T.C. Memo. 2001-269

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

AUSTIN L. MITCHELL AND REBECCA A. MITCHELL, Petitioners v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 413-00. Filed October 4, 2001.

Edgar E. Lim, for petitioner.

Thomas C. Pliske, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

COLVIN, Judge: Respondent determined deficiencies in

petitioners’ Federal income taxes of $3,696 for 1995, $5,812 for

1996, and $7,436 for 1997; and accuracy-related penalties under

section 6662(a) of $739 for 1995, $1,162 for 1996, and $1,487 for

1997.
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The issues for decision are:

1. Whether petitioner Austin L. Mitchell operated his farm

for profit in 1995, 1996, and 1997. We hold that he did not.

2. Whether petitioners converted their personal residence

to rental property in 1995. We hold that they did not.

3. Whether petitioners are liable for accuracy-related

penalties under section 6662(a) for negligence or substantial

understatement of income tax for 1995, 1996, and 1997. We hold

that they are.

References to petitioner are to Austin L. Mitchell. 

References to Mrs. Mitchell are to petitioner Rebecca A.

Mitchell. Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to

the Internal Revenue Code for the taxable years in issue, and all

Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and

Procedure.

FINDINGS OF FACT

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found.

A. Petitioners

Petitioners lived in Salem, Missouri, when they filed their

petition. Petitioner has been a certified public accountant

since 1976 and is also a lawyer. He practiced law and accounting

during the years in issue. Mrs. Mitchell is a teacher.
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B. Petitioner’s Tree Planting Activity

1. The Mitchell Family Farm

Petitioner’s family owned and operated a farm (the Mitchell

farm) in the Salem area for more than 100 years. They grew hay

and raised cattle. Petitioner grew up on the Mitchell farm. As

of about 1991, the Mitchell farm had been neglected for many

years. Mrs. Mitchell also grew up on a small farm.

Petitioner’s brother-in-law, Glenn B. Harris (Harris),

harvested hay on the Mitchell farm beginning about 1971 or 1972.

Harris bought hay from petitioner’s mother, Janet Mitchell, and

she paid him for working on the Mitchell farm. During the years

in issue, Harris was an industrial arts teacher, and he farmed

more than 200 acres of his own.

Petitioner’s mother died in April 1992, and he inherited

part of the Mitchell farm, including about 100 acres, a house,

and farming equipment. About 38 acres of that 100 acres is

tillable bottom land, 35 to 40 acres is pasture, and the rest is

timber.

During the years in issue, petitioner allowed Harris to

graze his 20 to 30 head of cattle and to plant hay on the

Mitchell farm. Harris applied lime and fertilizer to the area of

petitioner’s land on which Harris grazed his cattle and planted

hay. Harris harvested the hay and sold it for profit or fed it

to his cattle. Harris also bushhogged and cleaned up around the
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farm. Harris did not pay petitioner for permitting him to graze

his cattle or grow hay on the farm during the years in issue, and

petitioner did not pay Harris for his work on the farm.

Petitioner worked up to 40 hours a week in the evenings and

weekends from mid-April to September each year to maintain the

farm. He worked on the farm 750 to 2,000 hours per year during

the years in issue. He maintained fence rows and creek areas,

tore down a barn, bushhogged, cleared underbrush, filled ditches,

and removed weeds. He planted about 1,000 trees a year,

including ornamental and maple trees around the house and walnut

and white oak trees on the hills. He performed all of the work

on the farm himself except for the work done by Harris.

Petitioner believed that the timber from the walnut trees he

planted will be harvestable in 30 years, timber from the white

oak trees will be harvestable in 50 to 70 years, and the walnut

trees will provide a cash crop about 5 years after planting.

Petitioner did not own any livestock.

Petitioner enjoys living on the farm and the strenuous

physical labor. Since 1995, he has not hunted on the farm and he

has gone fishing on the farm twice. Mrs. Mitchell did not work

on the farm during the years at issue.

2. Petitioner’s Business Records and Business Plan

Petitioner did not have a budget, a business plan, or a

separate bank account for the farm. He did not take farming or
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agriculture courses. However, he attended farm community

meetings, read farming magazines, and discussed farming issues

with farmer clients, friends, and other farmers.

C. Petitioners’ Residence

In August 1978, petitioners bought a house at 502 North

Hickory in Salem, Missouri. Petitioner lived in that house until

November 1991, and has lived in the house at the Mitchell farm

since then. Mrs. Mitchell and petitioners’ two sons lived at 502

North Hickory until August 1995 when they moved to the house on

the farm.

In November or December 1995, petitioners agreed to let

Toney E. Hill III (Hill), live at 502 North Hickory rent free. In

exchange, Hill agreed to make improvements to the house and pay

the utilities.

Hill did not pay all of the utilities. As a result, the

electric and water services were disconnected from June 12 to

August 15, 1996. Hill moved out in mid-1996.

Petitioners did not receive any rental income from 502 North

Hickory in 1995, 1996, or 1997, and they did not advertise 502

North Hickory for rent or sale during those years. They included

it in one of their homeowner’s insurance policies until August 6,

1997, when they sold 502 North Hickory.
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D. Petitioner’s Law and Accounting Practice

During the years in issue, petitioner worked 2,600 to 2,900

hours per year in his office on his legal and accounting

practices. He worked 1,600 to 1,900 of those hours from October

to April. He worked many additional hours outside of the office

doing legal research and reading professional publications.

Petitioner represents clients before the Internal Revenue Service

in his law and accounting practices and is familiar with section

183 and its regulations.

Petitioner does not have a separate checking account for his

law practice.

E. Petitioners’ Tax Returns

Petitioners reported on Schedules F, Profit or Loss From

Farming, attached to their tax returns for 1995, 1996, and 1997,

that they operated a livestock/hay farm. Petitioners reported

the following amounts of nonfarm income on their income tax

returns filed for 1995, 1996, and 1997:

Year Wages Schedule C Income Nonfarm Income

1995 $47,450 $12,132 $69,704

1996 50,914 7,745 69,258

1997 54,010 5,908 71,050
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Petitioners reported the following amounts of income,

expenses, and losses from their farm on their tax returns for

1995, 1996, and 1997:

 Year Income Expenses (Loss)

 1995 -0- $8,818 ($8,818)

 1996 -0- 7,468 (7,468)

 1997 -0- 9,012 (9,012)

Petitioners listed 502 North Hickory as rental property on

Schedules E, Supplemental Income, of their 1996 and 1997 returns

but not their 1995 return. They reported on the Form 4797, Sales

of Business Property, attached to their 1997 return that they

placed in service on July 1, 1994, a residential rental property

having a basis of $74,861, reduced by depreciation of $6,728, and

sold it in 1997 for $60,000, producing a $14,186 loss.

Petitioner prepared petitioners’ returns for 1995, 1996, and

1997.

F. Examination of Petitioners’ Returns

The examination in this case began after July 22, 1998.

OPINION

A. Burden of Proof on the Farm Loss and Rental Property Issues

We first consider who bears the burden of proof on the farm

loss and rental property issues. Under section 7491, the burden

of proof is placed on the Secretary in any court proceeding if

the taxpayer: (1) Has complied with substantiation requirements

under the Internal Revenue Code; (2) has maintained all records
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1 Sec. 7491 applies to court proceedings arising in

connection with examinations beginning after July 22, 1998. See

Internal Revenue Service Restructuring & Reform Act of 1998, Pub.

L. 105-206, sec. 3001(a), 112 Stat. 685, 726. The examination in

this case began after July 22, 1998.

2 We discuss the burden of production and burden of proof

for the penalties below at par. E.

required by the Internal Revenue Code and has cooperated with all

reasonable requests by the Secretary for information, documents,

meetings, etc.; and (3) introduces, in a court proceeding,

credible evidence with respect to any factual issue relevant to

ascertaining the liability of the taxpayer for any tax imposed

under subtitle A or B. Sec. 7491(a)(1) and (2).1 Respondent

contends that petitioners do not meet the requirements of section

7491(a). Petitioners do not contend otherwise. We treat this as

petitioners’ concession that they bear the burden of proof on the

farm loss and rental property issues.2

B. Whether Petitioner Operated His Farm for Profit

The first issue for decision is whether petitioner operated

the farm for profit in 1995, 1996, and 1997. A taxpayer conducts

an activity for profit if he or she does so with an actual and

honest profit objective. Surloff v. Commissioner, 81 T.C. 210,

233 (1983); Dreicer v. Commissioner, 78 T.C. 642, 645 (1982),

affd. without opinion 702 F.2d 1205 (D.C. Cir. 1983). In

deciding whether petitioner operated the farm for profit, we

consider the following nine nonexclusive factors: (1) The manner
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in which the taxpayer carried on the activity; (2) the expertise

of the taxpayer or his or her advisers; (3) the time and effort

expended by the taxpayer in carrying on the activity; (4) the

expectation that the assets used in the activity may appreciate

in value; (5) the success of the taxpayer in carrying on other

similar or dissimilar activities; (6) the taxpayer's history of

income or loss with respect to the activity; (7) the amount of

occasional profits, if any, which are earned; (8) the financial

status of the taxpayer; and (9) whether elements of personal

pleasure or recreation are involved. Sec. 1.183-2(b), Income Tax

Regs. No single factor controls. Brannen v. Commissioner, 722

F.2d 695, 704 (11th Cir. 1984), affg. 78 T.C. 471 (1982); sec.

1.183-2(b), Income Tax Regs.

C. Application of the Factors

1. Manner in Which the Taxpayer Conducts the Activity

Maintaining complete and accurate books and records,

conducting the activity in a manner substantially similar to that

of comparable businesses which are profitable, and making changes

in operations to adopt new techniques or abandon unprofitable

methods suggest that a taxpayer conducted an activity for profit. 

Engdahl v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. 659, 666-667 (1979); sec. 1.183-

2(b)(1), Income Tax Regs.

Petitioners contend that petitioner operated the farm in a

businesslike manner. Petitioners also contend that petitioner
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decided to forgo income from haying or pasture rental in an

attempt to reduce the farm’s operating costs and that

petitioner’s attempt to reduce cash losses shows that he had a

profit motive, citing Nickerson v. Commissioner, 700 F.2d 402

(7th Cir. 1983), revg. T.C. Memo. 1981-321. We disagree.

Although he listed the activity as a livestock/hay operation on

his 1995, 1996, and 1997 Schedules E, petitioner produced no hay

or livestock and made no attempt to derive income from hay or

livestock during the years in issue. Further, there is no

evidence that petitioner had a bona fide plan to ever make a

profit from planting and growing trees. This factor favors

respondent.

2. The Expertise of the Taxpayers or Their Advisers

Efforts to gain experience, a willingness to follow expert

advice, and preparation for an activity by extensive study of its

practices may indicate that a taxpayer has a profit objective. 

Sec. 1.183-2(b)(2), Income Tax Regs. A taxpayer’s failure to

obtain expertise in the economics of an activity indicates that

he or she lacks a profit objective. Burger v. Commissioner, 809

F.2d 355, 359 (7th Cir. 1987), affg. T.C. Memo. 1985-523; 

Golanty v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. 411, 432 (1979).

Petitioner contends that he had the necessary expertise to

operate a farm because he was born and raised on the Mitchell

farm, he had extensive conversations with other farmers in the
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area, and he had experience producing row crops, hay, and

livestock. He points out that he worked closely with Harris, who

operated his own farm and who worked on the Mitchell farm for

more than 20 years.

We disagree. The record does not show that petitioner knew

how to make a profit producing livestock, hay, or timber. He did

not seek expert advice on how to operate his farm profitably. He

discussed farming with his farmer clients and farmer neighbors,

but there is no evidence that they gave advice to him about

farming for profit. This factor favors respondent.

3. The Taxpayer's Time and Effort

The fact that a taxpayer devotes much time and effort to

conducting an activity may indicate that he or she has a profit

objective. Sec. 1.183-2(b)(3), Income Tax Regs. Petitioner

worked on the farm 750 to 2,000 hours per year during the years

in issue. However, he did not explain how the work he performed

there related to making a profit. This factor is neutral.

4. Expectation That Property Used in the Activity Will

Appreciate in Value

A taxpayer may intend to make an overall profit when

appreciation in the value of assets used in the activity is

anticipated. Sec. 1.183-2(b)(4), Income Tax Regs. There is an

overall profit if net earnings and appreciation would exceed

losses in prior years. Bessenyey v. Commissioner, 45 T.C. 261,

274 (1965), affd. 379 F.2d 252 (2d Cir. 1967).
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Petitioner contends that his work on the farm enhanced its

productivity and value. Petitioner and Mrs. Mitchell testified

that they believed that the farm is appreciating in value and

that the trees petitioner planted and his other work had

increased the value of the farm. Petitioners point out that an

expectation that timber will appreciate in value may show that

the taxpayer had a profit motive, citing Kurzet v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 1997-54. Petitioners did not estimate the amount of

appreciation in their property. Harris testified that the farm

was worth about $500 per acre in 1981 and about $1,000 per acre

in 2000. If we use Harris’s estimate, petitioner’s farm

appreciated about $50,000 ($500 times 100 acres) in 19 years

(about $2,632 per year). Petitioners reported losses averaging

$8,433 in the years in issue, which is more than three times

Harris’s estimate of the farm’s average annual appreciation. We

are not convinced that petitioner expected appreciation to exceed

his losses. This factor favors respondent.

5. Taxpayer's Success in Other Similar Activities

The fact that a taxpayer previously operated similar

activities profitably may show that the taxpayer has a profit

objective. Sec. 1.183-2(b)(5), Income Tax Regs. Petitioner

contends in his posttrial brief that he has spent most of his

life farming or advising others about their farms.
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The record does not show how petitioner was involved in his

family’s farm, that his efforts contributed to its success, or

that he successfully engaged in any other activity similar to his

farm. Statements in petitioner’s brief regarding advice he may

have given to others are not supported by the record. We do not

base findings of fact on factual assertions first made in a

posttrial brief. See Rule 143(b); United States v. Genser, 582

F.2d 292, 311 (3d Cir. 1978); Niedringhaus v. Commissioner, 99

T.C. 202, 214 n.7 (1992); Viehweg v. Commissioner, 90 T.C. 1248,

1255 (1988). This factor favors respondent.

6. Taxpayer's History of Income or Losses

A history of substantial losses may indicate that the

taxpayer did not conduct the activity for profit. Golanty v.

Commissioner, supra at 427; sec. 1.183-2(b)(6), Income Tax Regs. 

Losses during the initial stage of an activity do not necessarily

indicate that the activity was not conducted for profit. Engdahl

v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. at 669; sec. 1.183-2(b)(6), Income Tax

Regs.

Petitioner received no farm income and he incurred farm

losses in 1995, 1996, and 1997. Petitioner contends that he

expected to incur losses in those years because the farm had been

neglected before he moved there in 1991. Even if he expected
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losses for that reason, we believe he had no basis for a bona

fide profit expectation because he had no sources of income from

the farm. This factor favors respondent.

7. Amount of Occasional Profits, If Any

The amount of any occasional profits the taxpayer earned

from the activity may show that the taxpayer had a profit

objective. Sec. 1.183-2(b)(7), Income Tax Regs. Petitioner

received no revenues from the farm from 1992 to 1998. 

Petitioners concede that this factor favors respondent.

8. Financial Status of the Taxpayer

The receipt of a substantial amount of income from sources

other than the activity, especially if the losses from the

activity generate large tax benefits, may indicate that the

taxpayer does not intend to conduct the activity for profit. 

Sec. 1.183-2(b)(8), Income Tax Regs. Petitioners had nonfarm

income of $69,704 in 1995, $69,258 in 1996, and $71,050 in 1997,

and they claimed Schedule F losses of $8,818, $7,468, and $9,012,

respectively. Petitioner testified credibly that he could not

afford to lose money from the farm. Petitioners did not have a

substantial amount of income against which to deduct their

losses, and they did not enter the farming activity to produce

losses to offset their income. See Callahan v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 1996-65, affd. 111 F.3d 892 (5th Cir. 1997); Roberts

v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1987-182 (taxpayers, who were not
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wealthy, did not enter farming activity with intent to produce

paper losses to offset nonfarm income). This factor is neutral.

9. Elements of Personal Pleasure

The presence of recreational or personal motives in

conducting an activity may indicate that the taxpayer is not

conducting the activity for profit. Sec. 1.183-2(b)(9), Income

Tax Regs.

Petitioner mended fences, cut underbrush, dug weeds, and

planted trees. Respondent contends that petitioner planted trees

to beautify the farm. Petitioners' residence is located on their

farm, and they have not shown that their farm expenditures did

not benefit their residence and their enjoyment of their

property. See Estate of Dickerson v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

1997-165 (Christmas tree farm activity not conducted for profit;

trees provided personal pleasure because they were located near

taxpayers’ residence).

Petitioner enjoyed working on the farm. This fact does not 

mean that he did not engage in the activity for profit. The farm

had no recreational facilities, and petitioner worked hard on the

farm. However, it is unclear how much of his work on the farm

had any economic purpose. This factor is neutral.

10. Conclusion

We conclude that petitioner did not operate the farm for

profit in 1995, 1996, and 1997 because he did nothing to generate
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revenue during the years in issue and he had no credible plan for

operating it profitably in the future.

D. Whether Petitioners Can Deduct Expenses for Their Residence

A taxpayer may deduct losses incurred in any transaction

entered into for profit. Sec. 165(c)(2). Similarly, a taxpayer

may deduct ordinary and necessary expenses for the production or

collection of income or for the management, conservation, or

maintenance of property held for the production of income. Sec.

212. However, a taxpayer may not deduct the loss on the sale of

his or her personal residence or the expenses incurred in leasing

the home (other than taxes and mortgage interest), sec. 165(a);

Newton v. Commissioner, 57 T.C. 245, 248 (1971); Harris v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1982-410, affd. on other issues 745 F.2d

378 (6th Cir. 1984); sec. 1.165-9(a), Income Tax Regs., unless

the taxpayer converted the residence to an income-producing

property, sec. 1.165-9(b), Income Tax Regs.

Petitioners contend that they converted their residence to

rental property when Mrs. Mitchell moved out of the home in 1995,

and that they may deduct rental expenses in 1996 and 1997 and a

loss on the sale of the property in 1997. We disagree. There is

no convincing evidence that petitioners converted 502 North

Hickory to rental property.
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In Newcombe v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 1298, 1300-1301 (1970),

we applied five factors in deciding whether a residence has been

converted to rental or income-producing property. Citing

Newcombe, petitioners contend that the facts that they did not

occupy 502 North Hickory after August 1995, that 502 North

Hickory had no recreational facilities, that petitioner had

received inquiries to rent 502 North Hickory (which he rejected

because he believed it needed to be renovated), and that

petitioners sold 502 North Hickory to an individual who offered

to buy it when he saw petitioner renovating it show that they

converted the residence to rental property or property held for

the production of income. We disagree.

We are not convinced that petitioners converted 502 North

Hickory to rental property. Petitioners’ arrangement with Hill

shows that petitioners intended to fix up 502 North Hickory but

not that they intended to rent it out when the repairs were

complete. If Hill had repaired the house, petitioners could have

lived in, rented, or sold it. Petitioners did not try to rent

502 North Hickory from mid-1996 when Hill moved out until they

sold it in August 1997.

We conclude that petitioners did not convert their residence

to income-producing property before they sold it in 1997. Thus,

they may not deduct depreciation or the operating expenses of the
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residence under sections 162 and 167. Similarly, they may not

deduct their loss on the sale of the house under section 165.

E. Whether Petitioners Are Liable for Accuracy-Related

Penalties for Negligence or Substantial Understatement of

Income Tax

1. Background

We next decide whether petitioners are liable for the

accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) for negligence or

substantial understatement of income tax for 1995, 1996, and

1997.

Taxpayers are liable for a penalty equal to 20 percent

of the part of the underpayment attributable to negligence or

disregard of rules or regulations or to a substantial

understatement of income tax. Sec. 6662(a) and (b)(1) and (2). 

Negligence includes failure to make a reasonable attempt to

comply with internal revenue laws or to exercise ordinary and

reasonable care in preparing a tax return. Sec. 6662(c). An

understatement is substantial if it exceeds the greater of 10

percent of the tax required to be shown on the return or $5,000. 

Sec. 6662(d)(1)(A). An understatement is reduced to the extent

that it is (1) based on substantial authority, (2) adequately

disclosed on the return or in a statement attached to the return

and there is a reasonable basis for the tax treatment of that

item, or (3) due to reasonable cause and taxpayers acted in good
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faith. See secs. 6662(d)(2)(B)(i) and (ii), 6664(c)(1); sec.

1.6664-4(c), Income Tax Regs.

2. Burden of Production and Burden of Proof

Section 7491(c) provides as follows:

SEC. 7491(c). Penalties.--Notwithstanding any

other provision of this title, the Secretary shall have

the burden of production in any court proceeding with

respect to the liability of any individual for any

penalty, addition to tax, or additional amount imposed

by this title.

The Commissioner must come forward with evidence that it is

appropriate to apply a particular penalty against the taxpayer

before the Court can impose the penalty; however, to meet the

burden of production, the Commissioner need not introduce

evidence relating to reasonable cause or substantial authority.

Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 446 (2001); S. Rept. 105-

174, at 46 (1998), 1998-3 C.B. 537, 582. Instead, the burden

remains on the taxpayer to raise and prove that he or she is not

liable for the penalty because of reasonable cause or substantial

authority. Higbee v. Commissioner, supra; see S. Rept. 105-174,

supra at 46, 1998-3 C.B. at 582.

3. Whether Petitioners Are Liable for the Accuracy-Related

Penalty

Petitioner is an accountant and lawyer who is familiar with

section 183 and the regulations. Despite this, he deducted farm
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3 We previously decided by Summary Opinion that petitioner

did not operate the farm for profit in 1992 or 1993. Mitchell v.

Commissioner (filed Oct. 8, 1998). We do not consider

petitioners’ prior case in deciding whether petitioners were

negligent because it is not clear that the decision in their

earlier case was filed before they filed their 1997 return.

losses3 even though he had no credible plan to make a profit from

the farm during or after the years in issue. Petitioners did not

act in good faith in claiming Schedule F farming losses, and

their underpayments were not due to reasonable cause. 

Petitioners were negligent in deducting expenses and the loss on

the sale of 502 North Hickory because they did not convert it to

rental property.

Petitioners are liable for the accuracy-related penalty

because they substantially understated their tax for 1995, 1996,

and 1997, and they did not have substantial authority for their

positions regarding the farm losses and the residence conversion. 

We conclude that petitioners are liable for accuracy-related

penalties under section 6662(a) for 1995, 1996, and 1997.

To reflect the foregoing,

Decision will be entered

for respondent.