Morphology and Ontogeny of

Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa

Angel, 1970

(Ostracoda: Halocyprididae)

LOUIS S. KORNICKER

and

MARTIN V. ANGEL

m

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 195
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 195

Morphology and Ontogeny of

Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa

Angel5 1970

(Ostracoda: Halocyprididae)

Louis S. Kornicker

and Martin V. Angel

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1975
ABSTRACT

Kornicker, Louis S., and Martin V. Angel. Morphology and Ontogeny of

Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, 1970 (Ostracoda: Halocyprididae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 195, 21 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables.

1975.—Appendages and carapaces of the A-l and A-2 male and female instars

and the A-4 instar (sex indeterminate) of Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel,

1970, are described and illustrated. The ontogenetic development of the species

from the A-4 to A-l instar is discussed.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 5264. SERIES COVER DESIGN:

The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.

Kornicker, Louis S., 1919-

Morphology and ontogeny of Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, 1970 (Ostracoda: Halocyprididae)

(Smithsonian Contributions to zoology, no. 195)

Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:195

1. Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa. 2. Ontogeny. 3. Crustacea—Anatomy. I. Angel, Martin

Vivian. II. Title. III. Series: Smithsonian Institution.

Smithsonian Contributions to zoology, no. 195.

QL1.S54 no. 195 [QL444.085] 591'.08s [595'.33] 74-32384
Contents

Page

Introduction 1

Station Data 1

Genus Bathyconchoecia Deevey, 1968 2

Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel 3

Literature Cited 21

Morphology and Ontogeny of

Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa

Angel, 1970

(Ostracoda: Halocyprididae)

Louis S. Kornicker and Martin V. Angel

Introduction

Kornicker (1969) described a new species,

Bathyconchoecia deeveyae, ornamented with seven

long spines. The description was based on a single

juvenile collected in the Peru-Chile Trench System. Since that time two additional spinous specimens of Bathyconchoecia have been reported: a

single juvenile of a new species, Bathyconchoecia

septemspinosa, from the Eastern Atlantic by Angel

(1970), and an adult male of B. deeveyae from

the Indian Ocean by George (1972). A collection

from three stations of 24 specimens of the Eastern

Atlantic species, B. septemspinosa Angel, 1970, provided an opportunity to study its ontogeny and to

examine the shell using the Scanning Electron

Microscope.

We wish to thank Dr. Thomas E. Bowman for

reviewing the manuscript, Mrs. Carolyn Bartlett

Gast for the shaded rendering of the ostracode

carapace in Figure 3, and Mr. Paul Mazer for final

preparation of appendage illustrations from camera lucida drawings by the senior author. The

assistance of Mr. Walter R. Brown and Miss Mary

Mann, who operated the Scanning Electron MicroLouis S. Kornicker, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Xatural History, Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D.C. 20560. Martin V. Angel, Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, Godalming, Surrey, Great Britain.

scope at the National Museum of Natural History,

is appreciated.

DISPOSITION OF SPECIMENS.—Thirteen specimens

have been deposited at the British Museum (Natural History) and eleven specimens at the National

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

Station Data

Atlantis II, Cruise 42

(Collected by Dr. Howard Sanders and Dr. Robert Hessler)

Station 203, 23 May 1968; 8°48'S, 12°52'E; 527-542 m; epibenthic trawl.

Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, 1970: 1 A-2 9.

R.R.S. Discovery

(Collected by Dr. Martin V. Angel)

Station 7816 (5), 4 March 1972; 10°44'12"N, 17°23'18"W;

271-320 m; 0318-0405 hours; 2.4 m (width at mouth) experimental benthic trawl; foraminiferal substrate; Bathyconchoecia subrufa Angel, 1970, also present in sample.

Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, 1970: 21 specimens

(1 A-I 9.4A 1 <$, 2 A-l sex unknown, 13 A-2 sex unknown, 1 A-l sex unknown).

Station 7822 (7), 5 March 1972; 8°59'06"N, 20°16'12"W;

1203-1203 m; 1737-1818 hours; 2.4 m (width at mouth) experimental benthic trawl; foraminiferal substrate; Bathyconchoecia subrufa Angel, 1970, also present in sample.

Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, 1970: 1 A-l sex unknown, 1 A-2 sex unknown.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Genus Bathyconchoecia Deevey, 1968

TYPE-SPECIES.—Bathyconchoecia paulula Deevey,

1968.

DISTRIBUTION.—Poulsen (1972:446) observed that

the regional distribution of species in the genus

Bathyconchoecia, with two exceptions, is almost

exclusively tropical. A third species, Bathyconchoecia arctica Angel, in press, is present in high Arctic

latitudes (Angel, in press). The spinpus forms have

a narrow latitudinal range of about 12 degrees

north and south of the equator (Figure 1); no

doubt additional collections will increase the

range. Nonspinous species of Bathyconchoecia have

been collected between depths of 130 to 3165 m

(Poulsen, 1972:446). The shallowest depths at

which spinous forms have been collected are from

271 to 320 m; the deepest depths are 3600 to 1800

m. It may be concluded that both the spinous and

nonspinous forms are generally restricted to

bathyal (200-2000 m) and abyssal (more than 2000

m) depths.

SYSTEMATIC^.—The systematics of the spinous

species of Bathyconchoecia is not without uncertainties. For example, the A-l? female of B. deeveyae described by Kornicker (1969) is pigmented

in the vicinity of the head and proximal part of

the 1st antenna, whereas, the adult male of that

species described by George (1971) is unpigmented

(George, 1974, in litt.). George (1974, in litt.)

attributed the lack of pigmentation in his specimen to the length of time it was preserved in

formalin. Also, the A-3 female of B. septemspinosa

described by Angel (1970) is about the same size

as the A-2 instars of that species in the present

FIGURE 1 .—Distribution of spinous Bathyconchoecia. (Stars = B. deeveyae Kornicker, 1969;

discs = B. septemspinosa Angel, 1970.)
NUMBER 195

collection. Although the absence of serrated frills

between fossae of B. deeveyae and their presence

on B. septemspinosa seems to be a valid criterion

for distinguishing the two species, their presence

or absence is difficult to ascertain on decalcified

specimens, and the present study indicates that

they may be absent on some early juveniles of B.

septemspinosa. The absence of pigment in B. septemspinosa and its presence in B. deeveyae was

considered by Angel (1970) to be a way of distinguishing the two species. However, the present

study suggests that early juveniles of B. septemspinosa may be without pigment, and the suggestion of George (1974, in litt.) that pigment is

affected by the length of time the specimen is preserved in formalin cannot be ignored. Possibly,

the two species may be separated by the number of

claws on the furca: 7 on the adult B. deeveyae and

8 on the adult B. septemspinosa. Clearly, additional

work is required before these problems with identification and taxonomy are resolved. For the purpose of this paper we have assumed that the known

spinous forms comprise two species: B. deeveyae, a

Pacific-Indian Ocean form, and B. septemspinosa,

an east Atlantic form, and that the size range of

similar age groups of each species is quite variable.

NOTE ON B. deeveyae.—While reexamining the

carapace of the holotype of B. deeveyae, it was

observed that when the carapace was transferred

from alcohol to a dished slide containing a drop

of glycerine, the surface of the carapace appeared

distinctly punctate, but after the surface became

completely wetted by glycerine, the punctae were

no longer visible. The punctae became invisible

after a few seconds to three minutes from the time

it was transferred to glycerine. They remained

visible longer when an air bubble was present

inside the carapace. The same phenomenon was

observed when the specimen was transferred from

alcohol to immersion oil.

Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel

FIGURES 2-14

Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, 1970:192, figures 7,

8.—Poulsen, 1972:453 [key].

HOLOTYPE.—Unique specimen; juvenile female;

British Museum (Natural History) No. 1969.2.6.3.

TYPE-LOCALITY.—Discovery Station 6665, haul

38,10°ll'N, 19°38'W, depth 3600-1800 m, sounding

4800 m, 26 February 1968 (Angel, 1970:192).

DISTRIBUTION.—Eastern Atlantic between 10°44'N8°48'S and 12°52/E-20°16/

12/'W. The exact depth

range is uncertain because some specimens were

collected in nets that traversed a wide range of

depths. The shallowest depths at which the species

was collected are from 271 to 320 m, the deepest

depth is from 3600 to 1800 m.

ONTOGENY.—The stage of development of specimens was determined by the number of claws on

the caudal furca (Table 1), which increases by one

at each stage in the interval between the A-4 to

A-l instars, the range of ages in our collections.

Neither fossae nor frills between fossae were perceived on the single A-4 instar nor on 11 of 15 of

the A-2 instars. They were observed on a single

A-3 instar (Angel, 1970:194), on 4 of the 15 A-2

instars, and on all of the 7 A-l instars. The frills

when present are more widely distributed on some

specimens than on others. When restricted, the

frills are generally on the ventral part of the valve.

The average growth factor of length between the

A-2 (15 specimens) and A-l instars (7 specimens)

is 1.43, of height 1.37. This suggests that the growth

factor between these two stages is about 1.4. The

distribution of instars in the present collection

according to length and height of carapaces is

shown in Figure 2; selected morphogical characters

of the carapace and appendages of instars are

listed in Table 1.

All appendages were present on the instars

studied; however, the 7th limb of the A-4 instar

consisted of only 1 fuzzy bristle. The two individual bristles interpreted to be 7th limbs (Figure

14/,&) were observed on the slide after the specimen was dissected, not in place on the undissected

specimen. The bristles were interpreted to be 7th

limbs because of the stout base, but it is possible

that the interpretation is in error. Angel (1970)

did not report the presence of a 7th limb on the

A-3 female he studied.

The setation of the 1st antenna is similar in the

A-4 to A-l instars. The number of dorsal bristles

on the 1st endopodial segment of the 2nd antenna

increases from 1 on the A-4 and A-3 instars to 2

on the A-2 and A-l instars, otherwise the limb is

similar on all instars.

The number of stout terminal teeth of the mandibular coxa increases from 4 on the A-4 and A-3
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

instars to 5 on the A-2 and A-l instars. The exact

number of list teeth on the coxa is difficult to

ascertain because of their small size and close proximity. The total number of list teeth increases

from about 14 on the A-4 instar to 23-39 on the

A-l instar. The number of list teeth varies on

specimens at the same developmental stage, and

also on the left and right mandibles of the same

specimen. The number of ventral bristles on the

1st endopodial segment of the mandible increases

from 0 on the A-4 and A-3 instars to 2 on the A-2

instar, and to 3 on the A-l instar. On the 2nd

endopodial segment, the number of ventral bristles

increases from 0 on the A-4 instar to 1 on the A-3

to A-l instars; the number of dorsal bristles increases from 2 on the A-4 and A-3 instars to 3 on

the A-2 and A-l instars; the number of terminal

bristles increases from 4 on the A-4 instar to 6 on

the A-3 instar and 7 on the A-2 and A-l instars.

The number of claws on each furcal lamella

increases from 4 on the A-4 instar to 5 on the A-3

instar, 6 on the A-2 instar, and 7 on the A-l instar.

Pigmentation was not observed in the vicinity

of the head and in the proximal part of the 1st

antenna on the A-4 and A-3 instars, but was observed on the A-2 and A-l instars.

DESCRIPTION OF JUVENILE A-2 FEMALE (Figures

3-6).—Carapace with linear dorsal margin except

for slight bulge near middle and at posterior corner of each valve in vicinity of glands (Figures

TABLE 1.—Stages in the development of Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa and comparison of characters ivith

B. deeveyae arranged according to stage of development (character present indicated by "P," absent by "A")

Character

B.septemspinosa B. deeveyae

USNM Angel, USNM USNM USNM USNM USNM Kornicker, George,

149322 1970 144009 149320B 149316 149321 149324 1969 1971

A-4 A-321 A-2$ A-2$ A-l $ A-1 $ A-l $ A-l?$ Adult $

Carapace

Length without spines, mm ...

Frills between fossae

First antenna: terminal bristles

Second antenna: dorsal bristles

on 1st endopodial

0.65

A

4

1.2

P

4

1.09

P

4

1.22

P

4

1.62

P

4

1.77

P

4

1.65

P

4

1.12

A

4'

1.28

A

4

Mandible

Coxa:

Stout terminal teeth

Proximal list teeth

Distal list teeth

Total list teeth

Spiny bristle on anteroventral

corner

Endopodite:

1st, ventral bristles

2nd, ventral/dorsal bristles

Terminal bristles

Furca, claws

Pigmentation in proximal part of

1st antenna and extending into

head region

4

6

8

14

P

0

0/2

4

4

4

9

14

23

A

0

1/2

6

5

5

12

17

29

P

2

1/3

7

6

5

14

15

29

P

2

1/3

7

6

5

11-17

12-16

23-33

P

3

1/3

7

7

5

20

19

39

P

3

1/3

7

7

5

12-19

13-20

25-39

P

3

1/3

7

7

5

4-5

8-9

12-14

P

3

1/3

7

6

5

9

14

23

P

3

1/2

7

7

'Angel (1970:197) considered this specimen to be an A-2 $ based on the ovarian development. It is considered here to

be an A-3 $ because of the number of furcal claws and sparsity of bristles on appendages.

1

 Kornicker (1969:405) incorrectly gave the number of terminal bristles as "3," but illustrated the correct number "4" (1969:

406, figure \e,f).

'Th e region of the head and proximal part of the 1st antenna appeared brown when viewed through the shell, but pigment

spots were not visible on the extracted specimen.

'George (1974, in lite).
NUMBER 195

3, 5a); anterodorsal corner evenly rounded except

for spine on right valve (Figure 5/); rostrum with

pointed tip and long spine pointing forward and

outward (Figure 5c); outer surface of carapace

continues onto medial side of rostrum (Figure be);

incisur with continuous margin and slightly curved

at inner end (Figure bc,e); anteroventral, ventral,

and posteroventral margins evenly rounded (Figure 5a); posterior margin very slightly convex

(Figure 5/); carapace widest anterior to middle,

with slight indentation slightly behind middle.

Ornamentation (Figures 3, 5c,d): Spines vary

somewhat in length; the following measurements

are for USNM 144009: rostral spines about 30 percent of carapace length; posterior spine on right

valve only, parallel to dorsal margin and flush with

inner edge of valve (Figure 5/), length about 36

percent of carapace length (Figure 3); dorsal

spines just anterior to valve middle pointing upward, backward, and outward, length about 40

percent of carapace length (Figure 5a); spines hollow, and tapering from broad base to pointed tip,

with faint elongate ribs (Figure 5c). Carapace

punctate; anterior ventral surface near margin with

slightly arcuate more-or-less radially oriented

minute ridges between punctae (Figures 3, bc,d);

minute ribs project past edge of rostrum and

anteroventral part of each valve below incisur

(Figure bc,e); valves sufficiently translucent to see

pigmented areas in proximal part of 1st antennae

and glands in posterodorsal corner of each valve

(Figure 5a).

Central muscle scar: Located in middle of each

.3 .4 .5 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 I.S

CARAPACE LENGTH (mm)

.6 1.7 I.S

FIGURE 2.—Comparison of relationship between shell length and height of instars of

Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa in the present collections.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE $.—Bathyconchoccia septemspinosa Angel, A-2 female, USNM 144009, length excluding

spines 1.09 mm: lateral and dorsal views.
NUMBER 195

valve, indistinct, but appears to consist of small,

oval, individual scars (Figure 5a,b).

Glands: Symmetrically located in posterodorsal

corner of each valve; opening at apex of small

mound (Figure 5a,/).

Infold: Broad behind rostrum and along anteroventral and ventral margins (Figure be), narrower

along posteroventral and dorsal margins; thin list

extending along middle of infold from anteroventral margin to posteroventral corner, fringed from

about middle of ventral margin to middle of dorsal margin (Figure 5g); anteroventral, ventral, and

posteroventral infold between list and valve edge

with about 22 raised medial pores forming row

(Figure bg); a similar pore, but larger, observed

behind rostrum of left valve; right valve with

sclerotized crescent-shaped ridge near base of posterodorsal spine (Figure 5/).

Bristles: Slender bristles emerging from closed

pores sparse on valve surface (Figure bd), a few

minute hairs present along valve margins.

Pores: Radial pores on minute protuberances

sparsely distributed along valve margins (Figure

bf).

Micromorphology of left valve based on scanning electron photomicrographs (valve distorted

during freeze-dry procedure) (Figure 4): Surface

pits appear as flat-bottomed fossae with discontinuous rim (Figure Ad-/); thin bare ridges between punctae on anterior and ventral parts of

carapace not clearly discernible, but appearing as

white lines in Figure 4d-f.

Size: USNM 144009, length including spines 1.74

mm, length excluding spines 1.09 mm, height including spines 0.96 mm, height excluding spines

0.73 mm.

Slender sparse bristles emerge from pores without visible openings around base (Figure 4g). Pores

present between selvage and anteroventral, ventral,

and posteroventral valve edge (Figure 4/-Z). Outer

margin of list with toothlike fringe (Figure Ah,i).

First antenna (Figure bi): Shaft short with indistinct segmentation. Brushlike structure with

about 189 filaments in about 9 rows, each with

about 21 filaments. Dorsal bristle on segment following brushlike structure stout, spinous, about

three-fourths length of brushlike filaments. Terminal segment with 4 bristles; 3 slightly longer

than bristle on previous joint, 1 much longer,

reaching well past brushlike filaments and with

widely scattered marginal spines. Proximal part of

limb with centers of black pigment.

Second antenna (Figure 5/-Z): Protopodite bare.

Endopodite 2-segmented (Figure 5;): 1st segment

with 2 spinous bristles; 2nd segment with 3 medium length bristles on proximal part and 2 long

terminal bristles on small pedestal, all bristles on

2nd segment with widely scattered marginal spines.

Exopodite 9-segmented (Figure 5k-t): segment 1

with minute faint teeth along ventral margin and

short medial bristle extending past distal margin

of 2nd segment; segments 2 to 8 with long bristles

with natatory hairs; 9th segment with 4 bristles

(Figure 5/), 1 long, 1 medium, 1 short bristle with

widely scattered marginal spines, and 1 very short

bristle with few marginal spines; distal margins of

joints 2 to 8 with minute, very faint spines forming

row.

Mandible (Figure 6a-e): Ventral margin or

coxa divided in posterior part with teeth and

anterior part with spines (Figure 6c-e); posterior

part consisting of lateral and medial sections; lateral section with triangular anterior part with

pointed tip and posterior part with serrate posterior margin and 5 terminal teeth decreasing in size

anteriorly; medial section with anterior (proximal

list) and posterior (distal list) groups of teeth

along ventral margin; anterior group with teeth

forming V-shaped row with apex of V pointing

anteriorly and 6 teeth (including apical tooth)

along medial arm of V, and 5 and 6 teeth (excluding apical tooth) along lateral arm of V; posterior

group with teeth forming roughly 4 rows: medial

row with 2 teeth, rows lateral to medial row with

4, 3, and 5 teeth; part of an additional 5th row

with 3 teeth present lateral to anterior teeth of 4th

row; anterior spined part of coxa with long ventral spines divided roughly into 5 groups; anterior

ventral corner anterior to spines with short stout

bristle similar to that illustrated by Kornicker

(1969) for B. deeveyae (Figure 6e) (bristle broken

off right limb of USNM 144009). A few minute

spines present on medial side of coxa proximal to

teeth and long spines.

Basis with 5 triangular teeth on ventral margin,

each with about 10 minute secondary teeth along

sides except at tip (Figure 5a,b); one posterior

tooth on posterior margin proximal to 5 ventrally

located teeth; 1 tubelike bristle and 1 short stout

toothlike bristle on posterior margin proximal to
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 4.—Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, A-2 female, USNM 144009, left valve: a,

lateral view (valve distorted during freeze-drying operation in preparation for use with the

Scanning Electron Microscope), X 70; b, same, ventral view, X 70; c, ventral view of anterior

part of valve showing incisur, X 1400; d, fossae on lateral surface of valve, X 1000; e, detail of

fossae shown in d (see arrow in d), X 5000; /, fossae from e (see arrow in e), X 10,000; g, rare

surface hair, X 7000; h, ventral margin from inside showing serrate list, X 3600; i, detail of list

shown in h, X 11,000; /, ventral margin from inside showing pores ventral to serrate list, X

900; k, detail of 2 pores shown in ; (see arrow in ;), X 3600; /, same pores shown in k, X

9000. (Figures reduced to 52% for publication.)
NUMBER 195

FIGURE 5.—Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, A-2 female, USNM 144009: a, complete specimen, left side; b, adductor muscle attachment scars (crosshatched) on left valve with surrounding fossae, anterior to left; c, anterior of left valve; d, detail of surface showing fossae, a few

frills between fossae, and a single hair; e, anterior of right valve from inside; /, posterior of

right valve from inside; g, ventral margin of right valve from inside; h, animal with shell

removed, only left appendages shown (not all bristles on appendages shown); i, left 1st antenna,

lateral view; /, protopodite and endopoditc of right 2nd antenna, medial view (all natatory

hairs not shown); k, exopodite of right 2nd antenna, lateral view; /, 9th joint of exopodite

shown in k (marginal spines not shown). (Same magnification in microns: a,e,h; b,c,f,i-k; dg.)
10

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

\

FIGURE 6.—Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, A-2 female, USNM 144009: a, basis and

endopodite of right mandible, medial view; b, tip of basis shown in a; c, coxa of right mandible,

medial view; d, tip of coxa shown in c; e, spinous bristle on anteroventral corner of coxa of

left mandible, medial view; f, maxilla; g, 5th limb; h, 2 bristles of epipodite of 5th limb; i, 6th

limb; /, left lamella of furca; k, head region showing rod-shaped organ (arrow). (Same magnification in microns: ajji; c,fg,i; b,d,e.)
NUMBER 195 11

posterior tooth; anterior margin of basale with 1

long bristle with faint short marginal spines; lateral side of basis proximal to teeth with 3 long

stout bristles with short marginal spines (Figure

5a); medial side of basis with 2 long proximal

bristles (1 of these near dorsal margin) with long

marginal hairs (Figure 5a).

Endopodite 3-segmented (Figure 6a): 1st segment with long hairs on medial and lateral surfaces and 3 bristles: 1 terminal dorsal bristle with

short distinct marginal spines, 2 ventral bristles

near distal margin (1 lateral with short marginal

spines, 1 medial with few spines near tip). Second

segment with few medial spines forming 1 or 2

rows, and 3 terminal bristles, 1 ventral with few

spines near tip, 3 dorsal (2 long, 1 short, all with

short marginal spines); end segment with 4 ventral

bristles (1 of these with base on lateral side) with

short faint marginal spines, and 3 terminal bristles

(of these, ventral bristle very long, unringed, clawlike with short distinct spines on both margins,

remaining 2 bristles much shorter, ringed, and

also with short distinct marginal spines); medial

surface of end joint with tightly packed long hairs

forming cluster near middle.

Maxilla (Figure 6/): Endite of precoxa with 2

short slender bristles, 3 short stout faintly pectinate

ventral bristles followed by 2 stout, longer ventral

bristles with long marginal spines; endite of coxa

with 6 short, stout, faintly pectinate, unringed

bristles, 2 slightly longer, pectinate, ringed bristles,

and 3 short slender bristles. Basis with 2 long stout

hirsute bristles, 1 dorsal, 1 lateral (this bristle

could be on 1st endopodial segment); small lobe

with short stout bristle present on lateral side of

basis (could be on proximal end of 1st endopodial

joint) near dorsal margin (exopodite?). Endopodite: dorsal margin of 1st joint with long hairs and

3 bristles, 2 proximal with few long proximal hairs

and closely packed short distal hairs, 1 distal with

few long proximal hairs and widely spaced short

distal spines; ventral margin with 3 bristles (inner

2 of these with bases actually on medial surface),

outer bristle with short marginal spines, middle

bristle with few long proximal hairs and short

distal spines, inner bristle about one-half length

other bristles and with short marginal spines located in distal ventral corner near the 3 posterior

and medial bristles; lateral surface also with short

spines near ventral margin. End segment with 2

terminal claws (1 short, ventral, very faintly pectinate and 1 longer, dorsal, also very faintly pectinate) and 4 slender bristles between the claws,

2 medial, 2 lateral, all bare, or with few faint

TABLE 2.—Morphological characters of A-2 instars observed without opening

carapace and determining sex (last specimen in list, USNM 149320B, from Discovery station 7822/7, remaining specimens from Discovery station 7816/5)

Length excluding

spines (mm)

1.16

1.21

1.25

1.17

1.19

1.17

1.25

1.17

1.18

1.17

1.12 (shell torn)

Height measured

from straight

dorsal margin

(mm)

0.81

0.90

0.90

0.78

0.80

0.78

0.88

0.79

0.83

0.84

0.79

1.25 (shell distorted) 0.81

1.14 (shell torn)

1.22

0.76

0.86

Color of pigment

in area of head

region and base

of 1st antenna

brown

brown

brown

brown

brown

amber

amber

amber

amber

amber

amber

brown

no data

brown

Fossae and frills

on carapace surface

not visible

not visible

not visible

not visible

not visible

not visible

not visible

not visible

not visible

not visible

not visible

fossae and frills visible;

frills ventral only

fossae and frills visible

fossae and frills

all over shell
12

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 7.—Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, right valve of A-l female, USNM 149316: a,

stereo pair of valve from outside, X 36; b, stereo pair of valve from anterior, X 70; c, stereo

pair of valve, dorsal view, X 40; d, stereo pair of anterior, X 125; e, smooth outside surface in

vicinity of adductor muscle attachment, anterior to right, X 660. (Figure reduced to 68% for

publication.)
NUMBER 195 13

FIGURE 8.—Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, right valve of A-l female, USNM 149316: a,

stereo pair of part of anterior spine near base, X 1250; b, detail of remnant of broken tip of

rib on anterior spine (for location see arrow in a), X 10,200; c, stereo pair of anterior of valve

from inside, anterior of valve toward top, X 260; d, cross section of dorsal margin of valve from

inside, dorsal margin of valve to right, X 7500; e, serrated frills along inner ventral margin of

rostrum, ventral margin toward bottom (for location see arrow in c), X 1950; /, dorsal view of

part of valve shown in Figure 6c, note base of dorsal spine at upper left, X 190. (Figures

reduced to 62% for publication.)
14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 9.—Bathyconchoecia septemspitwsa Angel, right valve of A-l female, USNM 149316:

a, stereo pair of anterior part of valve below incisur, outside view, X 650; b, detail of fossae

and serrate frill near anteroventral margin of valve (for location see arrow in a), X 4220;

c, stereo pair of fossae and frills on outer surface of valve, X 1250; d, detail of serrate margin

of frill (for location see arrow in a), X 4030; e, stereo pair of fossae and frills on anterior spine

near base, X 1250; /, ridges along ventral margin of incisur, note papillate edge of upper ridge

and serrate margin of lower ridge (for location see arrow in a). (Figures reduced to 62% for

publication.)
NUMBER 195 15

marginal spines; abundant short spines present on

surface of segment ventral to short claw.

Fifth limb (Figure 6g,h): Exopodite 3-segmented:

1st segment with 1 very long, stout, subterminal

dorsal bristle with widely spaced short marginal

spines, 2 ventral bristles (1 proximal, 1 distal, both

with short marginal spines), and 3 or 4 lateral or

medial bristles; 2nd segment with 2 ventral bristles

near middle and 1 subterminal dorsal bristle, all

with short marginal spines. End segment with 3

bristles: ventral bristle slender with marginal

spines; middle bristle stout, faintly pectinate; dorsal bristle longer than middle bristle, faintly

pectinate.

Sixth limb (Figure 6t): Protopodite with 1 terminal dorsal bristle with long marginal spines.

Exopodite 4-segmented: 1st segment with 2 spinous

ventral bristles (1 near middle, 1 terminal), 1 lateral bristle, and 1 very long terminal dorsal bristle

with short marginal spines; 2nd segment with 1

slender terminal ventral bristle; 3rd segment with

1 ventral bristle and 1 dorsal bristle with location

FIGURE 10.—Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, right valve of A-l female, USNM 149316:

a, fossae showing papillate border, X 5300; b, detail of papillate border shown in a, X 10,000;

c, detail showing pore in fossae (arrow) and 2 smaller pores on surface between fossae (arrows),

X 12,000; d, serrated list near ventral margin of valve, ventral margin of valve toward bottom,

inside view, X 8500. (Figures reduced to 81% for publication.)
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FICURE 11.—Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, right valve of A-l female, USNM 149316:

a, complete valve from inside, anterior to left, X 45; b, posterodorsal corner, X 320; c, dentate

structure in posterodorsal corner of valve (for location see arrow in b), X 1500; d, detail of

dentate structure shown in c, X 6500; e, anteroventral margin of valve from inside, X 390;

/, pore shown in e (for location see arrow in e), X 10,000. (Figures reduced to 77% for publication.)
NUMBER 195 17

of base about one-fourth length of segment measured from distal margin; end segment with 3 subequal bristles.

Seventh limb: Consisting of 2 bristles on broad

base (Figure 5/J).

Furca (Figure 6;): Each lamella with 6 claws

followed by low triangular process; all claws with

teeth along posterior margins; a spinous bristle

following triangular process on left lamella.

Rod-shaped organ: A small knob (Figure 6k)

between the 1st antennae may represent the rodshaped organ.

DESCRIPTION OF A-2 INSTARS (sex undetermined).—Carapace similar to that of A-2 female

described above except as noted in Table 2.

DESCRIPTION OF A-l FEMALE (Figures 7-12).—

Carapace similar to that of A-2 female except fossae more distinct and serrate frills between fossae

more abundant (Figures 7-11, \2a-d).

Micromorphology of right valve based on scanning electron photomicrographs: Surface fossae

appear as dished round-to-elongate-oval fossae, each

with a continuous rim formed of papillae (Figure

10a-c); short serrate ridges present between fossae

on all parts of valve (Figures 7, 8/, 9a,c,e); serrate ridges forming parallel rows on medial side

of rostrum (Figure Sc-e); ridges also present on

spines, some with knobbed and hooked ends (Figure Sa,b). Area of central muscle attachments free

of fossae (Figure 7e). Minute pores sparsely scattered over valve surface and some occur in fossae

(Figure 10c). Outer margin of list with toothlike

fringe (Figure lOd). Pores present between selvage

and valve edge (Figure \\e,f). Posterodorsal corner

of each valve with dentition consisting of pad with

about 25 irregular ridges (Figure Wb-d).

Size: USNM 149316, length with spines 2.37 mm,

length without spines 1.62 mm, height with dorsal

FIGURE 12.—Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, A-l female, USNM 149316, length excluding

spines 1.65 mm: a, left valve from inside; b, right valve from inside; c, anterior of right valve

from inside; d, part of dorsal margin of left valve, dorsal view; e, endopodite of right 2nd

antenna, medial view.
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 13.—Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, A-l male: a, posterodorsal margin of right

valve from inside; b, posterodorsal corner of left valve from outside (drawn with transmitted

light); c, posterodorsal corners of left and right valves spread under cover slip, inside view;

d, endopodite of left 2nd antenna, medial view; e, tip of coxa of right mandible, medial view;

/, same, left mandible, medial view; g, list teeth of left mandible, medial view; h, left furcal

lamella and distal part of copulatory organ (details of tip of styliform lobe not shown); i, claw

1 of right furcal lamella showing sutures; /, tip of anterior lobe of copulatory organ shown in

h; k, styliform lobe of copulatory organ shown in h. (a,b from USNM 149323; c,e,g from USNM

149324; d,f,h-k from USNM 149321.) (Same magnification in microns: a,b,h; c,d,i-k; e-g.)
NUMBER 195 19

spine 1.62 mm, height measured from straight dorsal hinge 1.15 mm, height measured from dorsal

bulge 1.22 mm, width excluding spines 0.90 mm.

First antenna, second antenna (Figure 12e), fifth,

sixth, seventh limbs, rod-shaped organ: Similar to

those on A-2 female.

Mandible: 1st endopodial segment with 3 ventral bristles; 2nd endopodial segment with 7 terminal bristles; limb otherwise similar to those of

A-2 female.

Furca: Each lamella with 7 claws.

Pigmentation: Similar to that of A-2 female.

DESCRIPTION OF A-l MALE (Figure 13).—Carapace similar to that of A-l female (Figure \Sa-c).

Size: USNM 149323, length excluding spines 1.74

mm, height measured from straight dorsal hinge

1.16 mm; USNM 149328, length excluding spines

1.75 mm, height measured from straight dorsal

hinge 1.15 mm; USNM 149321, length excluding

spines 1.77 mm, height measured from straight

dorsal hinge 1.09 mm; USNM 149324, length

excluding spines 1.65 mm, height measured from

straight dorsal hinge 1.05 mm.

First antenna: Similar to that of A-2 female.

Second antenna: Protopodite bare. Endopodite

3-segmented (Figure 13d): 1st segment with 2

spinous distodorsal bristles, 1 short, 1 long; 2nd

joint with 2 long bristles with widely spaced marginal spines; 3rd segment with 3 bristles, all with

marginal spines, middle bristle longer than others;

3rd joint positioned medially of 2nd joint and

similar in size on both limbs. Exopodite similar

to that on A-2 female except 9th joint bears 4

bristles, 2 short and 1 medium length with spines,

1 long with natatory hairs.

Mandible (Figure ISe-g): Coxale with 12-20

teeth on proximal list and 13-20 teeth in distal

list (Figure ISe-g), otherwise similar to that on

A-2 female. Basis similar to that on A-2 female.

Endopodite 3-segmented: 1st segment with 4

bristles, 3 ventral, 1 dorsal; 2nd segment with 4

bristles, 1 ventral, 3 dorsal; limb otherwise similar

to that of A-2 female.

Maxilla: Similar to that of A-2 female.

Fifth limb: Exopodite similar to that of A-3

female except 2nd segment with additional ventral

bristle (3 total).

Sixth limb, seventh limb: Similar to those of

A-2 female.

Fnrca (Figure \Sh,i): Similar to that of A-2

female except for having 7 claws; subdued triangular process following claw 7. Claws with lateral

and medial teeth forming 2 rows along concave

margin; claw 1 with faint dorsal hairs near distal

end; 4 or 5 faint sutures visible on claw 1 of right

lamella (Figure 13i) when observed under high

magnification (X 400) (other claws not examined

under high magnification).

Rod-shaped organ: Small knob present similar

to that of A-2 female.

Copulatory organ (Figure I3h,j,k): Consisting of

large anterior lobe with few minute serrations

along ventral edge (Figure 13;) and posterior styliform lobe with 2 spines at tip (Figure ISk).

DESCRIPTION OF A-l INSTARS (sex not determined).—Two specimens with carapaces similar to

that of A-l $ ; brown pigment observed through

shell in area of head and anterior part of 1st

antennae; fossae and frills observed all over surface

of each valve.

Size: USNM 149320A, length excluding spines

1.61 mm, height measured from straight dorsal

margin 1.07 mm; British Museum specimen, length

excluding spines 1.67 mm, height measured from

straight dorsal margin 1.15 mm. (USNM 149320A

with 7 furcal claws.)

DESCRIPTION OF A-4 INSTAR, USNM 149322 (sex

indeterminate) (Figure 14).—Carapace (Figure

\Aa-c) decalcified; similar to carapace of A-2

female except no fossae or frills visible. (Although

the region of the head and proximal part of the

1st antenna appeared brown when viewed through

shell, no pigment was visible in those areas on

animal when removed from shell.)

Size: Length excluding spines 0.65 mm, height

measured from straight dorsal hinge 0.47 mm.

First antenna: Similar to that of A-2 female,

except without pigment.

Second antenna: Protopodite bare. Endopodite

2-segmented (Figure \4d,e): 1st segment with 1

spinous bristle; 2nd segment weakly divided into

dorsal and ventral parts having 3 bristles on dorsal

part and 2 on ventral part. Exopodite similar to

that of A-2 female except 9th joint with 3 bristles,

1 long with natatory hairs, 1 medium with marginal spines, and 1 short bristle; only 8 segments

were observed on exopodite of right limb, the only

one examined in detail.

Mandible (Figure 14/—i): Only single list present

on coxa, but this consisting of about 14 teeth form-
20

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 14.—Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, A-4 instar, USNM 149322B, length excluding

spines 0.65 mm: a, lateral view from right of complete specimen; b, inside view of both valves

spread under cover slip; c, outside view of spread valves showing location of glands in posterodorsal corner of each valve; d, endopodite of right 2nd antenna, medial view; e, same of left

2nd antenna, lateral view; /, tip of basis of right mandible, lateral view; g, tip of coxa of right

mandible, lateral view; h, same, medial view; i, proximal part of basis and endopodite of right

mandible, lateral view; /, k, 7th? limbs. (Same magnification in microns: h,i; d-g, jji.)
NUMBER 195

ing 2 rows probably equivalent to proximal and

distal lists (Figure \4g,h): proximal list (lateral

row) with about 6 teeth, distal list (medial row)

with about 8 teeth. Basis: lateral side with 2 long

bristles (Figure 14£); medial side with 1 spinous

bristle near dorsal margin (Figure 14?). Endopodite

(Figure 14£): 1st segment with terminal spinous

dorsal bristle; 2nd segment with 2 terminal spinous

dorsal bristles; end segment with 4 bristles, one

21

of these long, clawlike. Limb otherwise similar to

that of A-2 female.

Maxilla: Well developed.

Fifth and sixth limbs: Present.

Seventh limb: Consisting of single fuzzy bristle

(see discussion of this limb under "Ontogeny").

Furca: Each lamella with 4 claws followed by a

triangular process; a long bristle following triangular process on left lamella.

Literature Cited

Angel, Martin V.

1970. Bathyconchoecia subrufa n. sp. and B. septemspinosa n. sp., Two New Halocyprids (Ostracoda,

Myodocopida) from the Tropical North Atlantic

and the Description of the Larval Development of

B. subrufa. Crustaceana, 19 (2): 181-199, figures 1-8,

tables I-III.

In press. Bathyconchoecia arctica n. sp., a New Species

of Ostracod (Halocyprididae, Myodocopida) from

the Arctic. Crustaceana.

Deevey, Georgiana B.

1968. Bathyconchoecia, a New Genus of Pelagic Ostracods

(Myodocopa, Halocyprididae) with Six New Species

from the Deeper Waters of the Gulf of Mexico.

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 81:539-570, figures 1-13.

George, Jacob

1971. On the Occurrence of Bathyconchoecia deeveyae

Kornicker (Ostracoda, Halocyprididae) in the Indian Ocean. Crustaceana, 21 (2): 141-144, figures 1-9.

Kornicker, Louis S.

1969. Bathyconchoecia deeveyae, a Highly Ornamented

New Species of Ostracoda (Halocyprididae) from

the Peru-Chile Trench System. Proceedings of the

Biological Society of Washington, 81:403-408, 2

figures.

Poulsen, Erik M.

1972. On the Bathyconchoecia (Ostracoda Myodocopa)

from the Azores Collected by the Bathyscaph Archimede in 1969. Tethys, 4 (2):445-456, figures 1-5.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975 386-379/25



NUMBER 621 25

X lavettsmithi

leurodiscus

reitzae

rhabdotus

A rupestris

briggsi

clarkei

cryptus

fasciatus

FIGURE 13.—Geographic distribution of examined specimens of the nine species of genus Tomicodon known

from the Caribbean Sea. The distribution of T. australis, known only from the southeastern coast of Brazil, is not

shown.

of 25 mm SL or greater {T. fasciatus, T. reitzae, T. rhabdotus, T.

rupestris) tend to be geographically widespread, whereas species with a maximum size less than 20 mm SL (7! clarkei, T.

leurodiscus) tend to have more narrowly restricted geographic

distributions. The exceptions among species of larger size are

T. lavettsmithi, which is known only from Belize, and T. australis, which is known only from southeastern Brazil. The exception among species of smaller size are T. briggsi, which has

a wide but disjunct distribution, and T. cryptus, which has a relatively widespread distribution from Tobago, through the Antilles, to the Cayman Islands.

As a result of the widespread distributions discussed above,

there are numerous instances of sympatry between two or

sometimes three species at certain localities. Tomicodon reitzae

occurs sympatrically at one or more localities with T. fasciatus,

T. rhabdotus, T. briggsi, T. leurodiscus, T cryptus, and T.

rupestris. Tomicodon reitzae is absent from Central American

coastal areas and Belize, where T. clarkei and T. lavettsmithi

occur. Tomicodon reitzae also is absent from southeastern Brazil where T. australis occurs. We have found three localities

where three Tomicodon species have been taken in the same

collecting station. At St. Barthelemy, T. rhabdotus, T. cryptus,

and T. reitzae occur together. At Mona Island, a single station

contained specimens of T. rupestris, T. cryptus, and T. reitzae.

At Tobago, T. cryptus and T. reitzae were taken in the same collecting station near Mt. Irvine, and T. leurodiscus was taken at

the southeastern end of the island.

Although T. clarkei and T. lavettsmithi occur sympatrically

off the coast of Belize, they are allotopically distributed in different habitats that may be separated by only a few kilometers.

The T. clarkei specimen was found in the high-energy spurand-groove habitat of the fore reef, whereas T. lavettsmithi is

known only from the quieter waters of lagoonal islands.

Of potential biogeographic interest are the distribution patterns of T. rupestris and T. fasciatus. Tomicodon rupestris is endemic to the northern Caribbean, occurring from San Andres

Island, Belize, Honduras, Cuba, and the Bahamas through the

Greater Antilles to Mona Island, Puerto Rico. By contrast, T.

fasciatus occurs from St. Croix and Venezuela westward to

Panama. The significance of these patterns will remain unknown until a phylogeny of these taxa is hypothesized.

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i