1

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

In re A.B.-1, P.B., J.B., and A.B.-2

No. 21-0285 (Webster County 20-JA-5, 20-JA-6, 20-JA-7, and 21-JA-1)

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner Father A.B.-3, by counsel Steven B. Nanners, appeals the Circuit Court of 

Webster County’s March 16, 2021, order terminating his parental rights to A.B.-1, P.B., J.B., and 

A.B.-2.

1 The West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel

Patrick Morrisey and Mindy M. Parsley, filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order. 

The guardian ad litem (“guardian”), Mary Elizabeth Snead, filed a response on behalf of the 

children also in support of the circuit court’s order. On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit 

court erred in denying him a post-adjudicatory improvement period and terminating his parental 

rights.

This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal 

arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided 

by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record 

presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons, 

a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the 

Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

Petitioner and the children’s mother have a significant history of Child Protective Services 

(“CPS”) intervention. The DHHR filed a petition against the parents in 2013 due to their substance 

abuse, poor home conditions, and medical neglect of the children. The circuit court adjudicated 

the parents as abusing and neglecting parents and granted them a post-adjudicatory improvement 

period, which they successfully completed. As such, the children were returned to their custody. 

Subsequently, in 2018, the DHHR filed another petition against the parents due to substance abuse, 

poor home conditions, and domestic violence. The circuit court again adjudicated them as abusing 

1

Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials 

where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W. Va. 

254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W. Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013); 

State v. Brandon B., 218 W. Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W. 

Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990). Because two of the children and petitioner share the same initials, 

we will refer to them as A.B.-1, A.B.-2, and A.B.-3 respectively, throughout the memorandum 

decision.

FILED

October 1, 2021

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA
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and neglecting parents and granted them a post-adjudicatory improvement period. The parents also 

completed these improvement periods, and the children were returned to their custody in May of 

2019.

Only a few months later, in January of 2020, the DHHR filed the instant abuse and neglect 

petition against the parents. According to the DHHR, then fourteen-year-old J.B. disclosed to her 

school principal that her mother choked her and hit her with a telephone. The child further

disclosed that the parents were abusing drugs, that she had seen a white powdery substance and a 

straw on a countertop in the home, and that the home smelled of marijuana. J.B. further indicated 

that she did not feel safe in the home. Following J.B.’s disclosure, a CPS worker responded to the 

parents’ home and informed them of the referral concerning possible drug use. The parents were 

agitated during the exchange and frequently went in and out of petitioner’s parents’ home, which 

was next door, and refused to allow the CPS worker or law enforcement into their own home. 

Eventually, the parents agreed to submit to a drug screen at the local hospital, which was positive 

for oxycontin. Thereafter, the CPS worker petitioned for and received a ratification for emergency 

custody of the children, who were placed with the paternal grandparents with instructions that no 

contact between the children and the parents was to occur.

A few days later, J.B. informed a CPS worker that on the day her parents submitted to a 

drug screen, they called the paternal grandparents’ home to request that J.B. urinate in a cup and 

bring it to them so they would not “go to jail.” J.B. indicated that the parents had previously asked 

her to urinate in a cup for them. She also disclosed that petitioner had been to the paternal 

grandparents’ home every day since the children had been removed from the parents’ care and told 

the children not to talk to CPS. Lastly, J.B. indicated that she chose to disclose the allegations 

against her parents because they had become increasingly aggressive with each other and had 

struck the child P.B.

Based on this information, the DHHR alleged that the parents abused drugs, which 

negatively affected their ability to provide for the health, safety, and welfare of the children, and 

that they failed to provide a fit and suitable home. An amended petition was filed shortly thereafter 

indicating that petitioner tested positive for methamphetamine following a hair follicle test.

The circuit court held an adjudicatory hearing in May of 2020. A CPS worker testified 

regarding the allegations in the petition, including J.B.’s disclosures and the worker’s subsequent 

investigation into the matter. The CPS worker testified that J.B. reported drug abuse in the home 

and further testified that the parents tested positive for oxycontin on the day of the removal. A CPS 

supervisor also testified regarding J.B.’s disclosures stating that the child said that on the day the 

children were removed from the home, petitioner asked J.B. to urinate in a cup for him so that he 

could use her urine to pass his drug test, and that he had asked J.B. do so on prior occasions. 

Petitioner’s therapist testified that petitioner denied the allegations made by J.B. but admitted that 

he later tested positive for methamphetamine through a hair follicle test. 

Petitioner testified that J.B. fabricated the allegations against him and the mother because 

they would not allow her to date an older boy. Petitioner admitted testing positive for 

methamphetamine through the hair follicle test and explained that he “slipped up one evening in 

November” of 2019. Petitioner denied abusing oxycontin as alleged in the petition, noting that the 
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screen was not sent for laboratory confirmation and that the hair follicle test had not shown traces 

of oxycontin. Petitioner denied further drug abuse and domestic violence in the home.

Following testimony, the circuit court noted that it had watched J.B.’s Child Advocacy 

Center interview and observed that the child was very hostile and angry; the court indicated that it 

considered her behavior in weighing the credibility of her statements. The circuit court also noted 

inconsistencies in the parents’ testimony and ultimately determined that J.B.’s disclosures were 

credible. The circuit court found that the parents accused J.B. of making up the allegations against 

them because they allegedly angered her by telling her that her boyfriend was too old for her, but 

there was no evidence to support such an allegation. The circuit court further found that the parents 

engaged in domestic violence in the children’s presence, abused drugs, and failed to maintain a fit 

and suitable home. Accordingly, the circuit court adjudicated petitioner as an abusing parent. 

Subsequently, in October of 2020, the mother gave birth to A.B.-2, and the DHHR filed an 

amended petition adding the child to the proceedings.2 A.B.-2 was removed from petitioner’s 

custody at that time. The circuit court adjudicated the parents as abusing parents with regard to 

A.B.-2 in November of 2020.

The circuit court held a dispositional hearing in January of 2021. The DHHR presented the 

testimony of the parents’ counselor, who testified that she had previously provided counseling to 

petitioner during a prior case and had done so throughout the instant case, addressing issues such 

as substance abuse, parenting, anxiety, and depression. The counselor opined that petitioner made 

some progress throughout the proceedings, was cooperating during the sessions, and was 

motivated to change his behavior. However, the counselor acknowledged that the parents had been 

contacting J.B. in violation of the court’s order and that the mother was urging the child to “tell 

the truth” by retracting her statements of abuse. Moreover, the counselor admitted that she did “not 

disagree” with a psychologist’s determination that petitioner had an extremely poor prognosis of 

attaining minimally adequate parenting skills.

Next, J.B.’s foster mother testified regarding contact between the child and the parents. 

The foster mother explained that the parents were prohibited from contacting J.B., but that the 

child admitted that she and the parents remained in contact via Facebook Messenger. J.B. disclosed 

that before contact with her parents was prohibited, she attended a supervised visit wherein 

petitioner managed to slip a cellphone into her bag unnoticed by the service provider. The foster 

mother testified that she searched the child’s bag, found the cellphone, and read messages sent to 

J.B. by the parents. The foster mother stated that the parents were encouraging J.B. to change her 

story and tell the DHHR that she fabricated the allegations against the parents.

The DHHR also called the evaluating psychologist to testify regarding her evaluations of 

petitioner, J.B., and A.B.-1. Regarding J.B., the psychologist testified that she diagnosed her with 

major depressive disorder due to her reported history of suicidal ideation and self-harm, as well as 

problems related to sleep, worry, and self-esteem. When asked what the cause of these problems 

could be, the psychologist stated that “when a child, you know, of her age is having those types of 

severe behaviors, including the cutting and the suicidal ideation, and those types of things, there’s 

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Petitioner is the father of A.B.-2.
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always a concern for the environment that she was in.” The psychologist further opined that it 

would be better “in the long run” for J.B. to not return to the parents’ care based upon the number 

of removals and the fact that the parents failed to rectify the issues leading to the children’s removal 

over multiple cases and with services. Likewise, the psychologist opined that it would not be in 

A.B.-1’s best interest to be returned to the parents’ care. The psychologist noted that A.B.-1 was 

diagnosed with autism and cerebral palsy and required significant care. Further, A.B.-1 needed a 

stable, consistent home environment that would provide him with the services he needed. The 

evaluator also opined that petitioner blamed others instead of accepting responsibility for his 

actions, which indicated that he had little motivation to make long-term changes. The evaluator 

concluded that “[g]iven [petitioner’s] lack of accountability, failure to correct the abuse and 

neglect present in the previous cases, failure to benefit from services, as well as long-term 

substance dependence, and lack of significant periods of sobriety, . . . [petitioner’s] prognosis for 

improved parenting . . . is extremely poor.” The evaluator also stated that she was not aware of 

any additional services that could be provided to petitioner to correct the circumstances of abuse.

The DHHR’s next witness, a service provider, testified that she provided the parents with 

parenting classes in both the 2018 case and the instant case. The service provider stated that the 

parents were cooperative and appeared to understand the concepts of the material taught but 

continued to deny the allegations against them, instead blaming J.B. for the situation. The service 

provided further stated that petitioner denied giving J.B. a cellphone during a supervised visit. A 

CPS worker corroborated the service provider’s testimony that petitioner was compliant with 

services.

Petitioner presented the testimony of another service provider who supervised his visits 

with the children. The provider testified that petitioner did well with the visits, appeared bonded 

with the children, provided food and activities, and was loving towards the children. Petitioner 

requested a post-adjudicatory improvement period. He testified that he complied with services, 

remained drug-free throughout the proceedings, and was deeply bonded with his children. 

Petitioner denied providing J.B. with a cellphone and communicating with her, stating that his wife 

was the one who communicated with the child, unbeknownst to him. When asked what the issues 

of abuse and neglect were, petitioner stated that he could be “cleanlier” and that his drug use 

“should never have happened,” but denied any domestic violence in the home.

Following respective counsel’s arguments, the circuit court found that the children had 

been removed from the parents’ care three times, but that petitioner failed to accept responsibility 

for his actions and consistently blamed J.B. for the proceedings. Further, the issues in the instant 

case included drug use and poor home conditions, which were identical to the issues in the prior 

two cases. While the parents accused J.B. of lying throughout the case, the circuit court found that 

such accusations were contrary to the evidence and further found that petitioner’s testimony was 

“less than credible.” Ultimately, the circuit court denied petitioner’s request for an improvement 

period and terminated his parental rights upon finding that there was no reasonable likelihood that 

petitioner could correct the conditions of abuse and neglect in the near future and that termination 
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was necessary for the children’s welfare. Petitioner appeals the circuit court’s March 16, 2021, 

dispositional order.

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The Court has previously established the following standard of review in cases such as this:

“Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de 

novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the 

facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the 

evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether such 

child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a reviewing 

court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there 

is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left 

with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. However, 

a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply because it would have decided 

the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if the circuit court’s account of the 

evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In 

Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177 (1996). 

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W. Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011). 

On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in denying his motion for an 

improvement period and in terminating his parental rights. According to petitioner, he was fully 

compliant with the services offered by the DHHR, remained drug-free throughout the proceedings, 

scheduled his own counseling and appointments, and appeared at all hearings and multidisciplinary 

team meetings. Petitioner also argues that testimony established that he was cooperative and 

compliant with services, had a bond with the children, and completed everything requested of him 

by the DHHR and the court. Based on the foregoing, petitioner contends that he met his burden of 

establishing he was likely to participate in an improvement period, and further contends that there 

was a reasonable likelihood that he could correct the conditions of abuse and neglect in the near 

future.

The decision to grant or deny an improvement period rests in the sound discretion of the 

circuit court. See In re M.M., 236 W. Va. 108, 115, 778 S.E.2d 338, 345 (2015) (“West Virginia 

law allows the circuit court discretion in deciding whether to grant a parent an improvement 

period.”); Syl. Pt. 6, in part, In re Katie S., 198 W. Va. 79, 479 S.E.2d 589 (1996) (“It is within the 

court’s discretion to grant an improvement period within the applicable statutory requirements[.]”). 

We have also held that a parent’s “entitlement to an improvement period is conditioned upon the 

ability of the [parent] to demonstrate ‘by clear and convincing evidence that the respondent is 

likely to fully participate in the improvement period.’” In re Charity H., 215 W. Va. 208, 215, 599 

S.E.2d 631, 638 (2004). However, the circuit court has discretion to deny an improvement period 

when no improvement is likely. See In re Tonjia M., 212 W. Va. 443, 448, 573 S.E.2d 354, 359 

(2002). Further, we have previously held that

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The mother’s parental rights were also terminated below. The permanency plan for the 

children is adoption.
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[i]n order to remedy the abuse and/or neglect problem, the problem must first be 

acknowledged. Failure to acknowledge the existence of the problem, i.e., the truth 

of the basic allegation pertaining to the alleged abuse and neglect or the perpetrator 

of said abuse and neglect, results in making the problem untreatable and in making 

an improvement period an exercise in futility at the child’s expense.

In re Timber M., 231 W. Va. 44, 55, 743 S.E.2d 352, 363 (2013) (citation omitted).

In support of his argument, petitioner cites to In re S.J., A.J.-1, and A.J.-2, No. 18-0243, 

2018 WL 6119793 (W. Va. Nov. 21, 2018)(memorandum decision); however, this case does not 

support petitioner’s claim that the circuit court erred in failing to grant him a post-adjudicatory 

improvement period. In In re S.J., a circuit court found that a mother failed to accept responsibility 

for abusing and neglecting her children and denied her motion for an improvement period. Id. at 

*2. However, the record in those proceedings did not support the circuit court’s findings. Rather, 

in In re S.J., the DHHR worker who testified during the proceedings admitted she was unprepared 

to testify, did not prepare the mother’s case plans, and had not even read the circuit court’s 

adjudicatory order. Id. at *2. There are no such extenuating factors in these proceedings. In In re 

S.J., this Court also found that the record demonstrated that the mother accepted full responsibility 

for her abuse and neglect. Id. at *4. Here, the record clearly demonstrates that petitioner refuses to 

accept full responsibility for his abuse and neglect of the children by repeatedly denying the 

allegations in the petition, despite the circuit court’s findings in support of the same, and by 

blaming J.B. for initiating the proceedings. Therefore, the facts underlying the In re S.J. decision 

are wholly distinguishable from the facts in the case at bar.

Contrary to petitioner’s argument, we see no error in the circuit court’s determination that 

petitioner was not likely to fully participate in an improvement period. As noted above, the circuit 

court found that petitioner failed to accept responsibility for his drug abuse, domestic violence, or 

poor home conditions which led to the abuse and neglect of the children. Specifically, petitioner 

accused J.B. of fabricating the allegations and claimed she did so because he told her she was not 

allowed to date an older boy, despite ample testimony and evidence to the contrary, and the circuit 

court’s findings in support of the same. While petitioner argues that he complied with services, 

remained drug free, and had a bond with the children, the record establishes that this is petitioner’s 

third CPS case and that he was provided improvement periods with extensive services on two prior 

occasions, yet regressed to his abusive behavior after the children were returned to his care. 

Moreover, the evaluating psychologist testified that petitioner’s prognosis for attaining minimally 

adequate parenting was extremely poor given petitioner’s refusal to accept responsibility for his 

actions and his past participation in abuse and neglect proceedings without any significant 

improvement. Further, the DHHR maintains that there are no further services that could be offered 

to assist petitioner in improving his parenting. Therefore, we find that the circuit court did not 

abuse its discretion in denying petitioner an improvement period.

We likewise find no error in the termination of petitioner’s parental rights. West Virginia 

Code § 49-4-604(c)(6) provides that circuit courts are to terminate parental rights upon finding 

that there is “no reasonable likelihood that the conditions of neglect or abuse can be substantially 

corrected in the near future” and that termination is necessary for the children’s welfare. West 

Virginia Code § 49-4-604(d) provides that a circuit court may find that there is no reasonable 
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likelihood that the conditions of abuse and neglect can be substantially corrected when the abusing 

parent has “demonstrated an inadequate capacity to solve the problems of abuse or neglect on [his 

or her] own or with help.”

The record establishes that petitioner demonstrated an inadequate capacity to solve the 

problems of abuse or neglect on his own or with help. As noted above, petitioner was provided an 

improvement period in both of his prior cases, with services such as parenting and adult life skills 

classes and counseling, but reverted to his abusive behavior each time the children were returned 

to his care. Indeed, the children were returned to petitioner in May of 2019, and the instant petition 

was filed against him less than one year later, in January of 2020. While petitioner correctly asserts

that he complied with services and tested negative for drugs throughout the proceedings, he denied 

the allegations of abuse, claimed J.B. was lying, and refused to accept responsibility for his actions.

However, the circuit court found that J.B.’s disclosures of abuse were credible and that petitioner’s 

testimony to the contrary was not credible. Moreover, the evaluating psychologist determined that 

petitioner’s prognosis for attaining minimally adequate parenting was extremely poor and that it 

was not in the children’s best interests to return to his care. To the extent petitioner claims he 

should have been granted a post-adjudicatory improvement period prior to the termination of his 

parental rights, we have held that

“[t]ermination of parental rights, the most drastic remedy under the 

statutory provision covering the disposition of neglected children, [West Virginia 

Code § 49-4-604] may be employed without the use of intervening less restrictive 

alternatives when it is found that there is no reasonable likelihood under [West 

Virginia Code § 49-4-604(d)] that conditions of neglect or abuse can be 

substantially corrected.” Syllabus point 2, In re R.J.M., 164 W.Va. 496, 266 S.E.2d 

114 (1980).

Syl. Pt. 5, In re Kristin Y., 227 W. Va. 558, 712 S.E.2d 55 (2011). Given petitioner’s failure to 

acknowledge the conditions of abuse and accept responsibility for his actions, we find that the 

circuit court did not err in terminating his parental rights.

Lastly, because the DHHR has not yet found an adoptive placement for the children, this 

Court reminds the circuit court of its duty to establish permanency for the children. Rule 39(b) of 

the Rules of Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings requires:

At least once every three months until permanent placement is achieved as defined 

in Rule 6, the court shall conduct a permanent placement review conference, 

requiring the multidisciplinary treatment team to attend and report as to progress 

and development in the case, for the purpose of reviewing the progress in the 

permanent placement of the child.

Further, this Court reminds the circuit court of its duty pursuant to Rule 43 of the Rules of 

Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings to find permanent placement for the children

within twelve months of the date of the dispositional order. As this Court has stated,
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[t]he [twelve]-month period provided in Rule 43 of the West Virginia Rules 

of Procedure[ ] for Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings for permanent placement 

of an abused and neglected child following the final dispositional order must be 

strictly followed except in the most extraordinary circumstances which are fully 

substantiated in the record.

Cecil T., 228 W. Va. at 91, 717 S.E.2d at 875, syl. pt. 6. Moreover, this Court has stated that

[i]n determining the appropriate permanent out-of-home placement of a 

child under [West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(b)(6)], the circuit court shall give 

priority to securing a suitable adoptive home for the child and shall consider other 

placement alternatives, including permanent foster care, only where the court finds 

that adoption would not provide custody, care, commitment, nurturing and 

discipline consistent with the child’s best interests or where a suitable adoptive 

home [cannot] be found.

Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Michael M., 202 W. Va. 350, 504 S.E.2d 177 (1998). Finally, “[t]he guardian 

ad litem’s role in abuse and neglect proceedings does not actually cease until such time as the child 

is placed in a permanent home.” Syl. Pt. 5, James M. v. Maynard, 185 W. Va. 648, 408 S.E.2d 400 

(1991).

For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the circuit court, and its March 

16, 2021, order is hereby affirmed.

Affirmed.

ISSUED: October 1, 2021

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Evan H. Jenkins 

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

Justice Tim Armstead

Justice John A. Hutchison

Justice William R. Wooton