must 

submit an ATF Form 1, pay the $200 making tax, and receive ATF approval to make the replacement 

tube. The replacement tube must be marked in accordance with 27 C.F.R. §§ 478.92 and 479.102. The 

other person would then transfer the replacement tube to the owner of the damaged silencer, subject to 

the transfer tax, in accordance with the NFA and GCA. The new tube may be then be assembled with 

the other parts. The original damaged silencer should be reported to the NFA Branch as destroyed. 

Alternatively, a qualified manufacturer may replace the tube, report the manufacture on ATF Form 2, 

Notice of Firearms Manufactured or Imported, and transfer the replacement tube to the owner in 

accordance with the NFA and GCA. The transfer must comply with the $200 transfer tax and all other 

provisions of the NFA, as it would be a new silencer. The replacement tube must also be marked in 

accordance with 27 C.F.R. §§ 478.92 and 479.102. The required markings include an individual serial 

number and the name, city, and State of the manufacturer who replaced the tube. The replacement tube 

may not be marked with the name, city, and State of the original manufacturer of the silencer, as this 

would be a false marking. Although the new tube is a new silencer for purposes of the NFA, it would be 

a replacement firearm of the same type as the original silencer, and it may be returned directly to the 

registrant in interstate commerce in accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(2). The original damaged 

silencer should be reported to the NFA Branch as destroyed. 

Q5: May a repair change the dimensions or caliber of a silencer?

A: If alterations to a silencer would increase the overall length or change the diameter or caliber of a 

silencer, this is the making of a new silencer, as opposed to a repair. The new silencer must be 

registered and transferred in accordance with the NFA and the GCA. Alterations to a registered silencer 

that result in a minimal reduction in the overall length for purposes of rethreading are permissible as 
177

repairs. However, the reduction in length may not result in the removal, obliteration, or alteration of the 

existing serial number, as this would violate 18 U.S.C. § 922(k). If such a repair is necessary, the 

damaged silencer should be destroyed or returned to the registrant. If it is destroyed, destruction should 

be reported to the NFA Branch. Any replacement silencer must be registered and transferred in 

accordance with the NFA and the GCA. See Q2 and Q3 for further information on repairs. 

Q6: If a silencer is found to be defective due to the manufacturing process, may it be replaced?

A: A silencer may be replaced only under the following circumstances: 

(1) A manufacturer of silencers licensed as a manufacturer under the GCA who has paid special 

(occupational) tax under the NFA; 

(2) prior to the time the silencer has left the manufacturer’s premises; 

(3) determines that a silencer of its own manufacture is defective. 

If all the above criteria are satisfied, the manufacturer may destroy the defective silencer and replace it 

with another silencer. If the silencer has already been registered, the replacement silencer may be 

marked with the same serial number and markings as the original silencer. If the destruction is prior to 

registration on Form 2, the replacement silencer may be marked with the same serial number or another 

serial number. See also Q2, Q3, and Q4. 
178

APPENDIX C 

ATF FORMS 

ATF Form 1 (5320.1) 

Application to Make and Register a Firearm 
179
180
181
182

ATF Form 2 (5320.2) 

Notice of Firearms Manufactured or Imported 
183
184

ATF Form 3 (5320.3) 

Application for Tax-Exempt Transfer of Firearm and Registration to Special (Occupational) Taxpayer 
185
186

ATF Form 4 (5320.4) 

Application for Tax paid Transfer and Registration of Firearm 
187
188
189
190

ATF Form 5 (5320.5) 

Application for Tax Exempt Transfer and Registration of a Firearm 
191
192
193
194

ATF Form 9 (5320.9) 

Application and Permit for Permanent Exportation of Firearms 

INSTRUCTIONS (See 27 CFR Part 479) 
195
196

ATF Form 10 (5320.10) 

Application for Registration of Firearms Acquired by Certain Government Entities 
197
198

ATF Form 5320.20 

Application To Transport Interstate or to Temporarily Export Certain NFA Firearms 
199
200

ATF Form 4587 (5330.4) 

Application to Register as an Importer of U.S. Munitions Import List Articles 
201
202

ATF Form 5630.7 

Special Tax Registration and Return, National Firearms Act 
203
204

ATF E-From 5013.3 

eForm6 Access Request 
205
206

APPENDIX D 

SAMPLE FORM LETTERS 

FORM LETTER OF GOVERNMENT AGENCY PURCHASING 

IMPORTED FIREARMS 

 

(Note: In this example, the department is purchasing firearms from a licensed dealer. If the 

order includes NFA firearms, the dealer must also be qualified under the NFA to deal in NFA 

firearms. The dealer will submit the letter to the importer for attachment to the import 

application.) 

(Letterhead of the Department) 

(Date) 

Mr. John Doe 

Doe’s Police Supplies 

(Address) 

Dear Mr. Doe: 

This is an order for (quantity) (description of firearms, including type, manufacturer, model, and 

caliber) at the price of (amount) each, plus shipping charges, for (name of department, sheriff’s 

office, or agency). 

The number of sworn full time officers in our (department, office, or agency) is (number of 

officers). These officers are authorized by law to make arrests and carry firearms in the 

performance of their official duties. 

This order is being paid for with funds that our (department, office, or agency) is authorized to 

use under law for the acquisition of equipment (Note: If funds of individual officers are being 

used to buy departmental firearms for the officers’ official use, then add “including funds from 

individual officers who may be required to pay in whole or in part for their equipment to carry 

out their official duties.”). These firearms will be the property of our (department, office, or

agency) and are not being acquired for the purpose of resale or transfer, and they will be used to 

carry out its official responsibilities and duties. 

The telephone contact number for this (department, office, or agency) is (telephone number). 

(If a purchase order has been issued by the department for the purchase of the firearms, then add 

the statement here that “Enclosed is our (department’s, office’s, or agency’s) purchase order for 

these firearms.) 

 Sincerely yours, 

(Name of department, office or agency) 

By: ________________________ 

(Name and title of signing official) 
207

FROM IMPORTER 

FORM LETTER OF DEALER ORDERING NFA SALES 

SAMPLE 

(Note: In this example, a licensed dealer qualified to deal in NFA firearms is purchasing 

an NFA sales sample from a licensed importer qualified under the NFA to import such 

firearms. This letter, together with the letter of the law 

enforcement agency requesting a demonstration of the firearm, will be attached to the 

importer’s application to import the firearm on ATF Form 6.) 

(Letterhead of the Dealer) 

(Date) 

Mr. Richard Roe 

Roe & Son, Importers 

(Address) 

Dear Mr. Roe: 

This is an order for (describe the firearm by type, manufacturer, model, and caliber) at the price 

of (amount), plus shipping charges. 

The firearm will be used by Doe’s Police Supplies in a demonstration of the firearm to the (name 

of the government department, office, or agency). Attached is the letter of (name of the

department, office, or agency), dated (date), requesting the demonstration. 

The firearm is particularly suitable for use as a law enforcement weapon (add here a statement 

showing why it is suitable for such use and cite examples of its use by other agencies if known). 

The firearm is currently in production by (name and location of foreign manufacturer), so 

quantities of the firearm are readily available to fill any subsequent orders for the firearm from 

(name of the department, office, or agency asking for the demonstration).233

 Sincerely yours, 

 Doe’s Police Supplies 

 By:____________________ 

 (Name and title of person signing) 

 

233 If the dealer has no information on the availability of the firearm to fill subsequent orders, the importer should 

include a statement in its letter transmitting the permit application to ATF showing availability for future sales. 

Also, if the firearm is not currently in production, other facts must be shown establishing that there are quantities 

available to fill future orders. 
208

FORM LETTER FOR GOVERNMENT AGENCY TO REQUEST 

A DEMONSTRATION OF AN NFA FIREARM 

(Note: In this example, the department is requesting a licensed dealer to obtain an imported 

NFA “sales sample” for demonstration to the department. The dealer must be qualified under the 

NFA to deal in NFA firearms. The dealer will submit the letter to the importer for attachment to 

the import application.) 

(Letterhead of the Department) 

(Date) 

Mr. John Doe 

Doe’s Police Supplies 

(Address) 

Dear Mr. Doe: 

The (name of the department, office, or agency) would like a demonstration of the (describe the 

firearm by type, manufacturer, model and caliber) for possible future purchase and use of our 

officers in the performance of their official duties. 

The number of sworn full time officers in our (department, office, or agency) is (number of 

officers). These officers are authorized by law to make arrests and carry firearms in the 

performance of their official duties. 

The firearm requested for demonstration is particularly suitable for use as a law enforcement 

weapon. (add here a statement showing why it is suitable for such use and cite examples of its 

use by other agencies if known). 

The telephone contact number for this (department, office, or agency) is (telephone number). 

 Sincerely yours, 

 (Name of department, office, or agency) 

 By:______________________ 

 (Name and title of signing official)