COMPUTER SIMULATOR FOR A MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

NASA-LEWIS Research Center

Cleveland Ohio

April 21, 19R2 - .%H1 19, 1983

NASA Grant: NAG 3-217

Final Report

Donald L. Schilling Chaim Ziegle r ;

Professor of Electrical Enqineerin q Assoc. Prof, of Computer Science

Principa l Investigator Co-Principal Investigator

(NASA-CB-174533) COMJPOTEfi SIMULATOB FOB A N84-10401

MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM Fanal Beport, 21

Apr. 1982 - 19 Apr. 1983 (City Coll. of the

Caty Univ. of New York.) 96 p HC A05/HF AO 1 Unclas

CSCL 17B G3/32 15172

i

COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

The City College

Ktew York, N.Y. 10031
>r* Oil 1'y 1" ^s

^.

/

Table of Contents

Page

Introduction 1

The Present Simulator 7.

Processing Voice Via The Simulation 25

Users's Guide 3fi

Sample Runs 52

Results 54

Proposed Research f?o the Forthcoming Year 65

PAGE \® Or\l»«"" ,=n^»

OF POOR QUALITY
1. Introduction

This project is the result of a joint effort between the

Department of Electrical Engineering at the City College, CUNY;

and the Department of Computer & Information Science at the

Brooklyn College, CUNY.

The goal of this project is to develop a software simulator to

help NASA in the design of the LMSS. The simulator wil] be used

to study the characteristics and implementation requirements of

the LMSS's configuration with specifications as outlined by NASA.

This report represents progress made in implementing the

simulator during the period 4/21/82 - April 19, 1983.
PF POOR

2. The Present Simulator

The basic components of the present simulator were described

previously in the first report (NASA Grant: NAG 3-119). However,

previously, not all the components of the system were operational

and only scenario 1 was implemented.

The current simulation now includes all the components, such

as the interference sources, the S-band channels, the noise

sources, the gateways, a revised master controller for the

simulator, as well as other components which were recently

completed.

The present simulator is now capable of executing all 5

scenarios, which are described below .

2.1 The Communication Scenarios

Through the use of the five scenarios, it is posssible to

study all the different possible combinations of types and modes

of calls. The five scenarios are described below:

(1). Single Hop System:

For those calls which require the communication between two mobile

units, without going through a gateway, we group them together and

form scenario 1. In this scenario, a mobile will generate a call,

for which the call will go up to the satellite, and be transponded

down directly to the destination mobile. This can be seen in
figure 2.1.

(2). Double Hop, Single Gateway System:

For those calls which require communication between two mobile

units by going through a gateway, we group the together and form

scenario 2. In this scenario, a mobile will initiate a call,

which will be transponded by the satellite to a gateway. After

processing by the gateway, the call is once again transponded by

the satellite to the destination mobile. This can be seen in

figure 2.2.

(3). Double Hop, Double Gateway System:

For those calls which have to go through two gateways, we form

scenario 3. In this scenario a mobile will generate a call, which

is transported to a gateway. The gateway fowards the call to the

master control station. The master control station then routes

the call to the destination gateway. Then the call is once again

transponded by the satellite to the destination mobile. This can

be seen in figure 2.3.

(4). Mobile-to-Wireline System

For any call that was initiated by a mobile and was desired to go

through a fixed phone or to a mobile serviced by the cellular

system, we have scenario 4. In this scenario, the call is

initiated by the mobile and transponded by the satellite to a

gateway. Then, the gateway fowards the call into the wireline

network. This can be seen in figure 2.4.
(5). Wireline-to-Mobile System:

If a call is iniated by a fixed phone or mobile in a cellular

system to a mobile in the LMSSfwe resort to scenario 5. In this

scenario a call is received from the wireline telephone network

into a gateway. The call is then transponded by the satellite to

the destination mobile. This can be seen in figure 2.5.
2.2 Output Facilities

Also new in the present simulator is the revised version of

the Master Controller (see 4.1.2, first report). In the present

simulator it is possible to go through a range of values for any

one of the components in the scenario. It is possible to consider

a range of values for up to 14 different components

simultaneously. Previously, if a type 2 measurement was chosen,

the simulator would display a two column table of the input vs

output SNR values, for a given set of system parameters. With the

present simulator it is possible in a type 2 measurement for the

simulator to display up to 15 columns (15 th column is output

signal to noise ratio) , one for each range of component values.

In the present simulator, it is also possible to get plots of the

input vs. .output SNR values for any range of values of the other

components (see section 5, "Sample Runs"). The looping or ranging

feature mentioned above can also be used in a type 1 measurement,

were the input signal, output signal (no disturbances present),

and output signal (with all specified disturbances) are displayed

in a table. It is now possible to consider a type 1 measurement

over a range of values (up to 14 possible ranges of parameters).

Once again, a plotting facility is available for every type I

measurement table displayed (see section 5,"Sample Runs").

The revised master controller function has the following

algorithm:
*************

/SIMULATION MASTER CONTROLLER FUNCTION/:

<initialize simulation master controller function>

DO <range of Specular-to Multipath Power Ratio—UHF Uplink >

<range of Specular-to-Multipath Power Ratio—S-Band Downlink>

<range of Specular-to-Multipath Power Ratio—S-Band Uplink>

<range of Specular-to-Muitipath Power Ratio—UHF Downlink>

<range of carr.-to-interf. power ratio—UHF Uplink Interference>

<range of phase values—UHF Uplink Interference >

<range of carr.-to-interf. power ratio—S-Band Downlink Interf>

<range of phase values—S-Band Downlink Interference>

<range of carr.-to-interf. power ratio—S-Band Uplink Interf.>

<range of phase values—S-Band Uplink Interf.>

<range.of carr.-to-interf. power ratio—UHF Downlink Interf>

<range of phase values—UHF Downlink Interf.>

<RANGE OF SNR >

<calculate SNR>

<calculate standard deviation for white noise>

<perform simulation reset>

<set flag for mobile transmitter>

<PERFORM a simulation run>

<perform master controller instrumentation package>

END <signal to noise ratio>

END /simulation master controller function/
2.3 System Structure

The present modular structure can be seen in the flowchart of

figure 2.5, with its subroutines defined in table 2.7.

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ZtX-Hfl KOUTTNER FOR

SCENARIO

******************************

f l)

SCENARIO I

DC. 1 TIDA

SETIS1

SETMG1 SETFAD

SETIJUT

SETIS6

C FTC! IP — — — — NQFTPFP

SETNG<i SETFAD CFTMCD ___ _ ___-. _ ___ _ _ — _ _.

-»->r, > ,-> ->u

SETMOD

nC p PT. lC r D> r Y A •

SETNL

SETFLR

- — -.-* — NCFTDCD

SETFMD

SFTRCF

SF.TSPR

SETEMP

SETDEL

SETPDL

SETEXP

SCENARIO

n Ci I rl rt A

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SETUSC XSETCFG

SETNG1 SETFAD

SETUBT

SETIS2

SETSRC

SETNG2

SETGSR

S ETC AT

SETGSX

SETTS5

SETBSC

SETSUT

SETMOD

SETSPX XSETCOM

SETNL SETEMP

SETFLR SETDEL

SETPDL

SETSUC >SETCFG

SETFAD

OR1QJMAU PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
UNORIGINAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY

4***************************************************************

****************************************************************

*************** LMSS SIMULATOR ********************************

****************************************************************

FLOW CH^RT OF LMSS SIMULATOR

MAIM

SELECT

SETUP--

SETCON

MASCON

SETMC

RESET —

SUBCOMIMSTRM

ENDS IM

SCENAR—>

UPCON

RSTUPK — ->GAUS

RSTDLK—>GAUS

RSTPLT

SIGSRC

-SCEM1 — > (2)

ONE-

" SCF.N" — >(S)

"-SCFN5 — ^> CS)

******************************************************

****************************************************************

****************************************************************

****************************************************************
15

SETMSR- •>SETRSP

SETFMD

SETRCF

SETSPR- •>SETDPH

SETEXP

SCENARI O

T r. I 1*1 n A

SETTS1

C pTMQr* — — — — "S Q PTPFr*

SETNGl SETFAD

SETUBT

SETTS2

SETSBC

SETNG2

SETGSR

SETGAT

SETGCX

SETTS?

RETGCC

SETNG?

SETMCS

SETTS'!!

SETCGC

SETNG^1

SETGCR

SETGSX

SETTSS

SETRSC

SETMG5

SETSUT

- — — — — — — — -Tin. LO.T-I

SETMOD

SETML SETEMP

SETFLR SETDEL

'SETPDL

SETNGS SETFAD

->SETRSP

SETFMD

SETRCF

SETSPR-- -XSETDPH

SETEXP

OF POOR
16

SCENARIO

tjc, II^MA

SETIS1

ci?rnncr* N c IT T1

o r* TT i""* i*j i U o ^ . -- ~ — ~ ~

 — 'oti lUrU

SETNGl SETFAD

SETUBT

SET IS 2

SETSRC

SETMG2

SETGSR

SETGAT

SETWNR

xT>r, inc-».j

SETMOD

Cr> P PT> J ^Q D r*Y A

SETNL

SETFLR

— SCPTPO ^ D i j 1 *•- xM J 1

SETEMP

SETDEL

SETPDL

SCENARIO 5

SETWNX

SETGAT

SETGSX

SETIS5

SETBSC

SETMG5

SETSUT

SETISfi

SETSUC

SETNG6

SETMSR

SETFAD

->SETRSP

SETFMD

SETRCF

SETSPR- •>SETPDH

SETEXP

**************************************************************

**************************************************************

OMGMAt PAGE

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17

**************************************************************

******** ******************************************************

****************

* *

** SCENARIO 1 **

* *

****************

MSXMTRUPMTSCNOTSEl

SATLT

TNTFSK

^STGSRC

SIPRXTMODSTG -

MPCOEFF NOMLT N

FLTR

INSTRS

FADE >

MPCOEFF-

•>PHASE

OUAD

IPRS

PEMPHA

DEVLTM

PDEVLI

•->GAUS

nOPFLT

••>GAUS

DOPFLT

GAUSS

FMDEMOSTPRRT- •>DEMPH1

EXPAND

->FMDCRT

RPFLTR — ^LPFLT

->F.PFLTl

LPFLTl

*****************************************************************

*****************************************************************

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13

*****************************************************************

****************

* *

** SCENARIO 7 **

* *

****************

MSXMTR—

INTFS1

UPMTSC--

NOISE1

SATLT

INTFS2

DNSTGC

NOISE2

GSRCVR

GATE

GSXMTR

INTFS5

UPGTSG

NOISES

SATLT

INTFSS

DNSTMC--

NOISED—

MSRCVR--

INSTRS

•>FADE

MPCOEFF >GAUS

DOPFLT

SIPRXT

MODSIG > PEMPHA

NONLIN ~ DEVLIM

FLPTR ~ PDEVLI

PHASE

QUAD

FADEGAUSS

MprOEFF

GAUS

DOPFLT

MPCOEFF

GAUS

DOPFLT

OF POOR
19

ORIGINAL PAGE 19

OF POOR QUALITY

RSPDIV

FMDEMO

SIPRRC

LPFLT1

LPFLT1

CHOICE

FMDCRI

RCFLTR

LPFLT

DEMPHA—•

EXPAND

LPFLT2

****************

* *

** SCENARIO 3 **

* *

****************

(4)

TXjrtipe -1

j. P4 i r o j.

IlDMT'C/*'— — -

NOISE1

SATLT

INTFS2

DNSTGC

NOISE2

GSRCVR

GATE

.__ sira ni?

^

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A

GAUS

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— — ^sujsrt*-

CTDDVT_____ _ S/T\MDDC

M^nCT/^ >» DDMOU& "U1JS3 ivj~~ > ft.r'it'nA

NONLIN " DEVLIM

FLTR " PDEVLI

M>

PHASE

QUAD
20

yCXMTR

GTCC

NOTSE1

MSTRCS

TNTFS4

CTGC

NOISED

GCRCVR

GATE

GSXMTR

IMTFS5

UPGTSC

NOISES

SATLT

INTFS^

DMSTMCNOTSESMSRCVR-•>FADF1

FADE --- >

GAUSS MPCOEFF

GAUS

MPCOEFF DOPFLT

RSPDTV—-

STPRRC—' LPFLT1

LPFLT1

CHOICE

f\

FMDCRI

RCFLTR >LPFLT

GAUS

nOPFLT

OEMPHA >LPFLT?

EXPAND

PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
21

*****************************************************************

V •

*****************************************************************

(5)

****************

* *

** STENARTO 4 **

* *

****************

1'inA"1 1 K

INTFS1

NOTSEl

SATLT

INTFS?

DNSTGC

NOISE7

GSRCVR

GATE

WNCVR

INSTRS

~

MPCOEFF

^

GAUS

DOPFLT

>STG?RC

STPRXT >

MODSTG—> "

NOMLTM

FLPTR " "

COMPRS

PEMPHA

DRVLTM

PDEVLT

PHASE

QUAD

******************************************************************

******************************************************************

ORIGINAL PAGE 13

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22

isit**************************************************************

***** *************************************************************

****************

* *

** SCENARIO 5 **

* *

****************

WNMXTR

GATE

GSXMTR

INTFS5

UPGTSC

NOISES

SATLT

INTFSC5

NOTSEfi -------

MSRCVR ----- >

INSTRS

->GAUSS

GAUSS

•>FADE ---

FADE

MPCOEFF

GAUS

DOPFLT

RSPDIV

FMDEMO

SIPRRC—

MPCOFF

GAUS

DOPFLT

LPFLT1

LPFLT1

CHOICE

FMDCRT

RCFLTR >LPFLT

DEMPHA >LPFLT?

EXPAND'

*****************************************************************

*****************************************************************

ORIGINAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALfTY.
23

»**>************************.**$£**.*******************************

4

^***************************************************************

LMSS SIMULATOR

*******************************************************************

Subprocedures Dictionary:

CHOICE

CTGC

DMSTGC

DNSTMC

ENDSIM

FLTR

FMDCRI

FMDEMO

GATE

GAUSS

GCRCVR

GCXMTR

GSRCVR

GSXMTR

GTCC

INSTRM

INSTRS

INTFS1

INTFS2

INTFS3

INTFS^1

IMTFS5

INTFSfi

MOSCOW

MODSIG

MSRCVR

MSTRCS

MSXMTR

NOISE1

NOTSE?

NOISE1

NOTSEd

NOISES

NOISEfi

NONLIM

PHASE

QUAD

RANDOM

space diversity receiver controller

master control station to qateway channel

S-band downlink satellit e channel

UHF downlink satellite channel

test if. it is end of simulation

quadrature components filtered

FM discriminator

FM demodulator

qateway

qausian qenerator

qateway from master control station rcvr

qateway to master control station xmtr

gateway from sat-eliite rcvr

qateway to satellite xmtr

gateway to master control station channel

update simulation. master-control report

update simulatio n sub-control report

interference sources 1

sources ?

sources 3

sources 4

sources S

sources 5

master control function

of the input sample

i nterference

i nterference

interference

interference

interference

simulation

modulat i on

mobile from satellite rcvr

master control station

mobile to satellit e xmtr

noise qenerator 1

noise qenerator ?

noise qenerator 3

noise qenerator 4

noise qenerator 5

noise qenerator ^

nonlinearity routine

calculation of the phase anqie

ejaculation of the quadrature components

random number qenerator
24

n fi U J _

H

M?r"

RSPDIV

SATLT

SCENAR

SCEN1

SCEN2

SCEN?

SCEN4

SCEN5

SELECT

SETBSC

SETCGC

SETFLR

SETrON

SETFMD

SETGCC

SETGCR

SETGCX

SETGSR

SETGSX

SETTS 1

SETTS?

SETTS3

SETIS4

SETIS5

SETTS*!

SETMC

SETMCS

SETMOD

SETMSR

SETMSX

SETNG1

SETNG?

SETNG4

SETNG5

SF.TNGS

SETNL

SETRCF

SETRSP

SF.TSBf

SETSSG

SETSUC

FETSIJT

SETUBT

ropocf- qeneratoc

(reinitializatio n for a simulatio n

space diversity receiver

the sate!1i te

scenario execution selection

1.

7

run

scena rio

scena r io

scenar i o

srena r io

scena r io

3

4

5

selectio n of cal l to h«> simulate d

initializ e S-hand uplin k satellit e channe l

contro l statio n to gateway channe l

the filter

initializ e mast-er

initializatio n of

initializ e the simulateio n control function

initializatio n of FMDEMO routine

initializ e qateway

initializ e qateway to master 'control station channel

initializ e qateway from master control station rcvr

initializ e qateway to master control station xmtr

initializ e qateway from satellite rcvr

initializ e qateway to satellite xmtr

interference sources 1

sources ">

sources 3

sources A

sources 5

sources fi

initia l i ze

initia l i z e

initializ e

interference

inter ference

initialize interference

initialize.interference

initialize interference

initializ e simuation master control function

initialize master control station

initializatio n of modulator

initializ e mobile from satellit e rcvr

initializ e mobil e to satellit e xmtr

initializ e noise qenerator 1

initializ e noise qenerator ?

initializ e nois^ generator "*

initializ e noisr1 qenerator A

initializ e noisr? qenerator 5

initializ e noise qenerator f>

initializatio n of nonlinearity

of RTFLTR routine

of RSPDTV routine

initializ e S-band downlink satellit e channel

initializatio n of the siqnal qenerator

initializ e UHF downlink satellit e channel

initializ e S-band to UHF satellit e transponder

initializ e UHF to S-band satellit e transponder

initializatio n

initializatio n

OR10WA1- PAGE 18

OF POOR QUALITY
25

RF.TliUT

RIGSRC

SETWNR

RETWNX

SUBCON

UPCON

UPGTSC

UPMTSC

WNRCVR

WNXMTR

i n i t iai i za t i on of s imu^ at i on run

initializ e UHF up] ink satellit e channel

initializ e UHF to UHF satellite transpondnr

sample generator

initia]iz p wirelin e network rcvr

initializ e wirelin e network xntr

simulation sub-control function

update the simulation control function

S-band uplink satellit e rh

UHF uplin k satellite channel

wireline network rcvr

wireline network xmtr

CR1G*WAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY
3. Processing Voice Via The Simulation

One of the systems greatest present attributes is its ability

to process voice. The present simulator can be utilized to listen

to any of the following effects on voice (via each of the five

scenarios):

(a). Listen to the effects of noise.

(b). Listen to the effects of interference.

(c). Listen to the effects of modulation.

(d). Listen to the effects of the fading channel.

(e). Listen to the effects of filtering on the voice.

(f). Listen to the effects of the space diversity receiver.

(g). Listen to the effects of the satellite nonlinearity.

(h). Listen to the effects of varying sampling rates.

•

(i) . All combinations of the above.

An analysis of a number of the above tests are included within

the report (see section 6.2).

A basic model of how to use the simulation to process voice is

shown in figure 3.1. In this model, an analog to digital

converter samples voice at a rate of at least B kilohertz (minimum

sampling rate for voice bandlimited to 4000 Hz.), producing 12 bit

samples. In the second stage, these 12 bit samples are converted

into Ifi bit integer format (IBM format). These 16 bit integers

are then read by the LMSS simulator. (see section users manual
for simulator voice setup). The output of the LMSS simulator is

then converted from 32 bit floating point form (IBM format) back

into a 12 bit integer format by the fourth stage. In the fifth

stage, a digital to analog converter with the proper hardware

connected, converts the samples into voice. In between each of

the above stages, any type of storage device could have been used

for intermediate storage.

The system outlined above is general, and actual

implementation depends on the particular intermediate systems

involved (stages 1,2,4,and 5).

In figure 3.2 we have a detailed block diagram of the specific

algorithim we used in implementing what was shown in figure 3.1.

The first stage consisted of a 12 bit analog to digital

converter interfaced into a Hewlett Packard 1000 (HP 1000)

t

computer system. This system sampled the voice (bandJimited to

4000 Hz) with a sampling rate of 8 Khz, and stored it on tape with

a "WRITT" format (This is an HP utility which stores data onto a

tape in an ultra-condensed coded format, which can only be read by

another HP system). We had to store it in this form because the

system we used didn't have enough storage facilty to do it any

other way. In the next stage, we used another HP 1000, with much

greater storage facility to convert the WRITT format tape into

straight ASCII data. For error control and checking purposes,

data was stored in the format of an integer (1^ bit integer,

represented by 4 characters} followed by a space.

This tape was now to be mounted on the IBM machine. We used

the program shown in figure 3.3 to convert from ASCII into EBCDIC
(IBM) format. We stored the data on a disc. We than used the

LMSS simulator to process the voice samples.

The LMSS simulator has the facility to read in integers

(15-bit) in the format mentioned above. The simulator then

interpolates between these samples if specified by the user, and

then processes them. The output data set is a stream of 12-bit

(IBM format) floating point numbers. Module 3.4 (see figure 3.4)

is then used to convert this 32-bit data stream into a 16 bit

interger data stream (format 16(lx,I4)), with sample values

normalized to plus or minus 2047 (12-bit number). Module 3.5 (see

figure 3.5) is then used to convert the data from EBCDIC to ASCII

format, and stores it on tape. The tape is then read in by module

3. f> (see figure 3.6) using the HP-1000. This module converts data

into the format needed by the digital to analog converter. Then

•

finally the D/A converts the samples back to voice.

All the above steps were needed because of code conversions

between machines as well as numerical format (the IBM is a 32-bit

machine while the HP-1000 is a 16-bit machine). Ideally, one

would use the setup of figure 3.1 if the proper equipment is

attainable.
29

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4. User's Guide

This user's guide will provide the user with a step by step

explanation of the questions that will be asked during a typical

session with the simulator. References are given in each question

so that the user can refer to the appropriate sections if an in

depth discussion about the topic is desired (references made refer

to the first report, "A Computer Simulator for a Mobile Telephone

System", NASA Grant 3-119).

The following is a typical question-and-answer session with

all the possible questions either being asked or presented in the

explanation. The answers shown here are for a batch version

version for a run. In an actual run, the answers shown would come

out on the same line as the question. However we have seperated

them here onto seperate lines for clarity. For an online session,

merely the question will be prompted unto the user terminal, for

which he would interactively enter his response.

The first question asked prompts the user as to whether the

session is an online or batch session, and is displayed as

follows:

Is this an online session? (Y/N) (1)

N

The user should answer a 'Y' if it is an online session, or an

'N' if it is a batch session. In this case the response is "N"

Next, the type of calls that are available in the

communication system are displayed as follows:

ORIGINAL PAGE S&

OF POOR
ORIGSNAL

OF POOR QUALITY

communication system are displayed as follows:

TYPE OF CALL AVAILABLE: (2)

1: M1->M2, rural mobile to rural mobile in same UHF beam

2: Ml->M3, rural mobile to rural mobile in different UHF beam,

in same S-band

3: Ml->M4, rural mobile to rural mobile in different UHF beam,

in different S-band.

4: M1->FC1, rural mobile to fixed in same S-band beam

5: Ml->FC2, rural mobile to fixed in different S-band beam

<?: FC1->M1, fixed to rural mobile in same S-band beam

7: FC2->M1, fixed to rural mobile in different S-band beam

INPUT TYPE OF CALL TO BE SIMULATED:

1

Here the type of calls that are available in the

communication system are displayed, each one being designated by

a number from 1 through 7. Right after the list, the user is

prompted to input the type of call he wishes to be simulated by

inputing a number from 1 through 7. In this case, the first call

("1") was chosen. For an explanation of each of these calls, see

section 2.2.

After the user has inputed the type of call to be simulated,

the modes of call available within the type of call selected will

be displayed (refer to section 2.3). In this case, the user chose

to simulate type 1, which is rural mobile calling rural mobile in

the same UHF-beam and S-beam. Correspondingly, the following

choice of modes was displayed:

MODE OF CALL AVAILABLE: (31

1: M1->M2, hard wired transponder

2: Ml->M2, direct switched transponder

3: M1->M2, indirect switched transponder

4: M1->G1->M2, double hop system

INPUT MODE OF CALL TO BE SIMULATED:

1

Mote that the type of modes that will be displayed depends on

the type of call that is chosen (in this case type 1 was chosen).

A full list of the range of possible modes corresponding to the
OJ?iG!f\SAl

OF POOR QUALITY

type of call chosen is found in section 2.3. (table ?.3.1).

One notes that following the list of modes available, the user

is prompted to input the mode of the call by entering its

corresponding number. In this case the user chose "1", from a

choice of 1 to 4.

Based on the type of call and mode of call selected, the

program will determine which scenario to be simulated (refer to

section 3.3). The questions asked from this point on will vary

depending on the features to be simulated within the scenario.

Even though each of the five scenarios are different, the

questions to be answered for each of them are more or less of the

same nature. Therefore the rest of our discussion will focus only

on those questions that are asked when the single hop system is to

be simulated (which is the case of this particular simulation

run) .

In the next question, the user is asked to choose from the

types of signal sources available. Choice 1, corresponds to a

program generated sinusoid which can be used for making analytical

tests. If choice "1" is chosen, no further questions aout the

signal source are asked and question (4) is then displayed.

Choice "2" corresponds to sampled voice. If type 2 is chosen,

then see section 3.2 for an explanation of procedures to be used.

TYPES OF SIGNAL SOURCES AVAILABLE:

1: Program generated single tone sinusoid.

2: Sampled voice from tape source.

Choose type of signal to be used (II):

1

In the next question,

FREQUENCY OF THE BASEBAND SIGNAL ( LESS THAN 3000 HZ. 1 (4)

(IN HERTZ, F7.2):

1000.00 HZ
the user is asked to input the frequency of the baseband signal in

hertz using the format "F7.2". The baseband signal has an upper

limit of 3000 Hz (refer to section 5). '

The next question displayed is as follows:

NOTE: POWER OF THE BASEBAND SIGNAL HAS TO BE LESS OR EQUAL (5)

THAN.5 WATTS;

SO THAT THE MAXIMUM INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY DEVIATION IS

LESS OR EQUAL THAN 12000 HZ

POWER OF THE BASEBAND SIGNALfIN WATTS, F7.2): (*)

0.50 WATTS

Here the user inputs the power of the baseband signal in watts

using the format F7.2. The power of the baseband signal has to be

less than or equal to .5 watts, so that the maximum instantaneous

frequency deviation is less than or equal to 12000 Hz (refer to

section 5) .

In the next question that appears

THE CARRIER POWER (IN WATTS, F7.2): (7)

1.00 WATTS

the user is asked to input the carrier signal power in watts using

the format F7.2.

The next question appearing,

THE FREQUENCY DEVIATION (IN HERTZ, F8.2): 12000 HZ. (fi)

(FIXED FOR NOW)

asks the user to input the frequency deviation in Hertz using the

/

format F8.2. Under the current version, the frequency deviation

is fixed at 12,000 Hz in order for the simulator to meet AMPS

specifications (refer to section 5).

The next question is displayed as follows:

How many times the nyquist rate do you want the sampling (9)

frequency to be*3 (2 - 4, II):

2
40

Here the user is asked to input the sampling frequency in terms of

a multiple of the Nyquist rate. Acceptable values are from twice

the nyquist rate to four times the Nyquist rate. Twice the

Nyquist rate is the minimum in order for the simulator to

intergrate and differentiate correctly. Four times the Nyquist

rate is the maximum since any increase of the sampling frequency

beyond this point will not improve any significant approximation,

but will prolong run time substantially (refer to section 3.2).

In the next question,

THE CARRIER FREQUENCY (IN HERTZ, F7.?):(NOT USED FOR NOW)

the user is asked to input the carrier frequencyin Hertz using the

format F7.2. Under the current version of the simulator, the

carrier frequency is not used in the simulation.

The nex£ question is displayed as follows:

DO YOU WANT THE COMPRESSOR/EXPANDER IN? Y-YES , N-NO : (11)

Y

Here the user is asked whether the compressor/expander (AMPS

specs) are used in the transmitter and receiver (refer to section

5) . This question is answered either with a "Y" (yes) or an "N"

(no) .

The next question appears as follows:

DO YOU WANT THE PRE-EMPHASIS - DE-EMPHASIS FILTERS IN ? (12)

Y-YES , N-NO :

Y

Here the user is asked whether pre-emphasis and de-emphasis

filters (AMPS specs) are used in the transmitter and receiver (see

section 5) .

The user is then prompted as to whether or not interference is
present in the UHF uplink sattelite channel. This question is

displayed as follows:

DO YOU WANT A CO-CHANNEL INTERFERER IN THE UPLINK? (1.1)

Y-YES,N-NO:

Y

Are multiple values of the carrier to interference power (14)

ratio to be tested? (Y/N):

Y

Inpujt the range of values to be tested (in DB) :

Input the initial value (-99 — -(-99,13): (15)

10 DB

Input the increment value (01 — 99,13): (16)

10 DB

Input the final value (01 ~ 99,13): (17)

70 DB

Are multiple values of the interference phase values (18)

to be tested? (Y/N):

Y

Input the range of values to be tested fin degrees):

Input the initial value (F6.2) :< (19)

10.00 DEGREES

Input the increment value (F6.2) : (20)

5.00 DEGREES

Input the final value (F6.2) : (21)

25.00 DEGREES

Note tHe answer to the first of these questions was "Y" (yes).

If the response was "N" (no interference), then the next eight

questions would not have appeared. However, since in this case

the response is yes, they did appear. In the first of these

questions (14) , the user is asked if he wishes to input a range of

values for the carrier to interference power ratio. If the answer

is "Y" (yes), as in this case, then questions 15-17 will follow.

Here, the user inputs the initial value, increment value, and

final value, respectively (in dB, using the format 13) of the

carrier to interference power ratio. If the answer to question

(1^) was "N" (no), then the user would have just been asked to

input one value of the carrier to interference power ratio in the

same format as above. After question I7, the user is asked wether

he wants to
input a range of phase values for the interference source

(question 18). If the response to this is "Y" (yes), then

questions 19-21 will appear, asking the user to input the initial,

incremental, and final value of the phase, respectively (using

format F6.2 , in degrees). If the response to question 18 was "N"

(no), then a question would have appeared asking only one value

for the phase.

In the next question,

IS FADING PRESENT IN THE UPLINK CHANNEL? Y-YES,N-NO: (22)

Y

one responds as to whether or not the uplink satellite channel is

a fading channel or not. One responds to the question by either

typing a "Y" for yes or a "N" for no. If the response is no, the

next five questions (questions 23-28) will not appear. However,

as in this.case, if the response is yes, then questions 24 through

28 will definitely appear. If interference is present, as is the

case in the current simulation run, then question 23 will also

appear. If interference were not present in the uplink, then

question 23 would have not been asked. Questions 23-28 are

displayed as follows:

IS THE INTERFERENCE FADED? Y-YES,N-NO: (23)

Y

THE UPLINK FADING CHANNEL IS PRESENT

TYPES OF FADING CHANNELS AVAILABLE: (24)

1: NO SPECULAR COMPONENT (RALEIGH FADING)

2: SPECULAR COMPONENT, SHORTEST PATH

3: SPECULAR COMPONENT, MEAN PATH

INPUT TYPE OF CHANNEL:

2

ENTER THE MULTIPATH SPREAD TIME (IN MICROSECONDS, F9.2): (25)

500.00 MICROSECONDS

ENTER THE DOPPLER SPREAD BANDWIDTH (IN HERTZ, F7.2): f?.fi)

1.00 H7
Are multiple values of the specular to multipath power (27)

ratio to be tested"5 (Y/N) :

N

ENTER THE SPECULAR-TO-MULTIPATH POWER RATIO (IN DB, II): (28)

_ _ 100 DB

In the first of these questions, the user respond1s as to

whether or not the interference is effected by the fading channel.

If it is, it is done so independently of the signal and is added

at the end. If it is not, then the interference is just added to

the faded signal.

In the second of these questions, the user decides which type

of fading is present, by entering a 1 digit number from 1 to 1

corresponding to the type of fading that is present. If (1) is

chosen, then the fading channel will be a Rayleigh distributed one

with no specular component. If H) is chosen, then the channel

will have Rician statistics, with the specular component in the

middle. In other words, the mean path is taken. In the last

*

case, (2), the channel has Rician statistics with the shortest

path being taken (refer to section 5).

In the third of these questions (25), the user is asked to

input the total multipath spread time of the fading channel in

microseconds using the format F9.2. In this case, "500.00" was

entered as data.

In question (25) , the user is asked to input the doppler

spread bandwidth of the fading channel in Hertz using the format

F7.2. In this case the number "1.00" was entered as data.

Question (27) will only be asked if the response to question

(24) is either 2 or 3. If the response is 1, t-hen Rayleigh fading

is being used which exhibits no specular component. Question (27)
once again asks wether or not the user wishes to input a range of

values for the specular to multipath power ratios (in dB). In

this case the answer is "N" (no), and thus question (23) appears ,

which asks the user to input only one value of the specular to

multipath power ratio (in dB) using the format 13 (in this case

100 was entered as data). If the response to question (27) was

yes, then three questions asking for the initial, incremental, and

final values respectively (using the same input format as question

(28)) would have been displayed as they have in the questions

asked previously.

The next question,

DO YOU WANT A CO-CHANNEL INTERFERER IN THE DOWNLINK^ (29)

Y-YES,N-NO:

Y

Are multiple values of the carrier to interference power (30)

ratio to be tested ? (Y/N) :

N

INPUT CARRIER TO INTERFERENCE POWER RATIO IN DB(I3): ' (31)

30 DB

Are multiple values of the interference phase values (32)

to be tested ' (Y/N):

N

INPUT PHASE OF INTERFERENCE IN DEGREES (F7.2): (32.1)

30.80 DEGREES

is the dual of the uplink interference case. The data entry is

exactly the same as it were for the uplink case. Note however, in

this case that the responses to the questions asking if the user

wants to input a range of values are both negative. In this case

the user is only inputing single values (030 dB for the power

ratio, and 30.80 Degrees for the phase).

The next question,

IS FADING PRESENT IN THE DOWNLINK CHANNEL"9 Y-YES,N-NO: (33)

Y
is basically the dual of: the uplink case, the only exception

however is the facility for a space diversity receiver. Once

again, if the response to the above question is "N" fno), then

questions 34 through 45 will not be asked. If the response is "Y"

(yes), the next question that will be displayed is:

IS A SPACE DIVERSITY RECEIVER BEING USED? Y-YES,N-NO: (34)

Y

If a space diversity receiver is being used (response "Y") , as

is the case for this example, then parameters for 2 fading

channels will have to be set; questions 36 through 40 for the

first channel and questions 41 through 45 for the second channel.

If a space diversity receiver is not being used (response "N"),

then the user will only be prompted to enter parameters for one

channel.

If co-channel interference is present in the down]ink channel

*

(response to (29) is "Y"), then the following question will be

displayed:

IS THE INTERFERENCE FADED? Y-YES,N-NO: (35)

Y

Here one enters whether or not the interference should be

faded. If yes (as in this case), the user enters a "Y", and if

not, the user enters an "N".

Questions 36 through 40 or questions 33 through &S if a space

diversity receiver is present, are entered in an analagous way as

were the questions for the uplink satellite channel.

THE DOWNLINK FADING CHANNEL IS PRESENT

SET PARAMETERS FOR FIRST FADING CHANNEL: (3fi)

TYPES OF FADING CHANNELS AVAILABLE:

1: NO SPECULAR COMPONENT (RALEIGH FADING)

2: SPECULAR COMPONENT, SHORTEST PATH

3: SPECULAR COMPONENT, MEAN PATH
46

INPUT TYPE OF CHANNEL:

2

ENTER THE MULTIPATH SPREAD TIME (IN MICROSECONDS, F9.2): (37)

50(3.00 MICROSECONDS

ENTER THE DOPPLER SPREAD BANDWIDTH (IN HERTZ, F~.2): (38)

1.00 HZ

Are multiple values of the specular to multipath power H9)

ratio to be tested"5 (Y/N) :

N

ENTER THE SPECULAR-TO-MULTIPATH POWER RATIO (IN DB, 13): (40)

100 DB

SET PARAMETERS FOR THE SECOND FADING CHANNEL: (41)

TYPES OF FADING CHANNELS AVAILABLE:

1: NO SPECULAR COMPONENT (RALEIGH FADING)

2: SPECULAR COMPONENT, SHORTEST PATH

3: SPECULAR COMPONENT, MEAN PATH

INPUT TYPE OF CHANNEL:

2

ENTER THE MULTIPATH SPREAD TIME (IN MICROSECONDS, F9.2): (42)

500.00 MICROSECONDS

ENTER THE DOPPLSR SPREAD BANDWIDTH (IN HERTZ, F7.2): (43)

1.00 HZ

Are multiple values of the specular to multipath power (44)

ratio to be tested? (Y/N):

N

ENTER THE SPECULAR-TO-MULTIPATH POWER RATIO (IN DB, 13): (45)

100 DB

In the next question.

Are multiple SNR values to be tested? Y-yes,N-no: (46)

Y

the user is asked whether multiple SNR values are to be tested.

If the response is "Y" (yes), then questions 4-7.1 through A-7.3

will appear asking the user to input the range of SNR's (in this

case, the carrier to noise ratio) for the Gaussian noise in the

mobile receiver. If multiple SNR values are not to be tested

(response "N"), then the user will be asked to input only one SNR

value.

Questions 47.1/47.^ would appear as follows:
ORIGINAL PAG£ i/.

OF POOR QUALITY

Input the range of SNR values to be tested (in Db) : "

Input the initial value of SNR (-99 — +99, 13): (4-7.1)

36 DB

Input the increment value (01 — 99, 12): . . (47.2)

4 DB

Input the ending value of SNR (-99 — +99, 13): (47.1)

40 DB

In the next question,

IS A SPACE DIVERSITY RECEIVER REQUIRED? (Y/N) (48)

Y

the user is asked whether or not a space diversity receiver is to

be used. If it is present (response "Y"), then the user will be

asked (next question) to input the duration of the decision period

which is the duration of the lapse time before a decision is made

to determine which receiver is receiving a stronger signal. If it

is not present (response "N"), then the next question (49) wi31

not displayed.

INPUT DURATION BETWEEN DECISION TIMES FOR THE S.D. RECEIVER

(F7.5, IN SECONDS) (49)

0.00020SEC.

The next question is displayed as follows:

Input the approximate duration of simulation in seconds (50)

(0.01 - 9.99, F4.2):

0.01 SEC.

Here the user inputs the approximate duration of the input signal

to be tested in seconds using the format F^.B. For now, the

boundary imposed is from 0.01 seconds to 9.99 seconds (refer to

section 4.1).

In the next question displayed,

Type of performance measurement available: (SI)

1. Compare recovered output signal to original input signal

2. Measure output signal to noise ratio

Input type:

1
the user is asked to input the type of performance to be measured.

Under the current version, the user has the choice of choosing

either to compare the recovered output signal to the original

input signal (choice "1"), or (choice "2") to measure the output

signal to noise ratio vs input signal to noise ratio (refer to

section 4.2). If choice 2 is chosen, the user wil] be asked if he

wishes that a plot be displayed of the input vs output SNR values,

asked. However, if choice 1 is chosen, as is the case in this

example, than the following will be the last question displayed:

DO YOU WANT OUTPUT TO BE PLOTTED? (52)

Y

Here the user has the option of having the output vs input

signals plotted. If the response to this question is "Y" (yes),

then following the printing of the input vs output signal values

(for each respective SNR value), a graph will be plotted

corresponding to these values. The maximum possible length of the

graph is 2000 lines (per SNR value). If the response is "N" (no),

then just the values without a graph will be printed.

A few lines of the resulting output are printed as follows:
ORIGINAL PAGE 13

OF POOR QUALITY

Input signal Output signal (No Noise)

The SNR is

0.1000000E

0.9972572E

0.9890135E

0.9752213E

0.9557958E

0.930S050E

0.8994539E

0.8fi20588E

0.8180044E

0.7<^^^720E

0.70710T5E

0.fi377503E

0.5558942E

0.455975SE

0.32"«3112E

36.

01

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

0.1490450E-02

-0.1233029E

-0.4559«8fiE

-0.5558881S

-0.^377543E

-0.7071018E

00

00

00

00

00

00 DB

-0.3008653E

-0.9639141E

-0.7375438E

-0.2562992E

-0.62053S8E

-C1.1081285E

-0.14870filE

-0.1R09989E

-0.12779«7E

-0.565190*!E

-0.7818813E

0.7991531E

0.4918778E

0.1515125E

0.1496630E

0.fi825587E

0.1189424E

0.1904904E

0.2853454E

0.4043526E

0.54fi2040E

02

03

04

05

05

05

06

06

06

0S

03

05

06

07

07

07

08

08

08

08

08

Output signal (With Noise)

0.6992087E 02

0.2256493E 04

0.1755339E 05

0.6575075E 05

0.1653216E 06

0.3328434E 06

0.5S9S719E 06

0.9725955E 06

0.1540994E PH

0.23R71T0E 07

0.3643070E 07

0.5487024E 07

0.8145275E 07

0.U88825E 08

0.1701875E 08

0.2384fi59E 08

0.32*?5^fifiE 08

0.436fi894E 08

0.5«99^77E 08

0.725B918E 08

0.9018307E 08
m«n^iinwiinhAin^in .n in »n .n in

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12-4^1-1

PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALFTY
5. Sample Runs

One of the biggest advantages of the present simulator is its

ability to span over a range of inputs for the different devices,

as opposed to only entering one value at a time as was the case in

the previous simulation. This facility is illustrated in figure

1. In this particular example, 4 parameters are variables: the

specular to multipath power ratio of the UHF downlink channel, the

carrier to interference power ratio of the UHF downlink co-channel

interfer, the phase values for the UHF downlink co-channel

interferor, and the input signal to noise ratio of the Gaussian

noise source. One can see from figure 1 that every possible

permutation of the above values is exhibited. In this simulation

run, a type one .measurement is chosen with the plotting facility

•

on. Thus the output is a list of the input vs. output values of

the system, followed by its corresponding plot. One notes that a

type one output exists for each of the possible permutations as

mentioned above.

Figure 2 illustrates the above mentioned "looping" feature for

a type 2 measurement. In this output, a type 2 measurement of the

input vs. output SNR values and its corresponding plots are

exhibited for every possible permutation of the 7- input

parameters (columns! shown.

In figure 3, the output SNR values are being plotted as a

function of the input SNR values for different values of the

carrier to interference power ratio of the UHF upiink interference

source. Again, the looping facility is exhibited here. One notes
from the output curves, that as the carrier to interference power

ratio gets smaller, the output curves flatten out. At large

values, the curves remain linear above threshold as expected.

Figure 4 illustrates the execution of a double hop system

(scenario 2 in this case). One notes here that both an S-band and

an UHF band uplink channel are set, as well as an S-band and an

UHF band downlink channel.
6. Results

The results of the present simulator are divided into two

sections; The analytical results (section 6.1), and the processed

voice results (section 6.2). In both cases, tests are made using

a single hop system (scenario 1).

6.1 Analytical Results

The system discussed can be seen to have the responses shown

on various plots obtained for several different Rician channels

over a single hop system (scenario 1).

We first analyzed a single hop system over a channel without

fading or ^interference present as a function of the input SNR

values. A pure sinusoid was used as input. The results can be

seen in figure 6.1 (referenced from first report). Note that the

results are analyzed for various combinations of signal processing

stages. These results represent a pure FM system with white noise

present.

We next simulated a single hop system over a Rician channel,

with no interference present, and analyzed the output vs input SNR

values for various values of the specular-to-multipath component

power ratios of the fading channel. The results are summarized in

the plot of figure 6.2. First, we note that when the

specular-to-multipath power ratio of the channel is 100 db, no
real effects of fading can be seen and the output vs input SNR

curve remains a linear one as expected. An analysis of the

various plots, however, does show that as the specular-tomultipath power ratio is decreased, a flattening out of the linear

curve does occur and the effects of fading become increasingly

destructive.

We next analyzed a single hop system over a Rician channel

with no interference present, with and without a space diversity

receiver present . The results are summarized in figure 6.3. One

observes from this plot that there is a significant improvement

with the space diversiy receiver on.

We next plotted the output signal-to-noise ratio as a function

of the specular-to-multipath power ratio of the fading channel,

with no other disturbances present. We started with a

*

specular-to-multipath power ratio of -35 dB (practically Raleigh

fading), and went all the way up to a specular-to-multipath power

ratio of 100 dB. The results are summarized in figure 5.4. Here

we noticed a threshold effect beginning at a specular-to-multipath

power ratio of about +05 dB. The curve moves up very quickly in a

linear fashion from 5 dB to 50 dB, and then flattens out to its

maximum value.

Figure 5.5 considers the effects of interference on the output

signal to noise ratio. One can observe from the plot that an

interference source with a carrier to interference power ratio

ranging from 100 dB all the way down to 20 dB has no major effect

on the output performance. However, as one gets below 20 dB, a

flattening out of the input vs. output SNR curve does occur above

PRECEDING PAGE BUNK NOT FILMED
threshold. As the carrier to interference power ratio is taken

below 8 dB, the flattening out effects become very predominant and

output performance starts getting poor. At 0 dB, the curve

flattens out completely to about .5 dB (Threshold effect).

Figure fi.fi considers results obtained using scenario 2. In

this plot we analyze the input vs. output SNR values of a double

hop system assuming all four channels are Rician fading channels.

The UHF uplink channel, the S-band downlink channel, the S-band

uplink channel, and the UHF "downlink channel are the channels

which are considered. As one can see from the plot, various

permutations of the 4 channels (specular to multipath power ratio

of the fading channel is varied) are considered.

These are just a few of the vast number of results obtainable

with this simulation. Section 5 contains various sample runs

*

illustrating some of the various possible results obtainable.
ORIGINAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY

fi.2. Results: Voice

In addition to the analytical results, we were also able to

use the simulation to process sampled voice and actually listen to

it. In particular, the following tests were marie on the voice:

First, we put the sampled voice through the simulation with no

fading, interference, or thermal noise present, or in other words,

"pure FM". The output voice sounded exactly the same as the

input. We listened to the voice (still pure FM) with the

pre-emphasis de-emphasis filters both off and on, and could here a

slight improvement with the latter case. With the expander

compander on or off, difference in voice quality was to slight to

»

be heard .

Next, with no other disturbances present, we listened to the

voice as a function of the thermal noise power. Results could be

summarized as follows:

Carrier-to-Noise Speech Quality

Power Ratio (dB)

+40 Excellent

+35 Excellent

+30 Excellent

+25 Excellent

+20 Excellent

+15 Very good

+14 Good

+12 Good (very light static)

+10 Fair (light crackling)

+08 Fair-Poor (crackling louder)

+05 Poor (crackling loud}

+03 Very Poor (Basically only crackling)

-02 No sign of voice (only loud crackling
As the above indicates, the quality of voice went from

excellent just above threshold, to poor just below threshold,

consistent with our analytical results as well as theoretical

results.

We then listened to the voice as a function of the sperrularto-multipath power ratio (dB) of the fading channel (see sample

run 5.1 for channel parameters), with no other disturbances

present (input carrier-to-noise power ratio at +40dB). Within the

range of specular-to-multipath power ratios from +6 dB and better,

output voice quality was excellent, within the range from -10 dB

through +^ dB, voice quality was good (tonal characteristics of

the voice were altered somewhat). Below -12 dB, voice quality was

fair (tonaj. characteristics altered), with some crackling present.

The above examples are a few of the many possible tests on

voice. Any of the 5 scenarios can be tested on the voice, with

all possible parameter variations. (note that the above tests

correspond to scenario 1).
: _.

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SNR.
7. Proposed Research for the Forthcoming Year

Because of the present system's very modular structure,

simulation of other modulation techniques over any one of the five

scenarios can he done with relative ease. Since the simulation is

designed in such a way that the inphase and quadrature phase

components of the input signal are being passed through the

components of the system in a parallel fashion, any type of

modulation scheme which can be broken up into these components can

be easily implemented. For example, the present simulator could

be used to test the performance characteristics of duo-binary FM

or tamed FM, both which use less bandwidth than standard FM.

At the same time, one could use the simulation to process

voice using various modulation techniques to see which types

produce the best subjective voice quality. In the report, we

propose to construct a system to allow for simple testing of

actual voice input. This system will allow for simple interfacing

of voice input to the IBM system on which the actual simulation

took place. We plan to build this device using a personal

computer as the controller.

Also because of the systems modular structure, it would be

possible test other types of components or noise sources.
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