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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 190
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOG Y • NUMBE R 19 0

Pycnogonida of Western Australia

C. Allan Child

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1975
ABSTRACT

Child, C. Allan. Pycnogonida of Western Australia. Smithsonian Contributions

to Zoology, number 190, 29 pages, 11 figures, 1975.—A brief discussion of

previous Vork with Western Australian pycnogonids is provided, followed by a

resume of faunal affinities and a map showing collecting localities mentioned in

the taxonomic section. Twenty-seven species in thirteen genera are discussed and

four are described as new: Nymphon flindersi, N. rottnesti, Rhopalorhynchus

dampieri, and Pallenopsis cidaribatus. Three additional species are discussed as

probably new, but with insufficient diagnostic characters to be named.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year, SI PRESS NUMBER 5211. SERIES COVER DESIGN:

The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Child, C. Allan

Pycnogonida of western Australia.

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 190)

Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:190

1. Pycnogonida—Western Australia. I. Title. II. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian

contributions to zoology, no. 190.

QL1.S54 no. 190 [QL447] [595'.394'09941] 74-13822

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 95 cents (paper cover)
Contents

Page

Introduction . \

Family Nymphonidae Wilson, 1878 3

Genus Nymphon J. C. Fabricius, 1794 3

Nymphon flindersi, new species 3

Nymphon rottnesti, new species 5

Family Colossendeidae Hoek, 1881 7

Genus Rhopalorhynchus Wood-Mason, 1873 7

Rhopalorhynchus sibogae Stock 7

Rhopalorhynchus dampieri, new species 8

Family Callipallenidae Hilton, 1942 . . 10

Genus Callipallene Flynn, 1929 10

Callipallene brevirostris novaezealandiae (Thomson) 10

Callipallene emaciata micracantha Stock . 10

Callipallene species A 10

Callipallene species B 12

Genus Parapallene Carpenter, 1892 12

Parapallene australiensis (Hoek) 12

Parapallene haddoni Carpenter 12

Parapallene nierstraszi Loman . 15

Genus Stylopallene Clark, 1963 15

Stylopallene tubirostris Clark 15

Genus Pycnothea Loman, 1920 16

Pycnothea flynni Williams . 16

Genus Pallenopsis Wilson, 1881 16

Pallenopsis cidaribatus, new species 16

Pallenopsis denticulata Hedgpeth . 18

Pallenopsis hoeki (Miers) 19

Pallenopsis macneilli Clark 19

Family Phoxichilidiidae Sars, 1891 20

Genus Anoplodactylus Wilson, 1878 20

Anoplodactylus pycnosoma (Heifer) 20

Anoplodactylus longiceps Stock . 20

Anoplodactylus species 20

Family Ammotheidae Dohrn, 1881 . 22

Genus Achelia Hodge, 1864 . 22

Achelia shepherdi Stock 22

Achelia assimilis (Haswell) 24

Genus Ammothea Leach, 1814 . . 24

Ammothea australiensis Flynn 24

Genus Ammothella Verrill, 1900 24

Ammothella biunguiculata australiensis Williams 24

Genus Ascorhynchus G. O. Sars, 1877 26

Ascorhynchus minutum Hoek 26

iii
Page

Genus Nymphopsis Haswell, 1884 26

Nymphopsis acinacispinatus bathursti Williams 26

Nymphopsis korotnewi Schimkewitsch 27

Literature Cited 28

IV
Pycnogonida of Western Australia

C. Allan Child

Introduction

This report is an attempt to fill the gap in our

knowledge of Australian pycnogonids from the

Indian Ocean segment of that country. Clark

(1963:2) made the telling comment that "it is a

striking fact that no pycnogonids have been recorded from Port Philip westwards to Rottnest

Island, Western Australia, and only three species

between Rottnest Island and the Gulf of Carpentaria." Stock made a "partial fulfillment" (1973:99)

of this gap from Port Philip (Melbourne) to

Rottnest Island (Perth) with his report on southeastern Australian pycnogonids.

There are few other contributions to the pycnogonid fauna of this immense area, and indeed

most of the collections to date have been fortuitous

captures made while in search of other fauna.

Williams (1940) described one new species and

two new varieties of known species from Western

Australia. Hedgpeth (1944) described an additional new species from the State. Clark (1963)

added a cosmopolitan deep-water species to the

list and only two other species from the Northern

Territory to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Stock (1968)

added two new and two known species to the

fauna of the Great Australian Bight, but from

South Australia. Since then, no additional species

have been described from Western Australia. With

the present report, the known fauna is increased

from two species and two varieties to 26 species,

including varieties and subspecies, with an additional three possible new species remaining unnamed for lack of sufficient diagnostic characters.

C. Allan Child, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National

Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 20560.

There is little risk in predicting that this total

could be doubled by intensive search for the small

littoral forms that must exist on coasts accessible

to the hardy collector in this harsh countryside.

The difficulties of collecting here are attested to by

the present collection, most of which was taken

while aboard vessels instead of from the shore.

The collections treated here are mainly from

the Western Australian Museum, Perth, and the

types are assigned their Museum (WAM) numbers.

Some lots of the collection were contributed by

Dr. J. L. Barnard, Smithsonian Institution, while

collecting amphipods in Western Australia. Two

lots are included from South Australia, because it

would not be worthwhile to report on these separately. They were given to Dr. Barnard with

amphipods by Mr. S. A. Shepherd, Senior Fisheries

Officer, Department of Fisheries, Adelaide. One

other lot was examined, from the Museum of

Comparative Zoology (MCZ), Harvard University,

Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some type-material has

been deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, under the

catalog numbers of the United States National

Museum (USNM), and given appropriate catalog

numbers in the text. The collecting localities

treated in this report are identified on the map

(Figure 1) of Western Australia.

The pycnogonids of Western Australia have

their closest affinities with the fauna of eastern

Australia, as might be expected. Of the 20 previously known species treated here, 12 also occur

on the southern and eastern coasts of Australia,

while only two arc also found in New Zealand

waters. There is less relationship to the warmwater

Indian Ocean fauna, with three species shared with

Madagascar and the East African coast. None of
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

1

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Broome

Port Walcott

Dampier Archipelago

Northwest Cape

Point Cloates

Shark Bay

Dirk Hartogs Island

Pelsart Islands

Bluff Point, Geraldton

Frenchman Bay

Jurien Bay

Lancelin Island

Yanchep Reef

Rottnest Island

Cottesloe Beach

Woodmans Point

Jervois Bay and

Garden Island

Point Peron

Mandurah

Bunbury

Cape Naturaliste

Bunker Bay

Cheyne Beach

Pearson Islands

(South Australia)

:.m0^tr 24-»—»

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FIGURE 1.—Map of western part of Western Australia, showing collecting locations mentioned

in the text.
NUMBER 190

the comparatively well-known Indian species are

found (so iar) on the Western Australian coast.

The East Indies relationship is considerable,

with six species or almost one-third of the known

fauna also occurring in Indonesia, and two additional species each from the Philippines and

Japan. These last relationships possibly represent

patterns of collecting in better known areas as

much as good distribution knowledge for each

species. This whole picture of distribution may

change entirely when more is known concerning

Australasian pycnogonids. All of Southeast Asia

remains sparsely collected as does northern

Australia.

None of the genera treated in this report are

new to Australia. The Family Callipallenidae is

predominant as it is in all other reports on

Australian fauna. Five of the 14 genera are from

this family and 13 of the 29 species are callipallenids. Two families have not yet been found in

Western Australia, the Pycnogonidae and Endeidae,

although both have representatives on the eastern

Australian coasts.

The pycnogonid fauna of Western Australia, as

it is now known, consists of 29 species, including

those remaining unnamed:

Family NYMPHONIDAE Wilson, 1878

Genus Nymphon Fabricius, 1794

Nymphon flindersi, n. sp.

Nymphon rottnesti, n. sp.

Family COLOSSENDEIDAE Hoek, 1881

Genus Rhopalorhynshus Wood-Mason, 1873

Rhopalorhynchus sibogae Stock, 1958

Rhopalorhynchus dampieri, n. sp.

Genus Colossendeis Jarzynsky, 1870

"Colossendeis macerrima Wilson, 1881

Family CALLIPALLENIDAE Hilton, 1942

Genus Callipallene Flynn, 1929

Callipallene brevirostris novaezealandiae (Thomson,

1884)

Callipallene emaciata micracantha Stock, 1954

Callipallene sp. A

Callipallene sp. B

Genus Parapallene Carpenter, 1892

Parapallene australiensis (Hoek, 1881)

Parapallene haddoni Carpenter, 1892

Parapallene nierstraszi Loman, 1908

Genus Stylopallene Clark, 1963

Stylopallene tubirostris Clark, 1963

Genus Pycnothea Loman, 1920

Pycnothea flynni Williams, 1940

• Species not represented in this collection.

Genus Pallenopsis Wilson, 1881

Pallenopsis cidaribatus, n. sp.

Pallenopsis denticulata Hedgpeth, 1944

Pallenopsis hoeki (Miers, 1884)

Pallenopsis macneilli Clark, 1963

Family PHOXICHILIDIIDAE Sars, 1891

Genus Anoplodactylus Wilson, 1878

Anoplodactylus pycnosoma (Heifer, 1938)

Anoplodactylus longiceps Stock, 1951

• Anoplodactylus pulcher Carpenter

Anoplodactylus sp.

Family AMMOTHEIDAE Dohrn, 1881

Genus Achelia Hodge, 1864

Achelia shepherdi Stock, 1973

Achelia assimilis (Haswell, 1884)

Genus Ammothea Leach, 1814

Ammothea australiensis Flynn, 1919

Genus Ammothella Verrill, 1900

Ammothella biunguiculata australiensis Williams, 1940

Genus Ascorhynchus Sars, 1877

Ascorhynchus minutum Hoek, 1881

Genus Nymphopsis Haswell, 1884

Nymphopsis acinacispinatus bathursti Williams, 1940

Nymphopsis korotnewi Schimkewitsch, 1887

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—I am indebted to Dr. L. E.

Koch, Curator of Entomology, Western Australia

Museum, for entrusting the Museum collection

to me, and for his prompt replies to my inquiries.

I am grateful to Dr. J. L. Barnard, Curator of

Crustacea, National Museum of Natural History,

for donating pycnogonids from his algal washings

for use in this study, and to Dr. H. W. Levi,

Curator of Arachnology, Museum of Comparative

Zoology, Harvard University, for his loan of additional specimens of Pallenopsis denticulata Hedgpeth, and to Dr. T. E. Bowman, Curator of

Crustacea, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian Institution, for his critical reading of

the manuscript.

Family NYMPHONIDAE Wilson, 1878

Genus Nymphon J. C. Fabricius, 1794

Nymphon flindersi, new species

FIGURE 2

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One female holotype.

West of Garden Island, 32°13.3"S, 115°33.3"E, to

32°I3.0"S, 115°31.1"E, coll. L. Marsh and M. Shepherd on F.R.V. Flinders, haul 1, 17-33 meters, 8

March 1972. WAM 73-76.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 2.—Xymphon fiindersi, new species (holotype): a, body; b, third leg; c, terminal segments

of third leg; d, chela; e, palp; /, oviger; g, terminal claw and compound spine of oviger.
NUMBER 190

DESCRIPTION.—Trunk completely segmented. Lateral processes glabrous, separated by their own

diameter or slightly more. Neck of medium length,

thinning in diameter where it attaches to cephalic

segment. Oviger implantation anterior to, but

touching, first lateral processes. Ocular tubercle

low, rounded, with 2 tiny lateral bumps. Eyes distinct, unpigmented in alcohol. Proboscis cylindrical, tapering toward truncated tip. Abdomen cylindrical, long, armed with 2 dorsal setae.

Chelifores large, well developed. Scape longer

than proboscis, armed at midlength with single

long dorsal and endal setae, several short lateral

setae, and distally with a single long dorsal seta

and 2 long endal setae. Longest setae are 1 to

I14 times diameter of scape. Chela with slightly

globular palm, a ring of setae around insertion of

fingers. Fingers almost 2 times length of palm,

armed with 20 teeth on fixed finger, 19 on movable

finger. Teeth homogeneous, becoming slightly

longer distally on finger.

Second palp segment slightly longer than third,

twice the fourth, and over twice the fifth. Setae

sparse, increasing in number toward tip.

Fourth and fifth oviger segments relatively short,

armed with few ectal setae. Fifth segment half

length of fourth, with succeeding segments progressively shorter. Segments 7 through 10 with

compound spines, increasing in length toward distal end of each segment, with the formula 8:7:7:8.

Terminal claw shorter than tenth segment, armed

with 7 ventral teeth. Larger compound spines with

5 denticulations per side.

Legs thin, sparsely setose. Coxa 1 with 2 long

dorsolateral setae and 2 short lateral setae. Coxa 2

twice length of coxa 1, armed with 2 lateral setae,

each longer than segment diameter. Coxa 3 slightly

longer than coxa 1, armed with single ventrodistal seta. Femur armed at midlength with 2 long

lateral setae, 1 dorsodistal seta of medium length,

and few scattered lateral and ventral setae. Tibia 1

slightly longer than femur, armed with single long

middorsal seta, a shorter dorsodistal seta, and few

short lateral and ventral setae. Tibia 2 almost

I1/2 times length of femur, armed with few dorsal

and ventral setae and a single dorsodistal seta.

Tarsus short, one-third propodal length. Propodus thin, slightly curved. Tarsus and propodus

armed with row of ventral spines, without larger

heel spines. Claw less than one-fourth length of

propodus. Auxiliaries almost three-fourths length

of main claw.

MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—Trunk length (insertion of scape to tip 4th lateral process), 2.81.

Trunk width (across second lateral processes),

1.28. Proboscis length (ventral), 0.87. Abdomen

length 0.62. Third leg: Coxa 1, 0.46; coxa 2, 0.96;

coxa 3, 0.64; femur, 2.36; tibia 1, 2.56; tibia 2, 3.25;

tarsus, 0.32; propodus, 1.10; claw, 0.27.

REMARKS.—This species bears a short tarsus (less

than one-half propodus length), and appears most

closely related to N. setimanus Barnard, a species

found in South Africa and Madagascar. There is

no outstanding character in this single female that

immediately separates it from all others in this

cumbersome genus, but the combination of neck

length, various length ratios of leg and palp segments, and terminal leg segment configuration do

not agree with any recorded species.

The second palp segment is longer than the

third, unlike N. setimanus, in which they are

equal. The long lateral leg and scape setae are

seldom found in this combination and do not

agree with Barnard's species or with any other.

This species is quite like N. setimanus in trunk

shape, length of lateral processes, length and

shape of terminal leg segments, and length of ocular

tubercle and abdomen. It is little more than half

the size of Barnard's type-specimen and has considerably fewer denticulate spines on the oviger

segments. The chela is also more robust and less

setose than that shown in Barnard's figure 8

(1954:104).

ETYMOLOGY.—The species is named for the research vessel Flinders, which undoubtedly was

named for Matthew Flinders, early English explorer of Australian waters.

Nymphon rottnesti, new species

FIGURE 3

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One ovigerous female,

holotype, 1 ovigerous female, 1 juvenile?, paratypes. West of Rottnest Island, 32°00'S, 115°16'E,

CSIRO Sta. 225, 12 October 1963, beam trawl

with fish and shells, 137-143 meters. WAM

70-3985, 3986, USNM 119236.

DESCRIPTION.—Trunk thin, fully segmented. Neck

moderately long. Ovigers implanted anterior to,
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FICURK 3.—Nymphon rottnesti, new species (holotype): a, body; b, third leg; c, terminal segments

of third leg; d, palp; e, oviger; /, terminal segments of oviger; g, oviger claw; h, chela.
NUMBER 190

but against first lateral processes. Lateral processes separated by over twice their diameter, without tubercles or setae. Abdomen short, slightly

longer than fourth lateral processes. Ocular tubercle low, rounded, capped by two tiny lateral

papillae. Eyes large, slightly pigmented in alcohol.

Proboscis cylindrical, slightly longer than neck.

Chelifores 2-segmented, scape with few scattered

setae. Chela robust, slightly curved, little longer

than scape. Fingers long, armed with 29-30 uniform teeth closely set on dactyl and immovable

finger. Low hump over base of immovable finger,

armed with thick tuft of setae. Fingers more than

I14 times length of palm. Fingers overlap when

closed.

Palp segments 2 and 4 equal, third slightly

shorter, fifth segment shortest, more than one-half

length of second. Terminal 3 segments thickly

setose ventrally, and scattered setae on all segments

but the first.

Oviger with fourth segment swollen at one-third

its length. Fifth segment longest, slightly longer

than fourth, with several setae at tip. Distal segments increasingly shorter. Terminal segments with

denticulate spines having the formula 16:13:10:11.

Terminal claw with endal serrate edge having 9-10

minute teeth.

Legs long, thin, with sparse setae becoming more

numerous distally. Second coxa almost three times

length of first. Femur slightly inflated with eggs,

three-fifths length of tibia 2. Tibia 1 is four-fifths

length of tibia 2. Tarsus almost three-fourths length

of propodus. Propodus very slightly curved, armed

with row of uniform small spines on sole. Terminal claw almost one-half length of propodus,

moderately curved. Auxiliary claws nine-tenths

length of primary claw.

MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—Trunk length (ocular tubercle anterior to tip 4th lateral process),

2.41. Trunk width (across 2nd lateral processes),

1.31. Neck length, 1.20. Proboscis length, 1.36.

Diameter between 2nd and 3rd lateral processes,

0.35. Third leg: Coxa 1, 0.52; coxa 2, 1.4; coxa 3,

0.58; femur, 2.88; tibia 1, 4.05; tibia 2, 4.92; tarsus,

0.7; propodus, 0.99; claw, 0.46.

REMARKS.—This species is very close to N. andamanense Caiman. It differs in the following respects: Overall size is only two-thirds that of

Caiman's species; it has a shorter peck and shorter

third trunk segment so that the posterior three

segments are more nearly the same length; the

chela is longer than the scape in the new species

and there are almost twice the number of teeth

on the fingers. The fourth palp segment is longer

than the third, whereas the third is longer with

N. andamanense. The legs are more setose and the

femur is only a little over one-half the length of

the tibia 2 instead of being 78 percent of the

length. The tarsus is only one-third the propodus

length in N. andamanense, but is seven-tenths the

propodus length with the new species. The claw

is also longer in relation to propodus length for

this new species. Nymphon rottnesti shows similarities to N. molleri Clark, but again with sufficient differences to warrant its separation. Clark's

species has a longer neck, shorter tarsus, shorter

claws, and various differences in appendage segment length ratios. The oviger denticulation differs

in number and spine denticulations, although the

longer fourth and fifth oviger segment lengths can

only be attributed to sex differences between

Clark's male specimen and the present female

specimens.

ETYMOLOGY.—The species is named for Rottnest

Island, the nearest land to its point of capture.

Family COLOSSENDEIDAE Hoek, 1881

Genus Rhopalorhynchus Wood-Mason, 1873

Rhopalorhynchus sibogae Stock

Rhopalorhynchus kroyeri.—Loman, 1908 [part], pi. XV: fig.

217.

Rhopalorhynchus sibogae Stock, 1958:124-125, figs. 22-27.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Two juveniles, NW of

Lancelin Island, 31°05'S, 116°55'E (sb 114°55'E?),

beam trawl with bryozoa in 113-122 meters,

5 February 1964, CSIRO Sta. 46.

Two males, W of Rottnest Island, 32°03'S,

114°20'E, beam trawl with coral and sponges in

113-139 meters, 15 February 1964, CSIRO Sta. 50.

One female, 1 legless specimen, NW of Point

Cloates, 22°52'S, 113°39'E, dredge with crustaceans

and shells in 134 meters, 6 October 1963, CSIRO

Sta. 172.

One female, NW of Dirk Hartogs Island,

25°3O'S, 112°29'E, beam trawl in 130 meters, 9

October 1963, CSIRO Sta. 200.
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

REMARKS.—I have placed these specimens only

tentatively under R. sibogae. They may be R.

tenuissimiim (Haswell), but his published description, as pointed out by Stock (1958:125), is

insufficient for specific determination. None of

Haswell's specimens are available for comparison.

The specimens in hand conform to the ratios

given by Stock for R. sibogae, except for the placement of the proboscis tubercle or tooth. It is only

about one-fourth (24-26 percent) the distance

along the inflated part instead of 39 to 43 percent

of the distance as with R. sibogae. The sixthseventh palp segment ratio is the same as is the

tarsal ratio (about 93 percent). The claw is the

same length as the propodus; the tarsus is longer

than either propodus or claw. The proboscis tip

is not as blunt in the female specimens as that

shown by Stock (1958:124, fig. 26). If these specimens are not R. tenuissimum, then the distribution

and depth range of R. sibogae are considerably

extended from Flores Island in Indonesia to near

Perth, Western Australia, and from 27-36 meters

to 113-139 meters deep.

Rhopalorhynchus dampieri, new species

FIGURE 4

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, holotype,

VV of Lancelin Island, 31°05'S, 116°55'E (sb

114°55'E?), beam trawl with bryozoans in 113-122

meters, 5 February 1964, CSIRO Sta. 46. WAM

70-3953.

One female, paratype, W of Mandurah, 32°33'S,

115°04'E, 110 meters, 23 November 1970, R.V.

Diamantina, Sta. 4. WAM 71-1789.

One ovigerous female, paratype, SW of Jurien

Bay, 30°38'S, 114°47'E, 110 meters, 9 December

1970, R.V. Diamantina, Sta. 108. WAM 71-1791.

One female, paratype, NW of Bunbury, 32°57.5'S,

1I4°48.()'E, 122-139 meters, 15 March 1972, R.V.

Diamantina, Sta. 8, cruise DM 1/72. USNM 149237.

DESCRIPTION.—Trunk slender, glabrous, with

flaring articulations. Lateral processes separated

by almost twice their diameters. Abdomen shorter

than fourth lateral processes, downcurved, almost

hidden in dorsal aspect. Ocular tubercle short,

globular, with low apical tubercle and lateral

papillae. Eyes unpigmented, with swollen or convex surfaces.

Proboscis with short, poorly developed "stalk,"

merging abruptly with inflated posterior portion.

Posterior and larger anterior portions separated by

marked constriction. Proboscis slightly downcurved

distally, one-eighth longer than trunk length.

Dorsal tubercle or tooth lacking.

Palp 10-segmented. First segment very short,

second reduced to articulated ring, third longest,

being 2y2 times length of fifth. Third segment

with 8-9 dorsal spines and few dorsal, lateral, and

ventral setae. Five terminal segments armed with

few dorsal setae and many short ventral setae.

Oviger 10-segmented. First segment a short ring,

second and third short, equal in combined length

to fifth. Fourth segment long, thin, equal to sixth,

which is armed with few scattered setae and an

ectal fringe of short spines. Terminal 4 segments

twice their diameters in length, curved, armed

with 4 rows of denticulate spines, the central rows

having the formula 12:8:9:10. Denticulate spines

of varying lengths with finely serrate edges. Terminal claw robust, two-thirds length of segment,

almost spatulate on one side, armed with 2 tiny

claws or teeth distally.

Legs extremely thin, longest segment almost 20

times its diameter. Coxae short, not much longer

than their diameter, second coxa slightly longer

than first or third. Femur one-tenth shorter than

tibia 1 and one-tenth longer than tibia 2. Tarsus

nine-tenths length of propodus. Claw and propodus subequal. Femur and tibiae armed with dorsal

row or 8—9 short sharp spines and few scattered

setae, increasing in number distally. Tarsus and

propodus armed with few dorsal setae and no

heel or sole spines or setae. Claw slightly curved,

of equal size on all legs.

MEASUREMENTS OF HOLOTYPE (in mm).—Trunk

length (proboscis insertion to tip 4th lateral

process), 4.21. Trunk width (across 2nd lateral

processes), 2.11. Proboscis length (ventral), 4.97.

Abdomen length (ventral), 0.25. Third leg: Coxa 1,

0.38; coxa 2, 0.55; coxa 3, 0.5; femur, 4.7; tibia 1,

5.15; tibia 2, 4.19; tarsus, 1.4; propodus, 1.66; claw,

1.67.

REMARKS.—This is the seventh described species

of the nontoothed or articulatum-group of the

genus. Following Stock's (1970:9) key, the new

species can be worked down to the third couplet

where it falls in line with R. dofieini, its nearest

morphological ally. It differs from R. dofieini in
NUMBER 190

FIGURE 4.—Rhopalorhynchus dampieri, new species (holotype): a, body; b, ocular tubercle,

lateral; c, palp; d, third leg; e, abdomen, ventral; /, oviger; g, terminal oviger segment with

enlargement of claw showing teeth; h, compound spine from oviger segment 7.
10

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

having a tarsus shorter than the propodus, a considerably longer claw, shorter palp segments, a

different proboscis shape, and different trunkproboscis length ratio. The most noticeable difference of R. darnpieri is in the sharp spines on the

dorsal surfaces of the appendages. These are absent

from R. dofleini, as is the curious serration of the

oviger claw tip in JR. dampieri.

ETYMOLOGY.—The species is named for William

Dampier, a rover, buccaneer, explorer, and genius

who, in 1699, contributed much to the geographic

knowledge of western "New Holland" by being

the first Englishman to visit Australia.

Family CALLIPALLENIDAE Hilton, 1942

Genus Callipallene Flynn, 1929

Callipallene brevirostris novaezealandiae

(Thomson)

Pallene novaezealandiae Thomson, 1884:246-247, pi. 14: figs.

1-4—Hutton, 1904:247.

Callipallene brevirostris ssp. novaezealandiae.—Stock, 1954:

48-50, fig. 21 a-h.

Callipallene brevirostris cf. ssp. novaezealandiae.—Arnaud,

1972:162.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One female, South

Australia, Investigator Island Group, Pearson Islands, in algae on horizontal reef face in 13-18

meters, coll. S. A. Shepherd, diving, 8 January

1969, Sta. 13-B.

REMARKS.—The distal denticulate oviger spine

on each of the terminal oviger segments is as drawn

by Thomson (1884, fig. 3, also a female). This

specimen corresponds very closely with the other

figures except for the finger denticulations of the

chelae. Thomson mentions denticulations, but

only hints at their presence in his figure 2. There

are 12 denticulations or teeth on the movable

finger and 7 on the fixed finger.

The specimen had recently molted, and the

trunk suture is indistinct and almost lacking between the third and fourth segments.

The leg segments are all somewhat shorter than

the female leg of Stock's figure 21, but in light of

the remaining dose conformity of this specimen

to Thomson's and Stock's figures, it will be assigned

to this species until more is known of the bewildering variety of Australian callipallenids.

If all of the published specimens turn out to be

this species, it is distributed from North and South

Islands, New Zealand, Tasman Sea, South Australia,

to Madagascar, and has a depth range of from

less than 1 meter to 91 meters.

Callipallene emaciata micracantha Stock

Callipallene emaciata ssp. micracantha Stock, 1954:44-46, figs.

19 a-g, 20 a,b.

Callipallene emaciata micracantha.—Clark, 1963:21-23, fig.

11 A-I.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One female, South Australia, Investigator Island Group, Pearson Islands,

on Acrocarpa sp. in 10 meters, coll. S. A. Shepherd,

diving, 8 January 1969, Sta. 7-B.

REMARKS.—This single specimen is again provisionally assigned to a species because of sparse

material and the great variation known to exist

with the genus. It agrees in most characters with

Stock's subspecies except for the probably variable

oviger spine formula which is 8:7:8:8. The auxiliary claws are shorter than those of Clark's male

(figure 11 i). The femur and coxa 2 of this specimen have a row of small humps or swollen areas

with a single short seta arising from each, which

are not figured by either author.

The distribution of this species is extended from

Victoria and New South Wales, to South Australia,

and the depth range from 10 to 135 meters.

Callipallene species A

FIGURE 5

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One ovigerous female,

1 female, 1 larva, 1 juvenile, Perth, Cottesloe

Beach, intertidal algal wash, coll. R. A. L.

Barnard, 7 September 1968, Sta. JLB 10.

DESCRIPTION.—Trunk compact, completely segmented, lateral processes almost touching at bases.

Neck short. Ocular tubercle very short, at posterior half of cephalic segment, capped by small

round tubercle flanked by tiny papillae. Eyes

slightly pigmented to unpigmented in alcohol.

Proboscis long for genus, cylindrical, tapering

distally to slightly more than half maximum

diameter. Abdomen extremely short, triangular,

unarmed.

Chelifore scape 1-segmented, medially inflated,
NUMBER 190

11

FIGURE 5.—Callipallene species A: a, body; b, body, lateral; c, third leg; d, terminal third leg

segments, auxiliary claw enlarged; e, chela, teeth enlarged; /, oviger; g, compound spines; distal

above, proximal below.
12

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

armed with 2-3 median setae and several distally.

Chela carried synaxially, with several endal and

ectal setae. Fingers armed with 11-12 low triangular teeth.

Palps absent (without knowledge of male).

Oviger 10-segmented, all segments short, fifth

armed with 3-4 short setae. Terminal 4 segments

subequal, armed with 2 forms of denticulate

spines; those proximal of "arrow" shape and those

distal of "fan" shape, arranged in the formula

5:4:5:5, without terminal claw.

Leg moderately short, robust, femur of ovigerous female inflated with few egg clusters, tibia

1 two-thirds length of femur, tibia 2 five-sixths

femur length. Propodus stout, moderately curved,

without marked heel, armed with 2 rows of 3 heel

spines and nine to ten sole spines. Claw two-thirds

propodus length. Extremely minute auxiliary claws,

smaller than sole spines.

MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—Trunk length (chelifore insertion to tip 4th lateral process), 0.97.

Trunk width (across 2nd lateral processes), 0.58.

Proboscis length, 0.43. Third leg: Coxa 1, 0.33;

coxa 2, 0.37; coxa 3, 0.32; femur, 0.96; tibia 1,

0.66; tibia 2, 0.77; tarsus, 0.1; propodus, 0.49;

claw, 0.33.

REMARKS.—The muddled generic deck of cards

that is found in the callipallenids these days forbids adding another card without knowing the

presence or absence of male characters. The two

adult females have some characters of the genus

Callipallene, that is, lack of palp, lack of terminal

oviger claw, and the presence of auxiliary claws

(however minute), but these characters are shared

with at least one other genus, Anoropallene

(valida and laysani).

The combination of denticulate chelae, auxiliarv claws, lack of oviger claw, and lack of palps

(this last shared with most callipallenid genera in

the female), places this unnamed species in the

genus Callipallene. Without a male on which to

base a complete description, this probably new

species will remain unnamed.

Callipallene species B

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Four larvae, Perth, Cottesloe Beach, intertidal algal wash, coll. R. A. L.

Barnard, 7 September 1968, Sta. JLB 10.

REMARKS.—These specimens have the more typical Callipallene propodus and have auxiliary

claws over half the length of the main claw. The

chelae fingers have large thin teeth, but the specimens are otherwise unidentifiable.

Genus Parapallene Carpenter, 1892

Parapallene australiensis (Hoek)

Pallene australiensis Hoek, 1881:76-78, pi. 11: figs. 1-7

[part].—Haswell, 1884:1022.

Parapallene australiensis.—Carpenter, 1892:553.—Loman,

1908:48.—Caiman, 1937:530-532 [redescription].—Stock,

1954:50, fig. 24 d,e— Clark, 1963:25-26.—Stock, 1973:119.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, NW of Cape

Naturaliste, 33°40'S, 114°28'E, meter dredge with

sponge and bryozoa in 137 meters, 27-28 August

1963, CSIRO Sta. 134.

REMARKS.—This specimen has a tiny tubercle on

the dorsodistal tip of each lateral process and a

few lateroventral setae on the proboscis. The

femoral cement gland is found as a pit on a slight

swelling about halfway along the femur. The

range is extended from eastern Australia to southwest Australian waters.

Parapallene haddoni Carpenter

FIGURE 6a-c

Parapallene haddoni Carpenter, 1892:553-555, pi. 22: figs.

1-6.—Loman, 1908:44.—Clark, 1963:26-28, fig. 13A-J.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, W of Rottnest

Island, 32°03'S, 114°20'E, beam trawl with coral and

sponges in 113-139 meters, 15 February 1964,

CSIRO Sta. 50.

One male juvenile, NW of Bluff Point, N of

Geraldton, 27°40'S, 113°03'E, meter dredge with

sponge and bryozoa in 128 meters, 21-22 August

1963, CSIRO Sta. 131.

REMARKS.—This appears to be the first recorded

adult male of this species, so illustrations of the

leg and oviger are included (Figure 6a-c).

In comparison with Clark's figured female, the

legs of this specimen have longer setae, particularly the single lateral setae on the first coxa and

femur, and there are small ventral tubercles on

the second and third coxae. The dorsodistal tubercles on the femur and tibia 1 are slightly longer

than those in Clark's figure E, and the propodus
NUMBER 190

13

FIGURE 6.—Parapallene haddoni Carpenter: a, male oviger; b, third leg, male; c, third leg

terminal segments. Stylopnllene tubirostris Clark: d, female oviger; e, oviger terminal segment

with claw. Pycnothea ftynni Williams: /, male (holotype) terminal oviger segments; g, female

oviger; h, female terminal oviger segments.
14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURE 7.—Parapallene nierstraszi Lotnan: a, body; b, proboscis; ventral; c, ocular tubercle,

lateral; d, third leg; e, terminal segments of third leg, sole spine enlarged; /, chela; g, oviger;

h, compound spine and oviger claw enlarged.
NUMBER 190 15

and claw are quite like Clark's figure c. Most of

these differences are probably only sexual in nature.

There are two femoral cement glands on each

femur. They are simple oval slits centered on

slight swellings along the ventral surface. In the

male oviger, the fifth segment is longest, twice the

third segment length, U/2 times the fourth, with a

sharply pointed tubercle distally, bearing several

long setae. The four terminal segments are subequal, and each has two to four curved ventral

spines. The terminal claw has four teeth and is

equal to the terminal segment length. The fourth

segment bears a constriction almost midway in its

length, imparting a humped appearance to its

dorsal surface. This does not appear to be an

artifact.

The species distribution is extended from Torres

Straits in the northeast and Holothuria Bank in

the north to cooler waters at Bluff Point and

Rottnest Island. The three recorded depths, including these, are from 27 to 139 meters.

Parapallene nierstraszi Loman

FIGURE 7

Parapallene nierstraszi Loman, 1908:44, pi. 9: figs. 122-127.—

Flynn, 1928:18.—Caiman, 1938:158-159, fig. 7 A,B.—Stock,

1953:297, fig. 3a— Barnard, 1954:113.—Stock, 1954:52, fig.

24/.—Utinomi, 1955:18-19, fig. 10.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, NW of Bluff

Point, N of Geraldton, 27°40'S, 113°03'E, meter

dredge with sponge and bryozoans in 128 meters,

21-22 August 1963, CSIRO Sta. 131.

One male, W of Rottnest Island, 32°00'S, 115°

16'E, beam trawl with fish and shells in 137-143

meters, 12 October 1963, CSIRO Sta. 225.

REMARKS.—Most of the figured specimens except

Caiman's are of females and Caiman illustrates

(fig. 7) one of Loman's syntypes misidentified as a

female. In my opinion, none of the figures by

Loman or any of the figured parts added by later

authors are entirely satisfactory in showing the

controversial characters of this variable species, so

an additional set is included here to confuse the

matter still further. Both of my specimens appear

to be males and agree exactly with Caiman's

figure B of the fifth oviger segment tubercle.

One of the two specimens has the fold of integument around the base of the neck mentioned by

Caiman (p. 158), but there is no true suture line

evident that would denote articulation. Loman's

figures (122, 123) show the constriction clearly and

Caiman reiterated this peculiarity in examining

the syntypes. Flynn (p. 18) noted its presence, but

most other authors omit comment. Utinomi (fig.

10) shows a female lacking the constriction. It

would therefore seem that this peculiarity is just

that and cannot be used as a valid taxonomic

character.

Coxa 2 of these specimens disagrees with those

shown by Loman in which coxa 2 is well over

three times longer than coxa 1. Coxa 2 is less than

three times the length of coxa 1 in my specimens.

These have other peculiarities in the two lateral

spines at the middle of the neck and the two stout

ventral spines on the proboscis. This spination is

not mentioned in other accounts of the species.

The proboscis lips have an oral fringe, although

it is not very prominent or easy to see. The female

figured by Utinomi has a very different oral

configuration.

Some of these variations would appear to be of

sufficient magnitude to indicate that all the records

do not deal with one species and that the available

specimens should be gathered together for comparison and a possible split. The wide variation

in depth records and tropical to temperate distribution tends to support this idea, although this

variation is far from unique in the pycnogonids.

None of the differences is sufficient alone to indicate multiple species, but taken in combination

may reveal a second species. The species as now

accepted ranges from Japan, the Philippines,

Indonesia, and South Africa, with the present record the first for Australian waters.

Genus Stylopallene Clark, 1963

Stylopallene tubirostris Clark

FIGURE 6d,e

Stylopallene tubirostris Clark, 1963: 40-42, fig. 21.

Siphopallene tubirostris.—Slock, 1968:44-46, fig. \la,b.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One female, Yanchep

Reef, near Cape Leschenault, 3P33'S, 115°37'E,

adrift in current across pool, coll. C. W. Kendrick,

1 January 1964.
16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

REMARKS.—Stock (1968:44) erected a new genus

for this species because of the very reduced ovigers

of his female. His single specimen had probably

lost its ovigers and they were undergoing regeneration when taken. The specimen in hand, which

I assign without hesitation to this species, is an

adult female with many large clumps of eggs in

the legs and has fully developed ovigers, thus making Stock's genus untenable.

The female ovigers are quite large and conform

closely to those of the male except for the typical

fifth male segment with its greater length and

terminal apophysis. The first four segments are

alike in both sexes. The fifth is approximately

half as long as the male's and lacks the apophysis

or "stopper" at the distal end. The terminal segments are oriented anaxially to the fifth as in the

male. The female sixth segment has two strong

spines in the same plane as the single row of denticulate spines on the terminal segments. The

denticulate spines are like those of the male, if

slightly more irregular and crenulated, and are

arranged in the formula 9:9:7:10. There is a

strong terminal claw bearing an irregular inner

edge.

The proboscis of this genus and some others in

the Callipallenidae should possibly be given more

weight in diagnosis. They are composed of three

parts: the body, usually cylindrical, the fused part

of the lips, and the open lips or oral surface. In

this genus, the lips are modified to form a fused

tube, often as long as the proboscis itself. In S.

tubirostris, the lips are set off by a clear, but unarticulated, suture line and terminate in three

flaring "petals" around the tiny mouth aperture.

Perhaps this extreme modification is in response

to a more than usual restriction of food preference

for members of the genus.

Genus Pycnothea Loman, 1920

Pycnothea flynni Williams

FIGURE 6f-h

Pycnothea flynni Williams, 1940:202-204, figs. 6-9.—Clark,

1963:4&-48, fig. 23.—Arnaud, 1972: 160-161, fig. 2—Stock,

1973:121.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, holotype,

Bathurst Point, Rottnest Island, coll. L. Glauert.

WAM 135-62.

One female, Cottesloe Reef, N of Fremantle,

coll. G. Wilson, 25 April 1957.

One male with eggs, Yanchep Reef, weed washings, coll. Naturalists Club, 20 March 1966.

One female, Woodman Point, S of Fremantle,

among Pinna on Posidonia Bank, near no. 7 pylon,

0.3 meter depth, coll. B. Wilson, 11 December 1957.

One male, Pelsart Islands, W of Geraldton,

among algae, 25 March 1964.

Two males, 4 females, Woodman Point, on

groyne, W. Australian Naturalists Excursion, 13

December 1959.

One juvenile, Favourite Island, Turien Bay, coll.

R. W. George, 16-18 September 1964.

Four males with eggs, 4 females, Frenchmans

Bay, near Whaling Station, under intertidal rocks,

coll. R. J. McKay and W. S. S., 3 February 1966.

REMARKS.—This is an easily recognized species,

but to make the record complete, details of both

male and female ovigers are included here.

There is little difference in the sexes except for

the sexual characters and size. The female is typically larger than the male as in most pycnogonids.

The female bears a large genital aperture about

halfway along the ventral surface of each second

coxa and lacks the large genital tubercles of the

male coxa 2 on the third and fourth legs. The

female oviger is only about half the diameter and

two-thirds the length of the male's. The sixth

segment is not swollen and the four terminal segments are placed synaxially on the sixth segment

rather than anaxially as in the male. This species

differs from P. selkirki in the blunter shape of the

proboscis, the presence of middorsal tubercles on

the first and second trunk segments, and the much

longer ventrodistal tubercles on coxa 2 of the male

third and fourth legs.

Genus Pallenopsis Wilson, 1881

Pallenopsis cidaribatus, new species

FIGURE 8

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, holotype, 2

females, paratypes, W of Northwest Cape, 21°50'S,

113°46'E, beam trawl in 128-141 meters, 5 October

1963, CSIRO Sta. 173. WAM 70-3938, 3939, 3940.

Two males, paratypes, NW of Bluff Point, N of
NUMBER 190

17

FIGURE 8.—Pallenopsis cidaribatus, new species (holotype): a, body; b, body, lateral; c, third leg;

d, third leg terminal segments; e, chela; /, oviger; g, oviger terminal segments.
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Geraldton, 27°18'S, 113°16'E, dredged with sponge

and starfish in 100 meters, 9 October 1963, CSIRO

Sta. 204. WAM 70-3964, USNM 149242.

One female, paratype, SW of Point Cloates,

23°39'S, 113°11'E, dredged with small shells in 137

meters, 7 October 1963, CSIRO Sta. 187. WAM

70-3970.

One female, paratype, SW of Jurien Bay, 30°

38'S, 114°47'E, 110 meters, 9 December 1970, R. V.

Diamantina, Sta. 108. WAM 71-1790.

DESCRIPTION.—First 2 trunk segments segmented,

third and fourth fused. Strong molt suture, sometimes pigmented, along lateral surfaces of all segments. Lateral processes long, separated by more

than their own diameter, armed distally with

field of small setae and three long thin dorsal

processes, each with single short seta at tip. Ocular

segment with short slender tubercle on each side

of long thin ocular tubercle. Eyes at tubercle tip,

slightly pigmented. Abdomen long, almost straight,

armed with 3 sets of dorsolateral bumps or low

tubercles, proximal pair unarmed, second pair each

with short seta, distal pair each with long stout

spine measuring over twice diameter of abdomen.

Chelifores 2-segmented, scape without trace of

fusion, armed with 3 median tubercles; middle

tubercle as long as diameter of segment and armed

with single seta at tip. Scape and chela moderately

to heavily setose distally. Chela characteristic, with

rectangular palm, fingers anaxial, without denticulations, with small setose cushion on movable finger.

Palp reduced to slightly elevated bud, outlined

by strong molt suture.

Proboscis cylindrical, slightly inflated medially,

armed with scattered setae distally.

Oviger 10-segmented. Segments 2 and 4 slightly

inflated, fourth and fifth segments elongate. Terminal 4 segments increasingly setose with setae

longer than terminal segment, which is no longer

than wide.

Legs moderately long, increasingly setose distally

with setae longer than diameter of their segments.

Coxa 1 with 3 long dorsodistal processes corresponding to those on lateral processes. Coxa 2

with single median dorsal process not as long as

segment diameter and a moderately long ventrodistal spur, shorter than segment diameter. Coxa 3

with single dorsal and several ventral setae. Femur

with few dorsal long setae, 1 median and 2 lateral tubercles distally, unarmed. Femoral cement

gland a midventral tube on slight elevation. Tube

about as long as segment diameter.

Tibia 1 longest segment, armed with 6 long dorsal tubercles alternating proximally with 4-5 short

dorsal tubercles. Longer tubercles and lateral molt

sutures armed with long setae greater than segment

diameter. Tibia 2 with 9-10 dorsal tubercles

shorter than segment diameter, tubercles and lateral suture armed with setae longer than segment

diameter. Propodus slightly curved, armed with 2

long heel spines, 12-13 short curved sole spines,

8-9 dorsal setae as long as propodus diameter.

Main claw half propodus length, with auxiliaries

over three-fourths length of main claw.

MEASUREMENTS (in mm, holotype).—Trunk

length (chelifore insertion to tip 4th lateral process), 4.58. Trunk width (across 2nd lateral processes), 4.01. Ocular tubercle length, 1.56. Proboscis

length, 2.01. Abdomen length, 2.20. Third leg:

Coxa 1, 0.92; coxa 2, 2.56; coxa 3, 1.51; femur, 4.63;

tibia 1, 5.59; tibia 2, 4.53; tarsus, 0.27; propodus,

1.28; claw, 0.64.

REMARKS.—Few of the Pycnogonida, a group

known for its bizarre tubercles among other strange

characters, have such lengthy lateral process and

first coxa processes as this species. The double ring

of three processes per segment gives it a crown-ofthorns appearance, hence the name: cidaris, a diadem or tiara, and batus, a bramble or thornbush. These processes along with the lateral tubercles on the ocular tubercle and the tall scape

tubercles set this species apart from any Pallenopsis previously described. There is some small

resemblence to P. alcocki Caiman, also an Indian

Ocean species, but this is confined to the armature

of the legs. Both species have what Caiman

(1923:283) called "finger-like processes each bearing a long apical spine." The lateral processes and

coxa 1 of P. alcocki also bear multiple tubercles or

processes, but these are much shorter and with

this character, all similarities end.

Pallenopsis denticulata Hedgpeth

Pallenopsis denticulata Hedgpeth, 1944:55-58, pis. XI, XII.—

Clark, 1963:4 [checklist].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, paratype,

Broome, Northwestern Australia, 9-13 meters, coll.

H. L. Clark, June, 1932. USNM 85506.
NUMBER 190 19

Three males, 2 female, Broome, 9-13 meters,

coll. 1932. MCZ.

One male, 2 miles W of Legewe Island, Dampier

Archipelago, dredged with sponge and rubble in

42 meters, coll. Davena, 9 June 1960.

One male, 1 female, Port Walcott, dredged with

sand, sponge, and coral in 15 meters, coll. Royce

on Davena, Mary King Expedition, 3 June 1960.

REMARKS.—This species, according to the records, seems to be confined to a relatively small

section of Northwestern Australia, but as Hedgpeth pointed out (p. 55), this is "a region from

which collections of pycnogonids are few and far

between." Collections from farther east, all the

way to Torres Straits, are notably lacking and

could possibly shed more light on the distribution

of this species. Its known depth range is from 9 to

42 meters.

Coxa 1 has a large and a small tubercle flanking

the median dorsal suture line distally. The large

distal tubercle on the femur and tibia 1 is also

flanked by a smaller tubercle on each side. These

are not shown in Hedgpeth's figure D, and generally, the specimens appear even more setose than

the figures show.

The femoral cement gland arises from a large

rounded swelling in the specimens examined and

the tube is usually two-thirds the diameter of the

segment. The female has one to two long setae

arising from the posterior ridge of all three trunk

segments.

The five specimens from the Museum of Comparative Zoology collections were possibly examined with the type-material, but are not reported

as such by Hedgpeth. They are apparently from

the same collection.

Pallenopsis hoeki (Miers)

Phoxichilidium Hoekii Miers, 1884:324-326, pi. XXXV: fig.

B.—Haswell, 1884:1022 [list].—Loman, 1908: 70-71.

Pallenopsis Hoekii.—Carpenter, 1893:23, pi. II: fig. II.

Pallenopsis (Rigona) rigens Loman, 1908:68, pi. IX: figs.

128-133.

Pallenopsis (Rigona) hoekii.—Flynn, 1929:257-258.

Pallenopsis cf. hoeki.—Stock, 1953:288.

Pallenopsis hoeki.—Stock, 1954:8[text].—Clark, 1963:42, fig.

24E.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, Shark Bay,

Block 37.1, coll. R. J. McKay on F. R. Vessel

Per on, 13-15 meters, 27 February 1962.

One female juvenile, NW of Point Cloates,

22°52'S, 113°29'E, dredged with crustaceans and

shells in 134 meters, 6 October 1963, CSIRO Sta.

172.

One female, WSW of False Entrance, below Dirk

Hartogs Island, 26°30'S, 113°02'E, 110 meters, coll.

B. R. Wilson on Diamantina, Sta. 94, 7 December

1970.

REMARKS.—In his original description, Miers

(p. 326) mentions "a series of minute spinules or

protuberances along the upper margin of the fifth

joint" (tibia 1). The male specimen displays these

protuberances or low conical tubercles in large

numbers that extend out to the proximal portion

of tibia 2. Each is capped by a single seta. They are

less pronounced in the female. Loman's figure 133

(P. rigens) omits all setae and tubercles except

for the prominent dorsodistal ones. Otherwise,

these three specimens agree with Loman's figures

except for slightly larger propodal heel spines

which are not emphasized in Loman's somewhat

stylized figures.

These specimens extend the previously known

geographic range from the Philippines, Indonesia,

and off Cape York, Northern Australia, to the more

temperate waters southwest at Dirk Hartogs Island.

The depth range presents an enigma for the two

females above. The male falls within the previous

depth range from 7 to 31 meters, but the females

at 110 and 134 meters greatly extend this range.

Pallenopsis macneilli Clark

Pallenopsis macneilli Clark, 1963:45-46, fig. 22.—Stock, 1968:

48; 1973:121, fig. 10A.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One female, Jurien Bay,

from a crayfish pot, coll. B. Bellitho, in May or

June 1965.

REMARKS.—This specimen has recently undergone a molt and the posterior two trunk segmentation lines are indistinct. The ventrodistal rim of

each coxa is armed with a row of setae, and the

legs in general appear more setose than the typespecimen figures.

The species is distributed from New South Wales

and South Australia to Western Australia, and is

found in sublittoral depths to 6 meters.
20

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Family PHOXICHILIDIIDAE Sars, 1891

Genus Anoplodactylus Wilson, 1878

Anoplodactylus pycnosoma (Heifer)

Anoplodactylus pycnosoma.—Stock, 1954:75-77, fig. 33 [literature, synonymy].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, Cockburn

Sound, Jervois Bay, 1.6 miles SE of Woodman

Point, from algae on groin in 1 meter, coll. B. E.

Wilson, 10 June 1968.

One female juvenile, Cape Naturaliste, Sugarloaf Rock, washings of intertidal algae, coll. J. L.

Barnard, 1 September 1968, JLB 4.

One male with eggs, Cape Naturaliste, W of

Bunker Bay, washings of intertidal algae and

sponges, coll. J. L. Barnard, 2 September 1968,

JLB 6.

Two females, 1 juvenile, Perth, Cottesloe Beach,

washings of intertidal algae, coll. R. A. L. Barnard,

7 September 1968, JLB 10.

REMARKS.—This material is inseparable from

Stock's (1954:76) figure 33 of A. pycnosoma, except for size. All segments are slightly longer,

making the lateral processes farther apart, the legs

and 6-segmented ovigers longer, and the whole

specimen therefore larger. Dorsal trunk segmentation is present, but indistinct. The cement glands

appear as ovals rather than slits, but their position

and number are exactly as indicated by Stock.

Proportions and spination of all other parts agree.

This species' distribution has been confined to

Japan: Kobe (Heifer's type) and Misaki (Stock).

These records considerably extend this small range

into the Indian Ocean, and add another species to

the Australian faunal list. It might prove enlightening to find the same species for comparison from

the East Indies or the Philippine Islands.

Anoplodactylus longiceps Stock

FIGURE 9/

Anoplodactylus longicollis Williams, 1941:36-38, figs. 2-5

[preoccupied].

Anoplodactylus longiceps Stock, 1951:16 [footnote]; 1954:83

[text]; 1956:97-98, figs. 14 c-d.—Clark, 1963:4 [list], 55

[text].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One female, NW of

Point Cloates, 22°52'S, 113°29'E, dredged with

crustaceans and shells in 134 meters, 6 October

1963, CSIRO Sta. 172.

REMARKS.—This female is so like Stock's (1956)

figures that I have no hesitation in assigning it to

this species. The few differences are in the lack of

any conical tubercle on top of the ocular tubercle,

a longer setose tubercle on the first tibia, and

slightly longer lateral processes. This specimen has,

instead, a distal pair or tiny lateral papillae on the

ocular tubercle and slightly longer second tibia than

Stock's specimen. There is evidence of what might

be a propodal lamina in this- specimen. The distal

sole has a row of tiny setae that, although separated

at their free ends, touch at their bases.

This record considerably extends the depth

range for A. longiceps. The depth for Williams'

specimens is not given, but the minimum recorded

depth is 28 meters and the present record is the

maximum known at 134 meters. It is not surprising that this species, along with several others in

this report, is found on the opposite coast of

Australia from its previously known locations. It

ranges as far north as Eastern Indonesia.

Anoplodactylus species

FIGURE 9a-e

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One female, Yanchep

Reef, 31°33'S, 115°37'E, in weed washings, coll.

Naturalist Club, 20 March 1966.

DESCRIPTION.—Trunk robust, compact, completely

segmented, glabrous, with strong lateral suture

lines on all segments. Lateral processes separated

by less than their diameter. Proboscis short, cylindrical, rounded at tip. Ocular tubercle low truncated cone, capped by short triangular tubercle.

Eyes darkly pigmented, appearing black. Abdomen

very short, thick, with several tiny setae toward

apex.

Chelifore scape 1-segmented, as long as proboscis, glabrous. Chela palm equal to finger length,

oval, with few scattered setae distally. Fingers

strongly curved, almost directly opposed at tips.

Movable finger with tuft of setae halfway along

ectal edge. No denticulations.

Third leg robust, segments slightly inflated. Coxa

2 with ventrodistal genital process not extending

beyond length of segment. Femur longest segment,
NUMBER 190

21

FIGURE 9.—Anoplodactylus species: a, body; b, body, lateral; c, third leg; d, third leg terminal

segments; e, chela. Anoplodactylus longiceps Stock: /, third leg terminal segments.
22

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

glabrous except for single dorsodistal short seta.

Tibia 1 and 2 subequal, armed with few setae increasing in number distally. Without long dorsal

setae. Tarsus triangular, armed with few ventral

setae.

Propodus with large heel curved at right angle

to sole, armed with single stout spine and 9-10

strong setae in 2 rows flanked by few scattered

setae. Sole with 13-14 strong curved setae in

single row with scattered lateral setae. Extremely

small lamina present toward distal end of sole.

Ectal edge of propodus with few very short setae,

with a tuft distally. Claw stout, slightly over half

propodal length, auxiliaries minute.

REMARKS.—Any "unattached" females in this

crowded genus usually circulate without names,

and this specimen must also, even though it

appears to be a new species. If it were not for the

obvious extension of the ocular tubercle over the

proboscis, this specimen would have all the appearance of the genus Phoxichilidinm. The extended

neck and minute rather than large auxiliary claws

place the specimen in the genus Anoplodactylus.

No other species quite like this has been recorded

from Australian waters, although in some ways it

resembles A. evansi. The differences between this

specimen and A. evansi are: lateral processes not

as long, chela palm not as long or rectangular,

proboscis without the bilobed ventral tubercle, a

single large heel spine rather than two, and the

presence of a small pronodal lamina. The oviger is,

of course, unknown. The trunk length is 2.61 mm,

making it significantly smaller than A. evansi.

Family AMMOTHEIDAE Dohrn, 1881

Genus Achelia Hodge, 1864

Achelia shepherdi Stock*

FIGURE 10

Achelia shepherdi Stock, 1973b:92-95, figs. 1-2.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, 2 females,

5 juveniles, Cheyne Beach, near East Albany, wash

•After the manuscript had gone to press, I received a

paper from J. H. Stock, in which he describes the above

species as A. shepherdi. In hopes that my description and

figures will contribute toward the recognition of this species,

I leave them in this paper.

of littoral rocks and attached algae, coll. S. SlackSmith, 6 December 1968, Sta. 2.

One female, SW of Garden Island, S of Fremantle, on algae and gorgonian, coll. R. SlackSmith, diving, 16 December 1964.

DESCRIPTION.—Trunk circular, compact, unsegmented, lateral processes and neck contiguous.

Neck with 2 small setae over each palp insertion.

Lateral processes with low dorsodistal tubercles,

1 on anterior processes, 2 each on other lateral

processes, each armed with short spine. Ocular

tubercle low, conical, with small posterior and

larger anterior tubercle at tip, both shorter than

ocular tubercle. Proboscis extremely large, bulbous

or barrel-shaped, tapering to truncate oral surface.

Abdomen long, extending beyond first coxa, carried horizontally, armed with 2 dorsal and 2 lateral

spines near tip.

Chelifores slender, scape with small dorsodistal

tubercle, armed with 1-2 lateral spines. Chela a

small angular nub, armed with 2-3 short spines.

Palp 8-segmented, segment 2 longest, armed with

2 dorsodistal setae. Segment 3 almost as wide as

long, armed with 1 dorsal seta. Fifth segment only

slightly shorter than third, armed with 5 dorsal

setae and several small ventral setae. Terminal 4

segments marked by large ventral lobes, longer

than twice diameter of segments, armed with

strong dorsal, lateral, and ventral spines equal to or

greater than segment diameter, and few scattered

small setae.

Oviger 10-segmented, fourth and fifth segments

subequal and longest. Second segment armed with

4-5 short spines, third armed with 2 reversed

spines, and fourth with 1 proximal reversed spine

and 1 distal regular spine. Fifth segment without

spines. Sixth segment armed with 1 short reversed

spine and several longer spines. Seventh with short

lateral extension or tubercle, armed with several

spines equal to or longer than segment diameter.

Terminal 3 segments carried synaxially, but curved

in relation to seventh. Eighth segment armed with

1 long endal seta and 1 ectal denticulate spine,

ninth with 1 denticulate spine, and tenth, a knob

with 2 denticulate spines. Denticulate spines with

6-7 serrations per edge. Female oviger smaller,

without seventh segment tubercle. Four terminal

segments each armed with 2 denticulate spines.

Legs short, robust, spinose. Coxa 1 with distal

rim of 5-6 small tubercles, each bearing single
NUMBER 190

FIGURE 10.—Achelia shepherdi Stock: a, body; b, palp; c, third leg; d, ovigcr; e, oviger terminal

segment compound spine; /, female oviger.
24

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

short spine. Coxa 2 with genital process, only

longer than half diameter of segment, on last 2

pairs of legs, armed with distal tuft of setae. Coxa

3 with 1-2 dorsal setae and several ventral setae.

Femur inflated, setose, with large dorsodistal tubercle bearing few setae and femoral cement gland

slightly proximal to apex, arising from tiny tube.

Tibia 1 inflated distally, sparsely setose, with

several dorsal and lateral tubercles, some bearing

spines (others broken off?). Tibia 2 with slight

median inflation, setose, several dorsal and lateral

tubercles, also with and without spines. Tarsus

armed with 6 ventral setae. Propodus moderately

curved, without pronounced heel, armed with 2

large spines at heel, 5-6 sole spines distally, and

several lateral setae, with 12-13 dorsal setae. Claw

extremely robust, less than half propodus length.

Auxiliary claws small, less than one-third claw

length.

MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—Trunk length (rim

ocular segment to tip 4th lateral process), 1.09.

Trunk width (across 2nd lateral processes), 1.13.

Proboscis length (ventral), 1.05. Abdomen length,

0.57. Third leg: Coxa 1, 0.22; coxa 2, 0.36;

coxa 3, 0.24; femur, 0.61; tibia 1, 0.49; tibia 2,

0.42; tarsus, 0.09; propodus, 0.54; claw, 0.23.

REMARKS.—This species resembles in some ways

A. harrietae, A. spinoseta, and A. bitubercidata,

members of what is possibly a discrete group within

the genus. This group is marked by having a bulbous proboscis rather than the more typical elongate proboscis and ventrally lobed terminal palp

segments rather than the usual oval or rectangular

shape. The taxonomy of this variable genus is

sufficiently difficult that it may be necessary to

grasp at such straws in the wind as these in order

to create subgeneric or subspecific diagnoses that

are workable in conjunction with or perhaps in

spite of previously tried statistical methods for

Achelia.

Achelia shepherdi differs from any of the above

species by having a shorter scape, a longer proboscis (almost equal to trunk length), longer palp

lobes, shorter femur and tibia segments, and a

greater number of setose tubercles on the first

coxa. It lacks the dorsal trunk tubercles of A.

bitubercxdata, the oval trunk shape and large scape

of A. spinoseta, and the sparse coxa tubercles and

large scape of A. harrietae. All of these species are

heavily spinose.

Achelia assimilis (Haswell)

Ammothea assimilis Haswell, 1884:1026-1027, pi. LIV: figs.

5-9.

Achelia (Ignavogriphus) assimilis.—Fry and Hedgpeth, 1969:

106, figs. 152, 153, 156, tables 13, 14 [literature].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, 2 juveniles,

1 larva, Perth, Cottesloe Beach, intertidal algal

wash, coll. R. A. L. Barnard, 7 September 1968,

JLB 10.

Genus Ammothea Leach, 1814

Ammothea australiensis Flynn

Ammothea australiensis Flynn, 1919:95-99, pi. XIV: figs. 4-6.

Achelia jlynni Marcus, 1940:84, 128.

Ammothea australiensis.—Stock, 1954:105; 1956:43.—Clark,

1963:57-59, fig. A-G.—Stock, 1973:102.

Ammothea (Theammoa) magniceps.—Fry and Hedgpeth,

1969: 81-83, figs. 120-122.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, SW of Garden Island, S of Fremantle, on algae and gorgonian,

coll. R. Slack-Smith, diving, 16 December 1964.

One juvenile, Cape Naturaliste, W of Bunker

Bay, intertidal wash of algae and rocks, coll. J. L.

Barnard, 2 September 1968, JLB 5.

REMARKS.—According to Clark's (1963:59) table

of differences, these two specimens cannot be A.

magniceps, because they possess spines on the distal

ends of the lateral processes and first coxae, and

the median trunk eminences are somewhat raised

and pointed on this male. The trunk is also

shorter than the 3 mm measurement given by

Clark for A. magniceps. Although these differences

appear to be minor, they seem sufficient to warrant

continued separation of A. australiensis from A.

magniceps.

The present records suggest that this species

is probably confined to the southern coast of

Australia.

Genus Ammothella Verrill, 1900

Ammothella biunguiculata australiensis Williams

FlCURE llg-/ l

Ammothella bi-unguiculata var. australiensis Williams, 1940:

197-200, figs. 1-3.

Ammothella biunguiculata australiensis.—Clark, 1963:63-66,

fig. 31 E-H.
NUMBER 190

25

FIGURE 11.—Nymphopsis korotnewi Schimkewitsch: a, body; b, male oviger terminal segments.

Nymphopsis acinacispinatus bathursti Williams: c, male oviger terminal segments; d, two

terminal segments enlarged; e, female oviger; /, female oviger terminal segments. Ammothella

biitnguiculata australiensis Williams: g, male (paralectotype) terminal oviger segments with

enlarged compound spine; h, female (Iectotype) terminal oviger segments with enlarged

compound spine.
26

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One female, lectotype,

1 male, paralectotype, Rottnest Island, Bathurst

Point (both are dissected specimens with handwritten labels, probably by Williams). WAM 70-80

(lectotype), WAM 70-81 (para.), WAM 133-62

(8 type slides, 4 of male and 4 of female parts).

Seventy-seven males, females, and juveniles,

Rottnest Island, Bathurst Point, Nancy Cove

(label in same handwriting as types).

Two females, Rottnest Island, coll. 1935.

Two males (1 with eggs), 1 female, Rottnest

Island, Bathurst Point, coll. L. Glauert, 11-18

December 1932 (type series?).

Sixteen males (11 with eggs), 10 females, Rottnest Island, Diving Pool, coll. 1932.

One female, Point Peron, coll. W. H. Butler,

1957.

One male with eggs, Point Peron, littoral, coll.

H. Butler, 31 December 1958.

REMARKS.—Williams was confused in his terminology, or permitted a typographical error to pass,

by designating both a male and a female as holotype. At the end of his remarks, he mentioned the

disposition of "the type." It is possible Williams

meant the female to be holotype, as he used that

term in both the measurements and figure 2 of the

female, while using "holotype" only with the male

measurements and not the two figures of the male.

Thus the term is used only once with the male,

but without further specific designation of either

specimen, both "holotype" specimens automatically become syntypes according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. In keeping with Williams' (possible?) intent, the dissected

female is designated as lectotype and the dissected

male then becomes a paralectotype. The lot of 77

sj>ecimens above, bearing the same handwritten

label as the types, is possibly "the whole collection"

he mentioned (1940:197), from which he selected

the two type-specimens. These are not referred to

again in his paper and cannot be designated as the

type-series even though it is possible he examined

them at the time. One or two other lots listed

above, collected in 1932, could just as well be the

type-series, but further conjecture is pointless.

Examination of a male and female of A. biunguiculata calif orniensis, collected at Laguna

Beach, California (labeled "topotypes" by their

collector, W. A. Hilton), substantiates Clark's (p.

66) comparison of material. The female terminal

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

palp segments are virgually oval in ssp. californiensis, and only slightly crenulated ventrally in the

male. The above specimens of A. b. australiensis all

bear deeply crenulated palp segments. It appears

as though geographic isolation of the Mediterranean, western American, and Australian varieties

or subspecies is contributing toward eventual

speciation of these forms of A. biunguiculata.

Genus Ascorhynchus G. O. Sars, 1877

Ascorhynchus minutum Hoek

Ascorhynchus minutus Hoek, 1881:55-57, pi. VI: figs. 10-16.—

Loman, 1908:33.

Ascorhynchus auchenicus.—Caiman, 1922:199-203 [part].

Ascorhynchus minutum.—Stock, 1953:305 [key]; 1954:121-124,

fig. bld-h.—Clark, 1963:61.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One ovigerous female,

1 juvenile, NW of Bluff Point, 32°00'S, 115°16'E,

dredged with sponge and starfish in 99 meters,

9 October 1963, CSIRO Sta. 204.

Two juvenile females, on lee side of reef in bay

on N side of Point Cloates, below Northwest

Cape, 22°41'S, 113°39'E, in 4 meters, 23 August

1968, Nimgalis Expedition.

REMARKS.—The adult female carries many minute eggs in the trunk, lateral processes, and coxae.

There are none in the legs beyond the coxae.

These specimens agree with the various published figures and also with Stock's (1954:122)

comparisons between this species and A. auchenicum, a close relation.

The species is known from Indonesia, Queensland and New South Wales, Australia, besides the

present records, and from 30 to 100 meters deep.

Genus Nymphopsis Haswell, 1884

Nymphopsis acinacispinatus bathursti Williams

FIGURE 11C-/

Nymphopsis acinacispinatus var. bathursti Williams, 1940:

200-201, figs. 4-5.

Nymphopsis acinacispinatus bathursti.—Clark, 1963:5 [checklist].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, lectotype, 1

male, paralectotype, Rottnest Island, Bathurst Point,

coll. L. Glauert, WAM 70-160 (lectotype), WAM
NUMBER 190 27

70-161 and 134-62 (paralectotype and 6 slides).

One male, Point Peron, W of Rockingham, on

rocks, coll. W. H. Butler, 7 December 1957.

Five females, Cottesloe, Victoria Street Cable

Station, coll. W. H. Butler, 16 March 1961.

One larva, Cockburn Sound, Jervois Bay, 1.6 mi

SE of Woodman Point, algae on groin, 1 meter,

coll. B. E. Wilson, 10 June 1968, JLB 2.

One juvenile, Perth, Cottesloe Beach, intertidal

algal wash, coll. R. A. L. Barnard, 7 September

1968, JLB 10.

REMARKS.—Williams examined two male specimens without designating either as the type. The

undissected male is designated as the lectotype and

the dissected specimen (6 slides with appendages)

becomes the paralectotype. Recommendation 74B

of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature states that a designated lectotype should be

a syntype of which a figure has been published,

if such exists. Williams' undissected (unfigured)

specimen appears to be more typical of the six

other specimens examined. The chelae as shown

(1940, fig. 4) appear to be everted, whereas those

of the other specimens, including the lectotype,

are much more flattened in lateral perspective.

In the male examined from Point Peron, they are

withdrawn (inverted) and they are either flattened

or withdrawn in all five females examined.

Examination of a good series of both subspecies

will probably show that the two can be united.

Williams listed his reasons for thinking his Bathurst

Point specimens different, but all of them do not

hold true for the specimens in hand. He listed the

trunk as shorter than the abdomen in N. a.

bathmsti, but in the Point Peron male, the trunk

is over one-eighth longer than the abdomen measured dorsally, and his figure 4 shows it longer

when measured laterally.

The ocular tubercle height shows variation in

being shorter in some of the present specimens,

although none is as short as the Queensland specimen figured by Williams (1933:175, fig. 2). The

presence or absence of a pointed apex on the

ocular tubercle is usually of little taxonomic importance. None of the present specimens has the

point.

The leg armature of the males examined differs

from figures of N. a. acinacispinatus in generally

appearing stronger and more numerous. The anomaly of the male genital process appearing on the

second coxa of the last three legs of the Queensland material and only on the last two legs of the

Western Australia specimens must await more

material from both places before it can be made

clear.

The female differs in having less spinose and

shorter lateral process tubercles, a generally narrower and more oval trunk shape, and a smaller

oviger, as would be expected. The male oviger

terminal segments are inadequately figured by

Williams, so enlarged figures of the segments are

included here.

Nymphopsis korotnewi Schimkewitsch

FIGURE lla-b

Nymphopsis korotnewi Schimkewitsch, 1887:127-134, table 5,

figs. 1-12.—Loman, 1908:50-52, table 13, figs. 179-181.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—One male, NW of Green

Island, 30°30'S, 114°44'E, 144 meters, 22 March

1972, HMAS Diamantina, cruise DM 1/72, Sta.

68 (5).

REMARKS.—This specimen agrees very nicely

with Loman's three figures. Both Shimkewitsch

and Loman have illustrated adequately their specimens except for the terminal oviger segments and

the rather stylized dorsal trunk aspect, both of

which are refigured here.

There is no trace of trunk segmentation. The

femoral cement gland is a long tube at the dorsal

tip of the femur, as in Ammothella. The subcuticular part of the gland forms a long middorsal

line for five-sixths the femur length.

This is the third reported specimen of the

species, and the female remains unknown. The

type-locality is the Sunda Islands of Indonesia.

Loman's specimen is from Timor Island, also in

the Sundas. The present record greatly increases

the known range into the Indian Ocean and more

temperate waters, and extends the depth from 34

meters to 144 meters.



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