# UCMR 4 Candidate Contaminants – Information CompendiumEPA

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Office of Water (4607M) EPA 815 -B- 15

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ii 

## Introduction As part of its responsibilities under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), EPA implements section 1445(a)(2), Monitoring Program for Unregulated Contaminants. This section, as amended in 1996, requires that once every five years, EPA issue a list of no more than 30 unregulated contaminants to be monitored by public w ater s ystem s (PWSs)

. These contaminants may be present in drinking water but are not yet subject to EPA’s drinking water standards set under the SDWA. The Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) generates nationally

- representative drinking water occurrence data to support the Agency’s regulatory determinat ions and, as appropriate, assist s in the development of standards for drinking water contaminants that may be of public health concern. EPA published the list of contaminants for the first UCMR (UCMR 1) in the Federal Register (FR) on September 17, 1999 (64 FR 50556; USEPA, 1999 ), the second UCMR (UCMR 2) on January 4, 2007 (72 FR 368; USEPA, 2007 a ) and the third UCMR (UCMR 3) on May 2, 2012 (77 FR 26072; USEPA, 2012a ). The general structure of the UCMR program was established as part of UCMR 1; this framework provided a three -tiered approach for monitoring contaminants (Assessment Monitoring/List 1, Screening Survey/List 2 a nd Pre- Screen Testing/List 3). EPA considers method complexity, laboratory capacity, sampling frequency , burden and/or the relevant universe of PWSs when decid ing which of the three tiers is appropriate for a contaminant.
EPA has published the fourth UCMR (UCMR 4) proposed rule and expects to publish the final rule in 2016, with pre

- monitoring activity in 2017 , monitoring tentatively scheduled from 2018- 2020, and post- monitoring activity in 2021. Each UCMR revision establishes a new list of contam inants for monitoring, provides information on which PWSs are required to monitor, identifies the sampling locat ion for monitoring, identifies analytical methods to be used and makes other modifications , as appropriate, based on lessons learned

. In establishing its proposed list of contaminants for UCMR 4, EPA started with a priority set of contaminants from the dr aft fourth Contaminant Candidate List (CCL 4). The evaluation and selection process that led to the draft CCL 4 carried forward the final list of CCL 3 contaminants (104 chemicals or chemical groups and 12 microbes) 1 (74 FR 51850 ; USEPA, 2009 a) except for those contaminants with regulatory determinations (i.e., perchlorate , 1,3 -dinitrobenzene, dimethoate, strontium, terbufos and terbufos sulfone) . EPA r equested and evaluated contaminant nominations from the public and evaluated any new data from previous negative regulatory determinations , which ultimately led the Agency to add manganese and nonylphenol. As a result, t he draft CCL 4 includes 100 chemicals or chemical groups and 12 microbes ( 77 FR 27057 ; USEPA, 2012b; and 80 FR 6076 ; USEPA, 2015a ).

1 EPA used a multi

- step process to identify contaminants for inclusion on the final CCL 3. First, a broad universe of potential drinking water contaminants was identified (called the CCL 3 Universe , and consisting of approximately 7,500 contaminants ). EPA then a ppl ied screening criteria to the universe based on a contaminant's potential to occur in PWSs and the potential for public health concern (approximately 600 contaminants for further evaluation – the preliminary CCL (PCCL))

. EPA subsequently sele cted a total of 116 contaminants from the PCCL to include on the CCL , based on
a detailed evaluation of contaminant occurrence and health effects. I nformation regarding contaminant selection from the public and experts was also incorporated during the CCL process ( http://www2.epa.gov/ccl/contaminant

candidate -list-3- ccl -3 )

.EPA

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iii EPA selected the proposed UCMR 4 contaminants using a stepwise prioritization process (see Appendix A). The first step included identifying contaminants that were not monitored for du ring UCMR 2 or UCMR 3; are anticipated to have significant occurrence nationally; and are expected to have a completed, validated drinking water method in time for rule proposal. This resulted in a set of 45 draft CCL 4 contaminants with 16 analytical methods, and another set of related non- CCL analytes with potential he alt h effects of concern that can be measured concurrently using the analytical methods for the CCL contaminants. Including related non- CCL analytes creates a more cost -effective design and reduces the likelihood of needing to include them in a subsequent UCMR.
The next step was to select contaminants associated with one or more of the following considerations : an available health assessment to facilitate regulatory determinations 2 ; high public concern; critical health endpoints (e.g., likely or suggestive car cinogen) ; active

- use (e.g., pesticides); or an occurrence data gap. This step identified 31 CCL contaminants with 9 methods, and 18 related
non- CCL analytes that can be measured using the analytical methods for the CCL contaminants.

Du ringthe final step, EPA considered workgroup and stakeholder input; looked at costeffectiveness of the method/contaminant groups; considered implementation factors (e.g., laboratory capacity) ; and further evaluated health, occurrence and persistence/mobility data to identif y a proposed list of 30 UCMR 4 contaminants (see Exhibit 1)

. This document provides supporting information for each of the contaminants proposed in the associated Federal Register notice. 3 Appendix B , “List of Contaminants Considered for Inclusion on UCMR 4” presents the initial list of contaminants that EPA considered; identifies which contamin ants are proposed in UCMR 4 ; and if applicable , indi cates the reason a contaminant was not included in the proposed list. This document contains individual information sheets for the proposed UCMR 4 contaminants. This information was compiled to help EPA consider and compare health effects and occurrence as well as to provide information to interested stakeholders. The primary source for this information is the CCL program (CCL 3 and draft CCL 4) . Other publically available data sources were reviewed (described in Appendix C) to complete the information sheets for the proposed UCMR 4 contaminants. R eferences are provided separ ately. Information for each of the contaminants generally includes five sections:

1. Ba ckground & Use – includes, where available: analyte use, chemical class and synonym information.

2. Health Effects – includes, where available: Reference Dose (RfD), Minimal Risk Level (MRL) , No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL), Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL), Benchmark Dose Level (BMDL 10 ) , Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) , Lethal

2 The SDWA directs EPA to select five or more contaminants from the current CCL and determine whether or not to regulate those contaminants with a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation ( NPDWR ) ( http://www2.epa.gov/ccl/basic

- information

- ccl

- and

- regulatory -determination ). 3 Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium avium ; the pesticides vinclozolin, hexazinone and disulfoton, and ammonia (considered an indicator of di stribution system nitrification potential) were considered by the EPA

- state workgroup and EPA has specifically requested the public to comment on their exclusion from the proposed UCMR 4 contaminant list. Contaminant information sheets are provided.EPA

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iv Dose 50 (LD 50 ), cancer slope factor, cancer class data , and sensitive populations. Also presented , as available, are non- cancer and cancer Health Reference Levels (HRLs), Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides (HHBP) and Health Advisories (HA), which are derived based on critical health endpoints.

3. Occurrence in Water – includes, where available: occurrence data for raw water, finished drinking water, and ambient water.

4. Production , Release & Usage – includes, where available , information from the following : National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database, United States Geological Survey (USGS) Pesticide Use Maps, Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Rule (CUS/IUR), Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), and estimated usage published in the Office of Pesticide Programs Reregistration Eligi bility Decision (OPP RED)

.
5. Persistence & Mobility – includes, where available: estimated biodegradation half

- life data , water solubility, organic carbon partitioning coefficient (K oc ), octanol- wa ter partitioning coefficient (log K ow ), Henry’s law constant (K H

), and Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sedi ment System (W%) (PBT Profiler)

. Further information and sources for the information in these contaminant sheets are provided in the appendices, including:

• Appendix C: Data Sources Reviewed

• Appendix D: Health Effects Definitions

• Appendix E: Calculating CCL 4 Health Reference Levels

• Appendix F: Persistence and MobilityEPA

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### Exhibit 1: UCMR 4 Proposed Chemical Contaminants List 1 Analytes, Assessment Monitoring 10 Cyanotoxins /Group total microcystins microcystin- RR microcystin- LA microcystin- YR microcystin

- LF n odularin microcystin

- LR anatoxin

- a microcystin

- LY cylindrospermopsin 20 Additional Chemicals Two Metals g ermanium m anganese Nine Pesticides alpha

- hexachlorocyclohexane p rofenofos

c hlorpyrifos t ebuconazole d imethipin total permethrin (cis

- & trans

- )

e thoprop t ribufos

o xyfluorfen Three Brominated HAA Groups HAA5 HAA9 HAA6Br Three Alcohols 1- butanol 2- propen -1- ol 2

- methoxyethanol Three Semivolatile Organic Chemicals butylated hydroxyanisole q uinoline

o

- toluidineEPA

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## Contents
Introduction

................................................................................................ ..................................... ii Contents

................................................................................................ .......................................... vi Abbreviations and Ac ronyms
........................................................................................................ viii 1- Butanol

................................................................................................ ......................................... 1 2- Methoxyethanol

.......................................................................................................................... 3 2- Propen -1- ol

................................................................................................ .................................. 5 alpha

- Hexachlorocyclohexane

........................................................................................................ 7 Ammonia

................................................................................................ ......................................... 9 Anatoxin -a
................................................................................................ ..................................... 11 Butylated Hydroxyanisole

............................................................................................................. 12 Chlorpyrifos

................................................................................................ ................................... 14 Cylindrospermopsin

...................................................................................................................... 16 Dimethipin

................................................................................................ .................................... 17 Disulfoton

................................................................................................ ...................................... 19 Ethoprop

................................................................................................ ....................................... 21 Germanium

................................................................................................ ................................... 23 Brominated Haloacetic Acids Group (HAA6Br)

............................................................................. 25 Haloacetic Acids Group (HAA5)

.................................................................................................... 28 Haloacetic Acids Group (HAA9)

.................................................................................................... 32 Hexazinone

................................................................................................ .................................... 33 Legionella pneumophila

................................................................................................................ 35 Mangan ese
................................................................................................ .................................... 36 Microcystins

................................................................................................ .................................. 38 Mycobacterium avium

.................................................................................................................. 40 Nodularin

................................................................................................ ...................................... 41

o- Toluidine

................................................................................................ .................................... 43 Oxyfluorfen

................................................................................................ ................................... 45 Permethrin

................................................................................................ .................................... 47 Profenofos

................................................................................................ ..................................... 49 Quinoline

................................................................................................ ....................................... 51EPA

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vii Tebuconazole

................................................................................................ ................................ 53 Tribufos

................................................................................................ ......................................... 55 Vinclozolin

................................................................................................ ..................................... 57 References

................................................................................................ .................................... 59 Appendix A: UCMR 4 Prioritization Process

................................................................................. A-1 Appendix B: List of Contaminants Considered for Inclusion on UCMR 4

.................................... B-1 Appendix C: Data Sources Reviewed

........................................................................................... C-1 Appendix D: Health Effects Definitions

........................................................................................ D-1 Appendix E: Calculating Candidate Contaminant List (CCL 4) Health Reference Levels (HRLs)

.. E-1 Appe ndix F: Persistence and Mobility

......................................................................................... F-1EPA

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## Abbreviations and Acronyms AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AM Assessment Monitoring ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry AWWA American Water Works Association B Billion BCAA Bromochloroacetic Acid BDCAA Bromodichloroacetic A cid BHA Butylated Hydroxyanisole BMDL 10 Benchmark Dose Level BW Body Weight CAS Chemical Abstract Service CCID Confidential Chemicals Identification CCL Candidate Contaminant List CDBAA Chlorodibromoacetic Acid CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDPH California Department of Public Health CDR Chemical Data Reporting ChE Cholinesterase CPHG California Public Health Goal CSF Cancer Slope Factor CSTE Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists CUS/IUR Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Rule CW Unit Risk Concentration in Drinking Water of 0.001 mg/L CWS Community Water System CyanoHAB Cyanotoxin Harmful Algal Bloom DBAA Dibromoacetic Acid DBP Disinfection Byproducts DBPR Stage 1 and Stage 2 Disinfection Byproducts Rule DCAA Dichloroacetic A cid DOD U.S. Department of Defense DOE U.S. Department of Energy DDW California Division of Drinking Water DUNS Data Universal Numbering System DWI Drinking Water Intake EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act FBRR Filter Backwash Recycling Rule FQPA Food Quality Protection Act FR Federal Register GAMA California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment HA Health Advisory HAA Haloacetic A cid HAA5 Dibromoacetic Acid, Dichloroacetic Acid, Monobromoacetic Acid, Monochlo roacetic Acid, and Trichloroacetic A cidEPA

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ix HAA6Br Bromochloroacetic Acid, Bromodichloroacetic Acid, Dibromoacetic Acid, Dibromochloroacetic Acid, Monobromoacetic Acid, and Tribromoacetic Acid HAA9 Bromochloroacetic Acid, Bromodi chloroacetic Acid, Chlorodibromoacetic Acid, Dibromoacetic Acid, Dichloroacetic Acid, Monobromoacetic Acid, Monochloroacetic Acid, Tribromoacetic Acid, and Trichloroacetic Acid HCH Hexachlorocyclohexane HEAST Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables HESD Health Effects Support Document HHBP Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides HRL Health Reference Level HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer ICR Information Collection Request IESWTR Interim Enhan ced Surface Water Treatment Rule IOC Inorganic Contaminant IOM Institute of Medicine IRED Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision IRIS Integrate d Risk Information System JECFA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives K

H Henry’s Law C onstant K oc Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient LD 50 Lethal D ose 50 log K ow Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level LT1ESWTR Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule LT2ESWTR Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule MAC Mycobacterium avium MADL Maximum Allowable Daily Level MBAA Monobromoacetic Acid MCAA Monochloroacetic Acid MCL Maximum Contaminant Level MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report MRL Minim al Risk Level MRL Minimum Reporting Level NAWQA National Water

- Quality Assessment Program NCFAP National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy NDWAC National Drinking Water Advisory Committee NHANES National Health an d Nutrition Examination Survey NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIRS National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level NOEL No Observed Effect Level NPDWR National Primary Drinking Water Regulation NPL N ational Priorities List NRC National Research Council NREC National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants NRHEEC National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental ChemicalsEPA

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x NSRL No Significant Risk Level NTM Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria NTNCWS Non

- transient Non

- Community Water System NTP National Toxicity Program OEHHA California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment OPP EPA Office of Pesticide Programs OPPT EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics OSWER EPA Office of Solid W aste and Emergency Response OW EPA Office of Water P2 Pollution Prevention PBT Persistent , Bioaccumulative , and Toxic PCCL P reliminary Candidate Contaminant List PDP Pesticide Data Program PMP Pilot Monitoring Program PMN Premanufactures Number POD Point o f Departure PST Pre

- Screen Testing PWS Public Water System QPCR Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction RAIS Risk Assessment Information System Health Effects RED Reregistration Eligibility Decision REL Reference Exposure Level RfD Reference Dose RSC Relative Source Contribution RTECS Registry o f Toxic Effects o f Chemical Substances SAR Structure /Activity Relationship SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act SWRCB California State Water Resources Control Board SS Screening Survey STORET Sto rage and Ret rieval D atabase TBAA Tribromoacetic A cid TCAA Trichloroacetic A cid TDI Tolerable D aily I ntake TMEA Test Marketing Exemption Application TRED Tolerance Reregistration Eligibility Decision TRI Toxics Release Inventory TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act TSD Technical Support Document UCMR Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule UF Uncertainty Factor USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USGS United States Geological Survey VOC Volatile Organic Compound W% Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sedi ment System WBDO Waterborne Disease Outbreak WS DE Washington State Department of Ecology WHO World Health OrganizationEPA

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## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet 1- Butanol CAS: 71

- 36 -3

Bac kground & Use

• Alkyl alcohol compound

•

•

• Us ed as a paint solvent and food additive Formed as a chemical intermediate Names & Synonyms: butyl alcohol; n-butanol; methylolpropane

Health Effects

• C

o

o

o

o CL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 700 μg/L (Non

- Cancer) 1987 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment

 Th e assessment was released for public comment in August 2011 and is currently undergoing revisions based on public comments Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Abnormally diminished activity in the body/organs; inability to control muscles Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.1 mg/kg -da y No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 125 mg/kg

- day ; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 1,000

• Sensitive populations: None identified

Occurrence in Water

• No data available for occurrence in water
Production, Release and U sage

•

• Chemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 4

o

o >1B pounds produced in 2002 ≥ 1 B pounds produced in 2006 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o 17,648,846 pounds released in 44 states in 2004 11,093,815 pounds released in 47 states in 2010

P ersist ence & Mobility

• Not persistent in the environment (biodegrades fast)

4 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 and 2006.EPA

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2 •

•

•

•

•

• Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on chemical and physical properties Water Solubility: 63,200 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 2.443 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 0.88 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 8.82E

- 06 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 40%EPA

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## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet 2- Methoxyethanol CAS: 109

- 86 -4

Ba ckgroun d & Use

• Monoalkylated alcohol

•

• Used in synthetic cosmetics, perfumes, fragrances, hair preparations, skin lotions, and other consumer products Names & Synonyms: ethanol , 2

- methoxy

- ; ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; methoxyethanol

Health Effects

• CCL 4 Heal th Reference Level (HRL): 21 μg/L (Non

- Cancer)

o

o
o

o Risk Assessment Information System Health Effects (RAIS) database; Unpublished National Toxicity Program (NTP) study (Gulati et al. , 1990a, b) Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Reproductive effects R eference Dose

- like ( RfD

- like) = 0.003 mg/kg -day Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 9 mg/kg

- day ; Uncertainty factor (UF) = 3,000

• Sensitive populations: None identified

Occurrence in Water

• No data available for occurrence in water
Production, Release an d Usage

•

• Chemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 5

o

o >1 0-50M pounds produced in 2002 1- <10M pounds produced in 2006 T oxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o 153,774 pounds released in 16 states in 2004 23,240 pounds released in 16 states in 2010

P ersistence & Mobility

•

• Not persistent in the environment (biode grades fast with acclimation) Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water , based on chemical and physical properties

5 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 and 2006.EPA

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4 •

•

•

•

• W ater Solubility: 1,000,000 mg/L O rganic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 1 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

):

- 0.77 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 3.30 E- 07 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 44%EPA

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## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet 2- Propen -1- ol CAS: 107

- 18 -6

Ba ckground & Use

•

•

• Alkene/alcohol compound Chemical intermediate used in the manufacturing of flavorings and perfumes Names & Synonyms: allyl alcohol; 3 -hydroxypropene; 1-propene-3-ol; propenol; propenyl alcohol

Health Effects

•

• CCL 4 Health Refer ence Level (HRL): 35 μg/L (Non -C ancer)

o

o

o

o 1987 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment Non

- C ancer Critical Effect = Impaired kidney function and increased relative liver, spleen , and kidney weights Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.005 mg/kg

- day N o Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 4.8 mg/kg

- day ; Uncertainty factor (UF) = 1,000 Sensitive populations: Individuals with impaired pulmonary function may be particularly sensitive to the toxic effects of allyl alcohol through inhalation

Occurrence in Water

• No data available for occurrence in water Production, Release and Usage

•

• Chemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 6

o

o >10 0-500M pounds produced in 2002 10 0- <500M pounds produced in 2006 T oxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o 604,872 pounds released in 13 states in 2004

o 445,833 pounds released in 13 states in 2010
Persistence & Mobility

•

• Not persistent in the environment (biodegrades fast) Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water , based on chemical and physical

6 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 and 2006.EPA

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6 properties

•

•

•

•

• Water Solubility: 1,000,000 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 1.325 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 0.17 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 5 E- 06 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 46%EPA

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## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet alpha

- Hexachlorocyclohexane CAS: 319

- 84 -6

B ackground & Use

• A cyclic halogenated alkane

•

• C omponent of lindane, formerly used as an insecticide which was cancelled in 2006 N ames & Synonyms: alpha -HCH; alpha-benzenehexachloride; benzene- trans -hexachloride; alpha-lindane; alpha-hexachlorane

Health Effects

•

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 0.006 μg/L (Cancer)

o

o 1987 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment Cancer Class = B2 (Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals)

o Slope Factor = 6.3 (mg/kg

- day) -1 CCL 4 HRL: 56 μg/L (Non-C ancer)

o 2003 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR )

o

o

o Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Liver toxicity Minim al Risk Level (MRL) = 0.008 mg/kg

- day No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 0. 8 m g/kg

- day; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 100

Occurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o No finished water data available A mbient Water

o

o

o USGS, National Water

- Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 1992

- 2001 (MRL = 0.002 μg/L): Detected a t 21 out of 7,119 sites (median = 0.011 μg/L); Maximum detect (0.21 μg/L) > HRL (0.006 μg/L) USGS, Toccalino et al. , 2010: D etected at 1 (equal to 0.0327 μg/L) out of 512 samples; Detect > HRL (0.006 μg/L) EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Detected at 448 out of 2,785 sites; Maximum d etect (0.617 μg/L) > HRL (0.006 μg/L)EPA

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8 Production, Release and Usage

•

• Chemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o No production data reported in 2002; no production data available in 2006 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o No release data available in 2004 or 2010
Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• Persistent in the environment Estimated Hydrolysis Half- Life: 1.2 years at pH 7 Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on physical and ch emical properties Water Solubility: 2 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 641

- 1,995 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 3.8 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 6.7 E- 06 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 7%EPA

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## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Ammonia CAS: 7664

- 41 -7

Ba ckground & Use

•

•

•

•

• Ammonia is an inorganic, reduced nitrogen compound used as a c hemical intermediate; defoliant; and antifungal agent for produce Ammonia is also used as a drinking water additive for chloramination disinfection and is naturally-occurring (Wahman et al., 2014) Ammonia may be oxidized to nitrite and nitrate (contaminants of greater toxicological concern) via nitrification (Wahman and Pressman, 2014). Ammonia was therefore considered as a UCMR 4 candidate with the understanding that it could serve as a surrogate for nitrification potential The National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) for nitrite a nd nitrate requires compliance monitoring at the entry point to the distribution system (40 CFR 141.23(a)). Limited research demonstrates that nitrification downstream of the entry-point (i.e., in the distribution system) can, in certain circumstances, lead to higher nitrite and/or nitrate exposure (especially for PWSs using chloramine disinfection) (USEPA, 2002) Measuring ammonia at the entry point may help estimate nitrite/nitrate formation in the distribution system, although other factors, including pH, disinfectant type, and the presence of certain disinfection by-products, are also important ( AWWA, 2013; Speitel, Jr., Kannappan, and Bayer, 2011)

Health Effects (Nitrate, Nitrite)

•

• Nitrite – Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG): 1,000 μg/L as N (40 CFR 141.51(b)); M

o

o

o

o aximum Contaminant Level (MCL): 1,000 μg/L as N (40 CFR 141.62(b)) 1986 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment No n

- Cancer Critical Effect = Methemoglobinemia R eference Dose (RfD) = 0.1 mg/kg -d No Observed Effect Level (NO EL ) = 10 mg N/L converts to 1 mg/kg

- d (Walton, 1951)

o Sensitive populations: Infants Nitrate – MCLG: 10,000 μg/L as N (40 CFR 141.51(b)); MCL: 10,000 μg/L as N (40 CFR 141.62(b))

o

o

o

o

o 1990 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment Non

- C ancer Critical Effect = Methemoglobinemia Reference Dose (RfD) = 1.6 mg/kg -d No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) = 10 mg N/L converts to 1.6 mg/kg -d (B osch et al., 1950; Walton, 1951) Sensitive populations: I nfantsEPA

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10 Occurrence in Water As noted above, limi ted research suggests that m easuring ammonia at the entry point may help estimate nitrite/nitrate formation in the distribution system

•

• Finished Water

o

o

o Disinfection By-product Information Collection Rule (DBP ICR) (1997– 1998): Detected in 58 out of 68 samples from three systems that used chloramine disinfection (media n = 200 μg/L) ; M ax imum detect = 1,100 μg/L Samples of finished water collected at the entry point to the distribution system at four P WSs in Illinois contained ammonia at concentrations tha t ranged from 1, 20 0- 7,60 0 μg/L (Lytle, et al., 2009) During separate sampling events at two of the four PWSs, samples collected at points most
re mote from the entry point to the distribution system contained ammonia at concentrations that ranged from 1 00 -8,1 00 μ g/L (Lytle, et al., 2009) Ambient Water

o

o USGS, National Water

- Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 1992

- 2001: Detected in 5,907 out of 8,185 sites (median = 43 μg/L as N); Maximum detect = 34,000 μg/L as N Samples of raw water at three PWSs in Illinois contained ammonia at co ncentrations that ranged from 2, 10 0- 7,90 0 μ g/L (Lytle et al., 2009)
Production, Release and Usage

•

• Chemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 7

o

o >500M

- 1B pounds produced in 2002 ≥ 1 B pounds produced in 2006 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o 172,424,459 pounds released in 54 states in 2004

o 154,944,879 pounds released in 53 states in 2010
Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

• Insufficient data to characterize persistence in water; persistence data for ammonia are not available in the sources listed in Appendix C Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water , based on chemical and physical properties Water Solubility: 3,740 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 1 4.3 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (l ogK ow

):

- 1.38 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 3.45 E-06 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): Cannot be profiled

7 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 and 2006.EPA

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11 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Anatoxin -a CAS: 64285

- 06 -9

Ba ckground & Use

•

• Cyanotoxin (toxin produced and released by cyanobacteria) that targets the nervous system Names & Synonyms: anatoxin I

Health Effects

•

• 2015 Health Effects Support Document (HESD) for the Cyanobacterial Toxin Anatoxin-a (USEPA, 2015c)

o The data from the oral toxicity studies evaluated contained too few dose levels and study endpoints to derive a reference dose (RfD) Sensitive populations: People using anticholinergic agents for therapeutic purposes could be at risk of increased side effects after exposure to anatoxin -a, due to the pote ntial for the additivity of adverse effects

Occurrence in Water

•

• Finished Water

o Cyanobacteria in Florida Waters, (Burns, 2008): Maximum detect (8.46 μg/L) Ambient Water

o

o

o

o CyanoHABs- The Florida Experience, 2000: 4% detections, Maximum detect ~10 μg/L Meeting Summary for creating a Cyanotoxin Target List for the Unregulated Contaminant M onitoring Rule (UCMR) (USEPA, 2001) : 4% detection rate in Lake Champlain EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: detected at 14 out of 14 sites; Maximum de tect 1.5 μg /L Cyanotoxins in Blooms from the Midwest, (Graham et al., 2010): Maximum detect 9.5 μg/L

o Washington State Algae Control Program, (WS SE, 2012): Maximum detect 1,929 μg/L
Persistence & Mobility

•

•

• Not persistent in the environment Half- Life: 5 days (Smith and Sutton, 1993) Insufficient data to characterize mobility in water ; mobility data for anatoxin-a are not available in the sources listed in Appendix CEPA

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12 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Butylated Hydroxyanisole CAS: 25013

- 16 -5

B ackground & Use

•

•

• A lkylated methoxyphenol U sed as an antioxidant in foods, particularly those with high fat content and packaged foods Names & Synonyms: BHA; (1,1

- dimethylethyl) -4-methoxyphenol; 3- tert

- Butyl -4-hydroxyanisole; 2- tert

- Butyl -4-methoxyphenol; 2(3)- tert

- Butyl -4-hydroxyanisole

Health Effects

•

•

• CCL 4 Health Referenc e Level (HRL): 0.581 μg/L (Non -C ancer)

o

o

o

o Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), 2006: Single Study (Adelaide, S.A., Australia , 1959) Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Changes in liver weight R e ference Dose

- like (RfD

- like) = 0.000083 mg/kg -day Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 0.249 mg/kg

- d ay; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 3,000 CCL 4 HRL: 175 μg/L (Cancer)

o

o

o California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) Cancer Class = 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) Slope Factor (oral) = 0.0002 (mg/kg

- d ay) -1 Sensitive populations: Fetus and neonate may be sensitive to neurodevelopmental effects from exposure to high levels

Occurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o No finished water data available A mbient Water

o

o

o USGS, National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants (NREC) Surface Water Data , 1999

- 2004: Detected at 2 out of 85 sites; Median (0.1 μg/L ) < HRL (0.581 μg/L) USGS, Kolpin et al. (2002) : Detected at 2.4% out of 85 sites ; M edian = 0.1 μg/L; Maximum detect (0.2 μg/L) < HRL (0.581 μg/L) USGS, Focazio et al. (2008) : No t detected at any of the 73 sites sampledEPA

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13 Production, Release and Usage

•

• Chemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 8

o

o 10-500K pounds produced in 2 002 <500K pounds produced in 2006 T oxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o No release data available in 2004 or 2010
Persistence & Mobility

• Moderately persistent in the water (biodegrades slow ly with acclimation)

•

•

•

•

•

• Exp ected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water , based on physical and chemical properties Water Solubility data for butylated hydroxyanisole are not available in the sources listed in Appendix C Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 1,390 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (l ogK ow

): 3.5 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 1.17 E- 06 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 16%

8 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 and 2006.EPA

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14 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Chlorpyrifos

CAS: 2921

- 88 -2

B ackground & Use

•

• O rganophosphate insecticide, acaricide and miticide used to control foliage and soil-borne insect pests on a variety of food and feed crops N ames & Synonyms: o,o-diethyl o- (3,5,6

- trichloro -2-pyridinyl)phosphorothioate; Dursban; Stipend

Health Effects

•

• 2006 O PP Risk Assessm ent

o

o

o Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Significant plasma and RBC cholinesterase inhibition Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.0003 mg/kg

- day No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 0.03 mg/ kg

- d ay; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 100 Sensitive populations: Infants, children, an d pregnant women

Occurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003

- 2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites samples A mbient Water

o

o

o USGS, National Water

- Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 1992

- 2001: Detected in 518 out of 7,114 sites ( m edian = 0.008 μg/ L); Maximum detect = 0.57 μg/L USGS, National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants (NREC), 1999- 2004: Surface Water, National Reconnaissance – detected at 13 (median = 0.06 μg/L) out of 85 sites; Ground Water, National Aggregate- 12% samples detected (median = 2 μg/L) PDP, 2003

- 2 009: Not detected at any of the 6 sites sampled Production, Release and Usage

•

•

• N ational Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Release data

o 13,463,879 pounds of active ingredient used across 48 states in 1997 C hemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006 T oxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o No release data available in 2006 or 2010EPA

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15 Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• Mode rately persistent in the environment Estimated Hydrolysis Half- Life: 35 days at pH 6.9 Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water , based on chemical and physical properties Water Solubility: 1.4 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 995

- 31,000 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 4.96 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 2.93E

- 06 atm

- m3/mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 6%EPA

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16 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Cylindrospermopsin CAS: 143545

- 90 -8

B ackground & Use

• C yanotoxin (toxin produced and released by cyanobacteria) that affects the liver and kidney

H ealth Effects

•

• E PA Health Advisory (HA) (USEPA, 2015 d) = 3 μg/L (t en -day HA for school- age children through adults); 0.7 μg/L ( t en -day HA for bottle-fed infants and young children)

o

o

o Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Increased relative kidney weight and decreased urinary protein Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.0001 mg/kg

- day; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 300 No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 0.03 mg/kg -da y Sensitive popula tions: Children; individuals with liver or kidney disease, individuals with anemia , pregnant women, nursing mothers, and the elderly

Occurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o

o Cyanobacteria in Florida Waters, (Burns, 2008): Range of detect (8

- 97 μg/L) > HA ( 0.7 μg/L ; 3 μg/L) Meeting Summary for creating a Cyanotoxin Target List for the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR ) (USEPA, 2001) : Maximum detect (90 μg/L) > H A ( 0.7 μg/L ; 3 μg/L) Ambient Water

o

o CyanoHABs- The Florida Experience, 2000: Maximum detect (~100 μg/L) > H A ( 0.7 μg/L ; 3 μg/L) Cyanotoxins in Florida , (Pelaez et al., 2010): Range of detects (50

- 200 μg/L) > H A ( 0.7 μg/L ; 3 μg/L)

o Florida Lakes (USEPA, 2015e) : Range of detects (500

- 1,600 μg/L) > H A ( 0.7 μg/L ; 3 μg/L)

Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

• M oderately persistent in the environment Ha lf-L ife: 11

- 15 days (Funari and Testai, 2008) Highly soluble (USEPA, 2015 d) Insufficient data to characterize mobility in water; additional mobility data for cylindrospermopsin are not available in the sources listed in Appendix CEPA

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17 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Dimethipin CAS: 55290

- 64 -7

Bac kground & Use

•

•

• A cyclic dithiane pesticide Used as an herbicide and plant growth regulator Names & Synonyms: o xidimethiin; harvade; tetrathiin

Health Effects

•

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 153 μg/L (Non

- Cancer)

o

o

o

o 2005 OPP Risk Assessment Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Kidney, lungs, duodenum, liver, glandular stomach, heart, aortic artery , and testes toxicity; decreased body weight gain Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.0218 mg/kg

- day N o Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 2.18 mg/kg

- day ; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 100 Sensitive populations: None identified

Occurrence in Water

• No data available for occurrence in water Production, Release and Usage

•

•

• National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 282,458 pounds of active ingredient used across 14 states in 1997 Chemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o 250 pounds released in 1 state in 2004 87 pounds released in 1 state in 2010

P ersistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

• Moderately persistent in the environment (biodegrades slowly with acclimation) Expected to be very mobile in water, based on physical and chemical properties Water Solubility: 4,600 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 27.41 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

):

- 0.17EPA

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18 •

• Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 2.3E

- 11 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 35 %EPA

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19 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Disulfoton

CAS: 298

- 04 -4

B ackground & Use

•

•

•

• O rganophosphate pesticide U sed as an insecticide; currently registered for use on over 35 crops, plus domestic outdoor use on potted plants and ornamentals, including herbaceous plants, flowers, woody shrubs, and trees Production cancelled 2009 (74 FR 48551 ; USEPA, 2009b ) Names & Synonyms: dithiodemeton; dithiosystox; ethyl thiometon; thiodemeton

Health Effects

•

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 0.91 μg/L (Non

- Cancer)

o

o

o

o 2006 OPP Risk Assessment Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Plasma, red blood cell, brain , and corneal cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.00013 mg/kg

- d ay No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) = 0.013 mg/kg -da y ; Uncertainty factor (UF) = 100 Sensitive populations: None identified

Occurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o

o

o First Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR 1) Screening Survey (SS), 2001

- 2003 (MRL = 0.5 μg/L): Not detected in any of the 2,300 samples from 295 systems Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003

- 2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites sampled Pilot Monitoring Program (PMP) , 1999: N ot detected in any of the 228 samples taken Ambient Water

o

o

o

o USGS, National Water

- Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 1992

- 2001 (MRL = 0.002 μg/L): Detected at 17 out of 7,118 sites (median = 0.02015 μg/L); Maximum detect (3.81 μg/L) > HRL (0.91 μg/L) USGS, Toccalino et al. , 2010: Not detected in any of the 647 samples taken PDP, 2003

- 2009: N ot detected at any of the 7 sites sampled PMP , 1999: Not detected in any of the 323 samples t aken Production, Release and Usage

• OP P Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 200 6b)

o Approximately 1.2 million pounds per year used between 1987 and 1998EPA

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20 •

•

• National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 1,196,066 pounds of active ingredient used across 33 states in 1997 Chemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IU R)

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o No release data available in 2004 or 2010
Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• Not persistent to m oderately persistent in the environment Estimated Biodegradation Half

- Life: 7- 41 days Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on physical and chemical properties Water Solubility: 16.3 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 684

- 14,013 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 4.02 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 2.20 E- 06 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 18%EPA

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21 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Ethoprop CAS: 13194

- 48 -4

Ba ckground & Use

•

•

• Phosphorodithioate pesticide Used as an insecticide Names & Synonyms: ethoprophos; Jolt ; R ovokil

Health Effects

•

•

• CCL 4 HRL: 1.25 μg/L (Cancer) 9

o 2008 OPP Risk Assessment

o

o Cancer Class = L (Likely to be carcinogenic to humans) Slope Factor (oral) = 0.0281 (mg/kg

- d ay) -1 Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides (HHBP) = 10 μg/L (Non- Cancer)

o

o 2008 OPP Risk Assessment Non

- C ancer Critical Effect = Brain cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition

o Reference Dose (RfD) 10 = 0.0014 mg/kg

- day

o Benchmark Dose Level (BMDL 10 ) = 0.14 mg/kg

- day; Uncertainty Factor ( UF) = 100 Sensitive populations: None identified

Occurrence in Water

•

• Finished Water

o

o Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003

- 2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites sampled Pilot Monitoring Program ( PMP ), 1999: Not detected in any of the 228 samples taken Ambient Water

o

o

o

o USGS, National Water -Q uality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 1992

- 2001 (MRL = 0.002 μg/L): Detected at 84 out of 7,118 sites (median = 0.011 μg/L); Maximum detect (1.95 μg/L) > HRL ( 1.25 μg/L) USGS, Toccalino et al. , 20 10: D etected at 1 (equal to 0.0056 μg/L) out of 647 samples; Detect < HRL (1.25 μg/L) PDP, 2003

- 20 09: Not detected at any of the 6 sites sampled PMP , 1999: Not detected in any of the 323 samples tak en

9 The HHB P for this contaminant is rounded and provides a cancer risk range 10 -6 to 10 -4 (1

- 100 μg/L). 10 The CCL 3 HRL of 0.7 μg/L (Non

- Cancer) is based on an older 2006 O PP Risk Assessment; RfD = 0.0001 mg/kg

day; Plasma ChE inhibition.EPA

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22 Production, Release and Usage

•

•

•

• OP P Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 2006 c)

o Approxim ately 691,000 pounds used annually N ational Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 1,010,807 pounds of active ingredient used across 28 states in 1997 C hemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006 T oxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o 77,786 pounds released in 4 states in 2004 35,660 pounds released in 2 states in 2010
Persistence & Mobility

• P ersistent in the environment

•

•

•

•

•

•

• E stimated Hydrolysis Half- Life : 75

- 133 days in various fresh water environments Ex pected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on most of the presented physical and chemical properties ; although low end of the range of values for the organic carbon partitioning coefficient sugg ests that it may be very mobile in water Water Solubility: 750 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 70

- 120 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 3.59 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 1.7 E- 07 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/A ir/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 25%EPA

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23 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Germanium

CAS: 7440

- 56 -4

Ba ckground & Use

•

•

• Naturally -occurring element in earth’s crust and oceans, widely distributed in low concentrations in oxide and sulfide minerals; commercially available in combination with other elements and produced mainly as a byproduct of zinc ore processing Used primarily in infrared optics, fiber- optic systems, electronics and solar electric applications Names & Synonyms: Ge

Health Effects

•

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 0.744 μg/L (Non

- Cancer)

o

o

o

o Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS): Single Study (Obara et al. , 1991) Non

- C ancer Critical Effect = Kidney, u reter, bladder-changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Reference Dose

- like ( RfD

- like) = 0.0001 mg/kg

- day (Tao and Bolger, 1997) Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 0.318 mg/kg

- day 11 ; Uncertainty Factor (U F) = 3,000 Sensitive populations: Individuals with compromised renal func tion

Occurrence in Water

•

• Finished Water

o National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey (NIRS), 1984- 1986 (MRL = 22 μg/L): Detected in 4 out of 989 samples (1 sample per PWS; median = 220 μg/L); All detections (ranging from 26 μg/L- 230 μg/L) > HRL (0.744 μg/ L) Ambient Water

o EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Detected in 40 out of 181 sites (medi an = 10 μg/L); Maximum detect (300 μg/L) > HRL (0.744 μg/L) Production, Release and Usage

• Chemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o

o No production data available in 2002 <500K pounds produced in 2006

11 EPA’s Office of Water (OW) did not obtain the same LOAEL as RTECS using the data in the identified paper. Based on OW’s evaluation of the dose info rmation in the report, the LOAEL should be about ten times larger (i.e., 3.18 mg/kg

- day).EPA

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24 • Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o No release data available in 2004 or 2010
Persistence & Mobility

•

•

• Persistent in the environment (non- radioactive element) Water Solubility: 4,470 mg/L ( for germanium dioxide) ; some germanium compounds are water soluble Insufficient data to characterize mobility in water ; additional mobility data for germanium are not available in the sources listed in Appendix CEPA

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25 

## UCMR Candidate 4 Analyte Information Sheet Brominated Haloacetic Acids Group (HAA6Br)

Bac kground & Use

•

•

•

• HAA6Br group contains 4 unregulated brominated haloacetic acids and 2 regulated brominated haloacetic acids (HAA) (discussed in the haloacetic a cids 5 (HAA5) Group ) Brominated HAA occurrence may be increasing due to elevated bromide levels in the source water from industrial sources (e.g., coal

- fired power u tilities, hydraulic fracturing) and regulatory changes (McTigue et al., 2014) All are disinfection by-products TBAA is a catalyst for polymerization

Health Effects

• HAA6Br Reference Concentration = Not a vailable for group

HAA (CAS) EPA Cancer

Class Cancer Non

- Cancer
Decreased progressive sperm motility, significantly reduced fertility, decrease in sperm protein ; Lowest Observed Based on a 2- year Adverse Effect Level ( LOAEL ) = 8 mg/kg

- day (Klinefelter, drinking water 2002)

BCAA (5589

- 96

- 8) Not Classified study, NTP(2009) concluded that there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in male and female rats and in male and female mice Decreased mean number of litters per male, percentage of litters per female bred and total number of fetuses per male. The decreased male fertility was attributed to disruption of spermatid differentiation (Tully et al., 2005 ) Decreased number of live fetuses per litter and total number of implants per litter in a drinking water study in rats; No Observed Adverse Effect Level ( NOAEL ) of 19 mg/kg

- day ( NTP, 1998a ) Increased malform ations and lethality in an in vitro whole embryo assay (Andrews et al. , 2004) HAA Groups Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) HAA5 Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) Dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) HAA9 Bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA) Bromodichloroacetic acid (BDCAA) HAA6Br Chlorodibromoacetic acid (CDBAA) Tribromoacetic acid (TBAA)EPA

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26 HAA (CAS) EPA Cancer

Class Cancer Non

- Cancer

BDCAA (71133

- 14

- 7) Not Classified Based on a 2

- year drinking water study, NTP (2014) concluded that there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in male and female rats and in male and female mice No relevant information identified

CDBAA (5278

- 95

- 5) Not Classified No relevant information identified No relevant information identified

TBAA (75

- 96

- 7) Not Classified No relevant information identified No reproductive or develop mental effects were observed in males or females in a short

- term (peri

- conception and gestational exposure) drinking water study in rats (NTP, 1998 b )

Occurrence in Water

•

• Finished Water

o

o

o Disinfection By-product Information Collection Rule (DBP ICR) (1997

– 1998):







 BCAA: Detected in 263 out of 291 systems (median = 3.3 μg/L; max = 41.9 μg/L) BDCAA: Detected in 90 out of 102 systems (median = 3.2 μg/L; max = 32 μg/L) CDBAA: Detected in 66 out of 101 systems (median = 3.2 μg/L; max = 22 μg/L) TBAA: Detecte d in 15 out of 98 systems (median = 5 μg/L; max = 19 μg/L) Boorman et al., 1999: BCAA: median = 3.2 μg/L; max = 49 μg/L for the systems using chl orination Lykins et al., 1994: BCAA: max average detection (18 μg/L) found in systems using only chl orine Additional occurrence information is being evaluated under the Six Year Review 3 process Production, Release and Usage

•

• Chemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o N o release data available in 2004 or 2010EPA

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27 Persistence & Mobility

•

• BCAA and TBAA are moderately persistent in the environment ; persistence data for BDCAA and CDBAA are not available in the sources listed in Appendix C BDCAA and CDBAA are expected to be very mobile in water, based on physical and chemical properties ; BCAA and TBAA are expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on physical and chemical properties

HAA Water Solubility

(mg/L) Octanol

W ater Partitioning Coefficient

(logK ow

) Henry’s Law Constant (K H

) (atm -m 3 /mol) Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/ Sediment System Estimated Half

- Life in Water (days)
BCAA 250,000 0.61 2.2E

- 08 37% 15 BDCAA 49,000 1.53 7.9E

- 09 Not available Not available CDBAA 2,400 1.62 2.6E

- 09 Not available Not available TBAA 200,000 1.71 3.3E

- 09 35% 15 Sources: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) , Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), Persistent, Bioaccumulative, And Toxic (PBT) Profiler. See references section for full reference.EPA

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28 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Haloacetic Acids Group (HAA5)
Background & Use

•

•

• HAA5 group currently regulated in drinking water at a maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 60 μg/L per the Stage 1 and Stage 2 Disinfection and Disinfection Byproduct Rules (DBPR s) (USEPA, 1998; USEPA 2006 d) Sample collection and analysis for HAA5 can be done concurrent with the unregulated HAA monitoring (resulting in no substantive additional burden) and would allow EPA to better understand co- occurrence between regulated and unre gulated disinfection byproducts All are disinfection by-products, some are che mical intermediates (DCAA, MBAA and TCAA), a medicinal disinfec tant (DCAA), a n herbicide (MCAA) , and a cancelled pesticide (TCAA)

Health Effects

• MCL for HAA5 = 60 μg/L

HAA (CAS) MCLG (Stage 2 DBPR) Health Information

DBAA (631

- 64

- 1) Not available Basis for MCLG: Cancer Class = I (Inadequate information to asses carcinogenic potential) The toxicity database is currently limited, and there are no suitable studies of appropriate design and duration to derive an oral Reference Dose ( RfD ) at this time Additional i nformation:

NTP (2007) concluded that there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity from drinking water exposure in male and female rats and clear evidence in male and female mice HAA Groups Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) HAA5 Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) Dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) HAA9 Bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA) Bromodichloroacetic acid (BDCAA) HAA6Br Chlorodibromoacetic acid (CDBAA) Tribromoacetic acid (TBAA)EPA

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29 HAA (CAS) MCLG (Stage 2 DBPR) Health Information

DCAA (79

- 43

- 6) 0 μg/L Basis for MCLG: 2003 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Cancer Class = L ( Likely to be carcinogenic to humans ) Slope factor (oral) = 0.05 (mg/kg

- day) -1 Lesions observed in the testes, cerebrum, cerebellum, and liver; RfD = 0.004 mg/kg

- day; Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level ( LOAEL ) = 12.5 mg/kg

- day; Uncertainty Factor ( UF ) = 3,000

MBAA (79

- 08

- 3) Not available Basis for MCLG: Cancer Class = I (Inadequate information to asses carcinogenic potential) The toxicity database for is currently limited, and there are no suitable studies of appropriate design and duration to derive an oral RfD at this time No reproductive effects in 14

- day gavage study in male rats (Linder et al ., 1994)

MCAA (79

- 11

- 8) 70 μg/L Basis for MCLG: Cancer Class = I (Inadequate information to asses carcinogenic potential) No evidence of carcinogenic activity in rats or mice in two drinking water studies (NTP , 1992; DeAngelo et al. , 1997) Decreased body, liver, kidney and spleen weights; RfD = 0.01 mg/kg

- day; No Observed Adverse Effect Level ( NOAEL ) = 3.5 mg/kg -da y (DeAngelo et al., 1997); UF = 300

TCAA (76

- 03

- 9) 20 μg/L Basis for MCLG: Cancer Class = S (Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential) Liver histopathological changes; RfD = 0.03; NOAEL = 32.5 mg/kg

- day (DeAngelo et al., 1997); UF = 1,000 10

- fold ri sk management factor applied to MCLG Additional i nformation:

2011 I RIS Assessment is available

Occurrence in Water

• F inished Water

o

o Disinfection By-product Information Collection Rule (DBP ICR) (1997– 1998):









 DB AA: Detected in 202 out of 291 systems (median = 2.3 μg/L; max = 35 μg/L) D CAA: Detected in 272 out of 291 systems (median = 11 μg/L; max = 99 μg/L) MBAA: Detected in 124 out of 291 systems (median = 1.5 μg/L; max = 58.1 μg/L) MCAA: Detected in 215 out of 290 systems (median = 3 μg/L; max = 82 μg/L) TC AA: Detected in 259 out of 291 systems (median = 9.7 μg/L; max = 174 μg/L) Boorman et al., 1999 (for systems using chlorination):



 D BAA: median = <0.5 μg/L; max = 7.4 μg/L D CAA: median = 15 μg/L; max = 74 μg/LEPA

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30 



 MBAA: median = <0.5 μg/L; max = 1.7 μg/L MCAA: median = 1.3 μg/L; max = 7.4 μg/L TCAA: median = 11 μg/L; max = 85 μg/L

o

o Lykins et al., 1994 (max average detection):









 DBAA: 1.0 μg/L found in systems using ozone and chlorine DCAA: 60 μg/L found in systems using only chlorine MBAA: 1.2 μg/L found in systems using only chlorine MCAA: 4 μg/L found in systems using only chlorine TCAA: 62 μg/L found in systems using only chlorine Jacangelo et al., 1989 (max detection):





 DC AA: 23 μg/L at plant before ozonation MCAA: 3.8 μg/L found in a system using only chlorine T CAA: 22 μg/L found in a system using only chlorine

• Additional occurrence information is being evaluated under the Six Year Review 3 process Production, Release and Usage

• Chemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) (2002 and 2006) 12

o

o

o

o

o DBAA: No production data available DCAA: 1 0

- 500K pounds (2002) MBAA: No production data available MCAA: >10 0- 500M pounds (2002); 1 0- <50M pounds (2006) TCAA: >1 0- 500K p ounds (2002)

• Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) (2004 and 2010)

o

o

o

o

o DBAA: No release data available DCAA: No release data available MBAA: No release data available MCAA: 6,356 pounds released in 11 states (2004); 1,323,102 pounds released in 12 states (2010) T CAA: No release data available

Pe rsistence & Mobility

•

• MBAA is not persistent in the environment ; DBA A, DCAA, MCAA, and TCAA are moderately persistent in the environment DBAA, DCAA, MBAA, MCAA, and TCAA are expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on physical and chemical properties

12 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 and 2006.EPA

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31 HA A Water Solubility

(mg/L) Octanol

Water Partitioning Coefficient

(logK ow ) Henry’s Law Constant (K H ) (atm

m 3 /mol) Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/ Sediment System Estimated Half

- Life in Water (days)

DBAA 2,110,000 0.70 4.42E

- 09 36% 15
DCAA Not available 0.92 8.83E

- 09 37% 15
MBAA 1,750,000 0.41 6.52E

- 09 33% 8.7 MCAA 858,000 0.22 9.26E

- 09 37% 15 TCAA 54,000 1.33 1.35E

- 08 42% 38 Sources: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) , Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), Persistent, Bioaccumulative, And Toxic (PBT) Profiler. See references section for full reference.EPA

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32 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Haloacetic Acids Group (HAA9)

B ackground & Use

• HA A9 group contains 4 unregulated haloacetic acids (HAAs) and 5 regulated HAAs (please refer to HAA5 and HAA6Br)

H ealth Effects

• S ee HAA5 and HAA6Br for more information

O ccurrence in Water

• S ee HAA5 and HAA6Br for more information

P roduction, Release and Usage

• S ee HAA5 and HAA6Br for more information

P ersistence & Mobility

• S ee HAA5 and HAA6Br for more information HAA Groups Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) HAA5 Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) Dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) HAA9 Bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA) Bromodichloroacetic acid (BDCAA) HAA6Br Chlorodibromoacetic acid (CDBAA) Tribromoacetic acid (TBAA)EPA

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33 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Hexazinone CAS: 51235

- 04 -2

B ackground & Use

•

•

• T riazine -dione herbicide U sed on alfalfa, pasture and range grasses, pineapples, sugarcane and blueberries; also used on ornamental plants, forest trees , and non- crop areas Names & Synonyms: 3

- Cyclohexyl -6- (dimethylamino) -1- methyl -s- triazine

- 2,4(1H,3H) -dione; 3- cyclohexyl -6- (dimethylamino) -1- methyl

- 1,3,5

- triazine

- 2,4(1H,3H)

- dione; Gridball; Velpar

Health Effects

•

• 199 6 EPA Health Advisory (HA) : 400 μg/L (Non

- Cancer)

o

o

o

o

o 1994 OPP Risk Assessment Cancer Class = D (Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity ) Non

- C ancer Critical Effect = Histological evidence and biochemical indicators of liver damage Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.05 mg/kg -da y No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) = 5 mg/kg

- d ay; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 100 Sensitive populations: None identified

Occurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o

o

o P ilot Monitoring Program ( PMP ), 1999: Not detected in any of the 221 samples taken USGS, Hopple et al. , 2009: Not detected in any of the 48 Phase 2 finished water samples taken USGS, California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program , 2004

- 2011: Detected at 32 out of 1,828 sites (median = 0.011 μg/L); Maximum detect = 0.066 μg/L ( California SWRCB , 2012) < HA (400 μg/L) Ambient Water

o

o PMP , 1999: Detected in 2 (0.6%) of 317 samples; Maximum detect = 0.008 μg/L < HA (400 μg/L) USGS, Hopple et al. , 2009: Detected in 1 (0.9%) of 113 Phase 1 source water samples (Maximum detect estimated at 0.008 μg/L); D etected in 1 (2.1%) of 48 Phase 2 source water samples (Maximum detect = 0.017 μg/L) < HA (400 μg/L) Production, Release and Usage

• O PP Reregistration Eligibility Docum ent (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 1994)

o Approximately 127,000 – 430,000 pounds used annuallyEPA

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34 •

•

• N ational Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 332,116 pounds of active ingredient used across 33 states in 1997 C hemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o

o >1-10M pounds produced in 2002 No production data available in 2006 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o 7,641 pounds released in 3 states in 2004 2,520 pounds released in 4 states in 2010
Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

• M oderately persistent to persistent in the environment (biodegrades slowly with acclimation - biodegrades sometimes/persistent) Ex pected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on most of the presented physical and chemical properties , altho ugh the percent in w ater in a w ater/ a ir/ s oil/ s ediment
s ystem suggests that it may be not very mobile in water Water Solubility: 33,000 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 53 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 1.2 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 2.26 E- 12 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 16%EPA

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35 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Legionella pneumophila

Ba ckground

•

• Bacteria; aerobic gram

- negative rods associated with respiratory infections Ubiquitous in fresh and marine waters; exist in varied temperatures, pH levels, and nutrient and oxygen contents

Health Effects

• Two distinctive clinical syndromes resulting from inhalation/aspiration of aerosols containing the bacteria (CDC, 2013) :

o

o Legionnaires’ Disease





 Major risk factors: immunosuppression, smoking, travel, use of undisinfected well water, chronic heart or lung disease, and chronic renal failure Prompt diagnosis and treatment results in 95- 99% recovery rates Mortality in untreated cases is approximately 15% of previously healthy patients and 75% of severely immunocompromised patients Pontiac Fever





 Resembles an acute allergic reaction Self

- limiting; no specific treatment is advised and hospitalization is not required Hospitalization uncommon; case- f atality rate: 0%

Outbreaks

•

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (CDC MMWR) documented 52 waterborne disease outbreaks affecting 225 people between 1990 and 2010 Outbreaks associated with drinking water exposure mostly due to premise plumbing colonization; distal contamination points not under jurisdiction of the water utility

Occurrence

•

•

• Widespread in the environment Colonize in plumbing fixtures, h ot water tanks, warm water spas , and cooling towers May have evolved a symbiotic relationship with free

- living amoebae; amoebic motility may facilitate movement through the environment and colonization of domestic and industrial water systemsEPA

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36 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Manganese CAS: 7439

- 96 -5

B ackground & Use

•

•

•

• H eavy metal element that is ubiquitous in soil, water, food, and air and found in over 100 naturally occurring minerals, including silicates, carbonates, sulfides, oxides, phosphates, and borates S mall amounts found in foods are an essential nutrient for humans and animals Commercially imported manganese compounds include ferromanganese (used in the production of steel), manganese sulfate (fertilizer), manganese dioxide (matches, batteries, fireworks) , and potas sium permanganate (wastewater and drinking water treatment chemical) Names & Synonyms: Mn

Health Effects 13

• C CL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 300 μg/L (Non

- Cancer)

o

o

o 1995 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Central nervous system effects Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.047 mg/kg

- d ay

o No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 0.14 mg/kg -day 14 ; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 3

• S ensitive populations: Children, the elderly, pregnant women, iron de ficient individuals , and individuals with impaired liver function

o Recent studies indicate concern for neurological effects in children and infants

O ccurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey (NIRS) 1984- 1986 (MRL = 1 μg/L): Detected in 672 out of 989 samples (1 sample per public water system ( PWS ) ; median = 11.96 μg/L); Maximum detect (1,341 μg/L) > HRL (300 μg/L) A mbient Water

o

o USGS, National Water

- Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 1992

- 2001: Detected i n 6,447 out of 8,002 sites (median = 19 μg/L); Maximum detect (70,000 μg/L) > HRL (300 μg/L) USGS, Toccalino et al ., 2010: Detected in 543 (median = 8.99 μg/L) out of 808 samples; Maximum detect (1,923 μg/L) > HRL (300 μg/L)

13 The IRIS RfD was used for CCL 4 scoring ; an Institute of Medicine (IOM, 2001) RfD of 0.16 mg/kg

- day was also evaluated. 14 Reflects a modifying factor of 3 to adjust from increased bioavailability when in drinking water.EPA

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37 Production, Release and Usage

•

• C hemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o

o No production data available in 2002 50 0- <1B pounds produced in 2006 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o 19,577,774 pounds released in 47 states in 2004 15,872,968 pounds released in 48 states in 2010
Persistence & Mobility

•

•

• Pe rsistent in the environment (non- radioactive element) C ommon manganese compounds range from insoluble to moderately soluble in water Insufficient data to characterize mobility in water ; additional mobility data for manganese are not available in the sources listed in Appendix CEPA

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38 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Microcystins CAS: 101043

- 37 -2

B ackground & Use

•

•

•

• C yanotoxins (toxins produced and released by cyanobacteria) that target the liver Names & Synonyms: among the approximately 100 different congeners of microcystins known to exist, microcystin

- LR is the most common T he most toxic microcystins are those with the more hydrophobic L-amino acids (- LA, -LR, and -YM), and the least toxic are those with hydrophilic amino acids, such as microcystin

- RR I n the drinking water health advisory for microcystins issued by EPA in June of 2015, microcystin

- LR was used as a surrogate for all microcystins to calculate the health advisory levels . The potential health risks from exposure to mixtures of microcystin congeners is unknown, and microcystin-LR is one of the most potent congeners with the majority of toxicological data on adverse health effects
Health Effects

•

• E PA Health Advisory (HA) (USE PA, 2015 b ) = 1.6 μg/L ( t en -day HA for school- age children and adults); 0.3 μg/L ( t en -day HA for bottle-fed infants and young children)

o

o

o Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Increased liver weight, slight to moderate liver lesions with hemorrhages and increased enzy me levels in rats Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.00005 mg/kg

- day Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 0.05 mg/kg

- d ay; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 1,000 Sensitive populations: Those w ith kidney and/or liver disease; those with pre- existing liver problems

. Pregnant women, nursing mothers, and the elderly may also be sensitive populations

Occurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o Microcystins in Water Supplies: 77 samples taken from 33 water supplies; Maximum detect (0.36 μg/L) > H A ( 0.3 μg/L) ; < HA (1.6 μg/L) (H addix et al., 2007 ) A mbient Water

o

o

o U.S. and Canadian drinking water (bloom area, source, finished water): detected in 5 39 of the 677 source water samples tested ; only two samples of finished water were above 1 μg/L < HA ( 0.3 μg/L ; 1.6 μg/L) (AWWA, 2001) EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: detected at 30 out of 30 sites; Maximum detect (4.26 μg/L) > H A ( 0.3 μg/L ; 1.6 μg/L) USEPA National Lakes Assessment Survey: P resent in 30% of more than 1,000 lakes sampled in 48 states. Maximum detect ( 225 ug/L ) > HA ( 0.3 μg/L ; 1.6 μg/L) (USEPA, 2009 c)EPA

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39 o

o

o Cyanotoxins in Lake Ontario watershed (Makarewicz et a l., 2006): Maximum detect (10.7 μg/L) > HA ( 0.3 μg/L ; 1.6 μg/L) Cyanotoxins in Lake Ontario (Makarewicz et al ., 2009): Maximum detect (10.716 μg/L) > HA ( 0.3 μg/L ; 1.6 μg/L) Lake Houston, Texas (Beussink and Graham, 2011): 32 s amp les with maximum detect (0.2 μg/L) < HA ( 0.3 μg/L ; 1.6 μg/L)
Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

• Not persistent in the environment Half-L ife: 0.2

- 3.6 days (Lam et al., 1995) Half-L ife: 4

- 14 days (Edwards et al., 2008) Highly soluble (USEPA, 2015 b) Insufficient data to characterize mobility in water; additional mobility data for microcystins are not available in the sources listed in Appendix CEPA

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40 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet M ycobacterium avium

B ackground

•

•

• Fre e -living mycobacteria; usually found in watery habitats Know n pathogens of poultry and swine; recognized as a cause of human disease in the 1940s Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) pandemic led to Mycobacterium avium (MAC) becoming the most common environmental non- tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) causing disease in humans

Health Effects

•

• G eneral population may develop pulmonary disease (i.e., tuberculosis- like infiltrates, nodular bronchiectasis, solitary nodules), lymphadenitis, and post-traumatic wound infection
E lderly non- smoking females can develop “Lady Windermere’s syndrome” which has been associated with chronic cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and significant morbidity and mortality

•

• P atients with AIDS may present with disseminated or focal infections, including bacteremia F ocal infections commonly involve the lungs or the gastrointestinal tract and, occasionally, the peripheral lymph nodes

Outbreaks

•

•

• C enters for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (CDC MMWR) reported no outbreaks between 1990 and 2008 C olonization of hot water systems in hospitals has resulted in numerous nosocomial outbreaks ( Pfyffer and Palicova, 2010) Community acquired cases are typically associated with cooling tower or untreated well water exposures (Falkinham et al. , 2004b)

Occurrence

•

•

•

• R ecovered from ponds, lakes, rivers, bogs, sw amps, brackish water, sea water , and wastewater; rarely found in groundwater (Falkinham et al. , 2004a, Falkinham et al. , 2004 b) So il is a significant reservoir May be introduced into drinking water distribution systems during construction, intrusion events, or maintenance (Vaerewijck et al., 2005) Can enter the water system distribution system from plant breakthrough, leaky pipes, valves, joints and seals, cross-connections, backflows, improper treatment of ma terials, maintenance activities , and inadequate distribution system security (Vaerewijck et al ., 2005)EPA

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41 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Nodularin CAS: 118399

- 22 -7

B ackground & Use

•

•

• C yanotoxin (toxin produced and released by cyanobacteria) that targets the liver N ames & Synonyms: Cyclo(L

- arginyl

- (2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S) -3- amino -9- methoxy

- 2,6,8

- trimethyl

10 -phenyl- 4,6 -decadienoyl-D- gamma

- glutamyl

- (2Z) -2- (methy lamino)-2-butenoyl- (3S) -3- methyl

D- beta

- aspartyl) Several toxicity studies indicate that nodularin is similar in toxicity to microcystin

- LR
Health Effects

•

•

• No n

- Cancer Critical Effect = Liver toxicity T olerable Daily Intake (TDI) = No studies available using oral administration (WHO, 1999) Cancer C lass = I ( Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans or animals); International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ) classification: “Nodularins are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3)” (HSDB, 2015)

• S ensitive populations: small children, in particular, may accidentally ingest toxic material in quantities with potentially serious consequences (WHO, 2003)

O ccurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o No data available A mbient Water

o No data available

P ersistence & Mobility

•

• N ot persistent in the environment under favorable conditions D egradation in lakes found to be more rapid in lakes currently supporting a bloom than those that have not supported a bloom in several months; half- lives of 24 hours and 54 hours, respectively; complete degradation observed in 18 days in Loch Roscobie, UK, where microcystin -containing blooms frequently occur; 80% degradation observed in 24 days in Forfar Loch, UK, where no blooms have been observed (HSDB, 2015)

•

•

• D egraded by specialized microbes that thrive in bodies of water with history of cyanobacterial blooms ( Karjalainen, 2005) N o degradation observed when incubated in presence of the bacterial isolates; natural sediment microorganisms degraded nodularin in 5- 7 days (HSDB, 2015) Degrades rapidly in sunlight and at high pH (HSDB, 2015)EPA

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42 •

• N ot easily degraded by light or temperature ( Karjalainen, 2005) I nsufficient data to characterize mobility in water ; mobility data for nodularin are not available in the sources listed in Appendix CEPA

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43 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet
o- Toluidine

CAS: 95

- 53 -4

B ackground & Use

•

•

• A minated aromatic compound U sed in production of dyes, rubber, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides Names & Synonyms: o-aminotoluene; 2- methyl -benzenamine; 2-toluidine

Health Effects

•

•

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 0.194 μg/L (Cancer)

o

o

o 2008 California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) Cancer Class = 2A (Probably carcinogenic to humans) Slope Factor = 0.18 (mg/kg

- d ay) -1 CCL 4 HRL : 793 μg/L (Non

- Cancer)

o

o

o

o Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Blood disorder in which an abnormal amount of methemoglobin is produced, kidney, ureter, bladder issues , and decreased body weight gain Reference Dose

- like (RfD

- like) = 0.113 mg/kg -day Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 340 mg/kg

- d ay; Uncertainty Factors (UF) = 3,000 Sensitive populations: Infants and children

Occurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o No finished water data available A mbient Water

o EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data : Not detected at any of the 3 sites sampled

P roduction, Release and Usage

•

• C hemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 15

o

o >1 0-50M pounds produced in 2002 10- <50M pounds produced in 2006 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

15 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 and 2006.EPA

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44 o

o 10,774 pounds released in 9 states in 2004 6,623 pounds released in 1 state in 2010

P ersistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

• Not persistent in the environment (biodegrades fast) Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water , based on physical and chemical properties Water Solubility: 16,600 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 74.04 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 1.32 Henry’s Law Co nstant (K H

): 1.98E

- 06 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 28 %EPA

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45 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Oxyfluorfen CAS: 42874

- 03 -3

B ackground & Use

•

•

• A substituted diphenyl ether U sed as a herbicide Names & Synonyms: goal; koltar; 2 -chloro-4-trifluoromethyl- 3' -ethoxy- 4' -nitrodiphenyl ether

Health Effects

•

• Hum an Health Benchmark for Pes ticides (HHBP) = 210 μg/L (Non-C ancer)

o 2002 OPP Risk Assessment

o

o

o

o Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Liver toxicity Cancer Class = C (Possible human carcinogen) Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.030 mg/kg

- d ay No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 3.0 mg/kg

- d ay; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 100 Sensitive populations: Individuals with pre-existing liver conditions

Occurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o

o Pestic ide Data Program (PDP), 2003

- 2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites sampled Pilot Monitoring Program (PMP) , 1999: Not detected in any of the 221 samples taken Ambient Water

o

o

o PDP, 2003

- 2009: Not detected at any of the 6 sites sampled PMP , 1999: Not detected in any of the 317 samples taken EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Detected at 86 out of 166 sites; Maximum d etect (0.86 μg/L) < HRL (21 0 μg/L) Production, Release and Usage

•

•

• OP P Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 200 6e)

o Approximately 761,000 pounds on average used annually between 1990 and 1999; usage increasing N ational Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 705,255 pounds of active ingredient used across 37 states in 1997 C hemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006EPA

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46 • Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o 5 pounds released in 2 states in 2004 2,503 pounds released in 1 state in 2010

P ersistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

• Persistent in the environment (biodegrades sometimes/ persistent ) Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on physical and chemical properties Water Solubility: 0.116 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 46,800 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 4.73 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 8.23 E- 07 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 4%EPA

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47 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Perm ethrin CAS: 52645

- 53 -1

B ackground & Use

•

•

• P ermethrin is a substituted diphenyl ether U sed as an insecticide Names & Synonyms: ambush; corsair; dragnet; ectiban; kafil; permasect; perthrine; pramex; stomoxin

Health Effects

•

•

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 3.65 μg/L (Cancer) 16

o

o

o 2009 OPP Risk Assessment Cancer Class = L (Likely to be carcinogenic to humans) Slope Factor = 0.0096 (mg/kg

- d ay) -1 CCL 4 HRL: 1,750 μg/L (Non -C ancer)

o

o

o

o 2009 OPP Risk Assessment Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Neurological effects Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.25 mg/kg -da y No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 25 mg/kg

- d ay; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 100 Sensitive populations: None identified

Occurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o

o California Drinking Water Monitoring Data, 1995

- 2007: Not detected at any of the 35 public water systems (PWSs) sampled USGS/California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program , 2004

- 2011: Not detected at any of the 1,828 sites sampled ( California SWRCB , 2012) Ambient Water

o EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Detected at 1 out of 722 sites; Detection (0.348 μg/L) < HRL (3.65 μg/L)

16 The Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides ( HHBP ) for this contaminant is rounded and provides a cancer risk range of 10 -6 to 10 -4 (4 -4 00 μg/L).EPA

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48 Production, Release and Usage

•

•

•

• OP P Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 2007 b)

o Approximately 2 million pounds used annually N ational Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 1,066,056 pounds of active ingredient used across 48 states in 1997 C hemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o No production data availabl e in 2002 or 2006 T oxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o 17,979 pounds released in 7 states in 2004 2,116 pounds released in 5 states in 2010
Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

• M ay or may not be persistent in the environment (biodegrades fast; biodegrades sometimes/ persistent – degradation rate depends on environmental conditions (i.e., aerobic vs. anaerobic); cis -permethrin and trans

- permethrin degrade at different rates ) Ex pected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on physical and chemical properties W ater Solubility: 0.006 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 178,000 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 6.5 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 1.87 E- 06 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 6%EPA

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49 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Profenofos CAS: 41198

- 08 -7

Ba ckground & Use

•

•

• Phosphorothioate pesticide Applied as an insecticide and an acaricide Names & Synonyms: curacron; polycron; selecron

Health Effects

•

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL) : 0.35 μg/L (Non

- Cancer) 17

o

o

o

o 2006 OPP Risk Assessment Non

- C ancer Critical Effect = Plasma and RBC cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.00005 mg/kg

- day N o Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 0.005 mg/ kg

- day ; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 100 Sensitive populations: None identified

Occurrence in Water

•

• Finished Water

o

o Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003

- 2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites sampled Pilot Monitoring Program (PMP) , 1999: Not detected in any of the 221 samples taken Ambient Water

o

o

o PDP, 2003

- 2009: Not detected at any of the 6 sites sampled PMP , 1999: Not detected in any of the 317 samples t aken EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Not detected at any of the 307 sites sampled Production, Release and Usage

•

•

• OPP Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 2006 f)

o Approximately 775,000 pounds used annually National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 879,776 pounds of active ingredient used across 14 states in 1997 Chemic al Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006

17 The Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides ( HHBP) for this contaminant has been rounded to 0.4 μg/L.EPA

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50 • T oxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o 255 pounds released in 1 state in 2004 No release data available in 2010
Persistence & Mobility

• P ersistent in the environment (biodegrades sometimes/persistent)

•

•

•

•

•

• Ex pected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on most of the presented physical and chemical properties ; although the Henry’s Law c onstant suggests that it may be very mobile in water (i.e., partition predominantly to water as opposed to air) W ater Solubility: 28 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 869

- 3,162 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 4.68 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 2.21E

- 08 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Wate r in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 13 %EPA

- OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815 -B- 15

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51 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Quinoline CAS: 91

- 22 -5

B ackground & Use

•

•

• F used aromatic amine U sed as a pharmaceutical (anti

- malarial) and flavoring agent, also produced as a chemical intermediate Names & Synonyms: 1

- azanaphthalene ; 1-benzazine; benzopyridine; chinolin; leucol

Health Effects

•

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 0.01 μg/L (Cancer)

o

o

o 2001 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Risk Assessment Cancer Class = L (Likely to be carcinogenic to humans) Slope Factor = 3 (mg/kg

- day) -1 Sensitive populations: None identified

Occurrence in Water

• N o data available for occurrence in water

P roduction, Release and Usage

• C hemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 18

o

o 10-500K pounds produced in 2002 1- <10M pounds produced in 2006

• T oxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o 28,629 pounds released in 8 states in 2004 15,789 pounds released in 9 states in 2010
Persistence & Mobility

• N ot persistent in the environment (biodegrades fast with acclimation)

18 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 and 2006.EPA

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52 •

•

•

•

•

• Ex pected to be moderately mobile in water, based on most of the presented physical and chemical properties ; although the o rganic carbon partitioning c oefficient suggests that it may be not very mobile in water and the water solubility suggest s that it may be very mobile in water W ater Solubility: 6,110 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 1,837 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 2.03 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 1.67E

- 06 atm

- m3/mol Percent in Water in a Water/Ai r/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 24 %EPA

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53 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Tebuconazole

CAS: 107534

- 96 -3

B ackground & Use

•

•

• A substituted triazole pesticide U sed as a fungicide Names & Synonyms: folicur; terbutrazole; ethyltrianol; fenetrazole

Health Effects

• CCL 4 Health Refere nce Level (HRL): 210 μg/L (Non -C ancer) 19

o

o

o

o

o 2011 OPP Risk Assessment Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Decreased body weights, absolute brain weights, brain measurements and motor activity in offspring Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.03 mg/kg -day Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) = 8.8 mg/kg

- d ay; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 300 Cancer Class = C ( P ossible human carcinogen)

• S ensitive populations: Infants and children

O ccurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003

- 2009: Detected at 4 out of 13 sites (median = 0.01 μg/L); Maximum detect (0.15 μg/L) < HRL ( 210 μg/L) A mbient Water

o

o PDP, 2003

- 2009: Detected at 3 out of 7 sites (median = 0.0103 μg/L); Maximum detect (0.068 μg/L) < HRL (210 μg/L) EPA’s Storage and Retrieva l (STORET) Data: No t detected at any of the 21 sites sampled Production, Release and Usage

• N ational Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 478,568 pounds of active ingredient used across 16 states in 1997

•

• C hemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR)

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006 T oxic Release Inventory (TRI)

19 The Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides ( HHBP) for this contaminant uses the same critical study but has a heath value of 203 μg/L due to using an unrounded RfD of 0.029 mg/kg

- day.EPA

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54 o No release data available in 2004 or 2010
Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

• Persistent in the environment (biodegrades sometimes/ persistent ) Expected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on most of the presented physical and chemical properties , although the percent in w ater in a water/a ir/ soil/s ediment
s ystem suggests that it may be not very mobile in water Water Solubility: 36 mg/ L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient data for tebuconazole are not available in the sources listed in Appendix C Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 3.7 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 1.45 E- 10 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 9%EPA

- OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815 -B- 15

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55 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Information Sheet Tribufos CAS: 78

- 48 -8

B ackground & Use

•

•

• A lkylated phosphorotrithioate pesticide U sed as an insecticide and cotton defoliant Names & Synonyms: butifos; butiphos; butyl phosphorotrithioate; tribuphos; tribufate

Health Effects

•

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 7 μg/L (Non

- Cancer)

o

o

o

o 2006 OPP Risk Assessment Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Plasma cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.001 mg/kg

- d ay No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 0.1 mg/ kg

- d ay; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 100 Sensitive populations: None identified

Occurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o

o Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003

- 2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites sampled Pilot Monitoring Program (PMP) , 1999: Not detected in any of the 221 samples taken Ambient Water

o

o

o PDP, 2003

- 2009: Not detected at any of the 6 sites sampled PMP , 1999: Not detected in any of the 317 samples taken EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Not detected at an y of the 70 sites sampled Production, Release and Usage

•

•

• OP P Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 2006 g)

o Approximately 4.5 million pounds used annually N ational Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Data base

o 4,918,265 pounds of active ingredient used across 16 states in 1997 C hemical Update System /Inventory Update Reporting (CUS/IUR) 20

o 10-500K pounds produced in 2002

20 Due to changes in reporting requirements, categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 and 2006.EPA

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56 o <500K pounds produced in 2006

• Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o

o 7 pounds released in 1 state in 2004 9 pounds released in 2 states in 2010

P ersistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

• Not persistent in the environment (biodegrades fast) Expected to be not very mobile to moderately mobile in water, based on physical and chemical properties Water Solubility: 2.3 mg/L Or ganic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 1,888 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 5.7 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 2.94 E- 07 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 26 %EPA

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57 

## UCMR 4 Candidate Analyte Informatio n Sheet Vinclozolin CAS: 50471

- 44 -8

B ackground & Use

•

•

• O xazolidine pesticide A pplied as a fungicide Names & Synonyms: r onilan; vinclozoline

Health Effects

• CCL 4 Health Reference Level (HRL): 84 μg/L (Non

- Cancer)

o

o

o

o 2000 OPP Risk Assessment Non

- Cancer Critical Effect = Lesions in the lungs, liver, ovaries and eye Reference Dose (RfD) = 0.012 mg/kg

- d ay No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) = 1.2 mg/ kg

- d ay; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 100

• S ensitive populations: Fetuses, neonates, and adolescents during puberty could be a sensitive population

O ccurrence in Water

•

• F inished Water

o Pesticide Data Program (PDP), 2003

- 2009: Not detected at any of the 13 sites sampled A mbient Water

o

o PDP, 2003

- 2009: Not detected at any of the 6 sites sampled EPA’s Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data: Not detected at any of the 491 sites sampled Production, Release and Usage

• OP P Reregistration Eligibility Document (RED) Estimated Usage (USEPA, 2000)

o Approximately 141 ,000 pounds used in 2000; expected to drop to 71,000 pounds pe r year after the phase

- out of several uses was completed in 2004

•

•

• N ational Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) Pesticide Use Database

o 121,959 pounds of active ingredient used across 26 states in 1997 C hemical Update System /Inventory Update Repor ting (CUS/IUR)

o No production data available in 2002 or 2006 T oxic Release Inventory (TRI)

o No release data available in 2004 or 2010EPA

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58 Persistence & Mobility

•

•

•

•

•

•

• P ersistent in the environment (biodegrades sometimes/persistent) Ex pected to be moderately mobile to very mobile in water, based on most of the presented physical and chemical properties , although the percent in w ater in a w ater/ a ir/ s oil/ s ediment
s ystem suggests that it may be not very mobile in water Water Solubility: 2.6 mg/L Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K oc ): 289 L/kg Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

): 3.1 Henry’s Law Constant (K H

): 1.33 E- 08 atm -m 3 /mol Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%): 14%EPA

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59 

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63 Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicit y (PBT) Profiler. 2009. Available on the Internet at http://www.pbtprofiler.net/

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64 USEPA. Storage and Retrieval (STORET) Data Warehouse. Available on the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/storet/index.html

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- 18, 2001. Available on the Internet at http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/ucmr/up load/2005_08_12_ucmr_meeting_ucmr1_ may2001.pdf

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. US EPA

. 2006a. 2006 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. EPA 822 -R06

- 01 3. Office of Water. Available on the Internet at http://water.epa.gov/action/advisories/drinking/upload/2009_04_27_criteria_drinking_dwstandar ds.pdf

. USEPA. 200 6b

. Interim R eregistration E ligibility D ecision (IRED) for D isulfoton . Office of Pesticide Programs

. Available on the Internet at http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=chemicalsearch:1

. USEPA. 2006 c
. Reregistration E ligibility De cision ( RED ) f or E thoprop

. EPA 738 -R- 06

- 018. Office of Pesticide Programs . Available on the I nternet at http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=chemicalsearch:1

. USEPA. 2006 d . National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule; Final Rule. Federal Register . Vol. 71, No. 3, p. 388, January 4, 2006.EPA

- OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815 -B- 15

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65 USEPA. 200 6e

. Reregistration E ligibility D ecision (RED) for O xyfluorfen

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. Drinking Water Health A dvisory for the Cyanobacterial Microcystin T oxins . 820R15100. June 15, 2015. Available on the Internet at http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015- 06/documents/microcystins- report

- 2015.pdf

. USEPA. 2015c. Health Effects Support Document for the Cyanobacterial T oxin A natoxin -a . 820R15104. June 15, 2015. Available on the Internet at http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015- 06/documents/anatoxin-a- report

- 2015.pdf

. USEPA. 2015 d

. Drinking Water Health A dvisory for the Cyanobact erial Toxin C ylindrospermopsin

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- 005 November 201 5

66 http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-06/documents/cylindrospermopsin- report

2015.pdf

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. 820R15103 . June 15, 2015. Available on the Internet athttp://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-06/documents/cylindrospermopsin-supportreport

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. Vaerewijck, M. J. M., G. Huys, J. C. Palomino, J. Swings and F. Portaels. 2005. Mycobacteria in d rinking w ater distribution s ystems: ecology and s ignificance for human h ealth. FEMS Microbiology Reviews , 29: 911

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. Nitrification in Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Factors Affecting Occurrence. In: Comprehensive Water Quality and Purification, vol. 2 , Ahuja S. (ed.), pp. 283- 294. United States of America: Elsevier.
Wahman , D.G. , G.E. Speitel Jr., and M.V. Machavaram . 2014. A proposed abiotic reaction scheme for hydroxylamine and monochloramine under chloramination relevant drinking water conditions

. Water Research , 60: pp. 218

- 227. Walton, G. 1951. Survey of literature relating to infant methemoglobinemia due to nitrate

contaminated water. Am. J. Public Health , 41(8 Pt 1): pp. 986

- 996. Washington State Department of Ecology (WDSE). 2012. Freshwater Algae Control P rogram
. Accessed December 12, 2012

. Available on the Internet at http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/algae/index.html

. World Health Organization (WHO) . 1999. Kuiper -Goodman, T., I. Falconer and J. Fitzgerald. Human health aspects

. Chapter 4 . In T oxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to their P ublic Health
c onsequences, M onitoring and M anagement . Chorus , I. and Bartram , J. (Eds.) . WHO, Geneva.
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.EPA

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A- 1 

## Appendix A: UCMR 4 Prioritization ProcessEPA

- OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815 -B- 15

- 005 November 201 5

B- 1 

## Appendix B: List of Contaminants Considered for Inclusion on UCMR 4

CAS Contaminant Draft CCL 4 1 UCMR 1 2 UCMR 2 3 UCMR 3 4 Proposed UCMR 4 Reason for exclusion from the UCMR 4 proposal 7
630

- 20

- 6 1,1,1,2

- Tetrachloroethane x A 75

- 34

- 3 1,1

- Dichloroethane x AM 5 D 96

- 18

- 4 1,2,3

- Trichloropropane x AM D 106

- 99

- 0 1,3

- Butadiene x AM D 123

- 91

- 1 1,4

- Dioxane x AM D 57

- 91

- 0 17

- α

- Estradiol x B 57

- 63 -6 17

- α

- Ethynylestradiol x SS 6 D 50

- 28 -2 17

- β -Estradiol x SS D 71

- 36

- 3 1

- Butanol x x 109

- 86

- 4 2

- Methoxyethanol x x 107

- 18

- 6 2

- Propen

- 1

- ol x x 16655

- 82

- 6 3

- Hydroxycarbofuran x A 101

- 77

- 9 4,4'

- Methylenedianiline x B 62

- 53

- 3 Acephate x A 75

- 07

- 0 Acetaldehyde x A 60

- 35 -5 Acetamide x B 34256

- 82 -1 Acetochlor x AM SS C 187022

- 11 -3 Acetochlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) x SS C 184992

- 44

- 4 Acetochlor oxanilic acid (OA) x SS C 107

- 02

- 8 Acrolein x B 142363

- 53

- 9 Alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) x SS C 171262

- 17

- 2 Alachlor oxanilic acid (OA) x SS C 319

- 84

- 6 alpha

- Hexachlorocyclohexane x x 7664

- 41

- 7 Ammonia A, E 64285

- 06

- 9 Anatoxin

- a x x 62

- 53 -3 Aniline x BEPA

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B- 2 CAS Contaminant Draft CCL 4 1 UCMR 1 2 UCMR 2 3 UCMR 3 4 Proposed UCMR 4 Reason for exclusion from the UCMR 4 proposal 7
741

- 58

- 2 Bensulide x A 100

- 44

- 7 Benzyl chloride x B 93

- 54 -9 Bromochloromethane (Halon 1011) x AM D 51481

- 61 -9 Bromomethane (Methyl bromide) x AM D 25013

- 16 -5 Butylated hydroxyanisole x x 133

- 06

- 2 Captan x B 14866

- 68

- 3 Chlorate x AM D 90045

- 46

- 8 Chlorodifluoromethane (Freon 22) (HCFC

- 22) x AM D 74

- 87

- 3 Chloromethane (Methyl chloride) x AM D 2921

- 88

- 2 Chlorpyrifos x 110429

- 62

- 4 Clethodim x B 7440

- 48

- 4 Cobalt x AM D 80

- 15

- 9 Cumene hydroperoxide x B 143545

- 90 -8 Cylindrospermopsin x x 141

- 66 -2 Dicrotophos x A 55290

- 64 -7 Dimethipin x x 298

- 04

- 4 Disulfoton x SS A, E 330

- 54

- 1 Diuron x SS A 517

- 09

- 9 Equilenin x B 474

- 86

- 2 Equilin x SS D 114

- 07

- 8 Erythromycin x A 50

- 27

- 1 Estriol x SS D 53

- 16

- 7 Estrone x SS D 13194

- 48 -4 Ethoprop x x 107

- 21 -1 Ethylene glycol x B 75

- 21

- 8 Ethylene oxide x B 96

- 45

- 7 Ethylene thiourea x A 22224

- 92

- 6 Fenamiphos x AEPA

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B- 3 CAS Contaminant Draft CCL 4 1 UCMR 1 2 UCMR 2 3 UCMR 3 4 Proposed UCMR 4 Reason for exclusion from the UCMR 4 proposal 7
50

- 00

- 0 Formaldehyde x A 7440

- 56

- 4 Germanium x x HAA5 x HAA6Br x HAA9 x 110

- 54

- 3 Hexane x B 51235

- 04

- 2 Hexazinone A, E 302

- 01

- 2 Hydrazine x B 7439

- 96

- 5 Manganese x x 72

- 33

- 3 Mestranol x B 10265

- 92

- 6 Methamidophos x A 67

- 56

- 1 Methanol x B 1634

- 04

- 4 Methyl tert

- butyl ether x AM A 51218

- 45 -2 Metolachlor x SS C 171118

- 09 -5 Metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) x SS C 152019

- 73 -3 Metolachlor oxanilic acid (OA) x SS C Microcystin (total) x 96180

- 79

- 9 Microcystin

- LA x 154037

- 70

- 4 Microcystin

- LF x x 101043

- 37

- 2 Microcystin

- LR x 123304

- 10

- 9 Microcystin

- LY x 111755

- 37

- 4 Microcystin

- RR x 101064

- 48

- 6 Microcystin

- YR x 2212

- 67 -1 Molinate x AM A 7439

- 98 -7 Molybdenum x AM D 98

- 95

- 3 Nitrobenzene x AM & SS A 55

- 63

- 0 Nitroglycerin x B 872

- 50

- 4 N

- Methyl

- 2

- pyrrolidone x BEPA

- OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815 -B- 15

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B- 4 CAS Contaminant Draft CCL 4 1 UCMR 1 2 UCMR 2 3 UCMR 3 4 Proposed UCMR 4 Reason for exclusion from the UCMR 4 proposal 7
55

- 18

- 5 N

- nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) x SS C 62

- 75

- 9 N

- nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) x SS C 621

- 64 -7 N- nitroso

- di -n- propylamine (NDPA) x SS C 86

- 30 -6 N- nitrosodiphenylamine x B 930

- 55 -2 N- nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) x SS C 118399

- 22

- 7 Nodularin x 25154

- 52

- 3 Nonylphenol x B 68

- 22

- 4 Norethindrone x B 103

- 65

- 1 n

- Propylbenzene x A 95

- 53

- 4 o

- Toluidine X x 75

- 56

- 9 Oxirane, methyl

- X B 301

- 12

- 2 Oxydemeton

- methyl X A 42874

- 03

- 3 Oxyfluorfen X x 1763

- 23 -1 Perfluorooctanesulfonic (PFOS) X AM D 335

- 67 -1 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) X AM D 52645

- 53 -1 Permethrin (cis - and trans -) X x 41198

- 08

- 7 Profenofos X x 91

- 22

- 5 Quinoline X x 121

- 82

- 4 RDX (Hexahydro

- 1,3,5

- trinitro

- 1,3,5

- triazine) X AM C 135

- 98

- 8 sec

- Butylbenzene X A 107534

- 96

- 3 Tebuconazole X x 112410

- 23

- 8 Tebufenozide X A 13494

- 80

- 9 Tellurium X A 59669

- 26 -0 Thiodicarb X B 23564

- 05 -8 Thiophanate -methyl X B 26471

- 62

- 5 Toluene diisocyanate X B 78

- 48

- 8 Tribufos X x 121

- 44

- 8 Triethylamine X BEPA

- OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815 -B- 15

- 005 November 201 5

B- 5 CAS Contaminant Draft CCL 4 1 UCMR 1 2 UCMR 2 3 UCMR 3 4 Proposed UCMR 4 Reason for exclusion from the UCMR 4 proposal 7
76

- 87

- 9 Triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) X B 51

- 79

- 6 Urethane X B 7440

- 62 -2 Vanadium X AM D 50471

- 44 -8 Vinclozolin X A, E 137

- 30 -4 Ziram X B

1 USEPA. 2015. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 4

- Draft; Notice. Federal Register . February 4, 2015. Vol. 80, No. 23, p. 6076. (Note: The draft C CL 4 contains 100 chemicals or chemical groups. Appendix B contains 102 draft CCL 4 contaminants because the cyan o toxins are counted individually not as a group.) 2 USEPA. 1999. Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation for Public Water Systems; Final Rule. Federal Register . Septemb er 17, 1999. Vol. 64, No. 180, p. 50556. 3 USEPA. 2007. Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR) for Public Water Systems Revisions; Final Rule. Federal Register . January 4, 2007. Vol. 72, No. 2, p. 368. 4 USEPA. 2012. Revisions to the Unregula ted Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR 3) for Public Water Systems; Final Rule. Federal Register . May 2, 2012. Vol. 77, No. 85, p. 26071. 5 SS = Screening Survey (List 2); includes contaminants measured using specialized analytical method technologies not commonly used by drinking water laboratories. 6 AM = Assessment Monitoring (List 1); includes contaminants measured with common analytical method technologies used by drinking water laboratories. 7 A = Lower priority than the proposed 30 UCMR 4 contam inants

B = No validated drinking water method available in time for rulemaking C = Listed on UCMR 2 D = Listed on UCMR 3 E = Taking pu blic comment

Microbe Draft CCL 4 1 UCMR 3 2 (PST) 3 Existing Rules 4 Reason for exclusion from the UCMR 4 proposal Adenovirus x Surface Water Treatment Rules Method will not be ready for UCMR 4 proposal Campylobacter jejuni x Very low occurrence expected
Enterovirus x x Surface Water Treatment Rules On UCMR 3

Escherichia coli (O157) x Very low occurrence expectedEPA

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- 005 November 201 5

B- 6 Microbe Draft CCL 4 1 UCMR 3 2 (PST) 3 Existing Rules 4 Reason for exclusion from the UCMR 4 proposal Helicobacter pylori x Method will not be ready for UCMR 4 proposal Hepatitis A virus x Surface Water Treatment Rules No recent outbreaks, vaccines are available , not expected to be a drinking water public health concern Legionella pneumophila x Surface Water Treatment Rules Method will not be ready for UCMR 4 proposal , t hought to be largely a premise plumbing issue , t aking public comment Mycobacterium avium x Method will not be ready for UCMR 4 proposal , t aking public comment Naegleria fowleri x Regional /localized occurrence, method will not be ready for UCMR 4 proposal Norovirus (listed as Caliciviruses on CCL) x x Surface Water Treatment Rules On UCMR 3

Salmonella enterica x Very low occurrence expected Shigella sonnei x Very low occurrence expected

1 USEPA. 2015. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 4

- Draft; Notice. Federal Register . Vol. 80, No. 23, p. 6076 , February 4, 2015

. 2 USEPA. 2012. Revisions to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR 3) for Public Water Systems; Final Rule. Federal Register . Vol. 77, No. 85, p. 26071 , May 2, 2012. 3 PST = Pre

- Screen Testing (List 3 ). 4 USEPA. 1989. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Filtration, Disinfection; Turbidity, Giardia Lamblia, Viruses, Legionella, and Heterotrophic Bact eria; Final Rule. Part II. Federal Register

. Vol. 54, No. 124. p. 27486, June 29, 1989. USEPA. 1998. Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment; Final Rule. Federal Register . Vol. 63, No 241. p. 69478, December 16, 1998. USEPA. 2002. Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR) ; Final Rule. Federal Register . Vol. 67, No. 9. p. 1813. January 14, 2002. USEPA. 2006. Long Te rm 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) ; Final Rule. Federal Register

. Vol. 71, No. 3. p. 654, January 5, 2006. USEPA. 2001. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR)

. Federal Register . Vol. 66, No. 11 1 p. 31086, June 8, 2001

.EPA

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- 005 November 2015

C- 1 

## Appendix C: Data Sources Reviewed

I. Health Effects Data Sources 1. O ffice of Water http://water.epa.gov/drink/standards/hascience.cfm Drinking water and health advisory summary ta bles are prepared periodically to provide technical guidance to our Regional Offices, State governments and other public health officials on health effects, ana lytical methodologies and treatment technologies associated with drinking water contamination. They contain drinking water standards in the form of
non- regulatory concentrations of drinking water contaminants, Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs), or re gulatory Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). MCLs are the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water delivered to users of a public water system (PWS) . Health Advisories (HAs) provide information on unregulated contaminants that can cause human hea lth effects and are known or anticipated to occur in d rinking water. HAs that are based on non- cancer health effects are presented as guidance values for different durations of exposure (e.g., one- day, ten

- day and lifetime). EPA also provides risk assessment managers with the drinking water cancer risk lev el (10 -4 cancer risk) , if available, to determine which value provides a more meaningful basis for scenario

- specific risk reduction. Health Effect Support Documents (HESD) are developed for drinking water contaminants to provide information so preliminary decisions can be made as to whether the contaminant is a significant health threat via drinking water exposure and whether sufficient data exists to perform quantitative risk assessments. The drinking water Contaminant Candidate List ( CCL ) ( http://www2.epa.gov/ccl/basic

information- ccl -and- regulatory

- determination ) is a list of contaminants that are c urrently not subject to any proposed or promulgated national primary drinking water regulations, but are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems. Contaminants listed on the CCL may require future regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act ( SDWA). The SDWA requires EPA to publish the CCL every five years and directs the Agency to consider the health effects and occurrence information for unregulated contaminants as the Agency makes decisions to place contaminants on the list. The SDWA further specifies that the Agency place those contaminants on the list that present the greatest public health concern related to exposure from drinking water. EPA uses the CCL to identify priority contaminants for regulatory decision making and information collection. Additional information on the CCL 3 list of contaminants and contaminant information sheets can be found at http://www2.epa.gov/ccl/ccl -3-support-documen ts

- final

- ccl -3-and-other-documents and for the draft CCL 4 , additional information can be found at http://www2.epa.gov/ccl/draftcontaminant- candidate

- list -4- ccl -4

. 

### 2. O ffice of Pesticide Programs (OPP) http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=chemicalsearch:1 EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) publishes health effects data in a variety of sources, i ncluding Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Documents and Health Assessments. "When EPA completes the review and risk management decision for a pesticide that is subject to reregistration (i.e., one initially registered before November 1984),EPA

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- 2 EPA ge nerally issues a RED document. The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S." There are currently REDs for over 176 pesticides. Two other typ es of documents

– the Interim RED (IRED) and Tolerance RED (TRED) may also be issued. The IRED is issued when a pesticide is undergoing reregistration, requires a reregistration eligibility decision and also needs a cumulative assessment. A TRED may be iss ued if no changes in the tolerances for a pesticide are required as a result of EPA's review EPA has also developed human health benchmarks (HHBPs) for approximately 363 pesticides to enable states, tribes, water systems, the public and other stakeholders to better determine whether the detection of a pesticide in drinking water or source waters for drinking water may indicate a potential health risk. The HHBP table includes pesticide active ingredients for which HAs or enforceable National Primary Drinkin g Water Regulations (NPDWRs) (e.g., MCLs ) have not been devel oped

. http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=HHBP:home for additional information. 

### 3. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System ( IRIS ) Program is a human health assessment program that evaluates quantitative and qualitative risk information on effects that may result from exposure to chemical substances found in the environment. Through the IRIS Program, EPA provides the highest quality science

- based human hea lth assessments to support the A gency’s regulatory activities. The IRIS database contains information for more than 550 chemical substances that can be used to support the first two steps (hazard identification and dose

- response eval uation) of the risk assessment process. When supported by available data, IRIS provides toxicity values and qualitative information for chronic cancer and noncance r health effects. Government and private entities use IRIS by combining IRIS toxicity values with specific exposure information to help characterize public health risks of chemical substances and thereby support risk management decisions designed to protect public health. 

### 4. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/az/a.html By Congressional mandate, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) produces "toxicological profiles" for hazardous substances found at National Priorities List (NPL) sit es. These hazardous substances are ranked based on frequency of oc currence at NPL sites, toxicity and potential for human exposure. Toxicological profiles are developed from a priority list of 275 substances. ATSDR also prepares toxicological profiles for the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy (DOE) on substances related to federal sites. So far, 172 toxicological profiles have been published or are under development as "final" or "drafts for public comment ." 

### 5. C alifornia Office of Envir onmental Health and Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/cancer_guide/TSD2.html The Toxicity Criteria Database from California EPA Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment ( OEHHA ) contains information on over 260 chemicals. The database reports information that includes the following: cancer potency information (oral/inhalation slope factors), chronic and acute Reference Exposure Levels (RELs), California PublicEPA

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C- 3 Health Goals (CPHG), California Proposition 65 No Significant Risk Levels (NSRLs) and Maximum Allowable Daily Levels (MADLs).The “Technical Support Document for Describing Available Cancer Potency Factors (TSD)” contains cancer unit risks and potency facto rs for 121 of the 201 carcinogenic substances or groups of substances for which emissions must be quantified in the Air Toxics Hot Spots program. The purpose of this document is to provide a summary of the data supporting the carcinogenic potential of the substance or group of substances and to provide the calculation procedure used to derive the estimated unit risk and cancer potency factors. 

### 6. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS) http://rais.ornl.gov/ This database of chemical

- specific toxicity values contains the human health toxicological information needed to perform risk evaluations and assessments. This database contains toxicity information taken from the EPA ’s Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), the He alth Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST) and other sources. In this database, all information is referenced. Additionally, the database contains supplemental information which clarifies some issues. The database of chemical

- specific toxicity metadata contains values needed in human health toxicity assessments. This database contains information taken from IRIS and HEAST which are referenced. If a user needs additional information about the application or contents of this database, please contact RAIS

. 

### 7. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS ® 

### ) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/RTECSaccess.html The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS ® ) is a database of toxico logical information compiled, maintained and updated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . The program is mandated by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. The original edition, known as the "Toxic Substances List, " was published on June 28, 1971, and included toxicologic al data for approximately 5,000 chemicals. Since that time, the list has continuously grown and been updated, and its name changed to the current title, "Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances." As of May 2003, the last update of the database by NI OSH, RTECS ® contained 156,485 chemicals as N IOSH strived to fulfill the mandate to list , "all known toxic substances... and the concentrations at which... toxicity is known to occur." RTECS ® is a compendium of data extracted from the open scientific literature. The data are recorded in the format developed by the RTECS ® staff and arranged in alphabetical order by prime chemical name. No attempt has been made to evaluate the studies cited in RTECS ® . The user has the responsibility of making such assessments. RTE CS ® provides: access to toxicity information for 156,485 chemicals; identification of six types of toxicity data including: primary irritation, mutagenic effects, reproductive effects, tumorigenic effects, acute toxicity, other multiple dose toxicity; and includes specific numeric toxicity value s and identification of species studied and route of administration used. Each data line lists the bibliographic source to indicate actual studies cited. 

### 8. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) Toxicological evaluations of food additives and contaminants and of residues of veterinary drugs in food, produced by the Joint World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (WHO/FAO) Expert Committee on Food Additives JECFA, are used by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and national governments to setEPA

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- 4 international food standards and safe levels for protection of the consumer. The monographs provide the toxicological information upon which the JECFA makes its evaluations . These monographs are prepared by scientific experts and peer reviewed at the JECFA meetings

. 

### 9. Center for Disease Control (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm The most relevant portion of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) for screening potential drinking water contaminants is the National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (NRHEEC). Biomonitoring data include measurements of 27 chemicals, including pesticides (e.g., phthalates and organophosphates) and other prevalent chemicals (such as lead and beryllium) in either the blood or urine of a small but national sample of the U.S. population. Several databases and journal articles describing other studies (e.g., h igh bloo d pressure, immunization status and nutritional blood measures) conducted under NHANES III are available. The NHANES Volatile Organic Compound ( VOC ) database contains relevant data for over 40 chemicals. Also useful for occurrence and health effect s for contaminant screening may be the General Mortality tables. These tables include the causes of death for all age groups in the United States and include waterborne disease outbreaks

. 

### II. Occurrence Data and Information Sources 1. Finished Water Data for Chem icals A. Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/ucmr/ucmr3/ UCMR1: Monitoring occurred during 2001

- 2003 and included 25 chemical contaminants and 1 microbe . UCMR 2: Monitoring occurred during 2008

- 2010 and included 25
c hemical contaminants. UCMR 3: Monitoring occurred during 2013

- 2015 and included 2 8 chemical contaminants and two viruses

. B. Assessment Monitoring (AM) Designed to provi de nationally representative contaminant occurrence data. Conducted by all PWSs serving more than 10,000 people (a “census”), and a statistically designed national sample of 800 PWSs serving 10,000 or fewer people. Includes all 50 states, four Territories and Tribal lands. Monitoring is conducted during a continuous 12

- month period at each participating system

. C. Screening Surveys (SS) UCMR 1 SS monitoring was conducted by a statistically selected sample of 300 large and small PWSs. UCMR 1 SS monitoring was conducted for 13 chemicals for a 12

- month period during 2001 and 2002, and for one microbe in 2003. For UCMR 2 , SS monitoring included a census of all systems serving more than 100,000 (approximately 400 PWSs and the largest portion of the national population served by PWSs); a statistically selected national sample of 320 PWSs serving 10,001 to 100,000 people, and 480 PWSs serving 10,000 or fewer people. UCMR 2 SS monitoring was conducted for 15 contaminants for a 12

- month period during 200 8

- 2010. UCMR 3 employed the same SS design as that used in UCMR 2

. PWSs participating in UCMR 3 SS we re required to monitor for 7 contaminants during a 12

- month period from 2013

- 2015. D. Pre

- Screen Testing (PST) In UCMR 3 a representative sample of 800 non

- disinfecting ground water systems serving 1,000 or fewer retail customers, including community water systems (CWS s ),EPA

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- 5 non

- transient non

- community water sy s tems (NTNCWSs) and transient systems we re required to monitor for PST contaminants. Those PWSs we r e required to monitor for 2 viruses during a 12

- month period from 2013

- 2015. E. National Inorganics and Radionuclides Survey (NIRS) (1984

– 1986) Summary of these data are provided in tabular form at http://www.regul ations.gov Docket ID EPA

- HQ

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- 2007

- 1189

. The NIRS was designed and conducted by EPA specifically to provide data on the occurrence in ground water of a set of 42 radionuclides and inorganic chemicals (IOCs) being considered for NPDWRs. NIRS provides contaminant occurrence data from a statistical samp le comprised of 989 nationally representative CWSs served by ground water (located in 49 states and Puerto Rico ), that treat ground water for distribution. Samples were collected from the distribution system subsequent to treatment. Each of these randomly selected PWSs was sampled a single time between 1984 and 1986. F. Disinfection By

- Product Information Collection Rule (DBP

- ICR) Data (1997

– 1998) http://water.epa.gov/aboutow/ogwdw/icr.cfm T he Inform ation Collection Request ( ICR ) database contains research data on pathogens in drinking water sources (e.g., lakes, reservoirs, etc.), indicators of fecal contamination (e.g., Total Coliform, Feca l Coliform and E. coli ), amount of disinfectant and presence of disinfection byproducts (DBP) in treated drinking water and the effectiveness of certain treatment technologies. Pathogens covered i nclude Cryptosporidium , Giardia and viruses. DBPs covered include total trihalomethanes (including individual species), bromate, chlorite and haloacetic acids (including individual species of HAA9 for some systems). Under the DBP

- ICR, the DBP occurrence data were collected quarterly at the entry points to distribution systems as well as throughout distribution systems. Summ ary reports on microbial and DBP data at national, state and water system levels can be retrieved via the database. Data for the database w ere collected between 1997 and 1998. G. U.S. Department of Agriculture Pesticide Data Program ( USDA PDP) http://www.ams.usda.gov/datasets/pdp The USDA PDP has developed a national pesticide residue database. The PDP was initiated in 1991 to collect data on pesticide residues in food with sampling conducted on a statistically defensible representation of pesticide residuals in the United States food supply. Sampling and testing are conducted on fruits and vegetables, select grains, milk and (as of 2001) , drinking water. The PDP drinking water sampling program w as initiated at CWSs in New York and California in 2001. Since then, the drinking water sampling program has expanded, though the s tates where sampling occurs may differ from year to year. At one time or another, CWSs in 27 states and Washington, D.C. cont ributed raw and/or finished water data to the program. The sampling frame is designed to provide coverage in regions of interest for at least two years, to reflect the seasonal and climatic variability during growing seasons. PDP works with EPA and the Ame rican Water Works Association (AWWA) to identify specific water treatment facilities to be monitored. EPA reviews the PDP data on the occurrence of select contaminants in untreated and treated water. The CWSs selected for sampling tend to be small

- and med ium

- sized systems (primarily CWSs serving less than 50,000 persons), systems served by surface water and systems located in regions of heavy agriculture. TheEPA

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- 6 number of sites and samples has varied during different sampling periods. Sampling of untreated wa ter in addition to treated water began in 2004. H. United States Geological Survey (USGS) Pilot Monitoring Program (PMP) Initiated in 1999, the PMP provides information on pesticide concentrations in drinking water. This study focused on small drinking water supply reservoirs in areas with high pesticide use to test and refine the sampling approach in areas where pesticides are probably present. Sampling sites represent a variety of geographic regions, as well as different cropping patterns. These 12 sites wer e located in: California, Indiana, Ohio, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Missouri, South Carolina, South Dakota, New Yor k, North Carolina, Pennsylvania and Texas. Samples were collected quarterly throughout the year and at weekly or biweekly intervals following the p rimary pesticide

- application periods. Water samples were collected from the raw

- water intake and from the finished drinking

water tap prior to entering the distribution system. At some sites, samples were also collected at the reservoir outflow. 

### 2. Supplemental Drinking Water and Ambient Water Data for Chemicals A. National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/ The NAWQA database, maintained by USGS, describes the status and trends in the quality of the nation’s groundwater and surface water resources. USGS began its NAWQA program in 1991, systematically collecting chemical, biological and physical water quality data from 51 study units (basins) across the nation. This database may be useful for examining nationally representative pesticide and volatile organic compound ( VOC ) occurrence in ambient water and drinking water sources; however, the composition and pres entation of the data vary widely from region to region. NAWQA provides high

- quality, nationally representative data reviewed by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). B. National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants (NREC) http://toxics.usgs.gov/regional/emc.html This data set include s occurrence data collected by the USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program from 1999 to 2001 in sam ples from 142 streams, 55 wells and seven effluent samples from 36 stat es. The majority of the sites sampled were expected to be susceptible to emerging contaminants through the pathway of either animal or human wastewater. A smaller subset of the sites were located in settings where occurrence of emerging contaminants was pr edicted to be unlikely. A total of 94 target chemicals were measured, including 22 human and veterinary antibiotics, 13 prescription drugs, five nonprescription drugs, 39 industrial and household wastewater products (e.g., caffe ine and personal care produc ts) and 15 reproductive and steroidal hormones. Prior to the study completion, EPA analyzed a preliminary version of data provided by USGS. This review refers , in part, to the USGS Open File Report (02

- 94) available on the USGS website. This online report includes all the raw data from the stream sampling portion of the study. 

### 3. Production, Release, Usage and Other Data for Chemicals A. Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) http://iaspub.epa.gov/trie xplorer/tri_release.chemical The TRI contains information from almost 20,000 U.S. companies and government facilities that report their air, land and water releases of industrial chemicals and otherEPA

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- 7 waste management activities. TRI also contains some infor mation about source reduction efforts. This database’s information on releases to water is a valuable source of potential occurrence data for screening drinking water contaminants for the CCL. It includ es many categories of air, land and water release data for the years 1988 through 201 4 . As of 201 4 , the TRI toxic chemical list contains over 500 individually listed chemicals. B. National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) http://www.ncfap.org/pesticideuse.html The National Pesticide Use Database was created by the NCFAP in conjunction with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) . The National Pesticide Use Database compiles state and crop pesticide use data from publicly available reports and from surveys conducted by the National Agricultural Statistics Service. First

- issued in 1995, the NCFAP pesticide use database is widely used by governmental agencies, environmental groups and private industry. In November 20 00, NCFAP released an updated version of the national database which delineates the use of 220 active ingredients on 87 crops in the 48 contiguous states in 1997. Note: Although 1992 and 1997 are benchmark years for the database, the data for these years a re derived from use estimates made between 1990 to 1993 and 1994 to 1998, respectively. The NCFAP databases are more accurately described as circa 1992 and circa 1997. Users are advised to read the report Pesticide Use in U.S. Crop Production: 1997 that de scribes how the database was compiled and identifies the references that were used as the source for each record in the database. A detailed description of the internet files is also included in this report. C. REDs (Reregistration Eligibility Decisions) http://iaspub.epa.gov/apex/pesticides/f?p=chemicalsearch:1 In 2008, EPA completed a review of older pesticides (those initially registered prior to November 1984) under the Federal Inse cticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) to ensure that they met current scientific and regulatory standards. This process, called reregistration, enabled EPA to call in and review supporting scientific studies, complete human health and ecological risk assessments and develop risk mitigation measures as needed usin g current science, transparency and input from stakeholders and the public. EPA also reassessed existing tolerances (pesticide residue limits in food) to ensure that they met the safety st andard established by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996. EPA integrated reregistration and tolerance reassessment to most effectively accomplish the goals of both programs. When EPA completes its review of a pesticide for reregistration or tol erance reassessment, the A gency issues a risk management decision document known as a RED, an IRED, or a TRED. EPA publishes Notices of Availability in the Federal Register

. D. Chemical Update System/Inventory Update Reporting Program (CUS/IUR) http://www2.ep a.gov/chemical

- data

- reporting The CUS database contains confidential data reported by industry (approximately 1,200 companies) as a partial update of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

. Inventory. Data reported under the IUR rule were stored in the CUS database. Under the IUR, manufacturers and importers were required to report company information (e.g., plant site name, address and Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number) and chemical information (e.g., Chemical Abstracts Service ( CAS ) registry number, Premanufactures Number (PMN)/Bonafide/Test Marketing Exemption Application (TMEA) or ConfidentialEPA

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- 8 Chemicals Identification (CCID) System Assession Number and production volume) for chemicals they manufactured or imported in excess of 25,0 00 pounds (up from 10,000 pounds in 2002) in the previous fiscal year. The EPA released the 2006 IUR rule ( now called the Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) rule) information on more than 6,200 chemicals in commerce. Due to changes in production volume reportin g requirements , categorical binning of national production volumes changed between 2002 and 2006. The CUS database contains comprehensive use and exposure information on the most widely used chemicals in the United States. E. Persistent, Bioaccumulative and T oxic (PBT) Profiler http://www.pbtprofiler.net/default.asp The PBT Profiler was designed to be an easy to use, widely available, no

- cost tool to screen chemicals lacking experimental data in order to h elp identify pollution prevention (P2) opportunities. It is a continuation of the EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) P2 Assessment Framework ; a collection of screening models and methods to help promote the design, development and applica tion of safer chemicals and processes. The P2 Framework uses computerized methods, such as structure/activity relationships (SARs) and standard scenarios, to predict risk related data (physical/chemical properties, bioconcentration, environmental fate, car cinogenicity, toxicity to aquatic organisms, worker and general population exposure and other information) on chemicals lacking experimental data. The PBT Profiler arose from experience gained in the P2 Framework's outreach program, a vigorous set of initi atives by collaborators in the busine ss, government and academic sectors to promote the voluntary use of these tools to reduce pollution and highlight the potential economic benefits of informed environmental decision making. F. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi

- bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB HSDB is a toxicology data file on the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET®). It focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It is enhanced with in formation on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, and related areas. All data are referenced and derived from a core set of books, government documents, technical reports and select ed primary journal literature. HSDB is peer

reviewed by the Scientific Review Panel (SRP), a committee of experts in the major subject areas within the data bank's scope. HSDB is organized into individual chemical records, and contains over 4500 such recor ds. 

### 4. Outbreak Information for Microbes A. C enter for D isease C ontrol (CDC) and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/ Since 1971, the CDC , EPA and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for collecting and periodically reporting data related to occurrences and causes of Water Borne Disease Outbreaks (WBDOs). These reports from the CDC are published periodically in the MMWR. The summaries include data on outbreaks associated with drinking water, recreational water, water not intended for drinki ng (excluding recreational water) and water use of unknown intent. Public health agencies are responsible for investigatingEPA

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- 9 outbreaks and reporting them voluntarily to CDC using a standard form. Only data on outbreaks associated with drinking water, water not intended for drinking (excluding recreational water) and water use of unknown intent are summarized in this report. CDC and EPA acknowledge that the WBDOs reported in the surveillance system represent only a portion of the burden of illness associated with drinking water exposure. The surveillance information does not include endemi c waterborne disease risks.EPA

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## Appendix D : Health Effects Definitions Benchmark Dose Level (BMDL 10

) A dose or concentration that produces a predetermined change in response rate of an adverse effect (called the benchmark response or BMR) compared to background.
Cancer Classification: A descriptive weight -of-evidence judgment as to the likelihood that an agent is a human carcinogen and the conditions under which the carcinogenic effects may be expressed. Under the 2005 EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, Cancer Descriptors replace the earlier alpha numeri c Cancer Group designations (US EPA 1986 guidelines). The Cancer Descriptors in the 2005 EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Ri sk Assessment are as follows:

•

•

•

•

•

• C arcinogenic to humans (H) L

ikely to be carcinogenic to humans (L) Likely to be carcinogenic above a specified dose but not likely to be carcinogenic below that dose because a key event in tumor formation does not occur below that dose (L/N) Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential (S) Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential (I) Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans (N) Cancer Group : A qualitative weight -of-evidence judgment as to the likelihood that a chemical may be a carcinogen for humans. Each chemical was placed into one of the following six categories (U SEPA 1986 guidelines)

. Group Category A Human carcinogen B Probable human carcinogen: B1 Indicates limited human evidence B2 Indicates sufficien t evidence in animals and inadequate or no evidence in humans C Possible human carcinogen D Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity E Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans Health Advisory (HA): An estimate of acceptable drinking water levels for a chemical substance based on health effects information; a HA is not a federal regulatory standard, but serves as technical gu idance to assist federal, s tate and local officials

. CCL 4 Health Reference Level ( CCL 4 HRL): For a carcinogen, the CCL 4 HRL is cancer risk expressed as a drinking water concentration. For non- carcinogens, the CCL 4 HRL is equivalent to the lifetime health advisory value. The lifetime health advisory value is obtained by multiplying the RfD times 70 kg, dividing by a water i ntake of 2 L/day and multiplying by a 20% relative source contribution (unless there are data to suggest that the 20% is inappropriate). When determining the CCL 4 HRL for chemicals where the data elementEPA

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D- 2 used was a NOAEL or LOAEL value, application of an uncertainty factor to adjust the toxicity value to an RfD approxi mation was required

. Human Health Benchmark for Pesticides (HHBP) : Advisory values derived by applying the health effects data from pesticide registrations under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and tolerances under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) as amended by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), to the typical methods used for developing drinking water HAs under the Safe Drinking Water A ct (SDWA). Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL): The lowest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to cause harmful (adverse) health effects in people or animals. Lowest Oral Lethal Dose (LD 50

): A standard measurement of acute toxicity t hat is stated in milligrams (mg) of substance per kilogram (kg) of body weight. An LD 50 represents the individual dose required to kill 50 percent of a population of test animals (e.g., rats, fish,
m ice, cockroaches)

. Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG): A non-enforceable health benchmark goal which is set at a level at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons is expected to occur and which allows an adequate margin of safety.
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL): The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLG as feasible using the best available analytical and treatment technologies and taking cost into consideration. MCLs are enforceable standards. Minimal Risk Level (MRL): An Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) estimate of daily human exposure to a hazardous substance at or below which that substance is unlikely to pose a measurable risk of harmful (adverse), non- cancerous effects. MRLs are calculated fo r a route of exposure (inhalation or oral) over a specified time period (acute, inte rmediate, or chronic). No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL): The highest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to have no harmful (adverse) health effects on people or animals. Reference Dose (RfD): An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily oral exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleteriou s effe cts during a lifetime

. Slope Factor: An upper-bound estimate of risk per increment of dose that can be used to estimate risk probabilities for differe nt exposure levels. Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI):An estimate of the amount of a substance in food or drinkingwater, expressed on a body weight basis (mg/kg or μg/kg of body weight), that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk

.EPA

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- 3 Adapted from the following references: ATSDR. 2010. Glossary of Terms . Available on the Intern et at http:// www.atsdr.cdc.gov/glossary.html

. Accessed March 23, 2010. USEPA. 2005. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment . EPA 630

- P

- 03

- 001F. USEPA. 2009 a
. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Classification of the PCCL to CCL . Office of Water. EPA 815

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- 09

- 008. USEPA. 20 12

. 20 12 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories . Office of Water. EPA 822

- S

12

- 0 0 1. USEPA. 2014. Risk Assessment Glossary . Available on the Int ernet at http://www2.epa.gov/risk / . Accessed September 4, 2015.EPA

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## Appendix E : Calculating Candidate Contaminant List (CCL 4 ) Health Reference Levels (HRLs)

C CL 4 General Website: http://www2.epa.gov/ccl/draft-contaminant-candidate- list -4- ccl -4
Contaminant Information Sheets: http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014- 05/documents/final- ccl -3-contaminant-information-sheets.pdf
A Health Reference Level (HRL) is a health benchmark that the Ag ency uses in the Regulatory Determination process to assess occurrence information. HRLs are not final determinations about the level of a contaminant in drinking water that is necessary to protect any particular population (i.e., maximum contaminant level goal ( MCLG )) . Rather, it is a benchmark against which EPA compares the concentrations of a contaminant found in public water systems (PWSs) to determine if it is present at levels of public health concern. The HRL for a carcinogen with a linear response to dose is the one- in -one- million extra risk concentration in water, while that for noncancer effects, or a tumor response with a non- linear response to dose, is derived from an oral reference dose (RfD), or RfD- estimate, using a 70 kg adult body weight, a 2 L/day drink ing water intake and a 20% relative source contribution. RfD estimates can be RfD

- like values from agencies other than EPA, or derived from a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) or Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) by applying default
uncer tainty factors of 1,000 for a NOAEL or 3,000 for a LOAEL. Further details about HRLs in the CCL process are included in the support document from the CCL 3 docket (USEPA, 2009a ). The 1996 SDWA Amendments require special consideration of all sensitive populations and lifestages (e.g., infants, children, pregnant women, elderly and individuals with a history of chronic illness) in the development of drinking water regulations. If appropriate and available, the A gency takes into account data from sensitive populations and life stages when developing HRLs. The derivation of HRLs for carcinogens and non- carcinogens are shown below.

Non

- Cancer CCL 4 HRL (mg/L) = [(RfD x BW)/DWI] x RSC] Where:

•

•

•

• R fD = Reference Dose (mg/kg

- day)

−

− R fD = Point of Departure (POD) ÷ Uncertainty Factors (UF) P OD = the dose (e.g., NOAEL or LOAEL) BW = Body Weight for an adult, assumed to be 70 kilograms (kg) DWI = Drinking Water Intake for an adult, assumed to be 2 L/day (90 th percentile) RSC = 20% Relative Source Contribution, assumed to be the level of exposure from drinking water when compared to other sources Cancer Unit Risk (μg/L)
- 1 = CSF x [(DWI x CW)/BW] Where:

• C SF = Cancer Slope Factor (mg/kg

- day) -1EPA

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•

•

• D WI = Drinking Water Intake for an adult, assumed to be 2 L/day (90th percentile)
C W = Unit risk concentration in drinking water of 0.001 mg/L (1 μg/L) BW = Body Weight for an adult, assumed to be 70 kilograms (kg) The cancer HRL is the concentration of a contaminant in drinking water corresponding to an excess estimated lifetime cancer risk of one

- in -a- million (1x 10 -6 ), calculated as follows: Cancer HRL (μg/L) = Risk Level of 10
- 6 ÷ Unit Risk (μg/L) -1EPA

- OGWDW UCMR 4 Information Compendium EPA 815 -B- 15

- 005 November 2015

F- 1 

## Appendix F: Persistence and Mobility

P ersistence and mobility are defined by chemical properties that measure or estimate environmental fate characteristics of a contaminant and affect their likelihood to occur in the water environment. There are a number of data elements that measure the fate of a chemical in the environment. The physical and chemical parameters that are most relevant to their fate in drinking water are summarized in Table 1. The data elements listed in the table are arranged in hierarchical order, with the most important at the top. The scales used to categorize persistence and mobility were recommended by the National Drinking Water Advisory Committee (NDWAC) Contaminant Candidate List 3 ( CCL 3 ) workgroup. Table 1a. Mobility Scales for Environmental Fate Data 1 Mobility Para meters Units Not Very Mobile Moderately Mobile Very Mobile Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K

oc

) mL/g >1,000 100

- 1,000 <100

Octanol

- Water Partitioning Coefficient (logK ow

) Dimensionless >4 1-4 <1 Henry's Law Coefficient (K

H

) 2 atm -m 3 /mol >10 -3 10 -7

- 10 -3 <10 -7 Water Solubility mg/L <1 1

- 1,000 >1,000 Percent in Water in a Water/Air/Soil/Sediment System (W%) (PBT Profiler) Dimensionless ≤25 >25

- 50 >50

1 Table 1 was modified from Exhibit A.8 in Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Classification of the PCCL to CCL (EPA 815 –R– 09

– 008, August, 2009). 2 The mobility parameters indicate the degree to which a contaminant will tend to partition to water relative to other environm ental media (i.e., soil, sediment, and air). K H represents th e ratio of the concentration of a contaminant that partitions to air relative to the concentration of a contaminant that partitions to water in an air

- water system. Larger values of K H indicate that the contaminant tends to partition to air more than to wa ter. Thus, larger values of K H (i.e., >10 -3 atm -m 3 /mol) categorize a contaminant as “not very mobile” because the contaminant will tend to partition to air rather than to water. Table 1 b. Persistence Scales for Environmental Fate Data 1 Persistence Parameters Units Not Persistent Moderately Persistent Persistent Half

- Life (t 1/2 ) Days <1

- 14 > 14

- 59 60 and greater Modeled Degradation Rate N/A Biodegrades Fast ; Biodegrades Fast with Acclimation Biodegrades Slowly ; Biodegrades Slowly with Acclimation Biodegrades Sometimes/Persistent

1 Table 1 was modified from Exhibit A.8 in Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Classification of the PCCL to CCL (EPA 815 –R– 09

– 008, August, 2009).