1 NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 1 2 2 ,797

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

S TATE OF K ANSAS , Appell ee ,

v.

T OMAS C O , Appell ant

.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from S hawnee District Court; C HERYL A. R IOS , judge. Opinion filed De cember 23, 2021

. Conviction reversed and sentence vacated

.

Christopher M . Joseph and Carrie E. Parker , of Joseph, Hollander & Craft LLC, of Topeka, for appellant.

Ste ven J. Obermeier , assistant solicitor general , and Derek Schmidt , attorney general, for appellee.

B efore A RNOLD

- B URGER , C.J., A TCHESON and H URST , J J.

P ER C URIAM : A Shawnee County jury convicted Dr. Tomas Co of one count of
unlawful sexual relations with an inmate. Dr. Co appeals , arguing the district court gave the jury erroneous instruction s and that his conviction was not supported by sufficient
evidence. Because this court agrees that his conviction was not supported by sufficient evidence, Dr. Co's conviction is reversed and his sentence is vacated . T here is no need to reach the jury instruction issue.2 F ACTUAL AND P ROCEDURAL B ACKGROUND

Dr. Tomas Co is the former supervisor of the dental laboratory at the Topeka Correctional Facility , the state's only women's prison

. Dr. Co worked for a company that
contracts with the Kansas Department of Corrections (KDOC) to run the dental lab at the Topeka Correctional Fa cility where he taught the inmate students how to fabricate
dentures. He also conducted lectures for the students and provided training and overall supervision of more experienced student inmates

.

The State charged Dr. Co with, among several other charge s, unlawful sexual
relations with an inmate in violation of K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21

- 5 5 12 (a)(1) stemming from
his conduct toward R.H. , an inmate who worked in the dental lab . R.H. worked at the
dental lab and received instruction from Dr. Co from about July 2016 to early 2017

. Although the State charged Dr. Co with numerous counts of unlawful sexual relations related to multiple inmates, the jury only convicted him of one co unt related to R.H.

— the facts related to any other allegations are not relevant to this appeal.

R.H. testified at trial that while she worked in the dental lab, Dr. Co frequently
touched her in ways that made her feel uncomfortable . She eventually asked h im to stop, but when he did not, she reported him to the prison administration and stopped working
in the dental lab

. In describing the touching , R.H. testified that Dr. Co " sometimes would briefly touch my hands if he was passing me something. Or if he was helping me work on a case, sometimes he would touch the inside of my knee and my thigh. " R.H. explained
that Dr. Co would also touch her leg " [j]ust above the knee on the inside of my leg. " She said this leg and hand touching occurred almost every day and that the touching made her

" nervous " and she " didn't really know how to react

. "

R.H. testified that Dr. Co also engaged in other inappropriate behaviors while supervising her in the lab. For example , R.H. recalled t hat Dr. Co would ask her what she3 planned to do after she was released from prison and suggested that he would like to take her on a trip to Europe and " buy [her] nice things ." R.H. also testified that, around Christmas 2016, Dr. Co obtained a photograph of her , which she had taken as a
Ch ristmas present for her family , and made several copies

. R.H. testified that Dr. Co made a larger copy of the image for himself and told her that " [he] was going to put the big blown

- up picture on his nightstand and that he was going to make a body pillow of my picture ." A round the same time, Dr. Co requested that she give him a Christmas present

. In response, she gave him a sexually suggestive Christmas card

.

Dr. Co gave the investigating agent a memo he wrote to himself shortly after receiving th e Christmas card from R.H. The memo states, in part:

"[B]rought it to the computer desk and look inside between the [newspaper] pages and I saw a red envelope, looks like a Christmas card. When I had a chance to open the envelope it contains a Christmas c ard with a personal message inside and her picture. It was only then that I realize all this meant something more than friendly greetings. . . . I am keeping it for now to find out where is this going. . . . ????"

After a four

- day trial, the jury found Dr. Co guilty of one count of unlawful sexual
relations with R.H

. However, the jury acquitted Dr. Co of the five other counts of
unlawful sexual relations related to similar allegations towards other inmates who worked
in the dental lab. The district court sentenced Dr. Co to 32 months in prison

.

D ISCUSSION

On appeal, Dr. Co asserts : (1) T he district court erred in not including the word

" consensual " as an essential element of the crime in the jury instructions ; and (2) the State presented in sufficient evidence to support his conviction for unlawful sexual
relations with R.H. B ecause t his court finds resolution of the second issue to be dispositive , there is no need to reach any decision regarding the alleged err or in the jury4 instruction. Dr. Co argues that the State presented insufficient evidence to support his
conviction for unlawful sexual relations because his touching of R.H.'s hand and clothed leg were not " lewd

. " More spe cifically, Dr. Co asserts that the district court erred by relying on contextual evidence of his sexual desire or intent toward R.H. to conclude that sufficient evidence supported the jury 's verdict.

I. Standard of Review

This court reviews an appeal challenging the sufficiency of the evidence by viewing " all the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution " to determine
whether " a rational factfinder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doub t. " State v. Chandler , 307 Kan. 657, 668, 414 P.3d 713 (2018). This court does not reweigh the evidence or determine witness credibility. 307 Kan. at 668. T he issue on appeal is merely whether the district court applied the correct legal standard and whether
the facts presented at trial support that standard.

II. Dr . Co's Conviction Requires Evidence of Lewd Fondling or Touching

The j ury convicted Dr. Co of one count of unla wful sexual relations in violation of
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21

- 5512(a)(1 ) , which prohibit s " an employee or volunteer of the department of corrections, or . . . a contractor " with the department of corrections from

" engaging in consensual sexual intercourse, lewd fondling or touching , or sodomy " with an inmate who is not their spouse. (Emphasis added.) Simply put , a KDOC employee, contractor, or volunteer commits the crime if they engage in the identified, prohibited
sexual or lewd contact with an inmate. The purpose i s clear

— to ensure persons that hold positions of power do not sexually victimize inmates

.

It is undisputed that Dr . Co was an employee or contractor with the KDOC , and
that this statute applies to him and prohibits him from engaging in prohibited sexual or5 lewd contact with inmates . It is also undisputed that R.H. was a n inmate , not Dr. Co's spouse, and the statute applies to her

. Finally, for purposes of this analysis , this court accepts as tru e that Dr. Co physically touched R.H. in all the ways she d escribed

. The only question is whether Dr. Co's physical touching of R.H. constituted " lewd fondling or touching " as required by the statute underlying his conviction. ( E mphasis added

. ) K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21

- 5512(a)(1). The statute does not prohibit every touching that might occur
between an inmate and a KDOC employee

— only " lewd " touching is prohibited

.

a. The Kansas Supreme Court D efined " Lewd " T ouching and Prohibits Considering Intent in Determining i f Touching or Fondling is " Lewd "

The Kansas Supreme Court has held that determining whether touching is " lewd " requires evaluation of the act itself , without co nsideration of the actor's intent. State v. Ta , 296 Kan. 230, 242

- 43, 290 P.3d 652 (2012). Given that limitation, the c ourt has held that the acts of touching another's hand or inside of the leg are not " lewd, " even when done
with a sexual intent. 296 Kan. at 243.

In Ta , the Kansas Supreme Court evaluated whether sufficient evidence supported a conviction for aggravated indecent liberties with a child, a crime where, like unlawful
sexual relations here, one element requires sufficient proof of " lewd fondling or touching. " 296 Kan. at 230. In July 2009, the defendant approached two girls , ages two and three , outside a public movie theater and proceeded to touch their hair, face, arms, and legs. B oth of the girls' mothers were present at the time. The three

- year
- old's mother placed the toddler on a bench and sat on an adjoining bench with the other mother and

two

- year
- old child . The three

- year
- old's mother testified that Ta approached and
introduced himself to t he mothers, and then approached the three

- year
- old and asked her
name. The child did not answer , and Ta brushed her hair away from the front of her face , tucked it behind her ear , and then rubbed his f ingertips up and down the child's arm which the mother described as a brief, comforting pat

. The two

- year
- old's mother6 described Ta's behavior as a caressing of her face and that T a rubbed up and down the
three

- year
- old's upper leg.

After Ta touched the three

- year
- old , the mother of the younger child picked up the
three

- year
- old and walked toward the theat er . Ta then approached the younger child. The
older child's mother testified that Ta grabbed the two

- year
- old's arm and was feeling on it, and then walked away , and the three

- year
- old's mother picked up her friend's child and
walked toward the theat er

. Ta's testimony was more incriminating. He testified that he
rubbed the two

- year
- old's knee , introduced himself , and asked her name. When the child did not answer, Ta testified that he t ouch ed her face and her hair and her chin.

The two mothers found Ta's behavior suspicious and called the police. The
mothers told the officers that Ta touched their children's legs and faces and " ' they believed he was trying to molest the kids. ' " 296 Kan. at 232. The responding officers
interview ed Ta to determine whether he violated any laws

. During the police interview, Ta readily admitted that he was worried he had a problem with sexual urges toward
children and that he wanted to see a doctor. Ta stated that his sexual urges toward
chi ldren were getting stronger and that he felt he was a danger. The officer asked if touching the children satisfied his sexual desire, and Ta responded that " ' he wanted to
have sex with them. ' " 296 Kan. at 233. Ta never admitted to having sex with children

— all of his statements to officers were hypothetical. The officers took Ta into custody
where he made additional statements about his sexual urges toward young children.

The State charged Ta with two counts of aggravated indecent liberties with a child ,

w hich required a showing that he engaged in " ' lewd fondling or touching ' " of a child under the age of 14 " ' with the intent to arouse or to satisfy the sexual desires ' " of Ta. 296
Kan. at 234. During the trial, Ta admitted there was substantial evidence to establish the mens rea required for the charge

— that he did in fact have sexual intent toward the two young children. However, Ta argued , as Dr. Co does here, that the State lacked evidence7 as to whether the touching was lewd under the statute . The charges of aggravated indecent liberties with a child required both elements, one of " lewd fondling or touching "
and one of intent.

Ta moved for a judgment of acquittal at the conclusion of the Stat e's evidence and again after the jury verdict, asserting there was insufficient evidence of " lewd " touching or fondling. The district court denied both motions and entered the jury's verdict convicting him of two counts of aggravated indecent liberties wit h a child. Ta appealed
and the Kansas Supreme Court agreed with him and reversed his conviction , concluding that the touching, though done with an admitted sexual intent, was not " lewd. " 296 Kan.
at 243.

Specifically, the Ta c ourt explained :

"[T] he State presented evidence that Ta caressed the children's faces, hair, arms, and legs. This type of touching, when considered without regard to surrounding circumstances, was not lewd. When considered in the surrounding circumstan ces, as it should be, the fact that Ta was a stranger who approached small children and who was undaunted by the reaction to his touching makes the touching awkward and strange to the point the mothers were understandably uneasy. Nevertheless, the touches were not indecent, obscene, salacious, unchaste, or licentious. . . . Nor did the touches tend to undermine the morals of the children or outrage the moral sense of a reasonable person. " 296 Kan. at 243

.
Ultimately , the c ourt found that " the State failed to establish sufficient evidence to support the element of lewd fondling or touching. " 296 Kan. at 243. T he c ourt further provided guidance on how to evaluate whether there is sufficient evidence upon which a jury could determin e a physical touching was legally " lewd, " and stated :

" [T] he defendant's mental state should not be used to define or determine whether the touching or fondling is lewd. Rather, whether a touching or fondling is lewd should be determined by considering the common meaning of the term 'lewd,' that is whether a8 touc hing is sexually unchaste or licentious; suggestive of or tending to moral looseness; inciting to sensual desire or imagination; or indecent, obscene, or salacious. In considering if a touching meets this definition, a factfinder should consider whether th e touching tends to undermine the morals of a child and is so clearly offensive as to outrage the moral senses of a reasonable person." 296 Kan. 230, Syl. ¶ 5.

Th e Ta c ourt's instruction guides this court's analysis of whether Dr. Co's
actions constituted " lewd fondling or touching " under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21

- 5512(a)(1).

b. Dr. Co's Conduct Does Not Meet the Definition of "Lewd Fondling or Touching "

It is undisputed that Dr . Co touched R.H. But Kansas law does not criminalize every type of touching, even in the case of a KDOC employee or instructor touching
inmates. The statute under which the jury found Dr. Co guilty does not prohibit him from merely touching R.H. Rather, t he statute prohibits only touching that is lewd. In fact, in
accordance with the decision in Ta , the statute does not prohibit him from physically touching inmates even if he has sexual intent or desire toward the inmate

. The State could
have char ged Dr. Co with a different offense that did not require the showing of " lewd fondling or touching " and criminalized other types of touching

— but the State c hose not to pursue that charge . The charged statute requires a showing that Dr. Co's conduct met the objective standard of " lewdness , " when considering the surrounding circumstances

— without considering his mental state or intent.

Dr. Co's touching of R.H. was very similar to the defen dant's touching of the young children in Ta . R.H. testified that Dr. Co touch ed her hands and leg, just above the
knee

. Unlike the defendant in Ta , Dr. Co did not touch R.H.'s arms, hair , or face . R.H. specified that Dr. Co touched the inside of her knee and touched her inner thigh , " [j]ust
above the knee. " Th is location is akin to where a person might pat a seated person's leg.9 Unlike the touching in Ta , Dr. Co repeatedly touched R.H. But nonlewd touch ing
does not necessarily become " lewd " touching merely through repetition. A pat on the
knee does not become " lewd " simply because it occurs every Wednesday at 3 p.m. There
is no doubt that the evidence showed Dr. Co's touching was inappropriate ly motivated , unprofessional, improper, and made R.H. uncomfortable. This court does not condone his
conduct , nor should the parties understand this opinion to suggest that a person must permit or acquiesce to any type of unwanted touching, in cluding touching that may not be
considered legally " lewd. " The question before this court is whether Dr. Co's touching violated the very specific statute charged by the State. As a professional working with inmates, Dr. Co should not have touched R.H. in the manner s he described

. However, as explained by the Kansas Supreme Court, this type of touching, when considered without regard to Dr. Co's mental state, is not lewd and cannot support a conviction for unlawful
sexual relations under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21

- 5512

.

This court must consider the touching itself and the surrounding circumstances

— not Dr. Co's mental state or intent

— when determining whether his touching of R.H. was

" lewd. " See Ta , 296 Kan. at 243 . Touching is " lewd " only if it " is sexually unchaste or licentious; suggestive of or tending to moral looseness; inciting to sensual desire or imagination; or indecent, obscene, or salacious

. " 296 Kan. 230, Syl. ¶ 5. And the fact

finder should consider whether it " tends to undermine the morals " of the person touched
or is " so clearly offensive as to outrag e the moral senses of a reasonable person. " 296
Kan. at 242

- 43. The circumstances are that R.H. was an adult prisoner and Dr. Co was in a position of power over her as a KDOC employee or contractor as well as her instructor
and work supervisor. That circum stance tends to lend suspicion to any touching done by Dr. Co. Additionally, Dr. Co had developed a familiar and personal relationship with R.H. in which he discussed taking her on a trip to Europe, ma de personal copies of a photograph of her, discussed ma king a body pillow with her picture , and kept a sexually suggestive Christmas card R.H. gave him. All of these circumstances suggest that Dr. Co10 overstepped professional boundaries with R.H., but they do not support a finding of lewd touching.

The Kansas Supreme Court has found touching to be lewd when a defendant kissed a child on the mouth, pulled her onto a bed , and laid atop her , and then later
fondled her buttocks and pubic area on the outside of her clothing. State v. Ramo s , 240 Kan. 485, 486

- 87, 731 P.2d 837 (1987), superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in State v. Hutchcraft , 242 Kan. 55, 744 P.2d 849 (1987). Contrarily, when a defendant put a child between his legs and then moved the child onto his lap while swimming, the touching was not considered lewd. State v. Colston , 290 Kan. 952, 967, 235 P.3d 1234 (2010). T he intent of the toucher is irrelevant to determining whether the defendant
committed the act of lewd touching, for such would punish mere thoughts.

The statute under which Dr. Co was convicted does not prohibit him from having sexual thoughts, being sexually attracted to , or wanting a sexual relationship with R.H.
Such a prohibition w ould quite obvious ly be constitutionally unsound. Contrary to dystopian movie plots, t he State cannot regulate the sexual thoughts of all persons working at KDOC facilities

. There is no allegation that Dr. Co and R.H. were not fully
clothed when he touched her hand and leg near the knee

— sometimes while seated next to
each other at workstations or when passing in walkways or roo ms

. These interactions
often occurred where other people were present. Dr. Co 's touches were numerous , yet remained quick and limited to hands, a knee , and a leg above the knee

. R.H. was understandably uncomfortable with Dr. Co repeatedly touching her and the level of attention he paid to her

.

While i t is more likely than not t hat Dr. Co had sexual, personal , or intimate feelings toward R.H. , not all touching i s lewd

— even when committed with a sexual
intent. Rather, as noted above, a court must examine " lewd " touching without regard to
the actor's intent and such touching must be " sexually unchaste or licentio us; suggestive11 of or tending to moral looseness; inciting to sensual desire or imagination; or indecent, obscene, or salacious. " 296 Kan. 230, Syl. ¶ 5.

Although the district court sought to distinguish Dr. Co's actions from that of the
defendant in Ta , such attempt is unpersuasive. Dr. Co's touching of R.H.'s hands , knee , and leg just above the knee , while inappropriate and unwarranted, did not meet the
definition of " lewd " as stated by the Ta court . The touching did not undermine R.H.'s
morals , nor was it s exually unchaste or " suggestive of or tending to moral looseness " or

" indecent, obscene, or salacious. " Accordingly, there was insufficient evidence to support the finding that Dr. Co's touching of R.H. was lewd. Therefore, Dr. Co's conviction for
unlawful sexual relations must be reversed and his sentence vacated.

Conviction reversed and s entence vacated.