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Ctenuchid Moths of

Ceramidia Butler,

Ceramidiodes Hampson, and

the Gaca Species Group of

Antichloris Hiibner

WILLIAM vD. FIELD

m

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 198
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SMITHSONIA N CONTRIBUTION S T O ZOOLOG Y • NUMBE R 19 8

Ctenuchid Moths of

Ceramidia Butler,

Ceramidiodes Hampson, and

the Caca Species Group of

Antichloris Hiibner

William D. Field

(i>SU£D

3 0 1975

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

City of Washington

1975
ABSTRACT

Field, Wililam D. Ctenuchid Moths of Ceramidia Butler, Ceramidiodes Hampson and the Caca Species Group of Antichloris Hubner. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 198, 45 pages, 105 figures, 1975.—The Neotropical

ctenuchid genera Ceramidia and Ceramidiodes and the Caca species group of

the genus Antichloris are revised. A key to the genera, species groups, and species

based upon habitus and male and female genitalia is provided. The natural

history, distribution patterns, and classification are discussed. The species are

reviewed regarding their taxonomic history, identity, morphology, and distribution. Photographs of the adults including most of the holotypes of the valid

names and their junior synonyms are offered. Drawings of the male and female

genitalia are included.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded

in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 5272. SERIES COVER DESICN:

The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Field, William Dewitt, 1914-

Ctenuchid Moths of Ceramidia Butler, Ceramidiodes Hampson, and the Caca Species Group of

Antichloris Hubner.

(Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 198)

Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 157:198

1. Ceramidia. 2. Ceramidiodes. 3. Antichloris. 4. Insects—Latin America. I. Title. II. Series:

Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 198.

QL1.S54 no. 198 [QL561.C8] 591'.08s [595.7'81] 74-28346
Contents

Page

Introduction 1

Natural History 2

Geographical Distribution 5

Key to the Genera and Species Treated in This Paper . 6

Classification 7

Genus Ceramidia Butler 7

Ceramidia fumipennis (Walker) 8

Ceramidia phemonoides (Moschler) 10

Genus Ceramidiodes Hampson 11

Ceramidiodes obscurus (Butler), new combination (required change

in ending) 11

Genus Antichloris Hiibner 13

The Caca Species Group 14

Antichloris viridis Druce, resurrected combination . 14

Antichloris caca Hiibner, resurrected combination 16

Annotated List of Species Removed from Ceramidia and Transferred to

Other Genera 18

Amycles cupreus (Schaus), new combination (required change

in ending) 18

Amycles dolosus (Walker), combination sustained (required change

in ending) 18

Eriphioides purpurinus (Dognin), new combination (required

change in ending) 19

Eriphioides simplex (Rothschild), new combination 19

Antichloris chloroplegia (Druce), new combination . 19

Antichloris affinis (Rothschild), new combination 20

Antichloris steinbachi Rothschild, resurrected combination 20

Antichloris metallica Rothschild, resurrected combination 20

Antichloris zernyi (Forster), new combination 20

Antichloris viridisaturata (Rothschild), new combination 21

Antichloris flammea Dognin, resurrected combination 21

Antichloris ornata (Druce), new combination . . 21

Antichloris pinguis (Zerny), new combination 21

Antichloris bricenoi (Rothschild), new combination 21

Antichloris phaiodes (Dognin), new combination 22

Antichloris painei (Rothschild), new combination 22

Antichloris chalcoviridis (Hampson), new combination 22

Antichloris albipunctata (Lathy), new combination 22

Antichloris scotoptera (Hampson), new combination 22

Literature Cited 23

Gtenuchid Moths of

Ceramidia Butler,

Ceramidiodes Hampson, and

the Caca Species Group of

Antichloris Hiibner

William D. Field

Introduction

This study was inaugurated primarily to identify

one of the more destructive pests of banana in

Central America and northern South America.

During times of large populations, this pest as a

caterpillar feeding upon the leaves of banana

plants can so reduce the leaf surface and shorten

the leaf life that fruit weight and size are considerably reduced (Harrison, 1959). Upon taking up the

task of identifying this species, the author quickly

ascertained that many misidentifications were current both in the literature and in the various collections placed at his disposal. Through the years

this ctenuchid moth has been identified as Ceramidia musicola Cockerell (1910), as Ceramidia butleri

(Moschler) (Cockle, 1904; Zerny, 1912; Harrison,

1959; Ostmark, 1974), and as Ceramidia viridis

(Druce) (Cevallos, 1957). The correct name for

this species is Antichloris viridis Druce, as will be

shown later.

As usually happens in any study of, or attempted

identification of, species in a group of moths upon

which little careful work has been done and upon

which a great deal of careless attention has been

William D. Field, Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

lavished, this examination soon enlarged to a review of all of the species that had been originally

described in Ceramidia Butler or that had been

later placed in Ceramidia. It extended to a study of

species in other closely related genera in order to

carefully and accurately define Ceramidia and its

species and their closest relatives.

An examination of the literature revealed that

up to the present time, some 34 species were

thought at one time or another to belong to

Ceramidia. This study first, because of newly discovered synonymy, reduced the number of valid

species involved to 24 species and second, because

of the resulting redefinition of the genera Ceramidia, Ceramidiodes Hampson, and Antichloris

Hiibner, reduced the number of species assigned to

Ceramidia to 2 species, recognized as valid the

single species and its genus Ceramidiodes, and

increased the number of species assigned to Antichloris by 17 species. Among the latter is the banana pest, which was responsible for starting this

study. In addition, two former Ceramidia species

were found to belong to Amycles Herrich-Schaffer

and two were found to belong to Eriphioides

Kirby.

The scope of this paper is the treatment of the

genera Ceramidia, sensu stricto, and Ceramidiodes

and the Caca species group of Antichloris, where
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

the banana feeding pest A. viridis belongs. The

correct generic assignments of 19 former species of

Ceramidia and several synonyms of a few of these

species are given in the annotated list at the end of

this paper. The type-specimens of all species have

been studied (and most of these are illustrated

herein) for habitus and other characters and have

been dissected for a study of the male and female

genitalia. The genitalia and habitus, as often in

studies of Lepidoptera, again proved to show the

strongest generic and specific characters.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—I thank Dr. Francisco Fernandez Yepez of the Central University of Venezuela in Maracay, Dr. H. Eugene Ostmark of the

Division of Tropical Research, Tela Railroad

Company, La Lima, Honduras, and Dr. Louis M.

Roth, formerly of the Department of Research,

United Fruit Company, Norwood, Massachusetts,

and now of the United States Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, Massachussets, for study material.

I especially thank the last two gentlemen for prodding me into making this study in the first place.

I am especially grateful to Mr. Allan Watson of

the British Museum (Natural History) for the loan

of a great amount of material and for numerous

photographs of type-specimens under his care,

without which I could not have made this study.

I greatly appreciate the courtesy shown to me by

Dr. F ederick H. Rindge during my study at the

American Museum of Natural History and for the

loan of material in his charge. I am especially

thankful for the loan of two Moschler types made

to me by Dr. H. J. Hannemann of the Zoological

Museum of the Humboldt-University of Berlin.

For the loan of a Zerny type, I am similarity thankful to Drs. F. Kasy and Richard Imb of the Zoological Collection of the Natural History Museum

in Vienna. Mr. Robert Dietz, in the course of borrowing material from Dr. Walter Forster of the

Zoological Collection of the Bavarian States, Munich, Germany, for his own study, secured the loan

of a type that I needed for study and I thank both

of these gentlemen for their cooperation.

I also wish to acknowledge the assistance of Mrs.

Vera Milbank, Museum Technician, for bibliographic aid. Mrs. Elsie Froeschner of our staff of

professional artists prepared most of the drawings

of the male and female genitalia (Figures 75-100)

and, after her recent retirement, Mr. Lawrence

M. Druckenbrod prepared the remainder (Figures

101-105). Mr. Victor E. Krantz of the Smithsonian

Institution photo laboratory made many of the

photographs.

Natural History

Ctenuchid moths are day fliers and therefore

readily and easily observed in the field; in addition

many are heavy bodied and are relatively slow

fliers. In spite of this, there is no recorded information concerning disperal (except that Antichloris

viridis moths can fly as far as a kilometer or more

from their emergence site), mate selection, courtship behavior, or even the time of adult activity

(except that adults are active during the daylight

hours). Nothing is known about the food plants,

the life history, or life habits of the species of

Ceramidia, Ceramidiodes, and of the vast majority

of Antichloris species.

Fortunately and only because of its economic

destructiveness, the life history of Antichloris viridis Druce has been described at some length by

both M. A. Cevallos (1957, under the name Ceramidia viridis) and by James O. Harrison (1959,

under the name Ceramidia butleri).

FOOD PLANTS.—The only known food plant of

Antichloris viridis is banana, Musa saepientum

Linnaeus, and I suspect that Antichloris caca also

feeds upon this plant. A third species, Antichloris

eriphia (Fabricius), is known to feed upon banana

(see: d'Araujo e Silva, et al., 1968:219; Ostmark,

1974:163). The related Amycles dolosus (Walker)

of Brazil has also been reported feeding upon

banana (Bondar, 1938).

Jan Sepp (1848:145-146, pi. 69) illustrates a

larva of Antichloris eriphia (under his name Sesia

melanochloros) feeding upon the underside of the

leaf of a species of Canna (Cannaceae), which he

calls by the name "Taye Indien au Surinam." He

also states that he has seen this caterpillar feeding

upon the leaves of "Jurca-bessies" but that he does

not know the Latin name of either of these two

plants. His illustration (1848, pi. 69) definitely

shows a flower stalk and leaves of Canna, according

to a personal communication from Dr. Lyman B.

Smith, Department of Botany, National Museum

of Natural History. The plant "Jurca-bessies" remains unidentified. Although A. eriphia belongs

to a different species group, it is possible that A.
NUMBER 198

viridis and other species of Antichloris have Canna

as their endemic host plant.

Banana is thought by almost all botanists who

have studied the problem to have been introduced

into the New World probably not before 1516,

when one clone was taken from the Canary Islands

to Hispaniola (Haiti). This was perhaps the first

of many separate introductions into the Caribbean

and to Central and South America where most of

the world bananas are now raised for export. Species of the moth genus Antichloris are solely New

World species occurring only in Central and South

America except for A. quadricolor Walker and A.

dementi Schaus from Jamaica and Cuba, respectively. These last two species are not known to feed

upon banana. It is certain that A. eriphia expanded

its choice of food plant from Canna to banana as

the latter became available, and it is probable that

A. viridis did likewise. Interested workers who wish

to control the ravages of these ctenuchid banana

pests would do well to look for these pests upon

Canna and perhaps other plants on or near banana

plantations.

ADULT.—The moths of Antichloris viridis are

very active and may often be seen flying in open

sunny areas. They fly long distances and if helped

by the wind can reach a kilometer or more from

their emergence site (Cevallos, 1957). According

to Harrison (1959) they are short lived in the

laboratory, living for from three to six days. He

ascribes this to lack of proper food, because it

apparently wasn't until after completion of his

laboratory rearings that he observed adults in the

field feeding upon the nectar of the blossoms of

orange and lemon trees. The adults require only

a few minutes after eclosion from the pupa to

emerge from their cocoons. They immediately, as

do all winged Lepidoptera, climb to a convenient

place where they remain still until their wings expand and dry. This process usually takes about an

hour or slightly more, after which they are ready

and capable of flight.

The males of all Antichloris species and of

Ceramidia and Cermidiodes have an eversible gland

on the ventral surface of the abdomen between the

seventh and eighth segments in front of the genitalia. This gland takes the form of hair pencils

that arise from a large bilobed pocket, which can

be forcibly extruded. In addition both sexes of A.

viridis have a slightly retractable area covered with

red scales on the prothorax behind the head. This

structure has been responsible for overnaming in

this species, separate specific names having been

given to specimens with red scales exposed and to

specimens with red scales hidden because of this

pouchlike process being in the retracted position.

1 suspect that both this prothoracic pouch and the

abdominal eversible glands of the male have great

influence upon mate selection and mating; however, no information concerning these types of

activity has been recorded for these species. Mating

takes place after the adults are about two days old

(Cevallos, 1957).

OVIPOSITION.—Eggs are laid singly or in groups

of from two to four, sometimes in a line or sometimes in a mass on the undersides of mature young

leaves of the food plant. According to Harrison

(1959), his laboratory-reared females usually began

oviposition on the second or third day after emergence. Not more than 10 eggs were deposited by

any single female in the laboratory; however, under

normal conditions in the field the female can probably deposit upward of 30 eggs.

T HE EGG.—The egg is described by Harrison

(1959) as "subglobose, greenish in color, and

averages 0.81 mm. in diameter." The egg stage

lasts five or six days and about 24 hours before

hatching, the egg changes from green to almost

transparent milk-white color through which the

reddish-brown mandibles of the larva can be seen.

THE LARVA.—It takes the larva about 12 hours

or more to eat its way through the eggshell, whereupon it soon begins to eat the remainder of the

shell, this taking from four and one-half hours to

six hours. Next it begins feeding upon the leaf

near where the egg had been attached. This is on

the underside of the leaf, where, because of the

small size of its mouthparts during the first three

instars, it only eats partway through the leaf. Later

the larva, when larger, eats completely through

the leaf. In the field and upon small potted plants

in the laboratory, its existence is entirely spent on

the undersurface of the leaf. When reared in petri

dishes in the laboratory, it showed no preference

for the lower surface of pieces of banana leaves.

In feeding, the larva moves gradually backward

and parallel to the small veins, and according to

Harrison (1959) it leaves holes as large as three

and one-half inches long and one-half inch in

width. After each molt and at the beginning of
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

each successive instar, the larva completely consumes its own exuviae before feeding on the leaf

again.

The larva molts five or six times, undergoing

six or seven instars. Harrison (1959) reports that

90 percent of the larvae he raised passed through

seven instars and 10 percent through only six instars. The duration of the first instar was from two

to four days, that of the second through sixth instars was only two to three days each unless the

sixth instar was its last before pupation, in which

case this instar fed for from four to six days, as does

the seventh instar for those larvae that went

through a seventh instar before pupating. As

would be expected, the last instar consumed more

food than the total of all the other instars.

The fully grown larva has a yellow head with a

white body that is nearly iridescent and slightly

pink with small lateral red spots and is covered by

abundant creamy white and long silky hairs, which

arise from verrucae. Cevallos (1957) reports that

these hairs are urticating, and caused a sharp pain

and a rash when they came in contact with his

skin.

THE PUPA.—Pupation takes place in the shade of

leaves upon which the larvae fed or behind the

leaf sheaths on the side of the pseudostem. Some

larvae also pupate under the curling and drying

tips of older leaves and some pupate on the stalks

of the fruit and between the fruit, as is evidenced

by numerous records of this moth being taken

from banana stalks in ports of entry all over the

world where bananas are imported. Mostly from

its own hairs and silk, the larva forms a weak and

very thin cocoon that is whitish yellow in color.

The naked pupa is cocoa colored and measures

about 15 mm. In Ecuador, according to Cevallos

(1957), the pupal life lasted from 6 to 10 days,

while in Costa Rica, according to Harrison (1959),

this pupal life was from about 8 to 10 days and for

one individual was 16 days (dry environment?).

LONGEVITY.—In Ecuador the whole life cycle

takes place during the winter season and lasts

about six weeks. There may be as many as three

generations of larvae during this season (Cevallos,

1957). In Costa Rica this ctenuchid reproduced

throughout the year and in the laboratory, according to Harrison (1963), the egg stage lasts from 5

to 6 days, the larval stage of from six or sometimes

seven instars lasts from 16 to 26 days, the pupal

stage may be as short as 6 days (Cevallos, 1957)

but normally lasts from 8 to 10 days; however, in

one instance (as reported above) it lasted 16 days

(Harrison, 1959).

PARASITES.—The thorough observations of James

O. Harrison (1963) in Costa Rica are the source of

most of the recorded information on the parasites

of the egg, larva, and pupa of A. viridis (recorded

by him under the name Ceramidia butleri). He

reports that all stages of this species are attacked

by natural enemies, which become more noticeable

during periods of high host populations. Cevallos

(1957) states that in Ecuador the larval and pupal

stages of A. viridis are so heavily parasitized by

other insects and fungus that by the end of the

rainy season the population of this host is decimated by about 90 percent, too late, however, to

be of help to the banana growers, as the ctenuchid

has already done its damage by this time.

In Costa Rica the only known parasite to attack

the eggs of A. viridis is Trichogramma minutum

Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae, recorded

under the name of its junior synonym, T. pretiosum

Riley, Harrison, 1959). Harrison states that this

parasite often parasitized these eggs and that of

763 eggs collected at Goto, Costa Rica, in the summer of 1959, 51 percent were parasitized. These

eggs turn black 24 to 48 hours before the emergence of these tiny wasps.

The larvae are parasitized by a number of

Hymenoptera and by one Diptera. The latter,

Achaetoneura aletia Riley (Diptera:Tachinidae),

was the most abundant parasite on this ctenuchid

larva in Costa Rica. A braconid, Meteorus laphygmae Vierick, is a widespread parasite of A. viridis

and during November of 1960, 20 percent or more

of these larvae collected each month were parasitized by this insect. Two other braconids, Apanteles sp., and Macrocentrus sp., near koebelei

Vierick, and an ichneumonid, Carinodes sp., have

been reared from larvae of A. viridis. Dr. Z. Boucek

(1962) described and recorded Elachertus ceramidiae (under the name Stenomesius ceramidae,

Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as a parasite of larvae

of A. viridis in Ecuador. The same year, the range

of this parasite was noted to include larvae of this

host in Panama, Costa Rica, and Honduras (Burks,

1962). Harrison (1965) states that it is an important parasite of A. viridis in Central America. His

observations showed that the adult females of this
NUMBER 198

parasite were often observed on caterpillars in the

held, with as many as eight on a single caterpillar,

and that most of them had their ovipositors inserted

into the cuticle of the host. With the increase of

the parasite population, the caterpillar population

rapidly decreased, so that starting on 27 June there

were 5.8 caterpillars per banana leaf, with about

43 percent of these parasitized by a maximum of

40 parasites (eggs and larvae) on each caterpillar.

By 3 August there were 1.7 caterpillars per leaf,

with 90 percent of these parasitized by a maximum

of 118 parasites for each caterpillar and by 6 September there remained only 0.5 caterpillars per

leaf, with no parasites observed.

Burks (1960) gave a number of records of

Brachymeria comitator (Walker) (Hymenoptera:

Chalcidae) reared from pupae of A. viridis in

quarantine in the United States and from pupae

originating in Mexico and Central America.

It is uncertain whether or not a parasite directly

attacks the pupal stage, according to Harrison

(1963), but there are two parasites that emerge

from pupae of the hosts in Costa Rica. These are

this same chalcid mentioned above, Brachymeria

comitator (Walker) and Carinodes sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). The chalcid acted also as

a secondary parasite since six pupae of Achaetoneura aletiae (Riley) (Diptera: Tachinidae), which

had emerged from larvae of A. viridis, were themselves victims.

In one area near Coto, Costa Rica (Harrison,

1963), a large percentage of the host ctenuchid

were attacked by two species of fungi, one being

Entomophthora sp. and the other an unidentified

species.

Parasites of the adult ctenuchid are unknown.

PREDATERS.—Three spiders, Thiodina pseustes

Chamberlin and Ive, Eriophora edax Blackwall,

and Eustala fuscovittata Keyserling, and one small

lizard (unidentified) have been observed feeding

upon small larvae of A. viridis. Birds have not been

observed attacking either the adult moths or the

larvae; however, these larvae with their habit of

feeding and resting on the undersides of the leaves

are probably not easily observed by birds. There

has been only one observation reported which

would indicate predators of the adult stage of this

ctenuchid moth—the one by Harrison that he has

occasionally seen adults entangled in the webs of

the orb-weaving spider, Gasteracantha cancriformis

(Linnaeus).

MIMICRY.—Forbes (1960:56) and others state

that many species of the family Ctenuchidae are

mimics, mostly of Hymenoptera. Schrottky (1907)

mentions Ceramidia as a mimic of Hymenoptera.

While this conclusion could be drawn from a superficial examination of Ceramidia and Antichloris

species and relatives because of their narrow fuscous or black wings, one must not forget that black

and fuscous are common basic colors in many

groups of insects. Certainly the abdomens of these

moths with their relatively wide bases, which appear even wider because of the firm attachment of

their thoracic tympanic hoods to their basal abdominal segments, do not seem to resemble the abdomens of the majority of wasps. No one has as yet

suggested exact models among the wasps for Antichloris and Ceramidia species. Careful observations in the field might confirm this presumed

mimicry and Antichloris viridis, because of its

frequent large populations over a large geographical area, would be a likely candidate to observe.

Geographical Distribution

The genera Ceramidia, Ceramidiodes, and Antichloris are restricted to the tropical regions of the

New World. The genus Ceramidia with two species

is found over a great part of tropical America from

Venezuela and Trinidad east into French Guiana

and south through a large part of Brazil, Colombia,

Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Ceramidiodes with a

single species is widely distributed in humid, lowland, tropical Brazil but apparently does not range

outside of that country.

Antichloris is a genus of 27 known species that I

divide into three species groups: (1) the Quadricolor species group with two species that occur only

in Jamaica and Cuba; (2) the Caca species group

(the only group of this genus that I am attempting

to treat thoroughly in this paper), with two widely

spread species that have a combined distribution

ranging from Mexico south throughout Central

America and over most of the northern half of

South America as far as Colombia, Ecuador, and

Brazil; and (3) the Eriphia species group with 23

species that range collectively over much of the

same general area as the Caca species group and
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

even farther south through Peru and Bolivia into

Argentina.

In the Eriphia species group only two species,

A. eriphia and A. chloroplegia, have broad distributions, A. eriphia being found from Venezuela

into Trinidad and French Guiana south through

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil into northern

Argentina and A. chloroplegia more or less ranging in the same general area as far south as Peru

and Brazil. Twenty-one of the 23 species in this

group are at present known only from one or two

localities in a single country or sometimes from only

a single locality in each of two separate countries.

Five of these 21 species are found only in Venezuela, four are found only in Brazil, three each are

found in Ecuador and Costa Rica, two separate

Key to the Genera and Species Treated in This Paper

1. Ventral surface of abdomen entirely white from base through most or all of seventh segment

(Figures 8, 26); male genitalia with each valva slender, without teeth on ventral margin

and with a long, narrow pulvinus from inner face of its base (Figure 77); female genitalia

with anterior genital plate heart shaped and with deep pockets opposite the base of this

genital plate (Figure 85) Ceramidiodes obscurus (Butler)

Ventral surface of abdomen, male and female genitalia not as described above 2

2. Ventral surface of abdomen with a solid white band along each side of a median band of

fuscous (Figures 2, 4, 6, 24); male genitalia with each valva slender, having at least one

tooth on ventral margin and lacking both a pulvinus on inner face of base and a subapical

fleshy lobe on its outer face (Figures 75, 76); female genitalia with anterior genital plate

large and bilobed, cupules absent (Figure 84) Ceramidia Butler, 3

Ventral surface of abdomen fuscous except for a series of three or more separate white spots

on basal segments near spiracular line or with basal three segments (1+2, 3, 4) entirely

white (Figures 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22); male genitalia with each valva broad through

basal one-half or more, lacking a pulvinus on inner face at base and with a long fleshy

subapical lobe on outer face (Figures 78-82, 92-102); female genitalia with anterior genital

plate broad and lipped and with a pair of cupules or lateroventral depressions present

Antichloris Hubner, 4

3. Hind tibiae entirely white in the male (female unkown); male with upper surface of hind

wing having white or pale gray color of costal area extending only to the lower margin

of cell and outward to the margin above the outer angle (Figures 1, 3); male genitalia

with each valva having a single large tooth near middle of ventral margin (Figure 75)

Ceramidia jttmipennis (Walker)

Hind tibiae in both sexes with outer surface fuscous; male with upper surface of hind wing

white or pale gray color of costal area extending to below the lower margin of cell and

outward to well below the outer angle, nearly to vein Cu2 (Figure 5); male genitalia with

each valva having ventral margin with several large teeth (Figure 76)

Ceramidia phemonoides (Moschler)

4. Ventral surface of abdomen fuscous except for a series of three or more separate white spots

on basal segment near spiracular line (Figure 44, 48, 52); male genitalia with valva having

a broad triangular-shaped lobe at lower angle (Figures 92-102)

Eriphia species group (not fully treated in this paper)

Ventral surface of abdomen with basal three segments (1+2, 3, 4) entirely white or with

large white spots in the middle of these segments (Figures 10, 12, 28, 30, 32, 34); male

genitalia with valva broadly and evenly rounded in this area, lacking triangular lobe

described above (Figures 78-82) Caca species group, 5

5. Male with lower half of each tympanic hood white and with a small white spot on base

of each tegula; female with segment in front of ostium fuscous to blue-black, dark metallic

blue or green or bronze green (Figures 28, 30), occasionally dark tan and fuscous in the

center (Figure 32); male genitalia with ventral margin of valva rounded and ending in a

triangular projection near apical process (Figures 78-80) Antichloris viridis (Druce)

Male with each tympanic hood entirely fuscous and without white spot on base of each tegula;

female with segment in front of ostium light tan in color (Figure 34); male genitalia with

ventral margin entirely rounded, lacking triangular projection described above

Antichloris caca Hubner
NUMBER 198

species are found only in Bolivia, and one species

each is found in Ecuador and Guatemala. One

species is found in both Ecuador and Peru and one

species is found in both Ecuador and Bolivia.

I believe that one should not form any general

conclusions about the place of origin, area of

diversity, and dispersal for the genus Antichloris

at present because much more collecting and much

more study is necessary for those 21 species that

have such an apparently limited distribution. Are

they really this limited in distribution? A number

of these species are still known only from their

original type-series. One should not at present draw

the conclusion, for example, that because

there are five species known to be exclusively endemic to Venezuela and two additional species more

broadly ranging but abundantly present there, that

Venezuela is the primary area of diversity and

dispersal.

Many of these Antichloris species of all three

species groups seem to prefer the hot, humid lowlands, but others are found at higher elevations

ranging up to 2000 meters.

Classification

Ceramidia, Ceramidiodes, Antichloris, Amycles

Herrich-Schaffer, and Eriphioides Kirby represent

five genera in the Ctenuchidae that form a branch

of closely related genera, which Hampson (1898:

table facing page 22) in his phylogenetic tree shows

diverging from Sciopsyche Butler. I have found no

reasons to alter this concept and in fact believe

that these five genera will probably be considered

to form a tribe or subtribe within the subfamily

Euchromiinae when that subfamily is subdivided.

These five genera have many characters in common, especially in the male and female genitalia.

In the males all have a deeply divided uncus that

forms two long entirely separate arms, a broad and

relatively short and downwardly bent aedeagus, a

sturdy saccus supporting the valvae, and a very

similar and peculiarly shaped anellus supporting

the aedeagus. Antichloris, Ceramidia, and Ceramidiodes have a pseuduncal lobe in front of each

uncal arm; these lobes are shorter than the uncal

arms and arise from the tegumen. All of these

genera except Ceramidia have a soft hairy subapical lobe on the outer side of each valva. Characters for separating these genera were found

mainly in the shape and armature of the valvae

and in the female genitalia in the shape of the

anterior genital plates, in the position of or presence or absence of cupules for receiving the

clasping organ of the male, and in the internal

elements of the ductus bursae and bursa copulatrix.

Genus Ceramidia Butler

FIGURES 1-6, 23, 24, 75, 76, 84

Ceramidia Butler, 1876:412, 433, pi. 29: fig. 3.—Kirby, 1892:

158 [in part].—Hampson, 1898:27, 395-396 [in part].—

Klages, 1906: 548 [in part].—Zerny, 1912:114-115 [in

part].—Draudt, [1916]a: 113-135 [in part]; [1916]b: 113-135

[in part].—Kaye and Lamont, 1927:9 [in part].—Zerny,

1931a: 18 [in part]; 1931b:250 [in part].—Hoffman, 1936:446

[in part].—Hagmann, 1938:193 [in part].—Fleming, 1950:

212, 216 [in part].—Bryk, 1953:235.—Fleming, 1959:87, 89,

91, 94.

Passineura.—Kirby, 1892:158 [not Butler; a misidentification].

—Hampson, 1898:395 [not Butler].—Zerny, 1912:114 [not

Butler].

Type-species: Euchromia ftimipennis Walker.

Type by original designation.

Ceramidia is restricted here to the species C.

fumipennis (Walker) and C. phemonoides (Moschler). Nineteen species formerly placed in Ceramidia

are transferred to other genera (see list at end of

paper). In habitus this genus is easily distinguished

from the related genera Antichloris and Ceramidiodes by the color pattern of the underside of the

abdomen and by characters in the male and female

genitalia. In Ceramidia the underside of the abdomen has a broad, median fuscous band running

from its base through the seventh sternum, with a

white band along each side of this fuscous band

(Figures 2, 4, 6, 24). In the valva of the male genitalia (Figures 75, 76) this genus lacks the pulvinus found in Ceramidiodes (Figure 77) and the

subapical fleshy lobe found in Ceramidiodes and

Antichloris (Figures 78-82, 92-102). In the female

genitalia (Figure 84) the anterior genital plate is

entirely different from those found in Ceramidiodes

(Figure 85) and Antichloris (Figures 86, 87, 89).

Male genitalia (Figures 75, 76) with uncus completely divided, forming two long, entirely separate

arms, each semispatulate at tip. Behind each of

these arms is a pseuduncus lobe arising from tegumen, these lobes much shorter than the uncal arms.

Saccus in ventral view broad posteriorly, sharply
8

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

and suddenly narrowed and greatly projected anteriorly, so that it is about as long as broad or

longer. Center of posterior margin of saccus distinctly convex. Aedeagus long and slightly downward curved in lateral view. Valva in lateral view

long and relatively slender, with one or more

teeth on ventral margin and with apex pointed

and sharply curved downward. Valva entirely without the large subapical fleshy lobe found in

Ceramidiodes and Antichloris and lacking the

pulvinus found in Ceramidiodes on base of inner

face.

Female genitalia (Figure 84) with seventh sternum forming a large bilobed anterior genital plate

and with a large triangular lobe on each side

slightly posterior to this plate. The cupules found

posterior to these triangular lobes in Antichloris

and the deep pockets found at the base of the heartshaped anterior genital plate in Ceramidiodes are

absent in Ceramidia. Ductus bursae with dorsal

surface divided into three schlerotized elements:

the posterior element tapering and extending

anteriorly almost to the central element and posteriorly forming the two parts of the wing-shaped

posterior genital plate; the middle element long

and forked on its posterior margin and the anterior element somewhat crescent shaped and lying

at the opening of the bursa copulatrix.

MISIDENTIFICATION.—Butler (1876:412-413) described as new the genus Passineura with Pampa

fusiformis Walker as its type-species. Moschler

(1878:640) shows that Butler's species was not

P. fusiformis Walker but a misidentification of

that name, and Moschler identifies Butler's species

as his (Moschler's) new species, Antichloris phemonoides. Kirby (1892,158), ignoring Moschler's

statement about this misidentification, uses the

generic name Passineura for the species P. fusiformis (Walker) and P. phemonoides (Moschler).

Hampson (1898:397) and Zerny (1912:114) agree

with Moschler that Butler misidentified Pampa

fusiformis Walker but list Passineura Butler as a

synonym of Ceramidia Butler.

Article 70 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (2nd edition, 1964) on the

"Identification of the type-species" [of a genus]

states that: "It is to be assumed that an author

correctly identifies the nominal species that he .. .

designates as the type-species of a new or of an

established genus." In paragraph (a), article 70,

zoologists are asked to refer such cases as the above

to the International Commission of Zoological

Nomenclature so that it can use its plenary powers,

if necessary, to settle the issue. Since the question

here is of small importance for the moment, being

whether Passineura Butler is a synonym of Ceramidia Butler or of Hyaleucera Butler (1875)

(where Pampa fusiformis Walker now resides), I

see no need to appeal to the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature at the present

time, and I treat Passineura as a synonym of

Hyaleucera. The last-named genus has as its typespecies Hyaleucera erythrotelus (Walker) (= Glaucopis erythrotelus Walker, 1854:147). As long as

H. fusiformis (Walker) is considered to be congeneric with H. erythrotelus then Passineura is

best treated as a synonym of Hyaleucera. If a future

reviser decides that these two species are not congeneric then an appeal to the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature would be

both desirable and necessary to allow for the

availability of the name Passineura.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name Ceramidia is a feminine noun derived from the Greek classical word

keramidis (genitive of keramis, a roof-tile, potter's

earth, or clay) and from the feminine (diminutive ?) ending ia.

Ceramidia fumipennis (Walker)

FIGURES 1-4, 75

Euchromia fumipennis Walker, 1854:241.

Ceramidia fumipennis—Butler, 1876:412.—Kirby, 1892:158 —

Hampson, 1898:395, 396, pi. 14: fig. 26.—Draudt, [1916]a:

134, pi. 20: fig. h [5]; [1916]b:134, pi. 20: fig. h [5].—Bryk,

1953:235—Zerny, 1912:115.

Ceramidia cataleuca Butler, 1876:412.—Kirby, 1892:158 —

Hampson, 1898:396, 397, pi. 14: fig. 5.—Zerny, 1912:115.—

Strand, 1915:26.—Draudt, [1916]a:134, pi. 20: fig. h [4];

[1916]b: 134, pi. 20: fig. h [4].—Hagmann, 1938:193. [New

synonymy.]

Ceramidia fumipennis is easily distinguished

from C. phemonoides in the male sex in having

the pale gray to white area on the costal area of

the upper surface of the hindwing never extending

below the lower margin of the cell and the outer

angle of this wing (Figure 1). On the undersurface of the forewing the pale gray area is smaller
NUMBER 198

than in C. phemonoides, not extending nearly to

vein Cu2, nor extending as far outward toward

the outer margin. In C. phemonoides the outer

surface of the hind tibia is fuscous; in C. jumipennis the hind tibia is entirely white.

MALE (Figures 1-4).—Head with occipital area

metallic blue-green, frons with two large white

spots, palpi white except for fuscous at the tip,

neck with red scales behind eyes. Thorax fuscous

and metallic bronze or blue-green, patagia and base

of tegulae metallic blue-green. A small red area behind each eye. Forelegs with white on coxae and

femora, midlegs and hind legs with white on coxae,

femora, tibiae, and tarsi. Each tympanic hood large,

bloated, and fuscous and bronze green in color

except for white on lower margin near opening.

Abdomen above fuscous and bronze or blue-green,

ventral surface fuscous and bronze or metallic bluegreen with two large white bands below the spiracular line extending nearly to the terminalia.

Wings above fuscous. Forewing with a small

metallic blue-green or bronze spot on base opposite base of tegula. Hind wing above with pale

gray to white of costal area extending through

the cell and not covering the outer angle. Forewing below with a narrow streak of white in middle

of costal margin and with an area of pale gray on

its base below the cell, extending outward toward

outer margin for more than two-thirds of the wing.

Hind wing below variable, from nearly entirely

fuscous with a small streak of white running from

the base through middle of wing to nearly all

white or yellowish white except for outer margin

and base of costal margin.

Length of forewing, 15-17 mm (average 16 mm).

Male genitalia as illustrated by Figure 75 (drawn

from preparation of holotype of C. catalenca

Butler, a junior synonym of C. jumipennis

(Walker)), with valva rather long and slender and

having a greatly prolonged, sharply pointed, and

downwardly bent apex; with ventral margin having

a single large centrally placed, downwardly directed

tooth and lacking a similar tooth from costa, thus

easily distinguished from C. phemonoides.

FEMALE.—Unknown.

TYPE-DATA.—Described from a single male specimen, the holotype (Figures 1, 2) from "Ega, on

the Amazon" = Teffe, Amazonas, Brazil, collected by H. W. Bates and in the collection of the

British Museum (Natural History).

SYNONYMICAL NOTE:.—Ceramidia cataleuca Butler, 1872: Type-locality, "E. Peru (Degand)."

Described from a single male specimen, the holotype (Figures 3, 4) is in the collection of the

British Museum (Natural History). A comparison

of the genitalia of this holotype with the holotype

of C. jumipennis shows them to be nearly identical,

thus placing C. cataleuca as a junior synonym of

the former. This species was thought to be distinct

by its describer because of the large amount of pale

yellowish white on the underside of the hind wing.

The holotype of C. jumipennis (Figure 2) shows

only a little of this white on costa and in the cell,

while the holotype of C. cataleuca (Figure 4)

shows a great amount of this white. This character

is very variable in this species.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name fumipennis is an adjective in the nominative singular with a feminine

ending and agreeing in gender with the generic

name. It has the following gender endings: is,

masculine; is, feminine; e, neuter. The name is

derived from the Latin words fumidus (smoky) and

penna (wing) and the Latin suffix is (having).

DISTRIBUTION.—This species occurs from Manaus,

Brazil, on the Amazon River southwest into the

low tropical areas of Bolivia and west and north

of Manaus into the tropical areas of Peru, Ecuador,

and Colombia.

MATERIAL STUDIED.—Sixty-one males were studied

from the following localities: BRAZIL: Allianca,

below Santo Antonio, Rio Madeira (November,

December); Fonte Boa, Amazonas (October);

Humayta, Rio Madeira; Igarape Preto, upper

Amazons (August, September); Manaus; Manicore,

Rio Madeira; Rio Tapajos, Amazonas; Rio Ucayala, Amazonas; San Juan, Solimoens; Sao Paulo

de Olivenca (June, July, November, December),

Teffe, Amazonas (June, September, October, November); Tonantins, upper Amazons (July).

BOLIVIA: Nuflo de Chavez, Esperanza; Province

del Saram, Department de Santa Cruz; Reyes Beni;

Serjali (October). PERU: Cavallo-Cocho, Amazones; Pebis Loreto; Perene; Rio Maranon.

ECUADOR: Coca, upper Rio Napo; Limoncocha,

Rio Napo (240 meters, February, December);

Sarayaco. COLOMBIA: Charco San Jose, Vaupes,

Rio Guayabero (January).
10

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Ceramidia phemonoides (Moschler)

FICURES 5, 6, 23, 24, 76, 84

Antichloris phemonoides Moschler, 1878:639-640, 699, pi. 8:

fig. 10.

Passinura phemonoides.—Kirby, 1892:158.

Ceramidia phemonoides.—Hampson, 1898:395, 396, 397-398.—

Klages, 1906:548.—Rothschild, 1912:153.—Zerny, 1912:115 —

Draudt, [1916]a:134, pi. 20: fig. i [1]; [1916]b:134, pi. 20:

fig. ,- [l]._Kaye and Lamont, 1927:9.—Zerny, 1931a: 18;

l931b:250—Hagmann, 1938:193.—Fleming, 1950:212, 216;

1959:92.

Passineura fusiformis —Sutler, 1876:412, 413 [not Walker; a

misidentincation].

In the male sex C. phemonoides differs from C.

fumipennis in having the pale gray to white area

on the costal area of the upper surface of the hind

wing extending to well below the cell and to well

below the outer angle of this wing (Figure 5). On

the undersurface of the forewing the pale gray area

is larger than in C. fumipennis, extending nearly

to vein Cu2 and extending farther outward

toward the outer margin. In C. fumipennis the

hind tibia is entirely white; in C. phemonoides

the outer surface of the hind tibia is fuscous.

MALE (Figures 5, 6).—Head and thorax similar

to C. fumipennis except the metallic color is usually bronze green. Legs with white on coxae and

femora of all three pairs, tibiae and tarsi of all

legs mainly dark brown and metallic blue-green or

bronze green. Tympanic hood of thorax and abdomen as in C. fumipennis with large white bands

below the spiracular line as in that species.

Wings above fuscous. Forewing with a small

metallic bronze green or blue-green spot on base

opposite base of tegula. Hind wing above with pale

gray and white of costal area extending to well

below the cell and completely covering the outer

angle and outer margin down to vein Cu^ Forewing below as in C. fumipennis with a narrow

streak of white in middle of costal margin and with

an area of pale gray on its base below the cell,

extending outward toward outer margin slightly

farther than in C. fumipennis. Hind wing below

with a white band extending from the base of wing

outward through the cell and with costal area above

this distinctly blue or green.

Length of forewing, 15-17 mm (average 16 mm),

exactly the size and variation of C. fumipennis.

Male genitalia as illustrated by Figure 76 (drawn

from preparation of lectotype), with valva rather

long and slender and having a short, sharply

pointed, and downwardly bent apex; with ventral

margin having several large downwardly directed

teeth and in having a single similar tooth projecting downward from costa, thus differing from C.

fumipennis in all of these characters.

FEMALE (Figures 23, 24).—Head and thorax

similar to the male with the amount of white

greatly reduced, especially on the legs, which are

fuscous except for a few white scales on coxa of

foreleg and femora of hind leg. Thorax with

tympanic hood as in the male. Abdomen very

similar to the male except white bands are even

larger.

Wings above and below fuscous except for a

small, short streak of white on base of forewing

underneath and for a narrow stripe of white in

lower one-half of cell on hind wing. Forewing below lacking the pale gray area found on its base

below the cell in the male sex. Hind wing above

without the large pale gray area found in upper

one-half of wing in the male sex, sometimes area

above cell a lighter fuscous color.

Length of forewing, 16 and 18 mm (only two

known examples).

Female genitalia as illustrated by Figure 84

(drawn from preparation number 6567) and as

described above in the generic description. Since

the female of the only other species in Ceramidia

(C. fumipennis) is unknown to me, I cannot offer

specific characters for the present species.

TYPE-DATA.—Described from two syntypes from

Surinam (sex not stated in the original description). This locality is not specifically mentioned in

the original description (Moschler, 1876:639-640),

but we know from the title of the author's paper

that he was specifically treating the fauna of

Surinam. One of the two syntypes was loaned to

me for study and I designate it the lectotype

(Figures 5, 6); it is a male and a designating lectotype label has been placed on the pin of this

specimen.

MISIDENTIFICATION.—As mentioned under this

heading in the discussion of the genus Ceramidia,

Butler, the author of this genus, designated as type

of his new genus Passineura the species Pampa

fusifortnis Walker. Moschler (1878:640) correctly

points out that this is a misidentification and that

the species Butler actually had is the species he
NUMBER 198 11

(Moschler) describes as Antichloris phemonoides

= Cermidia phemonoides.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name phemonoides is an adjective in the nominative singular with a feminine

ending and agreeing in gender with the generic

name. It is derived from the Greek, word Phemonon

(the daughter of Apollo) and the Greek suffix

oides (a likeness of form). It has the same ending

in all three genders.

DISTRIBUTION.—This species is found from French

Guiana west through Surinam, Guyana, and Trinidad into central Venezuela. Two specimens labeled "Brazil" (if correctly labeled) place this

species also in that country, considerably east, however, of the known distribution of C. fumipennis.

MATERIAL STUDIED.—Forty-four males and two

females were studied from the following localities:

FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne; St. Jean, Maroni

(July, August). SURINAM: Aroewawa Creek,

Maroewijne Valley (February). GUYANA: Ida

Sabina, Rio Berbrice (March, April). TRINIDAD.

VENEZUELA: Caura Valley (May, June); Corosita, Caura Valley; La Union, Caura Valley (September, October). BRAZIL: Rio Tapajos; State of

Minas Geraes.

Genus Ceramidiodes Hampson

FICURFS 7, 8, 25, 26, 77, 85

Ceramidia Butler, 1877:40, pi. 16: fig. 5.—Kirby, 1892:158 [in

part].—Hampson, 1898:395, 396 [in part].—Zerny, 1912:115

[in part].—Rothschild, 1912:153 [in part].—Draudt, [1916]a:

133 [in part]; [1916]b:133 [in part].

Ceramidiodes Hampson, 1914:255, fig. 36—Draudt, 19l7a:2O7;

1917b:207.

Type-species: Ceramidia mathani Rothschild, a

junior synonym of Ceramidiodes obscums (Butler), new combination. Type by original designation and by reason of being the sole included

species.

Ceramidiodes contains the single species C.

obscurus (Butler) and differs from both Antichloris and Ceramidia in habitus and by characters

in the male and female genitalia. In Ceramidiodes

(Figures 8, 26) almost all the sterna of the abdomen are white; the male genitalia has each valva

slender, without teeth on the ventral margin, and

has a long narrow pulvinus on inner face of its

base; the female genitalia has a heart-shaped anterior genital plate with deep pockets opposite the

base of this plate.

Male genitalia (Figure 77) with uncus completely divided, forming two long, entirely separate

arms, each spatulate at tip. Behind each uncal arm

is a shorter pseuduncus, lobelike and arising from

tegumen. Saccus in ventral view somewhat broader

than long, not suddenly narrowed as it is in

Ceramidia and only slightly projected posteriorly.

Center of posterior margin of saccus straight to

slightly concave. Aedeagus short and evenly and

strongly bent downward near middle. Valva long

and slender in lateral view, without teeth on ventral margin but with a single short, rounded lobe

from just before its middle. Apical one-half or

more of valve slender, long, and inwardly curved,

with a short fleshy and hairy lobe on outer face

just before apex. Valva with a long narrow pulvinus, projecting inwardly from inner face at base.

Female genitalia (Figure 85) with a large, bulging heart-shaped anterior genital plate, with deep

pockets on each side at its origin, and with a small

triangular lobe on each side along posterior margin

of seventh sternum. The cupules or lateroventral

depressions found above these lobes in Antichloris

are absent in Ceramidiodes, their probable holding

or grasping action being taken over by the pockets

described above. The posterior genital plate found

in related genera is absent and the ductus bursae

is large and weakly sclerotized.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name Ceramidiodes is a masculine noun derived from the genus name Ceramidia

and the Greek adjectival suffix odes (like). This

ending is specifically assigned the masculine gender

as one of the examples given under Article 30 (a)

ii of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1961 and 1964).

Ceramidiodes obscurus (Butler), new combination

(required change in ending)

FIGURES 7, 8, 25, 26, 77, 85

Ceramidia obscura Butler, 1877:x, 40, pi. 16: fig. 5.—Kirby,

1892:158.—Hampson, 1898:395, 396—Zerny, 1912:115.—

Draudt, [1916]a:133, pi. 20: fig. g [2]; [1916]b:133, pi. 20:

fig- g [2]-

Ceramidia mathani Rothschild, 1912:153—Draudt, [1916]a:

133; [1916]b:133. [New synonymy.]

Ceramidiodes mathani.—Hampson, 1914:255, fig. 36.—Draudt,

1917a:207; 1917b:2O7.
12

Cerarnidiodes obscurus being the sole species in

the genus is of course easily distinguished from

Ceramidia and Antichloris by the generic characters given in the key and in the description

above. Ceramidia phemonoides and Ceramidia

fumipennis, the species it most closely resembles in

habitus, are easily distinguished from it by having

the ventral surface of the abdomen divided through

the middle by a median band of fuscous.

MALE (Figures 7, 8).—Head with occipital area

dark fuscous with a metallic blue-green sheen,

frons nearly entirely white. Palpi dark fuscous with

white on outer surface of basal segment, neck with

an eversible shallow pocket covered with red scales

opposite each eye. Thorax foscous with tegula

lightly scaled with metallic blue-green on base and

patagia heavily scaled with this color. Legs fuscous

except for the white coxae of all three pairs of

legs. Each tympanic hood large and entirely fuscous in color. Abdomen above fuscous with bronze

green sheen and with ventral surface white from

the base through most of seventh segment.

Wings above fuscous. Forewing with bronze

green along base of costa and along each side of

base of anal vein. Hind wing above with silvery

white of coastal area extensive, extending from

costal margin clear through the cell and to the

outer margin except for a small amount of fuscous

on outer margin opposite end of cell. Forewing

below fuscous in color with a narrow streak of

androconial scales through the middle one-third of

costal margin and with pale gray or white on base

covering one-half or more of wing and with a

bronze green sheen on subapical part of wing.

Hind wing below fuscous with metallic bronze

green sheen on base, sometimes with a large white

area below cell and between there and hind margin

of wing.

Length of forewing, 16.5-17 mm (average 16.90

mm).

Male genitalia as illustrated by Figure 77 (drawn

from preparation of the lectotype of C. mathani,

a junior synonym of C. obscurus and since this

is the sole included species in Cerarnidiodes, the

characters are as described above in the generic

description.

FEMALE (Figures 25, 26).—Head and thorax

similar to the male except frons has two metallic

green spots and the tympanic hood is entirely fusSMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

cous. Ventral surface of abdomen as in the male is

entirely white from the base through the seventh

segment.

Wings above fuscous with overlying bronze sheen

and with light color of costal area of hind wing

found in the male greatly reduced in this sex.

Forewing below almost entirely bronze green with

a large submarginal brownish area and lacking the

white androconial scales found along the middle

of the costal margin in the male. Hind wing below

fuscous with an overall bronze green sheen.

Length of forewing 17 mm.

Female genitalia as illustrated by Figure 85

(drawn from preparation of holotype of C. obscurus) with characters as given in the generic description and key.

TYPE-DATA.—Described from a single specimen,

the holotype (Figures 25, 26). The sex of this specimen was not indicated in the original description

but upon examination was shown to be a female.

Described from "Forest near Sobral, Rio Purus

. . . (J. W. H. Trail)" [Brazil]. Holotype in the

collection of the British Museum (Natural

History).

SNYONYMICAL NOTES.—Ceramidia mathani Rothschild, 1912: Type-locality, "Teffe, Amazons . . .

(M. de Mathan)." Described from two male syntypes, to one of which an appropriate lectotype

label has been pinned. This specimen also bears

the holograph label "Ceramidia mathani Type

Rothsch." and is the specimen here illustrated as

the male of C. obscurus (Figures 7, 8). The great

similarity in habitus of the abdomen of the male

lectotype of C. mathani to the abdomen of the

female holotype of C. obscurus is the reason the

former is treated here as a junior synonym of the

latter.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name obscurus (dark and obscure) is a Latin adjective in the nominative

singular, agreeing in gender with the generic name.

It has the following gender endings: us, masculine;

a, feminine; um, neuter.

DISTRIBUTION.—This species is known only from

several widely separated localities in Brazil.

MATERIAL STUDIED.—Five male and one female

specimens are the only specimens I have had for

study. They are from Manicore, Rio Madeira; St.

Catherine; Sao Paulo; Teffe.
NUMBER 198 13

Genus Antichloris Hubner

FIGURES 9-22, 27-34, 43-74, 78-82, 86, 87, 92-102, 104, 105

Antichloris Hubner, 1818:9, 24.—Butler, 1876:413, 433, pi. 29:

fig. 5—Moschler, 1878:639-640.—Druce, 1884:68.—Kirby,

1892:158-159.—Dognin, 1894:72, 82, pi. 8: fig. 2.—Hampson,

1898:399-401—Klages, 1906:548-549.—Rothschild, 1912:154-

155.—Zerny, 1912:116.—Draudt, [1916]a: 136-137; [1916]b:

136-137.—Kaye and Lamont, 1927:9.—Hambleton and

Forbes, 1935:219.—Hemming, 1937:154.

Illipula Walker, 1854:237.—Druce, 1883:380—Kirby, 1892:

157.—Hampson, 1898:399 [as a synonym of Antichloris].—

Zerny, 1912:116 [as a synonym of Antichloris].

Copaena Herrich-Schaffer, 1855: cover, pi. [40]: fig. 260. [New

synonymy.]

Eriphia Herrich-Schaffer, 1856:16, 17.—Hampson, 1898:399

[as a synonym of Antichloris].—Zerny, 1912:116 [as a synonym of Antichloris].

Ceramidia.—Dognin, 1891:clv [in part]; 1894:72, 82 [in part];

Hampson, 1898:395-398 [in part]; 1901:172 [in part].—

Druce, 1905:462.—Dognin, 1912:122.—Rothschild, 1912:152,

153 [in part].—Zerny, 1912:115 [in part].—Hampson, 1914:

240, 248-253 [in part]; 1915, pi. 13.—Draudt, [1916]a:134,

135, pi. 20 [in part]; [1916]b:134, 135, pi. 20 [in part];

1917a:207 [in part]; 1917b:2O7 [in part]; [1919]a, pis. 28, 29

[in part]; [1919]b, pis. 28, 29 [in part].—Zerny, 1931a: 18,

27 [in part].—Fleming, 1950:212, 216—Forster, 1950:62.—

"Beebe and Fleming, 1951:246.

Type-species: Zygaena eriphia Fabricius. Type

by subsequent designation by Kirby, 1892. Hubner

included in this genus A. eriphia (Fabricius), his

new species A. phemone (later synonymized by

Butler to A. eriphia) (1876:413), and A. caca.

In habitus Antichloris is easily distinguished from

the related genera Ceramidia and Ceramidiodes

by the color pattern of the abdominal sterna and

by characters in the male and female genitalia. In

Antichloris only the basal sterna of the abdominal

segments are entirely white (Figures 8, 10, 12),

with at least large white spots in the middle of

these sterna (Figures 28, 30, 32, 34) (the Caca

species group), or this area is fuscous and there

are several pairs of white spots on the basal segments near the spiracular lines (the Eriphia species

group).

Male genitalia (Figures 78-82, 92-102) with

uncus completely divided, forming two long entirely separate arms, each spatulate at tip. Behind

each uncal arm is a shorter pseuduncus arising

from tegumen. Saccus in ventral view about as

broad as long, not projected as far posteriorly as

in Ceramidia, and with posterior margin nearly

straight, sometimes slightly concave and sometimes

slightly convex. Aedeagus short and evenly and

strongly bent near middle with a long, single dorsal

needle-like projection from posterior end. Valva

not at all slender, broad through basal one-half

or more, and base with a rounded outer margin

(Caca group) or with this margin produced forming a broad lower posterior angle (Eriphia group).

Valva with a long apical finger-like projection

greatly curved downward or inward and with a

long fleshy and hairy lobe on outer face just before

apex. Valva lacking the pulvinus found in

Ceramidiodes.

Female genitalia (Figures 86, 87, 89, 104, 105)

with anterior genital plate formed into a broad,

bulging lipped lobe, with a large triangular lobe

on each side along posterior margin of seventh

sternum and with a shallow cupule or lateroventral

depression just dorsal of each of these lobes. Posterior genital plate absent. Ductus bursae near

ostium bursae forming two subtriangular plates,

one dorsal and the other ventral. Ductus bursae

either not sclerotized at all (except as described

above), sometimes weakly sclerotized, and sometimes with a large sclerotized element along its

dorsal surface for its entire length.

SYNONYMICAL NOTES.—Illipula Walker was

erected for Sesia melanochloros Sepp, the sole included species. Sesia melanochloros is a synonym of

Antichloris eriphia (Fabricius) and Illipula is

therefore a junior synonym of the older name

Antichloris, as was pointed out by Hampson (1898:

399).

The name Copaena Herrich-Schaffer first appeared in 1855 with the sole included species

Copaena scapularis Herrich-Schaffer, which is

therefore the type of the genus. Copaena scapularis

is a junior synonym of Antichloris eriphia and thus

Copaena is a junior synonym of Antichloris.

Eriphia Herrich-Schaffer, with its type-species

Antichloris eriphia (Hubner), designated by

Hampson (1898:399), is also a junior synonym of

Antichloris. In addition it is preoccupied by the

name Eriphia Latreille (1817) in the Crustacea.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name Antichloris is a feminine noun derived from the Greek classical prefix

anti (against or opposed to) and from the Greek

personal female name Chloris (especially the goddess of flowers).

Except for the treatment of the Caca species

group (below), the generic description given
14

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

above, and the list of 15 species herein transferred

from the genus Ceramidia to the Eriphia species

group, it is beyond the scope of the present paper

to further treat the latter group.

The Caca Species Croup

This group contains the two species Antichloris

viridis Druce and Antichloris caca Hiibner. In

habitus they are distinguished easily from the

species of the Eriphia species group in having the

sterna of the basal three abdominal segments

(1+2, 3, 4) entirely white or with large white spots

in the middle of these sterna. They are further

distinguished from that group by characters in the

valvae of the male genitalia as given in the key

and as pointed out above in the generic

description.

Antichloris viridis Druce, resurrected combination

FIGURES 9-16, 27-32, 78-80, 86

Antichloris viridis Druce, 1884:68, pi. 7: fig. 25.—Kirby, 1892:

159.—Hampson, 1898:396 [as a synonym of Ceramidia butleri (Moschler)].—Druce, 1900:xiii.

Ceramidia viridis.—Cockerell, 1910:61.—Zerny, 1912:115;

1931a: 18.—Cevallos, 1957:13-14.—Harrison, 1950:251.—Tilden, 1968:187.—Osimark, 1974:163.

Ceramidia butleri viridis.—Draudt, [1916]a:133, pi. 20: fig. g

[4]; Draudt, [1916]b:133, pi. 20: fig. g [4].—Zerny, 1931b:250.

Antichloris eriphia.—Druce, 1884:68 [not Fabricius].—Hampson, 1898:396 [in synonymy of Ceramidia butleri].—Draudt,

[1916]a:133; [1916]b: 133.—Zerny, 1931b:250.

Ceramidia eriphia [sic].—Zerny, 1912:114 [a misspelling of

the Druce misidentification].

Ceramidia butleri.—Hampson, 1898:396, fig. 200 [not Moschler; in part].—Cockle, 1904:202.—Zerny, 1912:114 [in

part].—Hampson, 1914:246 [in part].—Draudt, [1916]a:133,

pi. 20: fig. g [3] [in part]; [I916]b: 133, pi. 20: fig. g [3]

[in part].—Zerny, 1931a: 18; 1931b:250 [in part].—Harrison,

1959:331-354, figs. 1-5—Ostmark, 1974:163.

Ceramidia musicola Cockerell, 1910:60-61.—Zerny, 1912:115 —

Draudt, [I916]a:135; [1916]b: 135.—Ostmark. 1974: 163 [as

a synonym of Ceramidia butleri (Moschler) ]. [New synonymy.]

Ceramidia butleri form musicola.—Hampson, 1914:246.—

Draudt, 1917a:2O7; 1917b:207.

Ceramidia cyanopasta Dognin, 1911:10.—Zerny, 1912:115.—

Hampson, 1914:246-247; 1915: pi. 13: fig. 9—Draudt,

[I916]a:l34; [I9l6]b:134; 1917a:207; 1917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi.

28: fig. A [10]; [1919]b, pi. 28: fig. k [10] [New synonymy.]

Ceramidia scintillocollaris Rothschild, 1912:152.—Hampson,

1914:247; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 12.—Draudt, [1916]a:134; [1916]b:

134; 1917a:2O7; 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. m [4];

[1919]b, pi. 28: fig. in [4]. [New synonymy.]

Ceramidia underwoodi Rothschild, 1912:152.—Hampson,

1914:247; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 10.—Draudt, [1916]a:135; [1916]b:

135; 1917a:2O7; 19l7b:207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. m [7];

[1919]b, pi. 28: fig. m [7]. [New synonymy.]

Ceramidia butleri forma caerulescens Draudt, 1917a:207;

1917b:207.—Zerny, 1931b:250 [in synonymy of Ceramidia

butleri].

Ceramidia butleri ab. importata Strand, 1920:225; 1927:50.—

Zerny, 1931b:250 [in synonymy of Ceramidia butleri].

Antichloris viridis is distinguishable from A.

caca in the male sex by having the lower half of

each tympanic hood white and in having a small

white spot on base of each tegula. In A. caca the

tympanic hoods and tegulae are entirely fuscous.

In the female of A. viridis the ventral surface of

the segment in front of the ostium varies from

fuscous to blue-black, dark metallic blue, or metallic green to bronze green. A few specimens have

this segment tan except for a darker central area.

In the single female specimen of A. caca available

to me for study, this entire segment ventrally is

light tan in color.

MALE (Figures 9-16).—Head with occipital area

dark fuscous, sometimes metallic blue or green,

frons similar, and often but not always with a large

central white spot. Palpi dark fuscous, neck with

an eversible but shallow pocket, covered with red

scales opposite each eye. Thorax with tegulae and

patagia fuscous and metallic bronze, green, or blue

and each tegula with a small white spot on base.

Legs entirely fuscous and blue or green except for

coxae of forelegs, which are white. Each tympanic

hood large and fuscous in color except for lower

half, which is white. Abdomen above fuscous with

dark blue, bronze, or blue-green sheen. Ventral

surface of abdomen similar except for a large white

band extending through segments 1+2, 3, 4, this

white covering entire ventral surface of these segments except on segment 4, where it is often

rounded or tapered caudally.

Wings above fuscous, often entirely so, but also

often with forewings covered from base to middle

or beyond with a sheen of metallic blue, green, or

bronze green. Hind wing above with about threefourths length of wing on costal area and to middle

of cell pale silvery gray and with a very faint

streak of white along vein defining bottom of cell.

Forewing below fuscous with a narrow streak of

white androconial scales through middle one-third
NUMBER 198 15

of costal margin, with pale gray on its base covering basal one-half or more, and with a metallic

blue or green sheen immediately above this gray

area. Hind wing below fuscous with metallic blue

or green sheen on base.

Length of forewing, 14-19 mm (average 16.55

mm).

Male genitalia as illustrated by Figures 78

(drawn from preparation of holotype of the junior

synonym C. cyanopasta), 79 (drawn from preparation of holotype of the junior synonym C.

musicola), and 80 (drawn from preparation of

holotype of A. viridis), with valve having a large,

downwardly bent costal arm and with a weakly

sclerotized lobe from near middle of the dorsal

surface of this arm; with a broad and caudally

directed sacculus ending in a dorsally directed obtuse projection.

FEMALE (Figures 27-32).—Head and thorax similar to the male except that the white color is

absent from the occipital area of the head and from

the tegula and reduced or absent on the coxae of

forelegs. This white is also greatly reduced on the

ventral surface of the basal abdominal segments.

The ventral surface of the segment in front of the

ostium varies from fuscous to blue black, dark

metallic blue, or metallic green or bronze green.

In a few specimens this segment is dark tan and

darker in the central area.

Wings above similar to the male, with light color

on costal area of hind wing more reduced in size

and darker. Forewing below without the white

androconial scales found along the middle of the

costal margin in the male and with base of this wing

much darker than in that sex.

Length of forewing, 14.50-20 mm (average 18.53

mm).

Female genitalia as illustrated by Figure 86

(drawn from holotype of the junior synonym C.

underwoodi) not distinctly different from A. caca.

TYPE-DATA.—Described from a single male specimen, the holotype (Figures 9, 10) from "Panama,

Volcan de Chiriqui (Champion)," in the collection

of the British Museum (Natural History).

SYNONYMICAL NOTES.—Ceramidia musicola Cockerell, 1910: Type-locality, "Among bananas at

Boulder, Colorado, doubtless imported from Central America." Described from a single male specimen, the holotype (Figures 13, 14), in the collection

of the National Museum of Natural History. This

specimen bears the red type label "Type No.

33493." The genitalia of this holotype (Figure 79)

shows it to be a junior synonym of A. viridis.

Ceramidia cyanopasta Dognin, 1911: Typelocality, "Merida, Venezuela." Described from several pairs, now in the collection of the National

Museum of Natural History. One of these specimens is labeled "Type $ " and another is labeled

"Type $." Since Dognin did not include a typespecimen designation in his original description,

I designate as the lectotype (Figures 11, 12) the

specimen he labeled "Type <j," and have placed

an appropriate lectotype label upon its pin. This

specimen also bears the red type label "Type No.

30790." A comparison of the genitalia of this lectotype (Figure 78) with the holotype of A. viridis

shows them to be the same species, thus placing

C. cyanopasta as a junior synonym of the former.

Ceramidia underwoodi Rothschild, 1912: Typelocality, "Costa Rica (Underwood)." Described

from a single specimen, the holotype, in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History).

This specimen (Figures 31, 32), described by Rothschild as a male, upon dissection proved to be a

female. It is a junior synonym of A. viridis.

Ceramidia scintillocollaris Rothschild, 1914:

Type-locality, "San Ramon, Rio Wanks, Nicaragua

. . . (M. G. Palmer)." Described from a single male,

the holotype (Figures 15, 16), in the collection of

the British Museum (Natural History). The genitalia of this holotype show it to be another junior

synonym of A. viridis.

Ceramidia butleri forma caerulescens Draudt,

J9I7: One of the additions to the International

Code of Zoological Nomenclature adopted at

Monaco in 1972 was that the use of the term "form"

by an author before 1961 is "to be interpreted as

denoting subspecific rank" (Article 45 (e) (i)).

This form name is therefore available as a trinomen. It was described as a form with blue instead

of green coloring on the forewings and on the

anterior body. This character is quite within the

normal individual variation of the species, and I

consider the name Ceramidia butleri caerulescens

to be a junior synonym of A. viridis. No typelocality was given by Draudt in the original description, and the holotype is presumed to have

been destroyed along with the rest of the Draudt

collection in Darmstadt, Germany, during the

second World War.
16

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Ceramidia butleri ab. importata Strand, 1920:

This name proposed as an aberration, I consider

to be a name excluded from zoological nomenclature {International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: Article 1; Article 45 (d) (iii) and glossary,

definition of the term infrasubspecific.)

ETYMOLOGY.—The name viridis (green) is a

Latin adjective in the nominative singular, agreeing in gender with the generic name. It has the

following gender endings: is, masculine; is, feminine; e, neuter.

DISTRIBUTION.—This species occurs from Ecuador,

Colombia, and Venezuela northward through Central America into Mexico. As it is a common pest

upon bananas, this species occurs and can be expected to occur wherever the plant is grown in

this large area. It is not known to occur in the

Guianas or in the Antilles.

Individuals of this species turn up in localities

outside their normal distribution at ports of entry,

markets, and even in grocery stores, probably

wherever Central American bananas are imported.

I have seen adults (and cocoons) taken from

bunches of bananas from many places in the

United States (Alachua County, Florida; Baltimore, Maryland; Boston, Massachusetts; Boulder,

Colorado; Champagne, Illinois; Granville, Ohio;

Laredo, Texas; Lincoln, Rhode Island; Riverside,

California; Sanford, North Carolina; San Francisco, California; Seattle, Washington, and Wilmington, Delaware), Canada (Kaslo and Victoria,

British Columbia), England (Lincolnshire, Manchester and Sussex), and Germany (Hamburg).

MATERIAL STUDIED.—Two hundred males and 106

females were studied from the following localities:

ECUADOR: Balzapamba, Province of Bolivar

(February); Barranca Chico (September); Buenvecino (September); Loja; Macas; Mantalvo (September); Tenguel. COLOMBIA: Andagoya, Rio

Condoto, Choco; Cacagualito; Caldas (June); Juntas, Department of Cauca; Rio Dagua; Santa

Marta; Turbo (September). VENEZUELA: El

Cienego, State of Trujillo (March); Merida, State

of Merida. PANAMA: Armvelles (August); Bocasdelton (January); Bugaba; Changuinola (June,

July, October); El Valle (January); Lino.

PANAMA CANAL ZONE: Balboa (November);

Las Casadas (September); Tabernilla. COSTA

RICA: Banana River (March); Coto (June, August); Esparta; Juan Vinas; La Florida (March);

Limon (February); Palmar (April, August, October); Peralta, Avangerez (October); Port Limon

(January, February); Santa Clara District, Province of Limon; Tres Rios (January); Tuis (February). HONDURAS: La Lima (January, September, October, December); San Pedro Sula.

GUATEMALA: Cayuga (February, May, September); Champerico; Esquintla; Olas de Maka;

Department of Solola (September); Quirigua (February, March, May, July); San Cristobal (September); San Sebastian, Department of Retalhuleu).

MEXICO: Camacho, State of Puebla; Tampico

(April).

Antichloris caca Htibner, resurrected combination

FIGURES 17-22, 33, 34, 81, 82, 87

Hiibner [1809]-[1813], pi. [23]: figs. 133, 134 [illustrations

without a name].

Antichloris caca Hiibner, 1818:24 [above illustrations referred

to and species named and described].—Butler, 1876:413.—

Moschler, 1878: 640—Kirby, 1892:159.—Druce, 1884:86.

Ceramidia caca.—Hampson, 1898:395, 396-397.—Zerny, 1912:

115.—Draudt, [1916]a:134, pi. 20: fig. h [1]; [1916]b:134, pi.

20: fig. h [1].—Zerny, 1931a: 18.—Hoffman, 1936:446.

Eriphia butleri Moschler, 1878:640-641, 699, pi. 8: fig. 12.

[New synonymy.]

Eriphioides butleri.—Kirby, 1892:159.

Ceramidia butleri.—Hampson, 1898:395, 396, fig. 200.—Zerny,

1912:114.—Hampson, 1914:246.—Draudt, [1916]a:l33, 135,

pi. 20: fig. g [3]; [1916]b:133, 135, pi. 20: fig. g [3]; 1917a:

207; 1917b: 207—Zerny, 1931b:250.—Hagmann, 1938:193.

Ceramidia caurensis Klages, 1906:549.—Cockerell, 1910:61.—

Zerny, 1912:115.—Hampson, 1914:246.—Draudt, [1916]a:

134, pi. 20: fig. g [5]; [1916]b:134, pi. 20: fig. g [5]; 1917a:

207; 1917b:2O7. [New synonymy.]

Ceramidia klagesi Rothschild, 1912:151-152.—Draudt, [1916]a:

135; [1916]b:135; 1917a:2O7; 1917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig.

m [9]; [1919]b, pi. 28: fig. m [9]. [New synonymy.]

Ceramidia clagesi.—Hampson, 1914:247-248 [an invalid emendation]; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 12.

Antichloris caca is distinguished from A. viridis

in the male sex by having each thoracic tympanic

hood entirely fuscous and in lacking the small

white spot found on base of each tegula. As mentioned above under the description of A. viridis,

the female of A. caca (according to the single female specimen available to me for study) differs

only by having the entire ventral surface of the

segment in front of the ostium light tan in color.

MALE (Figures 17-22).—Head with frons dark

fuscous, metallic blue or green, and entirely lack-
NUMBER 198 17

ing the large centrally placed white spot often

found in A. viridis. Palpi dark fuscous, neck with

an eversible, shallow pocket, covered with red

scales opposite each eye. Thorax with tegulae and

patagia fuscous and1 metallic blue, green, or bronze,

with the white spot found on base of each tegula

in A. viridis lacking in this species. Legs entirely

fuscous and blue or green except for coxae of forelegs, which are white. Each tympanic hood large

and entirely fuscous in color. Abdomen above

fuscous with dark green, bronze, or blue-green

sheen. Ventral surface of abdomen similarly colored except for a large white band extending

through segments 1+2, 3, and 4, this white covering

entire ventral surface of these segments.

Wings above fuscous, with a faint allover sheen

of blue or green, and lacking the bright sheen of

metallic blue, green, or bronze sometimes found in

the basal one-half or more of the forewings of A.

viridis. Hind wing above, as in A. viridis, with

about three-fourths length of wing on costal area

extending to middle of cell pale silvery gray and

with a faint white streak along vein defining

bottom of the cell. Wings below quite similar to

those of A. viridis with forewing below fuscous,

with a narrow streak of androconial scales through

the middle one-third of costal margin, with pale

gray or white on its base covering basal one-half

or more, and with a metallic green or blue sheen

immediately above this gray area. Hind wing below

fuscous with metallic blue or green sheen on base.

Length of forewing, 14-20 mm (average 18.64

mm).

Male genitalia as illustrated by Figures 81

(drawn from preparation of holotype of Ceramidia

caurensis, a junior synonym of A. caca) and 82

(drawn from preparation of holotype of the junior

synonym Eriphia butleri), with valva similar to

that of A. viridis, differing in having the large

sacculus broadly rounded and lacking the dorsally

directed obtuse projection.

FEMALE (Figures 33, 34).—Head and thorax

similar to the male except that the white is greatly

reduced on the coxae of the forelegs. This white is

also greatly reduced on the ventral surface of the

basal abdominal segments. The ventral surface of

the segment in front of the ostium is entirely light

tan in color.

Wings above similar to the male with light area

on costal margin of hind wing greatly reduced in

size. Forewing below without the white androconial

scales found along the middle of the costal margin

in the male and with base of this wing much darker

than in the male.

Length of forewing, 19 mm (from the single

available specimen).

Female genitalia as illustrated by Figure 87

(drawn from preparation number 6569) not distinctly different from A. viridis.

TYPE-DATA.—Described from the male sex (number of specimens not stated in the original description but apparently described from a single

specimen which served as the model for the original colored illustrations, "aus Brasilien. Vom

Herrn Grafen von Hoffmansegg erlangt." Holotype not in the collection of the Naturhistorisches

Museum, Vienna, where the Hiibner types were

quite early deposited (Horn and Kahle, 1935:119)

and probably destroyed by fire in 1848. Because

of the quite adequate original colored figures, I

see no need to designate a neotype.

SYNONYMICAL NOTES.—Antichloris caca Hiibner,

1818: The illustrations of this species (Hubner

[I809]-[1813]:pl. [23]: figs. 133, 134), issued without a name being applied until Hiibner's text appeared (Hubner, 1818:24), show the three characters (each tegula lacking small white basal spot,

each thoracic tympanal hood entirely fuscous, and

basal abdominal segments entirely white underneath) that specifically show the name A. caca to

be the senior synonym of this species. This identification is further borne out by the type-locality,

Brazil, which is within the range of the species

here being discussed and outside of the range of

A. viridis, the only other species with which it

could possibly be confused.

Eriphia butleri Moschler, 1878: Type-locality,

"aus dem Innern" [Surinam (from the title of the

paper by Moschler)] = from the interior of Surinam.

Described from a single male specimen, the holotype (Figures 19, 20). The white basal segments

of the abdomen underneath in this holotype, the

lack of the small basal white spot on each tegula,

and the entirely dark fuscous color of the tympanic

hood, as well as the genitalia of the holotype (Figure 82), show it to be a junior synonym of Antichloris caca.

Ceramidia caurensis Klages, 1906: Type-locality,

"Suapure, Venezuela." Described from the male

sex with the number of specimens not indicated
18

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

in the original description. The E. A. Klages collection, now in the National Museum of Natural

History, contains two syntypes of this species, both

with the red type label, "Type No. 8426." I select

as the lectotype (Figures 21, 22) the specimen

bearing the holograph label, "Ceramidia caurensis

mihi E. A. Klages." An appropriate lectotype

label has been pinned to this specimen. Its thoracic

and abdominal coloration and genitalia (Figure

81) show it to be a junior synonym of Antichloris

caca.

Ceramidia klagesi Rothschild, 1912: Typelocality, "Aroewarwa Creek, Maroewym Valley,

Surinam . . . :S. M. Klages)." Described from four

males, now in the collection of the British Museum

(Natural History). One of these specimens was

dissected for my study by Alan Watson. It bears a

type label and the holograph label: "Ceramidia

klagesi Type Rothsch." I designate this specimen

as the lectotype (Figures 17, 18) and an appropriate label has been pinned to this specimen. A

study of its genitalia shows it to be a junior synonym of Antichloris caca.

Ceramidia clagesi: Hampson (1914) thought it

was best to emend the spelling of the name

"klagesi" to "clagesi." The original spelling is correct (see Article n (b) (i), International Code of

Zoological Nomenclature), and Hampson's spelling is an incorrect subsequent spelling without

standing in nomenclature (see Article 19, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature).

ETYMOLOGY.—The name caca is a feminine personal noun in the nominative singular in apposition to the generic name. In Greek mythology it

is the name of the sister of Cacus (a giant of immense physical strength) and daughter of Vulcan.

DISTRIBUTION.—This species occurs from central

Venezuela (state of Bolivar) east through the

Guianas and in several widely separated localities

in Brazil.

MATERIAL STUDIED.—Thirty-eight males and one

female were studied from the following localities:

VENEZUELA: Caura Valley; Corosito, Caura

Valley (May, June); La Union, Caura River (May,

September, October); La Vuelta, Caura River

(May, June); Suapure, Caura River. GUYANA:

Confluence of Oronoque and New Rivers. SURINAM: Aroewarwa Creek, Maroewijne Valley (February). FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne; Nouveau

Chantier; St. Jean Maroni. BRAZIL: Cuyaba,

Matto Grosso; Para (January); Teffe (September).

Annotated List of Species Removed from Ceramidia

and Transferred to Other Genera

Amycles cupreus (Schaus), new combination

(required change in ending)

FICURES 35, 36, 83. 90

Ceramidia cuprca Schaus, 1901:42-43.—Zerny, 1912:115.—

Hampson, 1914:251; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 22—Draudt, [1916]a:

134, pi. 20: fig. h [3]; [1916]b:134, pi. 20: fig. h [3].

TYPE-DATA.—Described from a single male specimen, the holotype (Figures 35, 36, 83) from

"Coatepec, Mexico" type number 10769 in the

collection of the National Museum of Natural

History.

REMARKS.—The genitalia of the holotype (Figure 83) show that this species has been incorrectly placed in the genus Ceramidia. It belongs to

the genus Amycles Herrich-Schaffer. The genus

name Amycles has to be regarded as a masculine

noun since its ending es is unequivocally masculine in gender. The species name has to be spelled

with the us ending in order to agree in gender

with Amycles.

Amycles dolosus (Walker), combination sustained

(required change in ending)

FIGURES 37, 38, 103

Euchromia dolosa Walker, 1854:238-239.

Illipula dolosa.—Butler, 1876:410.—Kirby, 1892:157.

Amycles dolosa.—Hampson, 1898:398, 399, pi. 14: fig. 6.—

Klages, 1906:548.—Zerny, 1912:116.—Draudt, [1916]a:136,

pi. 20: fig. i [6]; [1916]b:136, pi. 20: fig. i [6].—Travassos,

1940:291.—d'Araujo e Silva, 1968:219.

Ceramidia dolosa.—Hampson, 1914:249.—Draudt, 1917a:207;

1917b:207.

Ceramidida [sic] dolosa.—Bondar, 1938:22.

TYPE-DATA.—Described from a single female

specimen (mistakenly stated to be a male in the
NUMBER 198 19

original description), the holotype (Figures 37,

38, 103) from "Pernambucco," Brazil, in the

collection of the British Museum (Natural

History).

REMARKS.—The genitalia of the holotype (Figure 103) show that Hampson incorrectly placed

this species in Ceramidia in 1914 and that he was

correct in 1898 in placing it in Amycles HerrichSchaffer. As stated above and for the reason given

there, the genus Amycles has to be regarded as a

masculine noun. The species name has to be

spelled with the us ending in order to agree in

gender with Amycles.

Eriphioides purpurinus (Dognin), new combination

(required change in ending)

FIGURES 39, 40, 88

Ceramidia purpurina Dognin, 1923:1-2.

TYPE-DATA.—Described from a single female

specimen, the holotype (Figures 39, 40, 88) from

"Villavincencio, Colombie (Frere ApollinaireMarie)," type number 30762, in the collection of

the National Museum of Natural History.

REMARKS.—The genitalia of the holotype (Figure 88) show that this species belongs to the genus

Eriphioides Kirby. The genus name Eriphioides

has to be regarded as a masculine noun since its

ending es is unequivocally masculine in gender.

The species name has to be spelled with the us

ending in order to agree in gender with

Eriphioides.

Eriphioides simplex (Rothschild), new combination

FIGURES 41, 42, 91

Ceramidia simplex Rothschild, 1912:152.—Hampson, 1914:

248-249; 1915: pi. 13: fig. 15.—Draudt, [1916]a:135; [1916]b:

135; 1917a:207; 19l7b:2O7; [19l9]a, pi. 28: fig. m [8];

[1919]b, pi. 28: fig. m [8].—Dognin, 1923:2.

TYPE-DATA.—Described from two specimens, one

of each sex, now in the collection of the British

Museum (Natural History). Rothschild designated

the male specimen as the type (= holotype) in

the original description. The type-locality is

"Cachabe, Western Ecuador (low country), January 1897."

REMARKS.—The genitalia of the holotype (Figure 91) show that this species belongs to Eriphioides Kirby, not to Ceramidia Butler.

Antichloris chloroplegia (Druce), new combination

FIGURES 43, 44, 47, 48, 92

Ceramidia chloroplegia Druce, 1905:462.—Zerny, 1912:115.—

Hampson, 1914:251; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 23.—Draudt [1916]a:

135, pi. 20: fig. i [3]; [1916]b:135, pi. 20: fig. i [3]; 1917a:207;

1917b:207— Fleming, 1950:212, 216.

Antichloris nigrolineata Rothschild, 1912:154.—Hampson,

1914:251 [as a synonym of Ceramidia chloroplegia].—

Draudt, [1916]a:136, pi. 20: fig. k [5]; [1916]b:136, pi. 20,

fig. k [5]; 1917a:2O7; 1917b:2O7.

Antichloris intensa Rothschild, 1912:154.—Draudt, [1916]a:

136; [1916]b:136. [New synonymy.]

Ceramidia intensa— Hampson, 1914:252; 1915, pi. 13: fig.

25.—Draudt, 1917a:2O7; 1917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. n

[9]; [1919]b, pi. 28: fig. n [9].

TYPE-DATA.—Ceramidia chloroplegia Druce was

described from a single male specimen, the holotype (Figures 43, 44), from "Venezuela, Carosita,

Caura Valley (T. M. Klages, Mus. Druce)," now

in the collection of the British Museum (Natural

History).

Antichloris nigrolineala Rothschild was described

from 35 males, one of which was designated the

type (= holotype) in the original description and

which is now in the collection of the British

Museum (Natural History). The type-locality and

data are "La Union, Caura River, March 1902."

Antichloris intensa Rothschild was described

from four males (= syntypes), none of which were

designated as a type in the original description.

These specimens are now in the collection of the

British Museum (Natural History). I designate as

the lectotype the specimen labeled "type" in this

collection. An appropriate label has been placed

upon this specimen. The type-locality and data are

"Aroewarwa Creek, Maroewym Valley, Surinam,

February 1905 (S. M. Klages)."

REMARKS.—The genitalia of the holotype of

Ceramidia chloroplegia show that it belongs to the

genus Antichloris Hiibner, the Eriphia species

group. A study of the male genitalia of the lectotype of Antichloris intensa (Figure 92) shows this

species to be a synonym of Antichloris chloroplegia.

I have accepted the synonymy of Hampson (1914)

in placing Antichloris nigrolineata as a junior

synonym of Antichloris chloroplegia.
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Antichloris affinis (Rothschild), new combination

FICURES 45, 46, 49, 50, 93

Ceramidia affinis Rothschild, 1912:153.—Hampson, 1914:251-

252; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 24.—Draudt, [1916]a:135; [1916]b:135;

1917a:207; 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. n [6]; [1919]b, pi.

28: fig. n [6].

Antichloris atrinervis Rothschild, 1912:155— Draudt, [1916]a:

136; [1916]b:136. [New synonymy.]

Ceramidia atrinervis.—Hampson, 1914:252; 1915, pi. 13: fig.

26.—Draudt, 1917a:207; 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 29: fig. a

[2]; [1919]b, pi. 29: fig. a [2].

TYPE-DATA.—Ceramidia affinis Rothschild was

described from a single male specimen, the holotype (Figures 45, 46), from "Teffe, Amazons, September 1907 (M. de Mathan)," now in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History).

Antichloris atrinervis Rothschild was described

from four males (= syntypes), none of which were

designated as a type in the original description.

These specimens are now in the collection of the

British Museum (Natural History). The typelocality and data are "Teffe, Amazons, October

1907 (M. de Mathan)." I designate as the lectotype

(Figures 49, 50) the specimen labeled "type" in that

collection.

REMARKS.—The genitalia of the holotype of

Ceramidia affinis (Figure 93) show that it belongs

to the genus Antichloris Hiibner, the Eriphia

species group. A study of the male genitalia of the

lectotype of Antichloris atrinervis shows this species to be a synonym of Antichloris affinis.

Antichloris steinbachi Rothschild,

resurrected combination

FICURES 51, 52, 94

Antichloris atrinervis steinbachi Rothschild, 1912:155.—

Draudt, 1916a: 136; [1916]b:136.

Ceramidia steinbachi.—Hampson, 1914:252-253; 1915, pi. 13:

fig- 27.—Draudt, 1917a:207; I917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi. 29: fig.

a [3J; [1919]b, pi. 29: fig. a [3].

TYPE-DATA.—This species was described from two

male specimens, one of which was designated the

type (= holotype) in the original description. The

type-locality and data are "Buenavista, East Bolivia,

750 metres, August 1906-April 1907." This specimen is now in the collection of the British

Museum (Natural History).

REMARKS.—This species originally described as a

subspecies was elevated to specific rank by Hampson

(1914) and incorrectly placed in the genus Ceramidia. The male genitalia of the holotype show it

to belong to the genus in which Rothschild originally placed it, Antichloris Hiibner. It belongs to

the Eriphia species group.

Antichloris metallica Rothschild,

resurrected combination

FIGURES 53, 54, 55, 56, 95

Eriphioides viridis Lathy, 1899:118 [preoccupied].—Zerny,

1912:114.—Draudt, 1916a:132; 1916b:132. [New synonymy.]

Ceramidia viridis— Hampson, 1914:250; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 21 —

Draudt, 19l7a:2O7; 1917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. n [5];

[1919]b, pi. 28: fig. n [5].

Antichloris metallica Rothschild, 1912:155.—Draudt, [1916]a:

136; [1916]b:136.

Ceramidia metallica— Hampson, 1914:250-251; 1915, pi. 21:

fig. 32—Draudt, 1917a:2O7; 1917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig.

n [8]; [1919]b, pi. 28: fig. n [8].

TYPE-DATA.—Eriphioides viridis Lathy was described from a single male specimen, the holotype,

from "Ecuador," now in the collection of the

British Museum (Natural History).

Antichloris metallica Rothschild was described

from two males and two females (= syntypes)

from "Paramba, Ecuador, April 1897, and

November-December 1898, dry season (W. Rosenberg)," now in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History). I have selected one of the

two males as the lectotype (Figures 53, 54, 95) and

an appropriate label has been placed on the pin

with this specimen.

REMARKS.—A comparison of the genitalia of the

holotype male of Eriphioides viridis with the genitalia of the lectotype of Antichloris metallica

(Figure 95) shows that they are synonyms of a

single species belonging to the Eriphia species

group of the genus Antichloris Hiibner. Antichloris viridis (Lathy), 1899, is the oldest name

for this species; however, it is a homonym of Antichloris viridis Druce, 1884, a species of the Caca

species group.

Antichloris zernyi (Forster), new combination

FICURES 57, 58, 96

Ceramidia zerny [sic] Forster, 1950:62, pi. 1: fig. 9.—Beebe

and Fleming, 1951:246.

Ceramidia zernyi Forster, 1950:67.
NUMBER 198 21

TYPE-DATA.—Described from the holotype (Figures 57, 58), which is stated to be a male in the

original description but which is a female, from

"Maracay vm 36," Venezuela and in the Zoological Collection of the Bavarian State Museum,

Munich, Germany.

REMARKS.—The genitalia of the holotype female

and of a male topotype (Figure 96) show this

species to belong to the Eriphia species group of

Antichloris Hiibner. This species was named after

Dr. H. Zerny as is stated in the original description. Since the spelling of this name is given as C.

zernyi, both on one of the pages in the original

description (p. 67) and on the name label of the

holotype, I accept this spelling as correct and attribute the spelling C. zerny as being a typographical error.

Antichloris viridisaturata (Rothschild),

new combination

FICURES 59, 60, 97

Ceramidia viridisaturata Rothschild, 1912:153.—Hampson,

1914:249; 1915, pi. 13: fig. 16.—Draudt, [1916]a:135; [1916]b:

135; 1917a:207; 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. m [6]; [1919]b,

pi. 28: fig. m [6].—Hoffmann, 1933:214.

TYPE-DATA.—Described from a single male specimen, the holotype (Figures 59, 60, 97) from "?

probably Province of Rio," now in the collection

of the British Museum (Natural History).

REMARKS.—The genitalia of the holotype show

it to belong to the Eriphia species group of the

genus Antichloris Hiibner.

Antichloris flammea Dognin,

resurrected combination

FIGURES 61, 62, 89, 98

Antichloris flammea Dognin, 1891 :clv; 1894:72, 82, pi. 8: fig. 2.

Ceramidia flammea.—Hampson, 1898:396, 398.—Zerny, 1912:

115.—Draudt, [1916]a:135, pi. 20: fig. i [2]; [1916]b:135. pi.

20: fig. i [2].

TYPE-DATA.—Described from a single female

specimen, the holotype (Figures 61, 62, 89) from

"environs de Loja, 1890," Ecuador, type number

30761 in the collection of the National Museum of

Natural History.

REMARKS.—The genitalia of the holotype (Figure 89) and of a compared male specimen (Figure

98) show that Hampson incorrectly placed this

species in Ceramidia. It belongs to the Eriphia

species group of the genus Antichloris Hiibner.

Antichloris ornata (Druce), new combination

FICURES 63, 64, 104

lllipula ornata Druce, 1883:380.—Kirby, 1892:157.

Ceramidia ornata.—Hampson, 1898:395, 397, pi. 14: fig. 16.—

Zerny, 1912:115.—Draudt, [1916]a:134, pi. 20: fig. h [2];

[1916]b:134, pi. 20: fig. h [2].

TYPE-DATA.—Described from a single female (sex

not stated in the original description) specimen,

the holotype, (Figures 63, 64, 104) from "Ecuador,

Intaj (Buckley)," in the collection of the British

Museum (Natural History).

REMARKS.—The genitalia of the holotype (Figure 104) and of compared male specimens show

that this species belongs to the Eriphia species

group of the genus Antichloris Hiibner.

Antichloris pinguis (Zerny), new combination

Ceramidia pinguis Zerny, 1931a: 18, 27, pi. 1: fig. 30.

TYPE-DATA.—Described from a single male specimen, the holotype from "Bolivien, Coroico (1400

m) (Fassl)," in the Zoological Collection of the

Natural History Museum, Vienna.

REMARKS.—The genitalia of the holotype show

that this species belongs to the Eriphia species

group of the genus Antichloris Hiibner.

Antichloris bricenoi (Rothschild), new combniation

FIGURES 65, 66, 99

Ceramidia bricenoi Rothschild, 1912:152.—Hampson, 1914:

248; 1915: pi. 13: fig. 13.—Draudt, [1916]a:134; [1916]b:

134; 1917a:207; 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. m [5];

[1919]b, pi. 28: fig. m [5].

TYPE-DATA.—Described from a single male specimen, the holotype (Figures 65, 66, 99) from "Montan, Sierra de Merida, Venezuela, 3000 metres,

July 20, 1898 (Briceno coll.)," in the collection

of the British Museum (Natural History).

REMARKS.—The genitalia of the holotype show

that this species belongs to the Eriphia species

group of the genus Antichloris Hiibner.
22

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Antichloris phaiodes (Dognin), new combination

FICURES 73, 74, 100

Ceramidia phaiodes Dognin, 1912:122.—Hampson, 1914:240;

1915, pi. 13: fig. 20—Draudt, [1916]a:134; [1916]b:134;

1917a:2O7; 1917b:2O7; [1919]a, pi. 29: fig. a [8]; [1919]b,

pi. 29: fig. a [8].

TYPE-DATA.—Described from a single male specimen, the holotype (Figures 73, 74, 100) from

"Canon del Tolima, Colombie (2,000 metres); un

,5 pris par Fassl en octobre 1909," type number

30792 in the collection of the National Museum of

Natural History.

REMARKS.—The genitalia of the holotype show

that this species belongs to the Eriphia species

group of the genus Antichloris Hubner.

Department of the Oxford Museum. Dr. Ernest

Taylor of that museum has made a thorough

search for this type and has not been able to locate

it.

REMARKS.—Hampson's published illustration of

the type-specimen (1915, pi. 13: fig. 18), taken together with his statement "abdomen . . . with sublateral white faciae except on terminal segments,"

seem to indicate that this species belongs to the

Eriphia species group of the genus Antichloris

Hubner. I have seen no specimens that I would

identify with his name. It differs from all described

species in the genus on the upper surface of the

hind wing in having the light area of the costal

margin extending into the upper half of the cell

and with the costal margin outlined with black.

Antichloris painei (Rothschild), new combination

FIGURES 67, 68, 102

Ceramidia painei Rothschild, 1912:152.—Hampson, 1914:248;

1915, pi. 13: fig. 14.—Draudt, [1916]a:134; [1916]b: 134;

1917a:207; 1917b: 207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. m [3]; [1919]b,

pi. 28: fig. m [3].

TYPE-DATA.—Described from several (number

not stated in the original description) males from

"Corinto, Cauca, May-July 1906 (Paine and Brinkley)," in the collection of the British Museum

(Natural History). I select as the lectotype the

syntype figured here (Figures 67, 68, 102). An

appropriate label has been placed upon the pin

with this specimen.

REMARKS.—The genitalia of this lectotype (Figure 102) show that this species belongs to the

Eriphia species group of the genus Antichloris

Hubner.

Antichloris chalcoviridis (Hampson),

new combination

Ceramidia chalcoviridis Hampson, 1901:172; 1914:249; 1915,

pi. 13: fig. 18.

Ceramidia chalcoviridis.—Zerny, 1912:115; Draudt, [1916]a:135;

[1916]b:135; 1917a:2O7, 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 29: fig. a [1];

[1919]b, pi. 29: fig. a [1].

TYPE-DATA.—Described from a single male specimen, the holotype from "Brazil, Minas Geraes

(Birchall)." Hampson says that type of this species

is in the "Mus. Oxon," which would be the Hope

Antichloris albipunctata (Lathy), new combination

FIGURES 71, 72, 101

Eriphioides albipunctata Lathy, 1899:119.—Zcrny, 1912:114.—

Draudt, [1916]a:133, pi. 20: fig. g [1]; [1916]b:133, pi. 20:

fig- g [I].

Ceramidia albipunctata.—Hampson, 1914:250; 1915, pi. 13:

fig. 19.—Draudt, 1917a:2O7; 1917b:2O7.

TYPE-DATA.—Described from two male specimens now in the collection of the British Museum

(Natural History). Lathy designated one of these

as the type (= holotype) (Figures 71, 72, 101) in

the original description. The type-locality is "Ecuador, Balsapamba."

REMARKS.—The genitalia of this holotype (Figure 101) show that this species belongs to the

Eriphia species group of the genus Antichloris

Hubner and not to Eriphioides Kirby.

Antichloris scotoptera (Hampson),

new combination

FICURES 69, 70, 105

Amycles klagesi Rothschild, 1912:154 [preoccupied].—Hampson, 1914:249.—Draudt, [1916]a:156; [1916]b:156.

Ceramidia scotoptera Hampson, 1914:249; 1915, pi. 13: fig.

17.—Draudt, 1917a:207; 1917b:207; [1919]a, pi. 28: fig. n

[7]; [1919]b, pi. 28: fig. n [7].

TYPE-DATA.—Amycles klagesi was described from

two male and one female specimens from "San Esteban, Venezuela, June and July 1909 (type)," "S. M.
NUMBER 198 23

Klages," and one male from "La Vuelta, Caura

River, June, 1903," "S. M. Klages." Rothschild indicated that one of the three San Esteban specimens

was the type (= holotype), and this turns out to

be the female specimen (Figures 69, 70, 105) in the

collection of the British Museum (Natural History). As shown below, Ceramidia scotoptera was

proposed as a substitute name, and the holotype of

Amycles klagesi is also the holotype of the former

name.

REMARKS.—Rothschild (1912) described in the

same paper the two species Ceramidia klagesi (p.

151) and Amycles klagesi (p. 154). Hampson (1914:

247, 249), referring both of these species to the

genus Ceramidia and therefore making the latter

a secondary homonym, recognized the problem of

homonymy and proposed the name Ceramidia

scotoptera as a substitute name for Rothschild's

Amycles klagesi. In this paper Rothschild's two

names are both transferred to the genus Antichloris

so that the problem of homonymy still remains.

Ceramidia klagesi Rothschild (1912:151) is listed

in the present work as a synonym of Antichloris

caca Hiibner (p. 16). The name Antichloris scotoptera is the correct name for the present species, as

is shown by a study of the genitalia of the holotype

(Figure 105). This species belongs to the Eriphia

species group.

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24

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

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Seitz, editor, The Macrolepidoptera of the World.

Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.

[1916]a. [Familie Syntomidae.] Pages 33-192, plates 10-26,

in volume 6, Die Amerikanischen Spinner und

Schwdrmer, of Adalbert Seitz, editor, Die GrossSchmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.

(16 December.)

[1916]b. [Family Syntomidae]. Pages 33-192, plates 10-26,

in volume 6, The American Bombyces and Sphinges,

of Adalbert Seitz, editor. The Macrolepidoptera of

the World. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.

[1917]a. [Familie Syntomidae.] Pages 193-216, in volume

6, Die Amerikanischen Spinner und Schwdrmer, of

Adalbert Seitz, editor, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der

Erde. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen. (12 November.)

[1917]b. [Family Syntomidae.] Pages 193-216, in volume

6, The American Bombyces and Sphinges, of Adalbert Seitz, editor, The Macrolepidoptera of the

World. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.

[1918]a. [Familie Syntomidae.] Pages 217-224, plate 27,

in volume 6, Die Amerikanischen Spinner und

Schwdrmer, of Adalbert Seitz, editor. Die GrossSchmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.

(3 August.)

[1918]b. [Family Syntomidae.] Pages 217-224, plate 27, in

volume 6, The American Bombyces and Sphinges,

of Adalbert Seitz, editor, The Macrolepidoptera of

the World. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.

[1919]a. [Familie Syntomidae.] Pages 225-240, plates 28,

29, in volume 6, Die Amerikanischen Spinner und

Schwdrmer, of Adalbert Seitz, editor, Die GrossSchmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.

[1919]b. [Family Syntomidae.] Pages 225-240, plates 28,

29, in volume 6, The American Bombyces and

Sphinges, of Adalbert Seitz, editor, The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.

[1919]c. [Familie Syntomidae.] Pages 241-248, plates 30,

31, in volume 6, Die Amerikanischen Spinner und

Schwdrmer, of Adalbert Seitz, editor, Die GrossSchmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.

[1919]d. [Family Syntomidae.] Pages 241-248, plates 30,

31 in volume 6, The American Bombyces and

Sphinges, of Adalbert Seitz, editor, The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Stuttgart: Alfred Kernen.

Druce, Herbert

1883. Descriptions of New Species of Zygaenidae and

Arctiidae. Proceedings Zoological Society of London,

1883:372-384, plates 39, 40. (5 June.)

1884. Pages 33-112, plate 7, in volume 1, Lepidoptera,

Heterocera, of Godman and Salvin, Biologia

Centr ali-Americana: Zoologia, Insecta. London:

Taylor and Francis.

1900. Pages 593-622, in volume 2, Lepidoptera, Heterocera, of Godman and Salvin, Biologia CentraliAmericana: Zoologia, Insecta. London: Taylor ana

Francis.

1904. Descriptions of Some New Species of Syntomidae

and Arctiadae from Tropical South America. Annals

and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 15:460-

467. (May.)

Fabricius, Johann Christian

[1777]. Genera insectorum eorumque characters naturales,

etc. Pages [i-xii] + 310 pages. Chilonii: Litteris

Mich. Friedr. Bartschii.

Fleming, Henry

1950. The Euchromiidae (Moths) of Kartabo, British

Guiana, and Caripito, Venezuela. Zoologica, 35 (3):

209-216. (27 November.)

1959. The Ctenuchidae (Moths) of Trinidad, B. W. I.,

Part II: Ctenuchinae. Zoologica, 44 (6):85-104, 3

plates. (11 December.)

Forbes, William T. M.

1939. The Lepidoptera of Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 85 (4):iii-vii, 97-322, plates

1-8.

1960. Euchromiidae. Pages 56-58, figures 88, 89, in part

IV, Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring

States, Agaristidae through Nymphalidae, Including

Butterflies. Cornell University Agriculture Experiment Station Memoir 371. New York State College

of Agriculture. (September.)

Forster, Walter

1950. Liste der von Pater Cornelius Vogl in Maracay

and Caracas gesammelten Schmetterlinge. Boletin

de Entomologia Venezolana, 8 (l-2):43-67, plate 1.

Hagmann, Godofredo

1938. Syntomideos (Amatideos = Euchromideos) do Estado

do Para. Pages 185-194 in Livro jubilar do Professor

Lauro Travassos, editado para commemorar o 25°

anniversario de suas actividades scientificias (1913-

1938). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Instituto Oswaldo

Cruz. (31 March.)

Hambleton, E. J., and William T. M. Forbes

1935. Una lista de Lepidoptera (Heterocera) do Estado

de Minas Geraes. Archivos do Instituto Biologico,

Sdo Paulo, Brasil, 6(supplement 2):213-256.

Hampson, George F.

1898. Catalogue of the Syntomidae. Volume 1 of Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British

Museum. 559 pages, 17 plates. London: Trustees of

the British Museum.

1901. New Species of Syntomidae and Arctiadae. Annals

and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 8 (45):

165-186. (September.)
NUMBER 198 25

1914. Catalogue of the Amatidae and Arctidae (Nolinae

and Lithosianae). Supplement, volume 1 of Catalogue of the Lepidoplera Phalaenae in the British

Museum. 858 pages. London: Trustees of the British

Museum. (27 November.)

1915. Idem. Plates 1-11.

Harrison, James O.

1959. Notes on the Life History and Habits of Ceramidia

butleri Moeschler, a Pest of Bananas (Lepidoptera:

Syntomidae). Annals Entomological Society of

America, 52 (4):351-354, table 1, figures 1-5. (30

1963. The Natural Enemies of Some Banana Insect Pests

in Costa Rica. Journal of Economic Entomology,

56 (3):282-285, tables 1-4. (June.)

1965. Studies on the Biology of Elachertus ceramidiae

(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Parasite of the Banana Pest Ceramidia butleri (Lepidoptera: Syntomidae). Annals Entomological Society of America,

58(l):64-66, tables 1, 2. (January.)

Hemming, Francis

1937. Hiibner, A Bibliographical and Systematic Account

of the Entomological Works of Jacob Hiibner and

of the Supplements thereto by Carl Geyer, Gottfried

Franz von Frolich and Gottlieb August Wilhelm

Herrich-Schaffer. Volume 2, 274 pages. London:

Royal Entomological Society of London. (26 February.)

Herrich-Schaffer, Gottlieb August Wilhelm

1855. Plates 49-88 (and covers) in volume 1 of Sammlung

Neurer Oder Wenig Bekannter, Aussereuropaischer

Schmetterlinge. Regensburg: G. J. Manz.

1856. Plates 89-94 (and covers) in volume 1 of Sammlung

Neurer Oder Wenig Bekannter, Aussereuropaischer

Schmetterlinge. Regensburg: G. J. Manz.

Hoffman, Fritz

1932. Fauna Exotics. Beitrag zur geographischen Verbreitung der neotropischen Syntomiden. Entomologische

Zeitschrift, 46(20):213-215. (January.)

1936. Beitrage zur Lepidopterenfauna von Sta. Catharina:

Syntomidae. Entomologische Rundschau, 53(31):

446-452. (1 July.)

Horn, Walther, and Use Kahle

1935. Uber Entomologische Sammlungen, Teil I. Entomologische Beihefte aus Berlin-Dahlem, 2:1-160,

1-12, plates 1-16. (14 December.)

Hiibner, Jacob

[1809]-[1813]. Plates [3]-[25] (figures 13-146) in volume

1 of Zutrdge zur Sammlung Exotischer Schmettlinge

[sic]. Augsburg: Jacob Hiibner.

1818. Pages [l]-[3]-4-6-[7]-32-[33]-[40] in volume 1 of

Zutrage zur Sammlung Exotischer Schmettlinge [sic].

Augsburg: Jacob Hiibner.

[1819]. Page 124 in Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge

[sic]. Augsburg: Jacob Hiibner.

Kaye, William James, and Norman Lamont

1927. A Catalogue of the Trinidad Lepidoptera Heterocera (Moths). Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture, Trinidad and Tobago, number 3, iv + 144

pages, 2 plates.

Kirby, William F.

1892. Sphinges and Bombyces. Volume 1 of A Synonymic

Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera (Moths). 951

pages. London: Gurney and Jackson.

Klages, Edward A.

1906. On the Syntomid Moths of Southern Venezuela Collected in 1898-1900. Proceedings of the United

States National Museum, 29 (1434):531-552. (31 January.)

Lathy, Percy I.

1899. Descriptions of New Species of Syntomidae in the

Collection of Mr. H. J. Adams, F. E. S. The Entomologist, 32 (432): 116-121. (May.)

Moschler, Heinrich Benno

1878. Beitrage zur Schmetterlings-Fauna von Surinam, II.

Verhandlungen Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft

in Wien, 27:629-700, plates 8-10.

Ostmark, H. Eugene

1974. Economic Insect Pests of Bananas. Annual Review

of Entomology, 18 (6064): 161-176.

Rothschild, Walter

1912. New Syntomidae. Novitates Zoologicae, 19 (2): 151-

186. (21 December.)

Schaus, William

1901. New Species of Heterocera from Tropical America,

I. Journal of the New York Entomological Society,

9(l):40-48. (March.)

Schrottky, Kurt (Carlos)

1909. "Mimetische" Lepidopteren ein Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Syntomidae Paraguays. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, "Iris" (Dresden), 22 (2-3): 122-132.

(15 September.)

Sepp, Jan

1848. Page 145, plate 69, in Surinaansche Vlinders, PapilIons de Surinam. Amsterdam: J. C. Sepp en Zoon.

Strand, Embrik

1915. Ober einige Exotische (Exklus Asiatische) Syntomididen des Deutschen Entomologischen Museums.

Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (Berlin),

1915(1): 19-29. (15 February.)

1920. Kritische Bemerkungen und Berichtigungen zirm

Supplementband I des Hampson'schen "Catalogue

of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae." Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, "Iris" (Dresden), 34 (3-4):

217-226. (15 December.)

1927. Enumeration des Heteroceres exotiques qui jusqu'a

l'annee 1926 sont nommes et publics. Entomologische Nachrichtsblatt, 1 (3):42-55. (October.)

Tilden, James W.

1968. Records of Two Species of Exotic Lepidoptera Captured in California. Journal of the Lepidopterists'

Society, 22 (3): 187.

Travassos, Lauro, Filho

1940. Contribuc,ao A zoogeografia dos Euchromiidae Brasileiros, 1: Material Colhido em Ilha Seca, Estado

de Sao Paulo e Salobra, Estado dc Mato Grosso, de
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

Fevereiro a Marco de 1940. Arquivos de Zoologia

Estado de Sao Paulo, 2:281-297.

Walker, Francis

1854. List of Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the

Collection of the British Museum, Part 1: Lepidoptera Heterocera. Pages 1-278. London: Trustees of

the British Museum.

1858. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in

the Collection of the British Museum, Part 7: Lepidoptera Heterocera. Pages 1509-1808. London:

Trustees of the British Museum.

Zerny, Hanns

1912. Syntomidae. Part 7 in H. Wagner, editor, Lepidopterorum Catalogus. 179 pages. Berlin: W. Junk.

1931a. Beitrage zur Kentnis der Syntomiden. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, "Iris" (Dresden), 45:1-27,

plate 1.

1931b. Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Sammelreise nach

Brasilien, insbesondere in das Amazonas-gebiet,

ausgefuhrt von Dr. H. Zerny. VII Teil, Lepidoptera

III: Die Syntomiden des Staates Para. Annalen des

Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 45:225-263.
NUMBER 198 27
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

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NUMBER 198 31
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NUMBER 198 33
34

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 75, 76.—Male genitalia consisting of ventral view (on the left side of each figure),

lateral view of inner face of right valva, an outline drawing of this valva in tilted position

(Figure 75), and the acdeagus in lateral view: 75, Ceramidia fumipennis (drawn from holotype

of junior synonym C. cataleuca); 76, Ceramidia phemonoides (drawn from lectotype).
NUMBER 198

77

FIGURES 77-80.—Male genitalia consisting of ventral view (on the left side of each figure), lateral

view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view: 77, Ceramidiodes obscurus

(drawn from holotype of junior synonym C. mathani); 78, Antichloris viridis (right valva of

lectotype of junior synonym C. cyanopasta); 79, Antichloris viridis (right valva of holotype of

junior synonym C. tnusicola); 80, Antichloris viridis (drawn from holotype).
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

82

83

FIGURES 81-83.—Male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),

lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view: 81, Antichloris caca

(drawn from lectotypc of junior synonym C. caurensis); 82, Antichloris caca (right valva slightly

turned to the right; drawn from holotype of junior synonym E. butleri); 83, Amycles cupreus

(drawn from holotype).
NUMBER 198 37

FIGURES 84-86.—Ventral aspect of seventh and eighth abdominal segments and ovipositors, showing female genitalia consisting of genital plates, ostium bursae, ductus bursae, and bursa

copulatrix: 84, Ceramidia phemonoides (drawn from preparation number 6567); 85, Ceramidioides obscurus (drawn from holotype); 86, Antichloris viridis (drawn from holotype of junior

synonym C. underwoodi).
38

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

87

FIGURES 87-89.—Ventral aspect of seventh and eighth abdominal segments and ovipositors,

showing female genitalia consisting of genital plates, ostium bursae, ductus bursae, and bursa

copulatrix: 87, Antichloris caca (drawn from preparation number 6569); 88, Eriphioides purpurinus (drawn from holotype); 89, Antichloris flammea (drawn from holotype).
NUMBER 198 39

90

FIGURES 90-92.—Ventral aspect of seventh and eighth abdominal segments and ovipositors,

showing female genitalia consisting of genital plates, ostium bursae, ductus bursae, and bursa

copulatrix, and male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),

lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view: 90, Amycles cupreus

(drawn from preparation number 6515); 91, Eriphioides simplex (drawn from holotype); 92,

Antichloris chloroplegia (drawn from lectotype of junior synonym C. intensa).
40

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

1 mm

FIGURES 93, 94.—Male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),

lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view: 93, Antichloris affinis

(drawn from the holotype); 94, Antichloris steinbachi (drawn from the paratype).
NUMBER 198

FIGURES 95, 96.—Male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),

lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view. 95, Antichloris

metallica (drawn from the lectotype); 96, Antichloris zernyi (drawn from preparation number
42

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

FIGURES 97, 98.—Male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),

lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view: 97, Antichloris

viridisaturata (drawn from holotype); 98, Antichloris flammea (drawn from preparation number

6511).
NUMBER 198 43

100

FIGURES 99, 100.—Male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),

lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view. 99, Antichloris bricenoi

(drawn from holotype); 100, Antichloris phaiodes (drawn from holotype).
44

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY

101

1 mm

102 1 mm

FIGURES 101, 102.—Male genitalia consisting of ventral aspect (on the left side of each figure),

lateral view of inner face of right valva, and the aedeagus in lateral view. 101, Antichloris

albipunctala (drawn from holotype); 102, Antichloris painei (drawn from lectotype).
NUMBER 198 45

103

104

FIGURES 103-105.—Ventral aspect of seventh and eighth abdominal segment and ovipositors,

showing female genitalia consisting of genital plates, ostiurn bursae, ductus bursae, and bursa

copulatrix: 103, Amycles dolosus (drawn from holotype); 104, Antichloris ornata (drawn from

holotype); 105, Antichloris scotoptera (drawn from holotype).

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