SOx Regulations and 

Principles / Economics of Scrubbe

Canadian Shipowners Association, Lake Carriers’ Asso74th Annual International Joint Conference 

Niagara on the Lake, OntarioJune 20-21, 2010

J

Americas Vice Presi

Wartsila No

john.hatle

w
Agenda

Environmental RegulationsScrubber PrinciplesInstallation CaseEconomicsConclusions
Agenda

Environmental RegulationsScrubber PrinciplesInstallation CaseEconomicsConclusions
Until Now... History IMO & EU

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 

Ratification ofIMO Annex VI

•19 May 2004

0,5%S

SECA North Seaand English Channel1,5% Sulphur max.or exhaust cleaningto 6 g/kWh

•August 2007

0,1% Sulphur maxOn all marine fuein EU ports and invesselsAlternatively exhacleaning to 0.4 g/k

•01 January 

Entry into force ofIMO Annex VIGlobal limit 4,5%S

•19 May 2005

EU Parliament passesSulphur Directive1999/32/EC

•14 April 2005

Publication ofSulphur Directive2005/33/EC

•22 July 2005

1,5%S

EU directive entersinto force:- 1,5%S max in Baltic- 1.5%S max for

passenger ship andEU territorial seas inregular service to orfrom EU ports

- Alternatively exhaust

cleaning to 6 g/kWk

•11 August 2006

SECA Baltic sea1,5% Sulphur max.or exhaust cleaning to 6 g/kWh

•19 May 2006

1,5%S

SECA North Seaand English Channel1,5% Sulphur max.or exhaust cleaningto 6 g/kWh 

•22 Nov. 2007

EU review on furtherproposal for:- new SECAs- 0,5%S max.- alternative measures

including trading

•in 2008

possibly

SECA next sulphstep ?
Looking Ahead ... IMO Legislation

02468

1012141618

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 

Rated engine speed (rpm)

NOx (g/kWh)

Tier I - 130 kW - New ships 2000Tier II - 130 kW - New ships 2011

Revised Marpol Annex VI (9.10.2008)

Tier III - 600 kW - New ships 2016 in designated areas

2011 Tier2 limit11.6 – 9.0 g/kWh ISO NOx

2000 Tier1 limit14.1 – 11.3 g/kWh ISO NOx

2016 Tier3 limit2.5 – 2.3 g/kWh ISO NOx

Only designated area (ECA(Baltic Seat, North Sea, Co

-20%

-80%

Wärtsilä 4-stroke

Cycle NOx
US EPA Emission Engine Classes

Liters Cylinder Volumetric Displacement

Category 1 Engines Below 7 Liters per CylinderCategory 2 Engines At & Above 7 Liters per Cylinde

Below 30 Liters per Cylinder

Category 3 Engines At & Above 30 Liters per Cylin

Sub Category: Engine Power Output kilowatts kw

US EPA and International Regulations different class criteEPA Volumetric per Cylinder ... IMO Engine RPM
US / Canada Emission Control Area “ ECA ”

US & Canada

Submitted IMO 27 March 2009200 Nautical Miles off CoastlinesExclusive Economic Zone EEZ

MEPC 60

Committee approved March 2010

IMO

North American ECA in force 1 August 2011Targets SOx, NOx, PM

History “ SECA”

Exclusively Control SOx 1st Baltic Sea enforced May 2005

2nd North Sea November 2006
ECA & Global Requirements

Subject to fue2018... extend 

Source: US EPA website http://www.epa.gov/oms/regs/nonroad/marine/ci/420f10015.htm

All ships regardless of age must comply ... only sulphur content regulated not fuel type...regulation 4 allows exhaust gas cleaning
5 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

–71% –97% –86

–67% –78%

IMO & EU Sulphur Limits

0.14.53.51.51.00.5

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

World

EU in ports

SECA

Sulphur limit (%)
SOx Reduction Methods

Lakers ... no competitive middle ground, choices limited to adopt

for OPEX fuel savings or accept 100% LSD and incur added co
Agenda

Environmental RegulationsScrubber PrinciplesInstallation CaseEconomicsConclusions
2 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

What is it?

Sulphur Oxides SOx ( SO2)

Formed from sulphur contained in oil during combustion and refining processesSO

2 dissolves within water 

vapour forming airborne acids
44 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Scrubber Basics

Fresh Water Closed LoopWater ph elevated with alkali ...

sodium hydroxide ( NaOH )

Entering exhaust gas stream 

sulphur oxides are captured and neutralized by scrubbing water chemically forming sulphates

Cleaned exhaust gas exitsWater and sulphides return to 

process collection tank

Exhaust gas out

Packed bed

Water spray

Water + NaOH

Water + Sulphides

Packed bed spray scrubber
10 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Closed Loop Fresh water scrubber system

Closed loop works wi

to which NaOH is adneutralization of SO

Closed-loop = zero diPower Requirement a

of the fuel consump

Scrubber

pH

pH

NaOH unit

Fresh water

Water Treatme

Cooling

Exhaust gas

Seawater

Process tank

Sludge tank

10 m

3/MWh

0.1 

0.1 m3/

MWh

1.3 dm3/MWh
10 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Fresh Water Makeup

Closed loop works wi

which NaOH is addeneutralization of SO

Closed-loop = zero diPower Requirement a

of the fuel consump

Scrubber

pH

pH

NaOH unit

Fresh water

Water Treatme

Cooling

Exhaust gas

Seawater

Process tank

Sludge tank

10 m

3/MWh

0.1 

0.1 m3/

MWh

1.3 dm3/MWh

Fresh Water compensates from evaporation and bleeextraction.Consumption dependent oconditions; sea water temexhaust inlet temperature, content of water; generally m3/ MW hr
10 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Sea Water Cooling

Scrubber

pH

pH

NaOH unit

Fresh water

Water Treatme

Cooling

Exhaust gas

Seawater

Process tank

Sludge tank

10 m

3/MWh

0.1 

0.1 m3/

MWh

1.3 dm3/MWh

The seawater cooling minwater vapor entrapment by exhaust gases exiting the reduce both the plume opafresh water consumption.Cooling does not impact sremoval efficiency from ex
10 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Sodium Hydroxide NaOH Unit 

Scrubber

pH

pH

NaOH unit

Fresh water

Water Treatme

Cooling

Exhaust gas

Seawater

Process tank

Sludge tank

10 m

3/MWh

0.1 

0.1 m3/

MWh

1.3 dm3/MWh

The alkali, NaOH, is added the scrubbing water to boph and improve sulphur oremoval efficiency. Typic50% concentration of NaOsodium hydroxide, aka lye caustic soda ) is used as alkali.Input data for alkali feed control are sulphur conteand engine load.Alakli consumption depenon concentration level, enpower, fuel sulphur % levand desired Sox reductio
10 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Water Treatment

Scrubber

pH

pH

NaOH unit

Fresh water

Water Treatme

Cooling

Exhaust gas

Seawater

Process tank

Sludge tank

10 m

3/MWh

0.1 

0.1 m3/

MWh

1.3 dm3/MWh

A small bleed off passes twater treatment unit contof oil and combustion proneutral ph. Effluent is cleaned from tis monitored, and discharsatisfactory.Sludge impurities are placholding tank for future disqualified shoreside treatm
10 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Closed Loop Fresh water scrubber system

Closed loop works wi

which NaOH is addeneutralization of SO

Closed-loop = zero diPower Requirement a

of the fuel consump

Scrubber

pH

pH

NaOH unit

Fresh water

Water Treatme

Cooling

Exhaust gas

Seawater

Process tank

Sludge tank

10 m

3/MWh

0.1 

0.1 m3/

MWh

1.3 dm3/MWh
Agenda

Environmental RegulationsScrubber PrinciplesInstallation CaseEconomicsConclusions
42 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Wärtsilä Scrubber Fresh Water Prototype

MT SuulaClosed-loop, fresh water scrubberMarpol CompliantDNV, GL Certifications
43 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Installation Wärtsilä Fresh Water Scrubber

Scrubber module lift onboard MT “Suula”

SCP, ETM, OMM

Book, Test plan Concept approve

Test duration 20

including certific
44 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

MT Suula Scrubber

Exhaust gas out

Packed bed

Water spray

Water + NaOH

Water + Sulphides

Packed bed spray scrubber
45 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Wärtsilä Scrubber – First Start 10 November 200
46 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Wärtsilä Scrubber – Running on HFO June 2009
47 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Wärtsilä Scrubber – Running on HFO June 2009
48 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

MT Suula Scrubber Test Results

< d.l. = below reliable determination limit of analysis method

Tests @ 3.4%, 1.5% sulphur fuel content demonstrate 99% 

dioxide removal efficiency across operating conditions
Agenda

Environmental RegulationsScrubber PrinciplesInstallation CaseEconomicsConclusions

30 © Wärtsilä 10 February 2010 WFI0054_SOx_Reducer.ppt / A. Suopanki, D. Pettersson, DocumentID: DBAB285337 

Design parameters Equipment on board

Main engine(s)Auxiliary enginesBoiler(s)

Vessel operation and rou

Operation profileOpex hours in SECA 

Current configuration

Tank arrangementExisting fresh water cActual back pressure Noise attenuationAvailable space in staExhaust diameterElevationShip design layout

Load profile vs. vessel itinerary• In port• In manoeuvring• At sea, high load / at sea, low load• Other specifics, season loading, 

lock transits...
31 © Wärtsilä 10 February 2010 WFI0054_SOx_Reducer.ppt / A. Suopanki, D. Pettersson, DocumentID: DBAB285337 

Fuel Premium (Rotterdam)

0

4080

120160200240280320360400440480520560600640680720760

30.07.2007 29.08.2007 28.09.2007 28.10.2007 27.11.2007 27.12.2007 26.01.2008 25.02.2008 26.03.2008 25.04.2008 25.05.2008 24.06.2008 24.07.2008 23.08.2008 22.09.2008 22.10.2008 21.11.2008 21.12.2008 20.01.2009 19.02.2009 21.03.2009 20.04.2009 20.05.2009 19.06.2009 19.07.2009 18.08.2009 17.09.2009 17.10.2009 1

Date

Price difference (USD/t)

LS380 - IFO380 diff. LS180 - IFO180 diff. MGO - IFO380 diff. MDO - IFO380 

Sou

MGO fuel to IFO 380 Premium Range 140 – 700 $ / ton

Payback often near 1 year includes OPEX costs fuel, fresh water, maintenance, scrubber system power... will reduce as fuel premienlarges ( low sulphur fuel faces huge demand at limited availab
72 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Payback Economics

Compelling... payback today often near 1 year ... expected to acc
Agenda

Environmental RegulationsScrubber PrinciplesInstallation CaseEconomicsConclusions
34 © Wärtsilä 10 February 2010 WFI0054_SOx_Reducer.ppt / A. Suopanki, D. Pettersson, DocumentID: DBAB285337 

FW Scrubber advantages

Smaller size and reagent flow than sea water scrubberSmaller = power demand, CAPEX, OPEXReduced Corrosion and scalingLower manufacturing costsSmaller fresh water cooling circuit Small bleed off amountsEasier water treatmentZero effluent discharge possible in port

Sea water scrubbers release 2 kg CO2 per 1 kg neutralized SulphFresh water doesn’t = reduced CO2 footprint
35 © Wärtsilä 10 February 2010 WFI0054_SOx_Reducer.ppt / A. Suopanki, D. Pettersson, DocumentID: DBAB285337 

SOX Scrubber Competitive Advantages

SOx-scrubbing is the most economical way to comply with IMregulation regarding SOx (Regulation 14)Immediate OPEX savings for SOx Emission Control Areas Payback period accelerates as premium expands ... refinerieexpect to struggle producing sufficient low-sulphur fuels.Compelling payback below 1 year in coming yearsOutside ECA huge OPEX savings available to vessels trading internationally

Can you competitively afford to NOT employ scru
Appendix
26 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Example Wärtsilä scrubber set-up

Scrubber 1 Scrubber 2

Process tank

Scrubbing water cooler

Engine
27 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Wärtsilä Integrated Scrubber

Benefits• Avoid additional exhaust gas back pressure.• Minimal equipmentMain features• One common unit • Fan redundancy• Constant under-pressure prevents undue flow of 

gases

• By integrating a wet sump with scrubber avoids 

separate process tank

• A wet sump minimises the needed vertical lifting 

height and therefore the power demand of the closed-loop pumps.

Oil-fired boiler

Integrated scrubber
39 © Wärtsilä 10 February 2010 WFI0054_SOx_Reducer.ppt / A. Suopanki, D. Pettersson, DocumentID: DBAB285337 

3.0

0

Seawater temperature °C

Consumption, m

3/h per 10MW power 2.0

1.02.5

1.5

0.5

5 10 20 

15 25

390oC

220oC

Exhaust gas temperatur

in scrubber inle

Depending on theseawater cooling capacity

Fresh Water Consumption
40 © Wärtsilä 10 February 2010 WFI0054_SOx_Reducer.ppt / A. Suopanki, D. Pettersson, DocumentID: DBAB285337 

Required abatement efficiency versus fuel sulph

Sulphur content of fuel

Abatement required to reach IMO limits 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0.5% 1% 1.5% 2% 2.5% 3% 3.5% 4% 

IMO IMO IMO IMO 
41 © Wärtsilä 10 February 2010 WFI0054_SOx_Reducer.ppt / A. Suopanki, D. Pettersson, DocumentID: DBAB285337 

Sulphur reduction versus water pH

Alkaline power reduces as neutralization takes effect and hence, it is then controlled by:• adjusting flow in sea water scrubbers, or• adjusting caustic quantity in fresh water scrubbers

14

0

7

Time in scrubber

100%0%50%

1st stage 2nd stage

pH

Efficiency

Increases efficiency
42 © Wärtsilä 10 February 2010 WFI0054_SOx_Reducer.ppt / A. Suopanki, D. Pettersson, DocumentID: DBAB285337 

Equivalent to 0.5% of fuel cost

NaOH price

Equivalen4% of fue

Average around 150 US$/ton
41 © Wärtsilä Wärtsilä SOx Scrubber - Leading the way in SOx abatement

Caustic Soda Consumption