IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 08-50042

Summary Calendar

GORE DESIGN COMPLETIONS, LTD.

Plaintiff-Appellant

v.

HARTFORD FIRE INS. CO. 

Defendant-Appellee

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Western District of Texas

USDC No. 5:06-CV-838

Before JOLLY, HIGGINBOTHAM, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.

HAYNES, Circuit Judge:

Once again, we are faced with the seemingly simple task of applying the

Texas “eight corners” rule to determine whether an insurance company owes a

duty to defend an underlying liability lawsuit. Because we conclude that the

statement of claim in the liability case asserted a claim that could fall within the

coverage of the Hartford policy and is not clearly excluded by it, we reverse the

summary judgment and remand to the district court.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

August 4, 2008

Charles R. Fulbruge III

Clerk
No. 08-50042

1

In its motion for summary judgment, Hartford stated: “While there are serious

questions concerning whether Gore qualifies as an additional insured under the Hartford

Policy, this Motion assumes . . . that Gore does hold that status.” Having made that concession

below, Hartford cannot now seek a contrary ruling from this court.

2 The claim in question is asserted by both Orient Global Aviation and Orion Aviation.

Both parties refer to the two as “Orient,” and we will do the same.

3 Orient phrases it this way: “Claimants desired to install a satellite communications

system and cabin management system in the Aircraft.”

2

I. Factual Background

Hartford issued a commercial general liability policy to BaySys

Technologies (the “Policy”) containing the following “additional insured”

coverage:

Any person or organization with whom you agreed, because of a

written contract or agreement or permit, to provide insurance such

as is afforded under this BusinessLiability Coverage Form, but only

with respect to your operations, “your work” or facilities owned or

used by you.

Hartford has conceded that Appellant Gore Design Completions, Ltd. is an

additional insured under the Policy.1

Gore entered into an agreement with Orient2to perform work on a Boeing

737 Business Jet (the “Aircraft”). Gore alleges that it subcontracted the

installation and engineering of an in-flight entertainment/cabin management

system (IFE/CMS) to BaySys which, in turn, subcontracted the work to Ron

Orvis d/b/a AeroTask.3 During the installation of the IFE/CMS, Gore alleges

that AeroTask miswired a component, damaging the Aircraft.

Orient sued Gore and AeroTask, but not BaySys, and the case went to

arbitration. In Orient’s first amended statement of the claim (“Statement of

Claim”),the paragraph defining Gore stated: “At all times, AeroTask and BaySys
No. 08-50042

4 This phrase squarely implicated BaySys in the case. The next paragraph defines

“Defendants” as Gore and Orvis: “Gore and Ronald Orvis d/b/a AeroTask (collectively referred

to as ‘Defendants’).”

5 Gore did not appeal (or mention) the district court’s denial of Gore’s own motion for

summary judgment, so that motion is not before us.

3

were agents, partner[s], joint venturer[s], or otherwise acting on behalf of Gore,

and their actions can be imputed to Gore.”4

The Statement of Claim describes the agreement between Orient and

Gore. It then states: “In order to complete the work under the Agreement, Gore

employed several contractors including AeroTask and BaySys. . . . [U]nder the

terms of the contract, Gore adopted all such contractors and subcontractors as

its agents.”

The Statement of Claim describes the allegedly negligent conduct to

include: “Defendants improperly joined the Aircraft’s electrical power panels. .

. . In addition to improperly joining the AC and DC electrical systems,

Defendants failed to properly supervise or inspect the work performed on the

Aircraft’s electrical system.” Orient claimed that the Aircraft was grounded as

a result of this conduct and that “[t]hese acts resulted in substantial physical

damage to the Aircraft’s electrical system and to a vast array of electrical

equipment installed on the Aircraft.” They accused Gore of negligence, gross

negligence, negligent hiring and negligent supervision, as well as breaches of

warranty, bailment damages and conversion.

Gore tendered defense of the arbitration action to Hartford under the

Policy. Hartford declined to defend, alleging that the Statement of Claim did not

set forth a claim within the Policy’s coverage. Gore then filed this declaratory

judgment action, and Hartford moved for summary judgment. Gore moved for

partial summary judgment on Hartford’s duty to defend it in the arbitration.5

The district court concluded that the Statement of Claim did not allege a claim

within the Policy coverage and, therefore, Hartford owed no duty to defend. As
No. 08-50042

6 Although our reversal on the duty to defend issue makes analysis of the duty to

indemnify unnecessary, we note that the district court’s conclusion on this matter was

premature. Even if the Statement of Claim had not alleged matters within coverage, it did not

preclude a situation where evidence at trial implicated BaySys’s conduct and its Policy’s

coverage. See Northfield Ins. Co. v. Loving Home Care, Inc., 363 F.3d 523, 536 (5th Cir. 2004)

(citing Farmers Tex. County Mut. Ins. Co. v. Griffin, 955 S.W.2d 81, 84 (Tex. 1997)) (“Texas law

only considers the duty-to-indemnify questionjusticiable after theunderlying suitis concluded,

unless ‘the same reasons that negate the duty to defend likewise negate any possibility the

insurer will ever have a duty to indemnify.’”).

4

a result, it did not reach the issue of whether any of the Policy exclusions

applied. The district court also concluded that, because there was no duty to

defend, there was also no duty to indemnify.6 This appeal followed.

II. Standard of Review

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Allstate Ins. Co. v.

Disability Services of the Southwest, Inc., 400 F.3d 260, 262-63 (5th Cir. 2005).

Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings and evidence on file “show

that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party

is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,

322 (1986) (citations omitted).

III. Discussion

A. The Texas “Eight Corners” Rule

The parties do not dispute that Texas law applies to this diversity lawsuit.

In Texas, “[t]he eight-corners rule provides that when an insured is sued by a

third party, the liability insurer is to determine its duty to defend solely from

terms of the policy and the pleadings of the third-party claimant. Resort to

evidence outside the four corners of these two documents is generally

prohibited.” GuideOne Elite Ins. Co. v. Fielder Rd. Baptist Church, 197 S.W.3d

305, 307 (Tex. 2006). The duty to defend does not depend upon the truth or

falsity of the allegations: “A plaintiff’s factual allegations that potentially

support a covered claim is [sic] all that is needed to invoke the insurer’s duty to
No. 08-50042

5

defend.” Id. at 310 (citing Heyden Newport Chem. Corp. v. S. Gen. Ins. Co., 387

S.W.2d 22, 26 (Tex. 1965)). 

The rule is very favorable to insureds because doubts are resolved in the

insured’s favor:

Where the complaint does not state facts sufficient to clearly bring

the case within or without the coverage, the general rule is that the

insurer is obligated to defend if there is, potentially, a case under

the complaint within the coverage of the policy. Stated differently,

in case of doubt as to whether or not the allegations of a complaint

against the insured state a cause of action within the coverage of a

liability policy sufficient to compel the insurer to defend the action,

such doubt will be resolved in the insured’s favor.

Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Merchs. Fast Motor Lines, Inc., 939 S.W.2d 139, 141

(Tex. 1997) (citations omitted) (holding that, even under a liberal construction,

the allegations in that petition did not fall within any potential coverage); see

also King v. Dallas Fire Ins. Co., 85 S.W.3d 185, 187 (Tex. 2002) (“[W]e resolve

all doubts regarding the duty to defend in favor of the duty.”) When in doubt,

defend.

Allegations are read liberally in favor of the insured. “Courts may not,

however, (1) read facts into the pleadings, (2) look outside the pleadings, or (3)

imagine factual scenarios which might trigger coverage.” Guar. Nat’l Ins. Co. v.

Azrock Indus., 211 F.3d 239, 243 (5th Cir. 2000). Yet “we may draw inferences

from the petition that may lead to a finding of coverage.” Gen. Star Indem. Co.

v. Gulf Coast Marine Assocs., 252 S.W.3d 450, 456 (Tex. App. – Houston [14th

Dist.] 2008, pet. denied). It is the factual allegations, not the legal theories, that

control. Fed. Ins. Co. v. Ace Prop. & Cas. Co., 429 F.3d 120, 125 (5th Cir. 2005)

(citing Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co., 939 S.W.2d at 141).
No. 08-50042

6

B. Orient’s Allegations

While not a model of clarity, the Statement of Claim in this case clearly

references BaySys, contends that BaySys is Gore’s agent and seeks to hold Gore

responsible for its alleged negligence in hiring the wrong people for the job.

Under the Policy, Gore is an additional insured with respect to BaySys’s

“operations” or “work.” “Your work” is defined in the Policy as “work or

operations performed by you or on your behalf.” “Your” refers to BaySys.

“Operations”is not defined in the Policy. Thus, if the Statement of Claim alleges

liability against Gore “with respect to” BaySys’s operations or work performed

by or on its behalf, then the Policy covers Gore, subject to certain Policy

exclusions discussed below. 

Here the Statement of Claim clearly implicates BaySys’s work by stating

that BaySys was employed by Gore and acted as its agent. By making that

statement in the section defining “Gore,” the Statement of Claim could be read

to include BaySys in the allegations against Gore. Although it could also be read

another way, where there is doubt, there is a duty to defend. Hochheim Prairie

Cas. Ins. Co. v. Appleby, No. 04-07-00028-CV, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 300 (Tex.

App. – San Antonio Jan. 16, 2008, pet. filed). “[A]llegations [of the underlying

petition] are given a liberal interpretation, and any doubts regarding whether

the allegations trigger a defense are resolved in favor of the insured.” Id. at *4

(citing Heyden Newport Chem. Corp., 387 S.W.3d at 26).

This case is similar to a case decided by the Dallas Court of Appeals.

Global Sun Pools, Inc. v. Burlington Ins. Co., No. 05-03-00765-CV, 2004 Tex.

App. LEXIS 7552 (Tex. App. – Dallas Aug. 23, 2004, no pet.). In that case,

Global built a pool for the Reeds. They sued, alleging that Global sent “its

builders to construct the pool and deck” and that, as a result of faulty

workmanship, Mrs. Reed was injured when the deck railing collapsed. Id. at *2.
No. 08-50042

7

The actual builder ofthe pool, Paul Simmons, was not named in the petition. He

had a policy of insurance naming Global as an additional insured and listing his

business as installing pools. The court held that, construing the term “its

builders” liberally, the petition stated a claim that was potentially within

Simmons’ policy coverage, although it did not name Simmons. Id. at *6.

Accordingly, the court found that the insurance company had a duty to defend

Global. 

Similarly, our court construed vague allegations to support a conclusion

thatthe defendant could be his employer’s permissive user under the employer’s

automobile policy. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co. v. Graham, 473 F.3d 596, 601 (5th

Cir. 2006). In that case, the plaintiff alleged a long history of the defendant’s

personal use of the vehicle with company permission and noted that the

company “regularly allows some of its employees, including Defendant Graham”

to drive business vehicles for personal use. Id. at 599. However, the petition did

not expressly allege that the defendant was a permissive user on the occasion in

question. Id. Applying the liberal interpretation rules required by Texas law,

our court held that the insurer owed the defendant a duty to defend. Id. at 601-

02.

We have an even clearer case here, since BaySys is expressly mentioned,

and Gore is expressly accused of being responsible for BaySys as its agent. Cf.

Indian Harbor Ins. Co. v. Valley Forge Ins. Group, No. 06-20707, 2008 WL

2717800 (5th Cir. July 11, 2008) (no duty to defend because there was no

allegation of agency or control as required to bring the case within the policy’s

coverage). Accordingly, unless an exclusion applies under the Policy, Hartford

has a duty to defend.
No. 08-50042

7 As the moving party on a summary judgment motion, Hartford had a duty to raise

specifically each exclusion upon which it relied. We limit our discussion to those exclusions

raised by Hartford below and on appeal. We express no opinion as to whether any other

exclusion contained within the Policy might apply.

8

C. Policy Exclusions

Hartford asserted three exclusions in the alternative to its position that

there was no potential coverage under the general insuring agreement for the

allegations in the Statement of Claim.7“[W]hen the plaintiff’s petition makes

allegations which, if proved, would place the plaintiff’s claim within an exclusion

from coverage, there is no duty to defend.” Gulf States Ins. Co. v. Alamo

Carriage Serv., 22 F.3d 88, 91 (5th Cir. 1994). Texas law places the burden of

proving that an exclusion applies on the insurance company. TEX. INS. CODE

ANN. § 554.002 (Vernon 2005). Exclusions are narrowly construed, and all

reasonable inferences must be drawn in the insured’s favor. Gen. Star, 252

S.W.3d at 458-59. With these general principles in mind, we turn to the

exclusions alleged.

1. “Care, Custody or Control”

The Policy excludes: “‘Property damage’ to: . . . (4) Personal property in

care, custody or control of the insured.” In general, only the area being repaired

by an insured is considered under Texas law to be in that insured’s care, custody

or control. See Goswick v. Employers’ Cas. Co., 440 S.W.2d 287, 290-91 (Tex.

1969) (holding that insured repairing defective pump on a well was in control of

the pump, but not the well); see also SnyderGeneral Corp v. Century Indem. Co.,

113 F.3d 536, 539 (5th Cir. 1997) (“As [the insurer] failed to establish that [the

insured] totally and physically used or controlled the entire pool of groundwater

at the Wilmington facility, it was not entitled to summary judgment.”); Nat’l

Standard Ins. Co. v. Wilson Indus., Inc., 556 S.W.2d 838, 839 (Tex. Civ. App. –

Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (although the ship in question was
No. 08-50042

9

being used by the insured “for the purpose of accomplishing the work” it was not

in the care, custody or control of the insured). Here, therefore, even if one could

argue that the IFE/CMS system or electrical system generally was in Gore’s

“control” during the work being performed, it does not follow that the entire

Aircraft was. 

However, if the Statement of Claim alleged that the Aircraft was in the

care, custody or control of Gore at the time of the alleged wrongdoing, the

exclusion would apply. Hartford contends that is the exact situation presented

here. At first blush, Hartford’s position seems correct. The bailment portion of

the Statement of Claim (which was not incorporated by reference in the

negligence sections) describes Orient’s entrustment of the Aircraft to Gore’s

“care” and sues for breach of bailment. However, as pointed out by Gore, the

Statement of Claim does notindicate thatthe Aircraft was in Gore’s “care” atthe

time of the alleged wrongdoing. Indeed, the Statement of Claim contends that

Gore breached the following portion of its contract: “All Services shall be

performed by [Gore] at its facility located in San Antonio, Texas.” This

allegation, together with the lack of discussion about in whose hands the Aircraft

was atthe time ofthe alleged wrongdoing, create an ambiguity as to whether the

exclusion applies. Although evidence in the arbitration may ultimately establish

the application of the exclusion, the liberal construction we must place on the

Statement of Claim allegations and the Policy requires us to rejectthis exclusion

as a basis to deny a duty to defend.

2. “Your Work”

The Policy also excludes coverage for “‘Property damage’ to: [t]hat

particular part of any property that must be restored, repaired or replaced

because ‘your work’ was incorrectly performed on it.” Hartford contends that

this exclusion applies to the entire Aircraft, not just the IFE/CMS system or
No. 08-50042

8 The only case cited for that proposition is Sw. Tank & Treater Mfg. Co. v. MidContinent Cas. Co., 243 F. Supp. 2d 597, 603-04 (E.D. Tex. 2003). That case is not binding

precedent on this court, and it has not been relied upon as authority by this court. The court

there also focused on the insured’s work on the entire tank that was damaged, rather than on

a particular part.

9

“[T]he damage to the Aircraft was so severe that it grounded the Aircraft as

unairworthy and inoperable. . . . [D]uring the repair time, Claimants were unable to utilize

this essential asset resulting in substantial loss of use damages. Furthermore, Defendants’

damage . . . has permanently diminished the value of the Aircraft, resulting in millions of

dollars in additional damage to Claimants.” The Statement of Claim also seeks damages for

such items as “[d]ebt service while the Aircraft was not operational.” These damages are far

removed from “damage to that particular part of [the] property.” 

10

“electrical system” in question.8“[I]f a contract of insurance is susceptible of

more than one reasonable interpretation, we must resolve the uncertainty by

adopting the construction that most favors the insured.” Nat’l Union Fire Ins.

Co. v. Hudson Energy Co., 811 S.W.2d 552, 555 (Tex. 1991). “In particular,

exceptions or limitations on liability are strictly construed against the insurer

and in favor of the insured.” Id.

Hartford’s reading of the exclusion reads out the words “that particular

part.” See Hartford Cas. Co. v. Cruse, 938 F.2d 601 (5th Cir. 1991) (construing

a related provision to exclude damages to the defective foundation work

performed by the insured but not damages to the entire house caused by that

defective work). If work on any part of a property would leave an insured

exposed for damages to the entire property,the exclusion should state:“Property

damage to property that must be restored, repaired or replaced because your

work was incorrectly performed on any part of it.” Even if Hartford’s

construction were reasonable, so is the construction that would exclude coverage

for the damage to the IFE/CMS itself (or, perhaps, the electrical system) but not

the rest of the Aircraft and the ensuing loss of use damages. See Nat’l Union

Fire Ins. Co., 811 S.W.2d at 555. Here, the Statement of Claim sought extensive

damages beyond that of repairing the IFE/CMS or the electrical system.9
No. 08-50042

10 Hartford also points to section C.2.f ofthe Policy regarding additional insureds which

provides anexclusion“whenanengineer, architect or surveyor becomes an[additional]insured

. . . .” However, the Statement of Claim did not say that Gore was “an engineer, architect or

surveyor.” Rather, it alleged that Gore was a Texas general partnership providing a variety

of services, including engineering. Reading the exclusion narrowly, as we must, it does not

seem to apply to a design firm but rather to “an engineer” or, perhaps, “an engineering firm,”

neither of which Gore is alleged to be.

11

3. Professional Services 

Hartford’s final argument is that the following clause excludes coverage:

“This insurance does not apply to: . . . (j) . . . ‘property damage’ . . . due to the

rendering of or failure to render any professional service. This includes but is

not limited to: . . . (3) [s]upervisory, inspection, architectural or engineering

activities.”10 The Texas Supreme Court, interpreting this same clause in the

context of a medical lawsuit, has held that such an exclusion does not preclude

a duty to defend where the petition alleges both negligent professional services

and negligent services of some other nature. Utica Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Am. Indem.

Co., 141 S.W.3d 198 (Tex. 2004). 

The question is whether the plaintiff’s injury is caused by a breach of the

professional standard of care. Here, under the Statement of Claim, the design

of the project – professional services – may have been negligent, resulting in the

damage to the Aircraft. Alternatively, a worker may simply have made a

mistake in the implementation of the design, which could be ordinary

negligence. See Guar. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. N. River Ins. Co., 909 F.2d 133 (5th Cir.

1990) (failure to safeguard a patient’s window did not fall within professional

services exclusion); see also Allstate Ins. Co. v. Disability Servs. of the Sw., 400

F.3d 260, 264 (5th Cir. 2005) (distinguishing between services that are inherent

in the provision of professional services and those that are incidental to such

services). Hartford’s brief on this point relies almost entirely upon a Southern

District of Texas case broadly applying a professional services exclusion to
No. 08-50042

12

support an insurer’s refusal to defend. Mid-Continent Cas. Co. v. Davis-Ruiz

Corp., Nos. C-06-315, C-06-350, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 74986 (S.D. Tex. Oct. 3,

2006), rev’d, No. 07-40727, 2008 U.S. App. LEXIS 11730 (5th Cir. June 2, 2008).

However, after Hartford’s brief was filed, our court reversed the district court in

that case in an unpublished decision. 

Because the Statement of Claim does not unequivocally place the blame

on the engineering services, the exclusion does not negate the duty to defend.

As a result, we need not reach Gore’s argument that such an exclusion would

render the additional insured coverage meaningless. See St.Paul Ins. Co. v.Tex.

Dept. of Transp., 999 S.W.2d 881, 886-87 (Tex. App. – Austin 1999, pet. denied)

(holding that professional services exclusion in that policy, if construed as

suggested by the insurer, would negate any coverage provided by the “additional

insured” clause); see also Atofina Petrochemicals, Inc. v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 185

S.W.3d 440, 444 (Tex. 2005) (“[W]e adopt [the insured’s] construction because

[the insurer’s] interpretation . . . would render coverage under the endorsement

largely illusory”).

IV. Conclusion

Because Hartford owes a duty to defend under Texas law, the summary

judgment was rendered in error. Resolution of the duty to indemnify at this

stage would be premature. Similarly, because the district court’s rendition of

judgmentin Hartford’s favor on the Insurance Code Chapter 541 and 542 claims

was based solely upon its erroneous conclusion thatthere was no duty to defend,

it must be reversed as well. Accordingly, we REVERSE the district court’s

summary judgment and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.